Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 3588 1752007 1202021 2026-08-01T02:32:53Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752007 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;margin-bottom:15px;empty-cells:show; width:225px" ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Flag |- | colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | <br />[[Gambar:Flag of Brandenburg.svg|110px|Flag of Brandenburg]]<br /> |- ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Coat-of-Arms |- | colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | <br />[[Gambar:Brandenburg Wappen.svg|75px|Arms of Brandenburg]]<br /> |-! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Statistics |- | Kutha krajan: || [[Potsdam]] |- | Wewengkon: || 29,477 [[square kilometre|km&sup2;]] |- | Padunung: || 2.568.507 <small>''(30 Juni 2004)''</small> |- | Kapadhetan: || 87 jiwa/km² |- | Website: || http://www.brandenburg.de/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075149/http://www.brandenburg.de/ |date=2016-03-05 }} |- | [[ISO 3166-2]]: || DE-BR |- ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Pulitik |- | [[Minister-president]]: | [[Matthias Platzeck]] ([[SPD]]) |- | Ruling party: || [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]/[[Christian-Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] coalition |- ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Map |- | colspan="2" align="center" | <br />[[Gambar:Germany Laender Brandenburg.png|250px]]<br /> |} '''Brandenburg''' iku siji saka nembelas praja (''Bundesländer'') ing [[Jerman]]. Tlatah iki ngubengi kutha [[Berlin]] nanging wewengkoné ora nyakup kutha Berlin. Dunungé ing sisih wétan negri, kutha krajané ya iku [[Potsdam]]. [[Kategori:Praja Jerman]] {{geo-stub}} b7jsug6yj33k1u1f7w5t774g4dzba2j 0 3667 1752003 1736269 2026-08-01T00:47:13Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pp-semi-template|small=yes}} {{Infobox_Country | native_name = গনপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ<br />Gôno Projatontri Bangladesh | common_name = Banggaladésa | image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Bangladesh.svg | image_map = Bangladesh in its region.svg | national_motto = — | national_anthem = [[Amar Sonar Bangla]] <br /><br /><br /> | official_languages = [[Bahasa Bengali|Bengali]] | capital = [[Dhaka]] | capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=23_42_N_90_22_E_ 23°42′ LU 90°22′ BT] | largest_city = [[Dhaka]] | government_type = [[Républik]] [[parlemen]]ter | leader_title1 = [[Pratelan Presidhen Banggaladésa|Presidhèn]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]] | leader_title2 = [[Pratelan Nayakotama Banggaladésa|Penasihat Utama]] | leader_name2 = [[Muhammad Yunus]] | leader_titles = [[Présidhèn Banggaladésa|Présidhèn]] <br /> [[Perdana Menteri Banggaladésa|Perdana Menteri]] <br /> [[Perdana Menteri Banggaladésa|Kepala Papréntahan Sementara]] | leader_names = [[Iajuddin Ahmed]] <br /> kosong <br /> [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] | area_rank = 91 | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area = 144.000 | percent_water = 7% | population_estimate = 147.365.352 | population_estimate_year = 2006 | population_estimate_rank = 7 | population_census = - | population_census_year = - | population_density = 1.002 | population_density_rank = 7 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = US$279,7 miliar | GDP_PPP_rank = 32 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$1.995 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 151 | sovereignty_type = [[Kamardikan]] | established_events = - Saka [[Pakistan]] | established_dates = <br />[[26 Maret]] [[1971]] | currency = [[Taka]] | currency_code = BDT | time_zone = | utc_offset = +6 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +6 | cctld = .bd,.বাংলা | calling_code = 880 | footnotes = }} '''Banggaladésa''' utawa '''Bangladèsh''' iku nagara ing bawana [[Asia]]. Sing ndunungi cacahé kira-kira ana 147.365.352 jiwa lan jembaré nagara ana 144.000&nbsp;km². Nagara iki dunungé ana ing tlatah [[Asia Kidul]] sing wewatesan karo [[India]] ing sisih kulon, lor lan wétan, [[Myanmar]] ing sisih kidul-wétan, lan [[Lempongan Benggala]] ing sisih kidul. Bangladesh, bebarengan karo [[Benggala Kulon]] ing India, mbentuk kawasan etno-linguistik [[Banggala]]. ''Bangladesh'' (বাংলাদেশ) kanthi lèterlek tegesé "Nagara Banggala". [[Kutha krajan]] lan kutha gedhé dhéwé ing Bangladesh ya iku [[Dhaka]]. Tapel wates Bangladesh dikukuhaké liwat [[pamisahan India]] ing taun [[1947]]. Nagara iki wiwitané minangka swiwi wétan saka [[Pakistan]] ([[Pakistan Wétan]]) sing kapisah saka swiwi kulon 1.600 [[kilomèter]] adohé. Diskriminasi pulitik, basa, lan ékonomi nuwuhaké perpecahan antara kaloro sayap, sing pungkasané [[Perang Kamardikan Bangladesh|njeblugaké perang kamardikan]] taun 1971 lan madegé nagara Bangladesh. {| class="infobox borderless" |+Simbul nasional Banggaladesa (Resmi) |- ! '''State animal''' | | [[Gambar:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State bird''' | | [[Gambar:Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)- Male calling in the rain at Kolkata I IMG 3746.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State tree''' | | [[Gambar:Mango blossoms.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State flower''' | | [[Gambar:Nymphaea pubescens (9149867657).jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State aquatic marine mammal''' | | [[Gambar:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State reptile''' | | [[Gambar:Gavial-du-gange.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State fruit''' | | [[Gambar:(Artocarpus heterophyllus) Jack fruits on Simhachalam Hills 01.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State fish''' | | [[Gambar:Ilish.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''State mosque''' | | [[Gambar:Baitul Mukarram (Arabic, بيت المكرّم; Bengali, বায়তুল মুকাররম; The Holy House).jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State temple''' | | [[Gambar:Hindu Temple in Dhaka.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State river''' | | [[Gambar:Boat on Jamuna River.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''State mountain''' | | [[Gambar:Keokradong.jpg|50px]] |- |} == Pamérangan administratif == Bangladesh kapérang dadi pitung divisi (''bibhag'')<ref><http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=151976&hb=top></ref><ref name="CIA2007">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html |title=CIA World Factbook 2007 |access-date=2010-10-05 |archive-date=2021-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101182840/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> sing dijenengi miturut jeneng kutha krajané: [[Divisi Barisal|Barisal]] (বরিশাল), [[Divisi Chittagong|Chittagong]] (চট্টগ্রাম), [[Divisi Dhaka|Dhaka]] (ঢাকা), [[Divisi Khulna|Khulna]] (খুলনা), [[Divisi Rajshahi|Rajshahi]] (রাজশাহী), [[Divisi Sylhet|Sylhet]] (সিলেট), dan [[Divisi Rangpur|Rangpur]] (রংপুর). Divisi kapérang manèh dadi dhistrik (''zila''). Ana watara 64 dhistrik ing Bangladesh. Saben dhistrik kapérang dadi ''upazila'' (sub dhistrik) utawa ''thana'' (stasiun pulisi). Saben stasiun pulisi, kajaba sing ana ing laladan metropolitan, dipérang manèh dadi sawatara kesatuan. Kesatuan-kesatuan iki dumadi saka akèh désa-désa. Ing wewengkon metropolitan, stasiun pulisi kapérang dadi ''ward'', sing dipérang manèh dadi ''mahallas''. Ora ana pejabat kapilih ing tingkat divisi, dhistrik utawa upazila, lan papréntahan mung dumadi saka pejabat pamaréntah. Pamilihan langsung sing milih ketua lan sawatara anggota dianakaké ing saben kesatuan (utawa ''ward''). [[Dhaka]] iku minangka kutha krajana lan kutha gedhé dhéwé ing Bangladesh. Kutha utama liyané ya iku [[Chittagong]], [[Khulna]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Sylhet]], [[Barisal]], [[Bogra]], [[Comilla]], [[Mymensingh]] lan [[Rangpur]]. Ing kutha-kutha mau dianakaké pamilihan walikutha, lan ing munisipalitas liyané milih ketua. Walikutha lan ketua duwé mangsa kalungguhan limang taun. [[Gambar:Bangladesh divisions english.png|thumb|Divisi-divisi ing Bangladesh.|al=|kiri]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Kutha ! Populasi kutha (kira-kira 2008)<ref name="bbsgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/pby/pk_book_08.pdf |title=Statistical pocket book Banggaladésa – 2008 |publisher=[[Banggaladésa Bureau of Statistics]] | accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref> ! Populasi metro (kira-kira 2008)<ref name="bbsgov"/> |- | [[Dhaka]] | 7.000.940 | 12.797.394 |- | [[Chittagong]] | 2.579.107 | 3.858.093 |- | [[Khulna]] | 855.650 | 1.388.425 |- | [[Rajshahi]] | 472.775 | 775.495 |- | [[Sylhet]] | 463.198 | <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | [[Barisal]] | 210.374 | <nowiki>-</nowiki> |- | [[Rangpur]] | 251.699 | <nowiki>-</nowiki> |} == Géografi lan iklim == [[Gambar:Satellite image of Bangladesh in October 2001.jpg|thumb|left|Citra Bangladesh saka satelit.]] [[Gambar:Cox's Bazar panorama.jpg|thumb|200px|Sesawangan [[Cox's Bazar]].]] [[Gambar:Boat in river, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|200px|Kapal ing [[Jaflong]], [[Sylhet]].]] Bangladesh dumunung ing Delta [[Kali Gangga]]-[[Kali Brahmaputra]]. Delta iki kadhapur déning patemon [[Kali Gangga]] (jeneng saenggon [[Kali Padma|Padma]] utawa ''Pôdda''), [[Kali Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]] ([[Kali Jamuna|Jamuna]] utawa ''Jomuna''), [[Kali Meghna|Meghna]], lan anak-anak kali sing mili saka Himalaya. [[Alluvium|Tanah aluvial]] sing dienepaké déning kali-kali iku nyiptakaké dharatan sing subur. Sapérangan gedhé Bangladesh dumunung ana ing 12 mèter sangisoré lumahing sagara, lan diprecaya watara 50% lemah bakal banjir yèn lumahing sagara mundhak nganti 1 m. <ref name=ali>{{cite journal | last = Ali | first = A | year = 1996 | title = Vulnerability of Banggaladésa to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges | journal = Water, Air, & Soil Pollution | volume = 92 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 171-179 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Sisterlinks}} * [http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd Portal papréntahan resmi Pamaréntah Bangladesh] * {{bn}} [http://www.parliamentofbangladesh.org/indexeng.html Parlemen Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222021802/http://www.parliamentofbangladesh.org/indexeng.html |date=2010-02-22 }} * {{CIA World Factbook link|bg|Banggaladésa}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bangladesh.htm Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124922/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bangladesh.htm |date=2008-10-26 }} pada ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Banggaladésa}} * [http://banglapedia.org/ Banglapedia], Ensiklopedia Nasional Bangladesh * [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.asp?lang=eN&iso3=BGD&subj=1&paia= Profil Nagara FAO: Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623175240/http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.asp?lang=eN&iso3=BGD&subj=1&paia= |date=2011-06-23 }} * [http://www.bssnews.net/ ''Bangladesh National News Agency (BSS)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413023501/http://www.bssnews.net/ |date=2009-04-13 }} {{Asia Kidul}} {{Asia}} {{Negara-negara Parsemakmuran}} {{Non-Blok}} {{SAARC}} {{OKI}} [[Kategori:Banggaladésa]] g0mk5tmj8khyl9b55bxqbhosx3f08v0 0 23184 1751990 1748920 2026-07-31T14:27:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Periodic table.svg|450px|jmpl|ka| [[Tabel periodik]] unsur kimia]] '''Bebakal kimia''', '''unsur kimia''', utawa mung ingaran '''unsur''', yaiku [[zat kimia]] kang ora bisa dipérang manèh dadi zat kang luwih cilik, utawa ora bisa diowahi dadi zat kimia liya kanthi migunakaké métode kimia biyasa.<ref name="internet1">[http://id.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/chemistry/2314694-pengertian-unsur-kimia/ Pengertian Unsur Kimia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525042656/http://id.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/chemistry/2314694-pengertian-unsur-kimia/ |date=2013-05-25 }}(diundhuh 16 Januari 2013)</ref> Partikel paling cilik saka unsur yaiku [[atom]].<ref name="internet1"/> Sawijining atom dumadi saka [[inti atom]] (''nukleus'') lan dikubengi déning [[èlèktron]].<ref name="internet1"/> Inti atom dumadi saka sawatara [[proton]] lan [[neutron]].<ref name="internet1"/> Nganti saiki diweruhi ana 116 unsur ing donya.<ref name="internet1"/> == Gambaran umum == Bab kang mbédakaké unsur siji lan sijiné yaiku '''cacahing proton''' sajeroning inti atom mau. Upamané, kabèh atom [[karbon]] duwé proton akèhé 6 iji, déné atom [[oksigèn]] duwé proton akèhé 8 iji. Cacahing proton ing siji atom misuwur kanthi istilah [[nomer atom]] (dilambangaké ''Z''). Sanajan mangkono, atom-atom ing unsur kang padha mau bisa duwé neutron kang béda; bab iki misuwur kanthi sebutan [[isotop]]. [[Massa atom]] siji unsur (dilambangaké "A") iku massa rata-rata atom siji unsur ing alam. Amarga massa èlèktron iku cilik banget, lan massa neutron mèh padha karo massa proton, banjur massa atom lumrahé dinyatakaké kanthi cacahing proton lan neutron ing inti atom, ing isotop kang duwèni kelimpahan paling akèh ing alam. Ukuran massa atom yaiku ''[[ékan massa atom]]'' (smu). Sawetara isotop duwé sipat [[radioaktif]], lan ngalami penguraian (peluruhan) marang radhiasi partikel alfa utawa beta. Unsur kang paling èntheng yaiku [[hidrogen]] lan [[hélium]]. Hidrogen dipracaya minangka unsur kang ana sepisanan ing jagad raya sawisé kadadéan [[Big Bang]]. Kabèh unsur-unsur abot kanthi alami kawentuk lumantar manéka warna cara ([[nukleosintesis]]). Nganti taun [[2005]], dingertèni ana 116 unsur, 93 ing antarané ana ing alam lan 23 unsur minangka unsur gawéan. Unsur gawéan kang sepisanan diprakirakaké yaiku [[teknetium]] ing taun [[1973]]. Kabèh unsur gawéan minangka [[radioaktif]] kanthi wektu paruh kang sedhéla, saéngga atom-atom mau kang kawentuk kanthi cara alami kayané wis ngumbar. Pratélan unsur bisa diandharaké miturut jeneng, simbul, nomer atom, utawa miturut unsur kang nduwé sipat-sipat kimia kang padha. == Nomenklatur == Cara njenengi unsur wis suwé ana sadurungé ana téyori atom siji zat. Sanadyan ing wektu iku durung dingertèni kang endi kang jenengé unsur lan endi kang jenengé senyawa. Nalika téyori atom ngrembaka, jeneng-jeneng unsur kang wis digunakaké ing jaman biyèn tetep digunakaké. Tuladhané, unsur '''Cuprum''' ing basa [[Inggris]] dingertèni kanthi jeneng ''copper'', lan ing basa [[Indonésia]] dingertèni kanthi aran ''tembaga''. Tuladha liyané, ing basa [[Jerman]] ''Wassertoff'' tegesé '''Hidrogen''', lan ''Sauertoff'' tegesé '''oksigèn''' Jeneng resmi saka unsur kimia ditemtokaké déning [[organisasi]] [[IUPAC]]. Miturut IUPAC, jeneng unsur ora diwiwiti kanthi hurufkapital, kajaba ana ing wiwitan [[ukara]]. Ing saparo [[abad]] kaping 20, akèh [[laboratorium]] kang bisa nyiptakaké unsur anyar kang duwé tingkat peluruhan kang cukup dhuwur kanggo didol utawa disimpen. Jeneng-jeneng unsur anyar iki uga dikukuhaké déning IUPAC lan padatan njupuk jenengkang dipilih déning panemu unsur mau. Babagan iki bisa nuwuhaké ''kontroversi'' grup risèt kang asli nemu unsur mau lan njenengi unsur kang ditunda ing wektu kang suwé. <!-- Precursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late nineteenth century (''e.g.,'' as "lutetium" refers to Paris, France, the Germans were reticent about relinquishing naming rights to the French, often calling it "cassiopeium"). And notably, the British discoverer of "niobium" originally named it "columbium," after the [[New World]], though this did not catch on in Europe. The Americans had to accept the international name just when it was becoming an economically important material late in the twentieth century. --> == Lambang kimia == Sadurungé kimia dadi babagan èlmu, ahli alkemi wis nemtokaké simbul-simbul kanggo [[logam]] utawa senyawa umu liyané, yaiku nggunakaké singkatan ing diagram utawa ''prosedhur'' lan tanpa ''konsèp'' babagan sawijiné atom kang nyawiji kanggo minangka molekul. Kanthi perkembangan téyori zat, [[John dalton]] nepungaké simbul-simbool kang luwih prasaja miturut bunderan kang kanggo nggambar molekul. Sistem kang saiki digunakaké ditepungaké déning [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]]. Ing sitem tipografi mau, simbul kimia kang digunakaké yaiku singkatan saka jeneng [[Latin]] amarga wektu iku Basa latin minangka basa ''sains''. Tuladhané '''Fe''' yaiku simbul saka unsur ''ferrum (wesi)'', '''Cu''' yaiku simbul saka unsur ''Cuprum (tembaga)', '''Hg''' yaiku simbul kanggo unsur ''hydrargyrum (raksa)'', lsp. Simbul kimia digunakaké kanthi [[internasional]], sanadyan jeneng-jeneng unsur diterjemahaké antarbasa. Huruf sapisan simbul kimia ditulis nganggo huruf gedhé (kapital), déné huruf saterusé (yèn ana) ditulis nganggo huruf cilik. === Simbul non-unsur === Non unsur, mligi sajeroning kimia organik lan organometalik, asring migunakaké simbul kang kainspirasi déning simbul-simbul unsur kimia. Ing ngisor iki contoné: Cy-[[Sikloheksana|sikloheksil]]; Ph-[[fenil]]; Bz-[[Asil|benzoil]]; Bn-[[benzil]]; Cp-[[Siklopentadiena]]; Pr-[[propil]]; Me-[[metil]]; Et-[[etil]]; Tf-[[triflat]]; Ts-[[tosil]]; Hb-[[hemoglobin]]. == Deleng uga == {{portalkimia}} * [[Pratélan unsur kimia]] * [[Unsur kimia sintetik]] * [[Kimia]] * [[Kelimpahan unsur kimia]] * [[Senyawa]] * [[Unsur kimia kang asalé saka jeneng wong]] * [[Unsur kimia kang asalé saka jeneng panggonan]] * [[Panemuan unsur kimia]] * [[Tabel périodik]] {{Commons|Unsur kimia}} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} === Pranala njaba === * [http://www.webelements.com/ WebElements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ |date=2014-01-04 }} * [http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm Los Alamos National Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119093914/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm |date=2005-01-19 }} * [http://www.chemicalelements.com/ ChemicalElements] [[Kategori:Unsur kimia| ]] [[Kategori:Kimiya| ]] flhslcnlg3kzn862pdg319i28jznaup 0 23229 1751994 1743687 2026-07-31T15:07:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=18 | symbol=Ar | name=argon | left=[[klorin]] | right=- | above=[[neon|Ne]] | below=[[kripton|Kr]] | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_series | [[gas mulia]] }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=18 | period=3 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Ar,18| tak berwarna }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-26 kg|39,948(1)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[neon|Ne]]&#93; 3s² 3p⁶ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 8 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[gas]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gplstp | 1,784 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=83,80 | c=-189,35 | f=-308,83 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=87,30 | c=-185,85 | f=-302,53 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 1,18 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 6,43 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 20,786 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | &nbsp; | 47 | 53 | 61 | 71 | 87 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | kubus pusat muka }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 0 }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | data tak tersedia}} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies3 | 1520,6 | 2665,8 | 3931 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|71]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|71]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|97]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|188]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | nonmagnetik }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 17,72 m}} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps | (gas, 27&nbsp;°C) 323 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=argon | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=36 | sym=Ar | na=0,337% | n=18 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=37 | sym=Ar | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=35 [[hari]] | dm=[[Electron capture|ε]] | de=? | pn=37 | ps=[[klorin|Cl]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=38 | sym=Ar | na=0,063% | n=20 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=39 | sym=Ar | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E9 s|269]] [[taun]] | dm=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de=0,565 | pn=39 | ps=[[kalium|K]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=40 | sym=Ar | na=99,600% | n=22 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=42 | sym=Ar | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=32,9 [[taun]] | dm=β^- | de=0,600 | pn=42 | ps=[[kalium|K]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} : ''Argon uga minangka jeneng [[satelit pengintai]] [[KH-5]].'' '''Argon''' iku [[unsur kimia]] sajeroning [[tabel périodik]] kang duwé simbol '''Ar''' lan [[Pratélan unsur adhedhasar nomer atom|nomer atom]] 18. [[Gas mulia]] ke-3, ing période 8, argon mbentuk 1% saka [[atmosfer bumi]]. == Rujukan == * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/18.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Argon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929010956/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/18.html |date=2006-09-29 }} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ar/index.html WebElements.com – Argon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819104640/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ar/index.html |date=2006-08-19 }} * [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ar.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Argon] * Panggunaan sajeroning panyileman: [http://www.decompression.org/maiken/Why_Argon.htm Why Argon?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701122928/http://www.decompression.org/maiken/Why_Argon.htm |date=2008-07-01 }} {{clr}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Gas mulya]] [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] {{kimia-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> efnz5eukt86jp9e4p91jt624paj93lh 0 23234 1752004 1267874 2026-08-01T01:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=97 | symbol=Bk | name=berkelium | left=[[kurium]] | right=[[californium]] | above=[[terbium|Tb]] | below=(Uqs) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[aktinida]] }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=7 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance | ora diweruhi, dinuga kaperakan<br />putih utawa klawu metalik }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|(247)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f⁹ 7s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[padat]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (alpha) 14.78 }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (beta) 13.25 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=(beta) 1259 | c=986 | f=1807 }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | '''3''', 4 }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.3 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1 | 601 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal close-packed }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 10 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-40-6 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=245 | sym=Bk | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E5 s|4.94 d]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=0.810 | pn1=245 | ps1=[[kurium|Cm]] | dm2=[[alpha emission|α]] | de2=6.455 | pn2=241 | ps2=[[amerisium|Am]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=246 | sym=Bk | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.8 [[day|d]] | dm1=α | de1=6.070 | pn1=242 | ps1=[[amerisium|Am]] | dm2=ε | de2=1.350 | pn2=246 | ps2=[[kurium|Cm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=247 | sym=Bk | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E10 s|1380 y]] | dm=α | de=5.889 | pn=243 | ps=[[amerisium|Am]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=248 | sym=Bk | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E8 s|>9 y]] | dm=α | de=5.803 | pn=244 | ps=[[amerisium|Am]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay3 | mn=249 | sym=Bk | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|330 d]] | dm1=α | de1=5.526 | pn1=245 | ps1=[[amerisium|Am]] | dm2=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- | dm3=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de3=0.125 | pn3=249 | ps3=[[californium|Cf]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} '''Berkelium''' iku [[unsur kimia]] sajeroning [[tabel périodik]] kang duwé lambang '''Bk''' lan [[Pratélan unsur adhedhasar nomer atom|nomer atom]] 97. Unsur sintetik logam [[radioaktif]] anggota [[dhèrèt kimia]] [[aktinida]] iki pisanan disintesis kanthi némbakaké [[amerisium]] nganggo [[partikel alfa]] ([[ion]] [[helium]]) lan dijenengi saka jeneng [[Berkeley, California]] lan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]]. Berkelium minangka [[unsur transuranium]] kalima kang kasil disintesis. == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Berkelium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Bk/index.html WebElements.com - Berkelium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110035701/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Bk/index.html |date=2006-11-10 }} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] {{kimia-stub}} hi67lggo24qmnfe8qj7ql9vp7puu3bd 0 23968 1752035 1736407 2026-08-01T10:23:36Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752035 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb|Katon njaba Hagia Sophia, 2004]] [[Gambar:Ayasofya-Innenansicht.jpg|thumb|Katon njero Hagia Sophia, 1993]] '''Hagia Sophia''' [[Basa Yunani]]:Ἁγία Σοφία; "Kawicaksanan Suci", [[Basa Turki]]:Ayasofya, [[Basa Latin]]:Sancta Sophia utawa ''Sancta Sapientia'') iku panggonan, tilas gréja,[[mesjid]], [[musiyum]], banjur dadi [[mesjid]] malih, ing [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]]. Misuwur kanthi [[mustaka]]/kubah kang gedhé, wangunan iki dianggep lambang utawa conto [[Arsitèktur Bizantium]]. Wangunan iki dadi katedral kang gedhé dhéwé sadonya sadurungé ana [[Katedral Sevilla]]. == Sajarah == Hagia Sophia ya iku yasan kuna panilasan saka kamaharajan [[Kekaisaran Romawi Wétan|Romawi wetan]], kang ana ing tengah-tengah kuta [[Konstantinopel]].Wangunan Konstantinopel sadurungé kanthi jéneng Byzantium Constantinopel [[(280-337]]),kanthi mlakuné jaman semanauga ganti dadi jeneng [[Istanbul]], salah sijiné kuta kang misuwur ana ing [[Turki]]. Hagia Sophia kanggo [[Gréja|Greja]] ana ing umat [[Kristen]] wétan kang digawé [[Konstantius]] ya iku putrané Kaisar [[Konstantin I|Konstantinus Agung]], wiwitane awujud [[Basilika]] kang ditahbisake ing taun 360. Gréja iki ngalami arubah wujud saka bangunané amarga kobongan lan lindhu. Ing masa kaisar [[Kaisar Yustinianus|Yustinianus]] (527-565), Hagia Sophia kang nglambangaké kajayaan kamaharajan Romawi Wétan diresmikake ana ing tanggal 7 mei 558 lan pangrombakan wujudté yasan ana ing awal abad-14. Sajeroning Contstantinopel tiba ana ing tangan bala [[Islam]] kang di pimpin ana ing [[Mehmed II]](Muhammad al-Fatih), pamaréntahan taun 1444-1446 lan 1451-1481 ing tanggal 27 mei 1453, jeneng kuta diganti dadi Qustantaniyyeh (''Kostantiniyye'') lan didadèkaké ibu kutha [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Sajeroning Constantinopel bisa direbut, Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih ngumandangake takbir lan nglakuni [[Salat|Shalat]]. Gréja Aya Sofia didadèkaké [[Masjid|Mesjid]] lan dikenal karan mesjid Aya Sofia (Hagia Sophia). Sajeroning limang abad dadi mesjid, panguasa Turki kang jenenge [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] ndadèkaké mesjid Aya Sofia dadi musiyum ing sajeroning pangawasan pamaréntah. Pungkasane ing tanggal 10 Juli 2020, pengadilan dhuwur [[Turki]] mbatalake keputusan 1943 sing ngganti status Hagia Sophia dadi museum. Bebarengan karo keputusan kasebut, ing tanggal sing padha Presiden Turki [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] ngetokake dekrit kang unine," Hagia Sophia bali menyang guna asline minangka papan ngibadah [[Muslim]]. [[Ngibadah]] pisanan bisa ditindakake wiwit 24 Juli." Sanajan wis diowahi dadi [[mesjid]], Hagia Sophia tetep mbukak kanggo umum kang pengin plesir menyang Hagia Sophia. Sawetara negara barat ora sarujuk ana kedadeyan iki, kayata [[Grikenlan|Yunani]] lan [[Vatikan]], nanging ana uga umat Kristen kang sarujuk amarga pamrentah [[Turki]] nduweni hak marang Hagia Sophia. == Gladri == '''Exterior''' <gallery> Barkas:Istanbul - Pascal Sebah (1823-1886) - Vue de Constantinoples - 5 Mosquée de Sainte Sophie - 1880s.jpg|alt=Early photograph showing the characteristic Ottoman stripes on the facade that were later removed (1880)|Foto Hagia Sophia nalika jaman [[Kakaisaran Ottoman|Turki Utsmani]] (1880) Barkas:Hagia Sophia exterior 2007 002.jpg|Pemandangan saka alun-alun Sultan Ahmed Barkas:Hagia Sophia exterior 2007 003.jpg|Sesawangan saka alun-alun utama Barkas:Hagia Sophia night March 2008.JPG|alt=Pemandangan ing wayah wengi|Sesawangan Hagia Sophia ing wayah wengi </gallery> '''Interior''' <gallery> Barkas:Hagia Sophia interior March 2008.jpg|alt=View of the interior from the upper gallery|Sesawangan njero wangunan Barkas:Hagia Sophia Constantinople 2007 (9).JPG|alt=View of the Theotokos mosaic in the apse|Gambar mozaik ''Theotokos'' ing njeron mustaka Barkas:Haga Sofia RB4.jpg|alt=Byzantine pillars and arches|Cagak-cagak jaman Bizantin lan mustaka Barkas:Byzantine column Hagia Sophia March 2008.JPG|Cagak lan ukirane Barkas:Hagia Sophia Gate March 2008.jpg|Gapura menyang narthex njaba karo mozaik Barkas:Empress loge Hagia Sophia March 2008pano.jpg|Sesawangan gapura kamaharajan lan loge prameswari Barkas:Beautiful Gate Hagia Sophia March 2008panob.jpg|Gerbang Endhah Barkas:Płacząca kolumna Haga Sofia RB.jpg|Prasasti [[Gregory Thaumaturgus|St Gregorius Thaumaturgus]] sing dianggep karo kekuwatan ajaib Barkas:Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg|Salah sawijining [[runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia|Prasasti runic ing Hagia Sophia]], mbokmenawa ditulis dening anggota [[Varangian Guard|Pengawal Varangian]] </gallery> '''Galeri Ndhuwur''' <gallery> Barkas:Upper gallery Hagia Sophia 2007 006.jpg|Galeri ndhuwur ing loge saka prameswari Barkas:Upper gallery Hagia Sophia 2007 003.jpg|Galeri sisih Barkas:Upper gallery Hagia Sophia 2007 001.jpg|Cagak Bizantin lan mosaik, lan lukisan jaman Turki Utsmani Barkas:Alexanderemp.jpg|Mosaik Kaisar Alexander nyekeli tengkorak Barkas:Marble door Hagia Sophia March 2008b.JPG|Closeup saka lawang marmer karo kunci lan keyhole Barkas:Byzantinischer Mosaizist um 1122 001.jpg|Kaisar Alexios I ing mosaik Komnenos Barkas:Kreuz Ayasofya.jpg|Carved cross on one of the marble panels Barkas:Seraf Haga Sofia RB1.jpg|Closeup of one of the Seraphim at the dome Barkas:Blue mosque Istanbul exterior 2007 001.jpg|View onto the Blue Mosque from one of the windows </gallery> '''Èleèn Islam''' <gallery> Image:Istanbul.Hagia Sophia026.jpg|The Loge of the Sultan, decorated by the Fossati brothers Image:Istanbul.Hagia Sophia039.jpg|The ''mimbar'' from where the imam preached Image:Santa Sofia - Interior - Medallons.JPG|Large medaillons by the Fossati brothers, proclaiming the name of ''Allah'' and his prophet Image:Kabe Mosaik.jpg|Iznik tiles showing the [[Kaaba]], located next to the apse Image:Irakischer Maler des Kräuterbuchs des Dioskurides 002.jpg|Illuminated [[Iraq]]i manuscript from the ''De [[Materia Medica]]'' (1224 CE), kept in the library Image:Foot washing Hagia Sophia 2007.jpg|Ablution basins for cleaning before prayer, outside the main entrance </gallery> '''Lukisan sajarah''' <gallery> Image:Fossati 002.JPG|Sketch of the mosaics in the eastern main arch and the apsis, by the Fossati brothers when found in the 19th century Image:Fossati 003.JPG|Sketch of the six patriarchs panel mosaics of the southern tympanon (by Fossati) Image:Fossati 004.JPG|Sketch of the six patriarchs panel mosaics of the northern tympanon (by Fossati) </gallery> == Cathetan == {{reflist}} == Uga delengen == * [[Church of the Holy Apostles]] - formerly the second most important church of Constantinople * [[Hagia Irene]] - neighbouring church * [[Chora Church]] * [[Pammakaristos Church]] * [[Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı]] - bath commissioned by [[Roxelana]] for the Hagia Sophia community == Rujukan == * {{cite book|last=Mainstone|first= Rowland J.|year=1997|title= Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church (reprint edition)|publisher= W W Norton & Co Inc.|id= ISBN 0-500-27945-4}}. * {{cite book|first = Ilhan|last = Akṣit|title= Hagia Sophia|publisher = Akṣit Kültür ve Turizm Yayincilik|id= ISBN 975-7039-07-1}} * Turner, J. - [[Grove Dictionary of Art]] - Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (January 2, 1996); ISBN 0-19-517068-7 == Literatur == * Joseph D. Alchermes: ''Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian'', in: Michael Maas (Ed.): ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian''. Cambridge 2005, pg. 343–375. * {{cite book|last=Balfour|first=John Patrick Douglas|year=1972|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=|id= ISBN 978-0-88225-014-4}} * {{cite book|last=Cimok|first=Fatih|year=2004|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Milet Publishing Ltd|location=|id= ISBN 978-975-7199-61-8}} * {{cite book|last=Doumato|first=Lamia|year=1980|title=The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia: Selected references|publisher=Vance Bibliographies|location=|id=ASIN B0006E2O2M}} * {{cite book|last=Goriansky|first=Lev Vladimir|year=1933|title=Haghia Sophia: analysis of the architecture, art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia|publisher=American School of Philosophy|location=|id=ASIN B0008C47EA}} * {{cite book|last=Howland Swift|first=Emerson|year=1937|title=The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia|publisher=University of Chicago|location=|id=ASIN B000889GIG}} * {{cite book|last=Kahler|first=Heinz|year=1967|title=Haghia Sophia|publisher=Praeger|location=|id=ASIN B0008C47EA}} * {{cite book|last=Kinross|first=Lord|year=1972|title=Hagia Sophia, Wonders of Man|publisher=Newsweek|location=|id= ASIN B000K5QN9W}} * {{cite book|last=Kleinbauer|first=W. Eugene|year=2007|authorlink= |author2=Anthony White|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Scala Publishers|location=London|id= ISBN 978-1-85759-308-2}} * {{cite book|last=Kleinbauer|first=W. Eugene|year=2000|title=Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.)|publisher=William L. Bauhan|location=|id= ISBN 978-0-87233-123-5}} * {{cite book|last=Krautheimer|first=Richard|year=1984|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|id= ISBN 978-0-300-05294-7}} * {{cite book|last=Mainstone|first=R. J.|year=1997|title=Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|id= ISBN 978-0-500-27945-8}} * {{cite book |last= Mainstone |first= Rowland J. |authorlink= |title= Hagia Sophia. Architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian's great church |year= 1988 |publisher= Thames & Hudson |location= London |isbn= 0-500-34098-6 }} * {{cite book |last= Mango |first= Cyril |authorlink= |author2= Ahmed Ertuğ |title= Hagia Sophia. A vision for empires |year= 1997 |publisher= |location= Istanbul |isbn= }} * {{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Robert S.|year=2004|title=Hagia Sophia, 1850-1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|id= ISBN 978-0-226-57171-3}} * {{cite book|last=Özkul|first=T. A.|year=2007|title=Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia: I-A finite element formulation for static analysis|publisher=Elsevier|location=|id= }} * {{cite book|last=Swainson|first=Harold|year=2005|title=The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|location=Boston, MA|id= ISBN 978-1-4021-8345-4}} * {{cite book|last=Yucel|first=Erdem|year=2005|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Scala Publishers|location=|id= ISBN 978-1-85759-250-4}} * {{cite book|last=|first=|year=1992|title=Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present|publisher=Princeton Architectural|id=ISBN 978-1-878271-11-2}} === Mosaik === * {{cite book|last=MacDonald |first=William Lloyd|year=1951|title=The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|id=ASIN B0007GZTKS}} * {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1972|authorlink= |title=The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|id=ASIN B0007CAVA0}} * {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1968|authorlink= |title=The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964|publisher=Johnson Reprints|id=ASIN B0007G5RBY}} * {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1967|authorlink= |author2=Heinz Kahler|title=Hagia Sophia: With a Chapter on the Mosaics|publisher=Praeger|id=ASIN B0000CO5IL}} * {{cite book|last=Teteriatnikov|first=Natalia B.|year=1998|title=Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|id=ISBN 978-0-88402-264-0}} * {{cite book|last=Yücel|first=Erdem|year=1988|title=The mosaics of Hagia Sophia|publisher=Efe Turizm|id=ASIN B0007CBGYA}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons2}} * [http://www.byzantium1200.com/hagia.html Byzantium 1200 | Hagia Sophia] computer reconstruction * [http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/procopius.stm Contemporary description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418083034/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/procopius.stm |date=2010-04-18 }} by [[Procopius]], ''Buildings'' (De Aedificiis), published in 561. * [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-sophia-floor-plan.html Interactive floor plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113195435/http://sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-sophia-floor-plan.html |date=2010-01-13 }}. * [http://youtube.com/results?search_query=Hagia+Sophia&search_type= YouTube | Hagia Sophia] - Videos * [http://www.rel.gr/photo/thumbnails.php?album=5 Ecunemical Patriarchate | Hagia Sophia] - Photos * [http://www.diatheke.org/AgiaSofia/index.php Agia Sofia - history and pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614062251/http://www.diatheke.org/AgiaSofia/index.php |date=2010-06-14 }} * [http://www.gradale.com Hagia Sofia - The Holy Grail's Resting Place] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806163729/http://gradale.com/ |date=2018-08-06 }} === Mosaik === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725154151/http://mosaicartsource.wordpress.com/tag/mosaic/mosaic-resources/mosaic-travel/hagia-sophia/ Mosaic Art Source | Hagia Sophia] - detailed views * [http://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/ Deesis Mosaic of Christ] from the South Gallery of Hagia Sophia. {{coord|41.0085|28.98|type:landmark|display=title|format=dms}} {{Masjid ing Turki}} {{Landmark ing Istanbul}} [[Kategori:Arsitèktur abad kaping-6]] [[Kategori:Arsitèktur Byzantine]] [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Byzantine]] [[Kategori:Katedral Ortodoks Yunani]] [[Kategori:Gréja ing Istanbul]] [[Kategori:Masjid ing Istanbul]] [[Kategori:Musiyum ing Turki]] [[Kategori:Tilas papan pamujan]] [[Kategori:Kubah]] bwuk2s95pjb483r6ocv2742ewhmt4dq 0 24332 1751996 1751713 2026-07-31T15:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=85 | symbol=At | name=astatin | left=[[polonium]] | right=[[radon]] | above=[[yodium|I]] | below=[[tennessin|Ts]] | color1=#ffff99 | color2=purple }} {{Elementbox_series | [[halogen]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=17 | period=6 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance | black solid (presumed) }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | (210) }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁵ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffff99 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=575 | c=302 | f=576 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=? 610 | c=? 337 | f=? 639}} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | ca. 40 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 361 | 392 | 429 | 475 | 531 | 607 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffff99 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | no data }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | ±1, 3, 5, 7 }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.2 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1 | 890±40 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffff99 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 1.7 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-68-8 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffff99 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=210 | sym=At | na=100% | hl=8.1 [[hour|h]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]], [[positron decay|β⁺]] | de1=3.981 | pn1=210 | ps1=[[polonium|Po]] | dm2=[[alpha decay|α]] | de2=5.631 | pn2=206 | ps2=[[bismuth|Bi]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=211 | sym=At | na=syn | hl=7.2 [[hour|h]] | dm= | de= | pn= | ps= }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffff99 | color2=black }} '''Astatine''' ({{pronEng|ˈæstətiːn}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] [[radioaktif]] kanthi simbul '''At''' lan [[nomer atom]] 85. Unsur iki minangka [[halogin]] kang paling abot. <!-- == Notable characteristics == This highly [[radioactive]] element has been confirmed by [[mass spectrometer]]s to behave chemically much like other [[halogen]]s, especially [[iodine]] (it would probably accumulate in the [[thyroid]] gland like iodine<ref>[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/85.html Astatine --> <!-- Bot generated title --> <!-- ]</ref>), though astatine is thought to be more [[metal]]lic than iodine. Researchers at the [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] have performed experiments that have identified and measured elementary reactions that involve astatine; however, chemical research into astatine is limited by its extreme rarity, which is a consequence of its extremely short [[half-life]]. Its most stable isotope has a half-life of around 8.3 hours. The final product of the decay of astatine is an isotope of [[lead]]. Following the [[color]] trends of the halogens, the elements get darker in color. Thus, following the trends, astatine is expected to be a nearly black solid, which, when heated, sublimes into a dark, purplish vapor (darker than iodine). Astatine is expected to form [[ionic]] bonds with [[metals]] such as [[sodium]], like the other halogens, but it can be displaced from the [[salts]] by lighter, more reactive halogens. Astatine can also react with [[hydrogen]] to form [[hydrogen astatide]], which when dissolved in water, forms [[hydroastatic acid]]. Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens, being less reactive than iodine. == History == The existence of "eka-iodine" had been predicted by [[Mendeleev]]. Astatine (after [[Greek language|Greek]] αστατος ''astatos'', meaning "unstable") was first synthesized in 1940 by [[Dale R. Corson]], [[K. R. MacKenzie]], and [[Emilio Segrè]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] by barraging [[bismuth]] with [[alpha particle]]s. An earlier name for the element was ''alabamine'' (Ab)[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743159,00.html]. The name ''Dakin'' was proposed for this element in 1937 by chemist Rajendralal De working in [[Dhaka]].<ref>[http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/at.html 85 Astatine--> <!-- Bot generated title --> <!-- ]</ref> == Occurrence == Astatine occurs naturally from [[uranium-235]] and [[uranium-238]] decay, but because of its short [[half-life]] is only found in minute amounts. Astatine is the rarest naturally-occurring element, with the total amount in Earth's crust estimated to be less than 1 [[ounce|oz]] (28 g) at any given time. This amounts to less than one teaspoon of the element. ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' has dubbed the element the rarest on Earth, stating: "Only around 0.9 oz (25 [[gram|g]]) of the element astatine (At) occurring naturally". [[Isaac Asimov]], in a [[Only a Trillion|1957 essay]] on [[large numbers]], [[scientific notation]], and the size of the atom, wrote that in "all of North and South America to a depth of ten miles", the number of astatine atoms at any time is "only a [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]]".<ref>http://ia331335.us.archive.org/1/items/onlyatrillion017765mbp/onlyatrillion017765mbp_djvu.txt</ref> Astatine is produced by bombarding [[bismuth]] with energetic [[alpha particles]] to obtain relatively long-lived ²⁰⁹At - ²¹¹At, which can then be [[distillation|distilled]] from the target by heating in the presence of air. == Compounds == {{Expand|date=January 2008}} Multiple [[chemical compound|compounds]] of astatine have been synthesized in microscopic amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their inevitable radioactive disintegration. While these compounds are primarily of theoretical interest, they are being studied for potential use in [[nuclear medicine]].[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/80581.php] == Isotopes == {{main|isotopes of astatine}} Astatine has 33 known [[isotope]]s, all of which are [[radioactive]]; the range of their mass numbers is from 191 to 223. There exist also 23 [[metastable]] [[excited state]]s. The longest-lived isotope is ²¹¹At, which has a [[half-life]] of 8.1 hours; the shortest-lived known isotope is ²¹³At, which has a half-life of 125 [[nanoseconds]]. ==Applications== {{Expand|date=January 2008}} Because of the extremely short life span of astatine no practical applications exist other than scientific study. The isotope 211 of astatine is used for treating different types of tumours. Astatine 211 is an alpha emitter with a physical halflife of 7.2 h. These features have been used in nuclude radiotherapy. ==Precautions== {{Expand|date=January 2008}} Since Astatine is radioactive, it should be handled with care. Because of its extreme rarity, it is not likely that the general public will be exposed. Astatine is a halogen, and standard precautions apply. It is less reactive than iodine, but they share similar characteristics. --> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Astatine}} {{wiktionary|astatine}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/At/index.html WebElements.com - Astatine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312151554/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/At/index.html |date=2006-03-12 }} * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/85.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Astatine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112232546/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/85.html |date=2011-01-12 }} * [http://www.docbrown.info/page03/The_Halogens.htm Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic - Group 7 The Halogens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509133752/http://www.docbrown.info/page03/The_Halogens.htm |date=2008-05-09 }} {{Unsur kimia diatomik}} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Halogin]] [[Kategori:Astatin]] {{kimia-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> ptbx64p5vqz7woid6b4f6sgjgn1n47m 0 24336 1751988 1751200 2026-07-31T14:20:55Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=95 | symbol=Am | name=americium | left=[[plutonium]] | right=[[curium]] | above=[[europium|Eu]] | below=(Uqp) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[actinide]]s }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=7 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance | silvery white sometimes yellow }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|(243)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f⁷ 7s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 12 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1449 | c=1176 | f=2149 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=2880 | c=2607 | f=4725 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 14.39 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 62.7 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1239 | 1356 | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 6, 5, 4, '''3'''<br />([[amphoteric]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.3 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1 | 578 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|175]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 10 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-35-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=241 | sym=Am | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E10 s|432.2 y]] | dm1=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=[[alpha decay|α]] | de2=5.638 | pn2=237 | ps2=[[neptunium|Np]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay3 | mn=242[[nuclear isomer|m]] | sym=Am | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=141 [[year|y]] | dm1=[[Isomeric transition|IT]] | de1=0.049 | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=5.637 | pn2=238 | ps2=[[neptunium|Np]] | dm3=SF | de3=- | pn3= | ps3=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=243 | sym=Am | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E11 s|7370 y]] | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=5.438 | pn2=239 | ps2=[[neptunium|Np]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} '''Americium''' ({{pronEng|ˌæməˈrɪsiəm}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Am''' lan [[nomer atom]] 95. Minangka siji èlemèn logam [[radioaktif]], amerisium iku [[aktinida]] kang tinemu ing taun [[1944]] kanthi ngebom [[plutonium]] nganggo [[neutron]] lan minangka [[èlemèn transuranik]] kapapat kang tinemu. Unsur iki dijenengaké saka tembung[[Amérika]], kanthi analogi karo [[Europium]]. <!-- == Properties == {{main|Actinides in the environment}} Pure americium has a silvery and white [[Lustre (mineralogy)|lustre]]. At [[room temperature]]s it slowly tarnishes in dry air. It is more silvery than [[plutonium]] or [[neptunium]] and apparently more malleable than neptunium or [[uranium]]. [[Alpha emission]] from ²⁴¹Am is approximately three times that of [[radium]]. [[Gram]] quantities of ²⁴¹Am emit intense [[gamma ray]]s which creates a serious exposure problem for anyone handling the element. Americium is also [[fissile]]; the critical mass for an unreflected sphere of ²⁴¹Am is approximately 60 kilograms. It is unlikely that Americium would be used as a weapons material, as its minimum critical mass is considerably larger than more readily obtained [[plutonium]] or [[uranium]] isotopes.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = International Panel on Fissile Materials | title = Fissile Materials & Nuclear Weapons: Introduction | url = http://www.fissilematerials.org/ipfm/pages_us_en/fissile/fissile/fissile.php | accessdate = 2007-11-22}}</ref> == Applications == This element can be produced in [[kilogram]] amounts and has some uses (mostly ²⁴¹Am since it is easier to produce relatively pure samples of this isotope). Americium is the only synthetic element to have found its way into the household, where one type of [[smoke detector]] contains a tiny amount (about 0.2 [[microgram]]) of ²⁴¹Am as a source of [[ionizing radiation]]. ²⁴¹Am has been used as a portable gamma ray source for use in [[radiography]]. The element has also been employed to gauge [[glass]] thickness to help create flat glass. ²⁴²Am is a neutron emitter and has found uses in [[neutron radiography]] as well as a neutron emitting radioactive source used in well logging applications (Am241Be). It has also been cited for use as an advanced nuclear rocket propulsion fuel.<ref>{{cite news | title = Extremely Efficient Nuclear Fuel Could Take Man To Mars In Just Two Weeks | publisher = [[ScienceDaily]] | date = 3 Januari 2001 | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/01/010103073253.htm | accessdate = 2007-11-22}}</ref> This isotope is, however, extremely expensive to produce in usable quantities. == History == Americium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first isolated]] by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]], Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, and [[Albert Ghiorso]] in late [[1944]] at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory at the [[University of Chicago]] (now known as [[Argonne National Laboratory]]). The team created the [[isotope]] ²⁴¹Am by subjecting ²³⁹[[plutonium|Pu]] to successive [[neutron capture]] reactions in a [[nuclear reactor]]. This created ²⁴⁰Pu and then ²⁴¹Pu which in turn decayed into ²⁴¹Am via [[beta decay]]. Seaborg was granted a patent for "Element 95 and Method of Producing Said Element," whose unusually terse claim number 1 reads simply, "Element 95."<ref>{{US patent|3156523}}</ref> The discovery of americium and [[curium]] was first announced informally on a children's quiz show in 1945.<ref>{{cite web | title = It's Elemental: The Periodic Table: Americium | author = Rachel Sheremeta Pepling | publisher = [[Chemical & Engineering News]] | url = http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/americiumprint.html}}</ref> == Isotopes == --> <!-- This section is linked from [[Alpha decay]] --> <!-- {{main|isotopes of americium}} [[Image:Americium.jpg|left|150px|thumb|Sample of Americium]]18 [[radioisotope]]s of americium have been characterized, with the most stable being ²⁴³Am with a [[half-life]] of 7370 years, and ²⁴¹Am with a half-life of 432.2 years. All of the remaining [[radioactive decay|radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 51 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 100 minutes. This element also has 8 [[meta state]]s, with the most stable being ^242mAm (t_½ 141 years). The isotopes of americium range in [[atomic weight]] from 231.046 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (²³¹Am) to 249.078 u (²⁴⁹Am). == Chemistry == In aqueous systems the most common oxidation state is +3. It is very much harder to oxidize Am(III) to Am(IV) than it is to oxidise Pu(III) to Pu(IV). Currently the [[solvent extraction]] chemistry of americium is important as in several areas of the world [[scientists]] are working on reducing the medium term [[Ionizing radiation|radiotoxicity]] of the waste from the reprocessing of used [[nuclear fuel]]. See [[liquid-liquid extraction]] for some examples of the solvent extraction of americium. Americium dioxide is used in smoke detectors.<ref>[http://www.uic.com.au/nip35.htm Smoke Detectors and Americium --> <!-- Bot generated title --> <!-- ]</ref> Americium, unlike uranium, does not readily form a dioxide americyl core (AmO₂).<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Los Alamos Science | format = Reprinted at fas.org | title = The Chemical Complexities of Plutonium | author = David L. Clark | issue = 26 | year = 2000 | url = http://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818038.pdf}}</ref> This is because americium is very hard to oxidise above the +3 oxidation state when it is in an aqueous solution. In the environment, this americyl core could complex with carbonate as well as other oxygen moieties (OH^-, NO₂^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^-2) to form charged complexes which tend to be readily mobile with low affinities to soil. *AmO₂(OH)⁺¹ *AmO₂(OH)₂⁺² *AmO₂CO₃⁺¹ *AmO₂(CO₃)₂^-1 *AmO₂(CO₃)₃^-3 A large amount of work has been done on the [[solvent extraction]] of americium, as it is the case that americium and the other transplutonium elements are responsible for the majority of the long lived radiotoxicity of [[spent nuclear fuel]]. It is thought that by removal of the americium and [[curium]] that the used fuel will only need to be isolated from man and his environment for a shorter time than that required for the isolation of untreated used fuel. One recent [[EU]] funded project on this topic was known by the codename "EUROPART". Within this project [[triazines]] and other compounds were studied as potential extraction agents.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = [[Dalton Trans.]] | year = 2003 | pages = 1675 - 1685 | doi = 10.1039/b301178j | title = The coordination chemistry of 1,2,4-triazinyl bipyridines with lanthanide(III) elements – implications for the partitioning of americium(III) | author = Michael J. Hudson, Michael G. B. Drew, Mark R. StJ. Foreman, Clément Hill, Nathalie Huet, Charles Madic and Tristan G. A. Youngs}} </ref> <ref>{{cite web | author = Andreas Geist, Michael Weigl, Udo Müllich, Klaus Gompper |title= Actinide(III)/Lanthanide(III) Partitioning Using n-Pr-BTP as Extractant: Extraction Kinetics and Extraction Test in a Hollow Fiber Module | work = 6th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation | publisher = [[OECD Nuclear Energy Agency]] | date = 11-13 Dec 2000 | url = http://www.nea.fr/html/pt/docs/iem/madrid00/Paper14.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www-atalante2004.cea.fr/home/liblocal/docs/atalante2000/P3-26.pdf | title = Sanex-BTP Process Development Studies | work = Atalante 2000: Scientific Research on the Back-end of the Fuel Cycle for the 21st Century | publisher = [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]] | date = 24-26 Oct 2000 | author = C. Hill, D. Guillaneux, X. Hérès, N. Boubals and L. Ramain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Effective Actinide(III)-Lanthanide(III) Separation in Miniature Hollow Fibre Modules | author = Andreas Geist, Michael Weigl and Klaus Gompper | url =http://www.nea.fr/html/pt/docs/iem/jeju02/session2/SessionII-15.pdf | work = 7th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation | date = 14-16 Oct 2002 | publisher = [[OECD Nuclear Energy Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Separation Studies of ''f''-Elements | author = D.D. Ensor | publisher = [[Tennessee Tech University]] | url = http://www.tntech.edu/WRC/pdfs/Projects04_05/Ens_Elem.pdf}}</ref> --> == Rujukan == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Am/index.html WebElements.com - Americium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211142206/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Am/index.html |date=2008-02-11 }} <references/> == Wacan == * ''Nuclides and Isotopes - 14th Edition'', GE Nuclear Energy, 1989. * Patent {{US patent reference | number = 3156523 | y = 1964 | m = 11 | d = 10 | inventor = Glenn T. Seaborg | title = Element 95 and Method of Producing Said Element }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs46/pagesg/clefs46_30.html | title = Can the minor actinide, americium-241, be transmuted by thermal neutrons? | author = Gabriele Fioni, Michel Cribier and Frédéric Marie | publisher = [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]] | access-date = 2008-04-19 | archive-date = 2007-11-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071111175005/http://www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs46/pagesg/clefs46_30.html | url-status = dead }} * {{cite conference | title = An americium-fueled gas core nuclear rocket | book-title = AIP Conf. Proc. | date = January 10, 1993 | volume = 271 | pages = 585-589 | conference = Tenth symposium on space nuclear power and propulsion | author = Terry Kammash, David L. Galbraith, and Ta-Rong Jan | doi = 10.1063/1.43073}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Americium}} {{wiktionary|americium}} * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/95.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Americium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813202222/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/95.html |date=2007-08-13 }} * ''Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele095.html It's Elemental - Americium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612221402/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele095.html |date=2008-06-12 }} * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs156.html ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Americium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830050012/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs156.html |date=2006-08-30 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Amerisium]] [[Kategori:Karsinogen]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn Sintètik]] k4b6nkaqw3znt95efly1unkmu1tl7w9 0 24343 1752005 1733006 2026-08-01T02:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=83 | symbol=Bi | name=bismut | left=[[timbal]] | right=[[polonium]] | above=[[antimon|Sb]] | below=[[moskovium|Mc]] | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[poor metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=15 | period=6 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img |Bismuth_crystal_macro| lustrous pink }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | 208.98040[[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 9.78 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 10.05 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=544.7 | c=271.5 | f=520.7 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=1837 | c=1564 | f=2847 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 11.30 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 151 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.52 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 941 | 1041 | 1165 | 1325 | 1538 | 1835 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | rhombohedral }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | '''3''', 5<br />(mildly [[acid]]ic oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.02 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 703 | 1610 | 2466 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | 160 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | 143 }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | 146 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | [[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 1.29 µ}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 7.97 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 13.4 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 1790 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 32 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 12 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 31 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.33 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 2.25 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 94.2 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-69-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=207 | sym=Bi | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=31.55 [[year|y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]], [[positron decay|β⁺]] | de=2.399 | pn=207 | ps=[[lead|Pb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=208 | sym=Bi | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=368,000 [[year|y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]], [[positron decay|β⁺]] | de=2.880 | pn=208 | ps=[[lead|Pb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=209 | sym=Bi | na=100% | hl=(19 ± 2) ×10¹⁸[[year|y]] | dm=[[alpha emission|α]] | de=&nbsp; | pn=205 | ps=[[thallium|Tl]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=210 m | sym=Bi | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.04 ×10⁶y | dm=[[Isomeric transition|IT]] | de=0.271 | pn=210 | ps=[[bismuth|Bi]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} '''Bismuth''' ({{pronEng|ˈbɪzməθ}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Bi''' lan [[nomer atom]] 83. <!-- This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent [[poor metal]] has a pink tinge and chemically resembles [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]]. Of all the metals, it is the most naturally [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]], and only [[mercury (element)|mercury]] has a lower [[thermal conductivity]]. Bismuth compounds are used in [[cosmetics]] and in medical procedures. As the toxicity of [[lead]] has become more apparent in recent years, alloy uses for bismuth metal as a replacement for lead have become an increasing part of bismuth's commercial importance. == Notable characteristics == Bismuth is a brittle [[metal]] with a [[white]], [[silver]]-[[pink]] [[hue]], often occurring in its native form with an [[iridescent]] [[Bismuth trioxide|oxide]] tarnish showing many [[refraction|refractive]] colors from yellow to blue. When [[combustion|combusted]] with [[oxygen]], bismuth burns with a [[blue]] [[flame]] and [[bismuth oxide|its oxide]] forms [[yellow]] [[fume]]s. Its [[toxicity]] is much lower than that of its neighbors in the [[periodic table]] such as [[lead]], [[thallium]], and [[antimony]]. No other [[metal]] is more naturally [[diamagnetic]] than bismuth. ([[Superdiamagnetism]] is a different physical phenomena.) Of any metal, it has the second lowest [[thermal conductivity]] (after [[mercury (element)|mercury]]) and the highest [[Hall effect|Hall coefficient]]. It has a high [[electrical resistance]]. When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a [[semiconductor]], rather than a [[poor metal]].<ref> Semimetal-to-semiconductor transition in bismuth thin films, C. A. Hoffman, J. R. Meyer, and F. J. Bartoli, A. Di Venere, X. J. Yi, C. L. Hou, H. C. Wang, J. B. Ketterson, and G. K. Wong, Phys. Rev. B '''48''', 11431 (1993) {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevB.48.11431}}</ref> Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the [[liquid]] phase is [[density|denser]] than its [[solid]] phase ([[water]] being the best-known example). Because bismuth expands on [[freezing]], it was long an important component of low-melting [[typesetting]] [[alloy]]s, which needed to expand to fill printing molds. ==Isotopes== {{main|Isotopes of bismuth}} While bismuth was traditionally regarded as the element with the heaviest stable [[isotope]], [[bismuth-209]], it had long been suspected to be unstable on theoretical grounds. This was finally demonstrated in 2003 when researchers at the [[Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale]] in [[Orsay]], [[France]], measured the [[alpha emission]] [[half-life]] of [[Bismuth-209|²⁰⁹Bi]] to be [[1 E19 s and more|1.9 x 10¹⁹ years]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Marcillac | first = Pierre de | coauthors = Noël Coron, Gérard Dambier, Jacques Leblanc, and Jean-Pierre Moalic | year = 2003 | month = April | title = Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth | journal = Nature | volume = 422 | pages = 876–878 | doi = 10.1038/nature01541 }}</ref> over a [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] times longer than the current estimated [[age of the universe]]. Owing to its extraordinarily long half-life, for nearly all applications bismuth can be treated as if it is stable and non-radioactive. The radioactivity is of academic interest, however, because bismuth is one of few elements whose radioactivity was suspected, and indeed theoretically predicted, before being detected in the laboratory. == History == Bismuth ([[New Latin]] ''bisemutum'' from [[German language|German]] ''Wismuth'', perhaps from ''weiße Masse'', "white mass") was confused in early times with [[tin]] and [[lead]] because of its resemblance to those elements. [[Basilius Valentinus]] described some of its uses in 1450. [[Claude François Geoffroy]] showed in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead. Artificial bismuth was commonly used in place of the actual mineral. It was made by hammering tin into thin plates, and cementing them by a mixture of white tartar, [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]], and [[arsenic]], stratified in a [[crucible]] over an open fire.<ref>{{1728}} [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech000900240255&isize=L]</ref> Bismuth was also known to the [[Incas]] and used (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special [[bronze]] [[alloy]] for knives.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...223..585G Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru --> <!-- Bot generated title --> <!-- ]</ref> == Occurrence and production== In the Earth's crust, bismuth is about twice as abundant as gold. It is not usually economical to mine it as a primary product. Rather, it is usually produced as a byproduct of the processing of other metal ores, especially [[lead]], [[copper]], [[tin]], [[silver]], and [[gold]], but also [[tungsten]] or other metal alloys. The most important [[ore]]s of bismuth are [[bismuthinite]] and [[bismite]]. In 2005, China was the top producer of bismuth with at least 40% of the world share followed by Mexico and Peru, reports the [[British Geological Survey]]. According to the [[USGS]], world 2006 bismuth mine production was 5,700 tonnes, of which China produced 3,000 tonnes, Mexico 1,180 tonnes, Peru 950 tonnes, and the balance Canada, Kazakhstan and other nations. World 2006 bismuth refinery production was 12,000 tonnes, of which China produced 8,500 tonnes, Mexico 1,180 tonnes, Belgium 800 tonnes, Peru 600 tonnes, Japan 510 tonnes, and the balance Canada and other nations. The difference between world bismuth mine production and refinery production reflects bismuth's status as a byproduct metal. Bismuth travels in crude [[lead]] bullion (which can contain up to 10% bismuth) through several stages of refining, until it is removed by the [[Kroll-Betterton process]] or the [[Betts process]]. The Kroll-Betterton process uses a pyrometallurgical separation from molten lead of calcium-magnesium-bismuth drosses containing associated metals (silver, gold, zinc, some lead, copper, tellurium, and arsenic), which are removed by various fluxes and treatments to give high-purity bismuth metal (over 99% Bi). The Betts process takes cast anodes of lead bullion and electrolyzes them in a lead fluosilicate-hydrofluosilicic acid electrolyte to yield a pure lead cathode and an anode slime containing bismuth. Bismuth will behave similarly with another of its major metals, copper. Thus world bismuth production from refineries is a more complete and reliable statistic. According to the Bismuth Advocate News (BAN), the price (NY Dealer) for bismuth metal from year-end 2000 to September 2005 was stuck in a range from lows of $2.70-$3.10 per lb. in late November 2002 and $2.60-$2.90 per lb. in December 2003 to highs of $3.85-$4.15 per lb. at year-end 2000 and $3.65-$4.00 per lb. in mid June 2004. BAN shows the range pressing to $4.20-$4.60 per lb. in September 2005 and then $4.50-$4.75 per pound in mid September 2006, before bursting upwards steeply to $6.00-$6.50 per lb in mid November 2006, $7.30-$7.80 in late December 2006, $9.25-$9.75 per lb in early March 2007, $10.50-$11.00 per lb in late March 2007, $13.00-$14.50 per lb. in mid April 2007, to an all-time high of $18.00-$19.00 per lb in mid June 2007, and then backed off to $13.50-$15.00 per lb in mid November 2007. This unprecedented event reflects an extreme scarcity of bismuth, perhaps temporary. [[Image:Bismuth (mined)2.PNG|thumb|left|Bismuth output in 2005]] == Crystals == {{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}} Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive [[hopper crystal]]s. These colorful laboratory creations are typically sold to collectors. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals. == Applications == Bismuth oxychloride is sometimes used in [[cosmetics]]. Bismuth subnitrate and [[bismuth subcarbonate]] are used in medicine. [[Bismuth subsalicylate]] (the [[active ingredient]] in [[Pepto-Bismol]] and (modern) [[Kaopectate]]) is used as an [[diarrhea|antidiarrheal]] and to treat some other gastro-intestinal diseases. Also, the product [[Bibrocathol]] is an organic molecule containing Bismuth and is used to treat eye infections. [[Bismuth subgallate]] (the [[active ingredient]] in Devrom) is used as an internal deodorant to treat malodor from [[flatulence]] (or [[gas]]) and [[feces]]. Some other current uses: --> <!--NOT A CURRENT USE, SEE [[Bismanol]]: *Strong permanent [[magnet]]s can be made from the alloy [[bismanol]] (Bi[[manganese|Mn]]).--> <!-- *Many bismuth [[alloy]]s have low [[melting point]]s and are widely used for fire detection and suppression system safety devices. *Bismuth is used as an alloying agent in production of malleable irons. *A carrier for [[uranium|U]]-235 or U-233 fuel in [[nuclear reactor]]s *Bismuth has also been used in [[solder]]s. The fact that bismuth and many of its [[alloy]]s expand slightly when they solidify make them ideal for this purpose. *Bismuth subnitrate is a component of [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]s that produces an [[iridescent]] luster finish. *[[Bismuth telluride]] is an excellent [[thermoelectric effect|thermoelectric]] material; it is widely used. *A replacement propellant for [[xenon]] in [[Hall effect thruster]]s *In 1997 an antibody conjugate with Bi-213, which has a 45 minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha-particle, was used to treat patients with leukemia. *In 2001, Professor Barry Allen and Dr. Graeme Melville at St. George Hospital in Sydney successfully produced Bi-213 in linac experiments which involved bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons. This cancer research team used Bi-213 in its Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) program. In the early 1990s, research began to evaluate bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in various applications: *As noted above, bismuth has been used in solders; its low toxicity will be especially important for solders to be used in food processing equipment and copper water pipes. *A pigment in artists' oil paint *Ingredient in free-machining [[brass]]es for [[plumbing]] applications *Ingredient in free-cutting steels for precision machining properties *A catalyst for making acrylic fibres *In low-melting alloys used in fire detection and extinguishing systems *Ingredient in [[lubrication|lubricating]] [[grease (lubricant)|greases]] *Dense material for [[fishing]] sinkers *In crackling microstars ([[dragon's eggs]]) in [[pyrotechnics]], as the [[Bismuth(III) oxide|oxide]], [[Bismuth subcarbonate|subcarbonate]], or subnitrate *Replacement for lead in [[shotgun|shot]] and [[bullet]]s. The [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States|U.S.]], and many other countries now prohibit the use of lead shot for the hunting of wetland birds, as many birds are prone to [[lead poisoning]] due to mistaken ingestion of lead (instead of small stones and grit) to aid digestion. Bismuth-tin alloy shot is one alternative that provides similar ballistic performance to lead. (Another less expensive but also more poorly performing alternative is "steel" shot, which is actually soft iron.) *Bismuth core bullets are also starting to appear for use in indoor shooting ranges, where fine particles of lead from bullets impacting the backstop can be a chronic toxic inhalant problem. Owing to bismuth's crystalline nature, the bismuth bullets shatter into a non-toxic powder on impact, making recovery and recycling easy.{{Fact|powder is easy to clean up? --How about a vacuum cleaner?|date=June 2007}} The lack of [[malleability]] does, however, make bismuth unsuitable for use in expanding hunting bullets. *[[Fabrique Nationale de Herstal]] uses bismuth in the projectiles for its [[FN 303]] [[less-lethal]] [[riot gun]]. According to the [[USGS]], U.S. bismuth consumption in 2006 totaled 2,050 tonnes, of which chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics) were 510 tonnes, bismuth alloys 591 tonnes, metallurgical additives 923 tonnes, and the balance other uses. ==Compounds== {{Expand|date=December 2007}} {{seealso|Category:Bismuth compounds}} ==Precautions== {{Expand|date=January 2008}} Bismuth is not known to be toxic, compared to its periodic table neighbours ([[lead (element)|lead]], [[antimony]], and [[polonium]]), although some compounds (including [[bismuth chloride]]) are toxic and should be handled with care. As with lead, overexposure to bismuth can result in the formation of a black deposit on the [[gingiva]], known as a '''bismuth line'''<ref name="biline">{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bismuth+line|title=bismuth line|publisher=Farlex, Inc.|accessdaymonth=8 February|accessyear=2008}}</ref>. ==See also== * [[:Category:Bismuth minerals|Bismuth minerals]] --> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} * Taylor, Harold A. Jr., "Bismuth", Financial Times Executive Commodity Reports (London: Mining Journal Books Ltd.) 2000 ISBN 1-84083-326-2 == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Bismuth}} {{wiktionary|bismuth}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Bi/index.html WebElements.com - Bismuth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516060326/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Bi/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/myb1-2006-bismu.pdf USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Bismuth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414125735/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/myb1-2006-bismu.pdf |date=2008-04-14 }} * [http://www.basicsmines.com/bismuth/index.html Bismuth Advocate News (BAN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821062607/http://basicsmines.com/bismuth/index.html |date=2013-08-21 }} * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/ Bismuth Statistics and Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203195324/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/ |date=2018-12-03 }} - United States Geological Survey minerals information for bismuth * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bismuth-501g.jpg Laboratory growth of large crystals of Bismuth] by Jan Kihle Crystal Pulling Laboratories, Norway * [http://physicsweb.org/article/news/7/4/16 Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040808112324/http://physicsweb.org/article/news/7/4/16 |date=2004-08-08 }} * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/83.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Bismuth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121012817/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/83.html |date=2010-11-21 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Bismuth| ]] [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] {{kimia-stub}} rssagtv1ybp8ttzij73q7ce7l83p94t 0 24344 1752008 1731604 2026-08-01T02:39:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=35 | symbol=Br | name=bromine | left=[[selenium]] | right=[[krypton]] | above=[[chlorine|Cl]] | below=[[iodine|I]] | color1=#ffff99 | color2=blue }} {{Elementbox_series | [[halogen]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=17 | period=4 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Br,35| gas/liquid: red-brown<br />solid: metallic luster }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|79.904]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[argon|Ar]]&#93; 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁵ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 7 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffff99 | color2=blue }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[liquid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (Br₂, liquid) 3.1028 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=265.8 | c=-7.2 | f=19 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=332.0 | c=58.8 | f=137.8 }} {{Elementbox_criticalpoint | k=588 | mpa=10.34 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | (Br₂) 10.571 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | (Br₂) 29.96 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (Br₂)<br />75.69 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 185 | 201 | 220 | 244 | 276 | 332 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffff99 | color2=blue }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | orthorhombic }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 5, 4,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Br/Br1O2-21255834.html|title=Bromine: bromine(IV) oxide compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=WebElements.com}}</ref> 3,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Br/Br1F3-7787715.html|title=Bromine: bromine(III) fluoride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=WebElements.com}}</ref> 1, -1<br />(strongly [[acid]]ic oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.96 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 1139.9 | 2103 | 3470 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|115]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|94]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|114]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|185]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffff99 | color2=blue }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | nonmagnetic }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 7.8×10¹⁰ }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 0.122 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps | (20&nbsp;°C) ? 206 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7726-95-6 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffff99 | color2=blue }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=79 | sym=Br | na=50.69% | n=44 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=81 | sym=Br | na=49.31% | n=46 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffff99 | color2=blue }} '''Brom''' utawa ''Bromine'' ({{pronEng|ˈbroʊmiːn/, /ˈbroʊmaɪn/, /ˈbroʊmɪn}}, {{lang-el|βρῶμος, ''brómos''}}, iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Br''' lan [[nomer atom]] 35. <!-- A [[halogen]] element, bromine is a red [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] liquid at [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard room temperature]] that is intermediate in reactivity between [[chlorine]] and [[iodine]]. Bromine vapours are [[corrosive]] and [[toxic]]. Approximately 730,000,000 kg was produced in 1993.<ref name=Ullmann>Jack F. Mills "Bromine" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Wiley-VCH Verlag; Weinheim, 2002. DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a04_391</ref> The main applications for bromine are in [[fire retardant]]s and fine chemicals. == History == {{Expand-section|date=December 2007}} Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists [[Antoine Jerome Balard|Antoine Balard]] and [[Carl Jacob Löwig]] in 1825 and 1826. Balard found bromide salts in the ash of sea weed from the [[salt marsh]]es of [[Montpellier]] in [[1826]]. The seaweed was used to produce iodine, but also contained bromine. [[Carl Jacob Löwig]] working at the laboratory of [[Leopold Gmelin]] produced elemental bromine by reacting mineral salts, which contained bromides, with chlorine gas. The publication of the results was delayed and Balard published his results first. Bromine was not produced in quantity until [[1860]]. The French chemist and physicist [[Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac]] suggested the name bromine due to the characteristic smell of the vapors. Some also suggest that it may have been discovered by [[Bernard Courtois]], the man who discovered iodine.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/elem/br.html | title = Bromine | publisher = vanderkrogt.net }}</ref> == Isotopes == {{main|Isotopes of bromine}} {{Expand-section|date=December 2007}} Bromine has 2 stable isotopes: Br-79 (50.69%) and Br-81 (49.31%). At least another 23<ref>{{cite book | author=GE Nuclear Energy | title=Chart of the Nuclides, 14th Edition | year=1989 }}</ref> isotopes are known to exist. Many of the bromine isotopes are fission products. Several of the heavier bromine isotopes from fission are delayed neutron emitters. All of the radioactive bromine isotopes are relatively short lived. The longest half life is the neutron deficient Br-77 at 2.376 days. The longest half life on the neutron rich side is Br-82 at 1.471 days. A number of the bromine isotopes exhibit metastable isomers. Stable Br-79 exhibits a radioactive isomer, with a half life of 4.86 seconds. It decays by isomeric transition to the stable ground state. == Notable characteristics == Bromine is the only liquid [[nonmetal]]lic element at room temperature and one of only six elements on the periodic table that are liquid at or close to room temperature. The pure chemical element has the physical form of a [[diatomic molecule]], Br₂. It is a dense, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at [[standard temperature and pressure]]s to give a red vapor (its color resembles [[nitrogen dioxide]]) that has a strong disagreeable odor resembling that of [[chlorine]]. Bromine is a [[halogen]], and is less reactive than [[chlorine]] and more reactive than [[iodine]]. Bromine is slightly [[solubility|soluble]] in [[water (molecule)|water]], and highly soluble in [[carbon disulfide]], [[aliphatic]] [[alcohol]]s (such as [[methanol]]), and [[acetic acid]]. It [[chemical bond|bonds]] easily with many elements and has a strong [[Bleach (chemical)|bleaching]] action. Bromine, like chlorine, is also used in pool maintenance. Certain bromine-related compounds have been evaluated to have an [[ozone depletion potential]] or bioaccumulate in living organisms. As a result many industrial bromine compounds are no longer manufactured, are being restricted, or scheduled for phasing out. Bromine is a powerful [[oxidizing agent]]. It reacts vigorously with metals, especially in the presence of water, as well as most organic compounds, especially upon [[photochemistry|illumination]]. Bromine has no known role in human health. Organobromine compounds do occur naturally, a famous example being [[Tyrian purple]]. Most organobromine compounds in nature arise via the action of [[vanadium bromoperoxidase]]. == Occurrence and production == :''See also [[:Category:Halide minerals|Halide minerals]].'' [[Image:Bromine - world production trend.svg|thumb|left|World bromine production trend]] The diatomic element Br₂ does not occur naturally. Instead, bromine exists exclusively as [[Bromide|bromide salts]] in diffuse amounts in [[crust (geology)|crustal]] rock. Due to [[leaching]], bromide salts have accumulated in sea water (85 [[part per million|ppm]]), but at a lower concentration than chloride. Bromine may be economically recovered from bromide-rich brine wells and from the [[Dead Sea]] waters (up to 50000 ppm). Approximately 500,000 metric tons (worth around US$350 million) of bromine are produced per year (2001) worldwide with the [[United States]] and [[Israèl]] being the primary producers. Bromine production has increased sixfold since the 1960s. The largest bromine reserve in the United States is located in [[Columbia County, Arkansas|Columbia]] and [[Union County, Arkansas]], U.S.<ref>[http://www.cals.lib.ar.us/butlercenter/lesson_plans/lesson%20plans/Lesson%20plans-retained/Bromine.pdf Bromine:An Important Arkansas Industry], Butler Center for Arkansas Studies</ref> Israèl's bromine reserves are contained in the waters of the [[Dead Sea]]. The bromide-rich brines are treated with chlorine gas, flushing through with air. In this treatment, bromide anions are oxidized to bromine by the chlorine gas. :2 Br⁻ + Cl₂ → 2 Cl⁻ + Br₂ Because of its commercial availability and long shelf-life, bromine is not typically prepared. Small amounts of bromine can however be generated through the reaction of solid [[sodium bromide]] with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] (H₂SO₄). The first stage is formation of [[hydrogen bromide]] (HBr), which is a gas, but under the reaction conditions some of the HBr is oxidized further by the sulfuric acid to form bromine (Br₂) and [[sulfur dioxide]] (SO₂). :NaBr (s) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → HBr (aq) + NaHSO₄ (aq) :2 HBr (aq) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → Br₂ (g) + SO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O (l) Similar alternatives, such as the use of dilute [[hydrochloric acid]] with [[sodium hypochlorite]], are also available. The most important thing is that the [[anion]] of the [[acid]] (in the above examples, [[sulfate]] and [[chloride]], respectively) be more [[electronegative]] than bromine, allowing the [[substitution reaction]] to occur. ==Compounds== {{Expand-section|date=December 2007}} {{seealso|Category:Bromine compounds}} ====Organic chemistry==== Organic compounds are brominated by either [[Addition reaction|addition]] or [[Substitution (chemistry)|substitution reactions]]. Bromine undergoes electrophilic addition to the double-bonds of [[alkene]]s, via a cyclic bromonium intermediate. In non-aqueous solvents such as [[carbon disulfide]], this affords the di-bromo product. For example, reaction with [[ethylene]] will produce [[1,2-Dibromoethane|1,2-dibromoethane]]. Bromine also undergoes electrophilic addition to [[phenol]]s and [[aniline]]s. When used as bromine water, the corresponding [[halohydrin formation reaction|bromohydrin is formed]] instead. So reliable is the reactivity or bromine that bromine water is employed as a reagent to test for the presence alkenes, phenols, and anilines. Like the other halogens, bromine participates in [[free radical reaction]]s. For example hydrocarbons are brominated upon treatment with bromine in the presence of light. Bromine, sometimes with a catalytic amount of [[phosphorus]], easily brominates [[carboxylic acid]]s at the α-position. This method, the [[Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction]], is the basis of the commercial route to [[bromoacetic acid]]. [[N-Bromosuccinimide|''N''-Bromosuccinimide]] is commonly used as a substitute for elemental bromine, being easier to handle, and reacting more mildly and thus more selectively. Organic bromides are often preferable relative to the less reactive chlorides and more expensive iodide-containing reagents. Thus, [[Grignard]] and organolithium compound are most often generated from the corresponding bromides. ====Inorganic chemistry==== Bromine is an oxidizer, and it will oxidize [[iodide]] ions to iodine, being itself reduced to [[bromide]]: : Br₂ + 2 I⁻ → 2 Br⁻ + I₂ Bromine will also oxidize metals and metaloids to the corresponding bromides. [[Anhydrous]] bromine is less reactive toward many metals than hydrated bromine, however. Dry bromine reacts vigorously with [[aluminium]], [[titanium]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]] as well as [[alkaline earth metal|alkaline earth]]s and [[alkali metal]]s. ==Applications== A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in [[industry]]. Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from [[hydrogen bromide]], which is obtained by burning [[hydrogen]] in bromine.<ref name=Ullmann/> Illustrative of the addition reaction<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = N. A. Khan, F. E. Deatherage, and J. B. Brown | title = Stearolic Acid | collvol = 4 | collvolpages = 851| year = 1963 | prep = CV4P0851}}</ref> is the preparation of [[1,2-Dibromoethane]], the organobromine compound produced in the largest amounts: :C₂H₄ + Br₂ → CH₂BrCH₂Br Ethylene bromide is an additive in gasolines containing lead anti-[[engine knocking]] agents. It scavenges lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine. This application has declined since the 1970s due to environmental regulations. Ethylene bromide is also used as a fumigant, but again this application is declining. [[Brominated flame retardant]]s represent a commodity of growing importance. Specific compound used produced for this purpose include [[tetrabromobisphenol A]], [[decabromodiphenyl ether]], and [[vinyl bromide]]. The bromides of calcium, sodium, and zinc account for a sizable part of the bromine market. These salts form dense solutions in water that are used as [[drilling fluid]]s. Miscellaneous uses: *Several [[dye]]s, agrichemicals, and [[pharmaceutical]]s are organobromine compounds. 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane, 1-bromoethylbenzene, and 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by the [[markovnikov rule|antimarkovnikov addition]] of HBr to alkenes. [[Ethidium bromide]], EtBr, is used as a [[DNA]] stain in [[gel electrophoresis]]. * Bromine is also used in for the production of [[brominated vegetable oil]], which is used as an [[emulsifier]] in many [[citrus]]-flavored [[soft drinks]]. * High [[refractive index]] compounds * [[Water purification]] compounds, [[Disinfectants]] * Potassium bromide is used in some photographic developers to inhibit the formation of fog (undesired reduction of silver). == Safety == Elemental bromine is toxic and [[irritant|causes burns]]. As an [[oxidizing]] agent, it is incompatible with most organic and inorganic compounds. Care needs to taken when transporting bromine, it is commonly carried in steel tanks lined with lead, supported by strong metal frames. When certain ionic compounds containing Bromine are mixed with Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), they will form a pale brown cloud of Bromine gas. This gas smells like bleach and is very irritating to the mucus membranes. This form of Bromine will appear to diffuse slowly, but it will suddenly disappear. Upon exposure, one should move to fresh air immediately. If symptoms arise, medical attention is needed. --> == Rujukan == <references/> * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/35.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Bromine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206110931/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/35.html |date=2010-12-06 }} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Bromine}} {{wiktionary|bromine}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Br/index.html WebElements.com – Bromine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072148/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Br/index.html |date=2008-05-09 }} * [http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/035/index.s7.html Theodoregray.com – Bromine] * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine USGS Minerals Information: Bromine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109055154/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine |date=2019-01-09 }} * [http://www.bsef.com/ Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF)] * [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Thermal.mcd Thermal Conductivity of BROMINE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113919/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Thermal.mcd |date=2007-10-13 }} * [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Viscosity.mcd Viscisity of BROMINE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113927/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Viscosity.mcd |date=2007-10-13 }} {{Èlemèndiatomik}} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Halogen]] [[Kategori:Bromine|*]] hjh2xclz5cm464g15c9xbi4xktx7xhp 0 24350 1752034 1287353 2026-08-01T10:23:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=72 | symbol=Hf | name=hafnium | left=[[lutetium]] | right=[[tantalum]] | above=[[zirconium|Zr]] | below=[[rutherfordium|Rf]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=4 | period=6 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Hafnium bits| steel grey }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|178.49]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(2)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[Xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 13.31 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 12 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=2506 | c=2233 | f=4051 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=4876 | c=4603 | f=8317 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 27.2 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 571 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.73 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 2689 | 2954 | 3277 | 3679 | 4194 | 4876 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 4<br />([[amphoteric]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.3 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 658.5 | 1440 | 2250 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|155]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|208]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|150]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 331 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 23.0 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 5.9 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 3010 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 78 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 30 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 110 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.37 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 5.5 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 1760 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 1700 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-58-6 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=172 | sym=Hf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.87 [[year|y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.350 | pn=172 | ps=[[lutetium|Lu]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=174 | sym=Hf | na=0.162% | hl=2×10¹⁵ [[year|y]] | dm=[[alpha emission|α]] | de=2.495 | pn=170 | ps=[[ytterbium|Yb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=176 | sym=Hf | na=5.206% | n=104 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=177 | sym=Hf | na=18.606% | n=105 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=178 | sym=Hf | na=27.297% | n=106 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=178[[Nuclear isomer|m2]] | sym=Hf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=31 [[year|y]] | dm=[[Gamma ray|IT]] | de=2.446 | pn=178 | ps=Hf }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=179 | sym=Hf | na=13.629% | n=107 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=180 | sym=Hf | na=35.1% | n=108 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=182 | sym=Hf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=9×10⁶ [[year|y]] | dm=[[beta emission|β]] | de=0.373 | pn=182 | ps=[[tantalum|Ta]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} '''Hafnium''' ({{pronEng|ˈhæfniəm}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Hf''' lan [[nomer atom]] 72. <!-- A [[lustre (mineralogy)|lustrous]], silvery gray [[tetravalence|tetravalent]] [[transition metal]], hafnium resembles [[zirconium]] chemically and it is found in zirconium [[mineral]]s. Hafnium is used in [[tungsten]] [[alloy]]s in [[electrical filament|filament]]s and [[electrode]]s, in [[integrated circuits]] as a gate insulator for [[MOSFET|transistors]], and as a [[neutron]] absorber in [[control rod]]s in [[nuclear power plant]]s. == Notable characteristics == [[Image:HafniumMetalUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Hafnium metal]] Hafnium is a shiny silvery, [[ductility|ductile]] [[metal]] that is [[corrosion]] resistant and chemically similar to [[zirconium]]. The ''physical'' properties of hafnium are markedly affected by zirconium impurities, and these two elements are among the most difficult ones to separate. A notable physical difference between them is their density (zirconium being about half as dense as hafnium), but chemically the elements are extremely similar. The most notable physical property of hafnium is that it has a very high neutron-capture cross-section, and several isotopes of hafnium nuclei can absorb multiple neutrons. This makes hafnium a good material for use in the [[control rod]]s for [[nuclear reactor]]s. Its neutron-capture cross-section is about 600 times that of zirconium. (Other elements that are good neutron-absorbers for control rods are [[cadmium]] and [[boron]].) Separation of hafnium and zirconium becomes very important in the nuclear power industry, since zirconium is a good fuel-rod cladding metal, with the desirable properties of a very low neutron capture cross-section, and a good chemical stability at high temperatures. However, because of hafnium's neutron-absorbing properties, hafnium impurities in zirconium would cause it to be far less useful for nuclear reactor materials applications. Thus a nearly-complete separation of zirconium and hafnium is necessary for their use in nuclear power. [[Hafnium carbide]] is the most [[Refraction (metallurgy)|refractory]] [[binary compound]] known, with a [[melting point]] >3890 [[Celsius|°C]], and hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides, with a [[melting point]] of 3310 [[Celsius|°C]].<ref name=lanl72>[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/72.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Hafnium]</ref> This has led to proposals that hafnium or its carbides might be useful as construction materials that are subjected to very high temperatures. The metal is resistant to concentrated [[alkali]]s, but [[halogen]]s react with it to form hafnium tetrahalides.<ref name=lanl72/> At higher temperatures hafnium reacts with [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon]], [[boron]], [[sulfur]], and [[silicon]]. The [[nuclear isomer]] Hf-178-m2 is also a source of cascades of [[gamma rays]] whose energies total to 2.45&nbsp;[[Electronvolt|MeV]] per decay.<ref>[http://ie.lbl.gov/toi/nuclide.asp?iZA=720778 WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Isotopes Project and Lund University.</ref> It is notable because it has the highest excitation energy of any comparably long-lived isomer of any element. One gram of pure Hf-178-m2 would contain approximately 1330 megajoules of energy, the equivalent of exploding about 317 kilograms (700 pounds) of [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]]. Possible applications requiring such highly concentrated energy storage are of interest. For example, it has been studied as a possible power source for gamma ray [[laser]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Laser Physics Letters |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=162–167 |year=2004 |title=Nuclear resonance spectroscopy of the 31-yr isomer of Hf-178 |author=C. B. Collins ''et al.'' |doi=10.1002/lapl.200410154}}</ref> ==Applications== Hafnium is used to make control rods for [[nuclear reactor]]s because of its ability to absorb [[neutron]]s (its thermal neutron absorption cross section is nearly 600 times that of zirconium), excellent mechanical properties and exceptional corrosion-resistance properties. Other uses: *In gas-filled and [[incandescent lamp]]s, for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen, *As the electrode in [[plasma cutting]] because of its ability to shed electrons into air, *In [[iron]], [[titanium]], [[niobium]], [[tantalum]], and other metal [[alloy]]s. *A hafnium-based compound is employed in [[gate (transistor)|gate]] insulators in the 45&nbsp;nm generation of [[integrated circuits]] from [[Intel]], [[IBM]] and others <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/technology/27chip.html |title=Intel Says Chips Will Run Faster, Using Less Power |first=John |last=Markoff |publisher=New York Times |date=[[January 27]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref>. Hafnium oxide-based compounds are practical [[high-k dielectric]]s, allowing reduction of the gate leakage current which improves performance at such scales.<ref>{{cite news | last = Fulton, III| first = Scott M. | title = Intel Reinvents the Transistor | publisher = BetaNews | date = [[January 27]], [[2007]] | url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Intel_Reinvents_the_Transistor/1169872301| accessdate = 2007-01-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Robertson| first = Jordan | title = Intel, IBM reveal transistor overhaul | publisher = AP | date = [[January 27]], [[2007]]| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/27/AR2007012700152.html | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> *[[DARPA]] has been intermittently funding programs in the US to determine the possibility of using a [[nuclear isomer]] of hafnium (the above mentioned Hf-178-m2) to construct small, high yield weapons with simple x-ray triggering mechanisms—an application of ''[[induced gamma emission]]''. That work follows over two decades of basic research by an international community<ref>[http://www.hafniumisomer.org/isomer/IGEhistory.htm Induced gamma emission history], The Center for Quantum Electronics, The University of Texas at Dallas.</ref> into the means for releasing the stored energy upon demand. There is considerable opposition to this program, both because the idea may not work<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-57/iss-5/p21.html |title= Conflicting Results on a Long-Lived Nuclear Isomer of Hafnium Have Wider Implications |date=May 2004 |publisher=Physics Today |first=Bertram |last=Schwarzschild |accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref>, and because uninvolved countries might perceive an imagined "isomer weapon gap" that would justify their further development and stockpiling of conventional nuclear weapons. A related proposal is to use the same isomer to power [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1534.htm |title=Nuclear-powered drone aircraft on drawing board |publisher=Information Clearing House |accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> which could remain airborne for weeks at a time. == History == [[Image:Sigilum Facultatis Naturalis.JPG|left|thumb|150px|The hafnium seal of the [[University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science|Faculty of Science of the University of Copenhagen]]]] The 1869 periodic table by [[Dmitri Mendeleev|Mendeleev]] had implicitly [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|predicted the existence]] of a heavier analog of [[titanium]] and [[zirconium]], but in 1871 Mendeleev placed [[lanthanum]] in that spot. The existence of a gap in the periodic table for a yet to be discovered element 72 was predicted by [[Henry Moseley]] in 1914. Hafnium was named for the [[Latin]] name ''Hafnia'' for "[[Copenhagen]]", the home town of [[Niels Bohr]]. It was discovered by [[Dirk Coster]] and [[Georg von Hevesy]] in [[1923]] in Copenhagen, [[Denmark]], validating the original 1869 prediction of Mendeleev. Soon thereafter, the new element was predicted to be associated with [[zirconium]] by using the Bohr theories of the atom, and it was finally found in [[zircon]] through [[X-ray]] [[spectroscopy]] analysis in [[Norway]]. Hafnium was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of the double [[ammonium]] or [[potassium]] fluorides by Jantzen and von Hevesey. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by [[Anton Eduard van Arkel]] and Jan Hendrik de Boer by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated [[tungsten]] filament. This process for differential purification of Zr and Hf is still in use today. The [[University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science|Faculty of Science]] of the [[University of Copenhagen]] uses in its [[Seal (device)|seal]] a stylized image of hafnium. == Occurrence == Hafnium is estimated to make up about 0.00058% of the [[Earth]]'s upper [[crust (geology)|crust]] by weight. It is found combined in natural [[zirconium]] compounds but it does not exist as a free element in nature. [[Mineral]]s that contain zirconium, such as alvite [(Hf, [[thorium|Th]], [[zirconium|Zr]])[[silicon|Si]][[oxygen|O]]₄ [[water|H₂O]]], [[thortveitite]], and [[zircon]] (ZrSiO₄), usually contain between 1 and 5% hafnium. Hafnium and zirconium have nearly identical chemistry, which makes the two difficult to separate. About half of all hafnium metal manufactured is produced as a by-product of zirconium refinement. This is done through reducing [[hafnium(IV) chloride]] with [[magnesium]] or [[sodium]] in the [[Kroll process]]. [[Image:Hafnium lump thin film effects.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A lump of hafnium which has been oxidized on one side and exhibits [[Thin-film optics|thin film optical]] effects.]] A major source of zircon (and hence hafnium) ores are [[heavy mineral sands ore deposits]], [[pegmatite]]s particularly in [[Brazil]] and [[Malawi]], and [[carbonatite]] intrusions particularly the Crown Polymetallic Deposit at Mount Weld, Western Australia. A potential source of hafnium is trachyte tuffs containing rare zircon-hafnium silicates [[eudialyte]] or armostrongite, at [[Dubbo]] in New South Wales, Australia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alkane.com.au/projects/nsw/dubbo/DZP%20Summary%20June07.pdf |format=PDF | title=Dubbo Zirconia Project Fact Sheet | date= June 2007 | publisher=Alkane Resources Limited | accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> == Precautions == Care needs to be taken when machining hafnium because, like its sister metal zirconium, when hafnium is divided into fine particles, it is [[pyrophoric]] and can ignite spontaneously in air (see [[Dragon's Breath]] for a demonstration). Compounds that contain this metal are rarely encountered by most people. The pure metal is not considered toxic, but hafnium compounds should be handled as if they are toxic because the ionic forms of metals are normally at greatest risk for toxicity, and limited animal testing has been done for hafnium compounds. == Isotopes== {{main|Isotopes of hafnium}} Hafnium has five stable isotopes. ==Compounds== {{Expand|date=December 2007}} {{seealso|Category:Hafnium compounds}} ==See also== * [[:Nuclear isomer|Nuclear isomer]] * [[Induced gamma emission]] * [[Zircon]] == Rujukan == <references/> *{{cite journal |author=van Arkel, A.E., and de Boer, J.H. |year=1925 |title=Preparation of pure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium metal |journal=Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie |volume=148 |pages=345–350}} Scerri, E.R., Prediction of the Nature of Hafnium from Chemistry, Bohr’s Theory and Quantum Theory, Annals of Science, 51, 137-150, (1994) --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Hafnium}} {{wiktionary|hafnium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Hf/index.html WebElements.com – Hafnium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516063925/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Hf/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} * [http://www.americanelements.com/hf.htm Hafnium Technical & Safety Data] * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+hafnium,+elemental NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Hafnium, elemental] * [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119481053795589302.html Intel Shifts from Silicon to Lift Chip Performance] * [http://www.intel.com/technology/45nm/index.htm?iid=homepage+marquee_45nm] {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] [[Kategori:Hafnium|*]] <!-- interwiki --> soloche9k2xyxg417123mgog5jwv9ve 0 24351 1752036 1643220 2026-08-01T10:47:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=108 | symbol=Hs | name=hassium | left=[[bohrium]] | right=[[meitnerium]] | above=[[osmium|Os]] | below=(Upo) | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=8 | period=7 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance | unknown, probably silvery<br />white or metallic gray }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [277] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s²<br />}} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2}} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}} {{Elementbox_phase | presumably a [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | unknown }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 8}} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 54037-57-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=277 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=16.5 min<ref>http://www.apsidium.com/elements/108.htm</ref> | dm=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de= | pn= | ps=}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=275 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=0.15 s | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=9.30 | pn=271 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=271 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=40# s | dm=α | de=9.27,9.13 | pn=267 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=270 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=3.6# s | dm=α | de=8.83 | pn=266 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=269 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=9.7 s | dm=α | de=9.21,9.10,8.97 | pn=265 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=267m | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=0.8 s | dm=α | de=9.83 | pn=263 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=267 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=52 ms | dm=α | de=9.87 | pn=263 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=266 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=2.3 ms | dm=α | de=10.18 | pn=262 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=265m | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=0.75 ms | dm=α | de= | pn=261 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=265 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=2.0 ms | dm=α | de= | pn=261 | ps=Sg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=264 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=~0.8 ms | dm1=.5 α | de1=10.43 | pn1=260 | ps1=Sg |dm2=.5 SF | de2= | pn2= | ps2=}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}} '''Hassium''' ({{pronEng|ˈhæsiəm}} utawa {{IPA|/ˈhɑːsiəm/}}<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hassium</ref>) iku [[èlemèn sintètis]] sajeroning [[Tabel périodik unsur kimia|Tabel périodik]] kanthi simbul '''Hs''' lan [[nomer atom]] 108. <!-- {{Listen|filename=hassium.ogg|title=Hassium|description=Common English pronunciation of hassium|format=[[Ogg]]}} Hassium oxidizes similarly to osmium above it, to a hassium tetroxide with a lower volatility than [[osmium tetroxide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2003-Jun-29-2.pdf|title="Chemistry of Hassium"|accessdate=2007-01-31|author=|date=[[2002]]|work= Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH}}</ref> ==Official discovery== Hassium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first synthesized]] in 1984 by a German research team led by [[Peter Armbruster]] and [[Gottfried Münzenberg]] at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|Institute for Heavy Ion Research]] (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in [[Darmstadt]]. The team bombarded a lead target with iron-58 nuclei to produce 3 atoms of ²⁶⁵Hs in the reaction :<math>\, ^{208}_{82}\mathrm{Pb} + \, ^{58}_{26}\mathrm{Fe} \, \to\ \, ^{265}_{108}\mathrm{Hs} + \, ^1_0\mathrm{n}.</math> The IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) recognised the GSI collaboration as official discoverers in their 1992 report. <ref name=93TWG>[http://iupac.org/publications/pac/1993/pdf/6508x1757.pdf "Discovery of the transfermium elements"], '''IUPAC Technical report''', ''Pure & Appl. Chem.'', Vol. 65, No. 8, pp. 1757-1814,1993. Retrieved on [[2008-03-07]]</ref> ==Naming== Element 108 has historically been known as ''eka-osmium''. During the period of controversy over the names of the elements (see [[element naming controversy]]) [[IUPAC]] adopted ''unniloctium'' ({{IPA|/ˌjuːnɨˈlɒktiəm/}},<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/unniloctium]</ref> symbol ''Uno'') as a temporary [[systematic element name|element name]] for this element. The name hassium was proposed by the officially recognised German discoverers in 1992, derived from the [[Latin (language)|Latin]] name for the German state of [[Hessen]] where the institute is located (L. ''hassia'' Hessen). In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named ''hahnium'' (Hn).<ref>http://iupac.org/publications/pac/1994/pdf/6612x2419.pdf (IUPAC 1994 recomm)</ref> The name ''hassium'' (Hs) was adopted internationally in 1997.<ref>http://iupac.org/publications/pac/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf (IUPAC 1997 recomm)</ref> ==Electronic structure== [[Image:electron shell 108 Hassium.svg|thumb|150px|left]] Hassium has 6 full [[electron shell|shell]]s, 7[[s block|s]]+5[[p block|p]]+3[[d block|d]]+2[[f block|f]]=17 full [[subshell]]s, and 108 [[orbital]]s: Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 Quantum mechanical model: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰ 4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰ 6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d⁶ ==Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-osmium/dvi-ruthenium== ===Oxidation states=== Element 108 is projected to be the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group VIII in the Periodic Table, below [[iron]], [[ruthenium]] and [[osmium]]. The latter two members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of +VIII and the state becomes more stable as the group is descended. Thus hassium is expected to form a stable +VIII state. Osmium also shows stable +V, +IV and +III states with the +IV state the most stable. For ruthenium, the +VI, +V and +III states are stable with the +III state being the most stable. Hassium is therefore expected to also show other stable lower oxidation states. ===Chemistry=== The group VIII elements show a vary distinctive [[oxide]] chemistry which allows facile extrapolations to be made for hassium. All the lighter members have known or hypothetical tetroxides, MO₄. The oxidising power decreases as one descends the group such that FeO₄<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v59/i5/p3681_1 "FeO₄: A unique example of a closed-shell cluster mimicking a superhalogen"], '''Gutsev et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. A'', 59, 3681- 3684 (1999). Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref> is not known due to an extraordinary [[electron affinity]] which results in the formation of the well-known oxo-ion ferrate(VI), FeO₄²⁻. Ruthenium tetroxide, RuO₄, formed by [[oxidation]] of ruthenium(VI) in [[acid]], readily undergoes [[reduction]] to ruthenate(VI), RuO₄²⁻. Oxidation of ruthenium metal in air forms the dioxide, RuO₂. In contrast, osmium burns to form the stable tetroxide, OsO₄, which complexes with hydroxide ion to form an osmium(VIII) -''ate'' complex, [OsO₄(OH)₂]²⁻. Therefore, eka-osmium properties for hassium should be demonstrated by the formation of a volatile tetroxide HsO₄, which undergoes complexation with hydroxide to form a hassate(VII), [HsO₄(OH)₂]²⁻. ==Experimental chemistry== ===Gas phase chemistry=== Hassium is expected to have the electron configuration [Rn]5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s² and thus behave as the heavier homolog of osmium (Os). As such, it should form a volatile tetroxide, HsO₄, due to the tetrahedral shape of the molecule. The first chemistry experiments were performed using gas thermochromatography in 2001, using ¹⁷²Os as a reference. During the experiment, 5 hassium atoms were detected using the reaction ²⁴⁸Cm(²⁶Mg,5n)²⁶⁹Hs. The resulting atoms were thermalized and oxidized in a He/O₂ mixture to form the oxide. The measured deposition temperature indicated that hassium(VIII) oxide is less volatile than osmium tetroxide, OsO₄, and places hassium firmly in group 8.<ref>http://lch.web.psi.ch/pdf/anrep01/B-03heavies.pdf (Investigation of Hassium)</ref> :<math>\,^{269}_{108}\mathrm{Hs} + 2 \,\mathrm{O}_2 \, \to \,^{269}_{108}\mathrm{HsO}_4</math> In order to further probe the chemistry of hassium, scientists decided to assess the reaction between hassium tetroxide and sodium hydroxide to form the sodium hassate(VIII), a reaction well-known with osmium. In 2004, scientists announced that they had succeeded in carrying out the first acid-base reaction with a hassium compound.<ref>http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2003/files/172.pdf (CALLISTO result)</ref> :<math>\mathrm{HsO}_4 + 2 \,\mathrm{NaOH} \, \to \mathrm{Na}_2[\mathrm{HsO}_4(\mathrm{OH}_2)]</math> ===Summary of compounds and complex ions=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Formula!!Names(s) |- |HsO₄||hassium tetroxide; hassium(VIII) oxide |- |Na₂[HsO₄(OH)<small>2</small>]||sodium hassate(VIII); disodium dihydroxytetraoxohassate(VIII) |} ==History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion== ===¹³⁶Xe(¹³⁶Xe,xn)^272−xHs=== Important future experiments will involve the attempted synthesis of hassium isotopes in this symmetric reaction using the fission fragments. There are inconfirmed reports that the reaction was carried out at Dubna in 2007 and that no atoms were detected, leading to a cross section limit of 1 pb.<ref>Zagraebev, TAN07, 23-28 September 2007, Davos, Switzerland</ref> If confirmed, this would indicate that such symmetric fusion reactions should be modelled as 'hot fusion' reactions rather than 'cold fusion' ones, as first suggested. This would indicate that such reactions will unfortunately have limited use in the synthesis of superheavy elements. ===¹⁹⁸Pt(⁷⁰Zn,xn)^268−xHs=== This reaction was performed in May 2002 at the GSI. Unfortunately, the experiment was cut short due to a failure of the zinc-70 beam. ===²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁸Fe,xn)^266−xHs (x=1,2)=== This reaction was first reported in 1978 by the team at Dubna. In a later experiment in 1984, using the rotating drum technique, they were able to detect a spontaneous fission activity assigned to ²⁶⁰Sg, daughter of ²⁶⁴Hs. <ref>[http://springerlink.com/content/p1107209h687r205/ "On the stability of the nuclei of element 108 with A=263–265"], '''Oganessian et al'''., ''Z. Phys. A.'', 1984, 319, 2. Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref> In a repeat experiment in the same year, they applied the method of chemical identification of a descendant to provide support to the synthesis of element 108. They were able to detect several alpha decays of ²⁵³Es and ²⁵³Fm, descendants of ²⁶⁵108. In the official discovery of the element in 1984, the team at GSI studied the reaction using the alpha decay genetic correlation method. They were able to positively identify 3 atoms of ²⁶⁵Hs. <ref>[http://springerlink.com/content/n752260210006404/ "The identification of element 108"], '''Munzenberg et al.''', ''Z. Phys. A.'', 1984, 317, 2. Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref>After an upgrade of their facilities in 1993, the team repeated the experiment in 1994 and detected 75 atoms of ²⁶⁵Hs and 2 atoms of ²⁶⁴Hs, during the measurement of a partial excitation function for the 1n neutron evaporation channel.<ref>[http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0034-4885/61/6/002 "New elements-approaching Z=114"], '''S.Hoffmann''', ''Rep. Prog. Phys''.,1998, 61, 639-689.Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref> The maximum of the 1n channel was measured as 69 pb in a further run in late 1997 in which a further 20 atoms were detected.<ref>[http://springerlink.com/content/b0lj7nyrvh6ugujy/ "Excitation function for the production of ²⁶⁵108 and ²⁶⁶109"], '''Hofmann et al'''., ''Z. Phys. A.'', 1997, 358, 4. Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref> The discovery experiment was successfully repeated in 2002 at [[RIKEN]] (10 atoms) and in 2003 at GANIL (7 atoms). ===²⁰⁷Pb(⁵⁸Fe,xn)^265−xHs (x=1)=== The use of a Pb-207 target was first used in 1984 at Dubna. They were able to detect the same SF activity as observed in the Pb-208 run and once again assigned it to ²⁶⁰Sg, daughter of ²⁶⁴Hs.<ref name=93TWG/> The team at [[GSI]] first studied the reaction in 1986 using the method of correlation of genetic alpha decays and identified a single atom of ²⁶⁴Hs with a cross section of 3.2 pb.<ref>[http://springerlink.com/content/rn11r8qh66660jnp/ "Evidence for ²⁶⁴108, the heaviest known even-even isotope"], '''Munzenberg et al.''', ''Z. Phys. A.'', 1986, 324, 4. Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref> The reaction was repeated in 1994 and the team were able to measure both [[alpha decay]] and [[spontaneous fission]] for ²⁶⁴Hs. ===²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁵Mn,xn)^264−xHs=== First attempts to synthesie nuclei of element 108 were performed using this reaction by the team at Dubna in 1983. Using the rotating drum technique, they were able to detect a spontaneous fission activity assigned to ²⁵⁵Rf, descendant of the ²⁶³108 decay chain. Identical results were measured in a repeat run in 1984.<ref name=93TWG/> In a subsequent experiment in 1983, they applied the method of chemical identification of a descendant to provide support to the synthesis of element 108. They were able to detect alpha decays from fermium isotopes, assigned as descendants of the decay of ²⁶²108. This reaction has not been tried since and ²⁶³Hs and ²⁶²Hs are currently inconfirmed.<ref name=93TWG/> ==History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion== ===²²⁶Ra(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^274−xHs=== This reaction was reportedly studied in 1978 by the team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) under the leadership of Yuri Oganessian. However, results are not available in the literature.<ref name=93TWG/> ===²³²Th(⁴⁰Ar,xn)^272−xHs=== This reaction was first studied at Dubna in 1987. Detection was by spontaneous fission and no activities were found leading to a calculated cross section limit of 2 pb.<ref name=93TWG/> ===²³⁸U(³⁴S,xn)^272−xHs (x=5)=== In March 1994, the team at Dubna led by the late Yuri Lazerev announced the detection of 3 atoms of ²⁶⁷Hs from the 5n neutron evaporation channel. <ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v75/i10/p1903_1 "New Nuclide ²⁶⁷108 Produced by the ²³⁸U + ³⁴S Reaction"], '''Lazarev et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'', 75, 1903-1906 (1995). Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref> The decay properties was confirmed by the team at GSI in their simultaneous study of [[element 110]]. ===²⁴⁸Cm(²⁶Mg,xn)^274−xHs (x=3,4,5)=== Most recently, a GSI-PSI collaboration has studied the nuclear reaction of curium-248 with magnesium-26 ions. Between May 2001 and August 2005, the team has studied the excitation function of the 3n, 4n, and 5n evaporation channels leading to ²⁶⁹Hs, ²⁷⁰Hs, and ²⁷¹Hs.<ref>[http://lch.web.psi.ch/pdf/anrep01/B-01heavies.pdf "Decay properties of ²⁶⁹Hs and evidence for the new nuclide ²⁷⁰Hs"], '''Turler et al.''', ''GSI Annual Report 2001''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref><ref>http://www2.ha.physik.uni-muenchen.de/heaviest_atoms/talks/Dvorak.pdf (269-271Hs)</ref> The synthesis of the important isotope ²⁷⁰Hs was published in December 2006 by the team of scientists from the [[Technical University of Munich]].<ref>[http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2006/PAPERS/NUSTAR-SHE-06.pdf "Doubly magic ²⁷⁰Hs"], '''Turler et al'''., ''GSI report'', 2006. Retrieved on [[2008-03-01]]</ref>. It was reported that this isotope decayed by emission of an alpha-particle with an energy of 8.83 MeV and a projected half-life of ~22 s, assuming a 0⁺ to 0⁺ ground state decay to ²⁶⁶Sg using the Viola-Seaborg equation. ===²⁴⁸Cm(²⁵Mg,xn)^273−xHs=== This new reaction was studied at the GSI in July-August 2006 in a search for the new isotope ²⁶⁸Hs. They were unable to detect any atoms from neutron evaporation and calculated a cross section limit of 1 pb. ===²⁴⁹Cf(²²Ne,xn)^271−xHs=== The team at Dubna studied this reaction in 1983 using detection by [[spontaneous fission]] (SF). Several short SF activities were found indicating the formation of nuclei of element 108. <ref name=93TWG/> ==Chemical yields of isotopes== The tables below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for reactions producing hassium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. ===Cold fusion=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Projectile!!Target!!CN!!1n!!2n!!3n |- |⁵⁸Fe||²⁰⁸Pb||²⁶⁶Hs||'''69 pb, 13.9 MeV'''||4.5 pb |- | ⁵⁸Fe|| ²⁰⁷Pb|| ²⁶⁵Hs||3.2 pb |} ===Hot fusion=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Projectile!!Target!!CN!!3n!!4n!!5n |- |³⁴S||²³⁸U||²⁷²Hs|| || ||2.5 pb, 50.0 MeV |- |²⁶Mg||²⁴⁸Cm||²⁷⁴Hs||'''2.5 pb'''||'''2.5 pb'''||'''6.0 pb''' |} ==Isomerism in hassium isotopes== ===²⁶⁹Hs=== The direct synthesis of ²⁶⁹Hs has resulted in three alpha lines at 9.21, 9.10, and 8.94 MeV. In the decay of ²⁷⁷112, only 9.21 MeV ²⁶⁹Hs alpha decays have been observed indicating that this decay occurs from an isomeric level. Further research is required to confirm this. ===²⁶⁷Hs=== The decay of ²⁶⁷Hs is known to occur by alpha decay with three alpha lines at 9.88, 9.83, and 9.75 MeV and a half-life of 52 ms. In the recent syntheses of ^271m,gDs additional activities have been observed. A .94ms activity decaying by 9.83 MeV alpha emission has been observed in addition to longer lived ~.8 s and ~6.0 s activities. Each of these is currently not assigned and confirmed and further research is required to positively identify them. ===²⁶⁵Hs=== The synthesis of ²⁶⁵Hs has also provided evidence for two levels. The ground state decays by 10.30 MeV alpha emission with a halflife of 2.0 ms. The isomeric state is placed at 300 keV above the ground state and decays by 10.57 MeV alpha emission with a halflife of .75 ms. ==Chronology of isotope discovery== {| class="wikitable" |- !Isotope!!Year discovered!!Discoverer reaction |- |²⁶⁴Hs||1986||²⁰⁷Pb(⁵⁸Fe,n) |- |²⁶⁵Hs||1984||²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁸Fe,n) |- |²⁶⁶Hs||2000||²⁰⁷Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n) <ref>see [[darmstadtium]]</ref> |- |²⁶⁷Hs||1995||²³⁸U(³⁴S,5n) |- |²⁶⁸Hs||unknown |- |²⁶⁹Hs||1996||²⁰⁸Pb(⁷⁰Zn,n) <ref>see [[ununbium]]</ref> |- |²⁷⁰Hs||2004||²⁴⁸Cm(²⁶Mg,4n) |- | ²⁷¹Hs||2004||²⁴⁸Cm(²⁶Mg,3n) |- |²⁷²Hs||unknown|| |- | ²⁷³Hs||unknown|| |- | ²⁷⁴Hs||unknown|| |- |²⁷⁵Hs||2003||²⁴²Pu(⁴⁸Ca,3n) <ref name=E114ref>see [[ununquadium]]</ref> |- |²⁷⁶Hs||unknown|| |- |²⁷⁷Hs||1999?||²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca,3n) <ref name=E114ref/> |} ==²⁷⁰Hs: prospects for a deformed doubly-magic nucleus== According to macroscopic-microscopic (MM) theory, Z=108 is a deformed proton magic number. This means that such nuclei are permanently deformed in their ground state but have high, narrow fission barriers to further deformation and hence relatively-long SF partial halflives. The SF halflives in this region are typically reduced by a factor of 10⁹ in comparison with those in the vicinity of the spherical doubly-magic nucleus ²⁹⁸114, caused by an increase in the probability of barrier penetration by quantum tunnelling, due to the narrower fission barrier. In addition, N=162 has been calculated as a deformed neutron magic number and hence the nucleus ²⁷⁰Hs has promise as a deformed doubly-magic nucleus. Experimental data from the decay of Z=110 isotopes ²⁷¹Ds and ²⁷³Ds, provides strong evidence for the magic nature of the N=162 subshell. The recent synthesis of ²⁶⁹Hs, ²⁷⁰Hs, and ²⁷¹Hs also fully support the assignment of N=162 as a magic closed shell. === Evidence for the Z=108 deformed proton shell=== Evidence for the effect of the Z=108 closed shell in the vicinity of the N=162 shell is limited at this moment in time. This is caused by the low production yields of the isotopes in question and thus poor statistics regarding SF partial halflives resulting from branching of the decay mode. In the case of the isotonic pair ²⁶⁴Hs and ²⁶²Sg (N=156 isotones), the lifetimes and decay modes do not support the stabilising effect of Z=108 but this is most likely due to a retreat from the N=162 shell. More conclusive evidence would come from the measurement of SF partial halflives for ²⁶⁶Hs (vs. ²⁶⁴Sg), ²⁶⁸Hs (vs. ²⁶⁶Sg), and especially ²⁷⁰Hs itself (vs ²⁶⁸Sg and ²⁶⁶Rf), although ²⁶⁸Sg and ²⁶⁸Hs are currently unknown and ²⁶⁶Rf has not been produced via alpha decay (which would provide T_SF for this N=162 isotone). Analysis of partial SF halflives of nuclei with Z>108 (e.g ²⁷²Ds) would also help to confirm the Z=108 closed shell. It should be noted that whilst ²⁷⁰Hs is expected to be a doubly-magic nucleus, it is not expected to have the longest halflife in this region of the periodic table. The reason is that whilst the N=162 shell staves off fission, alpha decay will predominate. As an example, the nucleus ²⁶⁸Sg (Z=106,N=162) is calculated to have a halflife of the order of two hours. However, recent data from the decay of ²⁶⁴Sg (T_SF = 70 ms) and ²⁶⁶Sg (T_SF = 360 ms) indicate that the influence of the N=162 shell for seaborgium isotopes against fission is some 1–2 orders of magnitude overestimated, so ²⁶⁸Sg may in fact decay by SF will a short half life of ~5 s. The recently-synthesized nucleus ²⁶⁸Db (T_SF = 29 h) has such a long halflife because the presence of both the odd proton and odd neutron hinder SF, relative to neighbouring even-even nuclei. ==Unconfirmed isotopes== ===²⁷⁷Hs=== An isotope assigned to ²⁷⁷Hs has been observed on two occasions decaying by SF with a long halflife of ~12 minutes. The isotope is not observed in the decay of ground state ²⁸¹Ds but is observed in the decay from an nonconfirmed isomeric level. The halflife is very long for the ground state and it is possible that it belongs to an isomeric level in ²⁷⁷Hs. Further research is required to confirm this result. ==Retracted isotopes== ===²⁷³Hs=== The claimed synthesis of element 118 by LBNL in 1999 involved the intermediate ²⁷³Hs. This isotope was claimed to decay by 9.78 and 9.47 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 1.2 s. The claim to discovery of ²⁹³118 was retracted and this hassium isotope is currently unknown. ==Future experiments== The team at GSI has plans to further study the synthesis of hassium isotopes by hot fusion. During 2007–2008, they hope to study the reaction<ref>http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2007-Mar-178-1.pdf (238U + 34S proposal)</ref> :<math>\, ^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \, ^{34}_{16}\mathrm{S} \, \to\ \, ^{269,268,267}\mathrm{Hs}</math> This will give them experience at producing intense ³⁴S beams before continuing with a measurement of the excitation function for the 3n, 4n, and 5n channels in the reaction using the expensive ³⁶S isotope<ref>http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2007-Mar-186-1.pdf (238U + 36S proposal)</ref> :<math>\, ^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \, ^{36}_{16}\mathrm{S} \, \to\ \, ^{271,270,269}\mathrm{Hs}</math> In a continuation of studies towards the synthesis of ²⁷⁰Hs, two further reactions are to be studied in 2008 by the TUM and the FLNR. The team at the Technische Universitaet Mainz (TUM) are planning to study the electrodeposition of hassium atoms using the new reaction:<ref>Kratz,J.V., "Liquid-phase studies of the transactinides, TAN07, Davos, Switzerland, September 2007</ref> :<math>\, ^{244}_{94}\mathrm{Pu} + \, ^{30}_{14}\mathrm{Si} \, \to\ \, ^{271,270}\mathrm{Hs}</math> In addition, scientists at the FLNR will reattempt the reaction:<ref>[http://flerovlab.jinr.ru/flnr/experiments.html "Experiments 2008"]</ref> :<math>\, ^{226}_{88}\mathrm{Ra} + \, ^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} \, \to\ \, ^{271,270}\mathrm{Hs}</math> The FLNR is currently the only facility which is able to utilise the intensively radioactive Ra-226 target and will help to complete a survey of production methods for the ²⁷⁴Hs compound nucleus, which will provide useful information on the mechanism of hot fusion. As part of their continued program on the study of the effect of [[isospin]] on the yield of evaporation residues in cold fusion reactions, the team at LBNL are planning to study the following reaction in 2008 with the search for a new isotope ²⁶³Hs :<math>\, ^{208}_{82}\mathrm{Pb} + \, ^{56}_{26}\mathrm{Fe} \, \to\ \, ^{263}_{108}\mathrm{Hs} + \, ^1_0\mathrm{n}</math> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} --> == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Hs/index.html WebElements.com: Hassium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910123135/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Hs/index.html |date=2006-09-10 }} * [http://www.apsidium.com/elements/108.htm Apsidium: Hassium 108] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103192725/http://www.apsidium.com/elements/108.htm |date=2007-01-03 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] 4stkstwwyjpaxhinwrxky3fdrkmyq4f 0 24354 1752006 1671522 2026-08-01T02:16:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=107 | symbol=Bh | name=bohrium | left=[[seaborgium]] | right=[[hassium]] | above=[[rhenium|Re]] | below=(Ups) | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=7 | period=7 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [270] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d⁵ 7s²<br /> }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | presumably a [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | unknown }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 7}} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 54037-14-8 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=272 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=9.8 s | dm=[[Alpha decay|α]] | de=9.02 | pn=268 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=271 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl= | dm=α | de= | pn=267 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn='''270''' | sym='''Bh''' | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl='''61 s''' | dm=α | de='''8.93''' | pn=266 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=267 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=17 s | dm=α | de=8.83 | pn=263 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=266 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.9 s | dm=α | de=9.77,9.04| pn=262 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=265 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.9 s | dm=α | de=9.24 | pn=261 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=264 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.97 s | dm=α | de=9.62,9.48 | pn=260 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=262m | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=9.6 ms | dm=α | de=10.37,10.24 | pn=258 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=262g | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=84 ms | dm=α | de=10.08,9.94,9.82,9.74,9.66 | pn=258 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=261 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=11.8 ms | dm=α | de=10.40,10.10,10.03 | pn=257 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=260 | sym=Bh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=35 ms | dm=α | de=10.16 | pn=256 | ps=Db }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} '''Bohrium''' ({{pronEng|ˈbɔəriəm}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] sajeroning [[Tabel périodik unsur kimia|tabel périodik]] kanthi simbul '''Bh''' lan [[nomer atom]] 107. <!-- {{Listen|filename=bohrium.ogg|title=Bohrium|description=Common English pronunciation of bohrium|format=[[Ogg]]}} It is a [[synthetic element]] whose most stable [[isotope]], Bh-270, has a [[half-life]] of 61 [[second]]s. Chemical experiments confirmed bohrium's predicted position as a member of group 7 of the [[periodic table]], as a heavier homologue to rhenium.<ref name=00Ei01>[http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf "GAS CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF BOHRIUM (Bh, ELEMENT 107)"], '''Eichler et al'''., ''GSI Annual Report 2000''. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> ==Official discovery== The first convincing synthesis was in 1981 by a German research team led by [[Peter Armbruster]] and [[Gottfried Münzenberg]] at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (Institute for Heavy Ion Research) in [[Darmstadt]] using the Dubna reaction. :<math>\, ^{209}_{83}\mathrm{Bi} + \, ^{54}_{24}\mathrm{Cr} \, \to\ \, ^{262}_{107}\mathrm{Bh} + \, ^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}</math> In 1989, the GSI team successfully repeated the reaction during their efforts to measure an [[excitation function]]. During these experiments, ²⁶¹Bh was also identified in the 2n evaporation channel and it was confirmed that ²⁶²Bh exists as two isomers. The IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) report in 1992 officially recognised the GSI team as discoverers of element 107. ==Proposed names== Historically element 107 has been referred to as '''[[Mendeleev's predicted elements|eka]]-[[rhenium]]'''. The Germans suggested the name ''nielsbohrium'' with symbol ''Ns'' to honor the Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]]. The Soviets had suggested this name be given to element 105 ([[dubnium]]) and the German team wished to recognise both Bohr and the fact that the Dubna team had been the first to propose the cold fusion reaction. There was an [[element naming controversy]] as to what the elements from 101 to 109 were to be called; thus [[IUPAC]] adopted ''unnilseptium'' ({{pronEng|ˌjuːn<s>ɪ</s>lˈsɛptiəm}}, symbol ''Uns'') as a temporary, [[systematic element name]] for this element. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC rejected the name ''nielsbohrium'' since there was no precedence for using a scientist's complete name in the naming of an element and thus recommended that element 107 be named ''bohrium''.<ref>http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1994/pdf/6612x2419.pdf (IUPAC 1994 recomm)</ref> This was opposed by the discoverers who were adamant that they had the right to name the element. The matter was handed to the Danish branch of IUPAC who voted in favour of the name ''bohrium''. There was some concern however that the name might be confused with [[boron]] and in particular the distinguishing of the names of their respective oxo-ions bohrate and borate. Despite this, the name ''bohrium'' for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997.<ref>http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf (IUPAC 1997 recomm)</ref> The IUPAC subsequently decided that bohrium salts should be called bohriates. ==Electronic structure== [[Image:electron shell 107 Bohrium.svg|thumb|150px|left]] Bohrium is element 107 in the Periodic Table. The two forms of the projected electronic structure are: Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 Quantum mechanical model: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰ 4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰ 6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d⁵ --> <!-- left this gap to improve layout --~~~~--> <!-- ==Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-rhenium/dvi-technetium== ===Oxidation states=== Element 107 is projected to be the fourth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group VII in the Periodic Table, below [[manganese]], [[technetium]] and [[rhenium]]. All the members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of +VII and the state becomes more stable as the group is descended. Thus bohrium is expected to form a stable +VII state. Technetium also shows a stable +IV state whilst rhenium portrays stable +IV and +III states. Bohrium may therefore show these lower states as well. ===Chemistry=== The heavier members of the group are known to form volatile heptoxides M₂O₇, so bohrium should also form the volatile oxide Bh₂O₇. The oxide should dissolve in water to form perbohric acid, HBhO₄. Rhenium and technetium form a range of oxyhalides from the halogenation of the oxide. The chlorination of the oxide forms the oxychlorides MO₃Cl, so BhO₃Cl should be formed in this reaction. Fluorination results in MO₃F and MO₂F₃ for the heavier elements in addition to the rhenium compounds ReOF₅ and ReF₇. Therefore, oxyfluoride formation for bohrium may help to indicate eka-rhenium properties. ==Experimental chemistry== ===Gas phase chemistry=== In 2000, a team at the PSI conducted a chemistry reaction using atoms of ²⁶⁷Bh produced in the reaction between Bk-249 and Ne-22 ions. The resulting atoms were thermalised and reacted with a HCl/O₂ mixture to form a volatile oxychloride. The reaction also produced isotopes of its lighter homologues, [[technetium]] (as ¹⁰⁸Tc) and [[rhenium]] (as ¹⁶⁹Re). The isothermal adsorption curves were measured and gave strong evidence for the formation of a volatile oxychloride with properties similar to that of rhenium oxychloride. This placed bohrium as a typical member of group 7.<ref name=00Ei01/> :<math>\mathrm{Bh} + \mathrm{O}_{2}/\mathrm{HCl}\to \mathrm{BhOCl}_{3}</math> ===Summary of compounds=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Formula ! Names(s) |- | BhO₃Cl | bohrium oxychloride ; bohrium(VII) chloride trioxide |} ==History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion== ===²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁴Cr,xn)^263-xBh (x=1,2)=== The synthesis of element 107 was first attempted in 1976 by scientists at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] at [[Dubna]] using this cold fusion reaction. Analysis was by detection of [[spontaneous fission]] (SF). They discovered two SF activities, one with a 1-2 ms half-life and one with a 5 s activity. Based on the results of other cold fusion reactions, they concluded that they were due to ²⁶¹107 and ²⁵⁷105 respectively. However, later evidence gave a much lower SF branching for ²⁶¹107 reducing convidence in this assignment. The assignment of the element 105 activity was later changed to ²⁵⁸105, presuming that the decay of element 107 was missed. The 2 ms SF activity was assigned to ²⁵⁸Rf resulting from the 33% [[electron capture|EC]] branch.<ref>http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1993/pdf/6508x1757.pdf (TWG report)</ref> The GSI team studied the reaction in 1981 in their discovery experiments. Five atoms of ²⁶²Bh were detected using the method of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/tlx33361417u3n26/ "Identification of element 107 by α correlation chains"], '''Munzenberg et al.''', ''Z. Phys. A.'', 1981, 300, 1. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> In 1987, an internal report from Dubna indicated that the team had been able to detect the [[spontaneous fission]] of ²⁶¹107 directly. The GSI team further studied the reaction in 1989 and discovered the new isotope ²⁶¹Bh during the measurement of the 1n and 2n excitation functions but were unable to detect an SF branching for ²⁶¹Bh.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/xw1511792061371x/ "Element 107"], '''Munzenberg et al.''', ''Z. Phys. A.'', 1989, 333, 2. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> They continued their study in 2003 using newly developed bismuth(III) fluoride (BiF₃) targets, used to provide further data on the decay data for ²⁶²Bh and the daughter ²⁵⁸Db. The 1n excitation function was remeasured in 2005 by the team at LBNL after some doubt about the accuracy of previous data. They observed 18 atoms of ²⁶²Bh and 3 atoms of ²⁶¹Bh and confirmed the two isomers of ²⁶²Bh. <ref>[http://rnc.lbl.gov/nsd/annualreport2005/contributions/Nelson_LE.pdf "Entrance Channel Effects in the Production of ^262,261Bh"], '''Nelson et al.''', ''LBNL repositories 2005''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-04]]</ref> ===²⁰⁹Bi(⁵³Cr,xn)^262-xBh=== The team at Dubna studied this reaction in 1976 in order to assist in their assignments of the SF activities from their experiments with a Cr-54 beam. They were unable to detect any such activity, indicating the formation of different isotopes decaying primarily by alpha decay. ===²⁰⁹Bi(⁵²Cr,xn)^261-xBh (x=1)=== This reaction was studied for the first time in 2007 by the team at LBNL to search for the lightest bohrium isotope ²⁶⁰Bh. The team successfully detected 8 atoms of ²⁶⁰Bh decaying by correlated 10.16 MeV alpha particle emission to ²⁵⁶Db. The alpha decay energy indicates the continued stabilising effect of the N=152 closed shell.<ref>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5987&context=lbnl "Lightest Isotope of Bh Produced Via the ²⁰⁹Bi(⁵²Cr,n)²⁶⁰Bh Reaction"], '''Nelson et al.''', ''LBNL repositories'', May 7, 2007. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> ===²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁵Mn,xn)^263-xBh (x=1)=== The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 1976 as part of their newly established cold fusion approach to new elements. As for the reaction using a Bi-209 target, they observed the same SF activities and assigned them to ²⁶¹107 and ²⁵⁷105. Later evidence indicated that these should be reassigned to ²⁵⁸105 and ²⁵⁸104 (see above). In 1983, they repeated the experiment using a new technique: measurement of alpha decay from a descendant using chemical separation. The team were able to detect the alpha decay from a descendant of the 1n evaporation channel, providing some evidence for the formation of element 107 nuclei. This reaction was later studied in detail using modern techniques by the team at LBNL. In 2005 they measured 33 decays of ²⁶²Bh and 2 atoms of ²⁶¹Bh, providing a 1n excitation function and some spectroscopic data of both ²⁶²Bh isomers. The 2n excitation function was further studied in a 2006 repeat of the reaction. <ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRVCAN000073000001014611000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes"Excitation function for the production of ²⁶²Bh (Z=107) in the odd-Z-projectile reaction ²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁵Mn, n)"], '''Folden et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C'', 73, 014611 (2006). Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> <ref>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3948&context=lbnl "Excitation function for the production of ²⁶²Bh (Z=107) in the odd-Z-projectile reaction ²⁰⁸Pb(⁵⁵Mn, n)"], '''Folden et al.''', ''LBNL repositories'', May 19, 2005. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref>. The team found that this reaction had a higher 1n cross section than the corresponding reaction with a Bi-209 target, contrary to expectations. Further research is required to understand the reasons. ==Synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion== ===²⁴³Am(²⁶Mg,xn)^269-xBh (x=3,4,5)=== Recently, the team at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Lanzhou, have studied the nuclear reaction between americium-243 and magnesium-26 ions in order to synthesise the new isotope ²⁶⁵Bh <ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/10050/2004/00000020/00000003/art00006 "New isotope ²⁶⁵Bh"], '''Gan et al.''', ''Eur. Phys. J. A''., 2004, 20, 3, 385-387. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> and gather more data on ²⁶⁶Bh. In two series of experiments, the team has measured partial excitation functions of the 3n,4n and 5n evaporation channels. ===²⁴⁹Bk(²²Ne,xn)^271-xBh (x=4,5)=== The first attempts to synthesise element 107 by hot fusion pathways were performed in 1979 by the team at Dubna. The reaction was repeated in 1983. In both cases, they were unable to detect and [[spontaneous fission]] from nuclei of element 107. More recently, hot fusions pathways to bohrium have been re-investigated in order to allow for the synthesis of more long-lived, [[neutron]] rich isotopes to allow a first chemical study of bohrium. In 1999, the team at LBNL announced the discovery of long-lived ²⁶⁷Bh (5 atoms) and ²⁶⁶Bh (1 atom).<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v85/i13/p2697_1 "Evidence for New Isotopes of Element 107: ²⁶⁶Bh and ²⁶⁷Bh"], '''Wilk et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'', 85, 2697-2700 (2000).Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]] </ref> In the following year, the same team attempted to confirm the synthesis and decay of ²⁶⁶Bh. However, they were unable to do so and the identification of ²⁶⁶Bh in the first experiment is questionable. The team at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Bern, Switzerland later synthesised 6 atoms of ²⁶⁷Bh in the first definitive study of the chemistry of bohrium (see below). ===²⁵⁴Es(¹⁶O,xn)^270-xBh=== As an alternative means of producing long-lived bohrium isotopes suitable for a chemical study, the synthesis of ²⁶⁷Bh and ²⁶⁶Bh were attempted in 1995 by the team at GSI using the highly asymmetric reaction using an einsteinium-254 target. They were unable to detect any product atoms. ==Synthesis of isotopes as decay products== Isotopes of bohrium have also been detected in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are shown in the table below: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Evaporation Residue ! Observed Bh isotope |- | ²⁸⁸115 | ²⁷²Bh |- | ²⁸⁷115 | ²⁷¹Bh (missed) |- | ²⁸²113 | ²⁷⁰Bh |- | ²⁷⁸113 | ²⁶⁶Bh |- | ²⁷²Rg | ²⁶⁴Bh |- | ²⁶⁶Mt | ²⁶²Bh |} ==Chronology of isotope discovery== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Isotope ! Year discovered ! discovery reaction |- | ²⁶⁰Bh | 2007 | ²⁰⁹Bi(⁵²Cr,n) |- | ²⁶¹Bh | 1989 | ²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁴Cr,2n) |- | ²⁶²Bh^g,m | 1981 | ²⁰⁹Bh(⁵⁴Cr,n) |- | ²⁶³Bh | unknown | |- | ²⁶⁴Bh | 1994 | ²⁰⁹Bi(⁶⁴Ni,n) |- | ²⁶⁵Bh | 2004 | ²⁴³Am(²⁶Mg,4n) |- | ²⁶⁶Bh | 2004 | ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn,n) |- | ²⁶⁷Bh | 2000 | ²⁴⁹Bk(²²Ne,5n) |- | ²⁶⁸Bh | unknown | |- | ²⁶⁹Bh | unknown | |- | ²⁷⁰Bh | 2006 | ²³⁷Np(⁴⁸Ca,3n) <ref>see [[ununtrium]]</ref> |- | ²⁷¹Bh | unknown | |- | ²⁷²Bh | 2003 | ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,3n) <ref>see [[ununpentium]]</ref> |} ==Isomerism in bohrium nuclides== ===²⁶²Bh=== The only confirmed example of isomerism in bohrium is for the isotope ²⁶²Bh. Direct production populates two states, a ground state and an isomeric state. The ground state is confirmed as decaying by alpha emission with alpha lines at 10.08,9.82 and 9.76 MeV with a revised half life of 84 ms. The excited state decays by alpha emission with lines at 10.37 and 10.24 MeV with a revised half-life of 9.6 ms. ==Chemical yields of isotopes== ===Cold Fusion=== The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing bohrium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Projectile ! Target ! CN ! 1n ! 2n ! 3n |- | ⁵⁵Mn | ²⁰⁸Pb | ²⁶³Bh | '''590 pb, 14.1 MeV''' | '''~35 pb''' | |- | ⁵⁴Cr | ²⁰⁹Bi | ²⁶³Bh | '''510 pb, 15.8 MeV''' | '''~50 pb''' | |- | ⁵²Cr | ²⁰⁹Bi | ²⁶¹Bh | 59 pb, 15.0 MeV | | |} ===Hot Fusion=== The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing bohrium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Projectile ! Target ! CN ! 3n ! 4n ! 5n |- | ²⁶Mg | ²⁴³Am | ²⁷¹Bh | + | + | + |- | ²²Ne | ²⁴⁹Bk | ²⁷¹Bh | | ~96 pb | + |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Bohrium}} *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Bh/index.html WebElements.com - Bohrium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618221902/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Bh/index.html |date=2006-06-18 }} *[http://www.apsidium.com/elements/107.htm Apsidium - Bohrium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025105342/http://www.apsidium.com/elements/107.htm |date=2005-10-25 }} *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/107.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Bohrium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212034149/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/107.html |date=2010-12-12 }} *[http://bh-bohrium.info/properties.html Properties of BhO₃Cl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120053751/http://bh-bohrium.info/properties.html |date=2009-01-20 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] {{kimia-stub}} ncwy8bqrjpthahtjey8jcg088yy73hr 0 24356 1752012 1641851 2026-08-01T04:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=110 | symbol=Ds | name=darmstadtium | left=[[meitnerium]] | right=[[roentgenium]] | above=[[platinum|Pt]] | below=(Uhn) | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=10 | period=7 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance | unknown, probably silvery<br />white or metallic gray }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [281] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | perhaps &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d⁹ 7s¹<br />(in analogy to [[platinum]]) }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 1 }} {{Elementbox_phase | presumably a [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 54083-77-1 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=281 | sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=11 s | dm=SF | de= | pn= | ps= }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=279| sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.20 s | dm1=10% α | de1=9.70 | pn1=275 | ps1=Hs | dm2=90% SF | de2= | pn2= | ps2=}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=273| sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=170 ms | dm=[[alpha emission|α]] | de=11.14 | pn=269 | ps=Hs}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=271m| sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=69 ms | dm=α | de=10.71 | pn=267 | ps=Hs}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=271g| sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.63 ms | dm=α | de=10.74,10.69 | pn=267 | ps=Hs}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=270m| sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=6 ms | dm=α | de=12.15,11.15,10.95 | pn=266 | ps=Hs}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=270g| sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.10 ms | dm=α | de=11.03 | pn=266 | ps=Hs}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=269| sym=Ds | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.17 ms | dm=α | de=11.11 | pn=265 | ps=Hs}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=267| sym=Ds ?| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.004 ms | dm= | de= | pn= | ps=}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} '''Darmstadtium''' ({{pronEng|dɑrmˈʃtætiəm}}), biyèn dikenal kanthi jeneng Ununnilium, iku sawijining [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Ds''' lan [[nomer atom]] 110. <!-- {{Listen|filename=darmstadtium.ogg|title=Darmstadtium|description=Common English pronunciation of darmstadtium|format=[[Ogg]]}} This [[synthetic element]] is one of the so-called [[super-heavy atom]]s. It decays quickly: Heavier [[isotopes of darmstadtium]] have half-lives on the order of ten seconds. ==Official discovery== Darmstadtium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first created]] on November 9, [[1994]] at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) in [[Wixhausen]], a northern suburb of [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]] by [[Peter Armbruster]] and [[Gottfried Münzenberg]], under the direction of professor Sigurd Hofmann. Four [[atom]]s of it were detected by a [[nuclear fusion]] reaction caused by bombarding a lead-208 target with nickel-62 ions: <ref name=95Ho01>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/j51g8342h311x460/ "Production and decay of ²⁶⁹110"], '''Hofmann et al.''', ''Z. Phys. A.'', 1995, 350, 4. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> :<math>\,^{208}_{82}\mathrm{Pb} + \,^{62}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \, \to \,^{269}_{110}\mathrm{Ds} + \; ^1_0\mathrm{n} \; </math> In the same series of experiments, the same team also carried out the reaction using heavier nickel-64 ions. During two runs, 9 atoms of ²⁷¹Ds were convincingly detected by correlation with known daughter decay properties: <ref name=98Ho01>[http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0034-4885/61/6/002 "New elements-approaching Z=114"], '''S.Hoffman''', ''Rep. Prog. Phys.'',1998, 61, 639-689. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> :<math>\,^{208}_{82}\mathrm{Pb} + \,^{64}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \, \to \,^{271}_{110}\mathrm{Ds} + \; ^1_0\mathrm{n} \; </math> The IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) recognised the GSI team as discoverers in their 2001 report.<ref>http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7306x0959.pdf</ref> ==Proposed names== Element 110 was first given the temporary name ''ununnilium'' ({{IPA|/ˌjuːnəˈnɪliəm/}} or {{IPA|/ˌʌnəˈnɪliəm/}}<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ununnilium]</ref>, symbol '''Uun'''). Once recognized as discoverers, the team at GSI considered the names ''darmstadtium'' (Ds) and ''wixhausium'' (Wi) for element 110. They decided on the former and named the element after the city near the place of its discovery, [[Darmstadt]] and not the suburb [[Wixhausen]] itself. The new name was officially recommended by [[IUPAC]] on [[August 16]], [[2003]]. The element has also earned the nickname of ''policium'', because the telephone number of the police is 110 within Germany. ==Electronic structure== [[Image:electron shell 110 Darmstadtium.svg|thumb|150px|left]] Darmstadtium is element 110 in the Periodic Table. The two forms of the projected electronic structure are: Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 1 Quantum mechanical model: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰ 4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰ 6p⁶7s¹5f¹⁴6d⁹ --> <!-- left this gap to improve layout --~~~~--> <!-- ==Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-platinum/dvi-palladium== ===Oxidation states=== Element 110 is projected to be the eighth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group 10 in the Periodic Table, below [[nickel]], [[palladium]] and [[platinum]]. The highest confirmed oxidation state of +VI is shown by platinum whilst the +IV state is stable for both elements. Both elements also possess a stable +II state. Darmstadtium is therefore predicted to show oxidation states +VI, +IV and +II. ===Chemistry=== High oxidation states are expected to become more stable as the group is descended, so darmstadtium is expected to form a stable hexafluoride, DsF₆, in addition to DsF₅ and DsF₄. Halogenation should result in the formation of the tetrahalides, DsCl₄, DsBr₄ and DsI₄. ==History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion== ===²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,xn)^272-xDs (x=1)=== This reaction was first studied by scientists at GSI in 1986, without success. A cross section limit of 12 pb was calculated. After an upgrade of their facilities, they successfully detected 9 atoms of ²⁷¹Ds in two runs in 1994 as part of their discovery experiments on element 110.<ref name=98Ho01/> This reaction was successfully repeated in 2000 by GSI (4 atoms), in 2000 <ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v67/i6/e064609 "Confirmation of production of element 110 by the ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n) reaction"], '''Ginter et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C'', 67, 064609 (2003). Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> <ref>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5446&context=lbnl "Confirmation of production of element 110 by the ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n) reaction"], '''Ginter et al.''', ''LBNL repositories''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> and 2004 <ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v93/i21/e212702 "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n)²⁷¹Ds and ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁵Cu,n)²⁷²111"], '''Folden et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'', 93, 212702 (2004). Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> <ref>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2704&context=lbnl "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n)²⁷¹Ds and ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁵Cu,n)²⁷²111"], '''Folden et al.''', ''LBNL repositories''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> by LBNL (9 atoms in total) and in 2002 by [[RIKEN]] (14 atoms).<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/74kn9nq0l28lmlge "Production and decay of the isotope ²⁷¹Ds (Z = 110)"], '''Morita et al.''', ''Eur. Phys. J. A.'', 2004, 21, 2. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]/</ref> The summation of the data allowed a measurement of the 1n neutron evaporation excitation function. ===²⁰⁷Pb(⁶⁴Ni,xn)^271-xDs (x=1)=== In addition to the official discovery reactions, in October-November 2000, the team at GSI also studied the reaction using a Pb-207 target in order to search for the new isotope ²⁷⁰Ds. They succeeded in synthesising 8 atoms of ²⁷⁰Ds, relating to a ground state isomer, ^270gDs, and a high-spin K-isomer, ^270mDs. <ref>[http://www.dnp.fmph.uniba.sk/etext/68/text/Hofmann_et_al_EPJ_A10_(2001)_5.pdf "The new isotope ²⁷⁰110 and its decay products ²⁶⁶Hs and ²⁶²Sg"], '''Hofmann et al'''., ''Eur. Phys. J. A.'', 10, 5-10 (2001). Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> ===²⁰⁸Pb(⁶²Ni,xn)^270-xDs (x=1)=== The GSI team studied this reaction in 1994 as part of their discovery experiment. Three atoms of ²⁶⁹Ds were detected.<ref name=95Ho01/> A fourth decay chain was measured but subsequently retracted. ===²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁹Co,xn)^268-xDs=== This reaction was first studied by the team at Dubna in 1986. They were unable to detect any product atoms and measured a cross section limit of 1 pb. In 1995, the team at LBNL reported that they had succeeded in detecting a single atom of ²⁶⁷Ds from the 1n neutron evaporation channel. However, several decays were missed and further research is required to confirm this discovery. <ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v51/i5/pR2293_1 "Evidence for the possible synthesis of element 110 produced by the ⁵⁹Co+²⁰⁹Bi reaction"], '''Ghiorso et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C'', 51, R2293-R2297 (1995). Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> ==History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion== ===²³²Th(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^280-xDs=== The synthesis of element 110 by hot fusion pathways was first attempted in 1986 by the team at Dubna. Using the method of detection of [[spontaneous fission]], they were unable to measure any SF activities and calculated a cross section limit of 1 pb for the decay mode. In three separate experiments between November 1997 and October 1998, the same team re-studied this reaction as part of their new ⁴⁸Ca program on the synthesis of superheavy elements. Several SF activities with relatively long half-lives were detected and tentatively assigned to decay of the daughters ²⁶⁹Sg or ²⁶⁵Rf, with a cross section of 5 pb. These observations have not been confirmed and the results are taken as only an indication for the synthesis of darmstadtium in this reaction. ===²³²Th(⁴⁴Ca,xn)^276-xDs=== This reaction was attempted in 1986 and 1987 by the Dubna team. In both experiments, a 10 ms SF activities was measured and assigned to ²⁷²Ds, with a calculated cross section of 10 pb. This activity is currently not thought to be due to a darmstadtium isotope. ===²³⁸U(⁴⁰Ar,xn)^278-xDs=== This reaction was first attempted by the Dubna team in 1987. Only spontaneous fission from the transfer products ^240mfAm and ^242mfAm were observed and the team calculated a cross section limit of 1.6 pb. The team at GSI first studied this reaction in 1990. Once again, no atoms of element 110 could be detected. In August 2001, the GSI repeated reaction, without success, and calculated a cross section limit of 1.0 pb. ===²³⁶U(⁴⁰Ar,xn)^276-xDs=== This reaction was first attempted by the Dubna team in 1987. No spontaneous fission was observed. ===²³⁵U(⁴⁰Ar,xn)^275-xDs=== This reaction was first attempted by the Dubna team in 1987. No spontaneous fission was observed. It was further studied in 1990 by the GSI team. Once again, no atoms were detected and a cross section limit of 21 pb was calculated. ===²³³U(⁴⁰Ar,xn)^273-xDs=== This reaction was first studied in 1990 by the GSI team. No atoms were detected and a cross section limit of 21 pb was calculated. ===²⁴⁴Pu(³⁴S,xn)^278-xDs (x=5)=== In September 1994 the team at Dubna detected a single atom of ²⁷³Ds, formed in the 5n neutron evaporation channel. The measured cross section was just 400 fb. <ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v54/i2/p620_1 "α decay of ²⁷³110: Shell closure at N=162"], '''Lazarev et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C'', 54, 620-625 (1996). Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]] </ref> ==Synthesis of isotopes as decay products== Isotopes of darmstadtium have also been detected in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are shown in the table below: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Evaporation Residue ! Observed Ds isotope |- | ²⁹³116 , ²⁸⁹114 | ²⁸¹Ds |- | ²⁹¹116 , ²⁸⁷114 , ²⁸³112 | ²⁷⁹Ds |- | ²⁷⁷112 | ²⁷³Ds |} In some experiments, the decay of ²⁹³116 and ²⁸⁹114 produced an isotope of darmstadtium decaying by emission of an 8.77 MeV alpha particle with a half life of 3.7 minutes. Although unconfirmed, it is highly possible that this activity is associated with a meta-stable isomer, namely ^281mDs. ==Spectroscopy of darmstadtium isotopes== ===²⁷⁰Ds=== [[Image:270Ds decay scheme.png|thumb|325px|none|This is the current partial decay level scheme for ²⁷⁰Ds proposed following the work of Hofmann et al. in 2000 at GSI]] ==Chronology of isotope discovery== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Isotope ! Year discovered ! discovery reaction |- | ²⁶⁷Ds | 1994? | ²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁹Co,n) |- | ²⁶⁸Ds | unknown | |- | ²⁶⁹Ds | 1994 | ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶²Ni,n) |- | ²⁷⁰Ds^g,m | 2000 | ²⁰⁷Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n) |- | ²⁷¹Ds^g,m | 1994 | ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n) |- | ²⁷²Ds | unknown | |- | ²⁷³Ds | 1996 | ²⁴⁴Pu(³⁴S,5n) |- | ²⁷⁴Ds | unknown | |- | ²⁷⁵Ds | unknown | |- | ²⁷⁶Ds | unknown | |- | ²⁷⁷Ds | 1997? | ²³²Th(⁴⁸Ca,3n) |- | ²⁷⁸Ds | unknown | |- | ²⁷⁹Ds | 2002 | ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca,5n)<ref name=E114ref>see [[ununquadium]]</ref> |- | ²⁸⁰Ds | unknown | |- | ²⁸¹Ds | 1999? , 2002 | ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca,3n)<ref name=E114ref/> |} ==Chemical yields of isotopes== ===Cold fusion=== The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing darmstadtium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Projectile ! Target ! CN ! 1n ! 2n ! 3n |- | ⁶²Ni | ²⁰⁸Pb | ²⁷⁰Ds | 3.5 pb | | |- | ⁶⁴Ni | ²⁰⁸Pb | ²⁷²Ds | '''15 pb , 9.9 MeV''' | | |} ==Isomerism in darmstadtium nuclides== ===²⁸¹Ds=== The production of ²⁸¹Ds by the decay of ²⁸⁹114 or ²⁹³116 has produced two very conflicting decay modes. The most common and readily confirmed mode is SF with a half-life of 11 s. A much rarer and hitherto unconfirmed mode is alpha decay by emission of an 8.77 MeV alpha particle with an observed half-life of ~3.7 m. This decay is associated with a unique decay pathway from the parent nuclides and must be assigned to an isomeric level. The half-life suggests that it must be assigned to a meta-stable state but further research is required to confirm these reports. ===²⁷¹Ds=== Decay data from the direct synthesis of ²⁷¹Ds clearly indicates the presence of two alpha groups. The first has alpha lines at 10.74 and 10.69 MeV with a half-life of 1.63 ms. The other has a single alpha line at 10.71 MeV with a half-life of 69 ms. The first has been assigned to the ground state and the latter to an isomeric level. It has been suggested that the closeness of the alpha decay energies indicates that the isomeric level may decay primarily by delayed gamma emission to the ground state, resulting in an identical measured alpha energy and a combined half-life for the two processess. ===²⁷⁰Ds=== The direct production of ²⁷⁰Ds has clearly identified two alpha groups belonging to two isomeric levels. The ground state decays into the ground state of ²⁶⁶Hs by emitting an 11.03 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 0.10 ms. The isomeric level decays by alpha emission with alpha lines at 12.15,11.15 and 10.95 MeV with a half-life of 6 ms. The 12.15 MeV has been assigned as decay into the ground state of ²⁶⁶Hs indicating that this high spin K-isomer lies at 1.12 MeV above the ground state. ==Retracted isotopes== ===²⁸⁰Ds=== The first synthesis of [[element 114]] resulted in two atoms assigned to ²⁸⁸114, decaying to the ²⁸⁰Ds which underwent [[spontaneous fission]]. The assignment was later changed to ²⁸⁹114 and hence the darmstadtium isotope to ²⁸¹Ds. Hence, ²⁸⁰Ds is currently unknown. ===²⁷⁷Ds=== In the claimed synthesis of ²⁹³118 in 1999, the isotope ²⁷⁷Ds was identified as decaying by 10.18 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 3.0 ms. This claim was retracted in 2001 and thus this darmstadtium isotope is currently unknown or unconfirmed.<ref>see [[ununoctium]]</ref> ===^273mDs=== In the synthesis of ²⁷⁷112 in 1996 by GSI (see [[ununbium]]), one decay chain proceeded ''via'' ²⁷³Ds which decayed by emission of a 9.73 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 170 ms. This would have been assigned to an isomeric level. This data could not be confirmed and thus this isotope is currently unknown or unconfirmed. ===²⁷²Ds=== In the first attempt to synthesise element 110, a 10 ms SF activity was assigned to ²⁷²Ds in the reaction ²³²Th(⁴4Ca,4n). Given current understanding regarding stability, this isotope has been retracted from the Table of Isotopes. ==References== {{reflist|2}} == See also == *[[Island of stability]] --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Darmstadtium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ds/index.html WebElements.com - Darmstadtium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618221929/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ds/index.html |date=2006-06-18 }} * [http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2003/naming110.html IUPAC: Element 110 is named darmstadtium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031001232857/http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2003/naming110.html |date=2003-10-01 }} * [http://www.apsidium.com/elements/110.htm Apsidium - darmstadtium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204021530/http://www.apsidium.com/elements/110.htm |date=2004-12-04 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam Transisi]] [[Kategori:Darmstadt]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] {{kimia-stub}} k2y4jpheri6g7pcu2gnr0gb1az9xexx 0 24393 1751995 1677077 2026-07-31T15:15:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Artacihna''' ([[Carakan]]: ꦲꦂꦠꦕꦶꦃꦤ, [[Pégon]]: ارتاچيهنا), uga diarani '''valuta''' iku piranti pambayaran [[transaksi]] [[ékonomi]] kang dipigunakaké ing siji [[nagara]]. Kanggo [[Indonésia]], artacihnané [[rupiah]]. Ing jaman biyèn, [[manungsa]] primitif durung migunakaké [[dhuwit]], utawa piranti silih ganti. Iki amarga ing wektu iku manungsa bisa nyukupi kabèh pepénginané saka alam sakiteré. Nalika sumber daya alam sing dipigunakaké entèk, banjur padha pindhah lan wiwit migunakaké sumber daya alam sing ana ing sakiteré manèh. Nalika muncul kabudayan kuna, manungsa wiwit ngijolaké barangé karo barangé wong liya, sing ingaran barter. Banjur sawisé jaman luwih maju, manungsa wiwit migunakaké piranti silih ganti, sanajan durung wujud dhuwit. Piranti iki ingaran dhuwit barang. Sawisé manungsa nguwasani panggunaan tulisan lan huruf, banjur misuwur dhuwit utawa ingaran dhuwit kapitayan (uang fiduciair). == Uga delengen == * [[ISO 4217]]. == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.ratesfx.com/resources/currency.html RatesFX currency resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722005159/http://www.ratesfx.com/resources/currency.html |date=2010-07-22 }} * [http://www.monetary-unit.com/ Monetary-unit.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114232334/http://www.monetary-unit.com/ |date=2006-11-14 }} * [http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/ World Paper Money Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320121235/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/ |date=2007-03-20 }} [[Kategori:Valuta| ]] [[Kategori:Sistem pambayaran]] {{stub}} qc7lu1hgh3gghf2pvqn9yi1y87dv0ox 0 25472 1751982 1749346 2026-07-31T12:33:38Z ImI(x . x)ImI 70606 1751982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Bèker Donya FIFA|ꦧꦺꦏꦼꦂꦢꦺꦴꦚꦥ꦳ꦆꦥ꦳ꦄ}} '''Piala Donya FIFA''' utawa kerep dicekak '''Piala Donya''' iku kajuwaraan bal-balan paling wigati ing donya internasional. Diselenggarakaké déning ''Fédération Internationale de Football Association'' ([[Fédération Internationale de Football Association]]), sing kajibah nata ulah raga iki, turnamen babak final Piala Donya iku ajang ulah raga sing paling akèh ditonton ing donya, ngluwihi [[Olimpiade]].<ref>''[http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html 2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage]'', situs resmi FIFA. Diaksès [[13 Mèi]] [[2006]].</ref> Babak final turnamen (tegesé pérangan turnamen sawisé kwalifikasi) iki diadani saben patang taun sapisan nanging kajuwaraan iki mbutuhaké mangsa rong taun kanthi sakabèhané. Luwih saka 160 tim nasional tandhing ing turnamen kwalifikasi regional kanggo nggayuh papan sajeroning babak final. Turnamen finalé saiki dumadi saka 32 tim (paningkatan saka 24 tim ing taun [[1998]]) sing kompetisi sajeroning 4 minggu ing nagara sing ditunjuk minangka tuwan omah. Inovasi sing dianakaké anyar iki ya iku ngolèhaké punjul siji nagara dadi tuwan omah. Panyelenggaraan Piala Donya sabanjuré ing [[Afrika Kidul]] taun [[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010]]. == Sejarah == Piala Dunia bukanlah kejuaraan sepak bola internasional pertama. Sepak bola [[amatir]] menjadi bagian dari program Olimpiade untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun [[1908]]. Pada tahun [[1909]] di [[Torino]] diselenggarakan sebuah turnamen sepak bola yang bernama Piala Sir Thomas Lipton. [[Italia]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Swiss]] mengirimkan klub mereka yang paling prestisius ke turnamen tersebut namun [[Persatuan Sepak bola Inggris]] (FA) menolak tawaran untuk ikut serta dalam kejuaraan itu. Ide melahirkan kejuaraan sepak bola dunia tercetus pada [[1904]] di [[Paris]] saat Konggres I [[Fédération Internationale de Football Association]]. Pada [[1928]], hasil usaha FIFA dan presiden persatuan sepak bola Perancis ([[FFFA]]), [[Jules Rimet]] dan rekannya [[Henri Delaunay]], peserta kongres di [[Amsterdam]] memutuskan untuk melaksanakan ide tersebut. Setahun kemudian, FIFA secara resmi mempersiapkan sebuah kejuaraan bernama ''World Cup'' yang akan berlangsung setiap empat tahun. Pada kongres FIFA [[17 Mei|17]]-[[18 Mei]] [[1929]] di [[Barcelona]], [[Spanyol]], [[Uruguay]] mendapatkan dukungan dari 23 peserta kongres menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia pertama menyingkirkan ambisi [[Hungaria]], [[Italia]], [[Walanda]], [[Spanyol]], dan [[Swèdhen]]. Piala kejuaraan ini dikenal dengan [[Piala Jules Rimet]]. Piala Jules Rimet dibuat oleh perupa Perancis, Abel La Fleur, berbentuk oktagonal berlambangkan bumi dipegang oleh Dewa Kemenangan yang bernama Nike (dewa Yunani purba). Piala ini dibuat dari emas, mempunyai berat 3.8 kg dan tinggi 35 cm. Maka [[Piala Dunia FIFA 1930|Piala Dunia FIFA yang pertama]] pun diadakan di [[Uruguay]] dan berlangsung dari [[13 Juli|13]]-[[30 Juli]] [[1930]]. 13 nagara turut serta - enam dari [[Amerika Selatan]], lima dari [[Éropah]] dan dua dari [[Amerika Utara]]. [[timnas sepak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]] mengalahkan [[timnas sepak bola Argentina|Argentina]] 4-2 di depan 93.000 penonton di [[Montevideo]] untuk menjadi nagara pertama yang merebot piala tersebut. Selama [[Perang Dunia II]] kejuaraan ini terhenti selama selama 12 tahun, dimulai kembali tahun [[Piala Dunia FIFA 1950|1950 di Brasil]]. Piala Jules Rimet pernah dicuri sewaktu dipamerkan di Stampex Exhibition di Westminster Central Hall, [[London]] saat menjelangnya [[Piala Dunia FIFA 1966|Piala Dunia 1966]] di [[Inggris]], namun ia ditemukan 7 hari kemudian oleh seekor anjing bernama [[Pickles]]. Pada {{Wc|1970}} di [[Meksiko]], FIFA telah memutuskan {{timnas|Brasil}} menyimpan Piala Jules Rimet karena menjadi nagara pertama yang juara sebanyak 3 kali, {{Wc|1958}}, {{Wc|1962}} dan {{Wc|1970}}. Badan induk FIFA kemudiannya membuat piala dunia baru dengan menggunakan emas 18 karat, 36 cm tinggi dan mempunyai berat 4.97 kg dan dirancang oleh perupa terkenal [[Italia]], [[Silvio Gazzaniaga]] dan digunakan sehingga sekarang. FIFA menetapkan hanya pemimpin nagara dan pemenang Piala Dunia saja yang boleh menyentuh piala tersebut. Replika piala yang dilapis emas akan diberikan untuk dsimpan oleh pemenang. [[Berkas:Football globe Berlin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Promosi Piala Dunia 2006]] Argentina, [[tim nasional sepak bola Jerman|Jerman]] (kedua kali tersebut sebagai Jerman Barat), dan Brasil telah masing-masing memenangkan piala yang kedua itu dua kali. Meskipun begitu, piala yang saat ini masih belum akan "dipensiunkan" hingga plak namanya telah penuh diisikan dengan nama-nama nagara pemenang, yang akan terjadi pada tahun [[2038]]. Brasil dengan jelas adalah tim yang paling sukses dalam Piala Dunia secara keseluruhan setelah lima kali menjadi juara dan dua kali berada di posisi kedua sementara Italia berada di bawahnya dengan empat kali juara dan dua kali di peringkat kedua. Jerman, yang tiga kali menjadi juara dan empat kali menjadi juara kedua, adalah tim yang tersukses ketiga. Argentina dan Uruguay masing-masing dua kali menjadi Juara Dunia meski kemenangan Uruguay terjadi pada masa yang sudah lama, pada awal-awal tahun kejuaraan. Piala Dunia terakhir yang telah berlangsung diadakan di [[Jerman]] pada tahun [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2006|2006]]. Seperti yang diperlihatkan di bawah, penyelenggaraan [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2010|2010]] akan diadakan di [[Afrika Selatan]]. === Indonésia === Indonésia merupakan bagian dari sejarah Piala Dunia, dengan nama [[Hindia-Walanda]] di tahun {{Wc|1938}}, Indonésia tercatat sebagai nagara [[Asia]] pertama yang masuk ke putaran final Piala Dunia.. Pada [[3 Maret|3]]-[[6 Maret]] [[2006]] trofi asli FIFA World Cup singgah di Indonésia, dan dipajang di Semanggi Expo. == Kajuwaraan Piala Donya FIFA == {| border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;" cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 width=100% |- bgcolor=#C1D8FF !rowspan=2 width=5%|Taun !rowspan=2 width=10%|Tuwan omah | rowspan="102" width="1%" bgcolor="ffffff" | !colspan=3|Final |width=1% rowspan=5 bgcolor=ffffff| !colspan=3|Parebutan posisi katelu |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !width=15%|Juwara !width=8%|Kasil !width=15%|''Runner-up'' !width=15%|Posisi katelu !width=8%|Kasil !width=15%|Posisi kapapat |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1930]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1930|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]][[Uruguay]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]]''' |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina (civil).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:US flag 48 stars.svg|30px|USA]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Amérika Sarékat|AS]] |'''ora ana'''^('''1''') |[[Gambar:Naval_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1934]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1934|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|30px]] [[Italia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''2 - 1'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. wektu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasinal sépak bola Cekoslowakia|Cekoslowakia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the German Empire.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman]] |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Austria.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Ostenrik|Ostenrik]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1938]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1938|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]] [[Prancis]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Honggari|Honggari]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1942]] | ---- | colspan="7" |'''ORA DIANAKAKÉ''' |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1946]] | ---- | colspan="7" |'''ORA DIANAKAKÉ''' |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1950]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1950|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] [[Brasil]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]]''' |'''2 - 1'''^('''2''') |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] | rowspan="102" bgcolor="ffffff" | |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |'''3 - 1'''^('''2''') |[[Gambar:Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Spanyol|Spanyol]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1954]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1954|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Switzerland.svg|30px]][[Switserlan]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]]''' |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Hungary 1949-1956.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Honggari|Honggari]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Austria.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Ostenrik|Ostenrik]] |'''3 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1958]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1958|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]][[Swèdhen]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''5 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |'''6 - 3''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Timnas sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1962]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1962|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Chile.svg|30px]] [[Chili]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''3 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Cekoslowakia|Cekoslowakia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Chile.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Chili|Chili]] |'''1 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1966]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1966|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]] [[Inggris]] |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]]''' |'''4 - 2'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]]||[[Gambar:Flag of Portugal.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Portugal|Portugal]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uni Soviet|Uni Soviet]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1970]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1970|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Mexico.svg|30px]][[Meksiko]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''4 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |'''1 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1974]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1974|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] [[Jerman|Jerman Kulon]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]]''' |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Poland.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Polen|Polen]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1978]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]][[Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]]''' |'''3 - 1'''<br />[[Perpanjangan waktu|Perp. wektu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1982]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Spain.svg|30px]][[Spanyol]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''3 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Poland.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Polen|Polen]] |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1986]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Mexico.svg|30px]][[Meksiko]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]]''' |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |'''4 - 2'''<br />[[Perpanjangan waktu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Belgium.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Bèlgi|Bèlgi]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1990]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]] [[Italia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Kulon]]''' |'''1 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |rowspan=2|[[1994]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|Detil]]'' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of the United States.svg|30px]] [[Amérika Sarékat|AS]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''0 - 0'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |rowspan=2|'''4 - 0''' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |colspan=3|'''3 - 2''' liwat [[adu penalti]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1998]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]] [[Prancis]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]]''' |'''3 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Croatia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Timnas sépak bola Kroasia|Kroasia]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[2002]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of South Korea.svg|20px]] [[Gambar:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] [[Koréa Kidul]]<br />& [[Jepang]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''2 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Turkey.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Turki|Turki]] |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of South Korea.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Koréa Kidul|Koréa Kidul]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |rowspan=2|[[2006]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|Detil]]'' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] [[Jerman]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''1 - 1'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman]] |rowspan=2|'''3 - 1''' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Portugal.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Portugal|Portugal]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |colspan=3|'''5 - 3''' liwat [[adu penalti]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[2010]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of South Africa.svg|30px]] [[Afrika Kidul]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Spain.svg|30px]] <br/> {{timnas|Spanyol}} |'''1 &ndash; 0''' <br/> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] ||[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] <br/> {{timnas|Jerman}} |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]] <br/> {{timnas|Uruguay}} |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[2014]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2014|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] [[Brasil]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] <br/> {{timnas|Jerman}} |'''1 &ndash; 0''' <br /> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |'''3 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- align=center |2018 <br /> ''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Russia.svg|30px]] [[Rusia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]]''' |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Croatia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Kroasia|Kroasia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Belgium.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Belgi|Belgi]] |'''2 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |- align=center style="background: #D0E6FF;" | rowspan="2" |2022 <br /> ''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2022|Detil]]'' | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Flag of Qatar.svg|30px]] [[Qatar]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |'''3 &ndash; 3''' <br /> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Flag of Croatia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Kroasia|Kroasia]] | rowspan="2" |'''2 - 1''' | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Flag of Morocco.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Maroko|Maroko]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |colspan=3|'''4 - 2''' liwat [[adu penalti]] |- align=center |2026 <br /> ''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2026|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Canada.svg|16px]] [[Gambar:Flag of México.svg|16px]] [[Gambar:Flag of the United States.svg|16px]] [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]] & [[Amérika Sarékat|AS]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Spain.svg|30px]] {{timnas|Spanyol}} |'''1 &ndash; 0''' <br /> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |'''6 - 4''' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |} ^'''1''' ''Ora ana tetandhingan perebutan papan katelu sing resmi ing taun 1930.''<br />''Peringkat pungkasan: '''1:''' Uruguay; '''2:''' Argentina; '''3:''' AS; '''4:''' Yugoslavia.'' ^'''2''' ''Ora ana tetandhingan final sing resmi ing taun 1950. Turnamen diputusaké liwat grup final sing dipersaingkan patang tim. Nanging kamenangan Uruguay 2-1 marang Brasil iku tetandhingan wigati sing nggawa tim iki mimpin saka segi poin lan mesthèkaké ana ing posisi paling dhuwur sajeroning grup minangka juwara donya.''<br />''Peringkat akir grup: '''1:''' Uruguay; '''2:''' Brasil; '''3:''' Swèdhen; '''4:''' Spanyol.'' == Peringkat juwara Piala Donya == # [[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Brasil}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 1958|1958]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1962|1962]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1970|1970]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002]] (5 kali) # {{Flagicon|Itali|25px}} {{timnas|Itali}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 1934|1934]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1938|1938]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982]], {{wc|2006}} (4 kali)<br />[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Jerman}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 1954|1954]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1974|1974]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990]], [[2014]] (4 kali) # [[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Argentina}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|1978]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986]], [[2022]] (3 kali) # [[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Prancis}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|2018]] (2 kali)<br />[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Uruguay}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 1930|1930]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1950|1950]] (2 kali) # [[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|border|25px]] {{Timnas|Inggris}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 1966|1966]] (1 kali)<br />[[Barkas:Flag of Spain.svg|25x25px]] {{Timnas|Spanyol}} - [[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010]] (1 kali) == Bebungah ing Piala Donya == Ing saben pungkasan turnamen final Piala Donya, sawatara bebungah diwènèhaké marang juru main lan tim sing dianggep istimewa dibandingaké karo tim liyané miturut aspek-aspek sing béda-béda. Wektu iki ana limang jinis bebungah: * '''Sepatu Emas [[Adidas]]''' (''Adidas Golden Shoe'') kanggo wong sing nggawe gol paling akèh * '''Bola Emas Adidas''' (''Adidas Golden Ball'') kanggo juru main paling apik; * '''Penghargaan Yashin''' (''Yashin Award'') kanggo wong sing njaga gawang paling apik; * '''Penghargaan Permainan Adil FIFA''' (''FIFA Fair Play Award'') kanggo tim sing duwé chatetan ''fair play'' terbaik; * '''Tim Paling Menghibur'''. === Sepatu Emas Adidas - Pencetak gol paling akèh === Bebungah iki kawanuhaké wiwit taun [[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982]]. {| width=75% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Pemain !Cacahé gol |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1930|1930 Uruguay]] |[[Guillermo Stábile]] ([[Argentina]]) |align=center|8 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1934|1934 Italia]] |[[Edmund Conen]] ([[Jerman]])<br />[[Oldrich Nejedly|Oldřich Nejedlý]] ([[Cekoslovakia]])<br />[[Angelo Schiavio]] ([[Italia]]) |align=center|4 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1938|1938 Prancis]] |[[Leônidas da Silva|Leônidas]] ([[Brasil]]) |align=center|8 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1950|1950 Brasil]] |[[Ademir]] ([[Brasil]]) |align=center|9 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1954|1954 Switserlan]] |[[Sándor Kocsis]] ([[Hungaria]]) |align=center|11 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1958|1958 Swèdhen]] |[[Just Fontaine]] ([[Prancis]]) |align=center|13 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1962|1962 Chili]] |[[Garrincha]] ([[Brasil]])<br />[[Vavá]] ([[Brasil]])<br />[[Leonel Sánchez]] ([[Chili]])<br />[[Drazen Jerkovic]] ([[Yugoslavia]])<br />[[Valentin Ivanov]] ([[Uni Soviet]])<br />[[Florian Albert]] ([[Hungaria]]) |align=center|4 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1966|1966 Inggris]] |[[Eusébio]] ([[Timnas sepak bola Portugal|Portugal]]) |align=center|9 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1970|1970 Meksiko]] |[[Gerd Müller]] ([[Jerman Barat]]) |align=center|10 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1974|1974 Jerman Barat]] |[[Grzegorz Lato]] ([[Polen]]) |align=center|7 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|1978 Argentina]] |[[Mario Kempes]] ([[Argentina]]) |align=center|6 |- align=center bgcolor=#EFEFEF |colspan=3|'''Bebungah Sepatu Emas adidas''' |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982 Spanyol]] |[[Paolo Rossi]] ([[Italia]]) |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986 Meksiko]] |[[Gary Lineker]] ([[Inggris]]) |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990 Italia]] |[[Salvatore Schillaci]] ([[Italia]]) |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |[[Hristo Stoitchkov]] ([[Bulgaria]])<br />[[Oleg Salenko]] ([[timnas sepak bola Ruslan|Ruslan]]) |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |[[Davor Suker|Davor Šuker]] ([[Kroasia]]) |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |[[Ronaldo]] ([[Brasil]]) |align=center|8 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |[[Miroslav Klose]] ([[Jerman]]) |align=center|5 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Kidul]] |[[Thomas Müller]] ([[Jerman]]) |align=center|5 |} === Bola Emas Adidas === FIFA mbiwara 10 unggulan juru main paling apik sing dipilih déning wakil-wakil saka médhia. Posisi pisanan olèh '''Bola Emas adidas''', posisi kaloro: '''Bola Pérak adidas''' lan katelu: '''Bola Perunggu adidas'''. {| width=90% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Bola Emas Adidas !Bola Perak Adidas !Bola Perunggu Adidas |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982 Spanyol]] |[[Paolo Rossi]]<br />([[Italia]]) |[[Falcão]]<br />([[Brasil]]) |[[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]]<br />([[Jerman]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986 Meksiko]] |[[Diego Maradona]]<br />([[Argentina]]) |[[Harald Schumacher]]<br />([[Jerman]]) |[[Preben Elkjær]]<br />([[Dhènemarken]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990 Italia]] |[[Salvatore Schillaci]]<br />([[Italia]]) |[[Lothar Matthäus]]<br />([[Jerman]]) |[[Diego Maradona]]<br />([[Argentina]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |[[Romário]]<br />([[Brasil]]) |[[Roberto Baggio]]<br />([[Italia]]) |[[Hristo Stoitchkov]]<br />([[Bulgaria]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |[[Ronaldo]]<br />([[Brasil]]) |[[Davor Suker|Davor Šuker]]<br />([[Kroasia]]) |[[Lilian Thuram]]<br />([[Prancis]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |[[Oliver Kahn]]<br />([[Jerman]]) |[[Ronaldo]]<br />([[Brasil]]) |[[Hong Myung-Bo]]<br />([[Koréa Kidul]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |[[Zinedine Zidane]]<br />([[Prancis]]) |[[Fabio Cannavaro]]<br />([[Italia]]) |[[Andrea Pirlo]]<br />([[Italia]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Dunia FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Selatan]] |[[Diego Forlán]]{{br}}([[Uruguay]]) |[[Xavi Hernandez]]{{br}}([[Spanyol]]) |[[Wesley Sneijder]]{{br}}([[Walanda]]) |} === Bebungah Yashin === Bebungah iki jenengé asal saka jeneng panjaga gawang Ruslan sing legendaris, [[Lev Yashin]]. {| width=75% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Panampa |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |align=center|[[Michel Preud'homme]] ([[Bèlgi]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |align=center|[[Fabien Barthez]] ([[Prancis]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |align=center|[[Oliver Kahn]] ([[Jerman]]) |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |align=center|[[Gianluigi Buffon]] ([[Italia]]) |- align=center bgcolor=#EFEFEF |colspan=3|'''Bebungah Sarung Emas''' |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Dunia FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Selatan]] |align=center|[[Iker Casillas]] ([[Spanyol]]) |} === FIFA Fair Play Award === Penghargaan ini hanya diberikan kepada tim-tim yang lolos ke babak kedua. {| width=55% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Penerima |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|1978 Argentina]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982 Spanyol]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986 Meksiko]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990 Italia]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Inggris|Inggris]] dan [[Tim nasional sepak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Bèlgi|Bèlgi]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |align=center|{{timnas|Brasil}} lan {{timnas|Spanyol}} |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Kidul]] |align=center|{{timnas|Spanyol}} |} === Tim Paling Nyenengake === Bebungah '''Tim Paling Nyenengake''' ditentokaké liwat ''polling'' saka publik. {| width=55% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Tim Paling Menghibur |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Koréa Kidul|Koréa Kidul]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |align=center|{{timnas|Portugal}} |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Kidul]] |align=center|[[Tim nasional sepak bola Spanyol|Spanyol]] |} == Panyithak gol paling akèh == {| class="wikitable" |- !Gol !Pamain |- |15||{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ronaldo]] |- |14||{{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Gerd Müller]], {{flagicon|Jerman}} [[Miroslav Klose]] |- |13||{{Flagicon|Prancis}} [[Just Fontaine]] |- |12 |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Pelé]] |- |11 |{{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Jürgen Klinsmann]], {{Flagicon|Honggari}} [[Sándor Kocsis]] |- |10 |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gabriel Batistuta]], {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Teófilo Cubillas]], {{Flagicon|Inggris}} [[Gary Lineker]], {{Flagicon|Polen}} [[Grzegorz Lato]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Helmut Rahn]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Miroslav Klose]] |- |9 |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ademir]] ^([[#1|1]]), {{Flagicon|Itali}} [[Roberto Baggio]], {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Eusébio]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Jairzinho]], {{Flagicon|Itali}} [[Paolo Rossi]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Uwe Seeler]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Vavá]], {{Flagicon|Itali}} [[Christian Vieri]] |- |8 |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Leônidas]], {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Maradona]], {{Flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Omar Oscar Míguez]], {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Guillermo Stábile]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Rivaldo]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Rudi Völler]], {{flagicon|Spanyol}} [[David Villa]] |- |7 |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Careca]], {{Flagicon|Républik Cékoslowakia}} [[Oldrich Nejedly]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Hans Schäfer]], {{Flagicon|Nèderlan}} [[Johnny Rep]], {{Flagicon|Honggari}} [[Lajos Tichy]], {{Flagicon|Polen}} [[Andrzej Szarmach]] |- |6 |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Mario Kempes]], {{Flagicon|Ostenrik}} [[Erich Probst]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Bebeto]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Rivelino|Roberto Rivelino]], {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Hristo Stoitchkov]], {{Flagicon|Kroasia}} [[Davor Šuker]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Helmut Haller]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Lothar Matthäus]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Max Morlock]], {{Flagicon|Nèderlan}} [[Dennis Bergkamp]], {{Flagicon|Nèderlan}} [[Rob Rensenbrink]], {{Flagicon|Honggari}} [[Györgi Sárosi]], {{Flagicon|Itali}} [[Toto Schillaci]], {{Flagicon|Polen}} [[Zbigniew Boniek]], {{Flagicon|Ruslan}} [[Oleg Salenko]], {{Flagicon|Switserlan}} [[Josef Hügi]] |} * <div id="1">¹ Ana kontroversi ngenani pira cacahing gol sing dicithak juru main Brasil Ademir Menezes ing taun 1950, amarga data sing ora pepak bab tetandhingan Babak Final antara Brasil nglawan Spanyol (6-1). Gol pisanan dianggep gol bunuh diri juru main Spanyol Parra, lan gol sing nggawé kadudukan dadi 5-0 dianggep diciptakaké déning Jair, nanging anyar iki FIFA nyatakaké yèn gol-gol mau diciptakaké déning Ademir; saéngga dhèwèké dadi panyithak gol paling akèh (9 gol) ing Piala Donya 1950. [http://www.bigsoccer.com/forum/showthread.php?p=7598702&posted=1] <small>Sumber: [http://www.rsssf.com/tables/30all-scor.html rsssf.com]</small> == Gol paling rikat == {| width=70% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Pamain !Nagara !Wektu !Piala Donya |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Hakan Sükür|Hakan Şükür]] |align=center|[[Gambar:Flag of Turkey.svg|20px|Turki]] |align=center|11" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Vaclav Masek|Václav Mašek]] |align=center|[[Gambar:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px|Cekoslovakia]] |align=center|15" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1962|1962 Chili]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Bryan Robson]] |align=center|[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|20px|Inggris]] |align=center|27" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982 Spanyol]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Bernard Lacombe]] |align=center|[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|20px|Prancis]] |align=center|37" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|1978 Argentina]] |} == Uga delengen == * [[Piala Donya Wanita FIFA]] * [[Maskot Piala Donya FIFA]] * [[Pratélan panyithak hat trick sajeroning Piala Donya FIFA|Pratélan panyithak ''hat trick'' sajeroning Piala Donya FIFA]] == Rujukan == <references /> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Category:FIFA_World_Cup}} * [http://www.fifaworldcup.com Situs resmi Piala Donya FIFA] * [http://www.worldcup-history.com WorldCup-History.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725125256/http://www.worldcup-history.com/ |date=2019-07-25 }} * [http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/ Situs resmi Piala Donya FIFA 2006] * [http://www.fifa.com/ Situs Resmi FIFA] {{Piala Donya}} [[Kategori:Bèker Donya FIFA|*]] cigkvbha7e6ahcnxwydm6trvdnu3w8l 1751993 1751982 2026-07-31T14:37:06Z ImI(x . x)ImI 70606 /* Kajuwaraan Piala Donya FIFA */ 1751993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Bèker Donya FIFA|ꦧꦺꦏꦼꦂꦢꦺꦴꦚꦥ꦳ꦆꦥ꦳ꦄ}} '''Piala Donya FIFA''' utawa kerep dicekak '''Piala Donya''' iku kajuwaraan bal-balan paling wigati ing donya internasional. Diselenggarakaké déning ''Fédération Internationale de Football Association'' ([[Fédération Internationale de Football Association]]), sing kajibah nata ulah raga iki, turnamen babak final Piala Donya iku ajang ulah raga sing paling akèh ditonton ing donya, ngluwihi [[Olimpiade]].<ref>''[http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html 2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage]'', situs resmi FIFA. Diaksès [[13 Mèi]] [[2006]].</ref> Babak final turnamen (tegesé pérangan turnamen sawisé kwalifikasi) iki diadani saben patang taun sapisan nanging kajuwaraan iki mbutuhaké mangsa rong taun kanthi sakabèhané. Luwih saka 160 tim nasional tandhing ing turnamen kwalifikasi regional kanggo nggayuh papan sajeroning babak final. Turnamen finalé saiki dumadi saka 32 tim (paningkatan saka 24 tim ing taun [[1998]]) sing kompetisi sajeroning 4 minggu ing nagara sing ditunjuk minangka tuwan omah. Inovasi sing dianakaké anyar iki ya iku ngolèhaké punjul siji nagara dadi tuwan omah. Panyelenggaraan Piala Donya sabanjuré ing [[Afrika Kidul]] taun [[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010]]. == Sejarah == Piala Dunia bukanlah kejuaraan sepak bola internasional pertama. Sepak bola [[amatir]] menjadi bagian dari program Olimpiade untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun [[1908]]. Pada tahun [[1909]] di [[Torino]] diselenggarakan sebuah turnamen sepak bola yang bernama Piala Sir Thomas Lipton. [[Italia]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Swiss]] mengirimkan klub mereka yang paling prestisius ke turnamen tersebut namun [[Persatuan Sepak bola Inggris]] (FA) menolak tawaran untuk ikut serta dalam kejuaraan itu. Ide melahirkan kejuaraan sepak bola dunia tercetus pada [[1904]] di [[Paris]] saat Konggres I [[Fédération Internationale de Football Association]]. Pada [[1928]], hasil usaha FIFA dan presiden persatuan sepak bola Perancis ([[FFFA]]), [[Jules Rimet]] dan rekannya [[Henri Delaunay]], peserta kongres di [[Amsterdam]] memutuskan untuk melaksanakan ide tersebut. Setahun kemudian, FIFA secara resmi mempersiapkan sebuah kejuaraan bernama ''World Cup'' yang akan berlangsung setiap empat tahun. Pada kongres FIFA [[17 Mei|17]]-[[18 Mei]] [[1929]] di [[Barcelona]], [[Spanyol]], [[Uruguay]] mendapatkan dukungan dari 23 peserta kongres menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia pertama menyingkirkan ambisi [[Hungaria]], [[Italia]], [[Walanda]], [[Spanyol]], dan [[Swèdhen]]. Piala kejuaraan ini dikenal dengan [[Piala Jules Rimet]]. Piala Jules Rimet dibuat oleh perupa Perancis, Abel La Fleur, berbentuk oktagonal berlambangkan bumi dipegang oleh Dewa Kemenangan yang bernama Nike (dewa Yunani purba). Piala ini dibuat dari emas, mempunyai berat 3.8 kg dan tinggi 35 cm. Maka [[Piala Dunia FIFA 1930|Piala Dunia FIFA yang pertama]] pun diadakan di [[Uruguay]] dan berlangsung dari [[13 Juli|13]]-[[30 Juli]] [[1930]]. 13 nagara turut serta - enam dari [[Amerika Selatan]], lima dari [[Éropah]] dan dua dari [[Amerika Utara]]. [[timnas sepak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]] mengalahkan [[timnas sepak bola Argentina|Argentina]] 4-2 di depan 93.000 penonton di [[Montevideo]] untuk menjadi nagara pertama yang merebot piala tersebut. Selama [[Perang Dunia II]] kejuaraan ini terhenti selama selama 12 tahun, dimulai kembali tahun [[Piala Dunia FIFA 1950|1950 di Brasil]]. Piala Jules Rimet pernah dicuri sewaktu dipamerkan di Stampex Exhibition di Westminster Central Hall, [[London]] saat menjelangnya [[Piala Dunia FIFA 1966|Piala Dunia 1966]] di [[Inggris]], namun ia ditemukan 7 hari kemudian oleh seekor anjing bernama [[Pickles]]. Pada {{Wc|1970}} di [[Meksiko]], FIFA telah memutuskan {{timnas|Brasil}} menyimpan Piala Jules Rimet karena menjadi nagara pertama yang juara sebanyak 3 kali, {{Wc|1958}}, {{Wc|1962}} dan {{Wc|1970}}. Badan induk FIFA kemudiannya membuat piala dunia baru dengan menggunakan emas 18 karat, 36 cm tinggi dan mempunyai berat 4.97 kg dan dirancang oleh perupa terkenal [[Italia]], [[Silvio Gazzaniaga]] dan digunakan sehingga sekarang. FIFA menetapkan hanya pemimpin nagara dan pemenang Piala Dunia saja yang boleh menyentuh piala tersebut. Replika piala yang dilapis emas akan diberikan untuk dsimpan oleh pemenang. [[Berkas:Football globe Berlin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Promosi Piala Dunia 2006]] Argentina, [[tim nasional sepak bola Jerman|Jerman]] (kedua kali tersebut sebagai Jerman Barat), dan Brasil telah masing-masing memenangkan piala yang kedua itu dua kali. Meskipun begitu, piala yang saat ini masih belum akan "dipensiunkan" hingga plak namanya telah penuh diisikan dengan nama-nama nagara pemenang, yang akan terjadi pada tahun [[2038]]. Brasil dengan jelas adalah tim yang paling sukses dalam Piala Dunia secara keseluruhan setelah lima kali menjadi juara dan dua kali berada di posisi kedua sementara Italia berada di bawahnya dengan empat kali juara dan dua kali di peringkat kedua. Jerman, yang tiga kali menjadi juara dan empat kali menjadi juara kedua, adalah tim yang tersukses ketiga. Argentina dan Uruguay masing-masing dua kali menjadi Juara Dunia meski kemenangan Uruguay terjadi pada masa yang sudah lama, pada awal-awal tahun kejuaraan. Piala Dunia terakhir yang telah berlangsung diadakan di [[Jerman]] pada tahun [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2006|2006]]. Seperti yang diperlihatkan di bawah, penyelenggaraan [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2010|2010]] akan diadakan di [[Afrika Selatan]]. === Indonésia === Indonésia merupakan bagian dari sejarah Piala Dunia, dengan nama [[Hindia-Walanda]] di tahun {{Wc|1938}}, Indonésia tercatat sebagai nagara [[Asia]] pertama yang masuk ke putaran final Piala Dunia.. Pada [[3 Maret|3]]-[[6 Maret]] [[2006]] trofi asli FIFA World Cup singgah di Indonésia, dan dipajang di Semanggi Expo. == Kajuwaraan Piala Donya FIFA == {| border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;" cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 width=100% |- bgcolor=#C1D8FF !rowspan=2 width=5%|Taun !rowspan=2 width=10%|Tuwan omah | rowspan="102" width="1%" bgcolor="ffffff" | !colspan=3|Final |width=1% rowspan=5 bgcolor=ffffff| !colspan=3|Parebutan posisi katelu |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !width=15%|Juwara !width=8%|Kasil !width=15%|''Runner-up'' !width=15%|Posisi katelu !width=8%|Kasil !width=15%|Posisi kapapat |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1930]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1930|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]] [[Uruguay]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]]''' |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina (civil).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:US flag 48 stars.svg|30px|USA]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Amérika Sarékat|AS]] |'''ora ana'''^('''1''') |[[Gambar:Naval_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1934]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1934|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|30px]] [[Italia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''2 - 1'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. wektu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasinal sépak bola Cekoslowakia|Cekoslowakia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the German Empire.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman]] |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Austria.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Ostenrik|Ostenrik]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1938]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1938|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]] [[Prancis]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Honggari|Honggari]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1942]] | ---- | colspan="7" |'''ORA DIANAKAKÉ''' |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1946]] | ---- | colspan="7" |'''ORA DIANAKAKÉ''' |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1950]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1950|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] [[Brasil]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]]''' |'''2 - 1'''^('''2''') |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] | rowspan="102" bgcolor="ffffff" | |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |'''3 - 1'''^('''2''') |[[Gambar:Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Spanyol|Spanyol]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1954]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1954|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Switzerland.svg|30px]][[Switserlan]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]]''' |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Hungary 1949-1956.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Honggari|Honggari]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Austria.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Ostenrik|Ostenrik]] |'''3 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1958]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1958|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]][[Swèdhen]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''5 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |'''6 - 3''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Timnas sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1962]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1962|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Chile.svg|30px]] [[Chili]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''3 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Cekoslowakia|Cekoslowakia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Chile.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Chili|Chili]] |'''1 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1966]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1966|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]] [[Inggris]] |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]]''' |'''4 - 2'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]]||[[Gambar:Flag of Portugal.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Portugal|Portugal]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uni Soviet|Uni Soviet]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1970]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1970|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Mexico.svg|30px]][[Meksiko]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''4 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |'''1 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1974]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1974|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] [[Jerman|Jerman Kulon]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]]''' |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Poland.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Polen|Polen]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1978]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]][[Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]]''' |'''3 - 1'''<br />[[Perpanjangan waktu|Perp. wektu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1982]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Spain.svg|30px]][[Spanyol]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''3 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Poland.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Polen|Polen]] |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[1986]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Mexico.svg|30px]][[Meksiko]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]]''' |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Barat]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |'''4 - 2'''<br />[[Perpanjangan waktu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Belgium.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Bèlgi|Bèlgi]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1990]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]] [[Italia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman Kulon]]''' |'''1 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |rowspan=2|[[1994]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|Detil]]'' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of the United States.svg|30px]] [[Amérika Sarékat|AS]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''0 - 0'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]] |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Swèdhen|Swèdhen]] |rowspan=2|'''4 - 0''' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |colspan=3|'''3 - 2''' liwat [[adu penalti]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[1998]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]] [[Prancis]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]]''' |'''3 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Croatia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Timnas sépak bola Kroasia|Kroasia]] |'''2 - 1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[2002]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of South Korea.svg|20px]] [[Gambar:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] [[Koréa Kidul]]<br />& [[Jepang]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]]''' |'''2 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Turkey.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Turki|Turki]] |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of South Korea.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Koréa Kidul|Koréa Kidul]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |rowspan=2|[[2006]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|Detil]]'' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] [[Jerman]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]]<br />'''[[Tim nasional sépak bola Italia|Italia]]''' |'''1 - 1'''<br />[[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Jerman|Jerman]] |rowspan=2|'''3 - 1''' |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Flag of Portugal.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Portugal|Portugal]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |colspan=3|'''5 - 3''' liwat [[adu penalti]] |- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF |[[2010]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of South Africa.svg|30px]] [[Afrika Kidul]] |'''[[Gambar:Flag of Spain.svg|30px]]<br />{{timnas|Spanyol}}''' |'''1 &ndash; 0''' <br/> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] ||[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] <br/> {{timnas|Jerman}} |'''3 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]] <br/> {{timnas|Uruguay}} |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[2014]]<br />''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2014|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] [[Brasil]] |'''[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]]''' '''{{timnas|Jerman}}''' |'''1 &ndash; 0''' <br /> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |'''3 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- align=center |2018 <br /> ''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Russia.svg|30px]] [[Rusia]] |'''[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]]''' |'''4 - 2''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Croatia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Kroasia|Kroasia]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Belgium.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Belgi|Belgi]] |'''2 - 0''' |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |- align=center style="background: #D0E6FF;" | rowspan="2" |2022 <br /> ''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2022|Detil]]'' | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Flag of Qatar.svg|30px]] [[Qatar]] |'''[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]]''' |'''3 &ndash; 3''' <br /> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Flag of Croatia.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Kroasia|Kroasia]] | rowspan="2" |'''2 - 1''' | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Flag of Morocco.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Maroko|Maroko]] |- align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF |colspan=3|'''4 - 2''' liwat [[adu penalti]] |- align=center |2026 <br /> ''[[Piala Donya FIFA 2026|Detil]]'' |[[Gambar:Flag of Canada.svg|16px]] [[Gambar:Flag of México.svg|16px]] [[Gambar:Flag of the United States.svg|16px]] [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]] & [[Amérika Sarékat|AS]] |'''[[Gambar:Flag of Spain.svg|30px]]''' '''{{timnas|Spanyol}}''' |'''1 &ndash; 0''' <br /> [[Perpanjangan wektu|Perp. waktu]] |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |'''6 - 4''' |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|30px]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |} ^'''1''' ''Ora ana tetandhingan perebutan papan katelu sing resmi ing taun 1930.''<br />''Peringkat pungkasan: '''1:''' Uruguay; '''2:''' Argentina; '''3:''' AS; '''4:''' Yugoslavia.'' ^'''2''' ''Ora ana tetandhingan final sing resmi ing taun 1950. Turnamen diputusaké liwat grup final sing dipersaingkan patang tim. Nanging kamenangan Uruguay 2-1 marang Brasil iku tetandhingan wigati sing nggawa tim iki mimpin saka segi poin lan mesthèkaké ana ing posisi paling dhuwur sajeroning grup minangka juwara donya.''<br />''Peringkat akir grup: '''1:''' Uruguay; '''2:''' Brasil; '''3:''' Swèdhen; '''4:''' Spanyol.'' == Peringkat juwara Piala Donya == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Negara !Juara-juara !Taun-taun |- |'''1''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Brasil}} |5 |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1958|1958]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1962|1962]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1970|1970]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002]] |- | rowspan="2" |'''2''' |{{Flagicon|Itali|25px}} {{timnas|Italia}} | rowspan="2" |4 |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1934|1934]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1938|1938]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982]], {{wc|2006}} |- |[[Gambar:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Jerman}} |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1954|1954]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1974|1974]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990]], [[2014]] |- |'''3''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Argentina.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Argentina}} |3 |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|1978]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986]], [[2022]] |- | rowspan="3" |'''4''' |[[Gambar:Flag of Uruguay.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Uruguay}} | rowspan="3" |2 |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1930|1930]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 1950|1950]] |- |[[Gambar:Flag of France.svg|25px]] {{Timnas|Prancis}} |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|2018]] |- |[[Barkas:Flag of Spain.svg|25x25px]] {{Timnas|Spanyol}} |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010]], [[Piala Donya FIFA 2026|2026]] |- |'''5''' |[[Gambar:Flag of England.svg|border|25px]] {{Timnas|Inggris}} |1 |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1966|1966]] |} == Bebungah ing Piala Donya == Ing saben pungkasan turnamen final Piala Donya, sawatara bebungah diwènèhaké marang juru main lan tim sing dianggep istimewa dibandingaké karo tim liyané miturut aspek-aspek sing béda-béda. Wektu iki ana limang jinis bebungah: * '''Sepatu Emas [[Adidas]]''' (''Adidas Golden Shoe'') kanggo wong sing nggawe gol paling akèh * '''Bola Emas Adidas''' (''Adidas Golden Ball'') kanggo juru main paling apik; * '''Penghargaan Yashin''' (''Yashin Award'') kanggo wong sing njaga gawang paling apik; * '''Penghargaan Permainan Adil FIFA''' (''FIFA Fair Play Award'') kanggo tim sing duwé chatetan ''fair play'' terbaik; * '''Tim Paling Menghibur'''. (1994-2006) === Sepatu Emas Adidas - Pencetak gol paling akèh === Bebungah iki kawanuhaké wiwit taun [[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982]]. {| width=75% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Pemain !Cacahé gol |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1930|1930 Uruguay]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Guillermo Stábile]] |align=center|8 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1934|1934 Italia]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Edmund Conen]]<br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Oldrich Nejedly|Oldřich Nejedlý]]<br />[[Gambar:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|25x25px]] [[Angelo Schiavio]] |align=center|4 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1938|1938 Prancis]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Leônidas da Silva|Leônidas]] |align=center|8 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1950|1950 Brasil]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ademir]] |align=center|9 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1954|1954 Switserlan]] |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Sándor Kocsis]] |align=center|11 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1958|1958 Swèdhen]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Just Fontaine]] |align=center|13 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1962|1962 Chili]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Garrincha]]<br />{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Vavá]]<br />{{Flagicon|CHI}} [[Leonel Sánchez]]<br />{{Flagicon|YUG}} [[Drazen Jerkovic]]<br />{{Flagicon|USSR}} [[Valentin Ivanov]]<br />{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Florian Albert]] |align=center|4 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1966|1966 Inggris]] |{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Eusébio]] |align=center|9 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1970|1970 Meksiko]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Gerd Müller]] |align=center|10 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1974|1974 Jerman Barat]] |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Grzegorz Lato]] |align=center|7 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|1978 Argentina]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Mario Kempes]] |align=center|6 |- align=center bgcolor=#EFEFEF |colspan=3|'''Bebungah Sepatu Emas adidas''' |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982 Spanyol]] |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Rossi]] |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986 Meksiko]] |{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Lineker]] |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990 Italia]] |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]] |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |{{Flagicon|BUL}} [[Hristo Stoitchkov]]<br />{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Oleg Salenko]] |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Davor Suker|Davor Šuker]] |align=center|6 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ronaldo]] |align=center|8 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Miroslav Klose]] |align=center|5 |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Kidul]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Thomas Müller]] |align=center|5 |- |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2014|2014 Brasil]] |{{Flagicon|COL}} [[James Rodríguez]] | align="center" |6 |- |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|2018 Rusia]] |{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Harry Kane]] | align="center" |6 |- |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2022|2022 Qatar]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kylian Mbappé]] | align="center" |8 |- |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2026|2026 Canada/Meksiko/AS]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kylian Mbappé]] | align="center" |10 |} === Bola Emas Adidas === FIFA mbiwara 10 unggulan juru main paling apik sing dipilih déning wakil-wakil saka médhia. Posisi pisanan olèh '''Bola Emas adidas''', posisi kaloro: '''Bola Pérak adidas''' lan katelu: '''Bola Perunggu adidas'''. {| width=90% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Bola Emas Adidas !Bola Perak Adidas !Bola Perunggu Adidas |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982 Spanyol]] |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Rossi]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Falcão]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986 Meksiko]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Maradona]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Harald Schumacher]] |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Preben Elkjær]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990 Italia]] |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Lothar Matthäus]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Maradona]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Romário]] |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberto Baggio]] |{{Flagicon|BUL}} [[Hristo Stoitchkov]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ronaldo]] |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Davor Suker|Davor Šuker]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Lilian Thuram]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Oliver Kahn]] |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ronaldo]] |{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Hong Myung-Bo]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Zinedine Zidane]] |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Fabio Cannavaro]] |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Pirlo]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF align=center |align=left|[[Piala Dunia FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Selatan]] |{{Flagicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]] |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Xavi Hernández]] |{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Sneijder]] |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2014|2014 Brasil]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Thomas Müller]] |{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Arjen Robben]] |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|2018 Rusia]] |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Luka Modrić]] | align="center" |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Eden Hazard]] | align="center" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Antoine Griezmann]] |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2022|2022 Qatar]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kylian Mbappé]] |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Luka Modrić]] |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2026|2026 Canada/Meksiko/AS]] |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Rodri Hernández]] |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kylian Mbappé]] |} === Bebungah Yashin === Bebungah iki jenengé asal saka jeneng panjaga gawang Ruslan sing legendaris, [[Lev Yashin]]. {| width=75% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Panampa |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Michel Preud'homme]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabien Barthez]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Oliver Kahn]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianluigi Buffon]] |- align=center bgcolor=#EFEFEF | colspan="2" |'''Bebungah Sarung Emas''' |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Dunia FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Selatan]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Iker Casillas]] |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2014|2014 Brasil]] | align="center" |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Manuel Neuer]] |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|2018 Rusia]] | align="center" |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Thibaut Courtois]] |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2022|2022 Qatar]] | align="center" |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Emiliano Martínez]] |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2026|2026 Canada/Meksiko/AS]] | align="center" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Unai Simón]] |} === FIFA Fair Play Award === Penghargaan ini hanya diberikan kepada tim-tim yang lolos ke babak kedua. {| width=55% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Penerima |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1978|1978 Argentina]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Argentina|Argentina]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1982|1982 Spanyol]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1986|1986 Meksiko]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1990|1990 Italia]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Inggris|Inggris]] dan [[Tim nasional sepak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Bèlgi|Bèlgi]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |align=center|{{timnas|Brasil}} lan {{timnas|Spanyol}} |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2010|2010 Afrika Kidul]] |align=center|{{timnas|Spanyol}} |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2014|2014 Brasil]] | align="center" |{{timnas|Kolombia}} |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2018|2018 Rusia]] | align="center" |{{timnas|Spanyol}} |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2022|2022 Qatar]] | align="center" |[[Timnas sepak bola Inggris|Inggris]] |- | align="left" |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2026|2026 Canada/Meksiko/AS]] | align="center" |[[Tim nasional sépak bola Walanda|Walanda]] |} === Tim Paling Nyenengake === Bebungah '''Tim Paling Nyenengake''' ditentokaké liwat ''polling'' saka publik. {| width=55% |- bgcolor=#EFEFEF !Piala Donya !Tim Paling Menghibur |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1994|1994 AS]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Brasil|Brasil]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 1998|1998 Prancis]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Prancis|Prancis]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2002|2002 Koréa/Jepang]] |align=center|[[Timnas sepak bola Koréa Kidul|Koréa Kidul]] |- bgcolor=#D0E7FF |[[Piala Donya FIFA 2006|2006 Jerman]] |align=center|{{timnas|Portugal}} |} == Panyithak gol paling akèh == {| class="wikitable" |- !Gol !Pamain |- |22 |{{Flagicon|Prancis}} [[Kylian Mbappé]] |- |21 |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lionel Messi]] |- |16 |{{flagicon|Jerman}} [[Miroslav Klose]] |- |15||{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ronaldo]] |- |14||{{Flagicon|Inggris}} [[Harry Kane]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Gerd Müller]] |- |13||{{Flagicon|Prancis}} [[Just Fontaine]] |- |12 |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Pelé]] |- |11 |{{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Jürgen Klinsmann]], {{Flagicon|Honggari}} [[Sándor Kocsis]], {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] |- |10 |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gabriel Batistuta]], {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Teófilo Cubillas]], {{Flagicon|Inggris}} [[Gary Lineker]], {{Flagicon|Polen}} [[Grzegorz Lato]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Thomas Müller]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Helmut Rahn]] |- |9 |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Ademir]] ^([[#1|1]]), {{Flagicon|Itali}} [[Roberto Baggio]], {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Eusébio]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Jairzinho]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Neymar]], {{Flagicon|Itali}} [[Paolo Rossi]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Uwe Seeler]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Vavá]], {{Flagicon|Itali}} [[Christian Vieri]], {{flagicon|Spanyol}} [[David Villa]] |- |8 |{{Flagicon|Inggris}} [[Jude Bellingham]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Leônidas]], {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Romelu Lukaku]], {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Diego Maradona]], {{Flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Omar Oscar Míguez]], {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Guillermo Stábile]], {{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Rivaldo]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Rudi Völler]] |- |7 |{{Flagicon|Brasil}} [[Careca]], {{Flagicon|NOR}} [[Erling Haaland]], {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Oldrich Nejedly]], {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Perišić]], {{Flagicon|Jerman}} [[Hans Schäfer]], {{Flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Luis Suárez]], {{Flagicon|Polen}} [[Andrzej Szarmach]], {{Flagicon|Nèderlan}} [[Johnny Rep]], {{Flagicon|Honggari}} [[Lajos Tichy]] |}<div id="1">¹ Ana kontroversi ngenani pira cacahing gol sing dicithak juru main Brasil Ademir Menezes ing taun 1950, amarga data sing ora pepak bab tetandhingan Babak Final antara Brasil nglawan Spanyol (6-1). Gol pisanan dianggep gol bunuh diri juru main Spanyol Parra, lan gol sing nggawé kadudukan dadi 5-0 dianggep diciptakaké déning Jair, nanging anyar iki FIFA nyatakaké yèn gol-gol mau diciptakaké déning Ademir; saéngga dhèwèké dadi panyithak gol paling akèh (9 gol) ing Piala Donya 1950. [http://www.bigsoccer.com/forum/showthread.php?p=7598702&posted=1] <small>Sumber: [http://www.rsssf.com/tables/30all-scor.html rsssf.com]</small> == Uga delengen == * [[Piala Donya Wanita FIFA]] * [[Maskot Piala Donya FIFA]] * [[Pratélan panyithak hat trick sajeroning Piala Donya FIFA|Pratélan panyithak ''hat trick'' sajeroning Piala Donya FIFA]] == Rujukan == <references /> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Category:FIFA_World_Cup}} * [http://www.fifaworldcup.com Situs resmi Piala Donya FIFA] * [http://www.worldcup-history.com WorldCup-History.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725125256/http://www.worldcup-history.com/ |date=2019-07-25 }} * [http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/ Situs resmi Piala Donya FIFA 2006] * [http://www.fifa.com/ Situs Resmi FIFA] {{Piala Donya}} [[Kategori:Bèker Donya FIFA|*]] a3z7jh7mzjytiw7c1k0u7yzt4xg30qm 0 26147 1752026 1664398 2026-08-01T06:53:56Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=79 | symbol=Au | name=emas| left=[[platina]] | right=[[raksa (unsur)|raksa]] | above=[[pérak|Ag]] | below=[[roentgenium|Rg]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[logam transisi]] }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=11 | period=6 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Native gold nuggets| kuning meling-meling}} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|196.966569(4)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[padhet]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 19.3 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 17.31 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1337.33 | c=1064.18 | f=1947.52 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3129 | c=2856 | f=5173 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 12.55 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 324 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.418 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1646 | 1814 | 2021 | 2281 | 2620 | 3078 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | kubus pusat muka}} {{Elementbox_oxistates | '''3''', 1<br />(oksida [[amfoter]]) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.54 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies2 | 890.1 | 1980 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|135]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|174]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|144]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|166]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | ora ana data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 22.14 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 318 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 14.2 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsatrt | (panarikan njero)<br />2030 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 78 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 27 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 220 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.44 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 2.5 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 216 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 2450 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-57-5 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=emas | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=195 | sym=Au | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=186.10 dina | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.227 | pn=195 | ps=[[platinum|Pt]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=196 | sym=Au | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=6.183 dina | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=1.506 | pn1=196 | ps1=[[platinum|Pt]] | dm2=[[sinar beta|β^-]] | de2=0.686 | pn2=196 | ps2=[[raksa (unsur)|Hg]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=197 | sym=Au | na=100% | n=118 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=198 | sym=Au | na=[[radioisotop sintetik|syn]] | hl=2.69517 dina | dm=[[sinar beta|β^-]] | de=1.372 | pn=198 | ps=[[raksa (unsur)|Hg]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=199 | sym=Au | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.169 dina | dm=[[sinar beta|β^-]] | de=0.453 | pn=199 | ps=[[raksa (unsur)|Hg]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} '''Emas''' iku [[unsur kimia]]. Ing [[tabel periodik]] kang duwé simbol '''Au''' ([[basa Latin]]: ''''aurum'''') lan [[nomer atom]] 79. Sawijining [[logam transisi]] (trivalen lan univalen) kang lembèk, kinclong, kuning, abot, "malleable", lan "ductile". Emas ora réaksi karo zat kimia liyané nanging kaserang déning [[klorin]], [[fluorin]] lan [[aqua regia]]. Logam iki akèh ana ing [[nugget emas]] utawa serbuk ing wewaton lan ing [[deposit alluvial]] lan salah siji [[logam coinage]]. [[ISO 4217|Kode ISOnya]] yaiku '''XAU'''. Emas nglebur ing wangun cuwèr ing suhu watara 1000 drajat celcius. Emas wujud logam kang sifaté [[empuk]] lan gampang ditempa, kisaran atosé antarané 2,5 – 3 (skala Mohs), sarta bobot jinisé gumantung ing jinis lan kandhutan logam liyané kang kacampur ing emas iku. Mineral kang nggawa emas racaké asosiasi karo [[mineral]] katutan (''gangue minerals''). Mineral katutan mau lumrahé [[kuarsa]], [[karbonat]], [[turmalin]], [[flourpar]], lan sapérangan cilik mineral non [[logam]]. Mineral panggawa emas uga duwé asosiasi karo endhepan sulfida kang wis kaoksidasi. Mineral panggawa emas kapérang saka emas nativ, elektrum, emas telurida, sapérangan padhuan lan senyawa emas karo unsur-unsur wlirang, antimon, lan selenium. Elektrum sabeneré jinis liya saka emas nativ, mung kandhutan pérak ing njeroné >20%. analised Repair Ring Emas Systems Solder Iron Emas kawangun saka prosès magmatisme utawa pangonsentrasian ing lumah. Sapérangan endapan kawangun amarga prosès metasomatisme kontak lan larutan hidrotermal, éwadéné pangonsentrasian kanthi mékanis ngasilaké endapan letakan (placer). Genesa emas dikatagorèkaké dadi loro yaiku: * Endapan primèr; lan * Endapan plaser. Emas kanggo [[standar emas|standar kauwangan]] ing akèh nagara lan uga kanggo [[perhiasan]], lan [[elektronik]]. Panggunaan emas ing babagan monetèr lan kauwangan dhedhasar pangaji monetèr absolut saka emas iku dhéwé marang manéka valuta ing saindhenging donya, sanadyan kanthi resmi ing [[bursa komoditas]] donya, rega emas dicantumaké ing valuta dolar Amérika. Wangun panggunaan emas ing babagan monetèr lazimé wujud bulion utawa batangan emas ing manéka ékan bobot gram tekan kilogram. == Réferènsi == * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/79.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082459/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/79.html |date=2008-06-10 }} * [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0821152.html The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed] * [http://www.walhi.or.id/kampanye/tambang/harga_beneran_emas/ Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507192751/http://www.walhi.or.id/kampanye/tambang/harga_beneran_emas/ |date=2008-05-07 }} * [http://www.tekmira.esdm.go.id/data/Emas/Ulasan.asp?xdir=Emas&commId=11&comm=Emas Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514233146/http://www.tekmira.esdm.go.id/data/Emas/ulasan.asp?xdir=Emas&commId=11&comm=Emas |date=2008-05-14 }} * [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/ekbis/2006/11/06/brk,20061106-87145,id.html Tempo Interaktif] == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Gold}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Au/index.html WebElements.com – Gold]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (also used as a reference) * [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Au.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Gold] (also used as a reference) * [http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/elements/gold/gold.htm Mineral Galleries - Native Gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427060021/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/elements/gold/gold.htm |date=2006-04-27 }} * [http://www.kitco.com Gold prices and economy] * [http://www.1849.org/ Gold, Greed & Genocide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230215817/http://www.1849.org/ |date=2008-12-30 }} * [http://www.africa-adventure.org/w/waterfrontmint/waterand.jpg Africa Adventure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120210/http://www.africa-adventure.org/w/waterfrontmint/waterand.jpg |date=2007-09-29 }} {{clr}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] [[Kategori:Emas| ]] [[Kategori:Valuta]] [[Kategori:Raja brana]] {{kimia-stub}} s0ejsvpej174rvfr9s6usjn896j9gtu 0 26432 1752014 1661230 2026-08-01T05:04:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{US state | Name = Delaware | Fullname = State of Delaware | Flag = Flag of Delaware.svg | Flaglink = [[Flag of Delaware]] | Seal = Seal of Delaware.svg| Map = Map of USA DE.svg | Motto = Liberty and Independence | Demonym = Delawarian | Nickname = The First State, The Small Wonder, Blue Hen State, The Diamond State | Capital = [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] | LargestCity = [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] | LargestCounty = [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex]]| Governor = [[John C. Carney, Jr.]] (D)| Lieutenant Governor = [[Bethany Hall-Long]] (D)| Senators = [[Chris Coons]] (D)<br />[[Thomas R. Carper]] (D) | US Representative = [[Michael Castle]](R)| PostalAbbreviation = DE | TradAbbreviation = Del. | OfficialLang = none<ref>[http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS144.NSF/vwLegislation/SB+129?Opendocument SB 129] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075049/http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS144.NSF/vwLegislation/SB+129?Opendocument |date=2010-03-10 }}, if passed (assigned 2007-06-13 to Senate Education Committee), would designate [[English language|English]] as the official state language.</ref> | AreaRank = 49th | TotalArea = 6,452 | TotalAreaUS = 2,490 | LandArea = 5,068 | LandAreaUS = 1,954 | Landmark = Holy Trinity Church WaterArea = 1,387 | WaterAreaUS = 536 | PCWater = 21.5 | PopRank = 45th | 2000Pop = 783,600 | DensityRank = 7th | 2000Density = 154.87 | 2000DensityUS = 401.11 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $50,152 | IncomeRank = 12th | AdmittanceOrder = 1st | AdmittanceDate = [[December 7]], [[1787]] | TimeZone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5/[[Daylight saving time|-4]] | Longitude = 75° 3′ W to 75° 47′ W | Latitude = 38° 27′ N to 39° 50′ N | Width = 48 | WidthUS = 30 | Length = 154 | LengthUS = 96 | HighestPoint = near [[Ebright Azimuth]]<ref name=udel>[http://www.udel.edu/dgs/Publications/pubsonline/info8.html Delaware Geological Survey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | HighestElev = 136.5 | HighestElevUS = 447.85<ref name=udel/>| MeanElev = 18 | MeanElevUS = 59 | LowestPoint = [[Atlantic Ocean]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =29 April 2005| url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| access-date =3 Novèmber 2006| archive-date =1 June 2008| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080601170143/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| url-status =dead}}</ref>| LowestElev = 0 | LowestElevUS = 0 | ISOCode = US-DE | Website = delaware.gov }} '''Delaware''' ({{IPAEng|ˈdɛləwɛər}}) iku praja ing [[Amérika Sarékat]] sing dumunung ing [[pasisir wétan]] ya iku ong pasisir [[Samodra Atlantik]]. Populasiné miturut sènsus taun [[2005]] watara 843,524 jiwa. Delaware iku praja paling padhet nomer pitu, kanthi kapadhetan 320 per mil luwih akèh tinimbang rata-rata nasional, lan ranking ka=45 ing cacahing sing ndunungi.<ref name=popest>{{cite web | date = [[June 21]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2005-all.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000 | format = [[Comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2005 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division | access-date = 21 Novèmber 2006}}</ref> Delaware iku praja paling cilik nomer loro lan minangka praja sing wiwitan lumebu union. == Hukum lan pamaréntahan == {| align="right" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+ '''Kasil pamilihan Présidhèn''' |- bgcolor=lightgrey ! Taun ! [[Parté Républik (Amérika Sarékat)|Républik]] ! [[Parté Dhémokrat (Amérika Sarékat)|Dhémokrat]] |- |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|45.75% ''171,660 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''53.35%''' ''200,152 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|41.90% ''137,288 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''54.96%''' ''180,068 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|36.58% ''99,062 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''51.82%''' ''140,955 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|35.33% ''102,313 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''43.52%''' ''126,054 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''55.88%''' ''139,639 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|43.48% ''108,647 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''59.78%''' ''152,190 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|39.93% ''101,656 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''47.21%''' ''111,252 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|44.87% ''105,754 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|46.57% ''109,831 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''51.98%''' ''122,596 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''59.60%''' ''140,357 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|39.18% ''92,283 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1968|1968]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''45.12%''' ''96,714 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|41.61% ''89,194 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|38.78% ''78,078 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''60.95%''' ''122,704 |- |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1960|1960]] |align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|49.00% ''96,373 |align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''50.63%''' ''99,590 |} [[Gambar:National-atlas-delaware.png|thumb|300 px|map of Delaware cities]] [[Gambar:Dover Delaware.jpg|thumb|[[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]]] [[Gambar:Newark Delaware.jpg|thumb|[[Newark, Delaware|Newark]]]] [[Gambar:High Street, Seaford, Delaware (2006).jpg|thumb|[[Seaford, Delaware|Seaford]]]] [[Gambar:Wilmington Delaware skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]]] == Munisipalitas == Wilmington iku minangka kutha sing gedhé dhéwé ing Delaware lan dadi punjeré ékonomi. Kutha iki dumunung ing antaraning kutha [[Philadelphia]] lan [[Baltimore]]. All regions of Delaware are enjoying phenomenal growth, with Dover and the beach resorts expanding at a rapid rate. === County ing Delaware === * [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent]] * [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle]] * [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex]] === Kutha ing Delaware === * [[Delaware City, Delaware|Delaware City]] * [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] * [[Harrington, Delaware|Harrington]] * [[Lewes, Delaware|Lewes]] * [[Milford, Delaware|Milford]] * [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]] * [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]] * [[Rehoboth Beach, Delaware|Rehoboth Beach]] * [[Seaford, Delaware|Seaford]] * [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] === Kutha cilik ing Delaware === * [[Bellefonte, Delaware|Bellefonte]] * [[Bethany Beach, Delaware|Bethany Beach]] * [[Bethel, Delaware|Bethel]] * [[Blades, Delaware|Blades]] * [[Bowers, Delaware|Bowers]] * [[Bridgeville, Delaware|Bridgeville]] * [[Camden, Delaware|Camden]] * [[Cheswold, Delaware|Cheswold]] * [[Dagsboro, Delaware|Dagsboro]] * [[Delmar, Delaware|Delmar]] * [[Dewey Beach, Delaware|Dewey Beach]] * [[Ellendale, Delaware|Ellendale]] * [[Elsmere, Delaware|Elsmere]] * [[Farmington, Delaware|Farmington]] * [[Felton, Delaware|Felton]] * [[Fenwick Island, Delaware|Fenwick Island]] * [[Frankford, Delaware|Frankford]] * [[Frederica, Delaware|Frederica]] * [[Georgetown, Delaware|Georgetown]] * [[Greenwood, Delaware|Greenwood]] * [[Hartly, Delaware|Hartly]] * [[Henlopen Acres, Delaware|Henlopen Acres]] * [[Houston, Delaware|Houston]] * [[Kenton, Delaware|Kenton]] * [[Laurel, Delaware|Laurel]] * [[Leipsic, Delaware|Leipsic]] * [[Little Creek, Delaware|Little Creek]] * [[Magnolia, Delaware|Magnolia]] * [[Middletown, Delaware|Middletown]] * [[Millsboro, Delaware|Millsboro]] * [[Millville, Delaware|Millville]] * [[Milton, Delaware|Milton]] * [[Newport, Delaware|Newport]] * [[Ocean View, Delaware|Ocean View]] * [[Odessa, Delaware|Odessa]] * [[Selbyville, Delaware|Selbyville]] * [[Slaughter Beach, Delaware|Slaughter Beach]] * [[Smyrna, Delaware|Smyrna]] * [[South Bethany, Delaware|South Bethany]] * [[Townsend, Delaware|Townsend]] * [[Viola, Delaware|Viola]] * [[Woodside, Delaware|Woodside]] * [[Wyoming, Delaware|Wyoming]] === Désa ing Delaware === * [[Arden, Delaware|Arden]] * [[Ardencroft, Delaware|Ardencroft]] * [[Ardentown, Delaware|Ardentown]] === Komunitas ing Delaware === * [[Bear, Delaware|Bear]] * [[Brookside, Delaware|Brookside]] * [[Canterbury, Delaware|Canterbury]] * [[Clarksville, Delaware|Clarksville]] * [[Claymont, Delaware|Claymont]] * [[Dover Base Housing, Delaware|Dover Base Housing]] * [[Edgemoor, Delaware|Edgemoor]] * [[Glasgow, Delaware|Glasgow]] * [[Greenville, Delaware|Greenville]] * [[Gumboro, Delaware|Gumboro]] * [[Hardscrabble, Delaware|Hardscrabble]] * [[Highland Acres, Delaware|Highland Acres]] * [[Hockessin, Delaware|Hockessin]] * [[Kent Acres, Delaware|Kent Acres]] * [[Long Neck, Delaware|Long Neck]] * [[North Star, Delaware|North Star]] * [[Omar, Delaware|Omar]] * [[Pike Creek, Delaware|Pike Creek]] * [[Rising Sun-Lebanon, Delaware|Rising Sun-Lebanon]] * [[Riverview, Delaware|Riverview]] * [[Rodney Village, Delaware|Rodney village]] * [[Roxana, Delaware|Roxana]] * [[Wilmington Manor, Delaware|Wilmington Manor]] * [[Woodside East, Delaware|Woodside East]] == Réferènsi == {{reflist|2}} == Pranala njaba == {{sisterlinks|Delaware}} * [http://www.delaware.gov/ State of Delaware homepage] * [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Delaware Delaware State Databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221005/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Delaware |date=2008-05-15 }} - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Delaware state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. * [http://www.visitdelaware.com/ Delaware Tourism homepage] * [http://datamil.delaware.gov/ Delaware Map Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514074757/http://datamil.delaware.gov/ |date=2008-05-14 }} * [http://www.stateplanning.delaware.gov/ Delaware Population Projections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106182554/http://stateplanning.delaware.gov/ |date=2010-01-06 }} * [http://www.kalmarnyckel.org The Kalmar Nyckel Foundation & Tall Ship Kalmar Nyckel.] * [http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/24.htm The Emancipation Proclamation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217114657/https://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/24.htm |date=2007-02-17 }} Includes a short introduction. * [http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/constitution/amdt13.html U.S. Senate site with the full U.S. Constitution and the Thirteenth Amendment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515075141/http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/constitution/amdt13.html |date=2006-05-15 }} "Slavery and Involuntary Servitude" * [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=DE Energy & Environmental Data for Delaware] * [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=DE USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Delaware] * [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/10000.html U.S. Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222010344/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/10000.html |date=2014-02-22 }} * [http://www.usnewspapers.org/state/delaware Delaware Newspapers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220023114/http://www.usnewspapers.org/state/delaware/ |date=2007-02-20 }} * [http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/DE.htm Delaware State Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016193753/http://ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/DE.htm |date=2011-10-16 }} * [History topics timeline of Delaware 1737-1837][http://www.usastatesdates.com/delaware.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118131429/http://www.usastatesdates.com/delaware.htm |date=2012-01-18 }} * [http://www.delamed.org/ Delaware Academy of Medicine] * [http://www.healthyde.org/ HealthyDE.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219132847/http://www.healthyde.org/ |date=2014-12-19 }} {{-}} {{Amérika Sarékat}} [[Kategori:Delaware|*]] {{geo-stub}} thktzsemta56jwid4m354nt8zxqlcef 0 41516 1752030 1642963 2026-08-01T09:50:43Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotakinfo gunung geni|nama=Gunung Fuji |lokasi=[[Honshu]] |nagara=[[Jepang]] |tipe=[[Stratovolcano]] |érupsi=[[1707]] |ketinggian=3.776 [[mèter|m]] (12.388 [[kaki (ékan panjang)|kaki]]) |koordinat=35°22′ [[Lintang Utara|LU]]{{br}}138°44′ [[Bujur Timur|BT]] |gambar= }} {{nihongo|'''Gunung Fuji'''|富士山|Fuji-san|extra=[[IPA (linguistik)|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɸɯʥisaɴ]}}}} iku siji [[gunung]] paling dhuwur ing [[Jepang]], dumunung ing tapel wates [[Prefektur Jepang|Prefektur]] [[Prefektur Shizuoka|Shizuoka]] lan [[Prefektur Yamanashi|Yamanashi]], ing sisih kulon [[Tokyo]]. Gunung Fuji dumunung cedhak [[pasisir Pasifik]] ing pusat [[Honshu]]. Fuji dikubengi déning telung kutha ya iku [[Gotemba]] (wétan), [[Fuji-Yoshida]] (lor) lan [[Fujinomiya]] (kidul-kulon). Gunung kang dhuwuré 3.776 [[mèter|m]] iki dikubengi uga déning limang [[tlaga]] ya iku [[Tlaga Kawaguchi|Kawaguchi]], [[Tlaga Yamanaka|Yamanaka]], [[Tlaga Sai|Sai]], [[Tlaga Motosu|Motosu]] lan [[Tlaga Shoji|Shoji]]. Gunung Fuji minangka simbul [[Jepang]] kang misuwur lan kerep digambaraké sajeroning karya [[seni]] lan [[foto|foto-foto]], sarta dikunjungi pendaki gunung utawa wisatawan. Gunung Fuji dikira-kira dumadi watara 10.000 taun kapungkur. [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20040404f1.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803163103/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20040404f1.html= |date=2004-08-03 }} Sawijining [[gunung geni]] kang saiki isih aktif sanadyan duwé kamungkinan jeblugan kang cilik, Fuji pungkasan njeblug taun [[1707]]. Watara 200.000 wong mènèk Gunung Fuji saben taun, 30% ing antarané wong manca. Wektu kang paling utama kanggo mènèk Gunung Fuji yakuwi tanggal 1 Juli nganti 27 Agustus. Pamènèkan bisa mbutuhaké wektu saka 3 nganti 7 jam, déné mudhun gunung watara 2 nganti 5 jam. == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Mt. Fuji}} * [http://www.fujigoko.tv/english/ ''Webcam'' sing nyiaraké Gunung Fuji sacara langsung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613045504/http://www.fujigoko.tv/english/ |date=2008-06-13 }} * {{ja}} [http://www.city.fuji.shizuoka.jp/m_fuji/index.htm Situs resmi Kutha Fuji isi informasi ngenani Gunung Fuji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201022651/http://www.city.fuji.shizuoka.jp/m_fuji/index.htm |date=2005-12-01 }} [[Kategori:Gunung ing Jepang|Fuji]] {{geo-stub}} c993a7ky0pre0mctjnum7n7rovtcty6 0 52895 1752025 1740080 2026-08-01T06:29:12Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Person |name=Douglas MacArthur |lived=[[26 Januari]] [[1880]]–[[5 April]] [[1964]] (umur 84) |placeofbirth={{Flagicon|AS}} [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Arkansas]] |placeofdeath={{Flagicon|AS}} [[Washington, D.C.]] |image=[[Gambar:Douglas MacArthur smoking his corncob pipe.jpg|220px|center]] |caption=Douglas MacArthur, foto taun [[1945]] |allegiance=[[Amérikah Sarékat]] |branch=[[File:Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg|25px]] [[Angkatan Darat Amérikah Sarékat]] |serviceyears=[[1903]]–[[1937]], [[1941]]–[[1951]] |rank=[[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Jenderal Gedhe (Amérikah Sarékat)|Jenderal Besar]] (''General of the Army'') ([[Angkatan Darat Amérikah Sarékat|Angkatan Darat AS]])<br />[[Panglima Tertinggi (Filipina)|Panglima Paling Dhuwur]] ([[Angkatan Darat Filipina]]) |commands=[[Korps Zeni Angkatan Darat Amérikah Sarékat]]<br />[[Penilik Akademi Militer Amérikah Sarékat]]<br />[[Departemen Filipina]]<br />USAFFE ([[Angkatan sanjata Amérikah Sarékat ing Wétan ]])<br />[[Komandan Perang Donya II#Amérikah Sarékat|Komandan Tertinggi Sakuthu ing Pasifik]] |unit= |battles=[[Ekspedisi Pancho Villa]] taun 1916<br />[[Perang Donya I]]<br />[[Perang Donya II]]<br />[[Perang Koréa]] |awards=[[Medal of Honor]]<br />[[Distinguished Service Cross (Amérikah Sarékat)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (3)<br />[[Distinguished Service Medal (Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (5)<br />[[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]<br />[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]<br />[[Silver Star]] (7)<br />[[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]]<br />[[Purple Heart]] (2)<br />[[Order of the Rising Sun]] |family=Arthur Sr. (bapak), Mary (ibu), Malcolm (kakak), Arthur Jr. (kakang), Jaean (bojo kaloro) |laterwork= |portrayedby=[[Gregory Peck]] dalam ''[[MacArthur (film)|MacArthur]]'' |enteredservice=[[Kepulauan Filipina]] |currentlyresides= }} '''Douglas MacArthur''' ([[26 Januari]] [[1880]] – [[5 April]] [[1964]]) iku sawijining jendral [[Amérikah Sarékat]] lan Field Marshal angkatan bersenjata [[Filipina]]. Panjenengané iku Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat AS nalika taun 1930-an lan nuli duwé peran wigati sajeroning [[Perang Donya II]]. Panjenengané ditugasaké kanggo mimpin invasi menyang [[Jepang]] sasi November [[1945]], lan nuli nampa panyerahan Jepang marang Sakuthu tanggal [[2 September]] 1945. MacArthur ngurus pendhudhukan Jepang saka taun 1945 tekan taun [[1951]] lan dianggep duwé jasa nerapaké manéka owah-owahan [[dhémokrasi|demokratis]]. Panjenengané mimpin bala [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] ing [[Koréa]] saka taun [[1950]]–1951 nglawan invasi [[Koréa Lor]]. MacArthur dicabut saka kalungguhan pamimpin déning présidhèn [[Harry S. Truman]] sasi April 1951 amarga nentang kawicaksanan Truman sajeroning [[Perang Koréa]] ing sangarepé umum. MacArthur mèlu perang sajeroning telung perang gedhé, [[Perang Donya I]], Perang Donya II, lan Perang Koréa. == Biografi == Douglas MacArthur lair ing [[Little Rock, Arkansas]] taun 1880 nalika wong tuwané ditugasaké ing kana. Bapané letnan jendral [[Arthur MacArthur, Jr.]], panampa [[Medal of Honor]], lan ibuné Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur saka [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. Douglas MacArthur iku putuné pulitikus [[Arthur MacArthur, Sr.]] Panjenengané dibaptis ing Christ Episcopal Church tanggal [[16 Mèi]] [[1880]]. Bapané MacArthur ditugasaké ing [[San Antonio, Texas]], taun 1893. Ing kana, Douglas sekolah ing West Texas Military Academy lan nuli [[United States Military Academy]] ing West Point taun 1898. Panjenengané lulus taun 1903 lan diwènèhi gelar "First Captain Of The Corps Of Cadets". Panjenengané nuli menyang Filipina lan Jepang. Panjenengané palakrama karo Henrietta Louise Cromwell Brookson tanggal [[14 Fèbruari]] [[1922]], lan pegatan taun 1929. Panjenengané nuli palakrama karo [[Jean Marie Faircloth]] tanggal 30 April 1937 lan patutan siji, Arthur, ing Manila tanggal 21 Fèbruari 1938. == Réferènsi == * United States Army service record of Douglas MacArthur, [[National Personnel Records Center]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]] * {{Citation |last=Bix |first=Herbert |title=Hirohito and the making of modern Japan |year=2000}} * {{Citation |last=Brune |title=Bastard of a Place}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.macarthurmemorial.org The MacArthur Memorial] — The MacArthur Memorial at [[Norfolk, Virginia]] * [http://www.arkmilitaryheritage.com The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529204555/http://www.arkmilitaryheritage.com/ |date=2014-05-29 }} * [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150186b.htm D. M. Horner, 'MacArthur, Douglas (1880 - 1964)', [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]], Volume 15, [[Melbourne University Press]], 2000, hlm 150-152. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022055106/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150186b.htm |date=2009-10-22 }} == Gladri == <gallery> Gambar:Douglas MacArthur, Army photo portrait seated, France 1918.JPEG|MacArthur (1918) Gambar:DouglasMacArthur.jpg </gallery> {{DEFAULTSORT:Macarthur, Douglas}} [[Kategori:Lair 1880]] [[Kategori:Pati 1964]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Perang Donya II]] [[Kategori:Tokoh militèr Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Wong Amérika Sarékat]] {{Amérika-Serikat-bio-stub}} pbw4oeukt5ft0v94wos7qo4rdw6maoj 0 73587 1752010 1462859 2026-08-01T03:30:05Z CommonsDelinker 319 Replacing MASK1.jpg with [[File:Masjid_Agung_Sunda_Kelapa,_Jakarta_(2010).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: this is not a mask). 1752010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building |image = Masjid Agung Sunda Kelapa, Jakarta (2010).jpg |caption = Lawang Masjid Agung Sunda Kelapa |building_name = Masjid Agung Sunda Kelapa |location = Jl. Taman Sunda Kelapa No. 16<br />[[Menteng]], [[Jakarta Pusat]], [[DKI Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] |website = [http://masjidagungsundakelapa.or.id/ http://masjidagungsundakelapa.or.id/] |architect = Abbas |architecture_type = Masjid |architecture_style = Menarané wujud prahu |groundbreaking = |year_completed = [[1970]] |construction_cost = |capacity = 4.424 orang |dome_quantity = |dome_height_outer = |dome_dia_outer = |minaret_quantity = |minaret_height = }} '''Masjid Agung Sunda Kelapa''' iku salah siji [[masjid]] sing dumunung ing Dalan Taman Sunda Kelapa Nomer 16, [[Menteng]], [[Jakarta Pusat]], [[DKI Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]. == Sajarah == [[Masjid]] iki dibangun saka prakarsa Ir. Gustaf Abbas ing taun [[1960]]-an, desain interior lan èksterior [[masjid]] iki kebak simbol-simbol flèksibel, ora kaku nganggo simbol [[Wétan Tengah]] sing kerep dadi rega mati tumrap arsitèktur masjid. Abbas iku arsitèk lulusan [[Insitut Teknologi Bandung]] [[ITB]], sing ngrombak arsitèktur [[masjid]] sing umum ing tanah air. Karyané uga bisa dirasakaké ing [[Masjid Salman]] ing Dalan Ganesha, [[Bandhung]]. {{commons|Agung Sunda Kelapa Mosque}} {{Masjid ing Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Masjid ing Indonésia|Sunda Kelapa]] {{Masjid-stub}} sk5b3h2138pb1swucs76u2wzdx6ejjz 0 76886 1751997 1743699 2026-07-31T15:32:41Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751997 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" align="right" cellpadding="2" style="margin-left:1em" width=300 |- ! bgcolor=gray | '''''Atom hèliyum''''' |- | align="center" | [[Gambar:Helium atom QM DE.svg|300px|right|Helium atom ground state.]] |- | style="font-size: smaller; text-align: justify;" |Ilustrasi atom [[hèliyum]] kang nuduhaké [[inti atom]] (abang nom) lan distribusi [[awan èlèktron]] (ireng). Inti atom (tengen ndhuwur) awangun simètris bunder, kanggo inti atom kang luwih rumit ora tansah kaya mangkono. |- ! bgcolor=gray | Klasifikasi |- | {| align="center" |- | Ékan paling cilik [[unsur kimia]] |} |- ! bgcolor=gray | Sipat-sipat |- | {| align="center" |- | [[Massa atom|Kisaran massa]]: || 1,67{{Esp|−27}} nganti tekan 4,52{{Esp|−25}}&nbsp;[[kg]] |- | [[Muatan listrik]]: || nol (nétral) utawa momotan [[ion]] |- | Kisaran [[diameter]]: || 62&nbsp;[[Pikometer|pm]] ([[Hèliyum|He]]) nganti tekan 520&nbsp;pm ([[Sésium|Cs]]) |- | [[Partikel subatom|Komponèn]]: || [[Èlèktron]] lan [[inti atom]] kang dumadi saka [[proton]] lan [[neutron]] |} |} '''Atom''' ya iku ékan dhasar [[matèri]], kang kasusun saka [[inti atom]] lan uga [[èlèktron]] minangka momotan négatif kang ngubengi.<ref name="buku1">{{cite book | last=Gangopadhyaya | first=Mrinalkanti | title=Indian Atomism: History and Sources | publisher=Humanities Press | year=1981 | location=Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey | isbn=0-391-02177-X | oclc=10916778 }}</ref> Inti atom kasusun saka [[proton]] kang muatané [[positif]], lan [[neutron]] kang muatané nétral.<ref name="buku1"/> Èlèktron-èlèktron kang ana ing siji atom kajiret ana ing inti atom déning [[gaya èlèktromagnètik]].<ref name="buku1"/> Sakumpulan atom iku bisa gegandhéngan siji klawan liyané lan minangka siji [[molekul]].<ref name="buku1"/> Atom kang ana kandhutané [[proton]] lan [[èlèktron]] kang padha sipaté nétral, déné kang duwé kandhutan [[proton]] lan [[èlèktron]] kang béda sipat positif utawa négatif lan dijenengi [[ion]].<ref name="buku1"/> Atom diklompokaké miturut gunggung proton lan neutron kang ana ing inti atom iku.<ref name="buku1"/> Gunggung proton ana ing atom nentokaké [[unsur kimia]] atom iku, lan jumlah [[neutron]] nentukaké [[isotop]] unsur iku. <ref name="buku1"/> Istilah atom asalé saka [[Basa Yunani]] (ἄτομος/átomos, α-τεμνω), kang tegesé ora bisa ditugel utawa ora bisa dibagi-bagi.<ref name="unesa hhmamsotu3"/> Konsèp atom dadi komponèn kang ora bisa dibagi-bagi manèh pisanan diajokaké déning filsuf [[India]] lan [[Yunani]].<ref name="unesa hhmamsotu3"/> Ana ing [[abad kaping 17]] lan [[abad kaping 18|kaping 18]], para [[kimiawan]] nentokaké dhasar-dhasar pamikiran iki kanthi nuduhaké siji dat-dat kang ora bisa dibagi-bagi manèh nganggo métodhe-métodhe kimia.<ref name="unesa hhmamsotu3"/> Nganti tekan pungkasaning [[abad kaping 19]] lan wiwitan [[abad kaping 20]], para [[fisikawan]] bisa nemu struktur lan komponèn-komponèn subatom ana ing sajeroné atom, iki mbuktèkaké yèn atom dudu ora bisa dibagi manèh.<ref name="unesa hhmamsotu3"/> Prinsip-prinsip [[mékanika kuantum]] kang digunakaké para fisikawan banjur bisa gawé modhèl atom.<ref name="unesa hhmamsotu3">{{cite web | first=Hans | last=Haubold | author2=Mathai, A. M. | year=1998 | url=http://www.columbia.edu/~ah297/unesa/universe/universe-chapter3.html | title=Microcosmos: From Leucippus to Yukawa | work=Structure of the Universe | publisher=Common Sense Science | accessdate=2008-01-17 | archive-date=2008-10-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001172401/http://www.columbia.edu/~ah297/unesa/universe/universe-chapter3.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sajarah == {{main|Téyori atom|Atomisme}} Konsèp yèn matèri kapérang saka ékan-ékan kapisah kang ora bisa dibagi manèh dadi ékan kang luwih cilik wis ana suwéné sak[[milenium]]. Nanging, pamikiran mau isih asifat abstrak lan filosofis, tinimbang dhedhasar pangamatan [[èmpiris]] lan [[èkspèrimèn]]. Sacara filosofis, dhèskripsi sipat-sipat atom manéka variasi gumantung ing budaya lan ilènan filosofi mau, lan asring uga ngandhung unsur-unsur spiritual ing njeroné. Sanajan mangkono, pamikiran dhasar ngenani atom bisa ditampa déning para èlmuwan èwonan taun sabanjuré, amarga dhèwèké kanthi èlegan bisa njelasaké panemon-panemon anyar ing babagan kimia.<ref name=Ponomarev>Ponomarev (1993:14-15).</ref> Rujukan paling awal ngenani konsèp atom bisa ditilik manèh ing jaman [[Sajarah India|India kuna]] nalika taun 800 sadurungé masèhi,<ref name="isbn0415179955">{{cite book | title = Dictionary of World Philosophy | author = A. Pablo Iannone | isbn = 0-415-17995-5 | edition = | year = | page = 62 | publisher = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=7wBmBO3vpE4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+world+philosophy&hl=id&cd=1#v=onepage&q=The%20earliest%20version%20of%20atomism%20can%20be%20found%20in%20Jainism&f=false | accessdate = 2010-06-09 }}</ref> kang dijelasaké sajeroning naskah filsafat [[Jainisme]] minangka ''anu'' lan ''paramanu''.<ref name="isbn0415179955" /><ref>{{cite book | title = A comparative history of ideas | author = Hajime Nakamura | isbn = 9788120810044 | edition = | year = 1992 | page = 145 | publisher = Shri Jainendra Press | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Gpulmza7BBYC&pg=PA145&dq=atomism+Indian&as_brr=3&hl=id&cd=4#v=onepage&q=atomism%20Indian&f=false | accessdate = 2010-06-09 }}</ref> Ilènan madahab [[Nyaya]] lan [[Vaisesika]] ngembangaké téyori kang njelasaké kepriyé atom-atom nggabung dadi bandha-bandha kang luwih komplèks.<ref>{{cite book | title = A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant | author = Ben-Ami Scharfstein | isbn = 0-7914-3683-7 | edition = | year = 1998 | page = 189 | publisher = State University of New York Press | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&lpg=PA189&dq=Vaisheshika%20atom%20anu%20paramanu&hl=id&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q=Vaisheshika%20atom%20anu%20paramanu&f=false | accessdate = 2010-06-09 }}</ref> Saabad sabanjuré mijil rujukan ngenani atom ing donya Kulon déning [[Leukippos]], kang sabanjuré déning muridé [[Demokritos]] pandhangan mau disistematisaké. Kira-kira nalika taun 450&nbsp;SM, Demokritos nyiptakaké istilah ''átomos'' ({{lang-el|ἄτομος}}), kang ateges "ora bisa ditugel" utawa uga "ora bisa dibagi-bagi manèh". Téyori Demokritos ngenani atom dudu usaha kanggo njlèntrèhaké siji fénoména fisis kanthi rinci, nanging siji filosofi kang nyoba kanggo mènèhi jawaban marang owah-owahan kang dumadi ing alam.<ref name="unesa hhmamsotu3" /> Filosofi sarupa uga dumadi ing India, sanajan mangkono ngèlmu pangetauan modhèren mutusaké kanggo migunakaké istilah "atom" kang dicetusaké déning Demokritos.<ref name=Ponomarev/> Kamajuan luwih adoh ing pamahaman babagan atom diwiwiti kanthi ngrembakané ngèlmu [[kimia]]. Nalika taun 1661, [[Robert Boyle]] mublikasikaké buku ''[[The Sceptical Chymist]]'' kang duwé argumèn yèn matèri-matèri ing donya iki kapérang saka manéka kombinasi ''"corpuscules"'', ya iku atom-atom kang béda. Iki béda karo pandelengan klasik kang duwé pendhapat yèn matèri kapérang saka unsur-unsur udara, lemah, geni, lan banyu.<ref>Siegfried (2002:42–55).</ref> Nalika taun 1789, istilah ''element'' (''unsur'') didhéfinisikaké déning siji bangsawan lan panliti Prancis, [[Antoine Lavoisier]], minangka bahan dhasar kang ora bisa dibagi-bagi luwih adoh manèh kanthi migunakaké métodhe-métodhe kimia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/EA/LAVPREFann.HTML | title=Lavoisier's Elements of Chemistry | work=Elements and Atoms | publisher=Le Moyne College, Department of Chemistry | accessdate=2007-12-18 }}</ref> [[Gambar:A New System of Chemical Philosophy fp.jpg|right|thumb|Manéka atom lan molekul kang digambaraké ing buku [[John Dalton]], ''A New System of Chemical Philosophy'' (1808).]] Nalika taun 1803, [[John Dalton]] migunakaké konsèp atom kanggo njlèntrèhaké ngapa unsur-unsur mesthi silih réaksi sajeroning pabandhingan kang bulat lan tetep, sarta ngapa gas-gas tinentu luwih larut sajeroning banyu dibandhingaké karo gas-gas liyané. Dhèwèké ngajokaké pendhapat yèn saben unsur ngandhut atom-atom tunggal unik, lan atom-atom mau sabanjuré bisa rumaket kanggo minangka senyawa-senyawa kimia.<ref>Wurtz (1881:1–2).</ref><ref>Dalton (1808).</ref> Téyori partikel iki banjur dikonfirmasikaké luwih adoh manèh nalika taun 1827, ya iku nalika [[botani]]wan [[Robert Brown]] migunakaké [[mikroskop]] kanggo ngamati lebu-lebu kang ngambang ing sandhuwuré banyu lan nemu yèn lebu-lebu mau obah kanthi acak. Fénoména iki banjur ditepungi minangka "[[Gerak Brown]]". Nalika taun 1877, J. Désaulx ngajokaké pendhapat yèn fénoména iki disebabaké déning obahan tèrmal molekul banyu, lan nalika taun 1905 [[Albert Einstein]] gawé analisis matématika tumrap obah iki.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Einstein | first=Albert | title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen | journal=Annalen der Physik | year=1905 | volume=322 | issue=8 | pages=549–560 | language=German | url=http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/papers/1905_17_549-560.pdf | format=PDF | doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806 | accessdate=2007-02-04 | archive-date=2006-03-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318060724/http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/papers/1905_17_549-560.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Mazo (2002:1–7).</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Lee | first=Y. K. | author2=Hoon, Kelvin | year=1995 | url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html | title=Brownian Motion | publisher=Imperial College, London | accessdate=2007-12-18 | archive-date=2007-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218061408/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Fisikawan Prancis [[Jean Perrin]] banjur migunakaké asil makarya Einstein kanggo nemtokaké massa lan dhimènsi atom kanthi èkspèrimèn, kang banjur kanthi pesthi dadi vèrifikasi tumrap téyori atom Dalton.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Patterson | first=Gary | title=Jean Perrin and the triumph of the atomic doctrine | journal=Endeavour | year=2007 | volume=31 | issue=2 | pages=50–53 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17602746 | accessdate=2008-11-07 | doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.05.003 }}</ref> Adhedhasar asil panalitèné marang [[sinar katode]], nalika taun 1897 [[J. J. Thomson]] nemu èlèktron lan sipat-sipat subatomiké. Iki ngruntuhaké konsèp atom minangka ékan kang ora bisa dibagi-bagi manèh.<ref name="nobel1096">{{cite web | author=The Nobel Foundation | year=1906 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html | title=J.J. Thomson | publisher=Nobelprize.org | accessdate=2007-12-20 }}</ref> Thomson percaya yèn èlèktron-èlèktron kadhistribusi kanthi rata ing saindhenging atom, lan momotan-muatané diseimbangaké déning anané lautan momotan positif ([[modhèl pudhing prem]]). Nanging nalika taun 1909, para panliti ing sangisoré arahan [[Ernest Rutherford]] némbakaké ion hélium menyang lembaran tipis emas, lan nemu yèn sapérangan cilik ion mau dipantulaké kanthi pojok pantulan kang luwih lancip saka apa kang diprédhiksikaké déning téyori Thomson. Rutherford banjur ngajokaké pendhapat yèn momotan positif siji atom lan akèh-akèhé massané kakonsèntrasi ing inti atom, kanthi èlèktron kang ngupengi inti atom kaya déné planit ngupengi srengéngé. Muatan positif ion hélium kang ngliwati inti padhet iki kudu dipantulaké kanthi pojok pantulan kang luwih lancip. Nalika taun 1913, nalika lagi èkspèrimèn kanthi asil prosès [[paluruhan radhioaktif]], [[Frederick Soddy]] nemu yèn ana punjul sakjinis atom ing saben posisi tabèl périodhik.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html | title=Frederick Soddy, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 | publisher=Nobel Foundation | accessdate=2008-01-18 }}</ref> Istilah [[isotop]] banjur diciptakaké déning [[Margaret Todd]] minangka jeneng kang trep kanggo atom-atom kang béda nanging wujud siji unsur kang padha. J.J. Thomson sabanjuré nemu tèhnik kanggo misahaké jinis-jinis atom mau lumantar asil kerjané ing gas kang kaionisasi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Thomson | first=Joseph John | title=Rays of positive electricity | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society | year=1913 | volume=A 89 | pages=1–20 | url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html | accessdate=2007-01-18 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Bohr Model.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Modhèl atom Bohr|Modhèl atom hidrogen Bohr]] kang nudhaké lumpatan èlèktron antarané orbit-orbit tetep lan mancaraké ènèrgi [[foton]] kanthi frékuènsi tinentu.]] Sauntara iku, nalika taun 1913 fisikawan [[Niels Bohr]] nglakokaké kajian ulang modhèl atom Rutherford lan ngajokaké pendhapat yèn èlèktron-èlèktron ana ing orbit-orbit kang kakuantisasi sarta bisa mlumpat saka siji orbit menyang orbit liyané, sanajan mangkono ora bisa kanthi bébas muter spiral lumebu utawa metu sajeroning kaanan transisi.<ref>{{cite web | last=Stern | first=David P. | date=May 16, 2005 | url=http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm | title=The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Modhèl of the Atom | publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | accessdate=2007-12-20 | archive-date=2007-08-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820084047/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Sawijining èlèktron kudu nyerep utawa uga mancaraké sapérangan ènèrgi tinentu kanggo bisa nglakokaké transisi antarané orbit-orbit kang tetep iki. Yèn [[cahya]] saka matèri kang dipanasaké mancar lumantar prisma, dhèèwèké ngasilaké siji [[spèktrum]] multiwerna. Paningalan garis-garis spèktrum tinentu iki kasil dijlèntrèhaké déning téyori transisi orbital iki.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bohr | first=Niels | date=December 11, 1922 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-lecture.html | title=Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Nobel Lecture | publisher=The Nobel Foundation | accessdate=2008-02-16 }}</ref> Banjur ing taun 1916, [[roncèn kimia]] antar atom dijlèntrèhaké déning [[Gilbert Newton Lewis]] minangka interaksi antarané èlèktron-èlèktron atom mau.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lewis | first=Gilbert N. | title=The Atom and the Molecule | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | year=1916 | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=762–786 | doi=10.1021/ja02261a002 }}</ref> Amarga ana tematané sipat-sipat kimiawi sajeroning tabèl périodhe kimia,<ref>{{cite book | first=Eric R. | last=Scerri | year=2007 | title=The Periodic Table | pages=205–226 | publisher=Oxford University Press US | isbn=0195305736 }}</ref> kimiawan Amérika [[Irving Langmuir]] taun 1919 duwé pendhapat yèn iki bisa dijlèntrèhaké yèn èlèktron-èlèktron ing siji atom silih gegandhèngan utawa kumpul sajeroning wangun-wangun tinentu. Saklompok èlèktron diprakirakaké nglungguhi saksèt [[kelopak èlèktron]] ing saubengé inti atom. [[Panjanjalan Stern-Gerlach]] nalika taun 1922 mènèhaké bukti luwih adoh babagan sipat-sipat kuantum atom. Nalika sakberkas atom pérak ditembakaké lumantar médhan magnèt, berkas mau kapisah-pisah selaras karo arah momèntum pojok atom (''spin''). Amarga arah spin iku acak, berkas iki diarepaké nyebar dadi sakgaris. Nanging ing kasunyatané berkas iki kapérang dadi rong pérangan, gumantung saka apa spin atom mau duwé orièntasi munggah utawa uga mudhun.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Scully | first=Marlan O. | author2=Lamb Jr., Willis E.; Barut, Asim | title=On the theory of the Stern-Gerlach apparatus | journal=Foundations of Physics | year=1987 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=575–583 | doi=10.1007/BF01882788 }}</ref> Nalika taun 1926, kanthi migunakaké pamikiran [[Louis de Broglie]] yèn partikel kanthi prilaku kaya déné gelombang, Erwin Schrödinger ngrembakakaké siji modhèl atom matématis kang nggambaraké èlèktron minangka [[gelombang]] telung dhimènsi tinimbang minangka titik-titik partikel. Konsekuènsi panggunakan wangun gelombang kanggo njlèntrèhaké èlèktron iki ya iku yèn ora mungkin kanggo kanthi matématis ngétung [[posisi]] lan [[momèntum]] partikel kanthi bebarengan. Iki banjur ditepungi minangka [[prinsip kaoramesthinan]], kang dirumusaké déning [[Werner Heisenberg]] nalika taun 1926. Miturut konsèp iki, kanggo saben pangukuran siji posisi, siji wong mung bisa éntuk kisaran pangaji-pangaji probabilitas momèntum, mangkono uga suwaliké. Sanajan modhèl iki angèl kanggo divisualisasikaké, dhèwèké bisa kanthi becik njlèntrèhaké sipat-sipat atom kang kadeleng kang sadurungé ora bisa dijlèntrèhaké déning téyori ngendi waé. Mula, modhèl atom kang nggambaraké èlèktron ngupengi inti atom kaya déné planit ngupengi srengéngé diguguraké lan digantèkaké déning modhèl [[orbital atom]] ing saubengé inti ing ngendi èlèktron paling mungkin ana.<ref>{{cite web | last=Brown | first=Kevin | year=2007 | url=http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath538/kmath538.htm | title=The Hydrogen Atom | publisher=MathPages | accessdate=2007-12-21 | archive-date=2022-11-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120050221/https://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath538/kmath538.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Harrison | first=David M. | year=2000 | url=http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html | title=The Development of Quantum Mechanics | publisher=University of Toronto | accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Mass Spectrometer Schematic.svg|right|thumb|280px|Dhiagram skéma spètromèter massa prasaja.]] Perkembangan ing [[spèktromètri massa]] ngidinaké dilakokaké pangukuran massa atom kanthi pas. Piranti spèktromèter iki migunakaké magnèt kanggo mbélokaké trayèktori berkas ion, lan akèhé deflèksi ditemtokaké kanthi rasio massa atom tumrap muatané. Kimiawan [[Francis William Aston]] migunakaké piranti iki kanggo nuduhaké yèn isotop duwé massa kang béda. Prabédan massa antar isotop iki wujud wilangan bulat, lan dhèwèké ingaran minangka [[kaidah wilangan bulat]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=The constitution of atmospheric neon | journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] | year=1920 | first=Francis W. | last=Aston | volume=39 | issue=6 | pages=449–55 }}</ref> Panjlèntrèhan ing prabédan massa isotop iki kasil dipecahaké sawisé tinemu [[neutron]], siji partikel mawa momotan nétral kanthi massa kang mèh padha karo [[proton]], ya iku déning [[James Chadwick]] nalika taun 1932. Isotop banjur dijlèntrèhaké minangka unsur kanthi gunggung proton kang padha, nanging duwé gunggung neutron kang béda sajeroning inti atom.<ref>{{cite web | last=Chadwick | first=James | date=December 12, 1935 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-lecture.html | title=Nobel Lecture: The Neutron and Its Properties | publisher=Nobel Foundation | accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> Nalika taun 1950-an, ngrembakané [[panyepet partikel]] lan [[dhetèktor partikel]] ngidinaké para èlmuwan nyinaoni dhampak-dhampak saka atom kang obah kanthi ènèrgi kang dhuwur.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kullander | first=Sven | date=August 28, 2001 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/kullander/ | title=Accelerators and Nobel Laureates | publisher=The Nobel Foundation | accessdate=2008-01-31 }}</ref> Neutron lan proton banjur dikawruhi minangka [[hadron]], ya iku komposit partikel-partikel cilik kang ingaran minangka [[kuark]]. Modhèl-modhèl standhar fisika nuklir banjur dikembangaké kanggo njelasaké sipat-sipat inti atom sajeroning babagan interaksi partikel subatom iki.<ref>{{cite web | author=Staff | date=October 17, 1990 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/press.html | title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 | publisher=The Nobel Foundation | accessdate=2008-01-31 }}</ref> Watara taun 1985, [[Steven Chu]] sarèncang ing [[Bell Labs]] ngrembakakaké siji tèhnik kanggo ngedhunaké tèmperatur atom migunakaké [[laser]]. Ing taun kang padha, saklompok èlmuwan kang diketuwai déning [[William Daniel Phillips|William D. Phillips]] kasil nyekel atom natrium sajeroning [[prangkap magnèt]]. [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]] banjur nggabungaké kaloro tèhnik mau kanggo ngedhemaké sapérangan cilik atom nganti sapérangan [[Kelvin|mikrokelvin]]. Iki ngidinaké èlmuwan nyinaoni atom kanthi présisi kang dhuwur banget, kang ing tembé wuri nggawa para èlmuwan nemu [[kondhènsasi Bose-Einstein]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Staff | date=October 15, 1997 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/ | title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 | publisher=Nobel Foundation | accessdate=2008-02-10 }}</ref> Ing sajarahé, siji atom tunggal cilik banget kanggo dipigunakaké sajeroning aplikasi èlmiah. Nanging saiki, manéka piranti kang migunakaké siji atom tunggal logam kang digandhèngaké karo [[ligan]]-ligan organik ([[transistor èlèktron tunggal]]) wis digawé.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Park, Jiwoong | display-authors = etal | journal = Nature | year = 2002 | volume = 417 | issue = 6890 | pages=722–25 | title = Coulomb blockade and the Kondo effect in single-atom transistors | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.417..722P | doi=10.1038/nature00791 | accessdate=2008-01-03 }}</ref> Manéka panlitèn wis dilakokaké kanggo mrangkap lan ngalonaké laju atom migunakaké [[pangadheman laser]] kanggo ngéntukaké pamahaman kang luwih becik ngenani sipat-sipat atom.<ref>{{cite journal | first=P. | last=Domokos | author2=Janszky, J.; Adam, P. | title=Single-atom interference method for generating Fock states | journal=Physical Review a | volume=50 | pages=3340–44 | year=1994 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.50.3340 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhRvA..50.3340D | accessdate=2008-01-03 }}</ref> == Komponèn-komponèn atom == === Partikel subatom === {{Main|Partikel subatom}} Sanajan wiwitané tembung ''atom'' tegesé siji partikel kang ora bisa ditugel-tugel manèh dadi partikel kang luwih cilik, sajeroning tèrminologi ngèlmu kawruh modhèren, atom kasusun saka manéka [[partikel subatom]]. Partikel-partikel panyusun atom iki ya iku [[èlèktron]], [[proton]], lan [[neutron]]. Nanging [[hidrogen|hidrogen-1]] ora duwé neutron. Mangkono uga ing [[ion hidrogen]] positif H⁺. Saka kabèh partikel subatom iki, èlèktron iku kang paling ènthèng, kanthi massa èlèktron 9,11{{Esp|−31}}&nbsp;kg lan duwé momotan négatif. Ukuran èlèktron cilik banget mula durung ana tèhnik pangukuran kang bisa dipigunakaké kanggo ngukur ukurané.<ref>Demtröder (2002:39–42).</ref> Proton duwé momotan positif lan massa kaping 1.836 luwih abot tinambang èlèktron (1,6726{{Esp|−27}}&nbsp;kg). Neutron ora duwé momotan listrik lan massa bébasé kaping 1.839 massa èlèktron<ref>Woan (2000:8).</ref> atau (1,6929{{Esp|−27}}&nbsp;kg). Sajeroning modhèl standhar fisika, proton lan neutron kapérang saka [[partikel èlemèntèr]] kang ingaran [[kuark]]. Kuark kalebu sajeroning golongan partikel [[fermion]] lan wujud salah siji saka rong bahan panyusun matèri dhasar (kang liyané ya iku [[lepton]]). Ana enem jinis kuark lan saben kuark mau duwé momotan listrik fraksional +2/3 utawa uga −1/3. Proton kapérang saka rong [[kuark|kuark munggah]] lan siji [[kuark|kuark mudhun]], nalika neutron kapérang saka siji kuark munggah lan loro kuark mudhun. Prabédan komposisi kuark iki mangaruhi prabédan massa lan momotan antarané kaloro partikel mau. Kuark rinoncé bebarengan déning [[gaya nuklir kuwat]] kang diprantarani déning [[gluon]]. Gluon iku anggota saka [[boson tolok]] kang wujud prantara gaya-gaya fisika.<ref>{{cite web | author=Particle Data Group | year=2002 | url=http://www.particleadventure.org/ | title=The Particle Adventure | publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory | accessdate=2007-01-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=James | last=Schombert | date=April 18, 2006 | url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html | title=Elementary Particles | publisher=University of Oregon | accessdate=2007-01-03 | archive-date=2011-08-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830212645/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Inti atom === {{Main|Inti atom}} [[Gambar:Binding energy curve - common isotopes.svg|thumb|350px|[[Ènèrgi pangiketan]] kang dibutuhaké déning nukleon kanggo lolos saka inti ing manéka isotop.]]<!-- A brief explanation is provided here because 'binding energy' is not explained until the end of the setion. --> Inti atom kapérang saka proton lan neutron kang karoncé bebarengan ing punjer atom. Sacara kolèktif, proton lan neutron mau diarani [[nukleon]] (partikel panyusun inti). Dhiamèter inti atom watara 10⁻¹⁵ tekan 10⁻¹⁴m.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |title= Basic Knowledge of Radiation and Radioisotopes (Scientific Basis, Safe Handling of Radioisotopes and Radiation Protection) |year= 2005 |publisher= Japan Radioisotope Association |location= |id= ISBN 4-89073-170-9 C2040 }}</ref> Driji-driji inti diprakirakaké padha karo <math>\begin{smallmatrix}1,07 \sqrt[3]{A}\end{smallmatrix}</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;[[femtometer|fm]], kanthi ''A'' iku gunggung nukleon.<ref>Jevremovic (2005:63).</ref> Iki cilik banget dibandhingaké karo driji-driji atom. Nukleon-nukleon mau karoncé bebarengan déning gaya silih tarik potènsial kang ingaran [[gaya kuwat résidual]]. Ing let luwih cilik saka 2,5 fm, gaya iki luwih kuwat saka [[gaya èlèktrostatik]] kang njalari proton silih tolak.<ref name=pfeffer>Pfeffer (2000:330–336).</ref> Atom saka [[unsur kimia]] kang padha duwé gunggung proton kang padha, ingaran [[nomer atom]]. Sawijining unsur bisa duwé gunggung neutron kang manéka variasiné. Variasi iki ingaran minangka [[isotop]]. Gunggung proton lan neutron siji atom bakal nemtokaké [[nuklida]] atom mau, éwadéné gunggung neutron rélatif marang gunggung proton bakal nemtokaké stabilitas inti atom, kanthi isotop unsur tinentu bakal nglakokaké [[paluruhan radhioaktif]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Wenner | first=Jennifer M. | date=October 10, 2007 | url=http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html | title=How Does Radioactive Decay Work? | publisher=Carleton College | accessdate=2008-01-09 }}</ref> Neutron lan proton iku rong jinis [[fermion]] kang béda. [[Asas pangecualian Pauli]] nglarang anané fermion kang ''idhèntik'' (kaya déné umpamané proton gandha) nglungguhi siji kaanan fisik kuantum kang padha ing wektu kang padha. Mula saka iku, saben proton sajeroning inti atom kuduné nglungguhi kaanan kuantum kang béda karo aras ènèrginé dhéwé-dhéwé. Asas Pauli iki uga lumaku kanggo neutron. Palarangan iki ora lumaku kanggo proton lan neutron kang nglungguhi kaanan kuantum kang padha.<ref name="raymond"/> Kanggo atom kanthi nomer atom kang cendhèk, inti atom kang duwé gunggung proton luwih akèh saka neutron duwé potènsi tiba menyang kaanan ènèrgi kang luwih cendhèk lumantar paluruhan radhioaktif kang njalari gunggung proton lan neutron imbang. Mula saka iku, atom kanthi gunggung proton lan neutron kang imbang luwih stabil lan ora bakal ngluruh. Nanging, kanthi ningkaté nomer atom, gaya silih tulak antar proton agawé inti atom mbutuhaké proporsi neutron kang luwih dhuwur manèh kanggo njaga stabilitasé. Ing inti kang paling abot, rasio neutron per proton kang diperlokaké kanggo njaga stabilitasé bakal mundhak dadi 1,5.<ref name="raymond"/> [[Gambar:Wpdms physics proton proton chain 1.svg|right|thumb|200px|Gambaran prosès fusi nuklir kang ngasilaké inti deuterium (kapérang saka siji proton lan siji neutron). Sawijining [[positron]] (e⁺) dipancaraké bebarengan karo [[neutrino]] èlèktron.]] Gunggung proton lan neutron ing inti atom bisa diowahi, sanajan iki merlokaké ènèrgi kang dhuwur banget amarga gaya atraksiné kang kuwat. [[Fusi nuklir]] dumadi nalika akèh partikel atom padha nggabung minangka inti kang luwih abot. Minangka conto, ing inti Srengéngé, proton merlokaké ènèrgi watara 3–10 keV kanggo ngatasi gaya silih tulak antar pepadhané lan nggabung dadi sakinti.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mihos | first=Chris | date=July 23, 2002 | url=http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/StarPhys/coulomb.html | title=Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier | publisher=Case Western Reserve University | accessdate=2008-02-13 | archive-date=2006-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912013620/http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/StarPhys/coulomb.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fisi nuklir]] wujud walikan saka prosès fusi. Ing fisi nuklir, inti dipecah dadi rong inti kang luwih cilik. Iki lumrahé dumadi lumantar paluruhan radhioaktif. Inti atom uga bisa diowahi lumantar panémbakan partikel subatom kanthi ènèrgi dhuwur. Yèn iki ngowahi gunggung proton sajeroning inti, atom mau bakal malih unsuré.<ref>{{cite web | author=Staff | date=March 30, 2007 | url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html | title=ABC's of Nuclear Science | publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory | accessdate=2007-01-03 | archive-date=2006-12-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205215708/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Arjun | last=Makhijani | author2=Saleska, Scott | date=March 2, 2001 | url=http://www.ieer.org/reports/n-basics.html | title=Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission | publisher=Institute for Energy and Environmental Research | accessdate=2007-01-03 }}</ref> Yèn massa inti sawisé dumadiné réaksi fusi luwih cilik tinimbang gunggung massa partikel awal panyusuné, mula prabédan iki disebabaké déning pangeculan pancaran ènèrgi (umpamané [[sinar gamma]]), kaya déné kang tinemu ing rumus [[E=mc²|kasetaran massa-ènèrgi]] [[Einstein]], ''E''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''mc''², kanthi ''m'' iku massa kang ilang lan ''c'' iku [[karikatan cahya]]. Dhéfisit iki wujud péranganing [[ènèrgi pangiketan]] inti kang anyar.<ref>Shultis ''et al.'' (2002:72–6).</ref> Fusi rong inti kang ngasilaké inti kang luwih gedhé kanthi nomer atom luwih cendhèk tinimbang [[wesi]] lan [[nikel]] (gunggung total nukleon padha karo 60) lumrahé asifat [[èksotèrmik]], kang tegesé yèn prosès iki ngeculaké ènèrgi.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fewell | first = M. P. | title=The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy | journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] | year=1995 | volume=63 | issue=7 | pages=653–58 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AmJPh..63..653F | accessdate = 2007-02-01 | doi=10.1119/1.17828 }}</ref> Prosès pangeculan ènèrgi iki kang agawé fusi nuklir ing [[lintang]] bisa dipertahanaké. Kanggo inti kang luwih abot, ènèrgi pangiketan per [[nukleon]] sajeroning inti wiwit tansaya medhun. Iki ateges yèn prosès fusi bakal asifat [[èndotèrmik]].<ref name="raymond">{{cite web | last=Raymond | first=David | date=April 7, 2006 | url=http://physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html | title=Nuclear Binding Energies | publisher=New Mexico Tech | accessdate=2007-01-03 | archive-date=2002-12-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021201030437/http://physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Méga èlèktron === {{Main|Orbital atom|Konfigurasi èlèktron}} [[Gambar:Potential energy well.svg|200px|right|thumb|Sumur potènsial kang nuduhaké ènèrgi minimum ''V''(''x'') kang diperlokaké kanggo nggayuh saben posisi ''x''. Sawijining partikel kanthi ènèrgi ''E'' diwatesi ing kisaran posisi antara ''x''₁ lan ''x''₂.]] Èlèktron sajeroning siji atom ditarik déning proton sajeroning inti atom lumantar [[gaya èlèktromagnètik]]. Gaya iki ngiket èlèktron sajeroning sumur potènsi èlèktrostatik ing saubengé inti. Iki duwé teges yèn ènèrgi njaba diperlokaké supaya èlèktron bisa lolos saka atom. Saya cerak siji èlèktron menyang njero inti, saya gedhé gaya atraksiné, saéngga èlèktron kang ana cerak karo punjer sumur potènsi mbutuhaké ènèrgi kang luwih gedhé kanggo lolos. Èlèktron, padha karo partikel liyané, duwé sipat kaya déné partikel uga kaya déné gelombang (dualisme gelombang-partikel). Méga èlèktron iku siji tlatah sajeroning sumur potènsi ing ngendi saben èlèktron ngasilaké sajinis gelombang meneng (ya iku gelombang kang ora obah rélatif marang inti) telung dhimènsi. Prilaku iki ditemtokaké déning [[orbital atom]], ya iku siji fungsi matématika kang ngétung probabilitas siji èlèktron bakal mijil ing siji lokasi tinentu nalika posisiné diukur.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mulliken | first=Robert S. | title=Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding |journal=[[Science]] | year=1967 | volume=157 | issue=3784 | pages=13–24 | doi=10.1126/science.157.3784.13 | pmid=5338306 }}</ref> Mung bakal ana siji hmpunan orbital tinentu kang ana ing saubengé inti, amarga pola-pola gelombang liyané bakal kanthi rikat ngluruh dadi wangun kang luwih stabil.<ref name=Brucat>{{cite web | last=Brucat | first=Philip J. | year=2008 | url=http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html | title=The Quantum Atom | publisher=University of Florida | accessdate=2007-01-04 | archive-date=2006-12-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207032136/http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Gambar:S-p-Orbitals.svg|right|250px|thumb|Fungsi gelombang saka limang orbital atom pisanan. Telu orbital 2p ngatonaké siji babagan simpul.]] Saben orbital atom siluh korèspondhèn marang [[aras ènèrgi]] èlèktron tinentu. Èlèktron bisa malih kahanané menyang aras ènèrgi kang luwih dhuwur kanthi nyerep siji [[foton]]. Saliyané bisa munggah nuju aras ènèrgi kang luwih dhuwur, siji èlèktron bisa uga medhun menyang kaanan ènèrgi kang luwih cendhèk kanthi mancaraké ènèrgi kang turah minangka foton.<ref name=Brucat/> Ènèrgi kang diperlokaké kanggo ngeculaké utawa uga nambah siji èlèktron (ènèrgi pangiketan èlèktron) iku luwih cilik tinimbang ènèrgi pangiketan nukleon. Minangka contoné, mung diperlokaké 13,6&nbsp;eV kanggo ngeculaké èlèktron saka atom hidrogen.<ref>{{cite web | last=Herter | first=Terry | year=2006 | url=http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro101/herter/lectures/lec08.htm | title=Lecture 8: The Hydrogen Atom | publisher=Cornell University | accessdate=2008-02-14 }}</ref> Bandhingna karo ènèrgi kang gedhéné 2,3&nbsp;MeV kang diperlokaké kanggo mecah inti [[deuterium]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bell | first=R. E. | author2=Elliott, L. G. | title=Gamma-Rays from the Reaction H¹(n,γ)D² and the Binding Energy of the Deuteron |journal=[[Physical Review]] | year=1950 | volume=79 | issue=2 | pages=282–285 | doi=10.1103/PhysRev.79.282 }}</ref> Atom kanthi momotan listrik nétral amarga gunggung proton lan èlèktroné kang padha. Atom kang kakurangan utawa uga kaluwihan èlèktron ingaran minangka [[ion]]. Èlèktron kang ana ing paling njaba saka inti bisa ditransfer utawa uga dibagi menyang atom paling cerak liyané. Kanthi cara iki, atom bisa silih [[roncèn kimia|karoncé]] minangka [[molekul]].<ref>Smirnov (2003:249–72).</ref> == Sifat-sipat == === Sifat-sipat nuklir === {{Main|Isotop|Isotop stabil}} Adhedhasar dhéfinisi, rong atom kanthi gunggung ''proton'' kang idhentik ing intiné kalebu sajeroning [[unsur kimia]] kang padha. Atom kanthi gunggung proton padha nanging kanthi gunggung ''neutron'' béda iku loro isotop béda saka siji unsur kang padha. Minangka contoné, kabèh hidrogen duwé proton siji, nanging ana siji isotop hidrogen kang ora duwé neutron ([[hidrogen|hidrogen-1]]), siji isotop kang duwé siji neutron ([[deuterium]]), loro neutron ([[tritium]]), lsp. Hidrogen-1 iku wangun isotop hidrogen kang paling umum. Sok-sok dhèwèké diarani protium.<ref>{{cite web | last=Matis | first=Howard S. | date=August 9, 2000 | url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html | title=The Isotopes of Hydrogen | work=Guide to the Nuclear Wall Chart | publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab | accessdate=2007-12-21 | archive-date=2007-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218153548/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kabèh isotop unsur kang duwé nomer atom luwih gedhé saka 82 asifat radhioaktif.<ref name=sills>Sills (2003:131–134).</ref><ref name=dume>{{cite news | last=Dumé | first=Belle | date=April 23, 2003 | title=Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay | publisher=Physics World | url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319 | accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> Saka watara 339 nuklida kang kawangun kanthi alami ing [[Bumi]], 269 ing antarané durung tau kadeleng ngluruh.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lindsay | first=Don | date=July 30, 2000 | url=http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html | title=Radioactives Missing From The Earth | publisher=Don Lindsay Archive | accessdate=2007-05-23 }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ing unsur kimia, 80 saka unsur kang dikawruhi duwé siji utawa luwih [[isotop stabil]]. Unsur [[teknesium|43]], [[prometium|63]], lan kabèh unsur luwih dhuwur saka [[bismut|83]] ora duwé isotop stabil. Pitulikur unsur mung duwé siji isotop stabil, nalika gunggung isotop stabil kang paling akèh kadeleng ing unsur [[timah]] kanthi 10 jinis isotop stabil.<ref name=CRC>CRC Handbook (2002).</ref> === Massa === {{Main|Massa atom|Bobot atom}} Amarga mayoritas massa atom asalé saka proton dan neutron, gunggung sakabèhé partikel iki sajeroning atom diarani [[nomer massa]]. Massa atom ing kaanan meneng asring dièksprèsikaké migunakaké [[ékan massa atom]] (u) kang uga diarani dalton (Da). Ékan iki didhéfinisikaké minangka saprarolas massa atom [[karbon-12]] nétral, kang kira-kira gedhéné 1,66{{Esp|−27}}&nbsp;kg.<ref name=iupac/> [[Hidrogen|Hidrogen-1]] kang wujud isotop paling ènthèng hidrogen duwé bobot atom 1,007825&nbsp;u.<ref>{{cite web | last=Chieh | first=Chung | date=January 22, 2001 | url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html | title=Nuclide Stability | publisher=University of Waterloo | accessdate=2007-01-04 | archive-date=2007-08-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830110015/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Atom duwé massa kang kira-kira padha karo nomer massané dipingké ékan massa atom.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some | title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements | publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology | accessdate=2007-01-04 }}</ref> Atom stabil kang paling abot ya iku timbal-208,<ref name=sills/> kanthi massa 207,9766521&nbsp;u.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Audi | first=G. | author2=Wapstra, A. H.; Thibault C. | title=The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation (II) | journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] | year=2003 | volume=729 | pages=337–676 | url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/web/masseval.html | accessdate=2008-02-07 | doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003 | archive-date=2008-09-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916155656/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/web/masseval.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Para kimiawan lumrahé migunakaké ékan [[mol]] kanggo nyatakaké gunggung atom. Sak mol didhéfinisikaké minangka gunggung atom kang ana ing 12 gram persis karbon-12. Gunggung iki ya iku watara 6,022{{Esp|23}}, kang ditepungi uga kanthi jeneng [[tetapan Avogadro]]. Kanthi mangkono siji unsur kanthi massa atom 1 u bakal duwé sak mol atom kang massané 0,001&nbsp;kg. Minangka conto, [[Karbon]] duwé massa atom 12 u, saéngga sak mol karbon atom duwé massa 0,012&nbsp;kg.<ref name=iupac>Mills ''et al.'' (1993).</ref> === Ukuran === {{Main|Driji-driji atom}} Atom ora duwé watesan njaba kang cetha, saéngga dhimènsi atom lumrahé didhèskripsikaké minangka let antarané loro inti atom nalika loro atom silih gabung bebarengan sajeroning [[Roncèn kimia]]. Driji-driji iki manéka variasi gumantung marang jinis atom, jinis roncèn kang kalibat, gunggung atom ing saubengé, lan spin atom.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Shannon | first = R. D. | title=Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides | journal=[[Acta Crystallographica]], Section a | year=1976 | volume=32 | pages=751 | url=http://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/1976/05/00/issconts.html | accessdate=2007-01-03 | doi=10.1107/S0567739476001551 }}</ref> Ing [[tabèl périodhik]] unsur-unsur, driji-driji atom bakal ''cenderung'' mundhak sairing karo ningkaté périodhe (ndhuwur medhun). Suwaliké driji-driji atom bakal ''cenderung'' mundhak sairing karo medhuné nomer golongan (tengen mangiwa).<ref>{{cite web | last=Dong | first=Judy | year=1998 | url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml | title=Diameter of an Atom | publisher=The Physics Factbook | accessdate=2007-11-19 | archive-date=2007-11-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104160920/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mula, atom kang paling cilik iku hélium kanthi driji-driji 32&nbsp;[[Pikometer|pm]], nalika kang gedhé dhéwé iku [[sésium]] kanthi driji-driji 225&nbsp;pm.<ref>Zumdahl (2002).</ref> Dhimènsi iki maèwu-èwu luwih cilik saka gelombang [[cahya]] (400–700&nbsp;[[nanometer|nm]]), saéngga atom ora bisa dideleng migunakaké mikroskop optik biyasa. Nanging, atom bisa dideleng migunakaké [[mikroskop gaya atom]]. Ukuran atom cilik banget, semono ciliké amba sak lèr rambut bisa nampung watara 1 yuta atom karbon.<ref>{{cite web | author=Staff | year=2007 | url=http://oregonstate.edu/terra/2007winter/features/nanotech.php | title=Small Miracles: Harnessing nanotechnology | publisher=Oregon State University | accessdate=2007-01-07 }}—describes the width of a human hair as 10⁵&nbsp;nm and 10 carbon atoms as spanning 1&nbsp;nm.</ref> Saktètès banyu uga ngandhut watara 2{{Esp|21}} atom oksigèn.<ref>Padilla ''et al.'' (2002:32)—"There are 2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (that's 2&nbsp;sextillion) atoms of oxygen in one drop of water—and twice as many atoms of hydrogen."</ref> [[Intan]] sak karat kanthi massa 2{{Esp|-4}}&nbsp;kg ngandhut watara 10²² atom karbon.<ref group="catatan">Sak karat padha karo 200 miligram. Adhedhasar dhéfinisi, karbon-12 duwé 0,012 kg per mol. [[Tetapan Avogadro]] watara 6{{Esp|23}}&nbsp;atom per mol.</ref> Yèn siji apel digedhèkaké nganti saukuran gedhéné Bumi, mula atom sajeroning apel mau bakal katon gedhéné padha ukuran apel awal mau.<ref>Feynman (1995).</ref> === Paluruhan radhioaktif === {{Main|Paluruhan radhioaktif}} [[Gambar:Isotopes and half-life 1.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Dhiagram iki nuduhaké wektu paro (T_½) sapérangan isotop kanthi gunggung proton Z lan gunggung proton N (sajeroning ékan dhetik).]] Saben unsur duwé siji utawa luwih isotop kanthi inti ora stabil kang bakal ngalami paluruhan radhioaktif, njalari inti ngeculaké partikel utawa uga radhiasi èlèktromagnètik. Radhioaktivitas bisa dumadi nalika driji-driji inti gedhé banget dibandhingaké karo driji-driji gaya kuwat (mung dumadi ing let watara 1 fm).<ref name=splung>{{cite web | url=http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity | title=Radioactivity | publisher=Splung.com | accessdate=2007-12-19 }}</ref> Wangun-wangun paluruhan radhioaktif kang paling umum ya iku:<ref>L'Annunziata (2003:3–56).</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Firestone | first=Richard B. | date=May 22, 2000 | url=http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html | title=Radioactive Decay Modes | publisher=Berkeley Laboratory | accessdate=2007-01-07 | archive-date=2006-09-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929111801/http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Paluruhan alfa]], dumadi nalika siji inti mancaraké partikel alfa (inti hélium kang kapérang saka rong proton lan rong neutron). Asil peluruhan iki wujud unsur anyar kanthi [[nomer atom]] kang luwih cilik. * [[Paluruhan beta]], diatur déning [[gaya lemah]], lan diasilaké déning transformasi neutron dadi proton, uawa uga proton dadi neutron. Transformasi neutron dadi proton bakal ditutaké déning èmisi siji èlèktron lan siji [[antineutrino]], nalika transformasi proton dadi neutron ditutaké déning èmisi siji [[positron]] lan siji [[neutrino]]. Èmisi èlèktron utawa uga èmisi positron ingaran minangka partikel beta. Paluruhan beta bisa ngundhakaké uga ngedhunaké nomer atom inti gunggungé siji. * [[Paluruhan gama]], diasilaké déning owah-owahan ing aras ènèrgi inti menyang kaanan kang luwih cendhak, njalari èmisi radhiasi èlèktromagnètik. Iki bisa dumadi sawisé èmisi partikel alfa utawa uga beta saka paluruhan radhioaktif. Jinis-jinis [[paluruhan radhioaktif]] liyané kang luwih arang ngambah pangeculan neutron lan proton saka inti, èmisi punjul siji [[partikel beta]], utawa uga paluruhan kang ngakibataké prodhuksi èlèktron kanthi karikatan dhuwur kang dudu sinar beta, lan prodhuksi foton kanthi ènèrgi dhuwur kang dudu sinar gama Saben isotop radhioaktif duwé karakteristik périodhe wektu paluruhan ([[wektu paro]]) kang wujud suwéné wektu kang diperlokaké déning setengah gunggung sampel kanggo ngluruh entèk. Prosès paluruhan asifat èksponènsial, saéngga sawisé loro wektu paro, mung bakal kasisa 25% isotop.<ref name=splung/> === Momèn magnètik === {{Main|Momèn dipol magnètik èlèktron|Momèn magnètik nuklir}} Saben partikel èlemèntèr duwé sipat mékanika kuantum intrinsik kang ditepungi kanthi jeneng [[spin]]. Spin duwé analogi karo [[momèntum pojok]] siji objèk kang mubeng ing [[punjer massa]]né, sanajan kanthi kaku partikel ora duwé prilaku kaya mangkéné iki. Spin diukur sajeroning ékan [[tetapan Planck]] karédhuksi (ħ), kanthi èlèktron, proton, lan neutron sakabèhé duwé spin ½&nbsp;ħ, utawa "spin-½". Sajeroning atom, èlèktron kang obah ing saubengé [[inti atom]] saliyané duwé [[spin]] uga duwé [[momèntum pojok orbital]], nalika inti atom duwé momèntum pojok uga amarga spin nukliré dhéwé.<ref>{{cite web | last=Hornak | first=J. P. | year=2006 | url=http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/chap-3/chap-3.htm | title=Chapter 3: Spin Physics | work=The Basics of NMR | publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology | accessdate=2007-01-07 }}</ref> [[Médhan magnèt]] kang diasilaké déning siji atom (ingaran [[momèn magnètik]]) ditemtokaké déning kombinasi manéka jinis momèntum pojok iki. Nanging, kontribusi kang gedhé dhéwé tetep asalé saka spin. Amarga èlèktron manut [[asas pengecualian Pauli]], yiku ora ana loro èlèktron kang bisa tinemu ing [[kaanan kuantum]] kang padha, pasangan èlèktron kang karoncé siji lan sijiné duwé spin kang lelawanan, kanthi siji mawa spin munggah, lan kang sijiné manèh mawa spin mudhun. Kaloro spin kang lelawanan iki bakal silih nétralaké, saéngga momèn dipol magnètik totalé dadi nol ing sapérangan atom kanthi gunggung èlèktron genep.<ref name=schroeder>{{cite web | last=Schroeder | first=Paul A. | date=February 25, 2000 | url=http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html | title=Magnetic Properties | publisher=University of Georgia | accessdate=2007-01-07 | archive-date=2007-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429150216/http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing atom kanthi èlèktron ganjil kaya déné [[wesi]], anané èlèktron kang ora duwé pasangan njalari atom mau asifat [[féromagnètik]]. Orbital-orbital atom ing saubengé atom mau silih tumpang tindhih lan pamudhunan kaanan ènèrgi digayuh nalika spin èlèktron kang ora duwé pasangan kasusun silih sajajar. Prosès iki ingaran minangka [[interaksi ijolan]]. Nalika momèn magnètik atom féromagnètik kasusun silih sajajar, bahan kang kasusun déning atom iki bisa ngasilaké médhan makroskopis kang bisa didhetèksi. Bahan-bahan kang asifat [[paramagnètisme|paramagnètik]] duwé atom kanthi momèn magnètik kang kasusun acak, saéngga ora ana médhan magnèt kang diasilaké. Nanging, momèn magnètik saben atom indhividu mau bakal kasusun silih sajajar nalika diwènèhi médhan magnèt.<ref name=schroeder/><ref>{{cite web | last=Goebel | first=Greg | date=September 1, 2007 | url=http://www.vectorsite.net/tpqm_04.html | title=<nowiki>[4.3]</nowiki> Magnetic Properties of the Atom | work=Elementary Quantum Physics | publisher=In The Public Domain website | accessdate=2007-01-07 | archive-date=2011-09-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907083207/http://www.vectorsite.net/tpqm_04.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Inti atom uga bisa duwé spin. Lumrahé spin inti kasusun kanthi acak amarga [[kasetimbangan tèrmal]]. Nanging, kanggo unsur-unsur tinentu (kaya déné [[xenon|xenon-129]]), iku mungkin kanggo molarisasi kaanan spin nuklir kanthi signifikan saéngga spin-spin mau kasusun silih sajajar kanthi arah kang padha. Kondhisi iki ingaran minangka hiperpolarisasi. Fénoména iki duwé aplikasi kang wigati sajeroning [[pancitraan résonansi magnètik]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Yarris | first=Lynn | title=Talking Pictures | journal=Berkeley Lab Research Review | date=Spring 1997 | url=http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1997/story1.html | accessdate=2008-01-09 | archive-date=2008-01-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113104939/http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1997/story1.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Liang and Haacke (1999:412–26).</ref> === Aras-aras ènèrgi === {{Main|Aras ènèrgi|Garis spèktrum atom}} Nalika siji èlèktron karoncé ing siji atom, dhèwèké duwé [[ènèrgi potènsial]] kang bebandhing kuwalik marang let èlèktron marang inti. Iki diukur déning gedhéné ènèrgi kang diperlokaké kanggo ngeculaké èlèktron saka atom lan lumrahé dièksprèsikaké kanthi satuwan [[èlèktronvolt]] (eV). Sajeroning modhèl mékanika kuantum, èlèktron-èlèktron kang karoncé mung bisa nglungguhi sak sèt kaanan kang punjeré ing inti, lan saben kaanan silih korèspondhènsi marang aras ènèrgi tinentu. Kaanan ènèrgi paling asor siji èlèktron kang karoncé ingaran minangka kaanan dhasar, nalika kaanan ènèrgi kang luwih dhuwur ingaran minangka kaanan kaèksitasi.<ref>{{cite web | last=Zeghbroeck | first=Bart J. Van | year=1998 | url=http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/308/semicon_book/eband2.htm | title=Energy levels | publisher=Shippensburg University | accessdate=2007-12-23 | archive-date=2005-01-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115030639/http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/308/semicon_book/eband2.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Supaya siji èlèktron bisa mlumpat saka siji kaanan menyang kaanan liyané, dhèwèké kudu nyerep utawa mancaraké [[foton]] ing ènèrgi kang selaras karo prabédan ènèrgi potènsial antar rong aras mau. Ènèrgi foton kang dipancaraké iku sebandhing karo [[frékuènsi]]né.<ref>Fowles (1989:227–233).</ref> Saben unsur duwé spèktrum karakteristiké dhéwé-dhéwé. Iki gumantung marang momotan inti, subklopak kang kaisi karo èlèktron, interaksi èlèktromagnètik antar èlèktron, lan faktor-faktor liyané.<ref>{{cite web | last=Martin | first=W. C. | author2=Wiese, W. L. | year=2007 | url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/AtSpec/ | title=Atomic Spectroscopy: A Compendium of Basic Ideas, Notation, Data, and Formulas | publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology | accessdate=2007-01-08 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Fraunhofer lines.svg|right|thumb|300px|Conto garis absorpsi spèktrum.]] Nalika siji spèktrum ènèrgi kang sambung terus dipancaraké liwat siji gas utawa uga plasma, sapérangan foton diserep déning atom, njalari èlèktron pindhah aras ènèrgi. Èlèktron kang kaèksitasi bakal kanthi spontan mancaraké ènèrgi iki minangka foton lan tiba manèh menyang aras ènèrgi kang luwih cendhèk. Mula saka iku, atom duwé prilaku kaya déné bahan panyaring kang bakal minangka sadhèrètan [[pita absorpsi]]. Pangukuran [[spèktroskopi]] marang kekuwatan lan amba [[pita spèktrum]] ngidinaké panemton komposisi lan sipat-sipat fisika siji dat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.avogadro.co.uk/light/bohr/spectra.htm | title=Atomic Emission Spectra — Origin of Spectral Lines | publisher=Avogadro Web Site | accessdate=2006-08-10 | archive-date=2006-02-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228231025/http://www.avogadro.co.uk/light/bohr/spectra.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Pangamatan cermat ing garis-garis spèktrum nuduhaké yèn sapérangan ngétokaké anané pamisahan alus. Iki dumadi amarga [[kopling spin-orbit]] kang wujud interaksi antarané spin karo obahing èlèktron paling njaba.<ref>{{cite web | last=Fitzpatrick | first=Richard | date=February 16, 2007 | url=http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/lectures/node55.html | title=Fine structure | publisher=University of Texas at Austin | accessdate=2008-02-14 }}</ref> Nalika siji atom ana sajeroning médhan magnèt èksternal, garis-garis spèktrum kapisah dadi telu komponèn utawa luwih. Iki ingaran minangka [[èfèk Zeeman]]. Èfèk Zeeman disebabaké déning interaksi médhan magnèt karo momèn magnètik atom lan èlèktroné. Sapérangan atom bisa duwé akèh [[konfigurasi èlèktron]] kanthi aras ènèrgi kang padha, saéngga bakal katon minangka siji garis spèktrum. Interaksi médhan magnèt karo atom bakal nggèsèr konfigurasi-konfigurasi èlèktron nuju aras ènèrgi kang béda sithik, njalari garis spèktrum dhobel.<ref>{{cite web | last=Weiss | first=Michael | year=2001 | url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node8.html | title=The Zeeman Effect | publisher=University of California-Riverside | accessdate=2008-02-06 }}</ref> Anané [[médhan listrik]] èksternal bisa njalari pamisahan lan panggèsèran garis spèktrum kanthi ngowahi aras ènèrgi èlèktron. Fénoména iki ingaran minangka [[èfèk Stark]].<ref>Beyer (2003:232–236).</ref> === Valènsi lan prilaku roncèn === {{Main|Valensi (kimia)|Roncèn kimia}} Klopak utawa kulit èlèktron paling njaba siji atom sajeroning kaanan kang ora kakombinasi diarani klopak valènsi lan èlèktron sajeroning klopak mau diarani [[èlèktron valènsi]]. Gunggung èlèktron valènsi nemtokaké prilaku [[roncèn kimia|roncèn]] atom mau karo atom liyané. Atom ''cenderung'' réaksi karo siji lan sijiné lumantar pangisian (utawa uga pangosongan) èlèktron valènsi paling njaba atom.<ref>{{cite web | last=Reusch | first=William | date=July 16, 2007 | url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm | title=Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry | publisher=Michigan State University | accessdate=2008-01-11 }}</ref> Roncèn kimia bisa dideleng minangka transfer èlèktron saka siji atom menyang atom liyané, kaya déné kang kadeleng ing [[natriyum klorida]] lan garam-garam ionik liyané. Nanging, akèh uga unsur kang nuduhaké prilaku valènsi gandha, utawa kacendrungan mbagi èlèktron kanthi gunggung kang béda ing senyawa kang béda. Saéngga, [[roncèn kimia]] antarané unsur-unsur iki ''cenderung'' wujud pambagéyan èlèktron tinimbang transfer èlèktron. Contoné ngambah unsur karbon sajeroning [[senyawa organik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/covalent.html |title=Covalent bonding-Single bonds |publisher=chemguide |year=2000}}</ref> [[Unsur kimia|Unsur-unsur kimia]] asring ditampilaké sajeroning [[tabèl pèriodhik]] kang nampilaké sipat-sipat kimia siji unsur kang duwé pola. Unsur-unsur kanthi gunggung èlèktron valènsi kang padha diklompokaké kanthi vèrtikel (ingaran golongan). Unsur-unsur ing pérangan paling tengen tabèl duwé klopak paling nabané kaisi kebak, njalari unsur-unsur mau ''cenderung'' asifat inert ([[gas mulia]]).<ref>{{cite web | author=Husted, Robert | display-authors = etal | date=December 11, 2003 | url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/default.htm | title=Periodic Table of the Elements | publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory | accessdate=2008-01-11 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Rudy | last=Baum | year=2003 | url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/elements.html | title=It's Elemental: The Periodic Table | publisher=Chemical & Engineering News | accessdate=2008-01-11 }}</ref> === Kaanan === {{Main|Kaanan matèri|Fase bandha}} [[Gambar:Bose Einstein condensate.png|right|200px|thumb|Gambaran pambentukan [[kondhènsat Bose-Einstein]].]] Sapérangan atom tinemu sajeroning kaanan matèri kang béda-béda gumantung ing kondhisi fisik bandha, ya iku [[suhu]] lan [[tekanan]]. Kanthi ngowahi kondhisi mau, matèri bisa molah-malih dadi wangun [[padhet]], [[cuwèr]], [[gas]], lan [[plasma]].<ref>Goodstein (2002:436–438).</ref> Sajeroning saben kaanan mau uga matèri bisa duwé manéka fase. Minangka contoné ing karbon padhet, dhèwèké bisa wujud [[grafit]] uga [[inten]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Brazhkin | first=Vadim V. | title=Metastable phases, phase transformations, and phase diagrams in physics and chemistry | journal=Physics-Uspekhi | year=2006 | volume=49 | pages=719–24 | doi=10.1070/PU2006v049n07ABEH006013 }}</ref> Ing suhu nyeraki [[nol mutlak]], atom bisa minangka [[kondhènsat Bose-Einstein]], ing endi èfèk-èfèk mékanika kuantum kang lumrahé mung kadeleng ing skala atom kadeleng kanthi makroskopis.<ref>Myers (2003:85).</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Staff | date=October 9, 2001 | title=Bose-Einstein Condensate: A New Form of Matter | publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology | url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/BEC_background.htm | accessdate=2008-01-16 | archive-date=2008-01-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103192918/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/BEC_background.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kumpulan atom-atom kang di''liwat''-adhemké iki duwé prilaku kaya déné siji [[atom super]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Colton | first=Imogen | author2=Fyffe, Jeanette | date=February 3, 1999 | url=http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~ywong/poster/articles/bec.html | title=Super Atoms from Bose-Einstein Condensation | publisher=The University of Melbourne | accessdate=2008-02-06 | archive-date=2007-08-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829200820/http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~ywong/poster/articles/bec.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> {{clear}} == Idhèntifikasi == [[Gambar:Atomic resolution Au100.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Citra [[mikroskop panrowongan payaran]] kang nuduhaké atom-atom indhividhu ing lumahing [[emas]] ([[Indhèks Miller|100]]).]] [[Mikroskop panrowongan payaran]] (''scanning tunneling microscope'') iku siji mikroskop kang dipigunakaké kanggo ndeleng lumahing siji bandha ing tingkat atom. Piranti iki migunakaké fénoména [[panrowongan kuantum]] kang ngidinaké partikel-partikel nembus sawar kang lumrahé ora bisa diliwati. Sawijining atom bisa di[[ion]]isasi kanthi nguwalaké siji èlèktroné. [[Muatan listrik|Muatan kang ana]] njalari trayèktori atom mlengkung nalika dhèwèké ngliwati siji [[médhan magnèt]]. Driji-driji trayèktori ion mau ditemtokaké déning massa atom. [[Spèktromèter massa]] migunakaké prinsip iki kanggo ngétung rasio massa marang momotan ion. Yèn sampel mau ngandhut sapérangan isotop, spèktromèter massa bisa nemtokaké proporsi saben isotop kanthi ngukur intènsitas berkas ion kang béda. Tèknik kanggo nguwapaké atom ngambah [[spèktroskopi émisi atomik plasma gandhèng indhuktif]] (''inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy'') lan [[spèktromètri massa plasma gandhèng indhuktif]] (''inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry''), kaloroné migunakaké plasma kanggo nguwapaké sampel analisis.<ref>{{cite journal | first=N. | last=Jakubowski | author2 = Moens, L.; Vanhaecke, F | title = Sector field mass spectrometers in ICP-MS | journal = Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy | volume = 53 | issue = 13 | year = 1998 | doi=10.1016/S0584-8547(98)00222-5 | pages = 1739–63}}</ref> Métodhe liyané kang luwih selèktif ya iku [[spèktroskopi panguwalan ènèrgi èlèktron]] (''electron energy loss spectroscopy''), kang ngukur panguwalan ènèrgi [[berkas èlèktron]] sajeroning siji [[mikroskop èlèktron transmisi]] nalika dhèwèké interaksi karo sampel. Tomografi kuar atom duwé résolusi sub-nanomèter sajeroning 3-D lan bisa kanthi kimiawi ngidhèntifikasi atom-atom indhividhu migunakaké [[spèktromètri massa wektu lintas]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Müller | first1=Erwin W. | authorlink1=Erwin Wilhelm Müller | last2=Panitz | first2=John A. | authorlink2=J. A. Panitz | last3=McLane | first3=S. Brooks | authorlink3=S. Brooks McLane | year=1968 | title=The Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope | journal=[[Review of Scientific Instruments]] | volume=39 | issue=1 | pages=83–86 | issn=0034-6748 | doi=10.1063/1.1683116 }}</ref> Spèktrum [[kaanan kaèksitasi]] bisa dipigunakaké kanggo nganalisa komposisi atom [[lintang]] kang adoh. Dawa gelombang cahya tinentu kang dipancaraké déning lintang bisa dipisahaké lan dicocokaké karo transisi kakuantisasi atom gas bébas. Werna lintang sabanjuré bisa diréplikasi migunakaké [[lampu lucutan gas]] kang ngandhung unsur kang padha.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lochner | first=Jim | author2=Gibb, Meredith; Newman, Phil | date=April 30, 2007 | url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/how_l1/spectral_what.html | title=What Do Spectra Tell Us? | publisher=NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center | accessdate=2008-01-03 }}</ref> [[Hèliyum]] ing Srengéngé tinemu kanthi migunakaké cara iki 23 taun sadurungé dhèwèké tinemu ing Bumi.<ref>{{cite web | last=Winter | first=Mark | year=2007 | url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/He/hist.html | title=Helium | publisher=WebElements | accessdate=2008-01-03 | archive-date=2007-12-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230182148/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/He/hist.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Asal usul lan kaanan saiki == Atom nglungguhi watara 4% dhènsitas ènèrgi total kang ana sajeroning [[alam semesta]] kadeleng, kanthi dhènsitas rata-rata watara 0,25&nbsp;atom/m³.<ref>{{cite web | last=Hinshaw | first=Gary | date=February 10, 2006 | url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html | title=What is the Universe Made Of? | publisher=NASA/WMAP | accessdate=2008-01-07 }}</ref> Sajeroning galaksi [[Bimasekti]], atom nduwé konsèntrasi kang luwih dhuwur, kanthi dhènsitas matèri sajeroning [[médhium antarlintang]] kisarané watara 10⁵ nganti tekan 10⁹ atom/m³.<ref>Choppin ''et al.'' (2001).</ref> Srengéngé dhéwé dipercaya ana sajeroning [[Gelembung Lokal]], ya iku siji tlatah kang ngandhut akèh gas ion, saéngga dhènsitas ing saubengé iku watara 10³ atom/m³.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Davidsen | first=Arthur F. | title=Far-Ultraviolet Astronomy on the Astro-1 Space Shuttle Mission |journal=[[Science]] | year=1993 | volume=259 | issue=5093 | pages=327–34 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/259/5093/327 | accessdate=2008-01-07 | doi=10.1126/science.259.5093.327 | pmid=17832344 }}</ref> Lintang minangka méga-méga padhet sajeroning médhium antarlintang, lan prosès èvolusionèr lintang bakal njalari paningkatan kandhungan unsur kang luwih abot tinimbang hidrogen lan hélium sajeroning médhium antarlintang. Nganti tekan 95% atom Bimasekti kakonsèntrasi sajeroning lintang-lintang, lan massa total atom iki minangka watara 10% massa galaksi.<ref>Lequeux (2005:4).</ref> Massa sisané iku [[matèri peteng]] kang ora dikawruhi kanthi cetha.<ref>{{cite web | first=Nigel | last=Smith | date=January 6, 2000 | url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/809 | title=The search for dark matter | publisher=Physics World | accessdate=2008-02-14 | archive-date=2008-02-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216185952/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/809 | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Nukleosintesis === {{Main|Nukleosintesis}} Proton lan èlèktron kang stabil mijik sadhetik sawisé kadadéan [[Dhentuman Gedhé]]. Sajeroning mangsa wektu telung menit sawisé, [[nukleosintesis Dhentuman Gedhé]] akèh-akèhé ngasilaké [[hèliyum]], [[litiyum]], lan [[deuterium]], lan mungkin uga sapérangan [[bèriliyum]] lan [[boron]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Croswell | first=Ken | title=Boron, bumps and the Big Bang: Was matter spread evenly when the Universe began? Perhaps not; the clues lie in the creation of the lighter elements such as boron and beryllium | journal=New Scientist | year=1991 | issue=1794 | pages=42 | url=http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html | accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Copi | first=Craig J. | author2=Schramm, David N.; Turner, Michael S. | title=Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe |journal=[[Science]] | year=1995 | volume=267 | pages=192–99 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/267/5195/192.pdf | doi = 10.1126/science.7809624 | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-01-13 |pmid=7809624 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hinshaw | first=Gary | date=December 15, 2005 | url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html | title=Tests of the Big Bang: The Light Elements | publisher=NASA/WMAP | accessdate=2008-01-13 }}</ref> Atom pisanan (kanthi èlèktron kang katalènan karo dhèwèké) kanthi téoritis karipta 380.000 taun sawisé Dhentuman Gedhé, ya iku nalika alam semesta kang nrembaka cukup adhem kanggo ngidinaké èlèktron-èlèktron katalènan ing inti atom.<ref>{{cite web | last=Abbott | first=Brian | date=May 30, 2007 | url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php | title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey | publisher=Hayden Planetarium | accessdate=2008-01-13 }}</ref> Wiwit wektu iku, inti atom wiwit nggabung sajeroning [[lintang]]-lintang lumantar prosès [[fusi nuklir]] lan ngasilaké unsur-unsur kang luwih abot nganti tekan wesi.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The synthesis of the elements from hydrogen | author = F. Hoyle | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume = 106 | pages = 343–83 | year=1946 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946MNRAS.106..343H | accessdate=2008-01-13 }}</ref> Isotop kaya déné litium-6 diasilaké ing ruwang akasa lumantar [[spalasi sinar kosmis]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Knauth | first=D. C. | author2=Federman, S. R.; Lambert, David L.; Crane, P. | title=Newly synthesized lithium in the interstellar medium |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | year=2000 | volume=405 | pages=656–58 | doi=10.1038/35015028 }}</ref> Iki dumadi nalika siji proton kanthi ènèrgi dhuwur numbuk inti atom, njalari sapérangan gedhé nukleon sumebar. Unsur kang luwih abot tinimbang wesi diasilaké ing [[supernova]] lumantar [[prosès r]] lan ing [[cabang raseksa asimtotik|lintang-lintang AGB]] lumantar [[prosès s]]. Kaloroné nglibataké panyekelan neutron déning inti atom.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mashnik | first=Stepan G. | title=On Solar System and Cosmic Rays Nucleosynthesis and Spallation Processes | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0008382 | year=2000 | publisher=Cornell University | accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Unsur-unsur kaya déné [[timbal]] akèh-akèhé diwangun lumantar paluruhan radhioaktif unsur-unsur liya kang luwih abot.<ref>{{cite web | author=Kansas Geological Survey | date=May 4, 2005 | url=http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/geotopics/earth_age.html | title=Age of the Earth | publisher=University of Kansas | accessdate=2008-01-14 | archive-date=2008-07-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705052359/http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/geotopics/earth_age.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Bumi === Akèh-akèhé atom kang nyusun [[Bumi]] lan kalebu uga kabèh makluk uripé tau ana sajeroning wangun kang saiki ing [[nébula]] kang runtuh saka [[awan molekul]] lan minangka [[Tata Surya]]. Sisané wujud akibat saka paluruhan radhioaktif lan proporsiné bisa kanggo nemtokaké [[umur Bumi]] lumantar [[pananggalan radhiomètrik]].<ref name = "Manuel_2001">Manuel (2001:407–430,511–519).</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Dalrymple | first=G. Brent | title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved | journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications | year=2001 | volume=190 | pages=205–21 | doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 | url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205 | accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Akèh-akèhé [[hélium]] sajeroning kerak Bumi wujud prodhuk [[paluruhan alfa]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Anderson | first=Don L. | authorlink=Don L. Anderson | author2=Foulger, G. R.; Meibom, Anders | date=September 2, 2006 | url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/HeliumFundamentals.html | title=Helium: Fundamental models | publisher=MantlePlumes.org | accessdate=2007-01-14 }}</ref> Ana saklumit atom ing Bumi kang ing awal pambentukané ora ana lan uga dudu wujud akibat saka paluruhan radhioaktif. [[Karbon-14]] kanthi kasinambungan diasilaké déning sinar kosmik ing atmosfèr.<ref>{{cite news | last=Pennicott | first=Katie | date=May 10, 2001 | title=Carbon clock could show the wrong time | publisher=PhysicsWeb | url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2676 | accessdate=2008-01-14 | archive-date=2007-12-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215103132/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2676 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Sapérangan atom ing Bumi kanthi gawéan diasilaké déning réaktor utawa uga gegaman nuklir.<ref>{{cite news | last=Yarris | first=Lynn | date=July 27, 2001 | title=New Superheavy Elements 118 and 116 Discovered at Berkeley Lab | publisher=Berkeley Lab | url=http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html | accessdate=2008-01-14 | archive-date=2008-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109103538/http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Diamond, H. |display-authors = etal |title = Heavy Isotope Abundances in Mike Thermonuclear Device |journal = [[Physical Review]] |year = 1960 |volume = 119 |pages = 2000–04 |url = http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v119/i6/p2000_1 |accessdate = 2008-01-14 |doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.119.2000 |format = subscription required |archive-date = 2011-11-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111112043731/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v119/i6/p2000_1 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Saka kabèh [[Unsur transuranium|Unsur-unsur transuranium]] kang nomer atomé luwih gedhé saka 92, mung [[plutonium]] lan [[neptunium]] waé kang ana ing Bumi kanthi alami.<ref>{{cite web | author=Poston Sr., John W. | date=March 23, 1998 | title=Do transuranic elements such as plutonium ever occur naturally? | publisher=Scientific American | url=http://www.sciam.com/chemistry/article/id/do-transuranic-elements-s/topicID/4/catID/3 | accessdate=2008-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Keller | first=C. | title=Natural occurrence of lanthanides, actinides, and superheavy elements | journal=Chemiker Zeitung | year=1973 | volume=97 | issue=10 | pages=522–30 | url=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4353086 | accessdate=2008-01-15 }}</ref> Unsur-unsur transuranium duwé wektu paro radhioaktif kang luwih cendhak tinimbang umur Bumi<ref>Marco (2001:17).</ref>, saéngga unsur-unsur iki wis suwé luruh. Kejaba ana ing [[plutonium-244]] kang kamungkinan kasimpen sajeroning lebu kosmik.<ref name = "Manuel_2001"/> Kandhungan alami plutonium lan neptunium diasilaké saka panyekelan neutron sajeroning bijih uranium.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oklo.curtin.edu.au/index.cfm | title=Oklo Fossil Reactors | publisher=Curtin University of Technology | accessdate=2008-01-15 | archive-date=2007-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218194159/http://www.oklo.curtin.edu.au/index.cfm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Bumi ngandhut watara 1,33{{Esp|50}} atom.<ref>{{cite web | last=Weisenberger | first=Drew | url=http://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_05.html | title=How many atoms are there in the world? | publisher=Jefferson Lab | accessdate=2008-01-16 | archive-date=2007-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022185850/http://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_05.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing atmosfèr planit, ana sagunggung cilik atom [[gas mulia]] kaya déné [[argon]] lan [[neon]]. Sisa 99% atom ing atmosfèr bumi katalènan sajeroning wangun molekul, upamané [[karbon dioksida]], [[oksigèn]] [[molekul diatomik|diatomik]], lan [[nitrogen]] diatomik. Ing lumahing Bumi, atom-atom tetalènan minangka manéka jinis senyawa, ngambah [[banyu]], [[garam]], [[silikat]], lan [[oksida]]. Atom uga bisa nggabung minangka bahan-bahan kang ora kapérang saka molekul, contohné [[kristal]] lan [[logam]] padhet utawa uga cuwèr.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pidwirny | first=Michael | url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html | title=Fundamentals of Physical Geography | publisher=University of British Columbia Okanagan | accessdate=2008-01-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Anderson | first=Don L. | title=The inner inner core of Earth | journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | year=2002 | volume=99 | issue=22 | pages=13966–68 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=137819 | accessdate=2008-01-16 | doi=10.1073/pnas.232565899 | pmid=12391308 | archive-date=2013-08-01 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801115243/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=137819 | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wangun téoritis lan wangun langka === [[Gambar:Island-of-Stability.png|thumb|right|400px|Panyitraan 3-Dhimènsi anané "[[Pulo stabilitas]]" ing pérangan paling tengen]] Nalika isotop kanthi nomer atom kang luwih dhuwur tinimbang [[timbal]] (62) asifat radhioaktif, ana siji "[[pulo stabilitas]]" kang diajokaké kanggo sapérangan unsur kanthi nomer atom ing sandhuwuré 103. Unsur-unsur super abot iki kamungkinan duwé inti kang kanthi rélatif stabil marang paluruhan radhioaktif.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Second postcard from the island of stability | author=Anonymous | journal=CERN Courier | date=October 2, 2001 | url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28509 | accessdate=2008-01-14 | archive-date=2008-02-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203031237/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28509 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Atom super abot kang stabil iki kamungkinan gedhé iku [[unbiheksium]], kanthi 126 proton 184 neutron.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Jacoby | first=Mitch | title=As-yet-unsynthesized superheavy atom should form a stable diatomic molecule with fluorine | journal=[[Chemical & Engineering News]] | year=2006 | volume=84 | issue=10 | pages=19 | url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/84/i10/8410notw9.html | accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Saben partikel matèri duwé partikel [[antimatèri]]né dhéwé-dhéwé kanthi momotan listrik kang lelawanan. Saéngga, [[positron]] iku antièlèktron kang muatané positif, lan antiproton iku proton kang muatané négatif. Nalika matèri lan antimatèri ketemu, kaloroné bakal silih musnahaké. Ana kaoraseimbangan antarané gunggung partikel matèri lan antimatèri. Kaoraseimbangan iki isih durung dipahami kanthi nyluruh, sanajan ana téyori [[bariogenesis]] kang mènèhaké wedharan kang mungkinaké. Antimatèri ora tau tinemu kanthi alami.<ref>{{cite news | last=Koppes | first=Steve | date=March 1, 1999 | title=Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry | publisher=University of Chicago | url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/99/990301.ktev.shtml | accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Cromie | first=William J. | date=August 16, 2001 | title=A lifetime of trillionths of a second: Scientists explore antimatter | publisher=Harvard University Gazette | url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/08.16/antimatter.html | accessdate=2008-01-14 | archive-date=2006-09-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903172020/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/08.16/antimatter.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nanging, nalika taun 1996, [[antihidrogen]] kasil disintèsis ing laboratorium [[CERN]] ing [[Jenewa]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hijmans | first=Tom W. | title=Particle physics: Cold antihydrogen |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | year=2002 | volume=419 | pages=439–40 | doi=10.1038/419439a }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Staff | date=October 30, 2002 | title=Researchers 'look inside' antimatter | publisher=BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2375717.stm | accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Ana uga atom-atom langka liyané kang digawé kanthi nggantèkaké siji proton, neutron, utawa uga èlèktron karo partikel liya kang muatané padha. Minangka conto, èlèktron bisa digantèkaké karo [[muon]] kang luwih abot, minangka [[muon|atom muon]]. Jinis atom iki bisa kanggo nguji prédhiksi fisika.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Barrett | first=Roger | author2=Jackson, Daphne; Mweene, Habatwa | title=The Strange World of the Exotic Atom | journal=New Scientist | year=1990 | issue=1728 | pages=77–115 | url=http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html | accessdate=2008-01-04 | archive-date=2007-12-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221164440/http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Indelicato | first=Paul | title=Exotic Atoms | journal=[[Physica Scripta]] | year=2004 | volume=T112 | pages=20–26 | doi=10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ripin | first=Barrett H. | year=1998 | url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/199807/experiment.cfm.html | title=Recent Experiments on Exotic Atoms | publisher=American Physical Society | accessdate=2008-02-15 }}</ref> == Delengan uga == * [[Massa atom#Massa atom rélatif|Massa atom rélatif]] * [[Molekul]] * [[Unsur]] * [[Èlèktron]] * [[Proton]] * [[Neutron]] * [[Inti atom]] == Cathetan == <references group=catatan/> == Réferènsi == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} === Réferènsi buku === {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book | last=L'Annunziata<!-- Note: the single quote mark before the name is correct. --> | first=Michael F. | year=2003 | title=Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=0124366031 | oclc=162129551 }} * {{cite book | last=Beyer | first=H. F. | author2=Shevelko, V. P. | year=2003 | title=Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=0750304812 | oclc=47150433 }} * {{cite book | last=Choppin | first=Gregory R. | author2=Liljenzin, Jan-Olov; Rydberg, Jan | year=2001 | title=Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=0750674636 | oclc=162592180 }} * {{cite book | first=J. | last=Dalton | authorlink=John Dalton | year=1808 | title=A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part 1 | publisher=S. Russell | location=London and Manchester }} * {{cite book | last=Demtröder | first=Wolfgang | year=2002 | title=Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic-Molecular-and Quantum Physics | publisher=Springer | edition=1st | isbn=3540206310 | oclc=181435713 }} * {{cite book | last=Feynman | first=Richard | year=1995 | authorlink=Richard Feynman | title=Six Easy Pieces | publisher=The Penguin Group | isbn=978-0-140-27666-4 | oclc=40499574}} * {{cite book | last=Fowles | first=Grant R. | year=1989 | title=Introduction to Modern Optics | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | isbn=0486659577 | oclc=18834711 }} * {{cite book | last=Gangopadhyaya | first=Mrinalkanti | title=Indian Atomism: History and Sources | publisher=Humanities Press | year=1981 | location=Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey | isbn=0-391-02177-X | oclc=10916778 }} * {{cite book | last=Goodstein | first=David L. | year=2002 | title=States of Matter | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | id=ISBN 0-486-49506-X }} * {{cite book | last=Harrison | first=Edward Robert | year=2003 | title=Masks of the Universe: Changing Ideas on the Nature of the Cosmos | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0521773512 | oclc=50441595 }} * {{cite book | last= Iannone | first= A. Pablo | year=2001 | title= Dictionary of World Philosophy | publisher= Routledge | isbn=0415179955 | oclc= 44541769 }} * {{cite book | last=Jevremovic | first=Tatjana | year=2005 | title=Nuclear Principles in Engineering | publisher=Springer | isbn=0387232842 | oclc=228384008 }} * {{cite book | last=Lequeux | first=James | year=2005 | title=The Interstellar Medium | publisher=Springer | isbn=3540213260 | oclc=133157789 }} * {{cite book | last = Levere | first = Trevor, H. | year=2001 | title= Transforming Matter – A History of Chemistry for Alchemy to the Buckyball | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn=0-8018-6610-3 }} * {{cite book | last=Liang | first=Z.-P. | author2=Haacke, E. M. | editor=Webster, J. G. | year=1999 | volume=2 | pages=412–26 | title=Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Magnetic Resonance Imaging | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8734/27658/01233976.pdf?arnumber=1233976 | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-01-09 | isbn=0471139467 }} * {{cite book | last=MacGregor | first=Malcolm H. | year=1992 | title=The Enigmatic Electron | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0195218337 | oclc=223372888 }} * {{cite book | last=Manuel | first=Oliver | year=2001 | title=Origin of Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post-1957 Observations | publisher=Springer | isbn=0306465620 | oclc=228374906 }} * {{cite book | last=Mazo | first=Robert M. | year=2002 | title=Brownian Motion: Fluctuations, Dynamics, and Applications | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0198515677 | oclc=48753074 }} * {{cite book | last=Mills | first=Ian | author2=Cvitaš, Tomislav; Homann, Klaus; Kallay, Nikola; Kuchitsu, Kozo | title=Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry | publisher=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]], Commission on Physiochemical Symbols Terminology and Units, Blackwell Scientific Publications | location=Oxford | edition=2nd | year=1993 | isbn=0-632-03583-8 | oclc=27011505 }} * {{cite book | first=Bruce T. | last=Moran | year=2005 | title=Distilling Knowledge: Alchemy, Chemistry, and the Scientific Revolution | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | isbn=0674014952 }} * {{cite book | last=Myers | first=Richard | year=2003 | title=The Basics of Chemistry | publisher=Greenwood Press | isbn=0313316643 | oclc=50164580 }} * {{cite book | last=Padilla | first=Michael J. | author2=Miaoulis, Ioannis; Cyr, Martha | year = 2002 | title = Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Chemical Building Blocks | publisher = Prentice-Hall, Inc. | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey USA | isbn = 0-13-054091-9 | oclc=47925884}} * {{cite book | last=Pauling | first=Linus | year=1960 | title=The Nature of the Chemical Bond | publisher=Cornell University Press | isbn=0801403332 | oclc=17518275 }} * {{cite book | last=Pfeffer | first=Jeremy I. | author2=Nir, Shlomo | year=2000 | title=Modern Physics: An Introductory Text | publisher=Imperial College Press | isbn=1860942504 | oclc=45900880 }} * {{cite book | last=Ponomarev | first=Leonid Ivanovich | year=1993 | title=The Quantum Dice | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=0750302518 | oclc=26853108 }} * {{cite book | last=Scerri | first=Eric R. | year=2007 | title=The Periodic Table | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0195305736 }} * {{cite book | last=Shultis | first=J. Kenneth | author2=Faw, Richard E. | title=Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering | year=2002 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=0824708342 | oclc=123346507 }} * {{cite book | last=Siegfried | first=Robert | year=2002 | title=From Elements to Atoms: A History of Chemical Composition | publisher=DIANE | isbn=0871699249 | oclc=186607849 }} * {{cite book | last=Sills | first=Alan D. | year=2003 | title=Earth Science the Easy Way | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | isbn=0764121464 | oclc=51543743 }} * {{cite book | last=Smirnov | first=Boris M. | year=2003 | title=Physics of Atoms and Ions | publisher=Springer | id=ISBN 0-387-95550-X }} * {{cite book | last=Teresi | first=Dick | publisher=Simon & Schuster | title=Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science | year=2003 | isbn=074324379X | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pheL_ubbXD0C&dq | pages=213–214 }} * {{cite book | last=Various | editor=Lide, David R. | year=2002 | title=Handbook of Chemistry & Physics | edition=88th | publisher=CRC | url=http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/ | accessdate=2008-05-23 | isbn=0849304865 | oclc=179976746 | archive-date=2017-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724011402/http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/ | url-status=dead }} * {{cite book | last=Woan | first=Graham | year=2000 | title=The Cambridge Handbook of Physics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0521575079 | oclc=224032426 }} * {{cite book | first=Charles Adolphe | last=Wurtz | year=1881 | title=The Atomic Theory | publisher=D. Appleton and company | location=New York }} * {{cite book | last=Zaider | first=Marco | author2=Rossi, Harald H. | year=2001 | title=Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers | publisher=Springer | isbn=0306464039 | oclc=44110319 }} * {{cite book | last=Zumdahl | first=Steven S. | year=2002 | title=Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation | edition=5th | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | url=http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html | accessdate=2008-02-05 | isbn=0-618-34342-3 | oclc=173081482 }} {{refend}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Atom}} * {{cite web | last=Francis | first=Eden | year=2002 | url=http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-07/atomic_size.htm | title=Atomic Size | publisher=Clackamas Community College | accessdate=2007-01-09 | archive-date=2007-02-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204073653/http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-07/atomic_size.htm | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | last=Freudenrich | first=Craig C. | url=http://www.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm | title=How Atoms Work | publisher=How Stuff Works | accessdate=2007-01-09 }} * {{cite web | url=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FHSST_Physics_Atom:The_Atom | work=Free High School Science Texts: Physics | title=Atom:The Atom | publisher=Wikibooks | accessdate=2007-01-09 | archive-date=2006-06-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210720/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FHSST_Physics_Atom:The_Atom | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | author=Anonymous | year=2007 | url=http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/basics/theatom.html | title=The atom | publisher=Science aid+ | accessdate=2007-01-09 | archive-date=2011-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722164749/http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/basics/theatom.html | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | author=Anonymous | date=2006-01-03 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A6672963 | title=Atoms and Atomic Structure | publisher=BBC | accessdate=2007-01-11 }} * {{cite web | author=Various | date=2006-01-03 | url=http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/index.pl?Type=TOC | title=Physics 2000, Table of Contents | publisher=University of Colorado | accessdate=2008-01-11 }} * {{cite web | author=Various | date=2006-02-03 | url=http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html | title=What does an atom look like? | publisher=University of Karlsruhe | accessdate=2008-05-12 | archive-date=2010-04-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417023635/http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html | url-status=dead }} {{artikel pilihan}} [[Kategori:Kimiya]] [[Kategori:Atom| ]] qcd06yfnybm1voo4ho274d0ab1i5i23 0 87262 1752023 1642098 2026-08-01T06:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roman emperor | title =[[Kaisar Romawi|Kaisar angka 20]] saka [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] | name =Didius Julianus | full name =Marcus Didius Severus Julianus <br />(saka lair nganti aksesi); <br /> Kaisar Marcus Didius Severus Julianus Augustus (minangka kaisar) | image= | caption =Patung Didius Julianus | reign =28 Maret – 1 Juni 193 | predecessor =[[Pertinax]] | successor =[[Septimius Severus]] | spouse =[[Manlia Scantilla]] | spouse 2 = | issue =[[Didia Clara]] | dynasty =Ora ana | father =[[Quintus Petronius Didius Severus]] | mother =[[Aemilia Clara]] | birth_date =30 Januari 133 ([[Cassius Dio|Dio]])/ <br>2 Fèbruari 137 ([[Historia Augusta|SHA]]) | birth_place =[[Milan]], [[Itali (Kakaisaran Romawi)|Itali]] | death_date =1 Juni 193 (umur 56 utawa 60) | death_place =Roma | place of burial = |}} {{Year of Five Emperors}} '''Marcus Didius Severus Julianus''' ([[133]] utawa [[137]]–[[193]]) iku [[kaisar Romawi]] saka [[28 Maret]] [[193]] tekan [[1 Juni]] [[193]]. Dhèwèké nerusaké tahta sawisé nuku saka [[Panjaga Pretoria]], sing wis matèni pandhisiké, [[Pertinax]]. Iki njalari Perang Sadulur Romawi 193–197. Julianus dipatèni panerusé, [[Septimius Severus]]. == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category|Didius Julianus}} * [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/didius_julianus/i.html Valuta Didius Julianus] * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/didjul.htm Sawijining biografi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014625/http://www.roman-emperors.org/didjul.htm |date=2020-11-27 }} * [http://www.livius.org/di-dn/didius/julianus.html Livius.org: Didius Julianus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124084537/http://www.livius.org/di-dn/didius/julianus.html |date=2014-11-24 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Julianus, Didius}} [[Kategori:Lair 130-an]] [[Kategori:Pati 193]] [[Kategori:Kaisar Romawi]] {{bio-stub}} 2l8275d9u7bbhl2teo13xp7p67frghw 0 101699 1752015 1641954 2026-08-01T05:18:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752015 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Møre og Romsdal]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Alnes]]||{{coord|62.4857|5.9742|format=dms}}||6055||[[File:Giske komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Giske]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Angvik]]a||{{coord|62.8935|8.0888|format=dms}}||6636||[[File:Gjemnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjemnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Aukrasanden]]||{{coord|62.7911|6.9182|format=dms}}||6480||[[File:Aukra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aukra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Aure (village)|Aure]] || {{coord|63.2678|8.5313|format=dms}} || 6690 || {{sort|Aure|[[File:Aure komm.svg|20px]]}} <span class="label">[[Aure, Norway|Aure]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Aure, Sykkylven|Aure]] || {{coord|62.3911|6.5802|format=dms}} || 6230 || [[File:Sykkylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sykkylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Aureosen]] || {{coord|62.8125|7.1024|format=dms}} || 6408 || [[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Austnes]] || {{coord|62.6368|6.2711|format=dms}} || 6290 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Batnfjordsøra]] || {{coord|62.8927|7.6818|format=dms}} || 6631 || [[File:Gjemnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjemnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Boggestranda]] || {{coord|62.7383|8.0820|format=dms}} || 6460 || [[File:Nesset komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nesset]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brandal]] || {{coord|62.4008|6.0083|format=dms}} || 6062 || [[File:Hareid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hareid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brattvåg]] || {{coord|62.6002|6.4434|format=dms}} || 6270 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bremsnes, Møre og Romsdal|Bremsnes]] || {{coord|63.0886|7.6613|format=dms}} || 6530 || [[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bringsinghaug]] || {{coord|62.2031|5.4192|format=dms}} || 6087 || [[File:Sande Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sande, Møre og Romsdal|Sande]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bruhagen]] || {{coord|63.0517|7.6320|format=dms}} || 6530 || [[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Bud, Norway|Bud]]||{{coord|62.9067|6.9132|format=dms}}||6430||[[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Dravlaus]]||{{coord|62.1236|5.9408|format=dms}}||6133||[[File:Volda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Volda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Dyrkorn]]||{{coord|62.4218|6.9460|format=dms}}||6250||[[File:Stordal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stordal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Dyrnes]]||{{coord|63.4275|7.8503|format=dms}}||6570||[[File:Smøla komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Smøla]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Eggesbønes]]||{{coord|62.3262|5.6417|format=dms}}||6092||[[File:Herøy Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Herøy, Møre og Romsdal|Herøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Eide, Møre og Romsdal|Eide]]||{{coord|62.9173|7.4467|format=dms}}||6493||[[File:Eide komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eide]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Eidsbygda]]||{{coord|62.5868|7.4950|format=dms}}||6350||[[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Eidsdal]]||{{coord|62.2612|7.1718|format=dms}}||6215||[[File:Norddal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Norddal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eidsvik, Møre og Romsdal|Eidsvik]] || {{coord|62.5440|6.5782|format=dms}} || 6264 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eidsvåg, Nesset|Eidsvåg]] || {{coord|62.7748|8.0528|format=dms}} || 6460 || [[File:Nesset komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nesset]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eikesdalen]] || {{coord|62.4761|8.1743|format=dms}} || 6472 || [[File:Nesset komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nesset]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eiksund]] || {{coord|62.2529|5.9032|format=dms}} || 6068 || [[File:Ulstein komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ulstein]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Elnesvågen]] || {{coord|62.8544|7.1406|format=dms}} || 6440 || [[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eresfjord]] || {{coord|62.6610|8.1110|format=dms}} || 6470 || [[File:Nesset komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nesset]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fiksdal]]en || {{coord|62.6175|6.8500|format=dms}} || 6394 || [[File:Vestnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fiskarstrand]]||{{coord|62.4396|6.2716|format=dms}}||6035||[[File:Sula komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sula, Møre og Romsdal|Sula]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fiskåbygd]]||{{coord|62.1006|5.5579|format=dms}}||6143||[[File:Vanylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vanylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flemma]] || {{coord|62.9361|8.0737|format=dms}} || 6637 || [[File:Gjemnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjemnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Flåskjer]]||{{coord|62.2801|6.0265|format=dms}}||6170||[[File:Ørsta komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørsta]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Folkestad, Møre og Romsdal|Folkestad]]||{{coord|62.1188|6.0332|format=dms}}||6120||[[File:Volda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Volda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Frei (village)|Frei]]||{{coord|63.0244|7.8076|format=dms}} || 6524 || [[File:Kristiansund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kristiansund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fyrde]]||{{coord|62.0631|6.3252|format=dms}}||6110||[[File:Volda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Volda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Geiranger]]||{{coord|62.0996|7.2066|format=dms}}||6216||[[File:Stranda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stranda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gjemnes (village)|Gjemnes]] || {{coord|62.9510|7.7629|format=dms}} || 6633 || [[File:Gjemnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjemnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Gjøra]]||{{coord|62.5488|9.1124|format=dms}}||6613||[[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Glærem]] || {{coord|62.9912|8.6365|format=dms}} || 6650 || [[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grip, Norway|Grip]] || {{coord|63.2195|7.5931|format=dms}} || 6510 || [[File:Kristiansund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kristiansund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grøa]] || {{coord|62.6440|8.7300|format=dms}} || 6612 || [[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gullstein]] || {{coord|63.2071|8.1494|format=dms}} || 6590 || {{sort|Aure|[[File:Aure komm.svg|20px]]}} <span class="label">[[Aure, Norway|Aure]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gursken]] || {{coord|62.2302|5.6198|format=dms}} || 6082 || [[File:Sande Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sande, Møre og Romsdal|Sande]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haddal]] || {{coord|62.2822|5.8684|format=dms}} || 6064 || [[File:Ulstein komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ulstein]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Halsanaustan]] || {{coord|63.0682|8.2279|format=dms}} || 6680 || [[File:Halsa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Halsa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hareid (village)|Hareid]] || {{coord|62.3714|6.0263|format=dms}} || 6060 || [[File:Hareid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hareid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Heggem]] || {{coord|62.8701|7.8871|format=dms}} || 6638 || [[File:Gjemnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjemnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helle, Møre og Romsdal|Helle]] || {{coord|62.6101|6.6260|format=dms}} || 6265 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hellesylt]] || {{coord|62.0878|6.8608|format=dms}} || 6218 || [[File:Stranda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stranda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helsem]] || {{coord|62.2940|6.9548|format=dms}} || 6200 || [[File:Stranda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stranda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjelset]] || {{coord|62.7805|7.4928|format=dms}} || 6450 || [[File:Molde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Molde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjørungavåg]] || {{coord|62.3548|6.0743|format=dms}} || 6063 || [[File:Hareid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hareid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hoelsand]] || {{coord|62.6615|8.6446|format=dms}} || 6600 || [[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hoffland|Hovland]] || {{coord|62.4940|6.1946|format=dms}} || 6057 || [[File:Ålesund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ålesund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hollingen]] || {{coord|62.7726|6.9831|format=dms}} || 6480 || [[File:Aukra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aukra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hopen, Møre og Romsdal|Hopen]] || {{coord|63.4634|8.0139|format=dms}} || 6570 || [[File:Smøla komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Smøla]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hundeidvik]] || {{coord|62.3685|6.4238|format=dms}} || 6224 || [[File:Sykkylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sykkylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hustad]] || {{coord|62.9557|7.0889|format=dms}} || 6433 || [[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ikornnes]] || {{coord|62.3867|6.5494|format=dms}} || 6222 || [[File:Sykkylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sykkylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Innfjorden]] || {{coord|62.4933|7.5600|format=dms}} || 6315 || [[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Isfjorden (village)|Isfjorden]] || {{coord|62.5779|7.7952|format=dms}} || 6320 || [[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jendem]] || {{coord|62.7887|7.0008|format=dms}} || 6408 || [[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jordalsgrenda]] || {{coord|62.7666|8.3264|format=dms}} || 6610 || [[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kleive, Møre og Romsdal|Kleive]] || {{coord|62.7952|7.6339|format=dms}} || 6453 || [[File:Molde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Molde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kornstad]] || {{coord|62.9649|7.4566|format=dms}} || 6530 || [[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kortgarden]] || {{coord|62.7775|7.6199|format=dms}} || 6455 || [[File:Molde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Molde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvalsund, Møre og Romsdal|Kvalsund]] || {{coord|62.3414|5.5905|format=dms}} || 6098 || [[File:Herøy Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Herøy, Møre og Romsdal|Herøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvernes]] || {{coord|63.0063|7.7254|format=dms}} || 6530 || [[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvisvik]] || {{coord|63.0646|7.9863|format=dms}} || 6674 || [[File:Tingvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tingvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kårvåg]]||{{coord|63.0135|7.4433|format=dms}}||6530||[[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Langevåg]]||{{coord|62.4408|6.1914|format=dms}}||6030||[[File:Sula komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sula, Møre og Romsdal|Sula]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Larsnes]]||{{coord|62.2028|5.5773|format=dms}}||6084||[[File:Sande Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sande, Møre og Romsdal|Sande]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Langøy, Møre og Romsdal|Langøy]]||{{coord|63.0641|7.4974|format=dms}}||6530||[[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Leikong]]||{{coord|62.2469|5.7817|format=dms}}||6080||[[File:Herøy Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Herøy, Møre og Romsdal|Herøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Leira, Ørsta|Leira]]||{{coord|62.1214|6.5848|format=dms}}||6190||[[File:Ørsta komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørsta]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Leitebakk]]en||{{coord|62.4797|6.0291|format=dms}}||6055||[[File:Giske komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Giske]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Liabygda]]||{{coord|62.3119|7.0526|format=dms}}||6212||[[File:Stranda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stranda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Liabøen]]||{{coord|63.1225|8.3159|format=dms}}||6683||[[File:Halsa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Halsa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Longva]]||{{coord|62.6638|6.2790|format=dms}}||6293 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Løvika]] || {{coord|62.4331|6.4589|format=dms}} || 6013 || [[File:Ålesund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ålesund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Malme]]||{{coord|62.7990|7.2322|format=dms}}||6445||[[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mauseidvåg]] || {{coord|62.4220|6.2720|format=dms}} || 6036 || [[File:Sula komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sula, Møre og Romsdal|Sula]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Meisingset]] || {{coord|62.8552|8.2769|format=dms}} || 6628 || [[File:Tingvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tingvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Midsund (village)|Midsund]] || {{coord|62.6728|6.6750|format=dms}} || 6475 || [[File:Midsund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midsund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mittet]] || {{coord|62.7001|7.6911|format=dms}} || 6363 || [[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mo, Møre og Romsdal|Mo]] || {{coord|62.8966|8.5635|format=dms}} || 6640 || [[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Moltustranda]] || {{coord|62.2924|5.6234|format=dms}} || 6076 || [[File:Herøy Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Herøy, Møre og Romsdal|Herøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myklebost, Sandøy|Myklebost]] || {{coord|62.7325|6.4474|format=dms}} || 6488 || [[File:Sandøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Myklebost, Vanylven|Myklebost]]||{{coord|62.0832|5.7344|format=dms}}||6140||[[File:Vanylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vanylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Myklebostad, Møre og Romsdal|Myklebostad]]||{{coord|62.7221|7.9379|format=dms}}||6364||[[File:Nesset komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nesset]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myklebost, Ålesund|Myklebust]] || {{coord|62.4923|6.2904|format=dms}} || 6057|| [[File:Ålesund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ålesund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nesjestranda]] || {{coord|62.6971|7.4318|format=dms}} || 6456 || [[File:Molde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Molde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nord-Heggdal]] || {{coord|62.7042|6.9074|format=dms}} || 6475 || [[File:Midsund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midsund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Norddal (village)|Norddal]]||{{coord|62.2991|7.2614|format=dms}}||6214||[[File:Norddal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Norddal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Nordstrand, Møre og Romsdal|Nordstrand]]||{{coord|62.5150|6.1327|format=dms}}||6050||[[File:Giske komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Giske]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ona, Sandøy|Ona]] || {{coord|62.8603|6.5543|format=dms}} || 6483 || [[File:Sandøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rausand|Raudsand]] || {{coord|62.8352|8.1232|format=dms}} || 6462 || [[File:Nesset komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nesset]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rensvik]] || {{coord|63.1017|7.8296|format=dms}} || 6520 || [[File:Kristiansund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kristiansund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rindal (village)|Rindal]] || {{coord|63.0565|9.2124|format=dms}} || 6657 || [[File:Rindal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rindal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Roald]] || {{coord|62.5823|6.1230|format=dms}} || 6040 || [[File:Giske komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Giske]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Romfo]]||{{coord|62.6033|8.9389|format=dms}}||6613 ||[[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rovdane]] || {{coord|62.1750|5.7381|format=dms}} || 6141 || [[File:Vanylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vanylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Råket]] || {{coord|63.4185|7.8217|format=dms}} || 6570 || [[File:Smøla komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Smøla]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Røbekk]]||{{coord|62.7537|7.2988|format=dms}}||6421||[[File:Molde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Molde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Rødven]]||{{coord|62.5868|7.4950|format=dms}}||6350||[[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Røssøyvågen]]||{{coord|62.8169|6.8056|format=dms}}||6480||[[File:Aukra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aukra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Røvika]]||{{coord|62.7289|7.4208|format=dms}}||6456||[[File:Molde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Molde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sande, Møre og Romsdal|Sande]]||{{coord|62.2407|5.4429|format=dms}}||6089||[[File:Sande Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sande, Møre og Romsdal|Sande]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sandshamn]]||{{coord|62.2544|5.4772|format=dms}}||6089||[[File:Sande Møre og Romsdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sande, Møre og Romsdal|Sande]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sjøholt]]||{{coord|62.4837|6.8106|format=dms}}||6240||{{sort|Ørskog|[[File:Orskog komm.svg|20px]]}} <span class="label">[[Ørskog]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Skei, Møre og Romsdal|Skei]]||{{coord|62.9740|8.7247|format=dms}}||6650||[[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Skodje (village)|Skodje]]||{{coord|62.5021|6.7034|format=dms}}||6260||[[File:Skodje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skodje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Slagnes]]||{{coord|62.0751|5.5233|format=dms}}||6146||[[File:Vanylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vanylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Spjelkavik]]||{{coord|62.4561|6.3566|format=dms}}||6011||[[File:Ålesund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ålesund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stangvik]]||{{coord|62.9196|8.4681|format=dms}}||6642||[[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Steinshamn]]||{{coord|62.7833|6.4697|format=dms}}||6487||[[File:Sandøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stemshaug]]||{{coord|63.3274|8.7101|format=dms}}||6690||{{sort|Aure|[[File:Aure komm.svg|20px]]}} <span class="label">[[Aure, Norway|Aure]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stordal (village)|Stordal]]||{{coord|62.3820|6.9863|format=dms}}||6250||[[File:Stordal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stordal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Store Standal|Store-Standal]]||{{coord|62.2632|6.4249|format=dms}}||6184||[[File:Ørsta komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørsta]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stranda, Møre og Romsdal|Stranda]]||{{coord|62.3096|6.9358|format=dms}}||6200||[[File:Stranda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stranda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Straumgjerde]]||{{coord|62.3348|6.5955|format=dms}}||6220||[[File:Sykkylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sykkylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Straumshamn]]||{{coord|62.0678|6.0650|format=dms}}||6120||[[File:Volda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Volda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sunndalsøra]]||{{coord|62.6754|8.5515|format=dms}}||6600||[[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Surnadalsøra]]||{{coord|62.9703|8.6616|format=dms}}||6650||[[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sveggen]] || {{coord|63.1055|7.5984|format=dms}} || 6530 || [[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sylte, Fræna|Sylte]] || {{coord|62.8351|7.2190|format=dms}} || 6440 || [[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sylte, Norddal|Sylte]] || {{coord|62.2978|7.2637|format=dms}} || 6210 || [[File:Norddal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Norddal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sylte, Surnadal|Sylte]] || {{coord|62.9844|8.6953|format=dms}} || 6650 || [[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Syvde]] || {{coord|62.0880|5.7375|format=dms}} || 6140 || [[File:Vanylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vanylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sølsnes]]||{{coord|62.6856|7.4548|format=dms}}||6456||[[File:Molde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Molde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Søvik, Karam|Søvik]] || {{coord|62.5472|6.2795|format=dms}} || 6280 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sæbø, Møre og Romsdal|Sæbø]] || {{coord|62.2068|6.4750|format=dms}} || 6165 || [[File:Ørsta komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørsta]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sætre, Møre og Romsdal|Sætre]] || {{coord|62.3112|6.1013|format=dms}} || 6170 || [[File:Ørsta komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørsta]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tafjord]] || {{coord|62.2312|7.4153|format=dms}} || 6213 || [[File:Norddal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Norddal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tennfjord]] || {{coord|62.5347|6.5841|format=dms}} || 6264 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tingvoll (village)|Tingvoll]] || {{coord|62.9075|8.2052|format=dms}} || 6630 || [[File:Tingvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tingvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tiset]]||{{coord|63.0983|9.3248|format=dms}}||6658||[[File:Rindal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rindal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Todalen]]||{{coord|63.1998|8.6851|format=dms}}||6690||{{sort|Aure|[[File:Aure komm.svg|20px]]}} <span class="label">[[Aure, Norway|Aure]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Todalsøra]] || {{coord|62.8198|8.6863|format=dms}} || 6645 || [[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tomra, Møre og Romsdal|Tomra]] || {{coord|62.5812|6.9311|format=dms}} || 6393 || [[File:Vestnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Torjulvågen]]||{{coord|62.9747|8.2424|format=dms}}||6629||[[File:Tingvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tingvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tornes]]||{{coord|62.8413|7.0292|format=dms}}||6443||[[File:Fræna komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fræna]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Torvikbukt]]||{{coord|62.9437|7.8574|format=dms}}||6639||[[File:Gjemnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjemnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tresfjord (village)|Tresfjord]]||{{coord|62.5272|7.1266|format=dms}}||6391||[[File:Vestnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tusvik]]||{{coord|62.3979|6.4693|format=dms}}||6224||[[File:Sykkylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sykkylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tømmervåg]]||{{coord|63.1575|7.9542|format=dms}}||6590||{{sort|Aure|[[File:Aure komm.svg|20px]]}} <span class="label">[[Aure, Norway|Aure]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Valle, Møre og Romsdal|Valle]] || {{coord|62.4769|6.6597|format=dms}}||6260||[[File:Skodje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skodje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Valsøybotnen]] || {{coord|63.0942|8.6158|format=dms}} || 6686 || [[File:Halsa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Halsa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Valsøyfjord]] || {{coord|63.1379|8.4909|format=dms}} || 6687 || [[File:Halsa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Halsa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Varhaugvika]] || {{coord|62.8069|6.8973|format=dms}} || 6480 || [[File:Aukra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aukra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vatne, Møre og Romsdal|Vatne]] || {{coord|62.5567|6.6371|format=dms}} || 6265 || [[File:Haram komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karam, Norway|Karam]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vebenstad]] || {{coord|63.0110|7.5857|format=dms}} || 6530 || [[File:Averøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Averøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Veblungsnes]] || {{coord|62.5532|7.6640|format=dms}} || 6310 || [[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Veiholmen]] || {{coord|63.5189|7.9533|format=dms}} || 6570 || [[File:Smøla komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Smøla]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Verma, Møre og Romsdal|Verma]] || {{coord|62.3433|8.0597|format=dms}} || 6330 || [[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vestnes (village)|Vestnes]] || {{coord|62.6264|7.0884|format=dms}} || 6390 || [[File:Vestnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vevang]]||{{coord|63.0047|7.2964|format=dms}}||6494||[[File:Eide komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eide]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vik, Vestnes|Vik]] || {{coord|62.6124|6.9458|format=dms}} || 6392 || [[File:Vestnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vikebukt]] || {{coord|62.6129|7.1474|format=dms}} || 6392 || [[File:Vestnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Visnes, Møre og Romsdal|Visnes]] || {{coord|62.9541|7.4018|format=dms}} || 6493 || [[File:Eide komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eide]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Volda (village)|Volda]] || {{coord|62.1476|6.0741|format=dms}} || 6100 || [[File:Volda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Volda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Voll, Rauma|Voll]]||{{coord|62.5347|7.4427|format=dms}}||6386||[[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vågstranda]]||{{coord|62.6058|7.3213|format=dms}}||6387||[[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Øksendalsøra]]||{{coord|62.7183|8.4311|format=dms}}||6610||[[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Øre, Norway|Øre]]||{{coord|62.9200|7.7530|format=dms}}||6631||[[File:Gjemnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjemnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ørsta (village)|Ørsta]]||{{coord|62.2029|6.1272|format=dms}}||6150||[[File:Ørsta komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørsta]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Åfarnes]]||{{coord|62.6616|7.5027|format=dms}}||6360||[[File:Rauma komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rauma, Norway|Rauma]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Åheim]]||{{coord|62.0359|5.5309|format=dms}}||6146||[[File:Vanylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vanylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ålvund]]||{{coord|62.8344|8.5100|format=dms}}||6620||[[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ålvundeidet]]||{{coord|62.7698|8.5307|format=dms}}||6620||[[File:Sunndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sunndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Åram]]||{{coord|62.1918|5.5018|format=dms}}||6149||[[File:Vanylven komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vanylven]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Årset (Ålesund)|Årset]]||{{coord|62.4985|6.3801|format=dms}}||6057||[[File:Ålesund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ålesund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Åsskard]]||{{coord|63.0185|8.4949|format=dms}}||6644||[[File:Surnadal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Surnadal]]</span> </span> |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book|author=Statens kartverk|title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo, Norway|year=1996|isbn=978-82-573-0746-2}} *{{cite web|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.|year=2004|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Møre og Romsdal Fylke, Norway|work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/08/|accessdate=29 May 2006|archive-date=1 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301190746/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/08/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|author=Statens kartverk|year=2003|title=Map service (Kvasir)|url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|accessdate=29 May 2006|archive-date=1 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|last=Støverud|first=Henning|year=2001|title=Postal code search|url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|accessdate=17 March 2006|archive-date=29 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|url-status=dead}} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen|Akershus]] pbqvno9d93pwfgy0rl7v9jux2mi5eoh 0 101700 1752017 1641956 2026-08-01T05:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752017 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Nordland]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" |[[Aldra]]||{{coord|66|24|01|N|13|06|55|E|name=Aldra}}||8732||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Alterneset]]||{{coord|66|18|29|N|14|01|33|E|name=Alterneset}}||8616||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Alsvåg]]||{{coord|68|54|08|N|15|16|35|E|name=Alsvåg}}||8432||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Andenes]]||{{coord|69|18|51|N|16|07|09|E|name=Andenes}}||8480||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Ankenesstranda]]||{{coord|68|25|18|N|17|21|54|E|name=Ankenesstranda}}||8520||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Arstad, Nordland|Arstad]]||{{coord|67|01|22|N|14|33|03|E|name=Arstad}}||8110||[[File:Beiarn komm.svg|20px]] [[Beiarn]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Aspfjord]]||{{coord|67|28|52|N|15|35|39|E|name=Aspfjord}}||8226||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Austbø]]||{{coord|65|55|57|N|12|21|06|E|name=Austbø}}||8854||[[File:Alstahaug komm.svg|20px]] [[Alstahaug]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Austre Kanstad]]||{{coord|68|27|59|N|15|53|43|E|name=Austre Kanstad}}||8550||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Auvåg]]||{{coord|68|39|47|N|14|40|05|E|name=Auvåg}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Ballangen]] ({{lang-sme|Bálák}})||{{coord|68|20|34|N|16|49|53|E|name=Ballangen}}||8540||[[File:Ballangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Ballangen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Ballstad]]||{{coord|68|04|27|N|13|32|42|E|name=Ballstad}}||8373||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Bardal Indre]]||{{coord|66|13|06|N|13|23|26|E|name=Bardal Indre}}||8890||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Barkestad]]||{{coord|68|49|02|N|14|48|25|E|name=Barkestad}}||8426||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Beisfjord]]||{{coord|68|22|34|N|17|35|45|E|name=Beisfjord}}||8522||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Berg, Nordland|Berg i Helgeland]]||{{coord|65|22|16|N|12|11|42|E|name=Berg i Helgeland}}||8920||[[File:Sømna komm.svg|20px]] [[Sømna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Bindalseidet]]||{{coord|65|07|34|N|12|14|04|E|name=Bindalseidet}}||7982||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Bjerka]]||{{coord|66|08|55|N|13|50|11|E|name=Bjerka}}||8643||[[File:Hemnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Hemnes]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Bjerkvik]]||{{coord|68|33|05|N|17|32|56|E|name=Bjerkvik}}||8530||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Bjørkåsen]]||{{coord|68|19|49|N|16|47|23|E|name=Bjørkåsen}}||8540||[[File:Ballangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Ballangen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Bjørn, Norway|Bjørn]]||{{coord|66|04|51|N|12|34|48|E|name=Bjørn}}||8820||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Bjørnfjell, Nordland|Bjørnfjell]]||{{coord|68|25|56|N|18|04|16|E|name=Bjørnfell}}||8517||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Bleik]]||{{coord|69|16|22|N|15|57|36|E|name=Bleik}}||8481||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Bleikvasslia]]||{{coord|65|54|30|N|13|48|26|E|name=Bleikvasslia}}||8647||[[File:Hemnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Hemnes]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Bliksvær]]||{{coord|67|16|38|N|14|00|13|E|name=Bliksvær}}||8096||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Blokken, Norway|Blokken]]||{{coord|68|35|58|N|15|22|58|E|name=Blokken}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Bogen, Evenes|Bogen i Ofoten]]||{{coord|68|31|35|N|16|59|34|E|name=Bogen i Ofoten}}||8533||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Bogen, Steigen|Bogen]]||{{coord|67|53|52|N|15|11|51|E|name=Bogen}}||8288||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Bolga]]||{{coord|66|48|08|N|13|14|08|E|name=Bolga}}||8158||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Borg, Vestvågøy|Borg]]||{{coord|68|14|42|N|13|45|57|E|name=Borg}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Botn, Saltdal|Botn]]||{{coord|67|05|46|N|15|28|13|E|name=Botn}}||8250||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Botnen, Nordland|Botnen]]||{{coord|67|45|48|N|15|09|02|E|name=Botnen}}||8286||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Brasøya]]||{{coord|65|54|46|N|12|10|49|E|name=Brasøya}}||8842||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Breidstrand]]/Tunnstad||{{coord|68|52|26|N|14|55|07|E|name=Breidstrand}}||8428||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Breidvika]]||{{coord|68|34|30|N|14|43|46|E|name=Breidvika}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Breivik, Nordland|Breivik i Salten]]||{{coord|67|12|17|N|15|09|51|E|name=Breivik i Salten}}||8103||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Brettesnes]]||{{coord|68|14|08|N|14|50|49|E|name=Brettesnes}}||8322||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Bringsli]]||{{coord|67|20|56|N|15|14|02|E|name=Bringsli}}||8215||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Bursimarka]]||{{coord|67|09|27|N|15|59|19|E|name= Bursimarka }}||8230||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Bærøyvågen]]||{{coord|65|52|10|N|12|36|59|E|name=Bærøyvågen}}|| 8880||[[File:Alstahaug komm.svg|20px]] [[Alstahaug]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Bø, Andøy|Bø]]||{{coord|69|02|30|N|15|31|00|E|name=Bø}}||8487||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||{{coord|68|37|14|N|14|26|47|E|name=Bø}}||8470||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Bø, Sortland|Bø]]||{{coord|68|39|18|N|15|19|04|E|name=Bø}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Bø, Steigen|Bø]]||{{coord|67|57|50|N|15|02|12|E|name=Bø}}||8289||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Bø, Vestvågøy|Bø]]||{{coord|68|11|24|N|13|37|52|E|name=Bø}}||8370||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Bøstad]]||{{coord|68|15|06|N|13|46|07|E|name=Bøstad}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Bøstrand]]||{{coord|68|23|12|N|16|53|20|E|name=Bøstrand}}||8540||[[File:Ballangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Ballangen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Båsmoen]]||{{coord|66|20|05|N|14|06|22|E|name=Båsmoen}}||8616||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Båtsvika]]||{{coord|67|13|47|N|15|24|51|E|name=Båtsvika}}||8200||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Dalsgrenda]]||{{coord|66|15|02|N|13|59|05|E|name=Dalsgrenda}}||8617||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Digermulen]]||{{coord|68|18|47|N|14|59|14|E|name=Digermulen}}||8324||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Drag, Norway|Drag]] ({{lang-smj|Ájluokta}})||{{coord|68|02|40|N|16|04|46|E|name=Drag}}||8270||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Drageid]]||{{coord|67|01|10|N|15|20|26|E|name=Drageid}}||8250||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Dragnes, Nordland|Dragnes]]||{{coord|68|57|14|N|15|38|52|E|name=Dragnes}}||8484||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Dragvik]]||{{coord|68|30|34|N|16|55|51|E|name=Dragvik}}||8534||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Drevjemoen]]||{{coord|65|59|36|N|13|17|35|E|name=Drevjemoen}}||8664||[[File:Vefsn komm.svg|20px]] [[Vefsn]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Drevvassbygda]]||{{coord|66|04|09|N|13|27|11|E|name=Drevvassbygda}}||8672||[[File:Vefsn komm.svg|20px]] [[Vefsn]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Dunderland]]||{{coord|66|26|44|N|14|50|20|E|name=Dunderland}}||8630||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Dønnes]]||{{coord|66|12|14|N|12|35|26|E|name=Dønnes}}||8826||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Eggum]]||{{coord|68|18|29|N|13|41|04|E|name=Eggum}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Eidbukta]]||{{coord|66|50|37|N|13|43|50|E|name=Eidbukta}}||8149||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Eide, Bø|Eide]]||{{coord|68|44|14|N|14|35|10|E|name=Eide}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Eiteråga]]||{{coord|66|23|48|N|14|40|04|E|name=Eiteråga}}||8630||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Elsfjord]]||{{coord|66|06|11|N|13|32|53|E|name=Elsfjord}}||8672||[[File:Vefsn komm.svg|20px]] [[Vefsn]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Elvegård]]||{{coord|68|15|23|N|17|24|09|E|name=Elvegård}}||8523||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Elvegårdsmoen]]||{{coord|68|32|47|N|17|36|37|E|name=Elvegårdsmoen}}||8530||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Elvenes, Nordland|Elvenes]]||{{coord|68|48|45|N|15|10|12|E|name=Elvenes}}||8430||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Engavågen]]||{{coord|66|46|41|N|13|31|57|E|name=Engavågen}}||8170||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Erikstad]]||{{coord|68|24|51|N|15|50|01|E|name=Erikstad}}||8550||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Ertenvåg]]||{{coord|67|07|31|N|14|19|06|E|name=Ertenvåg}}||8120||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Evenes]]||{{coord|68|27|31|N|16|41|58|E|name=Evenes}}|| 8536||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Evenesmarka]]||{{coord|68|29|39|N|16|44|34|E|name=Evenesmarka}}||8534||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Fagernes, Nordland|Fagernes]]||{{coord|68|24|42|N|17|25|51|E|name=Fagernes}}||8514||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Fallmoen]]||{{coord|65|40|30|N|13|15|22|E|name=Fallmoen}}||8680||[[File:Grane komm.svg|20px]] [[Grane, Nordland|Grane]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Fenes, Nordland|Fenes]]||{{coord|67|23|00|N|14|15|16|E|name=Fenes}}||8020||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Festvåg]]||{{coord|67|26|07|N|14|46|12|E|name=Festvåg}}||8016||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Finneidfjord]]||{{coord|66|11|14|N|13|47|27|E|name=Finneidfjord}}||8642||[[File:Hemnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Hemnes]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Finnvåg]]||{{coord|68|48|22|N|14|46|22|E|name=Finnvågan}}||8426||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Finnøya, Nordland|Finnøya]]||{{coord|68|00|08|N|15|29|48|E|name=Finnøya}}||8260||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Fiskefjorden]]||{{coord|68|33|27|N|16|05|13|E|name=Fiskefjorden}}||9436||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Fiskenes]]||{{coord|69|15|40|N|16|10|03|E|name=Fiskenes}}||8485||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Fjelldal]]||{{coord|68|33|21|N|16|31|34|E|name=Fjelldal}}||9441||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Fjær]]||{{coord|67|30|08|N|14|42|44|E|name=Fjær}}||8093||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Fjærvoll]]||{{coord|68|39|08|N|14|26|45|E|name=Fjærvoll}}||8470||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Flakstad]]||{{coord|68|06|20|N|13|18|00|E|name=Flakstad}}||8380||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Flostrand]]||{{coord|66|20|10|N|13|22|08|E|name=Flostrand}}||8725||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Forstranda]]||{{coord|67|00|34|N|13|57|53|E|name=Forstranda}}||8140||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Forvika]]||{{coord|65|42|55|N|12|27|46|E|name=Forvika}}||8976||[[File:Vevelstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Vevelstad]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Fredvang]]||{{coord|68|05|02|N|13|10|00|E|name=Fredvang}}||8387||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Frøskeland]]||{{coord|68|45|31|N|15|07|16|E|name=Frøskeland}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Gimstad]]||{{coord|68|38|26|N|14|26|27|E|name=Gimstad}}||8470||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Gimsøy]]||{{coord|68|19|14|N|14|14|28|E|name=Gimsøy}}||8314||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Givær]]||{{coord|67|18|17|N|13|41|08|E|name=Givær}}||8097||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Gjerstad, Nordland|Gjerstad]]||{{coord|68|36|58|N|15|09|12|E|name=Gjerstad}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Gjerøy]]/Gjerdøya||{{coord|66|36|48|N|12|59|26|E|name=Gjerøy}}||8195||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Gladstad]]||{{coord|65|40|38|N|11|57|40|E|name=Gladstad}}||8980||[[File:Vega komm.svg|20px]] [[Vega, Norway|Vega]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Glein]]||{{coord|66|09|28|N|12|36|50|E|name=Glein}}||8820||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Glomfjord]]||{{coord|66|48|59|N|13|56|38|E|name=Glomfjord}}||8160||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Godøya]]||{{coord|67|14|10|N|14|41|31|E|name=Godøya}}||8056||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Godøynes]]||{{coord|67|16|09|N|14|43|50|E|name=Godøynes}}||8050||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Grane, Nordland|Grane]]||{{coord|65|35|06|N|13|23|34|E|name=Grane}}||8680||[[File:Grane komm.svg|20px]] [[Grane, Nordland|Grane]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Granmoen]]||{{coord|65 |58|33|N|13|12|44|E|name=Granmoen}}||8664||[[File:Vefsn komm.svg|20px]] [[Vefsn]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Gravdal, Nordland|Gravdal]]||{{coord|68|07|17|N|13|30|11|E|name=Gravdal}}||8372||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Gravermarka]]||{{coord|68|18|03|N|14|19|00|E|name=Gravermarka}}||8313||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Grubben]] ({{lang-sma|Gråbpoe}})||{{coord|65|39|48|N|14|08|10|E|name=Grubben}}||8690||[[File:Hattfjelldal komm.svg|20px]] [[Hattfjelldal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Grytting]]||{{coord|68|36|35|N|15|07|03|E|name=Grytting}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Grønning]]||{{coord|68|39|59|N|14|56|48|E|name=Grønning}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Guvåg]]||{{coord|68|39|51|N|14|45|30|E|name=Guvåg}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Hagvågen]]||{{coord|68|15|21|N|13|46|53|E|name=Hagvågen}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Halsa, Nordland|Halsa i Helgeland]]||{{coord|66|44|43|N|13|33|20|E|name=Halsa i Helgeland}}||8178||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Hamnøy]]a||{{coord|67|56|49|N|13|07|51|E|name=Hamnøya}}||8390||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Hattfjelldal]] ({{lang-sma|Aarporte}})||{{coord|65|35|52|N|13|59|03|E|name=Hattfjelldal}}||8690||[[File:Hattfjelldal komm.svg|20px]] [[Hattfjelldal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Haug, Nordland|Haug]]||{{coord|68|08|13|N|13|31|38|E|name=Haug}}||8372||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Haugland, Lurøy|Haugland]]||{{coord|66|23|05|N|13|06|24|E|name=Haugland}}||8730||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Haukenes]]||{{coord|67|32|46|N|15|15|37|E|name=Haukenes}}||8220||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Hauknes]]||{{coord|66|17|12|N|14|03|28|E|name=Hauknes}}||8618||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Helland, Sørfold|Helland]]||{{coord|67|22|29|N|15|37|37|E|name=Helland}}||8226||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Helligvær]]||{{coord|67|26|31|N|13|53|43|E|name=Helligvær}}||8095||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Hemnesberget]]||{{coord|66|13|29|N|13|36|59|E|name=Hemnesberget}}||8640||[[File:Hemnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Hemnes]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Hennes, Norway|Hennes]]||{{coord|68|31|54|N|15|13|27|E|name=Hennes}}||8414||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Henningsvær]]||{{coord|68|08|56|N|14|12|07|E|name=Henningsvær}}||8312||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Hesstun]]||{{coord|65|41|30|N|12|23|48|E|name=Hesstun}}||8978||[[File:Vevelstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Vevelstad]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Hestad]]||{{coord|66|03|15|N|12|31|04|E|name=Hestad}}||8820||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Higrav]]||{{coord|68|21|53|N|14|45|42|E|name=Higrav}}||8316||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Hjemås]]||{{coord|67|17|29|N|15|25|45|E|name=Hjemås}}||8200||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Hol, Tjeldsund|Hol i Tjeldsund]]||{{coord|68|32|56|N|16|23|32|E|name=Hol i Tjeldsund}}||9444||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Holand, Sortland|Holand]]||{{coord|68|38|33|N|15|16|06|E|name=Holand}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Holand, Vega|Holand]]||{{coord|65|42|19|N|11|54|46|E|name=Holand}}||8980||[[File:Vega komm.svg|20px]] [[Vega, Norway|Vega]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Holandsvika]]||{{coord|65|56|49|N|13|09|12|E|name=Holandsvika}}||8664||[[File:Vefsn komm.svg|20px]] [[Vefsn]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Holkestad]]||{{coord|67|52|48|N|14|53|31|E|name=Holkestad}}||8288||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Holm, Norway|Holm]]||{{coord|65|11|01|N|12|07|30|E|name=Holm}}||7982||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Holmstad]]||{{coord|68|43|29|N|15|08|42|E|name=Holmstad}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Homborneset]]||{{coord|65|19|50|N|12|21|05|E|name=Homborneset}}||8920||[[File:Sømna komm.svg|20px]] [[Sømna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Hommelstø]]||{{coord|65|24|26|N|12|33|07|E|name=Hommelstø}}||8960||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Hopen, Vågan|Hopen]]||{{coord|68|11|38|N|14|20|46|E|name=Hopen}}||8310||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Hov, Nordland|Hov]]||{{coord|68|33|17|N|16|20|55|E|name=Hov}}||9444||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Hovden, Nordland|Hovden i Vesterålen]]||{{coord|68|48|49|N|14|33|07|E|name=Hovden i Vesterålen}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Hundholmen]] ({{lang-smj|Benasuoloj}})||{{coord|68|08|49|N|16|16|08|E|name=Hundholmen}}||8590||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Husby, Norway|Husby]]||{{coord|66|13|28|N|12|46|06|E|name=Husby}}||8723||[[File:Nesna komm.svg|20px]] [[Nesna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Husvik]]||{{coord|65|49|47|N|12|39|54|E|name=Husvik}}||8883||[[File:Vefsn komm.svg|20px]] [[Vefsn]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Husvær]]||{{coord|65|54|55|N|12|07|07|E|name=Husvær}}||8842||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Husøya, Hamarøy|Husøya]]||{{coord|67|59|11|N|15|28|16|E|name=Husøya}}||8290||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Husøya]]||{{coord|66|29|43|N|12|04|29|E|name=Husøya}}||8770||[[File:Træna komm.svg|20px]] [[Træna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Hølen, Nordland|Hølen]]||{{coord|66|05|09|N|12|26|53|E|name=Hølen}}||8820||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Høyforsmoen]]||{{coord|66|54|34|N|14|44|57|E|name=Høyforsmoen}}||8114||[[File:Beiarn komm.svg|20px]] [[Beiarn]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Høyholm]]||{{coord|65|38|23|N|12|22|19|E|name=Høyholm}}||8976||[[File:Vevelstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Vevelstad]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Håkvik]] ({{lang-sme|Ginnasluokta}})||{{coord|68|24|18|N|17|18|29|E|name=Håkvik}}||8520||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Igerøy]]||{{coord|65|40|58|N|12|07|32|E|name=Igerøy}}||8980||[[File:Vega komm.svg|20px]] [[Vega, Norway|Vega]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Indre Låvong]]||{{coord|66|09|14|N|13|06|07|E|name=Indre Låvong}}||8890||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Indreskomo]]||{{coord|65|28|35|N|12|21|53|E|name=Indreskomo}}||8900||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Inndyr]]||{{coord|67|02|01|N|14|01|39|E|name=Inndyr}}||8140||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Innerkvarøya]]||{{coord|66|29|18|N|12|57|37|E|name=Indre Kvarøy}}||8743||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Innhavet]]||{{coord|67|57|58|N|15|55|58|E|name=Innhavet}}||8260||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Jektvika]]||{{coord|66|37|33|N|13|17|31|E|name=Jektvika}}||8187||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Junkerdal]]||{{coord|66|48|40|N|15|34|18|E|name=Junkerdal}}||8255||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Kabelvåg]]||{{coord|68|12|41|N|14|28|54|E|name=Kabelvåg}}||8310||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Kaldvåg]]||{{coord|68|02|42|N|15|43|50|E|name=Kaldvåg}}||8276||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Kaljord]]||{{coord|68|31|32|N|15|16|23|E|name=Kaljord}}||8414||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Kanstadbotnen]]||{{coord|68|30|45|N|15|53|19|E|name=Kanstadbotnen}}||8550||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Karlsøy, Nordland|Karlsøy]]||{{coord|68|00|02|N|15|45|52|E|name=Karlsøy}}||8260||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Kavåsen]]||{{coord|68|47|49|N|15|01|22|E|name=Kavåsen}}||8400||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Kila, Norway|Kila]]||{{coord|66|41|34|N|13|24|12|E|name=Kila}}||8186||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Kilboghamn]]||{{coord|66|29|15|N|13|13|35|E|name=Kilboghamn}}||8752||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Kjelde]]||{{coord|68|25|09|N|16|37|49|E|name=Kjelde}}||8543||[[File:Ballangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Ballangen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Kjeldebotn]] ({{lang-sme|Gálldo}})||{{coord|68|24|19|N|16|39|42|E|name=Kjeldebotn}}||8543||[[File:Ballangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Ballangen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Kjelkvika]] ({{lang-smj|Gielkká}})||{{coord|68|08|35|N|16|20|51|E|name=Kjelkvika}}||8590||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Kjerkfjorden]]||{{coord|67|59|33|N|13|00|46|E|name=Kjerkfjorden}}||8390||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Kjerkøya]]||{{coord|65|42|28|N|11|55|07|E|name=Kjerkøya}}||8980||[[File:Vega komm.svg|20px]] [[Vega, Norway|Vega]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Kjerringnes]]||{{coord|68|39|52|N|15|29|15|E|name=Kjerringnes}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Kjerringøy]]||{{coord|67|31|10|N|14|45|48|E|name=Kjerringøy}}||8093||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Kjerstad]]||{{coord|68|27|01|N|16|07|29|E|name=Kjerstad}}||9444||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Kjøpsvik]] ({{lang-smj|Gásluokta}})||{{coord|68|05|49|N|16|22|26|E|name=Kjøpsvik}}||8590||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Klakk]]||{{coord|68|31|56|N|14|58|04|E|name=Klakk}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Kleppstad]]||{{coord|68|15|19|N|14|16|22|E|name=Kleppstad}}||8313||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Klo, Norway|Klo]]||{{coord|68|58|57|N|15|10|33|E|name=Klo}}||8430||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Knutstad]]||{{coord|68|16|17|N|13|55|41|E|name=Knutstad}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Kobbvika]]||{{coord|68|20|05|N|16|20|49|E|name=Kobbvika}}||8540||[[File:Ballangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Ballangen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Kongsvika]]||{{coord|68|33|58|N|16|15|13|E|name=Kongsvika}}||9436||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Konsvikosen]]||{{coord|66|29|59|N|13|06|12|E|name=Konsvikosen}}||8752||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Korgen]]||{{coord|66|04|35|N|13|49|19|E|name=Korgen}}||8646||[[File:Hemnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Hemnes]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Korsnes]] ({{lang-smj|Hierenjárgga}})||{{coord|68|15|07|N|16|03|24|E|name=Korsnes}}||8275||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Kosmoen, Nordland|Kosmoen]]||{{coord|67|20|43|N|15|16|12|E|name=Kosmoen}}||8215||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Krutåga]] ({{lang-sma|Kruvhtege}})||{{coord|65|41|15|N|14|10|12|E|name=Krutåga}}||8690||[[File:Hattfjelldal komm.svg|20px]] [[Hattfjelldal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Krystad]]||{{coord|68|03|27|N|13|09|16|E|name=Krystad}}||8387||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Kvannkjosen]]||{{coord|68|22|19|N|15|14|16|E|name=Kvannkjosen}}||8581||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Kvina]]||{{coord|66|28|02|N|13|10|03|E|name=Kvina}}||8752||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Kvitblik]]||{{coord|67|20|48|N|15|30|02|E|name=Kvitblik}}||8200||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Kviting]]||{{coord|66|02|12|N|12|57|27|E|name=Kviting}}||8890||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Kvitnes]]||{{coord|68|34|20|N|15|13|26|E|name=Kvitnes}}||8413||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Lakså]]||{{coord|68|30|16|N|16|54|57|E|name=Lakså}}||8534||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Lande, Norway|Lande]]||{{coord|65|15|04|N|12|47|27|E|name=Lande}}||8960||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Langset, Nordland|Langset]]||{{coord|67|08|12|N|15|27|06|E|name=Langset}}||8250||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Laukvika]]||{{coord|68|23|24|N|14|26|29|E|name=Laukvika}}||8315||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Laupstad]]||{{coord|68|21|26|N|14|43|23|E|name=Laupstad}}||8316||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Leines, Leirfjord|Leines]]||{{coord|66|02|37|N|12|42|09|E|name=Leines}}||8890||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Leines]]||{{coord|67|44|13|N|14|47|53|E|name=Leines}}||8285||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Leinesfjord]]en||{{coord|67|46|31|N|15|00|55|E|name=Leinesfjorden}}||8283||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Leira, Leirfjord|Leira]]||{{coord|66|04|38|N|13|03|13|E|name=Leira}}||8890||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Leiren]]||{{coord|65|25|33|N|13|39|37|E|name=Leiren}}||8680||[[File:Grane komm.svg|20px]] [[Grane, Nordland|Grane]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Leirfjordgården]]||{{coord|67|34|33|N|15|46|22|E|name=Leirfjordgården}}||8264||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Lekanger]]||{{coord|67|06|49|N|14|02|01|E|name=Lekanger}}||8130||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Leland, Norway|Leland]]||{{coord|66|03|49|N|12|56|45|E|name=Leland}}||8890||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Lenvika]]||{{coord|68|30|35|N|17|03|31|E|name=Lenvik}}||8533||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Liland, Evenes|Liland]]||{{coord|68|28|34|N|16|53|03|E|name=Liland}}||8534||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Liland, Sortland|Liland]]||{{coord|68|44|42|N|15|30|12|E|name=Liland}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Liland, Vågan|Liland]]||{{coord|68|20|11|N|14|44|44|E|name=Liland}}||8316||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Lovund]]||{{coord|66|21|56|N|12|21|34|E|name=Lovund}}||8764||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Lurøy]]||{{coord|66|25|06|N|12|50|57|E|name=Lurøy}}||8766||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Lysfjord]]||{{coord|65|06|48|N|12|05|12|E|name=Lysfjord}}||7982||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Løding]]||{{coord|67|18|02|N|14|44|18|E|name=Løding}}||8050||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Lødingen]]||{{coord|68|24|26|N|15|59|31|E|name=Lødingen}}||8550||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Lønsdal]]||{{coord|66|44|35|N|15|27|48|E|name=Lønsdal}}||8255||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Løpsmarka]]||{{coord|67|18|48|N|14|26|52|E|name=Løpsmarka}}||8015||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Majavatn]]||{{coord|65|09|57|N|13|22|11|E|name=Majavatn}}||8680||[[File:Grane komm.svg|20px]] [[Grane, Nordland|Grane]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Mehus]]||{{coord|68|47|08|N|15|56|59|E|name=Mehus}}||8407||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Melbu]]||{{coord|68|30|16|N|14|49|47|E|name=Melbu}}||8445||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Melfjorden]]/Melfjordbotn|| {{coord|66|30|56|N|13|40|43|E|name=Melfjorden}}||8182||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Meløy]]||{{coord|66|49|24|N|13|24|23|E|name=Meløy}}||8157||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Mevik]]||{{coord|66|56|40|N|13|44|24|E|name=Mevik}}||8145||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Misvær]]||{{coord|67|06|54|N|15|00|18|E|name=Misvær}}||8255||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Moldjord]]||{{coord|67|00|21|N|14|34|27|E|name=Moldjord}}||8110||[[File:Beiarn komm.svg|20px]] [[Beiarn]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Moskenes]]||{{coord|67|54|09|N|13|02|38|E|name=Moskenes}}||8392||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Musken]] ({{lang-smj|Måsske}})||{{coord|67|53|17|N|16|13|27|E|name=Musken}}||8274||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Myken]]||{{coord|66|45|41|N|12|28|53|E|name=Myken}}||8181||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Myklebostad, Bodø|Myklebostad]]||{{coord|67|20|54|N|14|33|04|E|name=Myklebostad}}||8016||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Myklebostad, Tjeldsund|Myklebostad]]||{{coord|68|25|34|N|16|20|17|E|name=Myklebostad}}||9443||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Myklebustad]]||{{coord|66|18|17|N|13|29|32|E|name=Myklebustad}}||8725||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Myre, Andøy|Myre]]||{{coord|69|06|19|N|15|57|46|E|name=Myre}}||8485||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Myre, Øksnes|Myre]]||{{coord|68|54|54|N|15|04|17|E|name=Myre}}||8430||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Mæla]]||{{coord|66|18|23|N|13|33|37|E|name=Mæla}}||8725||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Mårnes]]||{{coord|67|08|42|N|14|05|24|E|name=Mårnes}}||8130||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Napp, Norway|Napp]]||{{coord|68|07|59|N|13|25|54|E|name=Napp}}||8382||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Naurstad]]||{{coord|67|16|27|N|14|50|14|E|name=Naurstad}}||8050||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Nesberg]]/Nes||{{coord|68|00|09|N|15|25|15|E|name=Nesberg}}||8290||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Nesna]]||{{coord|66|11|48|N|13|01|16|E|name=Nesna}}||8700||[[File:Nesna komm.svg|20px]] [[Nesna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Nesset, Røst|Nesset]]||{{coord|67|31|36|N|12|08|00|E|name=Nesset}}||8064||[[File:Røst komm.svg|20px]] [[Røst]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Nevernes]]||{{coord|66|22|51|N|14|34|19|E|name=Nevernes}}||8630||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Nordarnøya]]||{{coord|67|09|13|N|13|59|50|E|name=Nordarnøya}}||8136||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Nordfold]]||{{coord|67|45|47|N|15|13|53|E|name=Nordfold}}||8286||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Nordhorsfjord]]||{{coord|65|07|04|N|11|59|52|E|name=Nordhorsfjord}}||7982||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Nordland, Nordland|Nordland]]||{{coord|67|41|36|N|12|42|11|E|name=Nordland}}||8063||[[File:Værøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Værøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Nordmela]]||{{coord|69|08|04|N|15|40|29|E|name=Nordmela}}||8489||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Nordnesøya]]||{{coord|66|35|35|N|12|38|26|E|name=Nordnesøya}}||8198||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Nordskot]]||{{coord|67|49|54|N|14|48|05|E|name=Nordskot}}||8283||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Nordstaulen]]||{{coord|66|02|22|N|12|17|56|E|name=Nordstaulen}}||8850||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Nyksund]]||{{coord|68|59|44|N|15|01|23|E|name=Nyksund}}||8430||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Nykvåg]]||{{coord|68|46|36|N|14|28|05|E|name=Nykvåg}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Nystad, Nordland|Nystad]]||{{coord|67|20|05|N|15|15|46|E|name= Nystad }}||8215||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Nøss]]||{{coord|69|04|38|N|15|33|40|E|name=Nøss}}||8488||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Oldervika, Rødøy|Oldervika]]||{{coord|66|30|20|N|13|18|33|E|name=Oldervika}}||8190||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Oldervika, Tjeldsund|Oldervika]]||{{coord|68|29|00|N|16|31|52|E|name=Oldervika}}||9442||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Ongstad]]||{{coord|68|30|50|N|14|43|37|E|name=Ongstad}}||8445||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Oppeid]]||{{coord|68|05|06|N|15|36|11|E|name=Oppeid}}||8294||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Presteid]]||{{coord|68|05|05|N|15|38|45|E|name=Presteid}}||8294||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Prestøya]]||{{coord|65|54|45|N|12|09|28|E|name=Prestøya}}||8842||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Raften]]||{{coord|68|23|57|N|15|07|48|E|name=Raften}}||8325||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Ramberg, Bø|Ramberg]]||{{coord|68|38|01|N|14|37|27|E|name=Ramberg}}||8470||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Ramberg, Flakstad|Ramberg]]||{{coord|68|05|23|N|13|13|47|E|name=Ramberg}}||8380||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Ramsund, Norway|Ramsund]]||{{coord|68|29|33|N|16|31|12|E|name=Ramsund}}||9442||[[File:Tjeldsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjeldsund]]||[[Ofoten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Reine]]||{{coord|67|55|56|N|13|05|22|E|name=Reine}}||8390||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Reipå]]||{{coord|66|54|43|N|13|38|27|E|name=Reipå}}||8146||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Repp, Norway|Repp]]||{{coord|68|11|32|N|13|35|59|E|name=Repp}}||8370||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Ringstad, Nordland|Ringstad]]||{{coord|68|39|18|N|14|38|12|E|name=Ringstad}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Rinøya]]||{{coord|68|22|34|N|15|45|21|E|name=Rinøya}}||8581||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Rise, Norway|Rise]]||{{coord|68|43|38|N|14|35|48|E|name=Rise}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Risøyhamn]]||{{coord|68|58|23|N|15|38|05|E|name=Risøyhamn}}||8484||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Rognan]]||{{coord|67|05|43|N|15|23|16|E|name=Rognan}}||8250||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Russånes]]||{{coord|66|55|36|N|15|19|19|E|name=Russånes}}||8255||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Rødøy]]||{{coord|66|39|33|N|13|04|39|E|name=Rødøy}}||8193||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Røkland]]||{{coord|66|59|15|N|15|19|00|E|name=Røkland}}||8255||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Rørstad]]||{{coord|67|35|21|N|15|13|31|E|name=Rørstad}}||8220||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Rørvika]] ({{lang-smj|Ráluokta}})||{{coord|68|08|09|N|16|07|00|E|name=Rørvika}}||8275||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Røssnesvågen]]||{{coord|67|39|15|N|12|43|18|E|name=Røssnesvågen}}||8063||[[File:Værøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Værøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Røssvoll]]||{{coord|66|21|30|N|14|19|29|E|name=Røssvoll}}||8615||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Røstlandet]]||{{coord|67|31|27|N|12|06|54|E|name=Røstlandet}}||8064||[[File:Røst komm.svg|20px]] [[Røst]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Røsvik]]a||{{coord|67|28|57|N|15|27|15|E|name=Røsvika}}||8220||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Røvika, Nordland|Røvika]]||{{coord|67|16|20|N|15|14|05|E|name=Røvika}}||8200||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sagfjorden]]||{{coord|67|36|42|N|15|25|42|E|name=Sagfjorden}}||8220||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Salhus, Nordland|Salhus]]||{{coord|65|29|18|N|12|13|49|E|name=Salhus}}||8900||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Saltstraumen]]||{{coord|67|14|00|N|14|37|30|E|name=Saltstraumen}}||8056||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sanden, Nordland|Sanden]]||{{coord|68|25|57|N|14|37|16|E|name=Sanden}}||8317||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sandnes, Nordland|Sandnes]]||{{coord|68|35|07|N|14|54|30|E|name=Sandnes}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sandset]]||{{coord|68|47|37|N|14|55|58|E|name=Sandset}}||8408||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sandstrand, Nordland|Sandstrand]]||{{coord|68|44|38|N|15|20|45|E|name=Sandstrand}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sandvika, Nordland|Sandvika]]||{{coord|67|11|00|N|14|14|26|E|name=Sandvika}}||8130||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sandværet]]||{{coord|65|53|42|N|11|59|13|E|name=Sandværet}}||8844||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Sandåker]]||{{coord|66|08|59|N|12|43|51|E|name=Sandåker}}||8813||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Sanna, Nordland|Sanna]]||{{coord|66|30|20|N|12|02|48|E|name=Sanna}}||8770||[[File:Træna komm.svg|20px]] [[Træna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Saura, Nordland|Saura]]||{{coord|66|13|57|N|12|59|19|E|name=Saura i Helgeland}}||8724||[[File:Nesna komm.svg|20px]] [[Nesna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Saura, Norway|Saura]]||{{coord|67|06|02|N|14|18|24|E|name=Saura i Salten}}||8120||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Saursfjord]]||{{coord|67|47|37|N|15|03|13|E|name=Saursfjord}}||8283||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Selfors]]||{{coord|66|19|39|N|14|10|37|E|name=Selfors}}||8613||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Selvær]]||{{coord|66|35|14|N|12|14|30|E|name=Selvær}}||8742||[[File:Træna komm.svg|20px]] [[Træna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Selsøya]]||{{coord|66|32|57|N|12|50|33|E|name=Selsøya}}||8197||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Seløya]]||{{coord|66|01|38|N|12|13|48|E|name=Seløya}}||8850||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Sennesvik]]||{{coord|68|06|44|N|13|42|29|E|name=Sennesvik}}||8352||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Setså]]||{{coord|67|09|56|N|15|29|14|E|name=Setså}}||8250||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sigerfjord]]||{{coord|68|38|41|N|15|30|28|E|name=Sigerfjord}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Silvalen]]||{{coord|65|59|06|N|12|17|17|E|name=Silvalen}}||8850||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Skagen, Norway|Skagen]]||{{coord|68|34|56|N|15|02|39|E|name=Skagen}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Skarberget]] ({{lang-smj|Skárffabákte}})||{{coord|68|13|52|N|16|14|22|E|name=Skarberget}}||8540||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Skarstad, Nordland|Skarstad]]||{{coord|68|22|03|N|16|16|46|E|name=Skarstad}}||8540||[[File:Ballangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Ballangen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Skarstein]]||{{coord|69|14|58|N|16|07|45|E|name=Skarstein}}||8485||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Skipbåtsvær]]||{{coord|66|07|45|N|12|02|07|E|name=Skipbåtsvær}}||8850||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Skjelsviksjøen]]||{{coord|65|10|50|N|12|15|54|E|name=Skjelsviksjøen}}||7982||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Skjerstad]]||{{coord|67|13|57|N|15|01|17|E|name=Skjerstad}}||8102||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Skjoldehamn]]||{{coord|68|52|50|N|15|30|30|E|name=Skjoldehamn}}||8484||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Skjombotn]]||{{coord|68|11|27|N|17|18|52|E|name=Skjombotn}}||8523||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Skonseng]]||{{coord|66|21|21|N|14|20|14|E|name=Skonseng}}||8615||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Skrova]]||{{coord|68|09|10|N|14|38|56|E|name=Skrova}}||8320||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Skutvika]]||{{coord|68|01|00|N|15|19|39|E|name=Skutvika}}||8290||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Skånland, Nordland|Skånland]]||{{coord|67|54|06|N|15|04|38|E|name=Skånland}}||8288||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Skårvågen]]||{{coord|68|40|45|N|14|25|03|E|name=Skårvågen}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sleneset]]||{{coord|66|21|40|N|12|36|23|E|name=Sleneset}}||8762||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Snubba]]||{{coord|68|31|24|N|17|08|21|E|name=Snubba}}|| 8533||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Soksenvika]]||{{coord|67|06|31|N|15|27|40|E|name=Soksenvika}}||8250||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Solfjellsjøen]]||{{coord|66|06|32|N|12|29|25|E|name=Solfjellsjøen}}||8820||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Solheim]]||{{coord|67|55|36|N|15|00|23|E|name=Solheim}}||8289||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sommersel]]||{{coord|68|09|56|N|15|42|12|E|name=Sommersel}}||8297||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Stamsund]]||{{coord|68|07|33|N|13|48|19|E|name=Stamsund}}||8340||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Stamsvika]]||{{coord|67|40|59|N|15|01|25|E|name=Stamsvika}}||8286||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Stave, Norway|Stave]]||{{coord|69|12|53|N|15|51|28|E|name=Stave}}||8489||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Stokka]]||{{coord|65|45|28|N|12|33|54|E|name=Stokka}}||8870||[[File:Vevelstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Vevelstad]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Stokkvågen]]||{{coord|66|20|17|N|13|00|54|E|name=Stokkvågen}}||8735||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Stor-Glea]]||{{coord|67|30|23|N|12|04|08|E|name= Stor-Glea }}||8064||[[File:Røst komm.svg|20px]] [[Røst]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Storforshei]]||{{coord|66|24|05|N|14|32|07|E|name=Storforshei}}||8630||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Storjord, Beiarn|Storjord i Beiarn]]||{{coord|66|59|21|N|14|45|31|E|name=Storjord i Beiarn}}||8110||[[File:Beiarn komm.svg|20px]] [[Beiarn]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Storvika]]||{{coord|66|57|46|N|13|48|30|E|name=Storvika}}||8145||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Storå, Norway|Storå]] ({{lang-smj|Jågåsijdda}})||{{coord|68|04|22|N|16|23|22|E|name=Storå}}||8587||[[File:Tysfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Tysfjord]]||[[Ofoten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Straume, Nordland|Straume]]||{{coord|68|41|19|N|14|28|19|E|name=Straume}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Straumen, Nordland|Straumen]]||{{coord|67|20|51|N|15|36|17|E|name=Straumen}}||8226||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Straumnes]]||{{coord|68|23|35|N|14|27|58|E|name=Straumnes}}||8315||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Straumsnes, Fauske|Straumsnes]]||{{coord|67|18|01|N|15|11|07|E|name=Straumsnes}}||8215||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Straumsnes, Narvik|Straumsnes]]||{{coord|68|26|02|N|17|39|23|E|name=Straumsnes}}||8517||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Strand, Nordland|Strand]]||{{coord|68|41|14|N|15|27|58|E|name=Strand}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Strendene]]||{{coord|65|26|19|N|13|24|16|E|name=Strendene}}||8680||[[File:Grane komm.svg|20px]] [[Grane, Nordland|Grane]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Strengelvåg]]||{{coord|68|57|33|N|15|10|32|E|name=Strengelvåg}}||8426||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Stuvland]]||{{coord|66|25|48|N|13|02|38|E|name=Stuvland}}||8733||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Styrkesvik]]||{{coord|67|30|52|N|15|31|09|E|name=Styrkesvik}}||8264||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Stø]]||{{coord|69|01|06|N|15|07|21|E|name=Stø}}||8438||[[File:Øksnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Øksnes]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Støtt]]||{{coord|66|55|28|N|13|26|41|E|name=Støtt}}||8159||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sulitjelma]] ({{lang-smj|Sulisjielmmá}})||{{coord|67|07|58|N|16|04|35|E|name=Sulitjelma}}||8230||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sund, Bø|Sund]]||{{coord|68|44|33|N|14|36|55|E|name=Sund}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sund, Gildeskål|Sund]]||{{coord|67|04|31|N|14|03|24|E|name=Sund}}||8140||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sund, Hemnes|Sund]]||{{coord|66|12|28|N|13|38|59|E|name=Sund}}||8640||[[File:Hemnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Hemnes]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Sund, Flakstad|Sund i Lofoten]]||{{coord|68|00|18|N|13|12|28|E|name=Sund i Lofoten}}||8384||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Sundøy]]a||{{coord|65|59|34|N|12|51|01|E|name=Sundøya}}||8679||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Svenskvollen]]||{{coord|65|23|45|N|14|00|41|E|name=Svenskvollen}}||8690||[[File:Hattfjelldal komm.svg|20px]] [[Hattfjelldal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Sydalen]]||{{coord|68|17|14|N|14|20|17|E|name=Sydalen}}||8313||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Søfting]]||{{coord|65|54|42|N|13|10|26|E|name=Søfting}}||8664||[[File:Vefsn komm.svg|20px]] [[Vefsn]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Sør-Steiro]]||{{coord|68|40|10|N|15|21|44|E|name=Sør-Steiro}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sørarnøy]]||{{coord|67|08|10|N|13|58|00|E|name=Sør-Arnøy}}||8135||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sørfinnset]]||{{coord|66|58|40|N|13|58|59|E|name=Sørfinnset}}||8140||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sørfjorden, Rødøy|Sørfjorden]]||{{coord|66|28|37|N|13|15|28|E|name=Sørfjorden}}||8190||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Sørfugløy]]||{{coord|67|03|12|N|13|46|29|E|name=Sørfugløy}}||8135||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sørhorsfjord]]||{{coord|65|06|06|N|11|59|20|E|name=Sørhorsfjord}}||7982||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Sørland]]||{{coord|67|39|52|N|12|41|36|E|name=Sørland}}||8063||[[File:Værøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Værøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Sørmela]]||{{coord|68|59|08|N|15|26|38|E|name=Sørmela}}||8484||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Sørskot]]||{{coord|67|48|33|N|14|47|16|E|name=Sørskot}}||8283||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sørvær, Nordland|Sørvær]]||{{coord|67|24|09|N|13|54|13|E|name=Sørvær}}||8095||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Sørvågen, Moskenes|Sørvågen]]||{{coord|67|53|21|N|13|00|57|E|name=Sørvågen}}||8392||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Søvika]]||{{coord|65|56|08|N|12|27|43|E|name=Søvika}}||8800||[[File:Alstahaug komm.svg|20px]] [[Alstahaug]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Tangstad]]||{{coord|68|14|32|N|13|38|46|E|name=Tangstad}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Terråk]]||{{coord|65|05|13|N|12|22|17|E|name=Terråk}}||7980||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Tind]]||{{coord|67|53|00|N|12|59|40|E|name=Tind}}||8392||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Tjong, Nordland|Tjong]]||{{coord|66|41|12|N|13|27|06|E|name=Tjong}}||8186||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Tjøtta]]||{{coord|65|49|22|N|12|25|37|E|name=Tjøtta}}||8860||[[File:Alstahaug komm.svg|20px]] [[Alstahaug]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Toft, Nordland|Toft]]||{{coord|65|28|07|N|12|08|03|E|name=Toft}}||8900||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Tonnes, Norway|Tonnes]]||{{coord|66|30|50|N|13|00|54|E|name=Tonnes}}||8750||[[File:Lurøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Lurøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Torvvær]]||{{coord|66|32|38|N|12|09|10|E|name=Torvvær}}||8770||[[File:Træna komm.svg|20px]] [[Træna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Tosbotn]]||{{coord|65|19|35|N|12|57|37|E|name=Tosbotn}}||8960||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Tranøy, Hamarøy|Tranøya]]||{{coord|68|11|04|N|15|39|30|E|name=Tranøya}}||8297||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Tro, Nordland|Tro]]||{{coord|65|47|25|N|12|31|31|E|name=Tro}}||8865||[[File:Alstahaug komm.svg|20px]] [[Alstahaug]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Trofors]]||{{coord|65|32|00|N|13|24|22|E|name=Trofors}}||8680||[[File:Grane komm.svg|20px]] [[Grane, Nordland|Grane]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Trones, Nordland|Trones]]||{{coord|66|55|33|N|14|46|30|E|name=Trones}}||8114||[[File:Beiarn komm.svg|20px]] [[Beiarn]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Trælnes]]||{{coord|65|23|16|N|12|10|39|E|name=Trælnes}}||8900||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Tuv, Nordland|Tuv]]||{{coord|67|13|14|N|14|37|07|E|name=Tuv}}||8056||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Tverrvika]]||{{coord|67|02|33|N|14|34|06|E|name=Tverrvika}}||8110||[[File:Beiarn komm.svg|20px]] [[Beiarn]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Tverrå]]||{{coord|67|18|17|N|15|25|04|E|name=Tverrå}}||8200||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Tømmerneset]]||{{coord|67|53|56|N|15|51|34|E|name=Tømmerneset}}||8260||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Tårstad]]||{{coord|68|27|36|N|16|37|29|E|name=Tårstad}}||8535||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Ulvsvåg]] ({{lang-smj|Ulsváhke}})||{{coord|68|07|10|N|15|53|28|E|name=Ulvsvåg}}||8276||[[File:Hamarøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Hamarøy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Unnstad]]||{{coord|68|16|02|N|13|35|15|E|name=Unnstad}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Utakleiv]]||{{coord|68|12|46|N|13|31|16|E|name=Utakleiv}}||8370||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Utskarpen]]||{{coord|66|17|24|N|13|34|49|E|name=Utskarpen}}||8725||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Utskor]]||{{coord|68|47|52|N|14|38|15|E|name=Utskor}}||8475||[[File:Bø Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Bø, Nordland|Bø]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Valberg, Nordland|Valberg]]||{{coord|68|11|40|N|13|57|13|E|name=Valberg}}||8370||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Valla, Norway|Valla]]||{{coord|65|41|23|N|11|52|08|E|name=Valla}}||8980||[[File:Vega komm.svg|20px]] [[Vega, Norway|Vega]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Valnesfjord]]||{{coord|67|17|47|N|15|09|51|E|name=Valnesfjord}}||8215||[[File:Fauske komm.svg|20px]] [[Fauske]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Valvika]]||{{coord|67|23|52|N|14|39|11|E|name=Valvika}}||8016||[[File:Bodø komm.svg|20px]] [[Bodø]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Vandved]]||{{coord|66|10|08|N|12|20|26|E|name=Vandved}}||8830||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vareid]]||{{coord|68|01|21|N|13|09|15|E|name=Vareid}}||8382||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Varntresk]]||{{coord|65|49|30|N|14|11|53|E|name=Varntresk}}||8690||[[File:Hattfjelldal komm.svg|20px]] [[Hattfjelldal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vassdalsvik]]||{{coord|66|48|19|N|13|35|16|E|name=Vassdalsvik}}||8170||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Vassås]]||{{coord|65|05|45|N|12|24|29|E|name=Vassås}}||7980||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vennesund]]||{{coord|65|12|57|N|12|02|55|E|name=Vennesund}}||8920||[[File:Sømna komm.svg|20px]] [[Sømna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vestpollen]]||{{coord|68|19|43|N|14|41|49|E|name=Vestpollen}}||8316||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Vevelstad]]||{{coord|65|41|52|N|12|26|13|E|name=Vevelstad}}||8976||[[File:Vevelstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Vevelstad]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vidrek]]||{{coord|68|23|25|N|17|08|29|E|name=Vidrek}}||8520||[[File:Narvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Narvik]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Vik, Sortland|Vik]]||{{coord|68|45|40|N|15|17|16|E|name=Vik}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Vik, Vestvågøy|Vik]]||{{coord|68|11|59|N|13|33|30|E|name=Vik}}||8370||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Vik, Sømna|Vik i Helgeland]]||{{coord|65|18|45|N|12|10|02|E|name=Vik i Helgeland}}||8920||[[File:Sømna komm.svg|20px]] [[Sømna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vik, Saltdal|Vik i Saltdal]]||{{coord|67|07|29|N|15|22|57|E|name=Vik i Saltdal}}||8250||[[File:Saltdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Saltdal]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Vik, Hadsel|Vik i Vesterålen]]||{{coord|68|37|06|N|14|52|03|E|name=Vik i Vesterålen}}||8450||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Vikholmen]] /Vik|| {{coord|66|12|14|N|12|58|11|E|name=Vikholmen}}||8720||[[File:Nesna komm.svg|20px]] [[Nesna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vikten]]||{{coord|68|08|25|N|13|18|56|E|name=Vikten}}||8382||[[File:Flakstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Flakstad]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Vindstad]]||{{coord|67|57|31|N|13|00|11|E|name=Vindstad}}||8390||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Visthus]]||{{coord|65|43|28|N|12|35|48|E|name=Visthus}}||8870||[[File:Vevelstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Vevelstad]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Våg, Dønna|Våg]]||{{coord|66|08|11|N|12|33|19|E|name=Våg}}||8820||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Våg, Gildeskål|Våg]]||{{coord|67|07|56|N|14|03|55|E|name=Våg}}||8130||[[File:Gildeskål komm.svg|20px]] [[Gildeskål]]||[[Salten]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Vågaholmen]] (Våga)||{{coord|66|42|49|N|13|17|13|E|name=Vågaholmen}}||8185||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Vågehamn]] /Vestbygda||{{coord|68|20|50|N|15|30|36|E|name=Vestbygda}}||8581||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Ylvingen]]||{{coord|65|38|08|N|12|10|25|E|name=Ylvingen}}||8985||[[File:Vega komm.svg|20px]] [[Vega, Norway|Vega]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Ytre Borgfjord]]||{{coord|68|16|13|N|13|47|55|E|name=Ytre Borgfjord}}||8360||[[File:Vestvågøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Vestvågøy]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Ytre Øksningan]]||{{coord|66|00|19|N|12|13|41|E|name=Ytre Øksningan}}||8850||[[File:Herøy Nordland komm.svg|20px]] [[Herøy, Nordland|Herøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Ytre Ånnstad]]||{{coord|68|31|43|N|14|41|52|E|name=Ytre Ånnstad}}||8445||[[File:Hadsel komm.svg|20px]] [[Hadsel]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Ytter-Torget]]||{{coord|65|25|28|N|12|04|37|E|name=Ytter-Torget}}||8900||[[File:Brønnøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Brønnøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Ytteren]]||{{coord|66|20|46|N|14|07|48|E|name=Ytteren}}||8614||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Ytterstad]]||{{coord|68|20|16|N|15|39|40|E|name=Ytterstad}}||8581||[[File:Lødingen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lødingen]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Øresvika]]||{{coord|66|27|37|N|13|13|28|E|name=Øresvika}}||8752||[[File:Rødøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Rødøy]]||[[Helgeland]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Ørnes]]||{{coord|66|52|08|N|13|42|28|E|name=Ørnes}}||8150||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Ørsnes]]||{{coord|68|11|57|N|14|23|26|E|name=Ørsnes}}||8310||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Ørsvåg]]||{{coord|68|12|32|N|14|23|29|E|name=Ørsvåg}}||8310||[[File:Vågan komm.svg|20px]] [[Vågan]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Østervika]]||{{coord|68|30|07|N|17|04|44|E|name=Østervika}}||8533||[[File:Evenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Evenes]]||[[Ofoten]] |- |[[Øverdal]]||{{coord|66|14|37|N|14|02|42|E|name=Øverdal}}||8617||[[File:Rana komm.svg|20px]] [[Rana, Norway|Rana]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Øvre Kvarv]]||{{coord|67|27|48|N|15|33|02|E|name=Øvre Kvarv}}||8226||[[File:Sørfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørfold]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Å, Andøy|Å på Andøya]]||{{coord|69|02|59|N|15|52|40|E|name=Å på Andøya}}||8485||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Å, Moskenes|Å i Lofoten]]||{{coord|67|52|45|N|12|58|59|E|name=Å i Lofoten}}||8392||[[File:Moskenes komm.svg|20px]] [[Moskenes]]||[[Lofoten]] |- |[[Åbygda]]||{{coord|65|02|52|N|12|30|08|E|name=Åbygda}}||7980||[[File:Bindal komm.svg|20px]] [[Bindal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Ågskardet]]||{{coord|66|43|09|N|13|28|14|E|name=Ågskardet}}||8184||[[File:Meløy komm.svg|20px]] [[Meløy]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Åker, Nordland|Åker]]||{{coord|66|10|15|N|12|34|26|E|name=Åker}}||8820||[[File:Dønna komm.svg|20px]] [[Dønna]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Åkervika, Nordland|Åkervika]]||{{coord|65|43|07|N|13|56|44|E|name=Åkervika}}||8690||[[File:Hattfjelldal komm.svg|20px]] [[Hattfjelldal]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Åknes]]||{{coord|68|58|34|N|15|25|50|E|name=Åknes}}||8484||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Åkvik]]||{{coord|65|59|30|N|12|51|03|E|name=Åkvik}}||8679||[[File:Leirfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Leirfjord]]||[[Helgeland]] |- |[[Ålstad]]||{{coord|67|54|54|N|15|10|40|E|name=Ålstad}}||8289||[[File:Steigen komm.svg|20px]] [[Steigen]]||[[Salten]] |- |[[Ånstad]]||{{coord|68|43|17|N|15|23|29|E|name=Ånstad}}||8400||[[File:Sortland komm.svg|20px]] [[Sortland]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Åse, Nordland|Åse]]||{{coord|69|00|56|N|15|48|15|E|name=Åse}}||8484||[[File:Andøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Andøy]]||[[Vesterålen]] |- |[[Åsmyra]]||{{coord|65|41|36|N|12|26|02|E|name=Åsmyra}}||8976||[[File:Vevelstad komm.svg|20px]] [[Vevelstad]]||[[Helgeland]] |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book|author=Statens kartverk|title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|year=1996|isbn=82-573-0742-4}} *{{cite web|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.|year=2004|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Nordland Fylke, Norway|work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/09/|accessdate=2006-04-22|archive-date=2010-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301190751/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/09/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal|author=Statistics Norway|title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005|year=2005|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web|author=Statens kartverk|year=2003|title=Map service (Kvasir)|url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|accessdate=2006-06-03|archive-date=2003-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|last=Støverud|first=Henning|year=2001|title=Postal code search|url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|accessdate=2006-04-22|archive-date=2002-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|url-status=dead}} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen|Akershus]] my4cma7jrcqbfpnsui9nlp8g1kd7g1u 0 101701 1752016 1641955 2026-08-01T05:21:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752016 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Nord-Trøndelag]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" |[[Abelvær]]||{{coord|64|43|46|N|11|10|42|E|name=Abelvær}}||7950||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Agle]]||{{coord|64|16|31|N|12|31|07|E|name=Agle}}||7760||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1736 Snåsa.svg|20px]] [[Snåsa]] |- |[[Alstadhaug]]||{{coord|63.7239|11.2250|format=dms|name=Alstadhaug}}||7620||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Asp, Norway|Asp]]||{{coord|64|03|45|N|11|29|34|E|name=Asp}}||7724||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Austafjord]]||{{coord|64|54|58|N|10|56|21|E|name=Austafjord}}||7900||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1750 Vikna.svg|20px]] [[Vikna]] |- |[[Bangsund]]||{{coord|64|23|41|N|11|23|44|E|name=Bangsund}}||7822||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Bartnes, Nord-Trøndelag|Bartnes]]||{{coord|64.0582|11.2430|format=dms|name=Bartnes}}||7730||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Beistadgrenda]]||{{coord|63.4795|10.9974|format=dms|name=Beistadgrenda}}||7500||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Beitstad]]||{{coord|64.0855|11.3615|format=dms|name=Beitstad}}||7730||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Bergbygda]]||{{coord|63.7067|10.7638|format=dms|name=Bergbygda}}||7120||[[File:Leksvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Leksvik]] |- |[[Berglia]]||{{coord|64.2139|13.5858|format=dms|name=Berglia}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Bergsmoen]]||{{coord|64|28|02|N|12|13|12|E|name=Bergsmoen}}||7870||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Binde, Norway|Binde]]||{{coord|64|05|25|N|11|42|39|E|name=Binde}}||7717||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Borgan, Norway|Borgan]]||{{coord|64|58|10|N|10|54|26|E|name=Borgan}}||7900||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1750 Vikna.svg|20px]] [[Vikna]] |- |[[Brannan]]||{{coord|63.7725|11.4790|format=dms|name=Brannan}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Breide]]||{{coord|64.2032|12.2570|format=dms|name=Breide}}||7760||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1736 Snåsa.svg|20px]] [[Snåsa]] |- |[[Brekkvasselv]]||{{coord|64.8447|13.0112|format=dms|name=Brekkvasselv}}||7896||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1740 Namsskogan.svg|20px]] [[Namsskogan]] |- |[[Byafossen]]||{{coord|64|02|13|N|11|33|14|E|name=Byafossen}}||7716||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Dalbygda]]||{{coord|63|42|33|N|10|38|10|E|name=Dalbygda}}||7120||[[File:Leksvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Leksvik]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Dun, Norway|Dun]]||{{coord|64|39|31|N|11|15|58|E|name=Dun}}||7856||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1748 Fosnes.svg|20px]] [[Fosnes]] |- |[[Eidet, Nord-Trøndelag|Eidet]]||{{coord|64|26|30|N|13|38|17|E|name=Eidet}}||7882||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Ekne]]||{{coord|63.6966|11.0406|format=dms|name=Ekne}}||7624||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Elvran]]||{{coord|63.3849|11.0781|format=dms|name=Elvran}}||7519||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Fagerli]]||{{coord|63.4264|10.9595|format=dms|name=Fagerli}}||7517||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Faksdal]]||{{coord|64|38|24|N|11|15|01|E|name=Faksdal}}||7856||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1748 Fosnes.svg|20px]] [[Fosnes]] |- |[[Finnanger]]||{{coord|64|37|14|N|11|08|43|E|name=Finnanger}}||7819||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Fleskhus]]||{{coord|63|49|19|N|11|26|48|E|name=Fleskhus}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Flornes]]||{{coord|63|27|28|N|11|21|02|E|name=Flornes}}||7525||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Flått]]||{{coord|64|41|34|N|12|20|00|E|name=Flått}}||7977||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1743 Høylandet.svg|20px]] [[Høylandet]] |- |[[Foldereid]]||{{coord|64|57|40|N|12|10|46|E|name=Foldereid}}||7985||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Follafoss]]||{{coord|63|59|08|N|11|06|39|E|name=Follafoss}}||7796||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1724 Verran.svg|20px]] [[Verran]] |- |[[Forbregd]]/[[Lein, Norway|Lein]]||{{coord|63|48|37|N|11|33|13|E|name=Forbregd/Lein}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Formofoss]]||{{coord|64|24|01|N|12|20|42|E|name=Formofoss}}||7870||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Fosslandsosen]]||{{coord|64|32|29|N|11|15|59|E|name=Fosslandsosen}}||7819||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Framverran]]||{{coord|63|52|45|N|10|59|53|E|name=Framverran}}||7690||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1723 Mosvik.svg|20px]] [[Mosvik]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Frosta]]||{{coord|63|35|13|N|10|45|14|E|name=Frosta}}||7633||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1717 Frosta.svg|20px]] [[Frosta]] |- |[[Følling]]||{{coord|64|06|11|N|11|32|40|E|name=Følling}}||7732||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Julsborg]]||{{coord|63|44|11|N|11|14|25|E|name=Julsborg}}||7600||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Jørem]]||{{coord|64|27|20|N|12|11|22|E|name=Jørem}}||7870||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Jørstad]]||{{coord|64|12|07|N|12|14|13|E|name=Jørstad}}||7760||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1736 Snåsa.svg|20px]] [[Snåsa]] |- |[[Gangstad]]||{{coord|63|57|13|N|11|19|52|E|name=Gangstad}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Garnes, Nord-Trøndelag|Garnes]]||{{coord|63|44|19|N|11|45|15|E|name=Garnes}}||7660||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Garstad]]||{{coord|64|52|49|N|10|57|15|E|name=Garstad}}||7900||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1750 Vikna.svg|20px]] [[Vikna]] |- |[[Gartland]]||{{coord|64|32|00|N|12|23|34|E|name=Gartland}}||7873||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Gaulstad]]||{{coord|63|58|41|N|12|06|48|E|name=Gaulstad}}||7718||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Gjerdinga]]||{{coord|64|56|42|N|11|26|24|E|name=Gjerdinga}}||7973||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Gjersvika]]||{{coord|64|51|34|N|13|24|44|E|name=Gjersvika}}||7898||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1739 Røyrvik.svg|20px]] [[Røyrvik]] |- |[[Gravvik]]||{{coord|64|59|24|N|11|46|07|E|name=Gravvik}}||7990||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Grong]]||{{coord|64|27|55|N|12|18|53|E|name=Grong}}||7870||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Grungstad]]||{{coord|64|36|21|N|12|14|46|E|name=Grungstad}}||7977||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1743 Høylandet.svg|20px]] [[Høylandet]] |- |[[Gudåa]]||{{coord|63|26|36|N|11|37|12|E|name=Gudåa}}||7530||[[File:Meråker komm.svg|20px]] [[Meråker]] |- |[[Hallem]]||{{coord|63|48|35|N|11|35|06|E|name=Hallem}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Harran, Norway|Harran]]||{{coord|64|33|36|N|12|29|06|E|name=Harran}}||7873||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Hasvåg]]||{{coord|64|26|41|N|10|35|56|E|name=Hasvåg}}||7746||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Haug, Nord-Trøndelag|Haug]]||{{coord|63|47|46|N|11|30|55|E|name=Haug}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Hegra]]||{{coord|63|27|50|N|11|06|51|E|name=Hegra}}||7520||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Hell, Nord-Trøndelag|Hell]]||{{coord|63|26|40|N|10|55|21|E|name=Hell}}||7517||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Holand, Nord-Trøndelag|Holand]]||{{coord|64|26|47|N|13|42|28|E|name=Holand}}||7882||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Hoflesja]]||{{coord|64|49|41|N|11|36|42|E|name=Hoflesja}}||7970||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Hylla]]||{{coord|63|50|27|N|11|23|11|E|name=Hylla}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Hyllbrua]]||{{coord|63|59|43|N|11|51|55|E|name=Hyllbrua}}||7718||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Høylandet]]||{{coord|64|37|43|N|12|18|07|E|name=Høylandet}}||7977||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1743 Høylandet.svg|20px]] [[Høylandet]] |- |[[Inderdal]]||{{coord|64|10|59|N|13|43|40|E|name=Inderdal}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Innvorda]]||{{coord|64|34|51|N|11|00|57|E|name=Innvorda}}||7777||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Jule, Nord-Trøndelag|Jule]]||{{coord|64|10|15|N|13|50|59|E|name=Jule}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Jøssund, Nord-Trøndelag|Jøssund]]||{{coord|64|21|45|N|10|49|27|E|name=Jøssund}}||7745||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Kjerknesvågen]]||{{coord|63|54|40|N|11|11|24|E|name=Kjerknesvågen}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Kjerringvika]]||{{coord|63|50|29|N|11|04|07|E|name=Kjerringvika}}||7690||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1723 Mosvik.svg|20px]] [[Mosvik]] |- |[[Kjørkbyen]]||{{coord|63|26|41|N|11|39|03|E|name=Kjørkbyen}}||7530||[[File:Meråker komm.svg|20px]] [[Meråker]] |- |[[Klinga, Norway|Klinga]]||{{coord|64|24|35|N|11|28|56|E|name=Klinga}}||7820||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Kongsmoen]]||{{coord|64|52|56|N|12|26|12|E|name=Kongsmoen}}||7976||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1743 Høylandet.svg|20px]] [[Høylandet]] |- |[[Kopperå]]||{{coord|63|23|33|N|11|50|22|E|name=Kopperå}}||7533||[[File:Meråker komm.svg|20px]] [[Meråker]] |- |[[Kvaløyseteren]]||{{coord|64|28|18|N|10|42|12|E|name=Kvaløyseteren}}||7770||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Kvam, Nord-Trøndelag|Kvam]]||{{coord|64|08|26|N|11|44|20|E|name=Kvam}}||7732||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Kvelia]]||{{coord|64|31|15|N|13|41|10|E|name=Kvelia}}||7882||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Kvemoen]]||{{coord|64|30|35|N|13|49|05|E|name=Kvemoen}}||7882||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Kvithammer|Kvithammar]]||{{coord|63|29|27|N|10|53|21|E|name=Kvithammar}}||7500||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Langstein]]||{{coord|64|32|50|N|10|54|05|E|name=Langstein}}||7510||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Lauvsnes]]||{{coord|64|30|02|N|10|53|38|E|name=Lauvsnes}}||7770||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Ledang, Norway|Ledang]]||{{coord|64|30|39|N|11|06|21|E|name=Ledang}}||7777||[[File:Namdalseid komm.svg|20px]] [[Namdalseid]] |- |[[Leirbakken]]||{{coord|64|31|51|N|13|32|27|E|name=Leirbakken}}||7898||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Leka, Norway|Leka]]||{{coord|65|05|19|N|11|42|34|E|name=Leka}}||7994||[[File:Leka komm.svg|20px]] [[Leka, Norway|Leka]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Leknes, Nord-Trøndelag|Leknes]]||{{coord|65|05|52|N|11|42|03|E|name=Leknes}}||7994||[[File:Leka komm.svg|20px]] [[Leka, Norway|Leka]] |- |[[Leksdalen]]||{{coord|63|48|59|N|11|41|00|E|name=Leksdalen}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Leksvik]]||{{coord|63|40|20|N|10|37|50|E|name=Leksvik}}||7120||[[File:Leksvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Leksvik]] |- |[[Lerkehaug]]||{{coord|63|59|33|N|11|29|58|E|name=Lerkehaug}}||7711||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Limingen]]||{{coord|64|44|25|N|13|40|43|E|name=Limingen}}||7898||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Linneset]]||{{coord|63|03|52|N|14|00|51|E|name=Linneset}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Logtun]]||{{coord|63|34|03|N|10|42|08|E|name=Logtun}}||7633||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1717 Frosta.svg|20px]] [[Frosta]] |- |[[Lund, Nærøy|Lund]]||{{coord|64|46|01|N|11|36|30|E|name=Lund}}||7818||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Lyngsnes]]||{{coord|64|58|13|N|11|05|19|E|name=Lyngsnes}}||7900||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1750 Vikna.svg|20px]] [[Vikna]] |- |[[Lysthaugen, Verdal|Lysthaugen]]||{{coord|63|45|41|N|11|37|19|E|name=Lysthaugen}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Madsøygrenda]]||{{coord|65|03|56|N|11|41|42|E|name=Madsøygrenda}}||7994||[[File:Leka komm.svg|20px]] [[Leka, Norway|Leka]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Malm]]||{{coord|64|04|19|N|11|13|01|E|name=Malm}}||7790||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1724 Verran.svg|20px]] [[Verran]] |- |[[Markabygd]]||{{coord|64|38|32|N|11|16|41|E|name=Markabygd}}||7622||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Medjå]]||{{coord|64|27|50|N|12|18|51|E|name=Medjå}}||7870||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Melen]]||{{coord|64|26|37|N|11|48|50|E|name=Melen}}||7860||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1744 Overhalla.svg|20px]] [[Overhalla]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Midtbygda, Nord-Trøndelag|Midtbygda]] (Meråker)||{{coord|63|24|50|N|11|44|34|E|name=Midtbygda}}||7530||[[File:Meråker komm.svg|20px]] [[Meråker]] |- |[[Momarka]]||{{coord|63.7276|11.2841|format=dms|name=Momarka}}||7600||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Mosvik]]||{{coord|63|49|03|N|11|00|20|E|name=Mosvik}}||7690||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1723 Mosvik.svg|20px]] [[Mosvik]] |- |[[Mule, Norway|Mule]]||{{coord|63|45|24|N|11|23|36|E|name=Mule}}||7600||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Mære]]||{{coord|63|56|14|N|11|25|26|E|name=Mære}}||7710||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Måneset]]||{{coord|64|56|19|N|11|28|15|E|name=Måneset}}||7970||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Namdalseid]]||{{coord|64|13|20|N|11|13|16|E|name=Namdalseid}}||7750||[[File:Namdalseid komm.svg|20px]] [[Namdalseid]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Namsskogan]]||{{coord|64|55|43|N|13|09|34|E|name=Namsskogan}}||7890||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1740 Namsskogan.svg|20px]] [[Namsskogan]] |- |[[Neset, Nord-Trøndelag|Nesset]]||{{coord|63|44|39|N|11|14|45|E|name=Nesset}}||7600||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Nordfjæra]]||{{coord|63|33|54|N|10|40|31|E|name=Nordfjæra}}||7633||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1717 Frosta.svg|20px]] [[Frosta]] |- |[[Trones, Verdal|Nordskaget]]||{{coord|63|49|19|N|11|24|54|E|name=Nordskaget}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Nufsfjord]]||{{coord|64|36|14|N|11|23|48|E|name=Nufsfjord}}||7800||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1748 Fosnes.svg|20px]] [[Fosnes]] |- |[[Nærøy]]||{{coord|64|49|47|N|11|13|12|E|name=Nærøy}}||7944||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Ofstad]]||{{coord|64|52|37|N|11|06|10|E|name=Ofstad}}||7900||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1750 Vikna.svg|20px]] [[Vikna]] |- |[[Ogndal]]||{{coord|64|01|11|N|11|37|52|E|name=Ogndal}}||7718||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Okkenhaug]]||{{coord|63.7278|11.4510|format=dms|name=Okkenhaug}}||7600||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Oppland, Nord-Trøndelag|Oppland]]||{{coord|64|20|16|N|10|51|54|E|name=Oppland}}||7745||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Ottersøy]]a||{{coord|64|51|22|N|11|17|21|E|name=Ottersøya}}||7940||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Prestmoen]]||{{coord|63|26|58|N|10|58|05|E|name=Prestmoen}}||7500||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Ramsvika, Nord-Trøndelag|Ramsvika]]||{{coord|64|30|59|N|11|29|19|E|name=Ramsvika}}||7800||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Ranemsletta]]||{{coord|64|29|40|N|11|56|56|E|name=Ranemsletta}}||7863||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1744 Overhalla.svg|20px]] [[Overhalla]] |- |[[Rinnan]]||{{coord|63|45|43|N|11|26|23|E|name=Rinnan}}||7600||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Ronglan]]||{{coord|63|40|01|N|11|06|59|E|name=Ronglan}}||7623||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Røra]]||{{coord|63|51|27|N|11|24|00|E|name=Røra}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Rørvik]]||{{coord|64|51|43|N|11|14|14|E|name=Rørvik}}||7900||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1750 Vikna.svg|20px]] [[Vikna]] |- |[[Røstad]]||{{coord|63|45|14|N|11|18|43|E|name=Røstad}}||7600||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Røyrvik]]||{{coord|64|53|14|N|13|33|43|E|name=Røyrvik}}||7898||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1739 Røyrvik.svg|20px]] [[Røyrvik]] |- |[[Sakshaug]]||{{coord|63|52|35|N|11|16|01|E|name=Sakshaug}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Salsbruket]]||{{coord|64|47|58|N|11|52|00|E|name=Salsbruket}}||7960||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Salsnes]]||{{coord|64|41|24|N|11|26|22|E|name=Salsnes}}||7817||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1748 Fosnes.svg|20px]] [[Fosnes]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Sandvika, Nord-Trøndelag|Sandvika]]||{{coord|64|27|56|N|13|35|30|E|name=Sandvika}}||7882||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Sandvollan]]||{{coord|64|38|19|N|11|10|58|E|name=Sandvollan}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Sela, Nord-Trøndelag|Sela]]||{{coord|64|00|17|N|10|47|36|E|name=Sela}}||7796||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1724 Verran.svg|20px]] [[Verran]] |- |[[Sem, Nord-Trøndelag|Sem]]||{{coord|63|54|50|N|11|33|36|E|name=Sem}}||7710||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Seter, Norway|Seter]]||{{coord|63|34|23|N|10|24|08|E|name=Seter}}||7125||[[File:Leksvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Leksvik]] |- |[[Setnan]]||{{coord|63|23|34|N|10|59|50|E|name=Setnan}}||7519||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Sjøåsen]]||{{coord|64|18|35|N|11|13|29|E|name=Sjøåsen}}||7750||[[File:Namdalseid komm.svg|20px]] [[Namdalseid]] |- |[[Skage|Skage i Namdalen]]||{{coord|64|28|02|N|11|45|23|E|name=Skage}}||7860||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1744 Overhalla.svg|20px]] [[Overhalla]] |- |[[Skatval]]||{{coord|63|30|39|N|10|48|59|E|name=Skatval}}||7510||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Skiljås]]||{{coord|64|28|47|N|11|48|02|E|name=Skiljås}}||7860||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1744 Overhalla.svg|20px]] [[Overhalla]] |- |[[Skjelstad]]||{{coord|63|30|20|N|11|07|05|E|name=Skjelstad}}||7520||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Skjølågrinda]]||{{coord|63|58|40|N|11|55|08|E|name=Skjølågrinda}}||7718||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Skogmo]]||{{coord|64|30|30|N|12|00|46|E|name=Skogmo}}||7863||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1744 Overhalla.svg|20px]] [[Overhalla]] |- |[[Skogn]]||{{coord|63|42|03|N|11|11|12|E|name=Skogn}}||7620||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Skomsvoll]]||{{coord|64|30|57|N|11|17|08|E|name=Skomsvoll}}||7819||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Skorovatn]]||{{coord|64|38|32|N|13|06|50|E|name=Skorovatn}}||7893||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1740 Namsskogan.svg|20px]] [[Namsskogan]] |- |[[Skorstad]]||{{coord|64|34|40|N|11|12|20|E|name=Skorstad}}||7819||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Skåle]]||{{coord|64|09|50|N|13|52|20|E|name=Skåle}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Slottet, Nord-Trøndelag|Slottet]]||{{coord|63|32|37|N|10|48|48|E|name=Slottet}}||7510||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Smalåsen]]||{{coord|64|04|47|N|13|19|03|E|name=Smalåsen}}||7890||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1740 Namsskogan.svg|20px]] [[Namsskogan]] |- |[[Småland, Frosta|Småland]]||{{coord|63|35|49|N|10|42|28|E|name=Småland, Frosta}}||7633||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1717 Frosta.svg|20px]] [[Frosta]] |- |[[Småland, Inderøy|Småland]]||{{coord|63|57|45|N|11|18|20|E|name=Småland, Inderøy}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Småland, Levanger|Småland]]||{{coord|63|41|42|N|11|11|55|E|name=Småland, Levanger}}||7620||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Snåsa]]||{{coord|64|14|45|N|12|22|58|E|name=Snåsa}}||7760||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1736 Snåsa.svg|20px]] [[Snåsa]] |- |[[Sona, Norway|Sona]]||{{coord|63|26|30|N|11|15|13|E|name=Sona}}||7520||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Sparbu]]||{{coord|63|55|08|N|11|25|58|E|name=Sparbu}}||7710||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Spillum]]||{{coord|64|26|44|N|11|31|33|E|name=Spillum}}||7820||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Stallvika]]||{{coord|64|39|38|N|13|11|31|E|name=Stallvika}}||7893||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1739 Røyrvik.svg|20px]] [[Røyrvik]] |- |[[Statland]]||{{coord|64|29|48|N|11|08|50|E|name=Statland}}||7777||[[File:Namdalseid komm.svg|20px]] [[Namdalseid]] |- |[[Steine, Nord-Trøndelag|Steine]]||{{coord|64|45|17|N|11|18|19|E|name=Steine}}||7970||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Stiklestad]]||{{coord|63|47|46|N|11|33|38|E|name=Stiklestad}}||7660||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Stod, Norway|Stod]]||{{coord|64|04|16|N|11|40|05|E|name=Stod}}||7717||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Storbergvika]]||{{coord|64|06|07|N|14|00|34|E|name=Storbergvika}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Stordalen, Nord-Trøndelag|Stordalen]]||{{coord|63|17|49|N|11|51|22|E|name=Stordalen}}||7533||[[File:Meråker komm.svg|20px]] [[Meråker]] |- |[[Strandvalen]]||{{coord|64|48|27|N|11|26|26|E|name=Strandvalen}}||7970||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF |[[Straumen, Nord-Trøndelag|Straumen]]||{{coord|63|52|15|N|11|17|59|E|name=Straumen}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Stugguneset]]||{{coord|64|09|12|N|14|01|10|E|name=Stugguneset}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Sul, Norway|Sul]]||{{coord|63|39|53|N|12|00|32|E|name=Sul}}||7660||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Sundnes]]||{{coord|63|52|12|N|11|15|15|E|name=Sundnes}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Sunnan]]||{{coord|64|04|43|N|11|37|43|E|name=Sunnan}}||7717||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Svalia, Norway|Svalia]]||{{coord|64|30|20|N|11|56|28|E|name=Svalia}}||7863||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1744 Overhalla.svg|20px]] [[Overhalla]] |- |[[Sørgrenda]]||{{coord|63|32|43|N|10|40|39|E|name=Sørgrenda}}||7633||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1717 Frosta.svg|20px]] [[Frosta]] |- |[[Sør-Gutvika]]||{{coord|64|05|03|N|11|50|15|E|name=Sør-Gutvika}}||7993||[[File:Leka komm.svg|20px]] [[Leka, Norway|Leka]] |- |[[Sørli]]||{{coord|64|13|26|N|13|49|57|E|name=Sørli}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Sørlia]]||{{coord|63|59|41|N|11|27|57|E|name=Sørlia}}||7712||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Trones, Verdal|Sørskaget]]||{{coord|63|48|52|N|11|24|56|E|name=Sørskaget}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Søråa]]||{{coord|64|52|39|N|11|25|22|E|name=Søråa}}||7940||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Tautra]]||{{coord|63|34|23|N|10|36|20|E|name=Tautra}}||7633||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1717 Frosta.svg|20px]] [[Frosta]] |- |[[Torstad]]||{{coord|64|53|48|N|11|21|32|E|name=Torstad}}||7940||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Totland, Nord-Trøndelag|Totland]]||{{coord|64|15|25|N|13|42|53|E|name=Totland}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Trones, Namsskogan|Trones]]||{{coord|64|44|28|N|12|50|43|E|name=Trones}}||7892||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1740 Namsskogan.svg|20px]] [[Namsskogan]] |- |[[Trongsundet]]||{{coord|63|50|02|N|10|41|44|E|name=Trongsundet}}||7690||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1723 Mosvik.svg|20px]] [[Mosvik]] |- |[[Tunnsjøen]]||{{coord|64|40|58|N|13|38|57|E|name=Tunnsjøen}}||7898||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Tunnsjørørvika]]||{{coord|64|47|42|N|13|23|28|E|name=Tunnsjørørvika}}||7898||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1739 Røyrvik.svg|20px]] [[Røyrvik]] |- |[[Tunnsjø senter]]||{{coord|64|38|41|N|13|42|01|E|name=Tunnsjø senter}}||7898||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Tverrås]]||{{coord|64|05|48|N|11|14|29|E|name=Tverrås}}||7790||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1724 Verran.svg|20px]] [[Verran]] |- |[[Tøttdalen]]||{{coord|64|26|17|N|11|09|03|E|name=Tøttdalen}}||7777||[[File:Namdalseid komm.svg|20px]] [[Namdalseid]] |- |[[Utvorda]]||{{coord|64|35|36|N|10|57|29|E|name=Utvorda}}||7777||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Utøy]]||{{coord|63|51|26|N|11|7|40|E|name=Utøy}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Valøya]]||{{coord|64|54|31|N|10|47|03|E|name=Valøya}}||7900||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1750 Vikna.svg|20px]] [[Vikna]] |- |[[Vangshylla]]||{{coord|63|50|22|N|11|05|30|E|name=Vangshylla}}||7670||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1729 Inderøy.svg|20px]] [[Inderøy]] |- |[[Vanvikan]]||{{coord|63|33|09|N|10|12|35|E|name=Vanvikan}}||7125||[[File:Leksvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Leksvik]] |- |[[Varøya]]||{{coord|64|48|36|N|11|20|52|E|name=Varøya}}||7944||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1751 Nærøy.svg|20px]] [[Nærøy]] |- |[[Vassaunet]]||{{coord|64.0584|11.4678|format=dms|name=Vassaunet}}||7724||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Vassbotna]]||{{coord|64|33|11|N|12|10|57|E|name=Vassbotna}}||7977||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1743 Høylandet.svg|20px]] [[Høylandet]] |- |[[Vassbygda, Nord-Trøndelag|Vassbygda]]||{{coord|63|29|53|N|10|57|06|E|name=Vassbygda}}||7500||[[File:Stjørdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Stjørdal]] |- |[[Vekre]] (Henning)||{{coord|63|57|40|N|11|35|51|E|name=Vekre}}||7711||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Vellamelen]]||{{coord|64|06|39|N|11|23|17|E|name=Vellamelen}}||7730||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Velle, Nord-Trøndelag|Velle]]||{{coord|64|07|13|N|11|23|35|E|name=Velle}}||7730||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1702 Steinkjer.svg|20px]] [[Steinkjer]] |- |[[Venneshamn]]||{{coord|63|52|28|N|11|02|19|E|name=Venneshamn}}||7690||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1723 Mosvik.svg|20px]] [[Mosvik]] |- |[[Vera, Norway|Vera]]||{{coord|63.80194|12.34666|format=dms|name=Vera}}||7660||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Verrabotn]]||{{coord|63|48|09|N|10|34|47|E|name=Verrabotn}}||7797||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1724 Verran.svg|20px]] [[Verran]] |- |[[Verrastranda]]||{{coord|63|54|09|N|10|54|37|E|name=Verrastranda}}||7796||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1724 Verran.svg|20px]] [[Verran]] |- |[[Vik, Nord-Trøndelag|Vik]]||{{coord|64|27|36|N|10|45|35|E|name=Vik}}||7770||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1749 Flatanger.svg|20px]] [[Flatanger]] |- |[[Vindsetmoan]]||{{coord|64|32|05|N|11|18|42|E|name=Vindsetmoan}}||7819||[[File:Namsos komm.svg|20px]] [[Namsos]] |- |[[Vinne, Norway|Vinne]]||{{coord|63|46|24|N|11|31|42|E|name=Vinne}}||7650||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Viosen]]||{{coord|64|15|02|N|12|22|07|E|name=Viosen}}||7760||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1736 Snåsa.svg|20px]] [[Snåsa]] |- |[[Vuku]]||{{coord|63|46|34|N|11|44|21|E|name=Vuku}}||7660||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1721 Verdal.svg|20px]] [[Verdal]] |- |[[Ytre Sørbygda]]||{{coord|64|13|53|N|12|23|44|E|name=Ytre Sørbygda}}||7760||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1736 Snåsa.svg|20px]] [[Snåsa]] |- |[[Ytterøy]]||{{coord|63|48|06|N|11|08|36|E|name=Ytterøy}}||7629||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |- |[[Østborg]]||{{coord|64|06|33|N|13|58|58|E|name=Østborg}}||7884||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1738 Lierne.svg|20px]] [[Lierne]] |- |[[Øvre Sørbygda]]||{{coord|64|14|30|N|12|27|03|E|name=Øvre Sørbygda}}||7760||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1736 Snåsa.svg|20px]] [[Snåsa]] |- |[[Øyem]]||{{coord|64|28|16|N|12|08|24|E|name=Øyem}}||7870||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1742 Grong.svg|20px]] [[Grong]] |- |[[Øysletta]]||{{coord|64|27|44|N|12|03|02|E|name=Øysletta}}||7863||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1744 Overhalla.svg|20px]] [[Overhalla]] |- |[[Årgård]]||{{coord|64|16|16|N|11|11|28|E|name=Årgård}}||7750||[[File:Namdalseid komm.svg|20px]] [[Namdalseid]] |- |[[Åsen]]||{{coord|63|36|29|N|11|03|06|E|name=Åsen}}||7630||[[File:Levanger komm.svg|20px]] [[Levanger]] |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book|author=Statens kartverk|title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|year=1996|isbn=82-573-0742-4}} *{{cite web|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.|year=2004|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Nord-Trøndelag Fylke, Norway|work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/16/|accessdate=2006-04-22|archive-date=2006-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906004616/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/16/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite paper|author=Statistics Norway|title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005|year=2005|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web|author=Statens kartverk|year=2003|title=Map service (Kvasir)|url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|accessdate=2006-06-03|archive-date=2003-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|last=Støverud|first=Henning|year=2001|title=Postal code search|url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|accessdate=2006-04-22|archive-date=2002-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|url-status=dead}} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Nord-Trøndelag]] m0xkpk2x39okvrv5xyiaiq9mxsewuiy 0 101703 1752018 1641957 2026-08-01T05:27:16Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752018 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Oppland]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Aurdal]] || {{coord|60|56|0|N|9|24|0|E}} || 2910 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Aust-Torpa]] || || 2881 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Bagn]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|9|0|N|9|5|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2930 || [[File:Sør-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bakkebygdi]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Begna, Oppland|Begna]] || || 2937 || [[File:Sør-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Begnadalen]] || {{coord|60|39|0|N|9|49|0|E}} || 2936 || [[File:Sør-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Beitostølen]] || {{coord|61|15|0|N|8|55|0|E}} || 2953 || [[File:Øystre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øystre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bennlibygda]] || || 2657 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bergegarda]] || || 2862 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bergsgrendi]] || {{coord|61|59|0|N|9|17|0|E}} || 2662 || [[File:Dovre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Dovre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bilitt]] || {{coord|60|40|0|N|10|54|0|E}} || 2850 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Bismo]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|53|0|N|8|16|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2690|| [[File:Skjåk komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skjåk]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Biri, Norway|Biri]] || || 2836 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Biristrand]] || || 2837 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Biri Øverbygd]] || || 2836 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjoneroa]] || {{coord|60|31|0|N|10|16|0|E}} || 3522 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjorli]] || || 2669 || [[File:Lesja komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lesja]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjølstad]] || || 2676 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjørgo]] || {{coord|60|52|0|N|9|31|0|E}} || 2910 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bleiken]] || {{coord|60|28|0|N|10|30|0|E}} || 2760 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Blæstra]] (Blestergrendi) || {{coord|60|4|0|N|9|5|0|E}} || 2660 || [[File:Dovre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Dovre]] |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bottheim]] || {{coord|62|6|0|N|9|1|0|E}} || 2665 || [[File:Lesja komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lesja]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brandbu]] || {{coord|60|26|0|N|10|28|0|E}} || 2760 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Breiskallen]] || {{coord|60|45|0|N|10|37|0|E}} || 2827 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brekkom]] || {{coord|61|28|0|N|10|14|0|E}} || 2634 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brennum]] || || 2682 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Bruflat]] || style="background:#eef;"| {{coord|60|53|0|N|9|37|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"|2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bråstadbrua]] || || 2825 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bybrua, Oppland|Bybrua]] || || 2822 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bødalen, Oppland|Bødalen]] || {{coord|61|12|0|N|10|9|0|E}} || 2653 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bøverbru]] || || 2846 || [[File:Vestre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dale, Sel|Dale]] || {{coord|61|47|0|N|9|30|0|E}} || 2670 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dalsjordet]] || || 2825 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dalsætra]] || || 2658 || [[File:Sør-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Dokka]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|60|50|0|N|10|5|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2870 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dombås]] ||{{coord|62|5|0|N|9|8|0|E}} ||2660 || [[File:Dovre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Dovre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Dovre]] || style="background:#eef;"| {{coord|61|1|0|N|9|14|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2662 || [[File:Dovre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Dovre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dovreskogen]] || {{coord|60|52|0|N|9|31|0|E}} || 2663 || [[File:Dovre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Dovre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dælibygda]] || || 2870 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eina]] || {{coord|60|38|0|N|10|36|0|E}} || 2843 || [[File:Vestre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Einastranda]] || || 2843 || [[File:Vestre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Enger, Norway|Enger]] || {{coord|60|34|0|N|10|21|0|E}} || 2866 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Espedalen]] || || 2658 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Espelibygdi]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fagerlund]]/[[Torpa, Norway|Torpa]] || {{coord|61|0|0|N|10|2|0|E}} || 2880 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Fagernes]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|60|59|0|N|9|15|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2900 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fall, Norway|Fall]]/[[Holmen, Oppland|Holmen]] || {{coord|60|41|0|N|10|22|0|E}} || 2864 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Faukstad]] || || 2677 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Finntryu]] || || 2680 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flatmogrendi]] || || 2686 || [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fluberg]] || {{coord|60|46|0|N|10|15|0|E}} || 2862 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Follebu]] || {{coord|61|14|0|N|10|17|0|E}} || 2656 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Forset]] || {{coord|61|12|0|N|10|9|0|E}} || 2653 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Fossbergom]] (Lom) || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|50|0|N|8|34|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2686 || [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Frya, Norway|Frya]] || {{coord|61|33|0|N|10|3|0|E}} || 2647 || [[File:Sør-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fåberg]] || || 2625 || [[File:Lillehammer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lillehammer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fåvang]] || || 2632 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Galdesanden]] ([[Bøverdal]]) || {{coord|61|43|0|N|8|21|0|E}} || 2687 || [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Garmo]] || || 2685|| [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gjøingslii]] || || 2693 || [[File:Skjåk komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skjåk]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gran, Norway|Gran]] || {{coord|60|22|0|N|10|34|0|E}} || 2750 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Granrudmoen]] (Øyer) || style="background:#eef;"| || style="background:#eef;"| 2636 || [[File:Øyer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øyer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gravdalen]] || || 2642 || [[File:Nord-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grindvoll]] || || 2720 || [[File:Lunner komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lunner]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grotli]] || || 2695|| [[File:Skjåk komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skjåk]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grua]] || {{coord|60|16|0|N|10|40|0|E}} || 2742 || [[File:Lunner komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lunner]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grymyr]] || || 2750 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Harestua]] || || 2743 || [[File:Lunner komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lunner]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Harpefoss]] || {{coord|61|35|0|N|9|51|0|E}} || 2647 || [[File:Sør-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hedal]]en || {{coord|60|37|0|N|9|42|0|E}} || 3528 || [[File:Sør-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Heggenes]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|9|0|N|9|5|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2940 || [[File:Øystre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øystre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hennung]] || {{coord|60|30|0|N|10|31|0|E}} || 2760 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hippesbygdi]] || || 2918 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjerkinn]] || {{coord|60|13|0|N|9|32|0|E}} || 2661 || [[File:Dovre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Dovre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Hov, Norway|Hov]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|60|42|0|N|10|21|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2860 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hugulia]] || || 2880 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hunderfossen]] || || 2625 || [[File:Lillehammer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lillehammer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Hundorp]]/Lia || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|33|0|N|9|54|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2647 || [[File:Sør-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hunndalen]] || {{coord|60|47|0|N|10|38|0|E}} || 2827 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hænsgardane]] || || 2975 || [[File:Vang komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vang, Oppland|Vang]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Høvringen]] || {{coord|61|54|0|N|9|29|0|E}} || 2673 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Jaren]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|60|23|0|N|10|33|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2770 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Jevnaker]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|60|15|0|N|10|28|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 3520 || [[File:Jevnaker komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jevnaker]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jørstadmoen]] || || 2617 || [[File:Lillehammer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lillehammer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kapp, Norway|Kapp]] || || 2849 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kolbu]] || {{coord|60|37|0|N|10|46|0|E}} || 2847 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kjønnås]] || {{coord|61|33|0|N|10|6|0|E}} || 2630 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kjøremsgrendi]] || || 2665 || [[File:Lesja komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lesja]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kleivgardsbygdi]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvam, Oppland|Kvam]] || {{coord|61|40|0|N|9|42|0|E}} || 2642 || [[File:Nord-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvarvet]] || || 2647 || [[File:Sør-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kverndalskroken]] || || 2870 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvikne, Oppland|Kvikne]] || || 2640 || [[File:Nord-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lalm]] || {{coord|61|49|0|N|9|16|0|E}} || 2682 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Landåsbygda]] || || 2861 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Langleitsgrendi]] || || 2693 || [[File:Skjåk komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skjåk]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lausgarda]] || || 2860 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Leira, Oppland|Leira]] || {{coord|60|58|0|N|9|18|0|E}} || 2920 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Leirflaten]] || || 2676 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Lena, Norway|Lena]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|40|0|N|10|48|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2850|| [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lensbygda]] || || 2850 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Lesja]] || style="background:#eef;"| || style="background:#eef;"| 2665 || [[File:Lesja komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lesja]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lesjaskog]] || || 2668 || [[File:Lesja komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lesja]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lesjaverk]] || || 2667 || [[File:Lesja komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lesja]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Liabygdi]] || || 2930 || [[File:Sør-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ligarda]] || || 2860 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lii]] || {{coord|62|1|0|N|9|10|0|E}} || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lillo, Norway|Lillo]] || || 2850 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Loengbygda]] || || 2870 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lomen]] || || 2967 || [[File:Vestre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lora, Norway|Lora]] || || 2666 || [[File:Lesja komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lesja]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lundagrendi]] || || 2690 || [[File:Skjåk komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skjåk]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lunner]] || {{coord|60|19|0|N|10|33|0|E}} || 2730 || [[File:Lunner komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lunner]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lygna]] || || 2770 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Marlo, Norway|Marlo]] || || 2690 || [[File:Skjåk komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skjåk]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Midtstrand]] || || 2634 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Moane]] || || 2940 || [[File:Øystre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øystre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Musdalen]] || || 2635 || [[File:Øyer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øyer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mustadroa]] || || 2822 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Musætrin]] || || 2676 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mysusæter]] || {{coord|61|48|0|N|9|41|0|E}} || 2674 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Narum, Østre Toten|Narum]] || {{coord|60|39|0|N|10|46|0|E}} || 2847|| [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nord-Torpa]] || || 2880 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordberg]] || || 2693|| [[File:Skjåk komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skjåk]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordherad]] || || 2680 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordlia]] || || 2816 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordre Etnedal]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordre Lii]] || || 2686 || [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordre Ålsbygd]] || || 2750 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordsæter]] || {{coord|61|11|0|N|10|38|0|E}} || 2618 || [[File:Lillehammer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lillehammer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nørdre Austbygda]] || || 2864 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Odnes]] || {{coord|60|48|0|N|10|12|0|E}} || 2879 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Oppdalen]] || {{coord|60|18|0|N|10|39|0|E}} || 2730 || [[File:Lunner komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lunner]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Prestmoen]] || || 3520 || [[File:Jevnaker komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jevnaker]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ranheimsbygdi]] || || 2900 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Randsverk]] || {{coord|61|44|0|N|9|5|0|E}} || 2683 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Raufoss]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|60|43|0|N|10|37|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2830 || [[File:Vestre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Redalen]] || {{coord|60|53|0|N|10|40|0|E}} || 2836 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Reinli]] || {{coord|60|50|0|N|9|30|0|E}} || 2933 || [[File:Sør-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Reinsvoll]] || {{coord|60|41|0|N|10|37|0|E}} || 2840 || [[File:Vestre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Ringebu]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|31|0|N|10|10|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2630 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ringelia]] || || 2860 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ringstad, Oppland|Ringstad]] || || 2750 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Roa, Norway|Roa]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|60|17|0|N|10|37|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2740 || [[File:Lunner komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lunner]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rogne, Oppland|Rogne]] || {{coord|61|6|0|N|9|8|0|E}} || 2943 || [[File:Øystre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øystre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rudningsgrendi]] || || 2687 || [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rundborgbygdi]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rust, Norway|Rust]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ruste]] || || 2640 || [[File:Nord-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ryfoss]] || || 2973 || [[File:Vang komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vang, Oppland|Vang]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Røn]] || || 2960 || [[File:Vestre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Røykenvik]] || {{coord|60|26|0|N|10|28|0|E}} || 2760 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sandbumoen]] || {{coord|61|44|0|N|9|32|0|E}} || 2670 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Segalstad bru]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|14|0|N|10|14|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2651 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | Sel ([[Nord-Sel]]) || || 2672 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Selsverket]] || {{coord|61|48|0|N|9|35|0|E}} || 2670 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sjoa]] || || 2677 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skammestein]] || {{coord|61|12|0|N|9|1|0|E}} || 2950 || [[File:Øystre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øystre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skansen, Norway|Skansen]] || || 2827 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skarsroe]] || || 2682 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skartlibygda]] || {{coord|61|2|0|N|10|5|0|E}} || || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skei, Oppland|Skei]] || || 2652 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skjeskroken]] || || 2860 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skogbygda, Oppland|Skogbygda]] || || 2676 || [[File:Sel komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sel]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skogbygde]] || {{coord|61|51|0|N|9|0|0|E}} || || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skrautvål]] || || 2917 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skreia]] || {{coord|60|39|0|N|10|56|0|E}} || 2848 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skåbu]] || {{coord|61|32|0|N|9|25|0|E}} || 2643 || [[File:Nord-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skårvangen]] || || 2680 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sletta, Oppland|Sletta]] || || 2850 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Slidre]] || style="background:#eef;"| || style="background:#eef;"| 2966 || [[File:Vestre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sløvika]] || || 3520 || [[File:Jevnaker komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jevnaker]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Slåligrendi]] || || 2687 || [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Smedmoen]] || || 2836 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Smiugardsbygdi]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Snertingdal]] || || 2838 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stange, Oppland|Stange]] || {{coord|60|38|0|N|10|54|0|E}} ||2848 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Starum, Norway|Starum]] || || 2850 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Steinsetbygdi]] || {{coord|61|4|0|N|9|25|0|E}} || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svatsum]] || || 2657 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svingvoll]] || || 2652 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sæterbygdi]] || || 2930 || [[File:Sør-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Søndre Austbygda]] || || 2840 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sønstebygrenda]] || {{coord|60|34|0|N|10|34|0|E}} || 2843 || [[File:Vestre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Søre Brekkom]] || || 2634 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Søre Lii]] || || 2686 || [[File:Lom komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Søre Vekkom]] || || 2630 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Søre Ålsbygd]] || || 2750 || [[File:Gran komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sørstrand]] || || 2634 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tessand]] || {{coord|61|51|0|N|8|58|0|E}} || 2683 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tingvang]]/[[Storefoss]] || || 2940 || [[File:Øystre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øystre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tobru]] || {{coord|60|48|0|N|10|32|0|E}} || 2822 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Toso (village)|Toso]] || || 3520 || [[File:Jevnaker komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jevnaker]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Totenvik]] || || 2848 || [[File:Østre Toten komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Østre Toten]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tretten]] || {{coord|61|19|0|N|10|19|0|E}} || 2635 || [[File:Øyer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Øyer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tverrbygda]] || || 2643 || [[File:Nord-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tyinkrysset]] || || 2985 || [[File:Vang komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vang, Oppland|Vang]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ulnes]] || {{coord|61|9|0|N|9|6|0|E}} || 2918 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Vang i Valdres]] || style="background:#eef;"| || style="background:#eef;"|2974/2975 || [[File:Vang komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vang, Oppland|Vang]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vardal]] || || 2822 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vaset, Norway|Vaset]] || || 2950 || [[File:Vestre Slidre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vestre Slidre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vekkom]] || || 2630 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Venabygd]] || {{coord|61|35|0|N|10|3|0|E}} || 2634 || [[File:Ringebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ringebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vennis]] || || 2975 || [[File:Vang komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vang, Oppland|Vang]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vest-Torpa]] || || 2870 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vestringsbygdi]] || || 2910 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vestrumsbygda]] || || 2879 || [[File:Søndre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Søndre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vingnes]] || {{coord|61|6|0|N|10|27|0|E}} || 2608 || [[File:Lillehammer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lillehammer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vingrom]] || || 2607 || [[File:Lillehammer komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lillehammer]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Vinstra]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|36|0|N|9|45|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2640 || [[File:Nord-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" style="background:#eef;"| [[Vågåmo]] || style="background:#eef;"|{{coord|61|53|0|N|9|6|0|E}} || style="background:#eef;"| 2680 || [[File:Vågå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ølsjøbakkan]] || {{coord|60|53|0|N|9|13|0|E}} || 2910 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øverbygda]] || || 2825 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øverbygda]] || || 2880 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øverbygda]] || || 2647 || [[File:Sør-Fron komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sør-Fron]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øverlibygdi]] || || 2890 || [[File:Etnedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Etnedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øvre Dalen]] || || 2977 || [[File:Vang komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vang, Oppland|Vang]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øvre Svatsum]] || || 2657 || [[File:Gausdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gausdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øye, Oppland|Øye]] || {{coord|61|10|0|N|8|24|0|E}} || 2977 || [[File:Vang komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vang, Oppland|Vang]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åbjør]] || || 2910 || [[File:Nord-Aurdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nord-Aurdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åsagrenda]] || || 2662 || [[File:Dovre komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Dovre]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åslibygda]] || || 2870 || [[File:Nordre Land komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nordre Land]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åsroa]] || || 2837 || [[File:Gjøvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjøvik]]</span> |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book | first= | last=Statens kartverk | title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas | publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget | location=Oslo | year=1996 | editor= | isbn=82-573-0742-4}} *{{cite web| author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.| year=2004| title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Oppland Fylke, Norway| work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1| url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/11/| accessdate=2006-05-22| archive-date=2006-09-04| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904115037/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/11/| url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal | author=Statistics Norway | title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005 | year=2005 | url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web | author=Statens kartverk | year=2003 | title=Map service (Kvasir) | work= | url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | accessdate=2006-05-22 | archive-date=2003-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | url-status=dead }} *{{cite web | author=Støverud, Henning | year=2001 | title=Postal code search | work= | url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | accessdate=2006-03-12 | archive-date=2002-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | url-status=dead }} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Oppland]] r8n6wd01nikpa10qv06r7yc025egcwn 0 101704 1752019 1641958 2026-08-01T05:30:34Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752019 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Rogaland]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Aksdal]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5570 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Amdal]] || || 5570 || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Askje]] || || 4156 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennesøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Austre Åmøy]] || {{coord|59|2|0|N|5|45|0|E}} || 4154 || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stavanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Avaldsnes]] || || 4262 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Barstad]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bergjord]] || {{coord|59|28|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4230 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bergsagel]] || || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjerkreim]] || {{coord|58|36|0|N|6|7|0|E}} || 4387 || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjøreimsbygda]] || {{coord|59|5|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || 4120 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Botne, Rogaland|Botne]] || || 4100 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Breidborg]] || || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brimse]] || || 4153 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennesøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bru, Rogaland|Bru]] || {{coord|59|2|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || 4158 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennesøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brusand]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|5|46|0|E}} || 4363 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bu, Rogaland|Bu]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|6|17|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Byre, Rogaland|Byre]] || || 4168 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Byrkjedal]] || {{coord|58|47|0|N|6|20|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjesdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dale, Rogaland|Dale]] || || || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dirdal]] || {{coord|58|49|0|N|6|11|0|E}} || 4335 || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjesdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eide, Rogaland|Eide]] || {{coord|58|28|0|N|6|20|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eidsund]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|5|57|0|E}} || 4187 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eik, Rogaland|Eik]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|23|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eike]] || {{coord|59|23|54|N|5|21|50|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eikelandsdalen]] || {{coord|58|37|0|N|6|27|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eltravåg]] || || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Erfjord]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|6|13|0|E}} || 4233 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ferkingstad]] || {{coord|59|13|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || 4274 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ferkingstadhamn]] || {{coord|59|13|49|N|5|10|53|E}} || 4274 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Feøy]] || || 5548 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Figgjo]] || {{coord|58|47|0|N|5|49|0|E}} || 4332 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Finnvik]] || || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fiskå, Rogaland|Fiskå]] || {{coord|59|8|0|N|6|1|0|E}} || 4122 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fister]] || {{coord|59|10|0|N|6|4|0|E}} || 4139 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjelmeland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fløyrli]] || {{coord|59|1|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4128 || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Forsand]] |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fogn]] || || 4164 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Foldøy]] || || 4198 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Forsand]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4110 || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Forsand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Frafjord]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|6|18|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjesdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Føresvik]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|14|0|N|5|27|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5561|| [[File:Bokn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bokn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Førland]] || {{coord|59|24|0|N|5|30|0|E}} || 5570 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Førresfjorden]] || || 5563 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gilja]] || {{coord|58|48|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjesdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Goa, Norway|Goa]] || {{coord|58|59|0|N|5|38|0|E}} || 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Randaberg]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grinde, Rogaland|Grinde]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|5|29|0|E}} || 5570 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grødeim]] || {{coord|59|0|38|N|5|38|45|E}} || 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Randaberg]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Hauge, Rogaland|Hauge i Dalane]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|21|0|N|6|17|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4380 || [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haugsgjerd]] || {{coord|59|39|26|N|5|41|59|E}} || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hebnes]] || {{coord|59|22|0|N|5|58|0|E}} || 4235 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hegelstad]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Heia]] || || || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helgøysund]] || || 4174 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hellandsbygd]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|6|30|0|E}} || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helleland]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|6|5|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hellemork]] || {{coord|58|23|0|N|6|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hellvik]] || {{coord|58|29|0|N|5|54|0|E}} || 4376 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hervik]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || 5566 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hesby]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|5|49|0|E}} || 4160 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Heskestad]] || {{coord|58|30|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hestnes]] || {{coord|58|25|0|N|6|1|0|E}} || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hindaråvåg]] || || 5560 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hinderaker]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|5|15|0|E}} || 4262 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Hjelmelandsvågen]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|14|0|N|6|11|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4130 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjelmeland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hognestad]] || {{coord|58|42|0|N|5|40|0|E}} || || [[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Time, Norway|Time]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hommersåk]] || {{coord|58|55|54|N|5|51|4|E}} || 4310/4311 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hovland, Rogaland|Hovland]] || || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hovsherad]] || || 4462 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hundvåg]] || || 4085 || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stavanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hæen]] || || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Høle]] || {{coord|58|53|0|N|6|0|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hålandsmarka]] || || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hålandsosen]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|6|15|0|E}} || 4233 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Håvik, Karmøy|Håvik]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|5|18|0|E}} || 4265 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Idse]] || {{coord|58|59|0|N|5|57|0|E}} || 4102 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ims]] || {{coord|58|54|0|N|5|58|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Innbjoa]] || {{coord|59|39|42|N|5|39|6|E}} || 5584 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Isvik]] || || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jelsa, Norway|Jelsa]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|6|4|0|E}} || 4234 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Judaberg]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|11|0|N|5|51|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4160 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jøsang]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|6|4|0|E}} || 4102 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jøsenfjorden]] || || 4134 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjelmeland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Karmsund]] || || 5542 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kjølevik]] || || 4120 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Klepp stasjon]] || {{coord|58|46|0|N|5|40|0|E}} || 4353 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Kleppe]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|47|0|N|5|38|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4352 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kolabygda]] || {{coord|58|57|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Forsand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kolnes, Sola|Kolnes]] || {{coord|58|54|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kolstø]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|5|18|0|E}} || 4265 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Krossberg]] || || || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stavanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvalavåg]] || {{coord|59|19|23|N|5|12|30|E}} || 4264 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvernaland]] || || 4355 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]<br>[[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Time, Norway|Time]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvilldal]] || {{coord|59|31|0|N|6|38|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Laksesvela]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ledre]] || || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Li, Norway|Li]] || || 4380 || [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lindanger]] || || || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lyefjell]] || || || [[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Time, Norway|Time]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lysebotn, Rogaland|Lysebotn]] || {{coord|59|3|0|N|6|40|0|E}} || 4127 || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Forsand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Løland]] || {{coord|59|33|0|N|6|21|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Marvik]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|6|6|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mjølhus]] || {{coord|58|28|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Moi, Norway|Moi]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|28|0|N|6|32|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4460 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mong, Norway|Mong]] || || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mydland]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myklebust, Rogaland|Myklebust]] || || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nedstrand]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|5|51|0|E}} || 5560 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nesflaten]] || {{coord|59|38|0|N|6|48|0|E}} || 4244 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nesvåg]] || {{coord|58|20|0|N|6|12|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nip, Norway|Nip]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nord-Hidle]] || || 4173 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nodviga]] || || || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordheim, Rogaland|Nordheim]] || || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nærbø]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || 4365 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Obrestad]] || {{coord|58|39|0|N|5|32|0|E}} || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ogna]] || {{coord|58|31|0|N|5|48|0|E}} || 4364 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ognedal]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Oltedal]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || 4333 || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjesdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Oppstad]] || || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Orre, Rogaland|Orre]] || {{coord|58|44|0|N|5|32|0|E}} || 4343 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Osnes]] || {{coord|59|24|5|N|5|14|40|E}} || 4260 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Pollestad]] || {{coord|58|43|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || 4343 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Randaberg]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|0|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Randaberg]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rekefjord]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|6|14|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rekeland]] || {{coord|58|22|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]] |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Reppsbygda]] || || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Roaldkvam]] || {{coord|59|39|0|N|6|52|0|E}} || 4244 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Røksund]] || {{coord|59|20|3|N|5|20|45|E}} || 5546 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Røvær]] || {{coord|59|27|0|N|5|8|0|E}} || 5549 || [[File:Haugesund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Haugesund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Røyland]] || || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Røyneberg]]/[[Sørnes]] || {{coord|58|54|35|N|5|40|3|E}} || 4052 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ræge]] (Reke) || {{coord|58|51|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Salte]] || {{coord|58|42|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Sand, Rogaland|Sand i Ryfylke]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4230 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sandbekk]] || {{coord|58|22|0|N|6|20|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sande, Rogaland|Sande]] || {{coord|58|53|30|N|5|39|26|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sandeid]] || {{coord|59|33|0|N|5|50|0|E}} || 5585 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sandve]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || 4272 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Saudasjøen]] || {{coord|59|38|0|N|6|19|0|E}} || 4208 || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Segleim]] || {{coord|58|27|0|N|5|54|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sirevåg]] || {{coord|58|30|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4364 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sjernarøy]] || || 4170 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skartveit]] || || 4182 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skiftun]] || || 4146 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjelmeland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skjeveland]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|5|0|E}} || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skjold, Rogaland|Skjold]] || {{coord|59|31|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || 5574 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skjoldastraumen]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|5|37|0|E}} || 5567 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skokland]] || || || [[File:Haugesund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Haugesund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skora]] || || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skre]] || {{coord|59|25|0|N|5|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skåland]] || {{coord|58|25|0|N|6|33|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Snøde]] || || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sogndalstrand]] || {{coord|58|19|0|N|6|17|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Sola]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|53|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4050 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stenebyen]] || || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stokka]] || {{coord|59|15|0|N|5|20|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stol, Rogaland|Stol]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || 4274 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stronda]] || {{coord|58|53|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Suldalsosen]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|6|30|0|E}} || 4237 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svandal]] || {{coord|59|37|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sviland]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|5|50|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svånes]] || {{coord|58|23|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Syre]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|5|11|0|E}} || 4280 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sævelandsvik]] || {{coord|59|16|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sør-Hidle]] || || 4123 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sørbokn]] || || 4169 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sørbø]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || 4150 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennesøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Talgje]] || || 4163 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Finnøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tananger]] || {{coord|58|56|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || 4056 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tau, Norway|Tau]] || {{coord|59|4|0|N|5|54|0|E}} || 4120 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tengesdal]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|6|1|0|E}} || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tengs]] || || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eigersund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tjelta]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|5|37|0|E}} || 4054 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tjora]] || {{coord|58|55|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Torvastad]] || || 4260 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tysværvåg]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|5|30|0|E}} || 5565 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ualand]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || 4463 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Undheim]] || {{coord|58|41|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4342 || [[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Time, Norway|Time]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Utbjoa]] || {{coord|59|40|39|N|5|36|23|E}} || 5584 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Utsira]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|18|0|N|4|54|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5547 || [[File:Utsira komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Utsira]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vanvik]] || {{coord|59|32|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Varhaug]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|37|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4360 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vassbø]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vassøy]] || || 4076 || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stavanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vatnamo]] || {{coord|58|29|0|N|5|49|0|E}} || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vatne, Rogaland|Vatne]] || {{coord|58|51|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sandnes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vats]] || || 5578 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vedavågen]] || {{coord|59|17|30|N|5|14|0|E}} || 4276 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Velle (Rogaland)|Velle]] || || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Verdalen]] || || || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vestra, Rogaland|Vestra]] || {{coord|59|29|0|N|5|34|0|E}} || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vestre Åmøy]] || || 4152 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennesøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vigre]] || {{coord|58|39|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || 4365 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vigrestad]] || {{coord|58|34|0|N|5|42|0|E}} || 4362 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hå]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vikebygd]] || {{coord|59|36|3|N|5|35|37|E}} || 5568 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vikedal]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|5|55|0|E}} || 5583 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vikesdal]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Vikeså]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|38|0|N|6|6|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4389 || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Vikevåg]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|5|53|N|5|41|53|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4150 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennesøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vinjar]] || || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Suldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Visnes, Rogaland|Visnes]] || {{coord|59|21|20|N|5|13|27|E}} || 4262 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Voll, Rogaland|Voll]] || {{coord|58|48|0|N|5|37|0|E}} || 4354 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vormedal]] || {{coord|59|21|18|N|5|19|8|E}} || 5545 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Våge, Rogaland|Våge]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|5|17|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Våre]] || || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Yrke]] || || 5567 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tysvær]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Ystabø]] (Ystabøhamn) || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|4|0|N|5|25|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4180 || [[File:Kvitsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kvitsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ytraland]] || {{coord|59|18|0|N|5|14|0|E}} || 4250 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Karmøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ytre Bø]] || || 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Randaberg]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øksnevad]] || || || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klepp]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ølbør]] || {{coord|58|52|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sola]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Ølen]]sjøen || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|36|13|N|5|48|27|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5580 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ølensvåg]] (Ølsvågen) || {{coord|59|35|47|N|5|44|47|E}} || 5582 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vindafjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Østhusvik]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4150 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennesøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øverbygd, Rogaland|Øverbygd]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjerkreim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øvre Espedal]] || {{coord|58|55|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Forsand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øvre Maudal]] || {{coord|58|46|0|N|6|21|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjesdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øye, Rogaland|Øye]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|6|6|0|E}} || || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjelmeland]] |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åbødalen]] || || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauda]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Ålgård]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|46|0|N|5|51|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4330 || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gjesdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åmdal]] || || 4463 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Årdal, Rogaland|Årdal i Ryfylke]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|6|12|0|E}} || 4137 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjelmeland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åmot, Rogaland|Åmot]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|6|19|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åna-Sira]] || {{coord|58|18|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4420 || [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sokndal]]</span> |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book | first= | last=Statens kartverk | title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas | publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget | location=Oslo | year=1996 | editor= | isbn=82-573-0742-4}} *{{cite web| author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.| year=2004| title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Rogaland Fylke, Norway| format=| work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1| url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/14/| accessdate=2006-03-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite journal | author=Statistics Norway | title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005 | year=2005 | url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web | author=Statens kartverk | year=2003 | title=Map service (Kvasir) | format= | work= | url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | accessdate=2006-05-23 | archive-date=2003-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | url-status=dead }} *{{cite web | author=Støverud, Henning | year=2001 | title=Postal code search | format= | work= | url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | accessdate=2006-03-26 | archive-date=2002-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | url-status=dead }} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Rogaland]] irjytvz5luug7pss5vvyoqg1m88jfc9 0 101705 1752020 1641959 2026-08-01T05:33:32Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752020 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Sogn og Fjordane]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Allmenningen]] || {{coord|61|54|40|N|05|14|29|E}} || 6713 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Arnafjord]] || {{coord|61|01|20|N|06|23|04|E}} || 6893 || [[File:Vik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vik|Vik i Sogn]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Askvoll]] || {{coord|61|20|46|N|05|04|13|E}} || 6980 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Asseim]] || {{coord|61|01|02|N|05|29|32|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Aurlandsvangen]] || {{coord|60|54|29|N|07|11|23|E}} || 5745 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Austgulen]] || {{coord|60|59|28|N|05|19|24|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Austreim]] || {{coord|61|10|00|N|05|56|58|E}} || 6995 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bakka, Sogn og Fjordane|Bakka]] || {{coord|60|54|58|N|06|52|08|E}} || 5749 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Balestrand]] || {{coord|61|12|27|N|06|32|00|E}} || 6898 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Barekstad]] || {{coord|61|40|06|N|04|53|19|E}} || 6916 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Barmen, Norway|Barmen]] || {{coord|61|59|57|N|05|17|24|E}} || 6715 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Berge, Høyanger|Berge]] || {{coord|61|10|56|N|05|59|30|E}} || 6995 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Berle]] || {{coord|61|49|52|N|05|07|04|E}} || 6719 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Blålid]] || {{coord|61|55|10|N|05|07|58|E}} || 6718 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjordal]] || {{coord|61|04|34|N|05|49|53|E}} || 5962 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Borgund, Sogn og Fjordane|Borgund]] || {{coord|61|02|55|N|07|48|47|E}} || 6888 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Botnen, Sogn og Fjordane|Botnen]] || {{coord|61|14|51|N|05|38|55|E}} || 6966 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brandsøy]] || {{coord|61|36|36|N|05|07|54|E}} || 6900 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Breidvik, Sogn og Fjordane|Breidvik]]a || {{coord|61|03|53|N|05|15|05|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brekke]] || {{coord|61|01|07|N|05|27|41|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bremanger]] || {{coord|61|50|26|N|04|58|51|E}} || 6727 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brossvika]] || {{coord|61|04|10|N|05|08|40|E}} || 5966 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bruland]] || {{coord|61|26|11|N|05|53|52|E}} || 6800 || [[File:Førde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Førde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bryggja]] || {{coord|61|56|18|N|05|25|46|E}} || 6711 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bygstad]] || {{coord|61|22|29|N|05|38|30|E}} || 6977 || [[File:Gaular komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gaular]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Byrkjelo]] || {{coord|61|43|55|N|06|30|31|E}} || 6826 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Byrknes]] || {{coord|60|54|01|N|04|50|19|E}} || 5970 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bø, Sogn og Fjordane|Bø]] || {{coord|61|07|49|N|05|19|44|E}} || 6953 || [[File:Hyllestad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hyllestad]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Dale, Sogn og Fjordane|Dale]] || {{coord|61|21|47|N|05|23|53|E}} || 6963 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dalsøyra]] || {{coord|60|55|58|N|05|08|08|E}} || 5960 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Davik]] || {{coord|61|53|29|N|05|31|50|E}} || 6730 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Degnepoll]] || {{coord|61|55|49|N|05|08|28|E}} || 6718 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dingja]] || {{coord|61|01|29|N|05|03|14|E}} || 5966 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dombestein]] || {{coord|61|53|21|N|05|38|33|E}} || 6730 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dragsviki]] || {{coord|61|13|01|N|06|33|30|E}} || 6898 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dyrdal]] || {{coord|60|57|28|N|06|56|02|E}} || 5748 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eide, Sogn og Fjordane|Eide]] || {{coord|61|10|19|N|05|23|00|E}} || 6958 || [[File:Hyllestad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hyllestad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eikefjord]] || {{coord|61|35|04|N|05|27|29|E}} || 6940 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eimhjellen]] || {{coord|61|38|41|N|05|48|50|E}} || 6829 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Eivindvik]] || {{coord|60|58|52|N|05|04|25|E}} || 5966 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Egge, Sogn og Fjordane|Egge]] || {{coord|61|41|13|N|06|31|24|E}} || 6826 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eltvik]] || {{coord|62|11|07|N|05|13|53|E}} || 6750 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eri, Norway|Eri]] || {{coord|61|04|03|N|07|30|01|E}} || 6887 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ervik, Sogn og Fjordane|Ervik]] || {{coord|62|09|58|N|05|07|06|E}} || 6750 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ese, Norway|Ese]] || {{coord|61|12|56|N|06|29|22|E}} || 6898 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Espedal]] || {{coord|61|16|05|N|05|19|30|E}} || 6966 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fardal]] || {{coord|61|11|30|N|07|01|23|E}} || 6858 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Feios]] || {{coord|61|08|53|N|06|45|14|E}} || 6895 || [[File:Vik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vik|Vik i Sogn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fet, Sogn og Fjordane|Fet]] || {{coord|61|21|49|N|07|15|48|E}} || 6873 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fimreite]] || {{coord|61|09|02|N|06|57|52|E}} || 6856 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fjærland]] || {{coord|61|24|08|N|06|44|19|E}} || 6848 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flatraket]] || {{coord|61|58|26|N|05|13|46|E}} || 6717 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flekke]] || {{coord|61|19|03|N|05|21|42|E}} || 6968 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flo, Norway|Flo]] || {{coord|61|56|44|N|07|01|28|E}} || 6783 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flåm]] || {{coord|60|50|17|N|07|07|14|E}} || 5743 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fortun]] || {{coord|61|29|42|N|07|41|19|E}} || 6877 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fossøy]] || {{coord|61|33|00|N|07|17|43|E}} || 6871 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Framfjord]] || {{coord|61|00|19|N|06|24|45|E}} || 6893 || [[File:Vik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vik|Vik i Sogn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Frammarsvik]] || {{coord|61|29|00|N|05|37|30|E}} || 6817 || [[File:Naustdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Naustdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fresvik]] || {{coord|61|04|21|N|06|56|04|E}} || 6896 || [[File:Vik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vik|Vik i Sogn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Frønningen]] || {{coord|61|06|38|N|07|04|10|E}} || 6855 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Færøyna]] || {{coord|61|12|13|N|04|49|56|E}} || 6929 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Gaupne]] || {{coord|61|24|29|N|07|17|08|E}} || 6868 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gimmestad]] || {{coord|61|46|08|N|06|08|40|E}} || 6823 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gjelsa]] || {{coord|61|17|21|N|04|37|19|E}} || 6987 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gjerde]] || {{coord|61|37|56|N|07|15|46|E}} || 6871 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gjølanger]] || {{coord|61|18|20|N|05|13|51|E}} || 6967 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grinde, Sogn og Fjordane|Grinde]] || {{coord|61|11|06|N|06|44|23|E}} || 6863 || [[File:Leikanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Leikanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Grodås]] || {{coord|61|58|00|N|06|31|32|E}} || 6763 || [[File:Hornindal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hornindal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grotle, Bremanger|Grotle]] || {{coord|61|50|22|N|04|54|13|E}} || 6727 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grov, Sogn og Fjordane|Grov]] || {{coord|61|36|54|N|05|19|20|E}} || 6900 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grytøyra]] || {{coord|61|17|11|N|05|01|31|E}} || 6967 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Guddal]] || {{coord|61|14|46|N|05|31|48|E}} || 6966 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gudvangen]] || {{coord|60|52|43|N|06|50|19|E}} || 5747 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hafslo]] || {{coord|61|18|55|N|07|12|03|E}} || 6869 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hamnen]] || {{coord|61|18|50|N|04|43|54|E}} || 6986 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Hardbakke]] || {{coord|61|04|16|N|04|50|13|E}} || 6924 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haugen, Sogn og Fjordane|Haugen]] || {{coord|61|55|27|N|05|53|05|E}} || 6770 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haukedalen]] || {{coord|61|25|15|N|06|22|37|E}} || 6818 || [[File:Førde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Førde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Heggjabygda]] || {{coord|61|56|05|N|06|16|00|E}} || 6770 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helgheim]] || {{coord|61|33|41|N|06|24|04|E}} || 6843 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helle, Askvoll|Helle]] || {{coord|61|19|50|N|05|07|56|E}} || 6986 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helle, Sogn og Fjordane|Helle]] || {{coord|61|27|54|N|05|32|46|E}} || 6817 || [[File:Naustdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Naustdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hellevik]] || {{coord|61|17|59|N|05|10|15|E}} || 6967 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hennebygda]] || {{coord|61|51|44|N|06|13|23|E}} || 6770 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hermansverk]] || {{coord|61|11|04|N|06|51|00|E}} || 6863 || [[File:Leikanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Leikanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hersvikbygda]] || {{coord|61|10|22|N|04|53|45|E}} || 6929 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hest, Sogn og Fjordane|Hest]] || {{coord|61|04|03|N|05|48|16|E}} || 5962 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hestenesøyra]] || {{coord|61|50|21|N|06|00|13|E}} || 6828 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjelle]] || {{coord|61|54|52|N|07|06|55|E}} || 6798 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjønnevåg]] || {{coord|61|02|24|N|04|39|48|E}} || 6928 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hoddevika]] || {{coord|62|07|22|N|05|10|12|E}} || 6750 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Holvik, Vågsøy|Holvik]] || {{coord|61|55|44|N|05|04|53|E}} || 6700 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Holmedal]] || {{coord|61|21|31|N|05|11|04|E}} || 6982 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Holmøyane]] || {{coord|61|56|15|N|06|26|07|E}} || 6779 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Holsen]] || {{coord|61|25|05|N|06|09|31|E}} || 6819 || [[File:Førde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Førde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Honningsvåg, Sogn og Fjordane|Honningsvåg]] || {{coord|62|11|36|N|05|12|26|E}} || 6750 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hopland, Sogn og Fjordane|Hopland]] || {{coord|61|52|01|N|06|18|52|E}} || 6796 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hovlandsdal]] || {{coord|61|13|58|N|05|25|59|E}} || 6966 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hundeidet]] || {{coord|61|53|47|N|05|51|55|E}} || 6770 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Husevåg]] || {{coord|61|54|55|N|05|02|14|E}} || 6716 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hyen]] || {{coord|61|44|21|N|05|55|05|E}} || 6829 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Hyllestad]] || {{coord|61|10|15|N|05|17|45|E}} || 6957 || [[File:Hyllestad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hyllestad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Håvik]] || {{coord|61|57|31|N|05|16|14|E}} || 6717 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Høyanger]] || {{coord|61|13|13|N|06|04|29|E}} || 6993 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Høyheimsvik]] || {{coord|61|24|01|N|07|23|49|E}} || 6875 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hærland, Sogn og Fjordane|Hærland]] || {{coord|61|21|08|N|04|53|28|E}} || 6985 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ikjen]] || {{coord|61|03|33|N|05|39|21|E}} || 5962 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Indre Hafslo]] || {{coord|61|21|48|N|07|15|55|E}} || 6873 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Indre Hornindal]] || {{coord|61|59|52|N|06|36|19|E}} || 6763 || [[File:Hornindal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hornindal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Indre Oppedal]] || {{coord|61|03|47|N|05|33|24|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Innvik (village)|Innvik]] || {{coord|61|51|06|N|06|37|00|E}} || 6793 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Instefjord]] || {{coord|60|59|09|N|05|29|05|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Isane]] || {{coord|61|52|36|N|05|42|52|E}} || 6737 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jostedal]] || {{coord|61|35|14|N|07|16|59|E}} || 6871 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kalvåg]] || {{coord|61|45|58|N|04|52|30|E}} || 6729 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kandal, Norway|Kandal]] || {{coord|61|40|20|N|06|22|46|E}} || 6823 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kaupanger]] || {{coord|61|11|04|N|07|14|32|E}} || 6854 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kinn]] || {{coord|61|33|40|N|04|46|09|E}} || 6912 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kinsedal]] || {{coord|61|17|07|N|07|23|53|E}} || 6986 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kjølsdalen]] || {{coord|61|55|01|N|05|37|54|E}} || 6776 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kjørnes]] || {{coord|61|12|38|N|07|07|16|E}} || 6856 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Klakegg]] || {{coord|61|36|35|N|06|31|41|E}} || 6843 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kolgrov]] || {{coord|61|00|25|N|04|40|10|E}} || 6928 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Korssund]] || {{coord|61|15|15|N|04|59|40|E}} || 6964|| [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Krakhella]] || {{coord|61|07|48|N|05|00|57|E}} || 6926 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kroken, Sogn og Fjordane|Kroken]] || {{coord|61|20|58|N|07|23|47|E}} || 6876 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kråkeneset]] || {{coord|62|01|37|N|04|59|37|E}} || 6710 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kulen, Norway|Kulen]] || {{coord|61|55|49|N|05|07|46|E}} || 6718 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvalheim]] || {{coord|61|59|22|N|05|02|40|E}} || 6710 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvamme, Balestrand|Kvamme]] || {{coord|61|07|27|N|06|27|58|E}} || 6899 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvammen]] || {{coord|61|27|55|N|05|25|09|E}} || 6983 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvamsøy (Sogn og Fjordane)|Kvamsøy]] || {{coord|61|07|43|N|06|29|04|E}} || 6898 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kyrkjebø]] || {{coord|61|09|49|N|05|53|59|E}} || 6995 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Langenes, Sogn og Fjordane|Langeneset]] || {{coord|62|00|39|N|05|08|18|E}} || 6710 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Langhaugane]] || {{coord|61|28|51|N|06|03|45|E}} || 6847 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lavik]] || {{coord|61|06|15|N|05|30|06|E}} || 6947 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Leikanger]] || {{coord|61|11|08|N|06|48|28|E}} || 6863 || [[File:Leikanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Leikanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Leikanger, Selje|Leikanger]] || {{coord|62|07|10|N|05|18|56|E}} || 6750 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Leirvik, Sogn og Fjordane|Leirvik i Sogn]] || {{coord|61|08|13|N|05|20|52|E}} || 6953 || [[File:Hyllestad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hyllestad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ljøsne]] || {{coord|61|02|57|N|07|36|01|E}} || 6887 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Loen]] || {{coord|61|52|14|N|06|51|25|E}} || 6789 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Losnegard]] || {{coord|61|07|19|N|05|05|32|E}} || 6926 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lote, Norway|Lote]] || {{coord|61|52|02|N|06|04|47|E}} || 6778 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Luster, Norway|Luster]] || {{coord|61|26|41|N|07|27|29|E}} || 6872 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Lærdalsøyri]] || {{coord|61|05|52|N|07|28|53|E}} || 6887 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Løkjastranda]] || {{coord|61|54|51|N|05|51|56|E}} || 6770 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Låne]] || {{coord|61|11|21|N|06|13|47|E}} || 6898 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Låvi]] || {{coord|60|52|37|N|07|15|07|E}} || 5745 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Marifjøra]] || {{coord|61|22|55|N|07|18|12|E}} || 6873 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Maurstad]] || {{coord|61|56|37|N|05|28|05|E}} || 6711 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Midtgulen]] || {{coord|61|44|24|N|05|09|47|E}} || 6723 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mjelde]] || {{coord|61|06|13|N|07|30|53|E}} || 6887 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mjømna]] || {{coord|60|55|04|N|04|54|16|E}} || 5978 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mogrenda]] || {{coord|61|55|04|N|06|04|57|E}} || 6770 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myklebust, Bremanger|Myklebust]] || {{coord|61|43|17|N|05|11|20|E}} || 6723 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myklebust, Jølster|Myklebust]] || {{coord|61|31|18|N|06|20|54|E}} || 6847 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myklemyr]] || {{coord|61|31|13|N|07|15|57|E}} || 6871 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myrdal Station|Myrdal]] || {{coord|60|44|07|N|07|07|22|E}} || 5718 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Måren]] || {{coord|61|08|57|N|06|04|27|E}} || 6995 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Naddvik]] || {{coord|61|11|32|N|07|37|08|E}} || 6885 || [[File:Årdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Årdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Naustdal]] || {{coord|61|30|32|N|05|43|00|E}} || 6806 || [[File:Naustdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Naustdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nedstryn]] || {{coord|61|55|07|N|06|47|00|E}} || 6783 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nes, Sogn og Fjordane|Nes]] || {{coord|61|23|12|N|07|22|03|E}} || 6875 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nessane]] || {{coord|61|08|02|N|06|16|50|E}} || 6898 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Norddal, Sogn og Fjordane|Norddal]] || {{coord|61|38|28|N|05|22|43|E}} || 6900 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Nordfjordeid]] || {{coord|61|54|22|N|05|59|29|E}} || 6770 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordgulen]] || {{coord|61|00|24|N|05|11|32|E}} || 5966 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nornes]] || {{coord|61|09|37|N|06|59|06|E}} || 6859 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordrevik]] || {{coord|61|09|46|N|05|43|11|E}} || 6996 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordsida]] || {{coord|61|51|05|N|06|31|14|E}} || 6795 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nygård, Sogn og Fjordane|Nygård]] || {{coord|61|55|09|N|05|11|01|E}} || 6718 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nyhammaren]] (Nyhamar) || {{coord|61|00|12|N|05|00|13|E}} || 5966 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nyttingnes]] || {{coord|61|35|42|N|05|13|00|E}} || 6940 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Okshola]] || {{coord|61|55|02|N|05|08|59|E}} || 6718 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Olden, Norway|Olden]] || {{coord|61|50|01|N|06|48|33|E}} || 6788 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Oppstryn]] || {{coord|61|54|38|N|07|03|17|E}} || 6799 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ornes, Sogn og Fjordane|Ornes]] (Urnes) || {{coord|61|17|58|N|07|18|53|E}} || 6870 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ortnevik]] || {{coord|61|06|41|N|06|07|51|E}} || 5962 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Osland (village)|Osland]] || {{coord|61|04|21|N|05|47|59|E}} || 5962 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Osmundsvåg]] || {{coord|61|59|11|N|05|11|13|E}} || 6718 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Randabygda]] || {{coord|61|52|02|N|06|19|36|E}} || 6796 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Raudeberg]] || {{coord|61|58|50|N|05|08|01|E}} || 6710 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Re, Sogn og Fjordane|Re]] (Breim) || {{coord|61|44|14|N|06|24|34|E}} || 6827 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Redalsgrend]] || {{coord|61|29|27|N|05|30|16|E}} || 6817 || [[File:Naustdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Naustdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Refvik]]a || {{coord|61|59|54|N|05|05|26|E}} || 6710 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rognaldsvåg]] || {{coord|61|33|53|N|04|47|35|E}} || 6915 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rugsund]] || {{coord|61|53|16|N|05|19|52|E}} || 6734 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rutledal]] || {{coord|61|04|02|N|05|11|08|E}} || 5966 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rørdal]] || {{coord|61|00|44|N|04|41|50|E}} || 6928 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Salbu]] || {{coord|61|13|24|N|05|12|08|E}} || 6958 || [[File:Hyllestad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hyllestad]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Sandane]] || {{coord|61|46|21|N|06|12|53|E}} || 6823 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sanddal]] || {{coord|61|30|29|N|06|16|11|E}} || 6847 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Sande, Sogn og Fjordane|Sande]] || {{coord|61|19|30|N|05|47|51|E}} || 6973 || [[File:Gaular komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gaular]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Seimsdalen]] || {{coord|61|14|27|N|07|39|11|E}} || 6885 || [[File:Årdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Årdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Selje]] || {{coord|62|02|45|N|05|21|03|E}} || 6740 || [[File:Selje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Silda (Sogn og Fjordane)|Silda]] || {{coord|62|00|45|N|05|11|20|E}} || 6714 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Skei, Sogn og Fjordane|Skei]] || {{coord|61|34|19|N|06|28|53|E}} || 6843 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skilbrei]] || {{coord|61|22|53|N|05|49|04|E}} || 6975 || [[File:Gaular komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gaular]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skjerdal]] || {{coord|60|56|59|N|07|11|27|E}} || 5745 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skjolden]] || {{coord|61|29|25|N|07|36|02|E}} || 6876 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skorpa, Sogn og Fjordane|Skorpa]] || {{coord|61|35|13|N|04|48|44|E}} || 6918 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Slinda]] || {{coord|61|09|40|N|06|55|39|E}} || 6859 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Sogndalsfjøra]] || {{coord|61|13|32|N|07|06|06|E}} || 6856 || [[File:Sogndal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sogndal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Solvorn]] || {{coord|61|18|03|N|07|14|43|E}} || 6879 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stavang]] || {{coord|61|32|07|N|05|11|13|E}} || 6944 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Steinhovden]] || {{coord|61|34|18|N|05|18|16|E}} || 6940 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Steinklepp]] || {{coord|61|04|55|N|07|51|14|E}} || 6888 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stongfjorden]] || {{coord|61|25|43|N|05|10|14|E}} || 6984 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Stryn (village)|Stryn]] || {{coord|61|54|16|N|06|43|21|E}} || 6783 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stårheim]] || {{coord|61|55|11|N|05|45|29|E}} || 6777 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sunde, Sogn og Fjordane|Sunde]] || {{coord|61|25|42|N|05|55|53|E}} || 6800 || [[File:Førde komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Førde]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svanøy]] || {{coord|61|29|37|N|05|07|52|E}} || 6914 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Svelgen]] || {{coord|61|46|06|N|05|17|43|E}} || 6723 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svortevik]] || {{coord|61|30|14|N|05|14|35|E}} || 6942 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sygna, Sogn og Fjordane|Sygna]] || {{coord|61|20|51|N|05|43|14|E}} || 6973 || [[File:Gaular komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gaular]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sørbøvågen]] || {{coord|61|13|37|N|05|10|51|E}} || 6958 || [[File:Hyllestad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hyllestad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Søreide]] || {{coord|61|05|44|N|05|52|59|E}} || 5962 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sørheim]] || {{coord|61|25|18|N|07|29|30|E}} || 6876 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Takle]] || {{coord|61|01|30|N|05|22|19|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tansøyna]] || {{coord|61|29|37|N|04|57|57|E}} || 6919 || [[File:Flora komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Flora, Norway|Flora]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tennebø]] || {{coord|61|55|00|N|05|09|36|E}} || 6718 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Torvika]] || {{coord|61|55|16|N|05|47|49|E}} || 6777 || [[File:Eid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Eid, Norway|Eid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Totland, Norway|Totland]] || {{coord|61|55|57|N|05|23|24|E}} || 6711 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tjugum]] || {{coord|61|12|55|N|06|32|47|E}} || 6898 || [[File:Balestrand komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Balestrand]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tronteigen]] || {{coord|61|19|22|N|07|49|47|E}} || 6884|| [[File:Årdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Årdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Trovåg]] || {{coord|61|00|09|N|04|43|18|E}} || 6928 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tytingvågen]] || {{coord|61|53|56|N|05|05|18|E}} || 6700 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tønjum]] || {{coord|61|03|30|N|07|31|06|E}} || 6887 || [[File:Lærdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Lærdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Undredal]] || {{coord|60|56|58|N|07|06|10|E}} || 5746 || [[File:Aurland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Aurland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Utvik]] || {{coord|61|48|21|N|06|31|02|E}} || 6797 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vadheim]] || {{coord|61|12|29|N|05|49|48|E}} || 6996 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vallestad]] || {{coord|61|21|52|N|06|13|39|E}} || 6978 || [[File:Gaular komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gaular]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vangsnes]] || {{coord|61|10|16|N|06|38|08|E}} || 6894 || [[File:Vik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vik|Vik i Sogn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vassenden]] || {{coord|61|29|34|N|06|06|39|E}} || 6847 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vedvik]]a || {{coord|62|00|46|N|05|05|43|E}} || 6710 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Veitastrond]] || {{coord|61|28|21|N|07|02|38|E}} || 6878 || [[File:Luster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Luster, Norway|Luster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vereide]] || {{coord|61|48|48|N|06|08|21|E}} || 6823 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Veslebygda]] || {{coord|61|56|42|N|06|56|42|E}} || 6783 || [[File:Stryn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Stryn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vevring]] || {{coord|61|29|31|N|05|24|23|E}} || 6816 || [[File:Naustdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Naustdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vik, Gaular|Vik]] || {{coord|61|21|03|N|06|07|09|E}} || 6978 || [[File:Gaular komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gaular]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Vikøyri]] || {{coord|61|05|16|N|06|34|46|E}} || 6893 || [[File:Vik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vik|Vik i Sogn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vilnes]] || {{coord|61|19|07|N|04|57|32|E}} || 6985 || [[File:Askvoll komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Askvoll]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vågsvåg]] || {{coord|61|56|16|N|05|02|59|E}} || 6700 || [[File:Vågsøy komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vågsøy]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ytre Oppedal]] || {{coord|61|03|24|N|05|30|42|E}} || 5961 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ytrøygrend]] || {{coord|61|04|46|N|04|41|28|E}} || 6927 || [[File:Solund komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Solund]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øn]] || {{coord|61|13|13|N|05|13|12|E}} || 6958 || [[File:Hyllestad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hyllestad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øvre Årdal]] || {{coord|61|18|31|N|07|48|10|E}} || 6884|| [[File:Årdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Årdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øystrebø]] || {{coord|61|03|50|N|05|41|05|E}} || 5962 || [[File:Høyanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Høyanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ålfoten]] || {{coord|61|50|20|N|05|40|28|E}} || 6737 || [[File:Bremanger komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bremanger]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ålhus]] || {{coord|61|31|49|N|06|13|55|E}} || 6847 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ånneland]] || {{coord|60|53|25|N|04|58|49|E}} || 5977 || [[File:Gulen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gulen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Årdal, Gloppen|Årdal]] || {{coord|61|40|14|N|06|25|46|E}} || 6827 || [[File:Gloppen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Gloppen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Årdal, Jølster|Årdal]] || {{coord|61|32|50|N|06|20|41|E}} || 6843 || [[File:Jølster komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Jølster]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor="#EEEEFF" | class="fn org" | [[Årdalstangen]] || {{coord|61|14|13|N|07|41|54|E}} || 6885 || [[File:Årdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Årdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åsnes, Sogn og Fjordane|Åsnes]] || {{coord|61|20|03|N|05|11|59|E}} || 6969 || [[File:Fjaler komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fjaler]]</span> |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book|author=Statens kartverk|title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo, Norway|year=1996|isbn=978-82-573-0746-2}} *{{cite web|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.|year=2004|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Sogn og Fjordane Fylke, Norway|work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/15/|accessdate=29 May 2006|archive-date=21 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221090153/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/15/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|publisher=[[Statistics Norway]]|title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality.|date=1 January 2005|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web|author=Statens kartverk|year=2003|title=Map service (Kvasir)|url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|accessdate=29 May 2006|archive-date=1 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|last=Støverud|first=Henning|year=2001|title=Postal code search|url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|accessdate=17 March 2006|archive-date=29 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|url-status=dead}} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Sogn og Fjordane]] bxih5jq2vt68mdppcp26569xjtgqd0q 0 101707 1752021 1641960 2026-08-01T05:33:34Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752021 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Sør-Trøndelag]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Agdenes]]||{{coord|63.6445|9.7379|format=dms}}||7318||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Andersskogan]]||{{coord|63.4610|8.3275|format=dms}}||7243||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ansnes]]||{{coord|63|38|16|N|08|59|34|E}}||7241||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Askjem]]||{{coord|63.5077|9.9972|format=dms}}||7105||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Asserøya]]||{{coord|63.8482|9.8356|format=dms}}||7167||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Aunegrenda]]||{{coord|62.9533|11.2574|format=dms}}||7383||[[File:Holtålen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Holtålen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Aunet]]||{{coord|63|03|17|N|11|34|17|E}}||7590||[[File:Tydal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tydal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Austrått]]||{{coord|63|42|19|N|09|44|45|E}}||7140||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Badstuvika]]||{{coord|63|32|08|N|09|08|23|E}}||7246||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Berkåk]]||{{coord|62|49|29|N|10|00|42|E}}||7391||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Bessaker]]||{{coord|64|14|43|N|10|19|24|E}}||7190||[[File:Roan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Roan, Norway|Roan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Bjugn]]||{{coord|63.7591|9.7349|format=dms}}||7160||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Bjørklia]]||{{coord|63.2733|10.5470|format=dms}}||7540||[[File:Klæbu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klæbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Bjørnli]]||{{coord|63|07|49|N|09|40|20|E}}||7332||[[File:Meldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Meldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Bogøyvær]]||{{coord|63.8726|8.5495|format=dms}}||7282||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Botngård]]||{{coord|63|45|55|N|09|48|40|E}}||7160||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Brandsfjord]]||{{coord|64.1879|10.4210|format=dms}}||7194||[[File:Roan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Roan, Norway|Roan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Brekka]]||{{coord|63.3165|10.1961|format=dms}}||7350||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Brekken]] (Brekkebygd)||{{coord|62.6473|11.8721|format=dms}}||7370||[[File:Røros komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Røros]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Bremneset]]||{{coord|63|44|20|N|08|38|07|E}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Buvika]]/[[Ilhaugen]]||{{coord|63.3117|10.1864|format=dms}}||7350||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[By, Norway|By]]||{{coord|63.9827|10.4217|format=dms}}||7170||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Byneset]]||{{coord|63.3763|10.1363|format=dms}}||7074||[[File:Coat of arms of Trondheim.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Trondheim]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Børsa]]||{{coord|63|19|36|N|10|04|09|E}}||7353||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Danielshaugen]]||{{coord|63.3569|10.7792|format=dms}}||7550||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Denstad]]||{{coord|63.5879|10.0792|format=dms}}||7100||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Djupfest]]||{{coord|63.7801|9.5776|format=dms}}||7165||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Draksten]]||{{coord|63.2833|10.6747|format=dms}}||7036||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Drogsetmoen]]||{{coord|63|07|06|N|09|36|42|E}}||7334||[[File:Meldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Meldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Dyrvik]]||{{coord|63|44|36|N|08|49|57|E}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Eggkleiva]]||{{coord|63|16|54|N|10|02|59|E}}||7355||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Eidet, Sør-Trøndelag|Eidet]]||{{coord|63|14|09|N|09|02|14|E}}||7200||[[File:Hemne komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hemne]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Engan]]||{{coord|62|29|04|N|09|34|42|E}}||7340||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Enodden]]/[[Budal]]||{{coord|62|53|03|N|10|29|00|E}}||7298||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ervika]] (Ærvik)||{{coord|63|44|55|N|08|49|58|E}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fagerhaug]]||{{coord|62|39|25|N|09|52|43|E}}||7340||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fannrem]]||{{coord|63.2665|9.8158|format=dms}}||7320||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Feragen]]||{{coord|62|34|19|N|11|50|29|E}}||7374||[[File:Røros komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Røros]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fevåg]]||{{coord|63|40|37|N|09|51|04|E}}||7110||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Fillan, Norway|Fillan]]||{{coord|63|36|22|N|08|58|10|E}}||7240||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fillingsneset]]||{{coord|63|39|55|N|08|29|58|E}}||7263||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Flatval]]||{{coord|63|41|22|N|08|45|35|E}}||7263||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Flora, Sør-Trøndelag|Flora]]||{{coord|63.1111|11.3078|format=dms}}||7596||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Flå, Rennebu|Flå]]||{{coord|62|50|10|N|09|55|34|E}}||7392||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Forsnes]]||{{coord|63|25|55|N|08|24|51|E}}||7246||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Fossan]]||{{coord|63.2705|11.0105|format=dms}}||7584||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Frengen]]||{{coord|63|41|53|N|09|55|04|E}}||7110||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Froan]]||{{coord|63.9998|9.1746|format=dms}}||7287||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Galåa]]||{{coord|62|33|20|N|11|17|12|E}}||7374||[[File:Røros komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Røros]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Garten]]||{{coord|63|38|34|N|09|31|17|E}}||7153||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Geitastrand]]||{{coord|63|21|54|N|09|55|31|E}}||7300||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Gimse]]||{{coord|63.2866|10.2698|format=dms}}||7227||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Gjæsingen]]||{{coord|63.9290|8.9002|format=dms}}||7285||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Gjølga]]||{{coord|63|47|16|N|09|58|56|E}}||7160||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Gjølme]]||{{coord|63|18|36|N|09|48|50|E}}||7310||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Glåmos]]||{{coord|62|40|22|N|11|25|26|E}}||7372||[[File:Røros komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Røros]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Graftåsen]]||{{coord|62.8255|11.3508|format=dms}}||7380||[[File:Holtålen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Holtålen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Grande, Norway|Grande]]||{{coord|63|40|37|N|09|35|33|E}}||7130||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Grefstad]]||{{coord|63.0956|9.6969|format=dms}}||7332||[[File:Meldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Meldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Gressli]]||{{coord|63|03|49|N|11|27|24|E}}||7590||[[File:Tydal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tydal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Grostad]]||{{coord|63|26|56|N|09|53|07|E}}||7316||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Gåsbakken]]||{{coord|63|06|49|N|09|59|07|E}}||7213||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Haldorhamn]]||{{coord|63.8468|9.6928|format=dms}}||7165||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Haltdalen]]||{{coord|62|55|35|N|11|08|26|E}}||7383||[[File:Holtålen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Holtålen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hammarvika]]||{{coord|63|41|48|N|08|48|25|E}}||7263||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Harsvika]]||{{coord|64.0477|10.0144|format=dms}}||7178||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hasselvika]]||{{coord|63.6322|9.8262|format=dms}}||7112||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hårberg]]||{{coord|63.6970|9.6405|format=dms}}||7130||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Heim, Norway|Heim]]||{{coord|63|25|08|N|09|04|56|E}}||7206||[[File:Hemne komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hemne]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hellandsjøen]]||{{coord|63|24|13|N|8|58|51|E}}||7206||[[File:Hemne komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hemne]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hemnskjela]]||{{coord|63|30|02|N|09|09|42|E}}||7256||[[File:Snillfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Snillfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hepsøya]]||{{coord|64.3205|10.3733|format=dms}}||7744||[[File:Osen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Osen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hessdalen]]||{{coord|62.7933|11.1883|format=dms}}||7380||[[File:Holtålen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Holtålen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hestvika]]||{{coord|63|34|00|N|09|11|45|E}}||7247||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hitterdalen]]||{{coord|62.6100|11.6369|format=dms}}||7374||[[File:Røros komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Røros]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hofstad]]||{{coord|64|11|48|N|10|24|09|E}}||7194||[[File:Roan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Roan, Norway|Roan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Holan]]||{{coord|62.5310|9.6222|format=dms}}||7340||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Holla, Sør-Trøndelag|Holla]]||{{coord|63|18|37|N|09|07|56|E}}||7200||[[File:Hemne komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hemne]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Hommelvik]]||{{coord|63|24|38|N|10|47|39|E}}||7550||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hongsand]]||{{coord|64|08|41|N|10|09|43|E}}||7180||[[File:Roan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Roan, Norway|Roan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Horg]]||{{coord|63|08|19|N|10|15|14|E}}||7232||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hoston, Sør-Trøndelag|Hoston]]||{{coord|63|11|42|N|09|35|03|E}}||7320||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hovin, Sør-Trøndelag|Hovin]]||{{coord|63|06|19|N|10|13|25|E}}||7236||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hundhammeren]]||{{coord|63.4395|10.5998|format=dms}}||7562||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Husbysjøen]]||{{coord|63|44|50|N|10|06|25|E}}||7113||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Husdalen]]||{{coord|63|21|41|N|09|52|40|E}}||7300||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Hyttbakken]]||{{coord|63|12|05|N|11|07|58|E}}||7580||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Høybakken]]||{{coord|63|44|10|N|09|52|22|E}}||7160||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Indre Skjervøya]]||{{coord|64|17|19|N|10|17|39|E}}||7742||[[File:Osen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Osen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ingdalen]]||{{coord|63|27|35|N|09|54|55|E}}||7316||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Innbygda, Sør-Trøndelag|Innbygda]]||{{coord|63.2417|11.0884|format=dms}}||7580||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Inner-Råkvågen]]||{{coord|63.7732|10.0971|format=dms}}||7114||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Innset, Sør-Trøndelag|Innset]]||{{coord|62|43|08|N|10|02|28|E}}||7398||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Innstrand]]||{{coord|63|43|51|N|09|39|04|E}}||7140||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Inntian]]||{{coord|63|43|18|N|08|52|40|E}}||7260||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Jøssund, Sør-Trøndelag|Jøssund]]||{{coord|63|50|44|N|09|47|40|E}}||7167||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Jåren]]||{{coord|63.2583|9.9801|format=dms}}||7357||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kjerringvåg]]||{{coord|63|39|04|N|08|46|39|E}}||7252||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kjøra]]||{{coord|63|25|01|N|09|57|42|E}}||7300||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Klæbu]]||{{coord|63.2976|10.4826|format=dms}}|| 7540||[[File:Klæbu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klæbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Knarrlagsund]]||{{coord|63|39|52|N|09|04|53|E}}||7242||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kongensvollen]]||{{coord|63.5534|9.3972|format=dms}}||7255||[[File:Snillfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Snillfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Korsvegen]]||{{coord|63|09|39|N|10|05|57|E}}||7212||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kotsøy]]||{{coord|62|58|44|N|10|33|52|E}}||7387||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Krokstadøra]]||{{coord|63|24|00|N|09|30|03|E}}||7257||[[File:Snillfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Snillfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kråkvåg]]||{{coord|63.6439|9.3271|format=dms}}||7152||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kvenvær]]||{{coord|63|31|58|N|08|23|26|E}}||7243||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kverva]]||{{coord|63|42|20|N|08|32|00|E}}||7266||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kvithylla]]||{{coord|63|33|33|N|09|54|34|E}}||7100||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Kvål, Sør-Trøndelag|Kvål]]||{{coord|63|13|53|N|10|16|50|E}}||7228||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Kyrksæterøra]]||{{coord|63|17|26|N|09|05|20|E}}||7200||[[File:Hemne komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hemne]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Langørjan]]||{{coord|63.4199|10.1420|format=dms}}||7070||[[File:Coat of arms of Trondheim.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Trondheim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Leinstrand]]||{{coord|63.3249|10.3072|format=dms}}||7083||[[File:Coat of arms of Trondheim.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Trondheim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Leira, Sør-Trøndelag|Leira]]||{{coord|63.5989|9.9980|format=dms}}||7100||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Leksa]]||{{coord|63|34|35|N|09|19|28|E}}||7156||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Lensvik]]||{{coord|63|30|49|N|09|48|22|E}}||7315||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ler, Norway|Ler]]||{{coord|63|11|52|N|10|18|10|E}}||7234||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Lereggen]]||{{coord|63.2669|10.1974|format=dms}}||7350||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Lia, Sør-Trøndelag|Lia]]||{{coord|63.7838|9.8101|format=dms}}||7160||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Lines, Norway|Lines]]||{{coord|64|00|20|N|09|56|03|E}}||7176||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Lundamo]]||{{coord|63|09|07|N|10|17|04|E}}||7232||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Lysøysundet]]||{{coord|63|53|01|N|09|51|52|E}}||7168||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Løkken Verk]]||{{coord|63|07|32|N|09|42|17|E}}||7332||[[File:Meldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Meldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Lønset]]||{{coord|62.5834|9.3439|format=dms}}||7342||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Malvik]]||{{coord|63|25|58|N|10|40|22|E}}||7563||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Mausund]]||{{coord|63.8683|8.6673|format=dms}}||7284||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Mebonden]]||{{coord|63.2291|11.0313|format=dms}}||7580||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Melandsjø]]||{{coord|63|37|44|N|08|43|48|E}}||7250||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Melby, Norway|Melby]]||{{coord|63.2360|9.9843|format=dms}}||7357||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Meldal]]||{{coord|63.0472|9.7134|format=dms}}||7336||[[File:Meldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Meldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Melhus]]||{{coord|63|17|07|N|10|16|41|E}}||7224||[[File:Melhus komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Melhus]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Midtsandan]]||{{coord|63|25|47|N|10|43|49|E}}||7563||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Mo, Sør-Trøndelag|Mo]]||{{coord|63|36|01|N|10|03|15|E}}||7100||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Muruvika]]||{{coord|63|25|57|N|10|49|40|E}}||7550||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Måsøyvalen]]||{{coord|63.7087|8.5083|format=dms}}||7266||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Nedre Tennel]]||{{coord|63.4853|9.8460|format=dms}}||7316||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Nerskogen, Sør-Trøndelag|Nerskogen]]||{{coord|62.7830|9.6082|format=dms}}||7393||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Nes, Sør-Trøndelag|Nes]]||{{coord|63|46|17|N|09|35|08|E}}||7165||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Neset, Sør-Trøndelag|Neset]]||{{coord|63|46|10|N|08|49|00|E}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Nordbotn, Sør-Trøndelag|Nordbotn]]||{{coord|63|38|49|N|09|08|17|E}}||7242||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Norddyrøya]] ||{{coord|63.7994|8.6977|format=dms}}|| 7273||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Nordskaget]]||{{coord|63|42|23|N|08|33|30|E}}||7266||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Oksvoll]]||{{coord|63|48|53|N|9|40|51|E}}||7165||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Olden, Sør-Trøndelag|Olden]]||{{coord|63|52|10|N|09|55|56|E}}||7168||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Oppdal]]||{{coord|62|35|39|N|09|41|28|E}}||7340||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Opphaug]]||{{coord|63|43|37|N|09|41|24|E}}||7140||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Orkanger]] (Øra)||{{coord|63|18|44|N|09|51|12|E}}||7300||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Osen]]||{{coord|64.2976|10.5105|format=dms}}||7740||[[File:Osen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Osen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ottersbo]]||{{coord|63|42|00|N|09|46|00|E}}||7140||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ratvika]]||{{coord|63.9763|10.0070|format=dms}}||7170||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Reinsgrenda]]||{{coord|63.5489|9.9253|format=dms}}||7105||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Reitstøa]]||{{coord|62|57|42|N|10|51|55|E}}||7387||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Renbygda]]/[[Ålen]]||{{coord|62|50|28|N|11|19|15|E}}||7380||[[File:Holtålen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Holtålen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Rennebu]]||{{coord|62|52|33|N|09|50|01|E}}||7393||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Revsnes, Sør-Trøndelag|Revsnes]]||{{coord|64|02|15|N|10|03|08|E}}||7177||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ringvål]]||{{coord|63.3527|10.2508|format=dms}}||7089||[[File:Coat of arms of Trondheim.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Trondheim]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Roan, Norway|Roan]]||{{coord|64|10|21|N|10|13|44|E}}||7180||[[File:Roan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Roan, Norway|Roan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Rognes, Norway|Rognes]]||{{coord|63|00|25|N|10|27|09|E}}||7295||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Rye, Norway|Rye]]||{{coord|63|25|21|N|10|08|51|E}}||7070||[[File:Coat of arms of Trondheim.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Trondheim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Rørvik, Sør-Trøndelag|Rørvik]]||{{coord|63.5091|10.1333|format=dms}}||7105||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Råbygda]]||{{coord|63.2304|9.9837|format=dms}}||7357||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Råkvåg]]||{{coord|63|45|45|N|10|04|40|E}}||7114||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sandnes, Sør-Trøndelag|Sandnes]]||{{coord|63.8507|9.7581|format=dms}}||7167||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sandstad]]||{{coord|63|31|24|N|09|06|01|E}}||7246||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sandvika, Sør-Trøndelag|Sandvika]]||{{coord|63|45|07|N|08|40|46|E}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sandviksberget]]||{{coord|64|19|32|N|10|27|01|E}}||7740||[[File:Osen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Osen]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Selbekken]]||{{coord|63|30|12|N|09|49|25|E}}||7316||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Selnes, Sør-Trøndelag|Selnes]]||{{coord|63.9088|9.9735|format=dms}}||7170||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Selbu]]||{{coord|63.2164|11.0419|format=dms}}||7580||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Selbustrand]]||{{coord|63.2488|10.9552|format=dms}}||7584||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Seter, Sør-Trøndelag|Seter]]||{{coord|64|23|34|N|10|29|24|E}}||7748||[[File:Osen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Osen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Singsås]]||{{coord|62|57|22|N|10|43|50|E}}||7387||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Sistranda]]||{{coord|63|43|31|N|08|50|02|E}}||7260||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sjøbygda]]||{{coord|63.2420|10.8265|format=dms}}||7580||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Skaun]]||{{coord|63|14|57|N|10|03|28|E}}||7357||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Smiskaret]]||{{coord|63.4289|10.7439|format=dms}}||7563||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sneisen]]||{{coord|63.3349|10.8097|format=dms}}||7550||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Snøan]]||{{coord|62.9874|10.2401|format=dms}}||7288||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Soknedal]]||{{coord|62|57|04|N|10|11|18|E}}||7288||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Songmoen]]||{{coord|63.2990|9.6575|format=dms}}||7320||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Spongdal]]||{{coord|63.3556|10.1664|format=dms}}||7074||[[File:Coat of arms of Trondheim.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Trondheim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stadsbygd]]||{{coord|63.5096|10.0194|format=dms}}||7105||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stallvika]]||{{coord|63.7559|9.9739|format=dms}}||7160||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stamnan]]||{{coord|62|50|56|N|09|51|23|E}}||7392||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Steinsdalen]]||{{coord|64.2386|10.6922|format=dms}}||7740||[[File:Osen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Osen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stensli]]||{{coord|62.8515|11.2416|format=dms}}||7383||[[File:Holtålen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Holtålen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stokksund]]||{{coord|64.0377|10.0589|format=dms}}||7177||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Storfosna]]||{{coord|63.6630|9.4029|format=dms}}||7150||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Storhallaren]]||{{coord|63|40|30|N|08|36|02|E}}||7263||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Storlia]]||{{coord|62|41|37|N|09|06|12|E}}||7340||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Storås]]||{{coord|63|05|45|N|09|35|49|E}}||7334||[[File:Meldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Meldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Straum]]||{{coord|64|10|23|N|10|22|29|E}}||7194||[[File:Roan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Roan, Norway|Roan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Strømøya]]||{{coord|63|46|42|N|08|46|32|E}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Stugudalen]]||{{coord|62.9080|11.8928|format=dms}}||7590||[[File:Tydal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tydal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Støren]]||{{coord|63.0391|10.2850|format=dms}}||7290||[[File:Midtre Gauldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Midtre Gauldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sula, Sør-Trøndelag|Sula]]||{{coord|63.8459|8.4573|format=dms}}||7280||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Svorkmo]]||{{coord|63.1696|9.7425|format=dms}}||7327||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sørdyrøya]]||{{coord|63.7842|8.6424|format=dms}}||7273||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Sørfjorden, Rissa|Sørfjorden]]||{{coord|63.7554|10.1449|format=dms}}||7113||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tanem]]||{{coord|63|18|29|N|10|26|15|E}}||7549||[[File:Klæbu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Klæbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tannvikvågen]]||{{coord|63.3890|9.2433|format=dms}}||7257||[[File:Snillfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Snillfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tarva (Norway)|Tarva]]||{{coord|63.8020|9.4152|format=dms}}||7166||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Titran]]||{{coord|63|40|06|N|08|18|22|E}}||7268||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Trolla]]||{{coord|63|27|05|N|10|18|35|E}}||7018||[[File:Coat of arms of Trondheim.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Trondheim]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Trøa]]||{{coord|63.2158|10.9543|format=dms}}||7580||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tømra]]||{{coord|63.2856|11.0742|format=dms}}||7584||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tørhogg]]||{{coord|63|57|58|N|09|58|54|E}}||7170||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Tørrem]]||{{coord|63|48|50|N|09|42|17|E}}||7165||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Uddu]]||{{coord|63.5874|9.9261|format=dms}}||7100||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ulsberg]]||{{coord|62.7513|9.9846|format=dms}}||7397||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ulvan]]||{{coord|63|40|28|N|09|02|20|E}}||7242||[[File:Hitra komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hitra]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Uthaug]]||{{coord|63|43|32|N|09|35|59|E}}||7142||[[File:Ørland komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Ørland]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Uttian]]||{{coord|63|46|12|N|08|52|49|E}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Val, Norway|Val]]||{{coord|63.8300|9.6759|format=dms}}||7165||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vallersund]]||{{coord|63.8605|9.7495|format=dms}}||7167||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1627 Bjugn.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bjugn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vassbygda, Agdenes|Vassbygda]]||{{coord|63.6195|9.6376|format=dms}}||7318||[[File:Agdenes komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Agdenes]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vassbygda, Skaun|Vassbygda]]||{{coord|63.2267|10.1179|format=dms}}||7350||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Viggja]]||{{coord|63.3452|9.9909|format=dms}}||7354||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1657 Skaun.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skaun]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vikan]]||{{coord|63.7949|8.7855|format=dms}}||7270||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vikhammer]]||{{coord|63.4373|10.6266|format=dms}}||7560||[[File:Malvik komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Malvik]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vikvarvet]]||{{coord|63.2134|10.9549|format=dms}}||7580||[[File:Coat of arms of NO 1664 Selbu.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Selbu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vingan]]||{{coord|63.5161|9.2822|format=dms}}||7255||[[File:Snillfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Snillfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vingsand]]||{{coord|64|20|50|N|10|27|46|E}}||7740||[[File:Osen komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Osen]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vinjeøra]]||{{coord|63.2059|8.9860|format=dms}}||7203||[[File:Hemne komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hemne]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vognillan]]||{{coord|62.6152|9.5704|format=dms}}||7343||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Voll, Sør-Trøndelag|Voll]]||{{coord|62.8764|9.8404|format=dms}}||7393||[[File:Rennebu komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rennebu]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vormstad]]||{{coord|63.1996|9.7699|format=dms}}||7327||[[File:Orkdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Orkdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Vutudal]]||{{coord|63|20|42|N|09|25|43|E}}||7257||[[File:Snillfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Snillfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ytre Snillfjord]]||{{coord|63.3556|9.2873|format=dms}}||7257||[[File:Snillfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Snillfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Yttersian]]||{{coord|63.7366|8.8320|format=dms}}||7260||[[File:Frøya komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Frøya, Sør-Trøndelag|Frøya]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Østby, Sør-Trøndelag|Østby]]||{{coord|63|03|13|N|11|40|16|E}}||7590||[[File:Tydal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tydal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Å, Meldal|Å]]||{{coord|62|59|07|N|09|44|17|E}}||7335||[[File:Meldal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Meldal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Å, Åfjord|Å i Åfjord]]/[[Monstad]]||{{coord|63|58|02|N|10|13|07|E}}||7170||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Å, Åfjord|Årnes]]||{{coord|63|57|40|N|10|13|33|E}}||7170||[[File:Åfjord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Åfjord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org"|[[Ålbu]]||{{coord|62|36|38|N|09|29|51|E}}||7340||[[File:Oppdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Oppdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Årnset]] (Rissa)||{{coord|63.5876|9.9556|format=dms}}||7100||[[File:Rissa komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Rissa, Norway|Rissa]]</span> |-class="vcard" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | class="fn org"|[[Ås, Sør-Trøndelag|Ås]]||{{coord|63|02|41|N|11|39|25|E}}||7590||[[File:Tydal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tydal]]</span> |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book|author=Statens kartverk|title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|year=1996|isbn=82-573-0742-4}} *{{cite web|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.|year=2004|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Sør-Trøndelag Fylke, Norway|work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/16/|accessdate=2006-04-22|archive-date=2006-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906004616/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/16/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite paper|author=Statistics Norway|title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005|year=2005|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web|author=Statens kartverk|year=2003|title=Map service (Kvasir)|url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|accessdate=2006-06-03|archive-date=2003-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|last=Støverud|first=Henning|year=2001|title=Postal code search|url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|accessdate=2006-04-22|archive-date=2002-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|url-status=dead}} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Sør-Trøndelag]] bm0g86ymk7tnnbimilykkk0jf629bsp 0 101709 1752022 1641961 2026-08-01T05:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752022 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Vest-Agder]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" | [[Abelnes]] || || 4400 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Andabeløy]] || {{coord|58|14|0|N|6|40|0|E|name=Andabeløy}} || 4434 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Audnedal]] || || 4525 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Augland]] || {{coord|58|11|0|N|7|49|0|E|name=Augland}} || 4645 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Aukland]] || {{coord|58|12|0|N|7|55|0|E|name=Aukland}} || 4618 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Austad]] || {{coord|58|5|0|N|7|3|0|E|name=Austad}} || 4580 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Ausvika]] || || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Berge, Vest-Agder|Berge]] || || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Birkeland, Hægebostad|Birkeland]] (Tingvatn)* || {{coord|58|22|0|N|7|13|0|E|name=Birkeland, Hægebostad}} || 4595 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Birkeland, Lyngdal|Birkeland]] || {{coord|58|17|0|N|7|12|0|E|name=Birkeland, Lyngdal}} || 4588 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Bjelland]] || {{coord|58|23|0|N|7|31|0|E|name=Bjelland}} || 4536 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Bjerom]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|7|14|0|E|name=Bjerom}} || 4595 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Bredland]] || {{coord|58|12|0|N|7|42|0|E|name=Bredland}} || 4534 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Breland, Vest-Agder|Breland]] || {{coord|58|44|0|N|7|24|0|E|name=Breland}} || 4540 || [[Gambar:Åseral komm.svg|20px]] [[Åseral]] |- | [[Brennåsen]] || {{coord|58|8|0|N|7|51|0|E|name=Brennåsen}} || 4647 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Buhølen]] || {{coord|58|8|0|N|7|21|0|E|name=Buhølen}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Byremo]] || {{coord|58|26|0|N|7|25|0|E|name=Byremo}} || 4529 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Drange]] || || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Drangsholt]] || {{coord|58|15|0|N|8|10|0|E|name=Drangsholt}} || 4658 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Dyrestad]] || || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Dønnestad]] || {{coord|58|13|0|N|8|8|0|E|name=Dønnestad}} || 4658 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Eid, Vest-Agder|Eid]] || || 4516 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Eikeland, Vest-Agder|Eikeland]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|18|0|E|name=Eikeland}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Eiken, Norway|Eiken]] || {{coord|58|29|0|N|7|13|0|E|name=Eiken}} || 4596 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Einarsmoen]] || || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Espeli]] || {{coord|58|45|0|N|7|35|0|E|name=Espeli}} || 4540 || [[Gambar:Åseral komm.svg|20px]] [[Åseral]] |- | [[Ersdal]] || {{coord|58|26|0|N|6|41|0|E|name=Ersdal}} || 4400 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Espetveit]] || {{coord|58|31|0|N|6|46|0|E|name=Espetveit}} || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] <!--Yes, there are two places called Espetveit--> |- | [[Espetveit]] || || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] <!--Yes, there are two places called Espetveit--> |- | [[Farestad]] || {{coord|57|59|0|N|7|32|0|E|name=Farestad}} || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Fasseland]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|7|21|0|E|name=Fasseland}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Feda]] || {{coord|58|16|0|N|6|50|0|E|name=Feda}} || 4485 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Fidje]] || || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Fidjeland]] || {{coord|58|57|0|N|6|56|0|E|name=Fidjeland}} || 4443 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Finsland]] || || 4646 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Fjotland]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|7|0|0|E|name=Fjotland}} || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Fleseland]] || || 4580 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Flikka]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|6|40|0|E|name=Flikka}} || 4436 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Flikkeid]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|6|38|0|E|name=Flikkeid}} || 4400 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Foss, Norway|Foss]] || {{coord|58|16|0|N|8|10|0|E|name=Foss}} || 4658 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Fårbrot]] || || || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Fåsdal]] || {{coord|58|26|0|N|6|44|0|E|name=Fåsdal}} || 4436 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Gjosdal]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|45|0|E|name=Gjosdal}} || || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Grovane]] || || 4700 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Gyland]] || {{coord|58|27|0|N|6|51|0|E|name=Gyland}} || 4436 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Haddeland, Vest-Agder|Haddeland]] || {{coord|58|31|0|N|7|7|0|E|name=Haddeland}} || 4596 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Hamre, Vest-Agder|Hamre]] || || 4656 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Hananger]] || {{coord|58|5|0|N|6|42|0|E|name=Hananger}} || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Harkmark]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|37|0|E|name=Harkmark}} || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Haugland, Vest-Agder|Haugland]] || || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Havik, Norway|Havik]] || || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Haughom]] || {{coord|58|36|0|N|6|45|0|E|name=Haughom}} || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Heggland]] || || 4436 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Helland]] || || 4534 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Helle, Vest-Agder|Helle]] || {{coord|58|18|0|N|7|22|0|E|name=Helle}} || 4525 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Helvik]] || {{coord|58|6|0|N|6|43|0|E|name=Helvik}} || 4560 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Herad]] || {{coord|58|9|0|N|6|48|0|E|name=Herad}} || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Hidrasund]] || || 4432 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Hillesund]]/[[Hille, Norway|Hille]] || {{coord|58|0|0|N|7|22|0|E|name=Hillesund/Hille}} || 4513 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Hjorteland]] || || 4517 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Hoggandvik]] || || 4513 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Holmen, Vest-Agder|Holmen]] || {{coord|58|6|0|N|7|40|0|E|name=Holmen}} || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Homsteane]] || {{coord|58|16|0|N|7|50|0|E|name=Homsteane}} || 4715 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Hortemo]] || || 4645 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Hægebostad, Lindesnes|Hægebostad]] || {{coord|58|12|0|N|7|21|0|E|name=Hægebostad}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Hægelandskrossen]] || || 4720 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Høllen]]/[[Spangereid]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|6|0|E|name=Høllen/Spangereid}} || 4521 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Høye]] || {{coord|58|13|0|N|7|38|0|E|name=Høye}} || 4534 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Høyland]] || {{coord|58|16|0|N|7|23|0|E|name=Høyland}} || 4525 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Hånes]] || || 4635 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Ime]] || {{coord|58|2|0|N|7|30|0|E|name=Ime}} || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Justvik]] (Gjusvik) || {{coord|58|12|0|N|8|2|0|E|name=Justvik}} || 4634 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Jødestøl]] || {{coord|58|37|0|N|6|46|0|E|name=Jødestøl}} || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Jølle]] || {{coord|58|8|0|N|6|37|0|E|name=Jølle}} || 4560 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Jåsund]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|7|8|0|E|name=Jåsund}} || 4580 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Kile, Norway|Kile]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|7|46|0|E|name=Kile}} || 4720 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Kilen, Vest-Agder|Kilen]] || || 4646 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Kirkehavn|Kirkehamn]] || {{coord|58|13|0|N|6|34|0|E|name=Kirkehamn}} || 4432 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Knaben]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|58|0|E|name=Knaben}} || 4473 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Koland]] || || 4536 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Kollungtveit]] || || 4528 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Kongevoll]] || || 4436 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Konsmo]]* || {{coord|58|18|0|N|7|24|0|E|name=Konsmo}} || 4525 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Korshamn]] || {{coord|58|2|0|N|7|0|0|E|name=Korshamn}} || 4586 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Kostøl]] || {{coord|58|14|0|N|8|2|0|E|name=Kostøl}} || 4634 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Krossen]] || || 4519 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Kråkebumoen]] || || 4658 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Kvanvik]] || {{coord|58|17|0|N|6|32|0|E|name=Kvanvik}} || 4400 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Kviljo]] || || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Kvinesdal]] || {{coord|58|19|0|N|6|57|0|E|name=Kvinesdal}} || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Kvineshei]] || || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Kvinlog]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|6|57|0|E|name=Kvinlog}} || 4473 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Kvås]] || || 4588 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Kyrkjebygda]]* || {{coord|58|37|0|N|7|25|0|E|name=Kyrkjebygda}} || 4540 || [[Gambar:Åseral komm.svg|20px]] [[Åseral]] |- | [[Kylland]] || {{coord|58|33|0|N|7|26|0|E|name=Kylland}} || 4544 || [[Gambar:Åseral komm.svg|20px]] [[Åseral]] |- | [[Lastad]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|42|0|E|name=Lastad}} || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Laudal]] || {{coord|58|15|0|N|7|30|0|E|name=Laudal}} || 4534 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Lausland]] || {{coord|58|16|0|N|7|35|0|E|name=Lausland}} || 4646 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Liknes]]* || {{coord|58|19|0|N|6|59|0|E|name=Liknes}} || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Litlehamn]] || {{coord|57|59|0|N|7|6|0|E|name=Litlehamn}} || 4521 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Ljosland]] || {{coord|58|48|0|N|7|20|0|E|name=Ljosland}} || 4540 || [[Gambar:Åseral komm.svg|20px]] [[Åseral]] |- | [[Loga]] || {{coord|58|19|0|N|6|40|0|E|name=Loga}} || 4400 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Loland]] || {{coord|58|17|0|N|7|52|0|E|name=Loland}} || 4715 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Lonestranda]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|15|0|E|name=Lonestranda}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Loshavn]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|6|49|0|E|name=Loshavn}} || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Marnardal]]* || || 4534 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Mebø]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|8|0|0|E|name=Mebø}} || 4625 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Midthassel]] || {{coord|58|5|0|N|6|38|0|E|name=Midthassel}} || 4560 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Mjølhus]] || || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Moi, Vest-Agder|Moi]] || {{coord|58|15|0|N|7|11|0|E|name=Moi}} || 4588 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Mosby, Norway|Mosby]] || {{coord|58|14|0|N|7|54|0|E|name=Mosby}} || 4619 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Netland]] || {{coord|58|37|0|N|6|54|0|E|name=Netland}} || 4473 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Nodeland]]* || {{coord|58|9|0|N|7|51|0|E|name=Nodeland}} || 4645 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Nodelandsheia]] || || 4645 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Ny Hellesund]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|7|50|0|E|name=Ny Hellesund}} || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Oftedal]] || {{coord|58|33|0|N|6|44|0|E|name=Oftedal}} || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Osen, Sirdal|Osen]] || || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Rafoss]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|6|58|0|E|name=Rafoss}} || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Ramsland]] || {{coord|58|2|0|N|7|6|0|E|name=Ramsland}} || 4521 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Randesund]] || || 4639 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Rasvåg]] || {{coord|58|12|0|N|6|36|0|E|name=Rasvåg}} || 4432 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Risnes]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|59|0|E|name=Risnes}} || 4473 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Roligheta]] || {{coord|58|17|0|N|6|23|0|E|name=Roligheta}} || 4420 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Rossnes]] || || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Ryen]] || || 4658 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Rødberg, Vest-Agder|Rødberg]] || || || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Røyknes]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|7|54|0|E|name=Røyknes}} || 4715 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Samkom]] || || 4700 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Sandvatn]] || {{coord|58|29|0|N|6|48|0|E|name=Sandvatn}} || 4436 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Seland]] || {{coord|58|20|0|N|6|49|0|E|name=Seland}} || 4485 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Selskjer]] || || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Skagestad]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|7|34|0|E|name=Skagestad}} || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Skarpengland]] || || 4715 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Skeide]] || {{coord|58|28|0|N|7|14|0|E|name=Skeide}} || 4596 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Skeie]] || || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Skjernøysund]] || || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Skjøllungstad]] || || || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Skofteland]] || {{coord|58|6|0|N|7|21|0|E|name=Skofteland}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Skomrak]] || || 4580 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Sinnes]] || {{coord|58|56|0|N|6|50|0|E|name=Sinnes}} || 4443 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Sira, Norway|Sira]] || {{coord|58|25|0|N|6|38|0|E|name=Sira}} || 4438 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Sirnes]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|6|38|0|E|name=Sirnes}} || 4438 || [[Gambar:Flekkefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Flekkefjord]] |- | [[Skålevik]] || {{coord|58|5|0|N|8|1|0|E|name=Skålevik}} || 4625 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Snartemo]] || {{coord|58|20|0|N|7|12|0|E|name=Snartemo}} || 4590 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Snig]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|7|18|0|E|name=Snig}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Sodefjed]] || || || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Stave, Norway|Stave]] || {{coord|58|7|0|N|6|36|0|E|name=Stave}} || 4560 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Stokkeland]] || || 4645 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Storekvina]] || || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Strai]] || {{coord|58|12|0|N|7|54|0|E|name=Strai}} || 4618 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Sveindal]] || {{coord|58|30|0|N|7|28|0|E|name=Sveindal}} || 4529 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Svenevig]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|12|0|E|name=Svenevig}} || 4521 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Svenevik]] || || 4580 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Sævik, Vest-Agder|Sævik]] || {{coord|58|6|0|N|6|52|0|E|name=Sævik}} || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Tangvall]] (Søgne)* || {{coord|58|6|0|N|7|50|0|E|name=Tangvall}} || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Tingvatne]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|7|14|0|E|name=Tingvatne}} || 4595 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Tjørhom]] || || 4443 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Tonstad]]* || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|43|0|E|name=Tonstad}} || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Torp, Vest-Agder|Torp]] || || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Tregde]] || {{coord|58|0|0|N|7|36|0|E|name=Tregde}} || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Tryland]] || {{coord|58|13|0|N|7|29|0|E|name=Tryland}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Trædal]] || {{coord|58|4|0|N|7|20|0|E|name=Trædal}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Træland]] || {{coord|58|22|0|N|6|59|0|E|name=Træland}} || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Tveit]] || {{coord|58|14|0|N|8|8|0|E|name=Tveit}} || 4658 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Valand (Vest-Agder)|Valand]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|34|0|E|name=Valand}} || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Valvik]] || || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Vanse]] || || 4560 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Vassbotn]] || || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Vatne, Hægebostad|Vatne]] || {{coord|58|29|0|N|7|12|0|E|name=Vatne, Hægebostad}} || 4596 || [[Gambar:Hægebostad komm.svg|20px]] [[Hægebostad]] |- | [[Vatne, Mandal|Vatne]] || {{coord|58|5|0|N|7|36|0|E|name=Vatne, Mandal}} || 4516 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Ve, Norway|Ve]] || || 4658 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Vedderheia]] || || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Vennesla]]* || {{coord|58|17|0|N|7|59|0|E|name=Vennesla}} || 4700 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Vere, Norway|Vere]] || {{coord|58|8|0|N|6|38|0|E|name=Vere}} || 4563 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Vestbygd, Vest-Agder|Vestbygd]] || {{coord|58|6|0|N|6|35|0|E|name=Vestbygd}} || 4563 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Vestre Skogsfjord]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|24|0|E|name=Vestre Skogsfjord}} || 4513 || [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Mandal.svg|20px]] [[Mandal, Norway|Mandal]] |- | [[Vidrak]] || {{coord|58|35|0|N|6|41|0|E|name=Vidrak}} || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Vigeland, Norway|Vigeland]]* || {{coord|58|5|0|N|7|18|0|E|name=}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Vigmostad]] || {{coord|58|12|0|N|7|21|0|E|name=Vigmostad}} || 4520 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Vivlemo]] || || 4525 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Volleberg]] || || 4647 || [[Gambar:Songdalen komm.svg|20px]] [[Songdalen]] |- | [[Væmestad]] || || 4588 || [[Gambar:Lyngdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngdal]] |- | [[Våga, Vest-Agder|Våga]] || {{coord|57|59|0|N|7|3|0|E|name=Våga}} || 4521 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |- | [[Vågsbygda]] || || 4624 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Yksnedal]] || {{coord|58|36|0|N|6|44|0|E|name=Yksnedal}} || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Ytre Hægeland]] || {{coord|58|15|0|N|7|46|0|E|name=Ytre Hægeland}} || 4715 || [[Gambar:Vennesla komm.svg|20px]] [[Vennesla]] |- | [[Ytre Øydna]] || {{coord|58|22|0|N|7|21|0|E|name=Ytre Øydna}} || 4525 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Øvre Sirdal]] || || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Øvre Øydna]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|7|21|0|E|name=Øvre Øydna}} || 4529 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Øyestranda]] (Øye) || {{coord|58|18|0|N|6|55|0|E|name=Øyestranda}} || 4484 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Øyslebø]] || {{coord|58|10|0|N|7|33|0|E|name=Øyslebø}} || 4532 || [[Gambar:Marnardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Marnardal]] |- | [[Ågedalstøi]] || || 4525 || [[Gambar:Audnedal komm.svg|20px]] [[Audnedal]] |- | [[Ålefjær]] || {{coord|58|14|0|N|8|2|0|E|name=Ålefjær}} || 4634 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Ålo]] || {{coord|58|3|0|N|7|42|0|E|name=Ålo}} || 4640 || [[Gambar:Søgne komm.svg|20px]] [[Søgne]] |- | [[Åmland]] || {{coord|58|22|0|N|6|59|0|E|name=Åmland}} || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Åmli, Vest-Agder|Åmli]] || || 4440 || [[Gambar:Sirdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Sirdal]] |- | [[Åmot, Vest-Agder|Åmot]] || || 4480 || [[Gambar:Kvinesdal komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvinesdal]] |- | [[Åpta]] || || 4550 || [[Gambar:Farsund komm.svg|20px]] [[Farsund]] |- | [[Åshamn]] || || 4625 || [[Gambar:Kristiansand komm.svg|20px]] [[Kristiansand]] |- | [[Åvik]] || || 4521 || [[Gambar:Lindesnes komm.svg|20px]] [[Lindesnes]] |} == Réferènsi == * {{cite book|editor=Statens kartverk|title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|year=1996|isbn=82-573-0742-4}} * {{cite web|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.|year=2004|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Vest-Agder Fylke, Norway|work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/19/|accessdate=2006-05-14|archive-date=2006-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929174324/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/19/|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|author=Statistics Norway|title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality.|date=1 January 2005|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} * {{cite web|author=Statens kartverk|year=2003|title=Map service (Kvasir)|url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|accessdate=2006-05-14|archive-date=2003-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|author=Støverud, Henning|year=2001|title=Postal code search|url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|accessdate=2006-05-14|archive-date=2002-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|url-status=dead}} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Vest-Agder]] 0vwlfwd9r8fm5bo1lstc5kdeypyj5dw 0 101936 1752013 1749106 2026-08-01T04:57:04Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor |bgcolour = |name = David Tennant |image = 2009 07 31 David Tennant smile 09.jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption = |birthname = David John McDonald |birthdate = {{birth date and age|1971|4|18}} |location = {{Flagicon|Britania raya}} [[Sekotlan]] |deathplace = |height = 185 cm |othername = |yearsactive = 1987 - saiki |spouse = |homepage = |occupation = [[Artis]] }} '''David Tennant''' ({{lahirmati|[[West Lothian]], [[Sekotlan]], [[Karajan Manunggal]]|18|4|1971}};lair:David John McDonald) punika [[aktor]] asal [[Sekotlan]]. Panjenenganipun minangka serves [[Giacomo Casanova]] ing [[filem]] [[Casanova]]. Dhèwèké uga dadi ''Barty Crouch, Jr.'' ing [[filem]] [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (filem)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]. ==Filmografi== ===Tipi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Judhul ! Cawe ! Wigati |- | 1987 || Anti-smoking filem || Jim<ref name="Cook"/> || Glasgow Health Board [[Public service announcement|PSA]] |- | 1988 || ''[[Dramarama (siri TV)|Dramarama]]'' || Neil McDonald || Series 6, Episode 13: "[[Dramarama (TV series)#Episodes|The Secret of Croftmore]]" |- | 1992 || ''Strathblair''|| Hiker || Siri 1 |- | 1992 || ''Bunch of Five'' || Policeman || Siri 1, Episod 5: "Miles Better" |- | 1993 || ''The Brown Man'' || Ventriloquist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1059847/ | title=IMDb isting "The Brown Man"}}</ref> || |- | 1993 || ''[[Rab C Nesbitt]]'' || Davina || Siri 3, Episod 2: "[[Rab C Nesbitt#Episodes|Touch]]" |- | 1994 || ''[[Takin' Over the Asylum]]'' || Campbell Bain || |- | 1995 || ''[[The Bill]]'' || Steve Clemens || Siri 11, Episod 128: "[[List of The Bill episodes/11#Series 11 (1995)|Deadline]]" |- | 1995 || ''[[The Tales of Para Handy]]'' || John MacBryde || Siri 2, Episod 2: "Para Handy's Piper" |- | 1996 || ''A Mug's Game'' || Gavin || Siri 1, Episod 4 |- | 1997 || ''[[Holding the Baby]]'' || Juru rawat || Siri 1, Episod 2 |- | 1997 || ''Conjuring Shakespeare'' || Angelo<ref>{{Cite news |first=David |last=Cote |title=David Tennant's Hamlet comes to America…on filem |url=http://www3.timeoutny.com/newyork/upstaged/2009/05/david-tennants-hamlet-comes-to-america%E2%80%A6on-film/ |work=Time Out |date=Mei 2009 |accessdate=10 April 2010 }}</ref> || Episod 6: "Like a Virgin" (muncul dalam adegan dari ''[[Measure for Measure]]'') |- | 1998 || ''[[Duck Patrol]]'' || Simon "Darwin" Brown || |- | 1999 || ''[[The Mrs Bradley Mysteries]]'' || Max Valentine || Siri 2, Episod 1: "[[The Mrs Bradley Mysteries#1999 (4 episodes, approximately 60 minutes)|Death at the Opera]]" |- | 1999 || ''Love in the 21st Century'' || John || Episod 1: "Reproduction" |- | 2000 || ''[[Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased)]]'' || Gordon Stylus || Siri 1, Episod 1: "[[Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased)#Series 1|Drop Dead]]" |- | 2001 || ''[[People Like Us (mockumentary)|People Like Us]]'' || Rob Harker || Siri 2, Episod 4: "[[People Like Us (mockumentary)#TV series|The Actor]]" |- | 2001 || ''[[High Stakes (sitkom)|High Stakes]]'' || Gaz Whitney || Siri 2, Episod 1: "The Magic Word" |- | 2001 || ''Only Human'' || Tyler || Juru terbang |- | 2002 || ''[[Foyle's War]]'' || Theo Howard || Siri 1, Episod 3: "[[Foyle's War Series One#"A Lesson in Murder"|A Lesson in Murder]]" |- | 2002 || [[Boots UK]] advert || Suami || |- | 2003 || ''Terri McIntyre '' || Greig Millar || Siri 2 |- | 2003 || ''[[Trust (siri TV)|Trust]]'' || Gavin MacEwan || Siri 1, Episod 6 |- | 2003 || ''[[Posh Nosh]]'' || Jose-Luis || Siri 1, Episod 3 dan 8: "Paella" and "Comfort Food" |- | 2003 || ''Spine Chillers'' || Dr. Krull || Siri 1, Episod 1 |- | 2004 || ''The Deputy'' || Christopher Williams || |- | 2004 || ''[[He Knew He Was Right (siri TV)|He Knew He Was Right]]'' || Rev Gibson || |- | 2004 || ''[[Blackpool (siri TV)|Blackpool]]'' || DI Carlisle || |- | 2005 || ''[[The Quatermass Experiment (2005)|The Quatermass Experiment]]'' || Dr. Gordon Briscoe || |- | 2005 || ''[[Casanova (siri TV 2005)|Casanova]]'' || [[Giacomo Casanova]] || |- | 2005 || ''[[Secret Smile]]'' || Brendan Block || |- | 2005–2010, 2013 || ''[[Doctor Who]]'' || [[Tenth Doctor|The Doctor]] || Siri [[Doctor Who (Siri 2)|2]], [[Doctor Who (Siri 3)|3]], [[Doctor Who (Siri 4)|4]], [[Doctor Who (istimewa 2008–2010 )|Istimewa 2008-2010]]<br/>[[The Day of the Doctor|50th Anniversary Special]]<ref name="doctorwhomag459">Doctor Who Magazine #459</ref><ref name="bbcdavidanniversary">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21980892|title=Doctor Who: David Tennant returns for anniversary show|date=30 Mac 2013|access-date=30 Maret 2013}}</ref> |- | 2006 || ''The Romantics'' || [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] || |- | 2006 || ''[[The Chatterley Affair]]'' || Richard Hoggart || |- | 2007 || ''[[Recovery (drama TV)|Recovery]]'' || Alan Hamilton || |- | 2007 || ''[[Red Nose Day 2007|Comic Relief]] Sketch'' || Mr Logan / [[Tenth Doctor|The Doctor]] || Appeared alongside ''Doctor Who'' co-star [[Catherine Tate]] |- | 2007 || ''[[Dead Ringers (komedi)|Dead Ringers]]'' || [[Regeneration (Doctor Who)|Regenerated]] [[Tony Blair]] || |- | 2007 || ''[[Learners]]'' || Chris || |- | 2007 || ''[[Extras (siri TV)|Extras]]'' || Himself / [[Tenth Doctor|The Doctor]] || [[List of Extras episodes#Christmas special (2007)|Christmas Special]] |- | 2008 || ''[[Einstein and Eddington]]'' || [[Arthur Stanley Eddington|Sir Arthur Eddington]] || |- | 2009 || ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]'' || [[Tenth Doctor|The Doctor]]<ref name="sja"/> || Siri 3, Episode 5 dan 6: "[[The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith]]" |- | 2009 || ''[[Rex Is Not Your Lawyer]]'' || Rex Alexander<ref name="Rex" /> || juru terbang [[NBC]] |- | 2009 || ''[[The Catherine Tate Show]]'' || [[Ghost of Christmas Present]] || "Nan's Christmas Carol" |- | 2009 || ''[[Hamlet (filem televisyen 2009)|Hamlet]]'' || [[Prince Hamlet]] || |- | 2010 || ''[[Single Father (drama TV)|Single Father]]'' || Dave Tiler || |- | 2011 || ''[[United (filem TV)|United]]'' || [[Jimmy Murphy (pemain bola sepak)|Jimmy Murphy]] || |- | 2011 || ''[[This is Jinsy]]'' || Mr. Slightlyman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyatlantic.sky.com/this-is-jinsy-amazing-guest-stars-announced |title=This ifs Jinsy: Amazing Guest Stars Announced |publisher=Sky Atlantic |access-date=2 Juni 2011}}</ref> || Siri 1, Episod 1 |- | 2012 || ''[[Playhouse Presents]]'' || Will<ref name="guardian2012" /> || Siri 1, Episod 1: "The Minor Character" |- | 2012 || ''[[True Love (siri TV)|True Love]]'' || Nick<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/08_august/26/love.shtml |title=''Love Life'' by Dominic Savage for BBC One |publisher=BBC |date=26 Ogos 2011 |access-date=26 Agustus 2011}}</ref> || Siri 1, Episod 1 |- | 2013 || ''[[Spies of Warsaw]]'' || Jean-François Mercier<ref name="spiesofwarsaw" /> || |- | 2013 || ''[[Broadchurch]]'' || DI Alec Hardy || |- | 2013 || ''[[The Politician's Husband]]''|| Aiden Hoynes || |- | 2013 || ''[[The Escape Artist (siri TV)|The Escape Artist]]'' || Will Burton<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || |- | 2014 || ''Gracepoint'' || || US remake of Broadchurch |} ====Riwayat dan penampilan peribadi==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Tahun ! Tajuk ! Peranan ! Nota |- | 2005 || ''Doctor Who: A New Dimension'' || Narrator || ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' Series 1 juru anggegana |- | 2006 || ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (British TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' || Himself || Series 3, Episode 4 |- | 2006 || ''[[Ready Steady Cook]]'' || Himself || 1 episode |- | 2007 || ''[[The Friday Night Project]]'' || Guest host || [[The Sunday Night Project#Series 4|Series 4, Episode 1]] |- | 2007 || ''The Human Footprint'' || Narrator || |- | 2007 || ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' || Himself || Series 10, Episode 10 |- | 2008 || ''Everest ER'' || Narrator || |- | 2008 || ''What Makes Me Happy'' || Poetry reader<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatmakesmehappy.tv/credits_uk.html |title=What makes me happy |publisher=Whatmakesmehappy.tv |accessdate=6 April 2011 }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || Series of short filems that include poetry |- | 2008 || ''[[Trick or Treat (TV series)|Trick or Treat]]'' || Himself<ref name="TrickorTreat">{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/programmes/derren-brown-trick-or-treat/4od |title=Derren Brown: Trick or Treat |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=4 Juli 2011}}</ref> || Series 2, Episodes 3 and 6 |- | 2008 || ''[[The Friday Night Project]]'' || Guest host || [[The Sunday Night Project#Series 6|Series 6, Episode 2]] |- | 2009 || ''Swarm: Nature's Incredible Invasions'' || Narrator || |- | 2009 || ''[[Red Nose Day 2009|Comic Relief 2009]]'' || Presenter || |- | 2009 || ''[[Doctor Who: Tonight's the Night]]'' || Himself || |- | 2009 || ''Troubled Young Minds'' || Narrator<ref>Troubled Young Minds – BBC 2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nk248</ref> || |- | 2009 || ''[[QI]]'' || Himself || [[QI (G series)|QI Christmas Special]] |- | 2009 || ''[[Never Mind the Buzzcocks]]'' || Guest host || [[List of Never Mind the Buzzcocks episodes#Series 23|Series 23]], Episode 12 |- | 2009–2010 || ''[[Masterpiece (TV series)|Masterpiece Contemporary]]'' || Host || |- | 2009 || ''[[Alan Carr: Chatty Man]]'' || Guest || Series 2, Episode 7 |- | 2010 || ''[[Newsround#Newsround Specials|Caught in the Web – A Newsround Special]]'' || Narrator<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_8490000/newsid_8495700/8495786.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=NR special: Caught in the Web | date=9 Fèbruari 2010 | access-date=1 Mèi 2010}}</ref> || |- | 2010 || ''[[Eddie Izzard]]: Marathon Man'' || Narrator || |- | 2010 || ''My Life'' || Narrator || Episode: "Karate Kids" |- | 2010 || ''Diet or My Husband Dies'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rbksk |title=One Programmes – Diet or My Husband Dies |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 April 2011}}</ref> || |- | 2010 || ''Doctor Who: The Ultimate Guide'' || Himself<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/doctor-who/episodes/the-ultimate-guide.jsp |title=Doctor Who |publisher=BBC America |accessdate=6 April 2011}}</ref> || |- | 2010 || ''Stealing Shakespeare'' || Narrator || |- | 2010 || ''[[Ask Rhod Gilbert]]'' || Authenticator || [[Ask Rhod Gilbert#Series 1|Series 1]], Episode 5 |- | 2010 || ''[[Paul O'Grady Live]]'' || Guest || Series 1 |- | 2010 || ''[[Chris Moyles' Quiz Night]]'' || Himself || Regular slot: "David Tennant's Celebrity Impressions" |- | 2010 || ''Polar Bear: Spy on the Ice'' || Narrator || ''[[BBC Wildlife Specials]]'' |- | 2011 || ''The Father of Australia'' || Narrator<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Father of Ostrali |url=http://www.caledonia.tv/productions/full-catalogue/video.aspx?id=1492 |work=Caledonia TV |access-date=19 Januari 2011 }}</ref> || |- | 2011 || ''Starlight: For the Children'' || Narrator<ref>{{Cite news|title=Starlight on TV |url=http://www.starlightchildren.com/starlight-on-tv/ |work=Starlight: For The Children |accessdate=22 April 2011 }}</ref> || Narrated episodes 5–10 |- | 2011 || ''The TA & The Taliban'' || Narrator<ref>{{Cite news|title=The TA & The Taliban |url=http://tv.sky.com/the-ta-the-taliban |work=Sky TV |access-date=4 Agustus 2011 }}</ref> || |- | 2011 || ''[[Gerry Rafferty]]: Right Down the Line'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0140v4c |title=Gerry Rafferty: Right Down the Line |publisher=BBC |access-date=26 Agustus 2011}}</ref> || |- | 2011 || ''[[Shrek]]: Once Upon a Time'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018nskz |title=Shrek: Once Upon a Time |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 Dhésèmber 2011}}</ref> || |- | 2011 || ''[[Earthflight]]'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018xsc5 |title=Earthflight |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 Dhésèmber 2011}}</ref> || |- | 2011 || ''Laughing at the...'' || Himself<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/programmes/laughing-at-the/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1 |title=Catherine Tate: Laughing at the Noughties |accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref> || Series 1, Episode 2: "Catherine Tate: Laughing at the Noughties" |- | 2011–2012 || ''[[Twenty Twelve (TV series)|Twenty Twelve]]'' || Narrator || Series 1 and 2 |- | 2012 || ''Wild About Pandas'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.locatetv.com/tv/wild-about-pandas/7434894 |title=Wild About Pandas |publisher=Locate TV |access-date=22 Januari 2012 |archive-date=2013-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626222424/http://www.locatetv.com/tv/wild-about-pandas/7434894 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || |- | 2012 || ''[[Tree Fu Tom]]'' || Twigs<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/tennant-joins-cbeebies-show-cast-16029699.html |title=Tennant joins CBeebies show ''Tree Fu Tom'' |publisher=Belfast Telegraph |date=29 Juli 2011 |access-date=29 Juli 2011}}</ref> || |- | 2012 || ''We Won't Drop the Baby'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2012/disability-season.html |title=BBC season tackles disability in the 21st century '' |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 Fèbruari 2012}}</ref> || |- | 2012 || ''Discovering Hamlet'' || Himself<ref>{{cite web |url= http://skyarts.sky.com/discovering-hamlet |title=Discovering Hamlet '' |publisher=Sky Arts |access-date=24 Fèbruari 2012}}</ref> || |- | 2012 || ''Shakespeare Uncovered - Hamlet'' || Himself<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01l4108 |title=David Tennant on Hamlet '' |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 Juli 2012}}</ref> || |- | 2012 || [[Virgin Media]] adverts || Himself || |- | 2012 || ''[[Comedy World Cup]]'' || Presenter || |- | 2012 || ''Secret Universe: The Hidden Life of the Cell'' || Narrator || |- | 2012 || ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' || Huyang<ref>{{cite web |url= http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/11/06/exclusive-clip-doctor-whos-david-tennant-guests-on-star-wars-the-clone-wars?abthid=50995f6401d81ea678000160 |title=Exclusive Clip: Doctor Who's David Tennant Guests on Star Wars: The Clone Wars'' |publisher=IGN.com |access-date=6 Novèmber 2012}}</ref> || |- | 2012-2013 || ''[[Dragons: Riders of Berk]]'' || Spitelout|| Series 1, Episode 12, "Thawfest" and Series 2, Episode 5, "Race to Fireworm Island" |- | 2013 || ''Penguins - Spy in the Huddle'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/t2v4d/penguinsspy-in-the-huddle--the-journey |title=Penguins - Spy in the Huddle'' |publisher=Radio Times |access-date=4 Fèbruari 2013}}</ref> || |- | 2013 || ''[[Red Nose Day 2013|Comic Relief 2013]]'' || Presenter || |- | 2013 || ''[[Fish Hooks]]'' || Oscar's Brain || Series 3, Episode 3, "Live at the Hamsterwood Bowl" |} ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Judhul ! Cawe ! Wigati |- | 1993 || ''Spaces'' || Vinny<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=7977 |title=SPACES |publisher=Scottish Screen Archive |access-date=14 Sèptèmber 2011 |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826211755/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=7977 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Short filem |- | 1996 || ''[[Jude (filem)|Jude]]'' || Drunken undergraduate || |- | 1997 || ''Bite'' || Alastair Galbraith<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=7278 |title=BITE |publisher=Scottish Screen Archive |access-date=13 Sèptèmber 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724050919/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=7278 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Short filem |- | 1998 || ''[[L.A. Without a Map]]'' || Richard || |- | 1999 || ''The Last September'' || Captain Gerald Colthurst || |- | 2000 || ''Being Considered'' || Larry || |- | 2001 || ''Sweetnight Goodheart'' || Peter || Short filem |- | 2002 || ''Nine 1/2 Minutes'' || Charlie || Short filem |- | 2003 || ''[[Bright Young Things]]'' || Ginger Littlejohn || |- | 2004 || ''Traffic Warden'' || [[Traffic warden]] || Short filem |- | 2004 || ''Old Street'' || Mr. Watson || Short filem |- | 2005 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (filem)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' || [[Barty Crouch, Jr|Barty Crouch Jr.]] || |- | 2006 || ''[[Free Jimmy]]'' || Hamish || Voice only |- | 2009 || ''[[Glorious 39]]'' || Hector || |- | 2009 || ''[[St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold]]'' || Sir Piers Pomfrey || |- | 2010 || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (filem)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' || Spitelout<ref>{{Cite news | title='Dragon' set to slay 'Alice' | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/dragon-set-to-slay-alice-1928369.html |work=The Independent |location=UK | date=26 April 2010 | accessdate=26 April 2010 }}</ref> || Voice only |- | 2011 || ''[[The Decoy Bride]]'' || James Arber<ref>{{Cite news | title=Hollywood comes to isle of 'Hegg' in a Local Hero for the 21st century | url=http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Hollywood-comes-to-isle-of.6296971.jp |work=The Scotsman |location=UK | date=15 Mèi 2010 | access-date=30 Mèi 2010}}</ref> || |- | 2011 || ''[[Fright Night (2011 filem)|Fright Night]]'' || Peter Vincent<ref>{{Cite news | title=David Tennant to star in Fright Night remake | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10272352.stm |publisher=BBC News | date=9 Juni 2010 | access-date=9 Juni 2010}}</ref> || |- | 2011 || ''The Itch of the Golden Nit'' || News announcer / Stretchy McStretch<ref>{{Cite news | title=Cultural Olympiad: watch the making of The Golden Nit | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturevideo/filmvideo/8583106/Cultural-Olympiad-watch-the-making-of-The-Golden-Nit.html |work=The Telegraph |location=UK | date=18 Juni 2011 | access-date=18 Juni 2011}}</ref> || Voice only |- | 2012 || ''[[The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists (filem)|The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists]]'' || [[Charles Darwin]] || Voice only |- | 2012 || ''[[Nativity 2: Danger in the Manger]]'' || Donald Peterson / Roderick Peterson<ref name="The Coventry Telegraph"/><ref name="Nativity 2 The Second Coming"/> || |- | 2013 || ''[[Postman Pat: The Movie — You Know You're The One]]'' || Unknown<ref>{{Cite news | title=Postman Pat to make movie debut | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14946583 |work=BBC |location=UK | date=16 Sèptèmber 2011 | access-date=27 Mèi 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Postman Pat to Hit the Big Screen in 3D | url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=82255 | work=ComingSoon | date=16 Sèptèmber 2011 | access-date=27 Mèi 2012 | archive-date=2012-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229182302/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=82255 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || Voice only |- | 2014 || ''What We Did on Our Holiday'' || Doug || |} ===Téater=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Judhul ! Cawe ! Wigati |- | 1989 || ''The Ghost of Benjy O'Neil'' || The Ghost<ref>"Maryhill Community Central Halls The Ghost of Benjy O'Neil", ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]'', 5 December 1989</ref> || Phantom Productions |- | 1990 || ''[[Fools (drama)|Fools]]'' || Leon Steponovitch Tolchinsky<ref>{{cite news | author=Herald Scotland | url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/village-idiots-play-the-fool-1.595146| title=Village idiots play the fool | date=15 Januari 1990 | access-date=24 Dhésèmber 2011}}</ref> || Made in Glasgow (RSAMD Student Company), Chandler Studio, RSAMD |- | 1990 || ''[[Twelve Angry Men (play)|Twelve Angry Men]]'' || Juror 8<ref>"Positive side of Twelve Angry Men", ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]'', 14 July 1990</ref> || Theatre Positive Scotland, Arches Theatre, dir Iain Reekie |- | 1991 || ''Mozart from A to Z'' || Mozart<ref>"Mozart from A to Z. RSAMD, Glasgow", ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]'', 6 March 1991</ref> || RSAMD |- | 1991 || ''[[The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui]]'' || Various characters || [[7:84|7:84 Theatre Company Scotland]] |- | 1991–1992 || ''Shinda the Magic Ape'' || Kenny<ref name=UniTheatreCatalogue>University of Glasgow [http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/STA/search/resultspe.cfm?NID=39005&EID=25139&DID=&AID= "Scottish Theatre Archive Catalogue"], Retrieved on 4 February 2009</ref> || [[Royal Lyceum Theatre]] |- | 1992 || ''Jump the Life to Come'' || Malcolm<ref name=UniTheatreCatalogue/> || [[7:84|7:84 Theatre Company Scotland]] |- | 1992 || ''[[Merlin]]'' || Arthur || [[Royal Lyceum Theatre]] |- | 1992 || ''Scotland Matters'' || Various characters || [[7:84|7:84 Theatre Company Scotland]] |- | 1992 || ''[[Hay Fever]]'' || Simon<ref name=UniTheatreCatalogue/> || [[Royal Lyceum Theatre]] |- | 1992 || ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf]]'' || Nick<ref>{{cite news | author=Birmingham Mail | url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/theatre/dr-who-star-david-tennant-3410423 | title=Dr Who star David Tennant given his big break by Midland theatre boss | date=5 Mèi 2013}}</ref> || [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]] |- | 1992 || ''[[Tartuffe]]'' || Valere || [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]] |- | 1992–1993 || ''Merlin the Magnificent and the Adventures of Arthur '' || [[King Arthur|Arthur]] || [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]] |- | 1993 || ''[[Antigone (Sophocles)|Antigone]]'' || Haemon<ref name=UniTheatreCatalogue/> || [[7:84|7:84 Theatre Company Scotland]] |- | 1993–1994 || ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]'' || Curdie<ref>"Panto Listings", ''[[The Stage]]'', 9 December 1993.</ref> || [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]] |- | 1994 || ''[[Long Day's Journey into Night]]'' || Edmund<ref>"Addictive stuff. Long Day's Journey into Night, Dundee Rep", ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]'', 20 April 1994</ref> || [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]] |- | 1994 || ''[[The Slab Boys Trilogy]]'' || Alan || [[Young Vic]] |- | 1995 || ''[[What the Butler Saw (play)|What the Butler Saw]]'' || Nick || [[Royal National Theatre]] |- | 1995 || ''An Experienced Woman Gives Advice'' || Kenny || [[Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester]] |- | 1996 || ''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'' || Tom || [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]] |- | 1996 || ''[[As You Like It]]'' || Touchstone|| [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 1996 || ''The General From America'' || Hamilton || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 1996 || ''[[The Herbal Bed]]'' || Jack Lane || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 1997 || ''Hurly Burly'' || Mickey || [[Old Vic]]<br>[[Queen's Theatre]] |- | 1997 || ''Tamagotchi Heaven'' || Boyfriend || Did not appear on stage, only in a filemed segment |- | 1997 || ''Matters of Life and Death'' - "Blue" || Himself || [[Chelsea Theatre]] |- | 1998 || ''[[The Real Inspector Hound]]'' || Moon || [[Comedy Theatre]] |- | 1998 || ''[[Black Comedy]]'' || Brinsley Miller || [[Comedy Theatre]] |- | 1998 || ''For One Night Only'' || Performer<ref>Shakespeare Birthplace Trust [http://calm.shakespeare.org.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28PerfCode==%27FON199807%27%29&dsqDb=Performance= RSC Performance Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901195147/http://calm.shakespeare.org.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28PerfCode%3D%3D%27FON199807%27%29&dsqDb=Performance%3D |date=2013-09-01 }}, Retrieved on 21 December 2010</ref> || [[The Other Place (theatre)|The Other Place]]<br>Performed as part of the Stratford-upon-Avon Fringe Festival on 19 July 1998 |- | 1999 || ''[[Maxim Gorky|Vassa – Scenes from Family Life]]'' || Pavel || [[Albery Theatre]] |- | 1999 || ''[[Edward III (play)|Edward III]]'' || [[Edward, the Black Prince]] || [[Shakespeare's Globe]] (staged reading) |- | 1999 || ''[[King Lear]]'' || Edgar || [[Royal Exchange Theatre]] |- | 2000 || ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'' || Antipholus of Syracuse || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 2000 || ''[[The Rivals]]'' || Jack || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 2000 || ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' || Romeo || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 2000 || ''Laughter in the Dark'' || Dawid Tenemann<ref>Shakespeare Birthplace Trust [http://calm.shakespeare.org.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28PerfCode==%27LAV200009%27%29&dsqDb=Performance= RSC Performance Archives], Retrieved on 21 December 2010</ref> || [[The Other Place (theatre)|The Other Place]] (in a filemed segment) |- | 2001 || ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' || Lysander / Flute<ref name=RSCCatalogue>[http://calm.shakespeare.org.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqCmd=index.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqApp=Archive "The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Archive Catalogue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813021602/http://calm.shakespeare.org.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqCmd=index.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqApp=Archive |date=2011-08-13 }}, Retrieved on 4 February 2009</ref> || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 2001 || ''[[Comedians (play)|Comedians]]'' || Gethin Price || |- | 2001 || ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' || Bodyguard || [[Royal National Theatre]] (staged reading) |- | 2002 || ''Push-Up'' || Robert || [[Royal Court Theatre]] |- | 2002 || ''[[Lobby Hero]]'' || Jeff || [[Donmar Warehouse]]<br>[[Ambassadors Theatre]] |- | 2003 || ''London Concert for Peace'' || Performer of ''Nevertheless'' || [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]] |- | 2003–2004 || ''[[The Pillowman]]'' || [[Katurian]] || [[Royal National Theatre]] |- | 2004 || ''The Fleer'' || Lord Piso<ref>Sharpham, Edward (author), Munro, Lucy (editor) (2006). ''The Fleer'', pp.viii. A review of the staged reading. NHB. ISBN 978-1-85459-928-5</ref> || [[Shakespeare's Globe]] (staged reading at the Globe Education Centre) |- | 2005 || ''[[Look Back in Anger]]'' || Jimmy Porter || [[Theatre Royal, Bath]]<br>[[Royal Lyceum Theatre]] |- | 2006 || ''[[Look Back in Anger]]'' || Jimmy Porter || [[Royal Court Theatre]] |- | 2008 || ''[[Hamlet]]'' || [[Prince Hamlet|Hamlet]] || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]<br>[[Novello Theatre]] |- | 2008 || ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'' || Berowne || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |- | 2010 || ''Celebrity Autobiography'' || Various characters<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/comedy/review-23885605-david-tennant-channels-other-stars-in-celebrity-autobiography.do | work=The Evening Standard | location=London | title=David Tennant channels other stars in Celebrity Autobiography | first=Bruce | last=Dessau | date=7 Oktober 2010 | access-date=8 Oktober 2010 | archive-date=2010-10-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010131332/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/comedy/review-23885605-david-tennant-channels-other-stars-in-celebrity-autobiography.do | url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Leicester Square Theatre]] |- | 2011 || ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' || Benedick<ref name=MuchAdo2011-01/> || [[Wyndham's Theatre]] |- | 2013 || ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'' || [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] || [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] |} ===Radio lan CD audio drama=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Judhul ! Cawe ! Wigati |- | 1993 || ''The Fifty Friends of Simon Goberschmitt'' || Raymond || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 1993 || ''The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' || Policeman || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 1994 || ''Knocking on Heaven's Door''|| Lindsay Lerner || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 1996 || ''Paint Her Well'' || The Son || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 1998 || ''[[Hemlock and After]]'' || Eric Craddock || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 1998 || ''The Airmen Who Would Not Die'' || Captain Raymond "Hinch" Hinchliffe || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 1998 || ''The Golden Triangle: [[The Order of Release]]'' || John Everett Millais || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 1999 || ''Fire in the Heart'' || Reader || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2000 || ''[[Henry VI, Part 1]]'' || [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2000 || ''[[Henry VI, Part 2]]'' || [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2000 || ''[[Henry VI, Part 3]]'' || [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2000 || ''The Sea'' || Willy Carson || [[BBC Radio 3]] |- | 2001 || ''[[Much Ado about Nothing]]'' || Benedick || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2001 || ''Sunday Worship'' || Himself || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2001 || ''[[Colditz (Doctor Who audio)|Doctor Who: Colditz]]'' || Feldwebel Kurtz || [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]] |- | 2001 || ''[[Dr. Finlay's Casebook (TV & radio)|Dr Finlay: Adventures of a Black Bag]]'' || Jackson || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2002 || ''[[Dr. Finlay's Casebook (TV & radio)|Dr Finlay: Further Adventures of a Black Bag]]'' || McKellor || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2002 || ''[[Double Income, No Kids Yet]]'' || Daniel || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2002 || ''Facade'' || William Walton<ref>{{cite web |url=http://davidtennantradioplays.webs.com/facade.htm |title=Facade |publisher=David Tennant Radio Archive |access-date=16 Juli 2012 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030038/http://davidtennantradioplays.webs.com/facade.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2003 || ''[[Sympathy for the Devil (Doctor Who audio)|Doctor Who: Sympathy For The Devil]]'' || Colonel Brimmecombe-Wood || [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]] |- | 2003 || ''[[Exile (Doctor Who audio)|Doctor Who: Exile]]'' || [[Time Lord]] No. 2 / Pub landlord || [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]] |- | 2003 || ''[[Caesar!]] – Peeling Figs for Julius'' || Caligula || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2003 || ''[[Scream of the Shalka|Doctor Who: Scream of the Shalka]]'' || Caretaker || [[BBC Red Button|BBCi]] |- | 2003 || ''[[The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents]]'' || Dangerous Beans || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2003 || ''[[Pompeii (novel)|Pompeii]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2003 || ''[[The Rotters' Club (novel)|The Rotters' Club]]'' || Bill Trotter || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2003 || ''Strangers and Brothers'' || Donald Howerd || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2004 || ''[[The Exterminators (Doctor Who audio)|Dalek Empire III]]'' || Galanar || [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]] |- | 2004 || ''[[Medicinal Purposes|Doctor Who: Medicinal Purposes]]'' || Daft Jamie || [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]] |- | 2004 || ''[[Quite Ugly One Morning]]'' || Narrator || [[Time Warner]] |- | 2004 || ''[[Starter for Ten (novel)|Starter for Ten]]'' || Narrator || [[Hodder & Stoughton]] |- | 2004 || ''[[Whiteout (Follett novel)|Whiteout]]'' || Narrator || Macmillan Digital Audio |- | 2004 || ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' || Launcelot Gobbo || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2004 || ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'' || The Archbishop / Ghost of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2004 || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2004 || ''How to Be a Pirate'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2005 || ''[[UNIT: The Wasting]]'' || Colonel Brimmecombe-Wood || [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]] |- | 2005 || ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'' || PC Andy Crawford || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2005 || ''[[The Adventures of Luther Arkwright]]'' || Luther Arkwright || [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]] |- | 2005 || ''The Beasts of Clawstone Castle'' || Narrator || Macmillan Digital Audio |- | 2005 || ''[[Macbeth]] '' || Porter || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2005 || ''[[King Lear]] '' || Edgar || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2005 || ''[[The Comedy of Errors]] '' || Antipholus of Syracuse || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2005 || ''[[Romeo and Juliet]] '' || Mercutio || [[Arkangel Shakespeare]] |- | 2006 || ''The Virgin Radio Christmas Panto'' || Buttons || [[Virgin Radio]] |- | 2006 || ''[[The Stone Rose|Doctor Who: The Stone Rose]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2006 || ''[[The Resurrection Casket|Doctor Who: The Resurrection Casket]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2006 || ''[[The Feast of the Drowned|Doctor Who: The Feast of the Drowned]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2006 || ''How to Speak Dragonese'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2007 || ''The Wooden Overcoat'' || Peter || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2007 || ''How to Cheat a Dragon's Curse'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2008 || ''[[Pest Control (Doctor Who audio)|Doctor Who: Pest Control]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2008 || ''[[Nebulous]]'' || Doctor Beep || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2009 || ''[[The Day of the Troll|Doctor Who: The Day of the Troll]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2009 || ''How to Twist a Dragon's Tale'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2010 || ''[[Of Mice and Men]]'' || George Milton<ref name=Mice/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.craigmurray.org.uk/archives/2010/01/david_tennant_t.html |title=Blog Archive » David Tennant Plays |publisher=Craig Murray |accessdate=6 April 2011}}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2010 || ''[[Murder in Samarkand]]'' || [[Craig Murray]] || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2010 || ''How to Ride a Dragon's Storm'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2010 || ''[[The Last Voyage (Doctor Who)|Doctor Who: The Last Voyage]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2010 || ''[[Dead Air (Doctor Who)|Doctor Who: Dead Air]]'' || Narrator || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2010 || ''Bear Snores On'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bookdepository.co.uk/Dogfish-Gillian-Shields/9781847388414 |title=Dogfish | access-date=16 Januari 2012|publisher=The Book Depository }}</ref> || Simon & Schuster Children's Books |- | 2010 || ''Dogfish'' || Narrator || Simon & Schuster Children's Books |- | 2010 || ''How [[Roald Dahl]] Shaped Pop'' || Narrator<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2010/nov/23/how-roald-dahl-shaped-pop-review |title=How Roald Dahl Shaped Pop – review | access-date=27 Januari 2011| date=23 Novèmber 2010|work=The Guardian| location=London| first=Elisabeth| last=Mahoney}}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 2]] |- | 2010 || ''[[Book at Bedtime]] – A Night with a Vampire'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w1y0k |title=Book at Bedtime – A Night with a Vampire| access-date=27 Januari 2011|publisher=BBC }}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2011 || ''My Sister Lives on the Mantelpiece'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |work=Orion Books |url=http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/news/david-tenant-records-audio-edition-of-my-sister-lives-on-the-mantelpiece |title=David Tennant records audio edition of 'My Sister Lives on the Mantelpiece' |access-date=17 Fèbruari 2011 |date=17 Fèbruari 2011 |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826231216/http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/news/david-tenant-records-audio-edition-of-my-sister-lives-on-the-mantelpiece |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Orion Books |- | 2011 || ''Kafka: The Musical'' || [[Franz Kafka]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tennantnews.blogspot.com/2011/01/kafka-musical-confirmed.html |title=Kafka The Musical confirmed |access-date=23 Januari 2011 |publisher=David Tennant – The Site |archive-date=2016-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315191417/http://tennantnews.blogspot.com/2011/01/kafka-musical-confirmed.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 3]] |- | 2011 || ''[[Marilyn Imrie#The Gobetweenies: Meet The Millers|The Gobetweenies]]'' || Joe<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/radio/2011/wk18/fri.shtml#fri_go |title=BBC Radio 4 Publicity |accessdate=15 April 2011 |publisher=BBC }}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2011 || ''Tales of Hans Christian Andersen'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/talesofhca |title=BBC Podcast: ''Tales of Hans Christian Andersen'' |work=BBC |year=2011 |access-date=5 Mèi 2011}}</ref> || [[BBC Learning]] |- | 2011 || ''The Purple Land'' || Richard Lamb<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/radio/2011/wk29/sat.shtml |title=BBC Radio Programme Information BBC Week 29|publisher=BBC |date=1 Juli 2011 |access-date=1 Juli 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/radio/2011/wk38/sun.shtml |title=BBC Radio Programme Information BBC Week 38|publisher=BBC |date=1 Sèptèmber 2011 |access-date=4 Sèptèmber 2011}}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2011 || ''Life and Fate'' || Nikolai Krymov<ref>{{cite web|title=Life and Fate|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/life-and-fate/|publisher=BBC Radio 4}}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2011 || ''How to Break a Dragon's Heart'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2011 || ''A Hero's Guide to Deadly Dragons'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2011 || ''Supermarket Zoo'' || Narrator || Simon & Schuster |- | 2011 || ''[[Book at Bedtime]] – A Night with a Vampire 2'' || Narrator<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16266176 |title=Book at Bedtime – A Night with a Vampire 2| access-date=24 Dhésèmber 2011|publisher=BBC|date=21 Dhésèmber 2011}}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2011 || ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (novel)|Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]] Flies Again'' || Narrator<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16266176 |title=David Tennant voices Chitty Chitty Bang Bang sequel| access-date=24 Dhésèmber 2011|publisher=BBC|date=21 Dhésèmber 2011}}</ref> || Macmillan Digital Audio |- | 2011 || ''[[The Pied Piper of Hamelin]]'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018g3n0 |title=The Pied Piper of Hamelin| access-date=24 Dhésèmber 2011|publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://maclehosepress.com/ | title=MacLehosePress | access-date=17 Fèbruari 2012 | publisher=MacLehosePress | archive-date=2012-03-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302003734/http://maclehosepress.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/pwfr9/stonemouth--series-1episode-1 |title=Stonemouth| access-date=9 Maret 2012|publisher=The Radio Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2012/19/believe-it.html |title=Believe It!| accessdate=20 April 2012|publisher=BBC Media Centre }}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2012 || ''Love Virtually'' || Leo || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2012 || ''[[Book at Bedtime]] – Stonemouth'' || Reader || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2012 || ''Believe It!'' || Young [[Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)|Richard Wilson]] || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2012 || ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' || Prince Escalus<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/olympiad/shakespeare/shakespeare-and-love.html |title=Shakespeare And Love - Romeo And Juliet, & Twelfth Night| access-date=17 Fèbruari 2012|publisher=MacLehosePress }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/olympiad/shakespeare/shakespeare-and-love.html |title=Shakespeare And Love - Romeo And Juliet, & Twelfth Night| access-date=17 Fèbruari 2012|publisher=BBC }}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 3]] |- | 2012 || ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' || Malvolio || [[BBC Radio 3]] |- | 2012 || ''Silver: The Return To Treasure Island'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471201724?ie=UTF8&tag=davidtennantc-21&linkCode=shr&camp=3194&creative=21330&creativeASIN=1471201724&ref_=sr_1_5&qid=1329917395&sr=8-5 |title=Silver: Return to Treasure Island (Unabridged Audiobook) | access-date=24 Fèbruari 2012|publisher=Amazon }}</ref> || Whole Story Audiobooks |- | 2012 || ''How to Steal a Dragon's Sword'' || Narrator || Part of the ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'' series |- | 2012 || ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' || Narrator<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thebookbond.com/2012/06/kenneth-branagh-and-david-tennant-read.html |title=Kenneth Branagh and David Tennant read BOND | access-date=15 Juni 2012|publisher=The Book Bond }}</ref> || [[BBC Audio]] |- | 2013 || ''Every Seventh Wave'' || Leo || [[BBC Radio 4]] |- | 2013 || ''The Great Scott: The Fair Maid of Perth'' || Walter Scott<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2013/16/r4-great-scott.html |title=The Great Scott: The Fair Maid Of Perth | access-date=31 Maret 2013 |publisher=BBC Media Centre }}</ref> || [[BBC Radio 4]] |} ==Réferènsi== {{reflist|3}} ==Wacan== * Smallwood, Robert (penyunting) (2000). ''Players of Shakespeare 4: Further Essays in Shakespearean Performance by Players with the Royal Shakespeare Company'', David Tennant on playing Touchstone in As You Like It, pp.&nbsp;30–44. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79416-1 * Smallwood, Robert (penyunting) (2005). ''Players of Shakespeare 5: Further Essays in Shakespearean Performance by Players with the Royal Shakespeare Company'', David Tennant on playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet, pp.&nbsp;113–130. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-67698-3 * Mitchell, Molly (2009). ''David Tennant''. London: Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4091-0469-8 ==Pranala njaba== {{Commons category|David Tennant}} * {{IMDb name|855039}} * {{NYTtopic|people/t/david_tennant}} * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/episodes/hamlet/preview-the-film/956/ Hamlet], (3:05:52), [[Great Performances]], [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], 28 April 2008 ([http://video.pbs.org/video/1473795626/ video-only link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214142341/http://video.pbs.org/video/1473795626/ |date=2015-12-14 }}) {{Authority control|LCCN=n/2006/54862|VIAF=73282788}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tennant, David}} [[Kategori:Aktor Sekotlan]] [[Kategori:Lair 1971]] jw42invu0l1zunbq5307qiilya9vqyu 0 169812 1752028 1751613 2026-08-01T07:40:02Z Afdhal Sy 68131 1752028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wong}} '''Yola Aurelia Laksmi''' utawi '''Rayola''' ({{lahirmati|[[Padang]], [[Sumatra Kulon]]|31|03|1996}}) inggih punika salah satunggalipun [[penyanyi]] lan [[aktris]] [[Indonésia]]. == Diskografi == ===== Album ===== * ''Hanyo Punyo Cinto'' (2012) * ''Takana Kasiah Di Pakanbaru'' (2013) * ''Cinto Tak Sampai'' (2013) * ''Rindukan Ayah'' (2014) * ''Manikam Jajak'' (2014) * ''Basandiang Bukan Jo Cinto'' (2016) * ''Luko Batahan Surang'' (2016) * ''Cinto Hanyo Di Denai'' (2017) * ''Singgalang Jaya'' (2018) * ''Tadayo Gurauan Sayang'' (2019) ===== Single ===== * "Aku Masih Tegar" (2017) * "Nirwana" (2017) * "Purcaya Do Au" (2019) * "Manyapai Ho" (2019) * "Korban Harapan" (2019) * "Cinto Paubek Luko" (2021) * "Usah Dikana Kana" (2021) * "Bansaik Parintang Sayang" (2022) * "Cincin Cinto" (2022) * "Dalam Harok Batinggakan" (2022) * "Duo Hati Satu Cinto" (2022) * "Harato Bukan Ukuran Cinto" (2022) * "Baharok Cahayo Bintang" (2022) * "Layia Takambang Suruik Bapantang" (2022) * "Aku Tak Seindah Rembulan" (2022) * "Cinto Lain Pilihan" (2022) * "Cinto Sapasukuan" (2022) * "Cinto Sataguah Karang" (2022) * "Luko" (2022) * "Medley Padiah Ditusuak Cinto, Pakasiah Tak Baramuan, Malam Panantian, Bariangnyo Luko" (2022) * "Medley Pulanglah Uda & Rindu Disayang Uda" (2022) * "Indak Ado Nan Lain" (2022) * "Luko Baukia Jo Sambilu" (2022) * "Rindu Semakin Dalam" (2022) * "Doa Restu" (2022) * "Galau Hati Ibo" (2022) * "Lah Manyuruak Tampak Juo" (2022) * "Luko Indak Dibaok Pulang" (2022) * "Sio Sio Harok Mananti" (2022) * "Denai Teseso" (2022) * "Cinto Manyeso Badan" (2022) * "Tuneh Lah Patah" (2022) * "Haram Babaliak Sayang" (2022) * "Kandak Rang Tuo" (2022) * "Jodoh Indak Di Tangan Kito" (2022) * "Lupo Diri Dalam Ganggaman" (2022) * "Kawan Sairiang Urang Katigo" (2022) * "Cinto Untuak Salamonyo" (2022) * "Mauik Pamisah Cinto" (2022) * "Rinai Pun Jadi Juo" (2022) * "Batahun Di Rantau" (2022) * "Rilakan Denai" (2023) * "Pergilah Kenangan" (2023) * "Lah Sayang Mangko Tabuang" (2023) * "Cinto Satangah Hati" (2023) * "Gamang Manaruah Sayang" (2023) * "Janji Ka Janji Nanti Ka Nanti" (2023) * "Hadirmu Membuat Terlukan" (2023) * "Urang Minang" (2023) * "Sio Sio Manaruah Sayang" (2023) * "Barayo Di Kampuang" (2023) * "Uda Salah Urang" (2023) * "Salah Bataruah Cinto" (2023) * "Indak Mungkin Kasiah Baulang" (2023) * "Salah Aku Percaya" (2023) * "Usah Dikana Kana 2" (2023) * "Hati Bamintak Jantuang Bapulangkan" (2023) * "Taraso Lai Takato Tido" (2023) * "Berakhir Sampai Disini" (2023) * "Merak Bakahueni" (2023) * "Pai Jo Rang Barado" (2023) * "Anggan Barupo Talak" (2023) * "Racun Den Sangko Madu" (2023) * "Katonyo Kawan Nyatonyo Sayang" (2023) * "Ubek Panawa Luko" (2023) * "Sapayuang Rindu" (2023) * "Sasalan Tibo Di Ujuang Luko (2023) * "Cimburu Tandonyo Sayang" (2023) * "Talarai" (2023) * "Hilang Baganti Buruak Batuka" (2023) * "Kahilangan" (2023) * "Si Malang Jo SI Mujua" (2023) * "Kandak Dapek Jaso Talupo" (2023) * "Mungkin Indak Kasalamonyo" (2023) * "Kasiah Dibateh Seso" (2023) * "Kalah Cinto Dek Harato" (2023) * "Adiak Urang Nan Den Cinto" (2023) * "Batapuak Sabalah Tangan" (2023) * "Harok Cinto Taulang" (2024) * "Usah Bajambo Tangan" (2024) * "Bareh Solok" (2024) * "Mande Nan Denai Sayang" (2024) * "Cinto Indak Sapadan" (2024) * "Rintangan Pasti Kito Hadang" (2024) * "Mananti Janji Ka Janji" (2024) * "Raso Sayang Babaleh Jo Padiah" (2024) * "Sakik Janjian Mungkia" (2024) * "Padiah Taluko" (2024) * "Salah Malabuahkan Cinto" (2024) * "Manyasa" (2024) * "Mandandam Hati" (2024) * "Isak Marindu" (2024) * "Latiah Manjago Hati" (2024) * "Simalakamo Cinto" (2024) * "Sahujan Indak Sarinai" (2024) * "Rindu Indak Babaleh" (2024) * "Bajodoh Tapi Tak Cinto" (2024) * "Dilua Galak Didalam Manangih" (2024) * "Cangguang" (2024) * "Buruak Parangai" (2024) * "Manikam Dalam Galak" (2024) * "Taguriah Mambari Tangih" (2024) * "Malu Nan Uda Bari" (2024) * "Lupo Paneh Dek Hujan Sadarok" (2024) * "Harok Bulan Nan Tarang" (2024) * "Talambek Pulang" (2024) * "Mandeh Ka Ganti Ayah" (2024) * "Sumpah Mainan Bibia" (2024) * "Indak Ka Diganti Ganti" (2024) * "Luko Ditingga Kawin" (2024) * "Tadayo Tipuan Manjo" (2024) * "Pai Indak Ka Babaliak" (2024) * "Sayang Di Urang" (2024) * "Cinto Sairiang Jalan" (2024) * "Biakan Denai Sanang" (2025) * "Cinto Suci Badutoi" (2025) * "Malapeh Hao" (2025) * "Salah Manimbang" (2025) * "Usah Denai Uda Salahkan" (2025) * "Angok Dimato Uda" (2025) * "Kito Indak Sabilang" (2025) * "Tingga Jo Tangih" (2025) * "Rindu Sabateh Anggan" (2025) * "Takuik Taluko" (2025) * "Bagaluik Jo Parasaian" (2025) * "Aia Raso Baduri" (2025) * "Biakan Denai Surang" (2025) * "Maulang Sayang" (2025) * "Barek Malapeh Cinto" (2025) * "Saba Dalam Panantian" (2025) * "Hinggo Rambuik Mamutiah" (2025) * "Bialah Maurak Janji" (2025) * "Kaco Indak Kajadi Mutiara" (2025) * "Darah Taraso Baku" (2025) * "Manikam Dari Balakang" (2025) * "Kasiah Habih Sayang Tak Hilang" (2025) * "Usah Dipasalahkan" (2025) * "Tampek Jatuah Ka Dikana" (2026) * "Habih Tiado Basiso" (2026) * "Usah Dibandiang Bandiangkan" (2026) * "Tanti Batanti" (2026) * "Manutuik Hati" (2026) * "Dagiang Tak Basiso" (2026) * "Batamu Darah Tasirok" (2026) * "Adaik Mamak (2026) * "Kaba Angin" (2026) == Pranala njaba == {{penyanyi-stub}} {{bio-stub}} [[Kategori:Penyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Aktris Indonésia]] 44v0w8lhpbdhcdwhpfpe3ak1cebd0zg 0 173876 1752024 1541099 2026-08-01T06:13:29Z CommonsDelinker 319 Removing [[:c:File:Memil-muk.jpg|Memil-muk.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Memil-muk.jpg|]]. 1752024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=''Memil-muk''|served=|similar_dish=|glycemic_index=|carbohydrate=|fat=|protein=|calories=|serving_size=100 g|variations=|minor_ingredient=|main_ingredient=[[Buckwheat]] [[starch]]|course=|image=|type=''[[Muk (food)|Muk]]''|maxtime=|mintime=|year=|creator=|national_cuisine=[[Korean cuisine]]|region=|country=[[Korea]]|alternate_name=Buckwheat jelly|caption=|other=}}'''''Memil-muk''''' ( {{Korean|hangul=메밀묵}} ) utawa '''jeli soba''' minangka salah sawijining olahan jinis ''[[muk]]'' (jeli) coklat abrit-coklat sing digawe saka [[Pathi|pati]] soba . <ref name="Koo"></ref> Umume disajekake minangka ''[[banchan]]'' (sajian sing ana gandhengane karo nasi) uga ''anju'' (panganan sing kalebu minuman beralkohol). Ing Korea sakwise perang, wiwit pertengahan nganti pungkasan abad kaping 20, ''memil-muk'' karo ''chapssal-tteok'' (kue beras ketan) akeh digunakake dadi ''yasik'' (cemilan larut wengi) dening para pedagang dalan. <ref name="Koo">{{Cite news|url=http://koreana.kf.or.kr/popup.asp?article_id=1096&flag=long&volumn=16&no=4&lang=English|title=Muk : A Refreshing Taste to Whet the Appetite|last=Koo|first=Chun-sur|date=Autumn 2003|work=[[Koreana (magazine)|Koreana]]|access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831040301/http://koreana.kf.or.kr/popup.asp?article_id=1096&flag=long&volumn=16&no=4&lang=English|archive-date=31 August 2017|issue=3|volume=17}}</ref> <ref name="Jeong"></ref> <ref></ref> Ing jaman saiki, iki misuwur minangka panganan panganan. == Rujukan == t677tvf51hab10zj35g0psqu7ngtv79 0 174368 1752011 1542421 2026-08-01T04:28:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Daab Chingri|image=Daab Chingri.jpg|image_size=290px|alternate_name=Prawn malai curry|country=[[Bengal]] (India and Bangladesh)|type=[[Curry]]|course=[[Main course]]|served=Hot|main_ingredient=[[Prawn]]s and [[coconut]]|variations=|calories=|other=}}'''Daab Chingri''' (basa {{Lang-bn|ডাব চিংড়ি}} ), uga dikenal kanthi jeneng '''Chingri Daab''' (basa {{Lang-bn|চিংড়ি ডাব}} ) yaiku kari udang benggala, dimasak lan disajekake [[Krambil|klapa ijo]] . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxNuAAAAMAAJ|title=Festival|publisher=Statesman Limited|year=2004|page=286}}</ref> <ref name="BoldSky">{{Cite web|url=http://www.boldsky.com/cookery/non-vegetarian/sea-food/daab-chingri-bengali-recipe-270212.html|title=Daab Chingri: Bengali|publisher=BoldSky|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Have you tried daab chingri in Navi Mumbai?">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Have-you-tried-daab-chingri-in-Navi-Mumbai/articleshow/34037186.cms|title=Have you tried daab chingri in Navi Mumbai?|last=Shinde|first=Srishti Ghosh|date=29 April 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA625|title=Nothing But!|last=Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya|date=December 2013|publisher=Author Solutions|isbn=978-1-4828-1626-6|pages=625–}}</ref>  Bahan-bahan utamane yaiku udang gedhe, klapa ijo sing lembut karo malai, uga minyak mentega utawa [[Lenga samin|ghee]] utawa mustar, bawang, bubuk [[Kunir|kunyit]], lombok ijo sing dicincang, tempel bawang putih, lan tempel [[Jaé|jahe sing]] dibumboni rempah-rempah. Kari udang wis dimasak lan disawurake ing klapa ijo, sing nambah roso ing jerone. . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2016)">sumber diterbitake dhewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref name="BoldSky"/> <ref name="oneindia">{{Cite web|url=http://bengali.oneindia.com/cookery/daab-chingri-bengali-recipe-002630.html|language=bn|script-title=bn:সাদা ভাত আর ডাব চিংড়ি, ব্যস কেল্লাফতে!|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204042210/http://bengali.oneindia.com/cookery/daab-chingri-bengali-recipe-002630.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Referensi == bedk19ucshr3oznncncpr126tl3zxkd 0 176884 1751983 1553622 2026-07-31T13:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cheese|name=Akkawi cheese|image=Akawi Cheese.jpg|region=Levant|country=}}'''Akkawi keju''' ( {{Lang-ar|جبنة عكاوي|jubna ʿakkāwī}} , uga '''Akawi''', '''Akawieh''' lan '''Ackawi''' [[Kèju|) yaiku keju]] brine putih sing asale saka kutha Acre . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheese.com/ackawi/|title=Ackawi - Cheese.com|website=www.cheese.com|access-date=2016-04-18|archive-date=2016-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419023359/http://www.cheese.com/ackawi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Tamimep209">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dU6W5mXq13MC&q=nablus+cheese&pg=PA209|title=Feta and Related Cheeses|last=Tamime|first=A. Y.|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|year=1991|isbn=978-1-85573-278-0|editor-last=R. K. Robinson and A. Y. Tamime|pages=209–216}}</ref> == Tekstur lan rasa == Wernane putih lan tekstur alus lan rasane asin. Biasane digunakake minangka keju meja sing dipangan dhewe utawa dipasangake karo woh. <ref name="Tamimep209"/> Tekstur kasebut bisa dibandhingake karo [[Mozzarella]], [[Féta|Feta]] utawa [[Mizithra]], amarga ora gampang leleh. Akkawi bisa disimpen nganti setaun. <ref name="cheese2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheese.com/ackawi/|title=Ackawi|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312122914/http://www.cheese.com/ackawi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tekstur lan rasane minangka asil saka budaya khas saka kari sing dijaga kanggo wektu sing luwih dawa tinimbang keju curd sing luwih gampang kayata [[Wong Siria|keju Siria]] nalika akkai diganti dadi keju . <ref name="Tamimep209"/> == Referensi == gj1d1afmiu0gccm8bvz03biq9w3y96q 0 181024 1752029 1737375 2026-08-01T07:48:06Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752029 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Farturas_tradicionais.jpg|jmpl| Fartura tradisional]] [[Barkas:Farturas_2010_26_(RaBoe).jpg|jmpl]] '''Fartura''' yaiku [[Dhonat|kue d]]<nowiki/>igawe saka [[glepung]], [[Khamir|ragi]], [[Soda kuwé|soda kue]], [[uyah]], [[gula]], [[Kayu legi|kayu manis]], ndog, lan banyu sing diadon lan digoreng ing lenga bisa dadi fartura. Ing wangun gulungan, lan biasane didol ing pameran ing [[Portegal|Portugal]]. Luwih becik dikonsumsi nalika panas supaya permukaan sing renyah ora atos. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acpp.pt/cronicas-parceiros/3770-farturas-cronica-virgilio-nogueiro-gomes|title=Farturas, Crónica Virgílio Nogueiro Gomes|last=Matias|first=Luis|website=Associação Cozinheiros Profissionais Portugal|access-date=2022-01-09|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803232640/https://www.acpp.pt/cronicas-parceiros/3770-farturas-cronica-virgilio-nogueiro-gomes|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fartura biyasane diwenehi topping gula alus utawa susu, bisa susu putih utawa soklat. Fartura iki gawene gampang lan bahan ingkang dibutuhake uga gampang digolekki. Fartura kuwi nduweni arti "berlimpah". Fartura iki panganan sing cocok dipangan kabeh kalangan, lan kabeh umur cocok mangan fartura. Bentuke fartura iki mirip kaya churros, nanging yen churros bentuke silinder tapi yen fartura bentuke lingkaran lan luweh ngembang. == Referensi == [[Kategori:Gorèngan]] t2u6u60c429sr0y8m4pwuj41hq3ix2b 0 185813 1752009 1728674 2026-08-01T03:27:32Z CommonsDelinker 319 Replacing L'Aquila_-Cathedral-_2007_by-RaBoe_06.jpg with [[File:L'Aquila_2007_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Maximus_and_George_-_by-RaBoe_006.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: - Cathedral of Saints Maximus 1752009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction = Kabiskopan Agung<!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --> | name = L'Aquila | latin = Archidioecesis Aquilanus | local = <!-- Name in the native language --> | image = L'Aquila 2007 - Cathedral of Saints Maximus and George - by-RaBoe 006.jpg | image_size = 255px | image_alt = | caption = [[Katedral L'Aquila]] <!---- Locations ----> | country = {{flag|Itali}} | metropolitan = | territory = | province = L'Aquila | coordinates = <!-- Use {{coord}} --> <!---- Statistics ----> | area_km2 = 1,516 | population = 108,300 | population_as_of = 2004 | catholics = 106,000<!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --> | catholics_percent = 97.9 | parishes = 147<!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --> | churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese --> | congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> | schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --> | members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> | denomination = [[Greja Katulik]] | rite = [[Ritus Roma]] | established = 20 Februari 1257 ({{age|1257|2|20}} taun kepungkur) | cathedral = Cattedrale di SS. Massimo e Giorgio | cocathedral = | patron = | priests = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese --> <!---- Current leadership ----> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --> | bishop_title = Biskop Agung | bishop = [[Giuseppe Petrocchi]] | coadjutor = | auxiliary_bishops = | vicar_general = | emeritus_bishops = [[Giuseppe Molinari]] <!---- Map ----> | map = Arcidiocesi dell'Aquila.JPG | map_alt = | map_caption = <!---- Website ----> | website = [http://www.diocesilaquila.it/ www.diocesilaquila.it] | footnotes = }} '''Kabiskopan Agung Metropolitan Katulik Roma L'Aquila''' ({{lang-la|Archidioecesis Aquilanus}}) yaiku wilayah grejawi utawa [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing [[Itali]].<ref name="CathHierLAquila">[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dlaqu.html "Archdiocese of L’Aquila"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved November 30, 2016</ref><ref name=GCathLAquila>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/laqu0.htm "Metropolitan Archdiocese of L’Aquila"] ''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016</ref> Kabiskopan kasebut didegake minangka Kabiskopan L'Aquila ing 20 Februari 1257 déning [[Paus Aleksander IV]] lan dipromosèkaké dadi kabiskopan agung déning [[Paus Pius IX]] ing 19 Januari 1876. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == * [http://www.webdiocesi.chiesacattolica.it/cci_new/vis_diocesi.jsp?idDiocesi=96 Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223646/http://www.webdiocesi.chiesacattolica.it/cci_new/vis_diocesi.jsp?idDiocesi=96 |date=2016-03-03 }} * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dlaqu.html Catholic-Hierarchy] * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/laqu0.htm GCatholic.org] * {{it}}[http://www.delfico.it/indici_aq_signorini.htm index of a history of L'Aquila mentioning Arch Bishops] {{Kabiskopan ing Itali}} {{coord|42.3491|N|13.3972|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IT|display=title}} [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali|L'Aquila]] [[Kategori:L'Aquila]] [[Kategori:Provinsi Grejawi L'Aquila]] [[Kategori:Kabiskopan sing didégake déning Aleksander IV]] oa3mqst487p2xl8cje91j0m7q2l9ib2 0 194903 1752027 1723651 2026-08-01T06:55:28Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox park | name = Embung Bedhugan <br>{{nobold|{{small|ꦲꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦧꦼꦣꦸꦒꦤ꧀}}}} | image = Embung Bedukan (15).jpg | image_caption = | map = | map_caption = | map_label = | type = Papan wisata banyu | location = Dhusun Bedhugan, Padukuhan Bedhugan, Kalurahan Plèrèt, Kapanéwon Plèrèt, Kabupatèn Bantul, Propinsi Dhaérah Istiméwa Ngayogyakarta | coordinates = | area = | owner = | operator = Padukuhan Bedhugan | visitation_num = | status = Dibukak (saben dina) | opened = 2013 (kira-kira) | awards = | designation = | open = | created = | facilities = * Cakruk * Blumbang * Kakus }} '''Embung Bedhugan''' ([[Aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: ꦲꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦧꦼꦣꦸꦒꦤ꧀; [[basa Indhonésia]]: ''Embung Bedukan'') ya iku papan wisata kang awujud [[wadhuk]] tiron lan diyasa déning Papréntahan Dhaérah Kabupatèn Bantul ing Dhusun Bedhugan, Padukuhan Bedhugan, [[Plèrèt, Plèrèt, Bantul|Kalurahan Plèrèt, Kapanéwon Plèrèt, Kabupatèn Bantul]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta|Propinsi Dhaérah Istiméwa Ngayogyakarta]]. Papan iki diadegaké kanthi ancas kanggo nyukupi kabutuhan ''ruang terbuka hijau'' (RTH) utawa papan tinarbuka ijo lan bangkas conto ''invèstasi'' ijo ing [[Kabupatèn Bantul]]. Saliyané iku, embung iki uga dadi pilihan papan kanggo mancing lan sarèh. == Mula bukané == Embung iki kalebu salah siji papan wisata umum ing Kabupatèn Bantul,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sudarmanto|first=|last2=Faizal|first2=Edi|date=Sèptèmber 2019|title=Analisis Potensi Wisata dengan Metode ''Smart'' Berdasarkan Pendekatan ''Community-Based Tourism''|url=https://stmikelrahma.e-journal.id/FAHMA/article/view/45|journal=Fahma (Jurnal Informatika Komputer, Bisnis, dan Manajemen)|volume=17|issue=3|pages=1–15|doi=|issn=2715-2944|access-date=2023-09-17|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926132437/https://stmikelrahma.e-journal.id/FAHMA/article/view/45|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harumawan|first=Sinatriyandika|date=29 Oktober 2021|title=Semarak Gebyar Pleret Meriahkan Hari Sumpah Pemuda|url=https://www.harianmerapi.com/news/pr-401574760/semarak-gebyar-pleret-meriahkan-hari-sumpah-pemuda|website=Harian Merapi|access-date=22 Januari 2022}}</ref> prenahé <u>+</u> 6,5 kilometer sisih kulon [[Pucak Sosok]], ya iku ing Dhusun Bedhukan, Padhukuhan Bedhugan, Desa Pleret, Kapanéwon Plèrèt, Kabupatèn Bantul, Propinsi Dhaérah Istiméwa Ngayogyakarta. Salah siji kagunané ya iku kanggo nyimpen [[banyu]] saka saluran drainase kang asalé saka omah-omah ing sakiwa-tengené, uga kanggo nyegah [[banjir]] lan laladan garing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Setiadi|first=Amos|last2=Fransisca|first2=Yunike|date=2018|year=|url=http://e-journal.uajy.ac.id/15994/1/BookLet%20Abdimas2018_Amos1.pdf|title=Profil Wisata Kecamatan Pleret, Kabupaten Bantul|location=Bantul|publisher=Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) Penataan Kawasan Wisata Puncak Sosok|isbn=|pages=16|ref={{sfnref|Setiadi|Fransisca|2018}}|url-status=dead|access-date=2023-09-17|archive-date=2023-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720182327/http://e-journal.uajy.ac.id/15994/1/BookLet%20Abdimas2018_Amos1.pdf}}</ref> Kanthi anané wadhuk iki, banyu udan ora langsung mili menyang [[kali]], nanging diklumpukaké supaya bisa dianggo ngilèni [[sawah]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Direktorat Lingkungan Hidup Deputi Bidang Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup|first=|date=2013|url=|title=Kumpulan Pemikiran Pengembangan Green Economy di Indonesia (Tahun 2010–2012)|location=Jakarta|publisher=Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional|isbn=978-602-1980-22-4|pages=67|url-status=live}}</ref> Embung iki diyasa minangka program conto invèstasi ijo Papréntahan Dhaérah Kabupatèn Bantul lan papan mancing. Wondéné kuwi, ancas panganggoné luwih dadi papan wisata tinimbang tandhon simpenan banyu, amarga papané cedhak karo kali.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Nganti taun 2023, embung kasebut bisa dianggo kanthi becik, malah nembé dirembaka déning ''Satuan Kerja Program Penataan Lingkungan Permukiman Berbasis Komunitas'' (PLPBK). Bebanton saka kamitran iku dianggo bangun cakruk lan dalan menyang papan kasebut. Kanthi anané cakruk, embung iki dadi luwih becik minangka papan wisata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Priyana|first=Nanang|date=Dhésèmber 2013|title=Geliat Ekonomi dari Penataan Lingkungan Permukiman Berbasis Komunitas (PLPBK) Pleret|url=http://kotaku.pu.go.id:8081/bestpractice/files/Best_Practise_PLPBK_OK.pdf|journal=Mewujudkan Impian dalam Menata Permukiman|edition=|location=Jakarta|publisher=Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya|volume=|issue=|pages=46-48|doi=|access-date=2023-09-17|archive-date=2022-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103060908/http://kotaku.pu.go.id:8081/bestpractice/files/Best_Practise_PLPBK_OK.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kahanan == Embung iki mapan rada ndhelik amarga adoh saka dalan lumebu lan luwih dingertèni minangka papan kanggo mancing. Pérangan tengah embung kasebut didegake cakruk kanthi ancas papan kanggo sarèh lan rembugan, déné ing saubengané digawé taman cilik kanggo ngapikaké papan kasebut. Salah siji sarana ing papan iki ya iku kakus, nanging mung bisa dianggo yen petugas kang nggawa kunci mbukak. Ing tembé ngarep, papan kasebut bakal dirembaka minangka punjer indhustri kreatif ing sakiwa-tengené wewengkon kasebut. Nganti taun 2023, embung iki dadi papan pilihan kanggo mancing lan sarèh ing wayah ésuk lan soré.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pariwisata.bantulkab.go.id/berita/861-embung-bedukan|title=Embung Bedukan|last=Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Bantul|first=|date=23 April 2019|website=Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Bantul|access-date=12 Agustus 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716153507/https://pariwisata.bantulkab.go.id/berita/861-embung-bedukan|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Uga delengen == * [[Embung Bulak Buntung]] * [[Embung Imagiri I]] * [[Embung Patarana]] * [[Embung Selapamiara]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|1}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons category|Embung Bedhugan}} * [https://pariwisata.bantulkab.go.id/ Situs Dhinas Pariwisata Kabupatèn Bantul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613231330/https://pariwisata.bantulkab.go.id/ |date=2023-06-13 }} * [https://kec-pleret.bantulkab.go.id/ Situs Kapanéwon Plèrèt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921164307/https://kec-pleret.bantulkab.go.id/ |date=2023-09-21 }} * [https://pleret.id/artikel/2018/3/8/tanggul-longsor-akses-ke-embung-bedukan-terganggu Tanggul Longsor ing Embung Bedhugan] [[Kategori:Papan wisata ing Ngayogyakarta]] [[Kategori:WikiPlesir]] 2i5fsxcezpz6yl9kvttugcvqasjeshd 0 200645 1752032 1751976 2026-08-01T10:23:06Z Meursault2004 3 Meursault2004 ngalih kaca [[Parusahan Nekanagara]] menyang [[Firma multinasional]]: Parusahan iku dudu tembung Jawa 1751976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Perusahaan nekanagara''' yaiku parusahan kang duwé, uga ngendhalèkaké prodhuksi sawijiné barang utawa [[Leladi (ékonomi)|leladi]] ing saora-orané siji nagara saliya nagara asalé. <ref name="pitelis">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXjeiQYR088C|title=The nature of the transnational firm|last=Pitelis|first=Christos|last2=Sugden|first2=Roger|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-16787-6|page=H72}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/mul.htm|title=Multinational Corporations|date=31 January 2025}}</ref> Kendhali ing kéné dadi babagan wigati amarga dadi pambeda saka paguyuban investasi portofolio nagarantara, kaya sawetara reksa dana nagarantara sing nandur modal ing parusahan manca kanggo mernakaké (''mendiversifikasi'') risiko finansial. Parusahan nekanagara uga bisa karan '''parusahan multinasional''', '''parusahan nagarantara''', '''parusahan sabrang nagara''', utawa '''parusahan nirnagara'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Voorhees|first=Roy D.|last2=Seim|first2=Emerson L.|last3=Coppett|first3=John I.|date=Winter 1992|title=Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations|journal=Transportation Practitioners Journal|volume=59|issue=2|pages=144–151}}</ref> Sapréné, racaké parusahan gedhé dhéwé lan paling mrabawa arupa parusahan nekanagara [[Parusahan tinarbuka|tinarbuka ing bursa saham]], tuladhané yaiku ''Forbes'' Global 2000. fufaqc3oa23gtphmtshc746znd7e19v 0 200647 1751984 2026-07-31T13:52:15Z Ony3345 68093 Kaca anyar: '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé S... 1751984 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé SRV<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mangkunegaran.id/|title=Solosche Radio Vereeniging: Cikal Bakal Radio Republik Indonesia|date=2024-10-07|website=Mangkunegaran|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Lairé SRV diprakarsani déning [[K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] lan dikembangkaké déning [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]]. Radio iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet saéngga kasil nggayuh réwon anggota sarta bisa mbangun kantor studio modèrn ing wewengkon [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Kutha Surakarta|Kestalan]]. Kejaba nyiaraké ing jroning nagara, SRV uga ncathet sajarah internasional amarga kasil nyiaraké swara [[gamelan]] langsung saka Surakarta menyang nagara Walanda kanggo ngiringi tarian [[Gusti Nurul]] ing taun 1937<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mowid.anri.go.id/index.php/tari-srimpi-tunggal-1-2|title=Tari Srimpi Tunggal - We bring people and nations together through education, culture and science (UNESCO)|website=mowid.anri.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Nalika mangsa pendudukan Jepang, SRV owah jeneng dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku, sadurungé pungkasané dadi cikal bakal RRI Surakarta sawisé Indonésia mardika<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah lan Latar Wuri == === Cikal Bakal saka Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras === Gagasan awal madegé Solosche Radio Vereeniging ora bisa dipisahaké saka pakumpulan kesenian Jawa kang aran [[Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras]] (JKM). Pakumpulan iki dibina lan dipayungi langsung déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII ing lingkungan [[Pura Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]]<ref name=":0" />. Kagiyatan utami saka JKM yaiku ing babagan [[seni karawitan]], yaiku nabuh piranti musik gamelan sarta nglagokaké gendhing-gendhing Jawa utawa kang luwih umum diarani klenengan. Sakèhing kagiyatan latihan lan pementasan kasebut ditindakaké kanthi rutin ing wewengkon njero Pura Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/2304033/mengulas-solosche-radio-vereeniging-pelopor-penyiaran-radio-indonesia|title=Mengulas Solosche Radio Vereeniging, Pelopor Penyiaran Radio Indonesia - RRI.co.id|last=Afriandita|first=Zahfa Putri|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII pancèn kaloka minangka tokoh panguwasa kang nduwèni kawigatèn lan katresnan kang gedhé marang seni lan kabudayan Nusantara, mliginé budaya Jawa. Bentuk panyengkuyung nyata saka panguwasa Mangkunegaran kasebut ditindakaké kanthi nyadiakaké saserangkaian piranti téknik pemancar siaran. Piranti téknik kasebut dituku saka stasiun radio swasta kagungané wong Walanda ing Ngayogyakarta kang aran Djocjasche Radio Vereeniging. Pemancar kasebut banjur digunakaké kanggo nyiaraké pagelaran klenengan déning Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras lan pertunjukan [[Ringgit tiyang|wayang wong]] saka Kagungan Dalem Balekambang lumantar *call sign* PK2MN utawa Pemancar Kring Ketimuran Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orari.or.id/sejarah-orari/|title=Sejarah ORARI|date=2026-07-30|website=ORARI|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/srv-pelopor-radio-ketimuran/|title=SRV Pelopor Radio Ketimuran – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-23|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. === Rembugan lan Madegé SRV === Nalika téknologi siaran radio sansaya ngrembaka, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII banjur mbaskara lan ngendikakaké kapercayan marang R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo supaya ngembangaké jaringan siaran seni lan budaya Jawa kasebut kanthi luwih profesional lan wiyar. R.M. Ir. Sarsito banjur nindakaké langkah strategis kanthi ngumpulaké para tokoh lan para panyeneng seni ing sawijining patemon resmi<ref name=":0" />. Rapat kasebut dianakaké ing tanggal 1 April 1933 panggonané ing gedhong [[Societëit Mangkunegaran]], wangunan kang ing mangsa saiki misuwur minangka Monumen Pers Nasional. Ing rapat kasebut, R.M. Ir. Sarsito ngutarakaké gagasané babagan perluné mbangun sawijining stasiun radio anyar kang nduwèni kualitas siaran luwih becik lan terorganisir. Usulan kasebut disetujoni déning kkabèh peserta rapat saéngga dadi tandha disepakati madegé Perhimpunan Radio Omroep kang diwèhi jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). Ing organisasi anyar iki, R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo kapilih dadi pangarsa kapisan<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/kgpaa-mangkunegoro-vii-tokoh-perintis-penyiaran-nasional/|title=KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII, Tokoh Perintis Penyiaran Nasional – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Pangembangan lan Mbangun Studio == === Perluasan Jangkauan lan Anggota === Lairé SRV dadi wujud nyata saka gegayuhan K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII lan para pegiat seni kanggo nyebarluasaké kagunan Jawa lumantar media siaran radio. Keberhasilan siaran awal SRV bisa dibuktèkaké saka jangkauan pemancar radio kasebut. Siaran perdana SRV kang nampilaké klenengan karawitan saka Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras kasebut jebul bisa keprungu kanthi cetha nganti tekan nagara Walanda<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Prastawa kasebut nggawé jeneng SRV sansaya misuwur saéngga organisasi iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet banget. Jumlah anggota SRV terus mundhak nganti tekan angka 4.000 wong ing macem-macem wilayah Hindhiya-Walanda. Materi isi siarané uga ora mung winates ing seni karawitan lan klenengan waé, nanging uga dimudhakaké lan dijembaraké kanthi nampilaké jinis musik liyané, salah sijiné yaiku musik keroncong<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surakarta/regional/1308458/menggali-sejarah-radio-di-indonesia-srv-dan-tantangan-digitalisasi|title=Menggali Sejarah Radio di Indonesia: SRV dan Tantangan Digitalisasi - RRI.co.id|last=Asegaf|first=Soufi|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Amiwiti saka sukses siaran ing wewengkon Surakarta, SRV banjur nindakaké ekspansi kanthi mbangun cabang-cabang anyar ing macem-macem kutha gedhé. Cabang-cabang iki ing tembe mburi ngrembaka dadi stasiun radio siaran mandiri. Sawetara kutha kang dadi papan dunungé cabang SRV antarané yaiku Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor<ref name=":0" />. === Mbangun Studio ing Kestalan === Kanggo ngatur organisasi kang sansaya gedhé, SRV nganakaké kongres ing Surakarta ing tanggal 15 Januari 1935. Salah siji keputusan wigati saka kongres kasebut yaiku yèn SRV kudu nduwèni gedhong studio dhéwé kang adiluhung lan memadai kanggo kabutuhan operasional siaran sehari-hari. Nanging, anggaran pembangunan gedhong kang diduwèni déning kas SRV nalika iku durung cukup<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/koleksi-utama-monpers-pemancar-radio-kambing/|title=Koleksi Utama Monpers: Pemancar Radio Kambing – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-26|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Mirsani kahanan kasebut, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII maringi panyengkuyung lan bantuan nyata awujud lemah hibah kanthi amba 5.000 meter persegi kang nduwèni nilai f 15.000 (limalas ewu gulden). Lemah kasebut dumunung ing Kampung Kestalan, persis ing sisih kidul [[Stasiun Balapan Surakarta]]. Ing ndhuwur lemah hibah kasebut banjur dibangun gedhong resmi SRV, kang ing mangsa saiki dadi Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solobalapan.jawapos.com/tempoe-doeloe/2401090021/gedung-radio-republik-indonesia-rri-surakarta-jadi-saksi-sejarah-penyiaran-radio-pribumi-pertama-di-indonesia|title=Gedung Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta, Jadi Saksi Sejarah Penyiaran Radio Pribumi Pertama di Indonesia|last=Aprilia|first=Nindia|date=2024-01-09|website=Solo Balapan|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Pembangunan gedhong studio SRV diwiwiti ing tanggal 15 September 1935. Pamasangan watu kapisan ditindakaké déning putri saka K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenegoro VII, yaiku B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani utawa kang luwih akrab disapa Gusti Nurul. Perancangan lan pelaksanaan téknis pembangunan diserahaké marang arsitek Walanda aran Ir. FCL Van Olden. Sawisé pembangunan rampung, gedhong studio SRV diresmikaké secara resmi ing tanggal 23 September 1936 lan diresmikaké uga déning Gusti Nurul<ref name=":2" />. == Puncak Kejayaan lan Mangsa Pendudukan Jepang == === Pengiring Tari ing Walanda (1937) === Puncak kejayaan lan prestasi internasional Solosche Radio Vereeniging dumadi ing taun 1937. Nalika iku, SRV kasil nyiaraké swara gamelan kanthi langsung saka studio Surakarta menyang Walanda kanggo ngiringi Gusti Nurul kang lagi nampilaké tarian tradisional Jawa<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/gusti-noeroel-mengejar-kebahagiaan/|title=Gusti Noeroel – Mengejar Kebahagiaan – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3067946/pesona-tarian-gusti-nurul-yang-memikat-ratu-belanda|title=Pesona Tarian Gusti Nurul yang Memikat Ratu Belanda|last=Dariyanto|first=Erwin|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Sajian tari kasebut ditampilaké ing ngarepé Ratu Walanda lan para tamu kerajaan minangka hadiah pahargyan palakrama Putri Juliana lan Pangeran Bernhard. Ing prastawa sajarah kasebut, Gusti Nurul tindak menyang Walanda didampingi déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII sarta Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur lan rombongan Pura Mangkunegaran. Keberhasilan pancaran siaran nembus benua Eropa kasebut dadi bukti kemajuan téknologi radio lan keagungan seni Jawa kang diusung déning SRV<ref name=":4" />. === Bumi Hangus lan Pendudukan Jepang (1942) === Pangrembakan lan kejayaan SRV kepeksa mandheg nalika wadya bala Jepang mlebu lan nguasai wewengkon Surakarta ing taun 1942. Ing tanggal 2 Maret 1942, Pemerintah Hindhiya-Walanda maringi prentah marang pengurus SRV supaya ngrusak lan ngobong sakèhing aset pemancar siaran (bumi hangus). Langkah iki ditindakaké minangka antisipasi supaya piranti informasi lan komunikasi kasebut ora dijupuk lan digunakaké déning bala Jepang kanggo alat propaganda<ref name=":0" />. Sanajan ana prentah kasebut, para pengurus SRV ora ngrusak kabèh alat. Sawetara piranti siaran penting kasil didelikaké ing panggonan kang aman, nanging kabèh kagiyatan siaran kepeksa mandheg kanggo sauntara wektu. Wadya bala Jepang pungkasané mendarat lan mlebu ing Kutha Surakarta ing tanggal 5 Maret 1942<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.espos.id/catatan-peristiwa-dunia-hari-ini-5-maret-1942-jepang-kuasai-batavia-899917|title=CATATAN PERISTIWA DUNIA HARI INI : 5 Maret 1942, Jepang Kuasai Batavia|last=Saputra|first=Ginanjar|date=March 5, 2018|website=Solopos Espos Dunia}}</ref>. Telung dina sawisé iku, ing tanggal 8 Maret 1942, Komandan Pasukan Jepang aran H. Funabiki teka ing kantor SRV lan nemoni pengurus radio kasebut, antarané yaiku R. Maladi, Utojo, lan Sugoto. Komandan Jepang kasebut mrentahaké supaya stasiun radio SRV bisa disiyapaké lan dikudharaké manèh. Seblak saka prastawa kasebut, jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging diowahi dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku. Stasiun iki banjur dadi cabang saka organisasi siaran Hoso Kanri Kyoku kang duwé pusat ing Batavia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/1745338/sejarah-radio-hoso-kyoku-jepang-hingga-menjadi-rri|title=‎Sejarah Radio Hoso Kyoku Jepang hingga Menjadi RRI - RRI.co.id|last=Hairani|first=Rini|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta == Kahanan siaran ing ngisor pengawasan Hoso Kanri Kyoku lan kabèh cabangé pungkasané mandheg nalika bangsa Indonésia ngumandhangaké kamardikan lumantar Proklamasi tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Sawisé kamardikan diproklamasikaké, para tokoh lan penggiat radio ing macem-macem daerah nganakaké serangkaian rapat strategis kanggo ngrembug masa depan lan arah penyiaran radio nasional<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />. Rapat-rapat kasebut ngasilaké kesepakatan penting yaiku penetapan dina lahiré Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) ing tanggal 11 September 1945. Sakèhing bekas kantor lan jaringan siaran cabang SRV kang sadurungé dijupuk alih déning Jepang banjur digabung lan dadi bagian utami saka jaringan radio nasional iki. Gedhong bekas kantor Solosche Radio Vereeniging ing Kestalan Surakarta banjur resmi dienggo minangka stasiun lan kantor RRI Surakarta nganti tekan saiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muspen.komdigi.go.id/forum/sejarah-berdirinya-rri-di-tanggal-11-september-1945|title=Sejarah berdirinya RRI di tanggal 11 September 1945 - Halo Muspeners,|website=muspen.komdigi.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] * [[Mangkunagara VII]] * [[Gusti Nurul]] * [[Monumen Pers Nasional]] * [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [[https://rri.co.id](https://rri.co.id) Situs resmi Radio Republik Indonesia] * [[https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id) Arsip Sajarah Penyiaran ing Monumen Pers Nasional Surakarta] l2je47sxzlm8og9vtmdzml140w4e847 1751985 1751984 2026-07-31T14:01:29Z Ony3345 68093 tambah infobox 1751985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Solosche Radio Vereeniging | full_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = SRV | nickname = | pronounce = | pronounce ref = | pronounce comment = | pronounce 2 = | named_after = | motto = | predecessor = Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras (JKM) | merged = | successor = Solo Hoso Kyoku / [[Radio Republik Indonésia|RRI Surakarta]] | formation = [[1 April]] [[1933]] | founder = [[Mangkunagara VII|K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] | founding_location = Societeit Mangkunegaran, [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | dissolved = [[1942]] (dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku) | merger = | type = Lembaga penyiaran radio | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Panyebaran lan pelestarian seni sarta kabudayan Jawa | professional_title = | headquarters = [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta|Kestalan]], [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_city = [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_country = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | location_city2 = | location_country2 = | addnl_location_city = | addnl_location_country = | addnl_location_city2 = | addnl_location_country2 = | coordinates = | origins = | region_served = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | products = | services = Siaran radio | methods = | fields = | membership = ±4.000 anggota (1934) | membership_year = 1934 | language = [[Basa Jawa]], [[Basa Walanda]] | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = Pangarsa (Ketua) | leader_name = [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = R. Maladi, Utojo, Sugoto, [[Gusti Nurul|B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani]] | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = Cabang Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | students = | students_year = | awards = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | bodystyle = }} '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé SRV<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mangkunegaran.id/|title=Solosche Radio Vereeniging: Cikal Bakal Radio Republik Indonesia|date=2024-10-07|website=Mangkunegaran|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Lairé SRV diprakarsani déning [[K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] lan dikembangkaké déning [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]]. Radio iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet saéngga kasil nggayuh réwon anggota sarta bisa mbangun kantor studio modèrn ing wewengkon [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Kutha Surakarta|Kestalan]]. Kejaba nyiaraké ing jroning nagara, SRV uga ncathet sajarah internasional amarga kasil nyiaraké swara [[gamelan]] langsung saka Surakarta menyang nagara Walanda kanggo ngiringi tarian [[Gusti Nurul]] ing taun 1937<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mowid.anri.go.id/index.php/tari-srimpi-tunggal-1-2|title=Tari Srimpi Tunggal - We bring people and nations together through education, culture and science (UNESCO)|website=mowid.anri.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Nalika mangsa pendudukan Jepang, SRV owah jeneng dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku, sadurungé pungkasané dadi cikal bakal RRI Surakarta sawisé Indonésia mardika<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah lan Latar Wuri == === Cikal Bakal saka Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras === Gagasan awal madegé Solosche Radio Vereeniging ora bisa dipisahaké saka pakumpulan kesenian Jawa kang aran [[Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras]] (JKM). Pakumpulan iki dibina lan dipayungi langsung déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII ing lingkungan [[Pura Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]]<ref name=":0" />. Kagiyatan utami saka JKM yaiku ing babagan [[seni karawitan]], yaiku nabuh piranti musik gamelan sarta nglagokaké gendhing-gendhing Jawa utawa kang luwih umum diarani klenengan. Sakèhing kagiyatan latihan lan pementasan kasebut ditindakaké kanthi rutin ing wewengkon njero Pura Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/2304033/mengulas-solosche-radio-vereeniging-pelopor-penyiaran-radio-indonesia|title=Mengulas Solosche Radio Vereeniging, Pelopor Penyiaran Radio Indonesia - RRI.co.id|last=Afriandita|first=Zahfa Putri|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII pancèn kaloka minangka tokoh panguwasa kang nduwèni kawigatèn lan katresnan kang gedhé marang seni lan kabudayan Nusantara, mliginé budaya Jawa. Bentuk panyengkuyung nyata saka panguwasa Mangkunegaran kasebut ditindakaké kanthi nyadiakaké saserangkaian piranti téknik pemancar siaran. Piranti téknik kasebut dituku saka stasiun radio swasta kagungané wong Walanda ing Ngayogyakarta kang aran Djocjasche Radio Vereeniging. Pemancar kasebut banjur digunakaké kanggo nyiaraké pagelaran klenengan déning Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras lan pertunjukan [[Ringgit tiyang|wayang wong]] saka Kagungan Dalem Balekambang lumantar *call sign* PK2MN utawa Pemancar Kring Ketimuran Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orari.or.id/sejarah-orari/|title=Sejarah ORARI|date=2026-07-30|website=ORARI|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/srv-pelopor-radio-ketimuran/|title=SRV Pelopor Radio Ketimuran – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-23|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. === Rembugan lan Madegé SRV === Nalika téknologi siaran radio sansaya ngrembaka, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII banjur mbaskara lan ngendikakaké kapercayan marang R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo supaya ngembangaké jaringan siaran seni lan budaya Jawa kasebut kanthi luwih profesional lan wiyar. R.M. Ir. Sarsito banjur nindakaké langkah strategis kanthi ngumpulaké para tokoh lan para panyeneng seni ing sawijining patemon resmi<ref name=":0" />. Rapat kasebut dianakaké ing tanggal 1 April 1933 panggonané ing gedhong [[Societëit Mangkunegaran]], wangunan kang ing mangsa saiki misuwur minangka Monumen Pers Nasional. Ing rapat kasebut, R.M. Ir. Sarsito ngutarakaké gagasané babagan perluné mbangun sawijining stasiun radio anyar kang nduwèni kualitas siaran luwih becik lan terorganisir. Usulan kasebut disetujoni déning kkabèh peserta rapat saéngga dadi tandha disepakati madegé Perhimpunan Radio Omroep kang diwèhi jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). Ing organisasi anyar iki, R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo kapilih dadi pangarsa kapisan<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/kgpaa-mangkunegoro-vii-tokoh-perintis-penyiaran-nasional/|title=KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII, Tokoh Perintis Penyiaran Nasional – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Pangembangan lan Mbangun Studio == === Perluasan Jangkauan lan Anggota === Lairé SRV dadi wujud nyata saka gegayuhan K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII lan para pegiat seni kanggo nyebarluasaké kagunan Jawa lumantar media siaran radio. Keberhasilan siaran awal SRV bisa dibuktèkaké saka jangkauan pemancar radio kasebut. Siaran perdana SRV kang nampilaké klenengan karawitan saka Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras kasebut jebul bisa keprungu kanthi cetha nganti tekan nagara Walanda<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Prastawa kasebut nggawé jeneng SRV sansaya misuwur saéngga organisasi iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet banget. Jumlah anggota SRV terus mundhak nganti tekan angka 4.000 wong ing macem-macem wilayah Hindhiya-Walanda. Materi isi siarané uga ora mung winates ing seni karawitan lan klenengan waé, nanging uga dimudhakaké lan dijembaraké kanthi nampilaké jinis musik liyané, salah sijiné yaiku musik keroncong<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surakarta/regional/1308458/menggali-sejarah-radio-di-indonesia-srv-dan-tantangan-digitalisasi|title=Menggali Sejarah Radio di Indonesia: SRV dan Tantangan Digitalisasi - RRI.co.id|last=Asegaf|first=Soufi|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Amiwiti saka sukses siaran ing wewengkon Surakarta, SRV banjur nindakaké ekspansi kanthi mbangun cabang-cabang anyar ing macem-macem kutha gedhé. Cabang-cabang iki ing tembe mburi ngrembaka dadi stasiun radio siaran mandiri. Sawetara kutha kang dadi papan dunungé cabang SRV antarané yaiku Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor<ref name=":0" />. === Mbangun Studio ing Kestalan === Kanggo ngatur organisasi kang sansaya gedhé, SRV nganakaké kongres ing Surakarta ing tanggal 15 Januari 1935. Salah siji keputusan wigati saka kongres kasebut yaiku yèn SRV kudu nduwèni gedhong studio dhéwé kang adiluhung lan memadai kanggo kabutuhan operasional siaran sehari-hari. Nanging, anggaran pembangunan gedhong kang diduwèni déning kas SRV nalika iku durung cukup<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/koleksi-utama-monpers-pemancar-radio-kambing/|title=Koleksi Utama Monpers: Pemancar Radio Kambing – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-26|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Mirsani kahanan kasebut, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII maringi panyengkuyung lan bantuan nyata awujud lemah hibah kanthi amba 5.000 meter persegi kang nduwèni nilai f 15.000 (limalas ewu gulden). Lemah kasebut dumunung ing Kampung Kestalan, persis ing sisih kidul [[Stasiun Balapan Surakarta]]. Ing ndhuwur lemah hibah kasebut banjur dibangun gedhong resmi SRV, kang ing mangsa saiki dadi Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solobalapan.jawapos.com/tempoe-doeloe/2401090021/gedung-radio-republik-indonesia-rri-surakarta-jadi-saksi-sejarah-penyiaran-radio-pribumi-pertama-di-indonesia|title=Gedung Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta, Jadi Saksi Sejarah Penyiaran Radio Pribumi Pertama di Indonesia|last=Aprilia|first=Nindia|date=2024-01-09|website=Solo Balapan|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Pembangunan gedhong studio SRV diwiwiti ing tanggal 15 September 1935. Pamasangan watu kapisan ditindakaké déning putri saka K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenegoro VII, yaiku B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani utawa kang luwih akrab disapa Gusti Nurul. Perancangan lan pelaksanaan téknis pembangunan diserahaké marang arsitek Walanda aran Ir. FCL Van Olden. Sawisé pembangunan rampung, gedhong studio SRV diresmikaké secara resmi ing tanggal 23 September 1936 lan diresmikaké uga déning Gusti Nurul<ref name=":2" />. == Puncak Kejayaan lan Mangsa Pendudukan Jepang == === Pengiring Tari ing Walanda (1937) === Puncak kejayaan lan prestasi internasional Solosche Radio Vereeniging dumadi ing taun 1937. Nalika iku, SRV kasil nyiaraké swara gamelan kanthi langsung saka studio Surakarta menyang Walanda kanggo ngiringi Gusti Nurul kang lagi nampilaké tarian tradisional Jawa<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/gusti-noeroel-mengejar-kebahagiaan/|title=Gusti Noeroel – Mengejar Kebahagiaan – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3067946/pesona-tarian-gusti-nurul-yang-memikat-ratu-belanda|title=Pesona Tarian Gusti Nurul yang Memikat Ratu Belanda|last=Dariyanto|first=Erwin|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Sajian tari kasebut ditampilaké ing ngarepé Ratu Walanda lan para tamu kerajaan minangka hadiah pahargyan palakrama Putri Juliana lan Pangeran Bernhard. Ing prastawa sajarah kasebut, Gusti Nurul tindak menyang Walanda didampingi déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII sarta Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur lan rombongan Pura Mangkunegaran. Keberhasilan pancaran siaran nembus benua Eropa kasebut dadi bukti kemajuan téknologi radio lan keagungan seni Jawa kang diusung déning SRV<ref name=":4" />. === Bumi Hangus lan Pendudukan Jepang (1942) === Pangrembakan lan kejayaan SRV kepeksa mandheg nalika wadya bala Jepang mlebu lan nguasai wewengkon Surakarta ing taun 1942. Ing tanggal 2 Maret 1942, Pemerintah Hindhiya-Walanda maringi prentah marang pengurus SRV supaya ngrusak lan ngobong sakèhing aset pemancar siaran (bumi hangus). Langkah iki ditindakaké minangka antisipasi supaya piranti informasi lan komunikasi kasebut ora dijupuk lan digunakaké déning bala Jepang kanggo alat propaganda<ref name=":0" />. Sanajan ana prentah kasebut, para pengurus SRV ora ngrusak kabèh alat. Sawetara piranti siaran penting kasil didelikaké ing panggonan kang aman, nanging kabèh kagiyatan siaran kepeksa mandheg kanggo sauntara wektu. Wadya bala Jepang pungkasané mendarat lan mlebu ing Kutha Surakarta ing tanggal 5 Maret 1942<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.espos.id/catatan-peristiwa-dunia-hari-ini-5-maret-1942-jepang-kuasai-batavia-899917|title=CATATAN PERISTIWA DUNIA HARI INI : 5 Maret 1942, Jepang Kuasai Batavia|last=Saputra|first=Ginanjar|date=March 5, 2018|website=Solopos Espos Dunia}}</ref>. Telung dina sawisé iku, ing tanggal 8 Maret 1942, Komandan Pasukan Jepang aran H. Funabiki teka ing kantor SRV lan nemoni pengurus radio kasebut, antarané yaiku R. Maladi, Utojo, lan Sugoto. Komandan Jepang kasebut mrentahaké supaya stasiun radio SRV bisa disiyapaké lan dikudharaké manèh. Seblak saka prastawa kasebut, jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging diowahi dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku. Stasiun iki banjur dadi cabang saka organisasi siaran Hoso Kanri Kyoku kang duwé pusat ing Batavia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/1745338/sejarah-radio-hoso-kyoku-jepang-hingga-menjadi-rri|title=‎Sejarah Radio Hoso Kyoku Jepang hingga Menjadi RRI - RRI.co.id|last=Hairani|first=Rini|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta == Kahanan siaran ing ngisor pengawasan Hoso Kanri Kyoku lan kabèh cabangé pungkasané mandheg nalika bangsa Indonésia ngumandhangaké kamardikan lumantar Proklamasi tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Sawisé kamardikan diproklamasikaké, para tokoh lan penggiat radio ing macem-macem daerah nganakaké serangkaian rapat strategis kanggo ngrembug masa depan lan arah penyiaran radio nasional<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />. Rapat-rapat kasebut ngasilaké kesepakatan penting yaiku penetapan dina lahiré Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) ing tanggal 11 September 1945. Sakèhing bekas kantor lan jaringan siaran cabang SRV kang sadurungé dijupuk alih déning Jepang banjur digabung lan dadi bagian utami saka jaringan radio nasional iki. Gedhong bekas kantor Solosche Radio Vereeniging ing Kestalan Surakarta banjur resmi dienggo minangka stasiun lan kantor RRI Surakarta nganti tekan saiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muspen.komdigi.go.id/forum/sejarah-berdirinya-rri-di-tanggal-11-september-1945|title=Sejarah berdirinya RRI di tanggal 11 September 1945 - Halo Muspeners,|website=muspen.komdigi.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] * [[Mangkunagara VII]] * [[Gusti Nurul]] * [[Monumen Pers Nasional]] * [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [[https://rri.co.id](https://rri.co.id) Situs resmi Radio Republik Indonesia] * [[https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id) Arsip Sajarah Penyiaran ing Monumen Pers Nasional Surakarta] 0fu4kc15dsdujscx4rp1izmb3xmzqo5 1751986 1751985 2026-07-31T14:05:54Z Ony3345 68093 tammbah gambar 1751986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Solosche Radio Vereeniging | full_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = KITLV A621 - Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII, spreekt op 18-jarige leeftijd voor microfoon van de 2e zender van de Solosche Radio Vereniging te Soerakarta.tif | image_size = 250px | caption = B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani (Gusti Nurul) nalika paring sesorah ing ngarep mikrofon pemancar Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = SRV | nickname = | pronounce = | pronounce ref = | pronounce comment = | pronounce 2 = | named_after = | motto = | predecessor = Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras (JKM) | merged = | successor = Solo Hoso Kyoku / [[Radio Republik Indonésia|RRI Surakarta]] | formation = [[1 April]] [[1933]] | founder = [[Mangkunagara VII|K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] | founding_location = Societeit Mangkunegaran, [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | dissolved = [[1942]] (dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku) | merger = | type = Lembaga penyiaran radio | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Panyebaran lan pelestarian seni sarta kabudayan Jawa | professional_title = | headquarters = [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta|Kestalan]], [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_city = [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_country = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | location_city2 = | location_country2 = | addnl_location_city = | addnl_location_country = | addnl_location_city2 = | addnl_location_country2 = | coordinates = | origins = | region_served = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | products = | services = Siaran radio | methods = | fields = | membership = ±4.000 anggota (1934) | membership_year = 1934 | language = [[Basa Jawa]], [[Basa Walanda]] | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = Pangarsa (Ketua) | leader_name = [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = R. Maladi, Utojo, Sugoto, [[Gusti Nurul|B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani]] | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = Cabang Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | students = | students_year = | awards = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | bodystyle = }} '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé SRV<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mangkunegaran.id/|title=Solosche Radio Vereeniging: Cikal Bakal Radio Republik Indonesia|date=2024-10-07|website=Mangkunegaran|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Lairé SRV diprakarsani déning [[K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] lan dikembangkaké déning [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]]. Radio iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet saéngga kasil nggayuh réwon anggota sarta bisa mbangun kantor studio modèrn ing wewengkon [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Kutha Surakarta|Kestalan]]. Kejaba nyiaraké ing jroning nagara, SRV uga ncathet sajarah internasional amarga kasil nyiaraké swara [[gamelan]] langsung saka Surakarta menyang nagara Walanda kanggo ngiringi tarian [[Gusti Nurul]] ing taun 1937<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mowid.anri.go.id/index.php/tari-srimpi-tunggal-1-2|title=Tari Srimpi Tunggal - We bring people and nations together through education, culture and science (UNESCO)|website=mowid.anri.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Nalika mangsa pendudukan Jepang, SRV owah jeneng dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku, sadurungé pungkasané dadi cikal bakal RRI Surakarta sawisé Indonésia mardika<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah lan Latar Wuri == === Cikal Bakal saka Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras === Gagasan awal madegé Solosche Radio Vereeniging ora bisa dipisahaké saka pakumpulan kesenian Jawa kang aran [[Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras]] (JKM). Pakumpulan iki dibina lan dipayungi langsung déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII ing lingkungan [[Pura Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]]<ref name=":0" />. Kagiyatan utami saka JKM yaiku ing babagan [[seni karawitan]], yaiku nabuh piranti musik gamelan sarta nglagokaké gendhing-gendhing Jawa utawa kang luwih umum diarani klenengan. Sakèhing kagiyatan latihan lan pementasan kasebut ditindakaké kanthi rutin ing wewengkon njero Pura Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/2304033/mengulas-solosche-radio-vereeniging-pelopor-penyiaran-radio-indonesia|title=Mengulas Solosche Radio Vereeniging, Pelopor Penyiaran Radio Indonesia - RRI.co.id|last=Afriandita|first=Zahfa Putri|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII pancèn kaloka minangka tokoh panguwasa kang nduwèni kawigatèn lan katresnan kang gedhé marang seni lan kabudayan Nusantara, mliginé budaya Jawa. Bentuk panyengkuyung nyata saka panguwasa Mangkunegaran kasebut ditindakaké kanthi nyadiakaké saserangkaian piranti téknik pemancar siaran. Piranti téknik kasebut dituku saka stasiun radio swasta kagungané wong Walanda ing Ngayogyakarta kang aran Djocjasche Radio Vereeniging. Pemancar kasebut banjur digunakaké kanggo nyiaraké pagelaran klenengan déning Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras lan pertunjukan [[Ringgit tiyang|wayang wong]] saka Kagungan Dalem Balekambang lumantar *call sign* PK2MN utawa Pemancar Kring Ketimuran Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orari.or.id/sejarah-orari/|title=Sejarah ORARI|date=2026-07-30|website=ORARI|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/srv-pelopor-radio-ketimuran/|title=SRV Pelopor Radio Ketimuran – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-23|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. === Rembugan lan Madegé SRV === Nalika téknologi siaran radio sansaya ngrembaka, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII banjur mbaskara lan ngendikakaké kapercayan marang R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo supaya ngembangaké jaringan siaran seni lan budaya Jawa kasebut kanthi luwih profesional lan wiyar. R.M. Ir. Sarsito banjur nindakaké langkah strategis kanthi ngumpulaké para tokoh lan para panyeneng seni ing sawijining patemon resmi<ref name=":0" />. Rapat kasebut dianakaké ing tanggal 1 April 1933 panggonané ing gedhong [[Societëit Mangkunegaran]], wangunan kang ing mangsa saiki misuwur minangka Monumen Pers Nasional. Ing rapat kasebut, R.M. Ir. Sarsito ngutarakaké gagasané babagan perluné mbangun sawijining stasiun radio anyar kang nduwèni kualitas siaran luwih becik lan terorganisir. Usulan kasebut disetujoni déning kkabèh peserta rapat saéngga dadi tandha disepakati madegé Perhimpunan Radio Omroep kang diwèhi jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). Ing organisasi anyar iki, R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo kapilih dadi pangarsa kapisan<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/kgpaa-mangkunegoro-vii-tokoh-perintis-penyiaran-nasional/|title=KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII, Tokoh Perintis Penyiaran Nasional – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Pangembangan lan Mbangun Studio == === Perluasan Jangkauan lan Anggota === Lairé SRV dadi wujud nyata saka gegayuhan K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII lan para pegiat seni kanggo nyebarluasaké kagunan Jawa lumantar media siaran radio. Keberhasilan siaran awal SRV bisa dibuktèkaké saka jangkauan pemancar radio kasebut. Siaran perdana SRV kang nampilaké klenengan karawitan saka Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras kasebut jebul bisa keprungu kanthi cetha nganti tekan nagara Walanda<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Prastawa kasebut nggawé jeneng SRV sansaya misuwur saéngga organisasi iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet banget. Jumlah anggota SRV terus mundhak nganti tekan angka 4.000 wong ing macem-macem wilayah Hindhiya-Walanda. Materi isi siarané uga ora mung winates ing seni karawitan lan klenengan waé, nanging uga dimudhakaké lan dijembaraké kanthi nampilaké jinis musik liyané, salah sijiné yaiku musik keroncong<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surakarta/regional/1308458/menggali-sejarah-radio-di-indonesia-srv-dan-tantangan-digitalisasi|title=Menggali Sejarah Radio di Indonesia: SRV dan Tantangan Digitalisasi - RRI.co.id|last=Asegaf|first=Soufi|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Amiwiti saka sukses siaran ing wewengkon Surakarta, SRV banjur nindakaké ekspansi kanthi mbangun cabang-cabang anyar ing macem-macem kutha gedhé. Cabang-cabang iki ing tembe mburi ngrembaka dadi stasiun radio siaran mandiri. Sawetara kutha kang dadi papan dunungé cabang SRV antarané yaiku Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor<ref name=":0" />. === Mbangun Studio ing Kestalan === Kanggo ngatur organisasi kang sansaya gedhé, SRV nganakaké kongres ing Surakarta ing tanggal 15 Januari 1935. Salah siji keputusan wigati saka kongres kasebut yaiku yèn SRV kudu nduwèni gedhong studio dhéwé kang adiluhung lan memadai kanggo kabutuhan operasional siaran sehari-hari. Nanging, anggaran pembangunan gedhong kang diduwèni déning kas SRV nalika iku durung cukup<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/koleksi-utama-monpers-pemancar-radio-kambing/|title=Koleksi Utama Monpers: Pemancar Radio Kambing – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-26|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Mirsani kahanan kasebut, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII maringi panyengkuyung lan bantuan nyata awujud lemah hibah kanthi amba 5.000 meter persegi kang nduwèni nilai f 15.000 (limalas ewu gulden). Lemah kasebut dumunung ing Kampung Kestalan, persis ing sisih kidul [[Stasiun Balapan Surakarta]]. Ing ndhuwur lemah hibah kasebut banjur dibangun gedhong resmi SRV, kang ing mangsa saiki dadi Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solobalapan.jawapos.com/tempoe-doeloe/2401090021/gedung-radio-republik-indonesia-rri-surakarta-jadi-saksi-sejarah-penyiaran-radio-pribumi-pertama-di-indonesia|title=Gedung Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta, Jadi Saksi Sejarah Penyiaran Radio Pribumi Pertama di Indonesia|last=Aprilia|first=Nindia|date=2024-01-09|website=Solo Balapan|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Pembangunan gedhong studio SRV diwiwiti ing tanggal 15 September 1935. Pamasangan watu kapisan ditindakaké déning putri saka K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenegoro VII, yaiku B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani utawa kang luwih akrab disapa Gusti Nurul. Perancangan lan pelaksanaan téknis pembangunan diserahaké marang arsitek Walanda aran Ir. FCL Van Olden. Sawisé pembangunan rampung, gedhong studio SRV diresmikaké secara resmi ing tanggal 23 September 1936 lan diresmikaké uga déning Gusti Nurul<ref name=":2" />. == Puncak Kejayaan lan Mangsa Pendudukan Jepang == === Pengiring Tari ing Walanda (1937) === Puncak kejayaan lan prestasi internasional Solosche Radio Vereeniging dumadi ing taun 1937. Nalika iku, SRV kasil nyiaraké swara gamelan kanthi langsung saka studio Surakarta menyang Walanda kanggo ngiringi Gusti Nurul kang lagi nampilaké tarian tradisional Jawa<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/gusti-noeroel-mengejar-kebahagiaan/|title=Gusti Noeroel – Mengejar Kebahagiaan – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3067946/pesona-tarian-gusti-nurul-yang-memikat-ratu-belanda|title=Pesona Tarian Gusti Nurul yang Memikat Ratu Belanda|last=Dariyanto|first=Erwin|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Sajian tari kasebut ditampilaké ing ngarepé Ratu Walanda lan para tamu kerajaan minangka hadiah pahargyan palakrama Putri Juliana lan Pangeran Bernhard. Ing prastawa sajarah kasebut, Gusti Nurul tindak menyang Walanda didampingi déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII sarta Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur lan rombongan Pura Mangkunegaran. Keberhasilan pancaran siaran nembus benua Eropa kasebut dadi bukti kemajuan téknologi radio lan keagungan seni Jawa kang diusung déning SRV<ref name=":4" />. === Bumi Hangus lan Pendudukan Jepang (1942) === Pangrembakan lan kejayaan SRV kepeksa mandheg nalika wadya bala Jepang mlebu lan nguasai wewengkon Surakarta ing taun 1942. Ing tanggal 2 Maret 1942, Pemerintah Hindhiya-Walanda maringi prentah marang pengurus SRV supaya ngrusak lan ngobong sakèhing aset pemancar siaran (bumi hangus). Langkah iki ditindakaké minangka antisipasi supaya piranti informasi lan komunikasi kasebut ora dijupuk lan digunakaké déning bala Jepang kanggo alat propaganda<ref name=":0" />. Sanajan ana prentah kasebut, para pengurus SRV ora ngrusak kabèh alat. Sawetara piranti siaran penting kasil didelikaké ing panggonan kang aman, nanging kabèh kagiyatan siaran kepeksa mandheg kanggo sauntara wektu. Wadya bala Jepang pungkasané mendarat lan mlebu ing Kutha Surakarta ing tanggal 5 Maret 1942<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.espos.id/catatan-peristiwa-dunia-hari-ini-5-maret-1942-jepang-kuasai-batavia-899917|title=CATATAN PERISTIWA DUNIA HARI INI : 5 Maret 1942, Jepang Kuasai Batavia|last=Saputra|first=Ginanjar|date=March 5, 2018|website=Solopos Espos Dunia}}</ref>. Telung dina sawisé iku, ing tanggal 8 Maret 1942, Komandan Pasukan Jepang aran H. Funabiki teka ing kantor SRV lan nemoni pengurus radio kasebut, antarané yaiku R. Maladi, Utojo, lan Sugoto. Komandan Jepang kasebut mrentahaké supaya stasiun radio SRV bisa disiyapaké lan dikudharaké manèh. Seblak saka prastawa kasebut, jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging diowahi dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku. Stasiun iki banjur dadi cabang saka organisasi siaran Hoso Kanri Kyoku kang duwé pusat ing Batavia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/1745338/sejarah-radio-hoso-kyoku-jepang-hingga-menjadi-rri|title=‎Sejarah Radio Hoso Kyoku Jepang hingga Menjadi RRI - RRI.co.id|last=Hairani|first=Rini|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta == Kahanan siaran ing ngisor pengawasan Hoso Kanri Kyoku lan kabèh cabangé pungkasané mandheg nalika bangsa Indonésia ngumandhangaké kamardikan lumantar Proklamasi tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Sawisé kamardikan diproklamasikaké, para tokoh lan penggiat radio ing macem-macem daerah nganakaké serangkaian rapat strategis kanggo ngrembug masa depan lan arah penyiaran radio nasional<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />. Rapat-rapat kasebut ngasilaké kesepakatan penting yaiku penetapan dina lahiré Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) ing tanggal 11 September 1945. Sakèhing bekas kantor lan jaringan siaran cabang SRV kang sadurungé dijupuk alih déning Jepang banjur digabung lan dadi bagian utami saka jaringan radio nasional iki. Gedhong bekas kantor Solosche Radio Vereeniging ing Kestalan Surakarta banjur resmi dienggo minangka stasiun lan kantor RRI Surakarta nganti tekan saiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muspen.komdigi.go.id/forum/sejarah-berdirinya-rri-di-tanggal-11-september-1945|title=Sejarah berdirinya RRI di tanggal 11 September 1945 - Halo Muspeners,|website=muspen.komdigi.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] * [[Mangkunagara VII]] * [[Gusti Nurul]] * [[Monumen Pers Nasional]] * [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [[https://rri.co.id](https://rri.co.id) Situs resmi Radio Republik Indonesia] * [[https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id) Arsip Sajarah Penyiaran ing Monumen Pers Nasional Surakarta] rx4do4g8fz1ylkt3je65361yww61y4s 1751987 1751986 2026-07-31T14:12:26Z Ony3345 68093 1751987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Solosche Radio Vereeniging | full_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = KITLV A621 - Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII, spreekt op 18-jarige leeftijd voor microfoon van de 2e zender van de Solosche Radio Vereniging te Soerakarta.tif | image_size = 250px | caption = B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani (Gusti Nurul) nalika paring sesorah ing ngarep mikrofon pemancar Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = SRV | nickname = | pronounce = | pronounce ref = | pronounce comment = | pronounce 2 = | named_after = | motto = | predecessor = Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras (JKM) | merged = | successor = Solo Hoso Kyoku / [[Radio Republik Indonésia|RRI Surakarta]] | formation = [[1 April]] [[1933]] | founder = [[Mangkunagara VII|K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] | founding_location = Societeit Mangkunegaran, [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | dissolved = [[1942]] (dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku) | merger = | type = Lembaga penyiaran radio | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Panyebaran lan pelestarian seni sarta kabudayan Jawa | professional_title = | headquarters = [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta|Kestalan]], [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_city = [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_country = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | location_city2 = | location_country2 = | addnl_location_city = | addnl_location_country = | addnl_location_city2 = | addnl_location_country2 = | coordinates = | origins = | region_served = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | products = | services = Siaran radio | methods = | fields = | membership = ±4.000 anggota (1934) | membership_year = 1934 | language = [[Basa Jawa]], [[Basa Walanda]] | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = Pangarsa (Ketua) | leader_name = [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = R. Maladi, Utojo, Sugoto, [[Gusti Nurul|B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani]] | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = Cabang Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | students = | students_year = | awards = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | bodystyle = }} '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé SRV<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mangkunegaran.id/|title=Solosche Radio Vereeniging: Cikal Bakal Radio Republik Indonesia|date=2024-10-07|website=Mangkunegaran|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Lairé SRV diprakarsani déning [[K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] lan dikembangkaké déning [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]]. Radio iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet saéngga kasil nggayuh réwon anggota sarta bisa mbangun kantor studio modèrn ing wewengkon [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Kutha Surakarta|Kestalan]]. Kejaba nyiaraké ing jroning nagara, SRV uga ncathet sajarah internasional amarga kasil nyiaraké swara [[gamelan]] langsung saka Surakarta menyang nagara Walanda kanggo ngiringi tarian [[Gusti Nurul]] ing taun 1937<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mowid.anri.go.id/index.php/tari-srimpi-tunggal-1-2|title=Tari Srimpi Tunggal - We bring people and nations together through education, culture and science (UNESCO)|website=mowid.anri.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Nalika mangsa pendudukan Jepang, SRV owah jeneng dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku, sadurungé pungkasané dadi cikal bakal RRI Surakarta sawisé Indonésia mardika<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah lan Latar Wuri == === Cikal Bakal saka Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras === Gagasan awal madegé Solosche Radio Vereeniging ora bisa dipisahaké saka pakumpulan kesenian Jawa kang aran [[Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras]] (JKM). Pakumpulan iki dibina lan dipayungi langsung déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII ing lingkungan [[Pura Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]]<ref name=":0" />. Kagiyatan utami saka JKM yaiku ing babagan [[seni karawitan]], yaiku nabuh piranti musik gamelan sarta nglagokaké gendhing-gendhing Jawa utawa kang luwih umum diarani klenengan. Sakèhing kagiyatan latihan lan pementasan kasebut ditindakaké kanthi rutin ing wewengkon njero Pura Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/2304033/mengulas-solosche-radio-vereeniging-pelopor-penyiaran-radio-indonesia|title=Mengulas Solosche Radio Vereeniging, Pelopor Penyiaran Radio Indonesia - RRI.co.id|last=Afriandita|first=Zahfa Putri|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII pancèn kaloka minangka tokoh panguwasa kang nduwèni kawigatèn lan katresnan kang gedhé marang seni lan kabudayan Nusantara, mliginé budaya Jawa. Bentuk panyengkuyung nyata saka panguwasa Mangkunegaran kasebut ditindakaké kanthi nyadiakaké saserangkaian piranti téknik pemancar siaran. Piranti téknik kasebut dituku saka stasiun radio swasta kagungané wong Walanda ing Ngayogyakarta kang aran Djocjasche Radio Vereeniging. Pemancar kasebut banjur digunakaké kanggo nyiaraké pagelaran klenengan déning Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras lan pertunjukan [[Ringgit tiyang|wayang wong]] saka Kagungan Dalem Balekambang lumantar *call sign* PK2MN utawa Pemancar Kring Ketimuran Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orari.or.id/sejarah-orari/|title=Sejarah ORARI|date=2026-07-30|website=ORARI|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/srv-pelopor-radio-ketimuran/|title=SRV Pelopor Radio Ketimuran – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-23|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. === Rembugan lan Madegé SRV === Nalika téknologi siaran radio sansaya ngrembaka, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII banjur mbaskara lan ngendikakaké kapercayan marang R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo supaya ngembangaké jaringan siaran seni lan budaya Jawa kasebut kanthi luwih profesional lan wiyar. R.M. Ir. Sarsito banjur nindakaké langkah strategis kanthi ngumpulaké para tokoh lan para panyeneng seni ing sawijining patemon resmi<ref name=":0" />. Rapat kasebut dianakaké ing tanggal 1 April 1933 panggonané ing gedhong [[Societëit Mangkunegaran]], wangunan kang ing mangsa saiki misuwur minangka Monumen Pers Nasional. Ing rapat kasebut, R.M. Ir. Sarsito ngutarakaké gagasané babagan perluné mbangun sawijining stasiun radio anyar kang nduwèni kualitas siaran luwih becik lan terorganisir. Usulan kasebut disetujoni déning kkabèh peserta rapat saéngga dadi tandha disepakati madegé Perhimpunan Radio Omroep kang diwèhi jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). Ing organisasi anyar iki, R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo kapilih dadi pangarsa kapisan<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/kgpaa-mangkunegoro-vii-tokoh-perintis-penyiaran-nasional/|title=KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII, Tokoh Perintis Penyiaran Nasional – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Pangembangan lan Mbangun Studio == === Perluasan Jangkauan lan Anggota === Lairé SRV dadi wujud nyata saka gegayuhan K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII lan para pegiat seni kanggo nyebarluasaké kagunan Jawa lumantar media siaran radio. Keberhasilan siaran awal SRV bisa dibuktèkaké saka jangkauan pemancar radio kasebut. Siaran perdana SRV kang nampilaké klenengan karawitan saka Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras kasebut jebul bisa keprungu kanthi cetha nganti tekan nagara Walanda<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Prastawa kasebut nggawé jeneng SRV sansaya misuwur saéngga organisasi iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet banget. Jumlah anggota SRV terus mundhak nganti tekan angka 4.000 wong ing macem-macem wilayah Hindhiya-Walanda. Materi isi siarané uga ora mung winates ing seni karawitan lan klenengan waé, nanging uga dimudhakaké lan dijembaraké kanthi nampilaké jinis musik liyané, salah sijiné yaiku musik keroncong<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surakarta/regional/1308458/menggali-sejarah-radio-di-indonesia-srv-dan-tantangan-digitalisasi|title=Menggali Sejarah Radio di Indonesia: SRV dan Tantangan Digitalisasi - RRI.co.id|last=Asegaf|first=Soufi|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Amiwiti saka sukses siaran ing wewengkon Surakarta, SRV banjur nindakaké ekspansi kanthi mbangun cabang-cabang anyar ing macem-macem kutha gedhé. Cabang-cabang iki ing tembe mburi ngrembaka dadi stasiun radio siaran mandiri. Sawetara kutha kang dadi papan dunungé cabang SRV antarané yaiku Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor<ref name=":0" />. === Mbangun Studio ing Kestalan === Kanggo ngatur organisasi kang sansaya gedhé, SRV nganakaké kongres ing Surakarta ing tanggal 15 Januari 1935. Salah siji keputusan wigati saka kongres kasebut yaiku yèn SRV kudu nduwèni gedhong studio dhéwé kang adiluhung lan memadai kanggo kabutuhan operasional siaran sehari-hari. Nanging, anggaran pembangunan gedhong kang diduwèni déning kas SRV nalika iku durung cukup<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/koleksi-utama-monpers-pemancar-radio-kambing/|title=Koleksi Utama Monpers: Pemancar Radio Kambing – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-26|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Mirsani kahanan kasebut, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII maringi panyengkuyung lan bantuan nyata awujud lemah hibah kanthi amba 5.000 meter persegi kang nduwèni nilai f 15.000 (limalas ewu gulden). Lemah kasebut dumunung ing Kampung Kestalan, persis ing sisih kidul [[Stasiun Balapan Surakarta]]. Ing ndhuwur lemah hibah kasebut banjur dibangun gedhong resmi SRV, kang ing mangsa saiki dadi Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solobalapan.jawapos.com/tempoe-doeloe/2401090021/gedung-radio-republik-indonesia-rri-surakarta-jadi-saksi-sejarah-penyiaran-radio-pribumi-pertama-di-indonesia|title=Gedung Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta, Jadi Saksi Sejarah Penyiaran Radio Pribumi Pertama di Indonesia|last=Aprilia|first=Nindia|date=2024-01-09|website=Solo Balapan|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Pembangunan gedhong studio SRV diwiwiti ing tanggal 15 September 1935. Pamasangan watu kapisan ditindakaké déning putri saka K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenegoro VII, yaiku B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani utawa kang luwih akrab disapa Gusti Nurul. Perancangan lan pelaksanaan téknis pembangunan diserahaké marang arsitek Walanda aran Ir. FCL Van Olden. Sawisé pembangunan rampung, gedhong studio SRV diresmikaké secara resmi ing tanggal 23 September 1936 lan diresmikaké uga déning Gusti Nurul<ref name=":2" />. == Puncak Kejayaan lan Mangsa Pendudukan Jepang == === Pengiring Tari ing Walanda (1937) === [[Barkas:Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII van Soerakarta, biedt op paleis Noordeinde te Den Haag prinses Juliana en prins Bernhard een huwelijksgeschenk aan in d, KITLV 150968.tiff|thumb|right|280px|alt=Gusti Nurul ing Pura Noordeinde Den Haag|Gusti Nurul nalika ngaturaké kado pahargyan palakrama sarta nampilaké tarian ing Pura Noordeinde, Den Haag, Walanda (1937) kang diiringi swara gamelan langsung lumantar siaran radio SRV.]] Puncak kejayaan lan prestasi internasional Solosche Radio Vereeniging dumadi ing taun 1937. Nalika iku, SRV kasil nyiaraké swara gamelan kanthi langsung saka studio Surakarta menyang Walanda kanggo ngiringi Gusti Nurul kang lagi nampilaké tarian tradisional Jawa<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/gusti-noeroel-mengejar-kebahagiaan/|title=Gusti Noeroel – Mengejar Kebahagiaan – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3067946/pesona-tarian-gusti-nurul-yang-memikat-ratu-belanda|title=Pesona Tarian Gusti Nurul yang Memikat Ratu Belanda|last=Dariyanto|first=Erwin|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Sajian tari kasebut ditampilaké ing ngarepé Ratu Walanda lan para tamu kerajaan minangka hadiah pahargyan palakrama Putri Juliana lan Pangeran Bernhard. Ing prastawa sajarah kasebut, Gusti Nurul tindak menyang Walanda didampingi déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII sarta Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur lan rombongan Pura Mangkunegaran. Keberhasilan pancaran siaran nembus benua Eropa kasebut dadi bukti kemajuan téknologi radio lan keagungan seni Jawa kang diusung déning SRV<ref name=":4" />. === Bumi Hangus lan Pendudukan Jepang (1942) === Pangrembakan lan kejayaan SRV kepeksa mandheg nalika wadya bala Jepang mlebu lan nguasai wewengkon Surakarta ing taun 1942. Ing tanggal 2 Maret 1942, Pemerintah Hindhiya-Walanda maringi prentah marang pengurus SRV supaya ngrusak lan ngobong sakèhing aset pemancar siaran (bumi hangus). Langkah iki ditindakaké minangka antisipasi supaya piranti informasi lan komunikasi kasebut ora dijupuk lan digunakaké déning bala Jepang kanggo alat propaganda<ref name=":0" />. Sanajan ana prentah kasebut, para pengurus SRV ora ngrusak kabèh alat. Sawetara piranti siaran penting kasil didelikaké ing panggonan kang aman, nanging kabèh kagiyatan siaran kepeksa mandheg kanggo sauntara wektu. Wadya bala Jepang pungkasané mendarat lan mlebu ing Kutha Surakarta ing tanggal 5 Maret 1942<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.espos.id/catatan-peristiwa-dunia-hari-ini-5-maret-1942-jepang-kuasai-batavia-899917|title=CATATAN PERISTIWA DUNIA HARI INI : 5 Maret 1942, Jepang Kuasai Batavia|last=Saputra|first=Ginanjar|date=March 5, 2018|website=Solopos Espos Dunia}}</ref>. Telung dina sawisé iku, ing tanggal 8 Maret 1942, Komandan Pasukan Jepang aran H. Funabiki teka ing kantor SRV lan nemoni pengurus radio kasebut, antarané yaiku R. Maladi, Utojo, lan Sugoto. Komandan Jepang kasebut mrentahaké supaya stasiun radio SRV bisa disiyapaké lan dikudharaké manèh. Seblak saka prastawa kasebut, jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging diowahi dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku. Stasiun iki banjur dadi cabang saka organisasi siaran Hoso Kanri Kyoku kang duwé pusat ing Batavia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/1745338/sejarah-radio-hoso-kyoku-jepang-hingga-menjadi-rri|title=‎Sejarah Radio Hoso Kyoku Jepang hingga Menjadi RRI - RRI.co.id|last=Hairani|first=Rini|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta == Kahanan siaran ing ngisor pengawasan Hoso Kanri Kyoku lan kabèh cabangé pungkasané mandheg nalika bangsa Indonésia ngumandhangaké kamardikan lumantar Proklamasi tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Sawisé kamardikan diproklamasikaké, para tokoh lan penggiat radio ing macem-macem daerah nganakaké serangkaian rapat strategis kanggo ngrembug masa depan lan arah penyiaran radio nasional<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />. Rapat-rapat kasebut ngasilaké kesepakatan penting yaiku penetapan dina lahiré Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) ing tanggal 11 September 1945. Sakèhing bekas kantor lan jaringan siaran cabang SRV kang sadurungé dijupuk alih déning Jepang banjur digabung lan dadi bagian utami saka jaringan radio nasional iki. Gedhong bekas kantor Solosche Radio Vereeniging ing Kestalan Surakarta banjur resmi dienggo minangka stasiun lan kantor RRI Surakarta nganti tekan saiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muspen.komdigi.go.id/forum/sejarah-berdirinya-rri-di-tanggal-11-september-1945|title=Sejarah berdirinya RRI di tanggal 11 September 1945 - Halo Muspeners,|website=muspen.komdigi.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] * [[Mangkunagara VII]] * [[Gusti Nurul]] * [[Monumen Pers Nasional]] * [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [[https://rri.co.id](https://rri.co.id) Situs resmi Radio Republik Indonesia] * [[https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id) Arsip Sajarah Penyiaran ing Monumen Pers Nasional Surakarta] oesdyl8hyvvq8gujs2m98engu4yiohl 1751989 1751987 2026-07-31T14:23:22Z Ony3345 68093 1751989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Solosche Radio Vereeniging | full_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = KITLV A621 - Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII, spreekt op 18-jarige leeftijd voor microfoon van de 2e zender van de Solosche Radio Vereniging te Soerakarta.tif | image_size = 320px | caption = B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani (Gusti Nurul) nalika paring sesorah ing ngarep mikrofon pemancar Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = SRV | nickname = | pronounce = | pronounce ref = | pronounce comment = | pronounce 2 = | named_after = | motto = | predecessor = Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras (JKM) | merged = | successor = Solo Hoso Kyoku / [[Radio Republik Indonésia|RRI Surakarta]] | formation = [[1 April]] [[1933]] | founder = [[Mangkunagara VII|K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] | founding_location = Societeit Mangkunegaran, [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | dissolved = [[1942]] (dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku) | merger = | type = Lembaga penyiaran radio | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Panyebaran lan pelestarian seni sarta kabudayan Jawa | professional_title = | headquarters = [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta|Kestalan]], [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_city = [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_country = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | location_city2 = | location_country2 = | addnl_location_city = | addnl_location_country = | addnl_location_city2 = | addnl_location_country2 = | coordinates = | origins = | region_served = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | products = | services = Siaran radio | methods = | fields = | membership = ±4.000 anggota (1934) | membership_year = 1934 | language = [[Basa Jawa]], [[Basa Walanda]] | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = Pangarsa (Ketua) | leader_name = [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = R. Maladi, Utojo, Sugoto, [[Gusti Nurul|B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani]] | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = Cabang Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | students = | students_year = | awards = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | bodystyle = }} '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé SRV<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mangkunegaran.id/|title=Solosche Radio Vereeniging: Cikal Bakal Radio Republik Indonesia|date=2024-10-07|website=Mangkunegaran|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Lairé SRV diprakarsani déning [[K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] lan dikembangkaké déning [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]]. Radio iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet saéngga kasil nggayuh réwon anggota sarta bisa mbangun kantor studio modèrn ing wewengkon [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Kutha Surakarta|Kestalan]]. Kejaba nyiaraké ing jroning nagara, SRV uga ncathet sajarah internasional amarga kasil nyiaraké swara [[gamelan]] langsung saka Surakarta menyang nagara Walanda kanggo ngiringi tarian [[Gusti Nurul]] ing taun 1937<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mowid.anri.go.id/index.php/tari-srimpi-tunggal-1-2|title=Tari Srimpi Tunggal - We bring people and nations together through education, culture and science (UNESCO)|website=mowid.anri.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Nalika mangsa pendudukan Jepang, SRV owah jeneng dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku, sadurungé pungkasané dadi cikal bakal RRI Surakarta sawisé Indonésia mardika<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah lan Latar Wuri == === Cikal Bakal saka Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras === Gagasan awal madegé Solosche Radio Vereeniging ora bisa dipisahaké saka pakumpulan kesenian Jawa kang aran [[Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras]] (JKM). Pakumpulan iki dibina lan dipayungi langsung déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII ing lingkungan [[Pura Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]]<ref name=":0" />. Kagiyatan utami saka JKM yaiku ing babagan [[seni karawitan]], yaiku nabuh piranti musik gamelan sarta nglagokaké gendhing-gendhing Jawa utawa kang luwih umum diarani klenengan. Sakèhing kagiyatan latihan lan pementasan kasebut ditindakaké kanthi rutin ing wewengkon njero Pura Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/2304033/mengulas-solosche-radio-vereeniging-pelopor-penyiaran-radio-indonesia|title=Mengulas Solosche Radio Vereeniging, Pelopor Penyiaran Radio Indonesia - RRI.co.id|last=Afriandita|first=Zahfa Putri|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII pancèn kaloka minangka tokoh panguwasa kang nduwèni kawigatèn lan katresnan kang gedhé marang seni lan kabudayan Nusantara, mliginé budaya Jawa. Bentuk panyengkuyung nyata saka panguwasa Mangkunegaran kasebut ditindakaké kanthi nyadiakaké saserangkaian piranti téknik pemancar siaran. Piranti téknik kasebut dituku saka stasiun radio swasta kagungané wong Walanda ing Ngayogyakarta kang aran Djocjasche Radio Vereeniging. Pemancar kasebut banjur digunakaké kanggo nyiaraké pagelaran klenengan déning Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras lan pertunjukan [[Ringgit tiyang|wayang wong]] saka Kagungan Dalem Balekambang lumantar *call sign* PK2MN utawa Pemancar Kring Ketimuran Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orari.or.id/sejarah-orari/|title=Sejarah ORARI|date=2026-07-30|website=ORARI|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/srv-pelopor-radio-ketimuran/|title=SRV Pelopor Radio Ketimuran – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-23|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. === Rembugan lan Madegé SRV === Nalika téknologi siaran radio sansaya ngrembaka, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII banjur mbaskara lan ngendikakaké kapercayan marang R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo supaya ngembangaké jaringan siaran seni lan budaya Jawa kasebut kanthi luwih profesional lan wiyar. R.M. Ir. Sarsito banjur nindakaké langkah strategis kanthi ngumpulaké para tokoh lan para panyeneng seni ing sawijining patemon resmi<ref name=":0" />. Rapat kasebut dianakaké ing tanggal 1 April 1933 panggonané ing gedhong [[Societëit Mangkunegaran]], wangunan kang ing mangsa saiki misuwur minangka Monumen Pers Nasional. Ing rapat kasebut, R.M. Ir. Sarsito ngutarakaké gagasané babagan perluné mbangun sawijining stasiun radio anyar kang nduwèni kualitas siaran luwih becik lan terorganisir. Usulan kasebut disetujoni déning kkabèh peserta rapat saéngga dadi tandha disepakati madegé Perhimpunan Radio Omroep kang diwèhi jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). Ing organisasi anyar iki, R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo kapilih dadi pangarsa kapisan<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/kgpaa-mangkunegoro-vii-tokoh-perintis-penyiaran-nasional/|title=KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII, Tokoh Perintis Penyiaran Nasional – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Pangembangan lan Mbangun Studio == === Perluasan Jangkauan lan Anggota === Lairé SRV dadi wujud nyata saka gegayuhan K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII lan para pegiat seni kanggo nyebarluasaké kagunan Jawa lumantar media siaran radio. Keberhasilan siaran awal SRV bisa dibuktèkaké saka jangkauan pemancar radio kasebut. Siaran perdana SRV kang nampilaké klenengan karawitan saka Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras kasebut jebul bisa keprungu kanthi cetha nganti tekan nagara Walanda<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Prastawa kasebut nggawé jeneng SRV sansaya misuwur saéngga organisasi iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet banget. Jumlah anggota SRV terus mundhak nganti tekan angka 4.000 wong ing macem-macem wilayah Hindhiya-Walanda. Materi isi siarané uga ora mung winates ing seni karawitan lan klenengan waé, nanging uga dimudhakaké lan dijembaraké kanthi nampilaké jinis musik liyané, salah sijiné yaiku musik keroncong<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surakarta/regional/1308458/menggali-sejarah-radio-di-indonesia-srv-dan-tantangan-digitalisasi|title=Menggali Sejarah Radio di Indonesia: SRV dan Tantangan Digitalisasi - RRI.co.id|last=Asegaf|first=Soufi|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Amiwiti saka sukses siaran ing wewengkon Surakarta, SRV banjur nindakaké ekspansi kanthi mbangun cabang-cabang anyar ing macem-macem kutha gedhé. Cabang-cabang iki ing tembe mburi ngrembaka dadi stasiun radio siaran mandiri. Sawetara kutha kang dadi papan dunungé cabang SRV antarané yaiku Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor<ref name=":0" />. === Mbangun Studio ing Kestalan === Kanggo ngatur organisasi kang sansaya gedhé, SRV nganakaké kongres ing Surakarta ing tanggal 15 Januari 1935. Salah siji keputusan wigati saka kongres kasebut yaiku yèn SRV kudu nduwèni gedhong studio dhéwé kang adiluhung lan memadai kanggo kabutuhan operasional siaran sehari-hari. Nanging, anggaran pembangunan gedhong kang diduwèni déning kas SRV nalika iku durung cukup<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/koleksi-utama-monpers-pemancar-radio-kambing/|title=Koleksi Utama Monpers: Pemancar Radio Kambing – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-26|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Mirsani kahanan kasebut, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII maringi panyengkuyung lan bantuan nyata awujud lemah hibah kanthi amba 5.000 meter persegi kang nduwèni nilai f 15.000 (limalas ewu gulden). Lemah kasebut dumunung ing Kampung Kestalan, persis ing sisih kidul [[Stasiun Balapan Surakarta]]. Ing ndhuwur lemah hibah kasebut banjur dibangun gedhong resmi SRV, kang ing mangsa saiki dadi Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solobalapan.jawapos.com/tempoe-doeloe/2401090021/gedung-radio-republik-indonesia-rri-surakarta-jadi-saksi-sejarah-penyiaran-radio-pribumi-pertama-di-indonesia|title=Gedung Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta, Jadi Saksi Sejarah Penyiaran Radio Pribumi Pertama di Indonesia|last=Aprilia|first=Nindia|date=2024-01-09|website=Solo Balapan|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Pembangunan gedhong studio SRV diwiwiti ing tanggal 15 September 1935. Pamasangan watu kapisan ditindakaké déning putri saka K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenegoro VII, yaiku B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani utawa kang luwih akrab disapa Gusti Nurul. Perancangan lan pelaksanaan téknis pembangunan diserahaké marang arsitek Walanda aran Ir. FCL Van Olden. Sawisé pembangunan rampung, gedhong studio SRV diresmikaké secara resmi ing tanggal 23 September 1936 lan diresmikaké uga déning Gusti Nurul<ref name=":2" />. == Puncak Kejayaan lan Mangsa Pendudukan Jepang == === Pengiring Tari ing Walanda (1937) === [[Barkas:Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII van Soerakarta, biedt op paleis Noordeinde te Den Haag prinses Juliana en prins Bernhard een huwelijksgeschenk aan in d, KITLV 150968.tiff|thumb|right|280px|alt=Gusti Nurul ing Pura Noordeinde Den Haag|Gusti Nurul nalika ngaturaké kado pahargyan palakrama sarta nampilaké tarian ing Pura Noordeinde, Den Haag, Walanda (1937) kang diiringi swara gamelan langsung lumantar siaran radio SRV.]] Puncak kejayaan lan prestasi internasional Solosche Radio Vereeniging dumadi ing taun 1937. Nalika iku, SRV kasil nyiaraké swara gamelan kanthi langsung saka studio Surakarta menyang Walanda kanggo ngiringi Gusti Nurul kang lagi nampilaké tarian tradisional Jawa<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/gusti-noeroel-mengejar-kebahagiaan/|title=Gusti Noeroel – Mengejar Kebahagiaan – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3067946/pesona-tarian-gusti-nurul-yang-memikat-ratu-belanda|title=Pesona Tarian Gusti Nurul yang Memikat Ratu Belanda|last=Dariyanto|first=Erwin|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Sajian tari kasebut ditampilaké ing ngarepé Ratu Walanda lan para tamu kerajaan minangka hadiah pahargyan palakrama Putri Juliana lan Pangeran Bernhard. Ing prastawa sajarah kasebut, Gusti Nurul tindak menyang Walanda didampingi déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII sarta Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur lan rombongan Pura Mangkunegaran. Keberhasilan pancaran siaran nembus benua Eropa kasebut dadi bukti kemajuan téknologi radio lan keagungan seni Jawa kang diusung déning SRV<ref name=":4" />. === Bumi Hangus lan Pendudukan Jepang (1942) === Pangrembakan lan kejayaan SRV kepeksa mandheg nalika wadya bala Jepang mlebu lan nguasai wewengkon Surakarta ing taun 1942. Ing tanggal 2 Maret 1942, Pemerintah Hindhiya-Walanda maringi prentah marang pengurus SRV supaya ngrusak lan ngobong sakèhing aset pemancar siaran (bumi hangus). Langkah iki ditindakaké minangka antisipasi supaya piranti informasi lan komunikasi kasebut ora dijupuk lan digunakaké déning bala Jepang kanggo alat propaganda<ref name=":0" />. Sanajan ana prentah kasebut, para pengurus SRV ora ngrusak kabèh alat. Sawetara piranti siaran penting kasil didelikaké ing panggonan kang aman, nanging kabèh kagiyatan siaran kepeksa mandheg kanggo sauntara wektu. Wadya bala Jepang pungkasané mendarat lan mlebu ing Kutha Surakarta ing tanggal 5 Maret 1942<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.espos.id/catatan-peristiwa-dunia-hari-ini-5-maret-1942-jepang-kuasai-batavia-899917|title=CATATAN PERISTIWA DUNIA HARI INI : 5 Maret 1942, Jepang Kuasai Batavia|last=Saputra|first=Ginanjar|date=March 5, 2018|website=Solopos Espos Dunia}}</ref>. Telung dina sawisé iku, ing tanggal 8 Maret 1942, Komandan Pasukan Jepang aran H. Funabiki teka ing kantor SRV lan nemoni pengurus radio kasebut, antarané yaiku R. Maladi, Utojo, lan Sugoto. Komandan Jepang kasebut mrentahaké supaya stasiun radio SRV bisa disiyapaké lan dikudharaké manèh. Seblak saka prastawa kasebut, jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging diowahi dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku. Stasiun iki banjur dadi cabang saka organisasi siaran Hoso Kanri Kyoku kang duwé pusat ing Batavia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/1745338/sejarah-radio-hoso-kyoku-jepang-hingga-menjadi-rri|title=‎Sejarah Radio Hoso Kyoku Jepang hingga Menjadi RRI - RRI.co.id|last=Hairani|first=Rini|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta == [[Barkas:RRI 1945.png|thumb|right|160px|alt=Logo kapisan Radio Republik Indonesia 1945|Logo kapisan Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) kang resmi digunakaké sarta diresmikaké nalika tanggal 11 September 1945.]] Kahanan siaran ing ngisor pengawasan Hoso Kanri Kyoku lan kabèh cabangé pungkasané mandheg nalika bangsa Indonésia ngumandhangaké kamardikan lumantar Proklamasi tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Sawisé kamardikan diproklamasikaké, para tokoh lan penggiat radio ing macem-macem daerah nganakaké serangkaian rapat strategis kanggo ngrembug masa depan lan arah penyiaran radio nasional<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />. Rapat-rapat kasebut ngasilaké kesepakatan penting yaiku penetapan dina lahiré Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) ing tanggal 11 September 1945. Sakèhing bekas kantor lan jaringan siaran cabang SRV kang sadurungé dijupuk alih déning Jepang banjur digabung lan dadi bagian utami saka jaringan radio nasional iki. Gedhong bekas kantor Solosche Radio Vereeniging ing Kestalan Surakarta banjur resmi dienggo minangka stasiun lan kantor RRI Surakarta nganti tekan saiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muspen.komdigi.go.id/forum/sejarah-berdirinya-rri-di-tanggal-11-september-1945|title=Sejarah berdirinya RRI di tanggal 11 September 1945 - Halo Muspeners,|website=muspen.komdigi.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] * [[Mangkunagara VII]] * [[Gusti Nurul]] * [[Monumen Pers Nasional]] * [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [[https://rri.co.id](https://rri.co.id) Situs resmi Radio Republik Indonesia] * [[https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id](https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id) Arsip Sajarah Penyiaran ing Monumen Pers Nasional Surakarta] raelf3p0su4k45x5ryka0izehbknaqy 1751991 1751989 2026-07-31T14:28:27Z Ony3345 68093 1751991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Solosche Radio Vereeniging | full_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = KITLV A621 - Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII, spreekt op 18-jarige leeftijd voor microfoon van de 2e zender van de Solosche Radio Vereniging te Soerakarta.tif | image_size = 320px | caption = B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani (Gusti Nurul) nalika paring sesorah ing ngarep mikrofon pemancar Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = SRV | nickname = | pronounce = | pronounce ref = | pronounce comment = | pronounce 2 = | named_after = | motto = | predecessor = Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras (JKM) | merged = | successor = Solo Hoso Kyoku / [[Radio Republik Indonésia|RRI Surakarta]] | formation = [[1 April]] [[1933]] | founder = [[Mangkunagara VII|K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] | founding_location = Societeit Mangkunegaran, [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | dissolved = [[1942]] (dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku) | merger = | type = Lembaga penyiaran radio | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Panyebaran lan pelestarian seni sarta kabudayan Jawa | professional_title = | headquarters = [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta|Kestalan]], [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_city = [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_country = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | location_city2 = | location_country2 = | addnl_location_city = | addnl_location_country = | addnl_location_city2 = | addnl_location_country2 = | coordinates = | origins = | region_served = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | products = | services = Siaran radio | methods = | fields = | membership = ±4.000 anggota (1934) | membership_year = 1934 | language = [[Basa Jawa]], [[Basa Walanda]] | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = Pangarsa (Ketua) | leader_name = [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = R. Maladi, Utojo, Sugoto, [[Gusti Nurul|B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani]] | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = Cabang Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | students = | students_year = | awards = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | bodystyle = }} '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé SRV<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mangkunegaran.id/|title=Solosche Radio Vereeniging: Cikal Bakal Radio Republik Indonesia|date=2024-10-07|website=Mangkunegaran|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Lairé SRV diprakarsani déning [[K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] lan dikembangkaké déning [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]]. Radio iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet saéngga kasil nggayuh réwon anggota sarta bisa mbangun kantor studio modèrn ing wewengkon [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Kutha Surakarta|Kestalan]]. Kejaba nyiaraké ing jroning nagara, SRV uga ncathet sajarah internasional amarga kasil nyiaraké swara [[gamelan]] langsung saka Surakarta menyang nagara Walanda kanggo ngiringi tarian [[Gusti Nurul]] ing taun 1937<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mowid.anri.go.id/index.php/tari-srimpi-tunggal-1-2|title=Tari Srimpi Tunggal - We bring people and nations together through education, culture and science (UNESCO)|website=mowid.anri.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Nalika mangsa pendudukan Jepang, SRV owah jeneng dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku, sadurungé pungkasané dadi cikal bakal RRI Surakarta sawisé Indonésia mardika<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah lan Latar Wuri == === Cikal Bakal saka Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras === Gagasan awal madegé Solosche Radio Vereeniging ora bisa dipisahaké saka pakumpulan kesenian Jawa kang aran [[Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras]] (JKM). Pakumpulan iki dibina lan dipayungi langsung déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII ing lingkungan [[Pura Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]]<ref name=":0" />. Kagiyatan utami saka JKM yaiku ing babagan [[seni karawitan]], yaiku nabuh piranti musik gamelan sarta nglagokaké gendhing-gendhing Jawa utawa kang luwih umum diarani klenengan. Sakèhing kagiyatan latihan lan pementasan kasebut ditindakaké kanthi rutin ing wewengkon njero Pura Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/2304033/mengulas-solosche-radio-vereeniging-pelopor-penyiaran-radio-indonesia|title=Mengulas Solosche Radio Vereeniging, Pelopor Penyiaran Radio Indonesia - RRI.co.id|last=Afriandita|first=Zahfa Putri|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII pancèn kaloka minangka tokoh panguwasa kang nduwèni kawigatèn lan katresnan kang gedhé marang seni lan kabudayan Nusantara, mliginé budaya Jawa. Bentuk panyengkuyung nyata saka panguwasa Mangkunegaran kasebut ditindakaké kanthi nyadiakaké saserangkaian piranti téknik pemancar siaran. Piranti téknik kasebut dituku saka stasiun radio swasta kagungané wong Walanda ing Ngayogyakarta kang aran Djocjasche Radio Vereeniging. Pemancar kasebut banjur digunakaké kanggo nyiaraké pagelaran klenengan déning Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras lan pertunjukan [[Ringgit tiyang|wayang wong]] saka Kagungan Dalem Balekambang lumantar *call sign* PK2MN utawa Pemancar Kring Ketimuran Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orari.or.id/sejarah-orari/|title=Sejarah ORARI|date=2026-07-30|website=ORARI|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/srv-pelopor-radio-ketimuran/|title=SRV Pelopor Radio Ketimuran – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-23|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. === Rembugan lan Madegé SRV === Nalika téknologi siaran radio sansaya ngrembaka, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII banjur mbaskara lan ngendikakaké kapercayan marang R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo supaya ngembangaké jaringan siaran seni lan budaya Jawa kasebut kanthi luwih profesional lan wiyar. R.M. Ir. Sarsito banjur nindakaké langkah strategis kanthi ngumpulaké para tokoh lan para panyeneng seni ing sawijining patemon resmi<ref name=":0" />. Rapat kasebut dianakaké ing tanggal 1 April 1933 panggonané ing gedhong [[Societëit Mangkunegaran]], wangunan kang ing mangsa saiki misuwur minangka Monumen Pers Nasional. Ing rapat kasebut, R.M. Ir. Sarsito ngutarakaké gagasané babagan perluné mbangun sawijining stasiun radio anyar kang nduwèni kualitas siaran luwih becik lan terorganisir. Usulan kasebut disetujoni déning kkabèh peserta rapat saéngga dadi tandha disepakati madegé Perhimpunan Radio Omroep kang diwèhi jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). Ing organisasi anyar iki, R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo kapilih dadi pangarsa kapisan<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/kgpaa-mangkunegoro-vii-tokoh-perintis-penyiaran-nasional/|title=KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII, Tokoh Perintis Penyiaran Nasional – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Pangembangan lan Mbangun Studio == === Perluasan Jangkauan lan Anggota === Lairé SRV dadi wujud nyata saka gegayuhan K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII lan para pegiat seni kanggo nyebarluasaké kagunan Jawa lumantar media siaran radio. Keberhasilan siaran awal SRV bisa dibuktèkaké saka jangkauan pemancar radio kasebut. Siaran perdana SRV kang nampilaké klenengan karawitan saka Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras kasebut jebul bisa keprungu kanthi cetha nganti tekan nagara Walanda<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Prastawa kasebut nggawé jeneng SRV sansaya misuwur saéngga organisasi iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet banget. Jumlah anggota SRV terus mundhak nganti tekan angka 4.000 wong ing macem-macem wilayah Hindhiya-Walanda. Materi isi siarané uga ora mung winates ing seni karawitan lan klenengan waé, nanging uga dimudhakaké lan dijembaraké kanthi nampilaké jinis musik liyané, salah sijiné yaiku musik keroncong<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surakarta/regional/1308458/menggali-sejarah-radio-di-indonesia-srv-dan-tantangan-digitalisasi|title=Menggali Sejarah Radio di Indonesia: SRV dan Tantangan Digitalisasi - RRI.co.id|last=Asegaf|first=Soufi|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Amiwiti saka sukses siaran ing wewengkon Surakarta, SRV banjur nindakaké ekspansi kanthi mbangun cabang-cabang anyar ing macem-macem kutha gedhé. Cabang-cabang iki ing tembe mburi ngrembaka dadi stasiun radio siaran mandiri. Sawetara kutha kang dadi papan dunungé cabang SRV antarané yaiku Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor<ref name=":0" />. === Mbangun Studio ing Kestalan === Kanggo ngatur organisasi kang sansaya gedhé, SRV nganakaké kongres ing Surakarta ing tanggal 15 Januari 1935. Salah siji keputusan wigati saka kongres kasebut yaiku yèn SRV kudu nduwèni gedhong studio dhéwé kang adiluhung lan memadai kanggo kabutuhan operasional siaran sehari-hari. Nanging, anggaran pembangunan gedhong kang diduwèni déning kas SRV nalika iku durung cukup<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/koleksi-utama-monpers-pemancar-radio-kambing/|title=Koleksi Utama Monpers: Pemancar Radio Kambing – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-26|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Mirsani kahanan kasebut, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII maringi panyengkuyung lan bantuan nyata awujud lemah hibah kanthi amba 5.000 meter persegi kang nduwèni nilai f 15.000 (limalas ewu gulden). Lemah kasebut dumunung ing Kampung Kestalan, persis ing sisih kidul [[Stasiun Balapan Surakarta]]. Ing ndhuwur lemah hibah kasebut banjur dibangun gedhong resmi SRV, kang ing mangsa saiki dadi Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solobalapan.jawapos.com/tempoe-doeloe/2401090021/gedung-radio-republik-indonesia-rri-surakarta-jadi-saksi-sejarah-penyiaran-radio-pribumi-pertama-di-indonesia|title=Gedung Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta, Jadi Saksi Sejarah Penyiaran Radio Pribumi Pertama di Indonesia|last=Aprilia|first=Nindia|date=2024-01-09|website=Solo Balapan|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Pembangunan gedhong studio SRV diwiwiti ing tanggal 15 September 1935. Pamasangan watu kapisan ditindakaké déning putri saka K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenegoro VII, yaiku B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani utawa kang luwih akrab disapa Gusti Nurul. Perancangan lan pelaksanaan téknis pembangunan diserahaké marang arsitek Walanda aran Ir. FCL Van Olden. Sawisé pembangunan rampung, gedhong studio SRV diresmikaké secara resmi ing tanggal 23 September 1936 lan diresmikaké uga déning Gusti Nurul<ref name=":2" />. == Puncak Kejayaan lan Mangsa Pendudukan Jepang == === Pengiring Tari ing Walanda (1937) === [[Barkas:Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII van Soerakarta, biedt op paleis Noordeinde te Den Haag prinses Juliana en prins Bernhard een huwelijksgeschenk aan in d, KITLV 150968.tiff|thumb|right|280px|alt=Gusti Nurul ing Pura Noordeinde Den Haag|Gusti Nurul nalika ngaturaké kado pahargyan palakrama sarta nampilaké tarian ing Pura Noordeinde, Den Haag, Walanda (1937) kang diiringi swara gamelan langsung lumantar siaran radio SRV.]] Puncak kejayaan lan prestasi internasional Solosche Radio Vereeniging dumadi ing taun 1937. Nalika iku, SRV kasil nyiaraké swara gamelan kanthi langsung saka studio Surakarta menyang Walanda kanggo ngiringi Gusti Nurul kang lagi nampilaké tarian tradisional Jawa<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/gusti-noeroel-mengejar-kebahagiaan/|title=Gusti Noeroel – Mengejar Kebahagiaan – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3067946/pesona-tarian-gusti-nurul-yang-memikat-ratu-belanda|title=Pesona Tarian Gusti Nurul yang Memikat Ratu Belanda|last=Dariyanto|first=Erwin|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Sajian tari kasebut ditampilaké ing ngarepé Ratu Walanda lan para tamu kerajaan minangka hadiah pahargyan palakrama Putri Juliana lan Pangeran Bernhard. Ing prastawa sajarah kasebut, Gusti Nurul tindak menyang Walanda didampingi déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII sarta Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur lan rombongan Pura Mangkunegaran. Keberhasilan pancaran siaran nembus benua Eropa kasebut dadi bukti kemajuan téknologi radio lan keagungan seni Jawa kang diusung déning SRV<ref name=":4" />. === Bumi Hangus lan Pendudukan Jepang (1942) === Pangrembakan lan kejayaan SRV kepeksa mandheg nalika wadya bala Jepang mlebu lan nguasai wewengkon Surakarta ing taun 1942. Ing tanggal 2 Maret 1942, Pemerintah Hindhiya-Walanda maringi prentah marang pengurus SRV supaya ngrusak lan ngobong sakèhing aset pemancar siaran (bumi hangus). Langkah iki ditindakaké minangka antisipasi supaya piranti informasi lan komunikasi kasebut ora dijupuk lan digunakaké déning bala Jepang kanggo alat propaganda<ref name=":0" />. Sanajan ana prentah kasebut, para pengurus SRV ora ngrusak kabèh alat. Sawetara piranti siaran penting kasil didelikaké ing panggonan kang aman, nanging kabèh kagiyatan siaran kepeksa mandheg kanggo sauntara wektu. Wadya bala Jepang pungkasané mendarat lan mlebu ing Kutha Surakarta ing tanggal 5 Maret 1942<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.espos.id/catatan-peristiwa-dunia-hari-ini-5-maret-1942-jepang-kuasai-batavia-899917|title=CATATAN PERISTIWA DUNIA HARI INI : 5 Maret 1942, Jepang Kuasai Batavia|last=Saputra|first=Ginanjar|date=March 5, 2018|website=Solopos Espos Dunia}}</ref>. Telung dina sawisé iku, ing tanggal 8 Maret 1942, Komandan Pasukan Jepang aran H. Funabiki teka ing kantor SRV lan nemoni pengurus radio kasebut, antarané yaiku R. Maladi, Utojo, lan Sugoto. Komandan Jepang kasebut mrentahaké supaya stasiun radio SRV bisa disiyapaké lan dikudharaké manèh. Seblak saka prastawa kasebut, jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging diowahi dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku. Stasiun iki banjur dadi cabang saka organisasi siaran Hoso Kanri Kyoku kang duwé pusat ing Batavia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/1745338/sejarah-radio-hoso-kyoku-jepang-hingga-menjadi-rri|title=‎Sejarah Radio Hoso Kyoku Jepang hingga Menjadi RRI - RRI.co.id|last=Hairani|first=Rini|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta == [[Barkas:RRI 1945.png|thumb|right|160px|alt=Logo kapisan Radio Republik Indonesia 1945|Logo kapisan Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) kang resmi digunakaké sarta diresmikaké nalika tanggal 11 September 1945.]] Kahanan siaran ing ngisor pengawasan Hoso Kanri Kyoku lan kabèh cabangé pungkasané mandheg nalika bangsa Indonésia ngumandhangaké kamardikan lumantar Proklamasi tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Sawisé kamardikan diproklamasikaké, para tokoh lan penggiat radio ing macem-macem daerah nganakaké serangkaian rapat strategis kanggo ngrembug masa depan lan arah penyiaran radio nasional<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />. Rapat-rapat kasebut ngasilaké kesepakatan penting yaiku penetapan dina lahiré Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) ing tanggal 11 September 1945. Sakèhing bekas kantor lan jaringan siaran cabang SRV kang sadurungé dijupuk alih déning Jepang banjur digabung lan dadi bagian utami saka jaringan radio nasional iki. Gedhong bekas kantor Solosche Radio Vereeniging ing Kestalan Surakarta banjur resmi dienggo minangka stasiun lan kantor RRI Surakarta nganti tekan saiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muspen.komdigi.go.id/forum/sejarah-berdirinya-rri-di-tanggal-11-september-1945|title=Sejarah berdirinya RRI di tanggal 11 September 1945 - Halo Muspeners,|website=muspen.komdigi.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] * [[Mangkunagara VII]] * [[Gusti Nurul]] * [[Monumen Pers Nasional]] * [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [https://rri.co.id Situs resmi Radio Republik Indonesia] * [https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id Arsip Sajarah Penyiaran ing Monumen Pers Nasional Surakarta] [[Kategori:Sajarah Surakarta]] [[Kategori:Stasiun radio ing Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Mangkunagaran]] [[Kategori:Hindhiya Walanda]] [[Kategori:Radio Republik Indonesia]] b4lc0txr40ktvsfhxv8dol7djwylxqw 1751992 1751991 2026-07-31T14:34:49Z Ony3345 68093 /* Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta */ 1751992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Solosche Radio Vereeniging | full_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = KITLV A621 - Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII, spreekt op 18-jarige leeftijd voor microfoon van de 2e zender van de Solosche Radio Vereniging te Soerakarta.tif | image_size = 320px | caption = B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani (Gusti Nurul) nalika paring sesorah ing ngarep mikrofon pemancar Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = SRV | nickname = | pronounce = | pronounce ref = | pronounce comment = | pronounce 2 = | named_after = | motto = | predecessor = Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras (JKM) | merged = | successor = Solo Hoso Kyoku / [[Radio Republik Indonésia|RRI Surakarta]] | formation = [[1 April]] [[1933]] | founder = [[Mangkunagara VII|K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] | founding_location = Societeit Mangkunegaran, [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | dissolved = [[1942]] (dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku) | merger = | type = Lembaga penyiaran radio | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Panyebaran lan pelestarian seni sarta kabudayan Jawa | professional_title = | headquarters = [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta|Kestalan]], [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_city = [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] | location_country = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | location_city2 = | location_country2 = | addnl_location_city = | addnl_location_country = | addnl_location_city2 = | addnl_location_country2 = | coordinates = | origins = | region_served = [[Hindia-Walanda]] | products = | services = Siaran radio | methods = | fields = | membership = ±4.000 anggota (1934) | membership_year = 1934 | language = [[Basa Jawa]], [[Basa Walanda]] | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = Pangarsa (Ketua) | leader_name = [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = R. Maladi, Utojo, Sugoto, [[Gusti Nurul|B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani]] | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = Cabang Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | students = | students_year = | awards = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | bodystyle = }} '''Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV)''' yaiku pakumpulan siaran radio kapisan ing Hindhiya-Walanda kang diduweni lan dikelola déning kaum bumiputra. Lembaga siaran adhedhasar komunitas iki dumunung ing [[Kuthapraja Surakarta]] lan nduwèni fokus utami kanggo nyiaraké seni lan [[kabudayan Jawa]]. Sajarah lakuning siaran radio ing Indonésia, mliginé stasiun radio kagungan nagara yaiku [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] (RRI), ora bisa dipisahaké saka lelabuhan lan sajarah madegé SRV<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mangkunegaran.id/|title=Solosche Radio Vereeniging: Cikal Bakal Radio Republik Indonesia|date=2024-10-07|website=Mangkunegaran|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Lairé SRV diprakarsani déning [[K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII]] lan dikembangkaké déning [[R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo]]. Radio iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet saéngga kasil nggayuh réwon anggota sarta bisa mbangun kantor studio modèrn ing wewengkon [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Kutha Surakarta|Kestalan]]. Kejaba nyiaraké ing jroning nagara, SRV uga ncathet sajarah internasional amarga kasil nyiaraké swara [[gamelan]] langsung saka Surakarta menyang nagara Walanda kanggo ngiringi tarian [[Gusti Nurul]] ing taun 1937<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mowid.anri.go.id/index.php/tari-srimpi-tunggal-1-2|title=Tari Srimpi Tunggal - We bring people and nations together through education, culture and science (UNESCO)|website=mowid.anri.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Nalika mangsa pendudukan Jepang, SRV owah jeneng dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku, sadurungé pungkasané dadi cikal bakal RRI Surakarta sawisé Indonésia mardika<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah lan Latar Wuri == === Cikal Bakal saka Javaansche Kunstkring Mardiraras === Gagasan awal madegé Solosche Radio Vereeniging ora bisa dipisahaké saka pakumpulan kesenian Jawa kang aran [[Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras]] (JKM). Pakumpulan iki dibina lan dipayungi langsung déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII ing lingkungan [[Pura Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]]<ref name=":0" />. Kagiyatan utami saka JKM yaiku ing babagan [[seni karawitan]], yaiku nabuh piranti musik gamelan sarta nglagokaké gendhing-gendhing Jawa utawa kang luwih umum diarani klenengan. Sakèhing kagiyatan latihan lan pementasan kasebut ditindakaké kanthi rutin ing wewengkon njero Pura Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/2304033/mengulas-solosche-radio-vereeniging-pelopor-penyiaran-radio-indonesia|title=Mengulas Solosche Radio Vereeniging, Pelopor Penyiaran Radio Indonesia - RRI.co.id|last=Afriandita|first=Zahfa Putri|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII pancèn kaloka minangka tokoh panguwasa kang nduwèni kawigatèn lan katresnan kang gedhé marang seni lan kabudayan Nusantara, mliginé budaya Jawa. Bentuk panyengkuyung nyata saka panguwasa Mangkunegaran kasebut ditindakaké kanthi nyadiakaké saserangkaian piranti téknik pemancar siaran. Piranti téknik kasebut dituku saka stasiun radio swasta kagungané wong Walanda ing Ngayogyakarta kang aran Djocjasche Radio Vereeniging. Pemancar kasebut banjur digunakaké kanggo nyiaraké pagelaran klenengan déning Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras lan pertunjukan [[Ringgit tiyang|wayang wong]] saka Kagungan Dalem Balekambang lumantar *call sign* PK2MN utawa Pemancar Kring Ketimuran Mangkunegaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orari.or.id/sejarah-orari/|title=Sejarah ORARI|date=2026-07-30|website=ORARI|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/srv-pelopor-radio-ketimuran/|title=SRV Pelopor Radio Ketimuran – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-23|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. === Rembugan lan Madegé SRV === Nalika téknologi siaran radio sansaya ngrembaka, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII banjur mbaskara lan ngendikakaké kapercayan marang R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo supaya ngembangaké jaringan siaran seni lan budaya Jawa kasebut kanthi luwih profesional lan wiyar. R.M. Ir. Sarsito banjur nindakaké langkah strategis kanthi ngumpulaké para tokoh lan para panyeneng seni ing sawijining patemon resmi<ref name=":0" />. Rapat kasebut dianakaké ing tanggal 1 April 1933 panggonané ing gedhong [[Societëit Mangkunegaran]], wangunan kang ing mangsa saiki misuwur minangka Monumen Pers Nasional. Ing rapat kasebut, R.M. Ir. Sarsito ngutarakaké gagasané babagan perluné mbangun sawijining stasiun radio anyar kang nduwèni kualitas siaran luwih becik lan terorganisir. Usulan kasebut disetujoni déning kkabèh peserta rapat saéngga dadi tandha disepakati madegé Perhimpunan Radio Omroep kang diwèhi jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV). Ing organisasi anyar iki, R.M. Ir. Sarsito Mangoenkoesoemo kapilih dadi pangarsa kapisan<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/kgpaa-mangkunegoro-vii-tokoh-perintis-penyiaran-nasional/|title=KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII, Tokoh Perintis Penyiaran Nasional – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Pangembangan lan Mbangun Studio == === Perluasan Jangkauan lan Anggota === Lairé SRV dadi wujud nyata saka gegayuhan K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII lan para pegiat seni kanggo nyebarluasaké kagunan Jawa lumantar media siaran radio. Keberhasilan siaran awal SRV bisa dibuktèkaké saka jangkauan pemancar radio kasebut. Siaran perdana SRV kang nampilaké klenengan karawitan saka Javaansche Kuntskring Mardiraras kasebut jebul bisa keprungu kanthi cetha nganti tekan nagara Walanda<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Prastawa kasebut nggawé jeneng SRV sansaya misuwur saéngga organisasi iki ngalami pangembangan kang cepet banget. Jumlah anggota SRV terus mundhak nganti tekan angka 4.000 wong ing macem-macem wilayah Hindhiya-Walanda. Materi isi siarané uga ora mung winates ing seni karawitan lan klenengan waé, nanging uga dimudhakaké lan dijembaraké kanthi nampilaké jinis musik liyané, salah sijiné yaiku musik keroncong<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surakarta/regional/1308458/menggali-sejarah-radio-di-indonesia-srv-dan-tantangan-digitalisasi|title=Menggali Sejarah Radio di Indonesia: SRV dan Tantangan Digitalisasi - RRI.co.id|last=Asegaf|first=Soufi|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Amiwiti saka sukses siaran ing wewengkon Surakarta, SRV banjur nindakaké ekspansi kanthi mbangun cabang-cabang anyar ing macem-macem kutha gedhé. Cabang-cabang iki ing tembe mburi ngrembaka dadi stasiun radio siaran mandiri. Sawetara kutha kang dadi papan dunungé cabang SRV antarané yaiku Batavia, Bandung, Surabaya, Madiun, Semarang, Purwokerto, lan Bogor<ref name=":0" />. === Mbangun Studio ing Kestalan === Kanggo ngatur organisasi kang sansaya gedhé, SRV nganakaké kongres ing Surakarta ing tanggal 15 Januari 1935. Salah siji keputusan wigati saka kongres kasebut yaiku yèn SRV kudu nduwèni gedhong studio dhéwé kang adiluhung lan memadai kanggo kabutuhan operasional siaran sehari-hari. Nanging, anggaran pembangunan gedhong kang diduwèni déning kas SRV nalika iku durung cukup<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/koleksi-utama-monpers-pemancar-radio-kambing/|title=Koleksi Utama Monpers: Pemancar Radio Kambing – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-26|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Mirsani kahanan kasebut, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII maringi panyengkuyung lan bantuan nyata awujud lemah hibah kanthi amba 5.000 meter persegi kang nduwèni nilai f 15.000 (limalas ewu gulden). Lemah kasebut dumunung ing Kampung Kestalan, persis ing sisih kidul [[Stasiun Balapan Surakarta]]. Ing ndhuwur lemah hibah kasebut banjur dibangun gedhong resmi SRV, kang ing mangsa saiki dadi Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solobalapan.jawapos.com/tempoe-doeloe/2401090021/gedung-radio-republik-indonesia-rri-surakarta-jadi-saksi-sejarah-penyiaran-radio-pribumi-pertama-di-indonesia|title=Gedung Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Surakarta, Jadi Saksi Sejarah Penyiaran Radio Pribumi Pertama di Indonesia|last=Aprilia|first=Nindia|date=2024-01-09|website=Solo Balapan|language=id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Pembangunan gedhong studio SRV diwiwiti ing tanggal 15 September 1935. Pamasangan watu kapisan ditindakaké déning putri saka K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenegoro VII, yaiku B.R.Aj. Siti Noeroel Kamaril Koesoemowardhani utawa kang luwih akrab disapa Gusti Nurul. Perancangan lan pelaksanaan téknis pembangunan diserahaké marang arsitek Walanda aran Ir. FCL Van Olden. Sawisé pembangunan rampung, gedhong studio SRV diresmikaké secara resmi ing tanggal 23 September 1936 lan diresmikaké uga déning Gusti Nurul<ref name=":2" />. == Puncak Kejayaan lan Mangsa Pendudukan Jepang == === Pengiring Tari ing Walanda (1937) === [[Barkas:Goesti Raden Adjeng Siti Noeroel Koesoemowardani, dochter van Mangkoe Nagoro VII van Soerakarta, biedt op paleis Noordeinde te Den Haag prinses Juliana en prins Bernhard een huwelijksgeschenk aan in d, KITLV 150968.tiff|thumb|right|280px|alt=Gusti Nurul ing Pura Noordeinde Den Haag|Gusti Nurul nalika ngaturaké kado pahargyan palakrama sarta nampilaké tarian ing Pura Noordeinde, Den Haag, Walanda (1937) kang diiringi swara gamelan langsung lumantar siaran radio SRV.]] Puncak kejayaan lan prestasi internasional Solosche Radio Vereeniging dumadi ing taun 1937. Nalika iku, SRV kasil nyiaraké swara gamelan kanthi langsung saka studio Surakarta menyang Walanda kanggo ngiringi Gusti Nurul kang lagi nampilaké tarian tradisional Jawa<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/index.php/gusti-noeroel-mengejar-kebahagiaan/|title=Gusti Noeroel – Mengejar Kebahagiaan – Monumen Pers Nasional|date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3067946/pesona-tarian-gusti-nurul-yang-memikat-ratu-belanda|title=Pesona Tarian Gusti Nurul yang Memikat Ratu Belanda|last=Dariyanto|first=Erwin|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Sajian tari kasebut ditampilaké ing ngarepé Ratu Walanda lan para tamu kerajaan minangka hadiah pahargyan palakrama Putri Juliana lan Pangeran Bernhard. Ing prastawa sajarah kasebut, Gusti Nurul tindak menyang Walanda didampingi déning K.G.P.A.A. Mangkoenagoro VII sarta Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur lan rombongan Pura Mangkunegaran. Keberhasilan pancaran siaran nembus benua Eropa kasebut dadi bukti kemajuan téknologi radio lan keagungan seni Jawa kang diusung déning SRV<ref name=":4" />. === Bumi Hangus lan Pendudukan Jepang (1942) === Pangrembakan lan kejayaan SRV kepeksa mandheg nalika wadya bala Jepang mlebu lan nguasai wewengkon Surakarta ing taun 1942. Ing tanggal 2 Maret 1942, Pemerintah Hindhiya-Walanda maringi prentah marang pengurus SRV supaya ngrusak lan ngobong sakèhing aset pemancar siaran (bumi hangus). Langkah iki ditindakaké minangka antisipasi supaya piranti informasi lan komunikasi kasebut ora dijupuk lan digunakaké déning bala Jepang kanggo alat propaganda<ref name=":0" />. Sanajan ana prentah kasebut, para pengurus SRV ora ngrusak kabèh alat. Sawetara piranti siaran penting kasil didelikaké ing panggonan kang aman, nanging kabèh kagiyatan siaran kepeksa mandheg kanggo sauntara wektu. Wadya bala Jepang pungkasané mendarat lan mlebu ing Kutha Surakarta ing tanggal 5 Maret 1942<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.espos.id/catatan-peristiwa-dunia-hari-ini-5-maret-1942-jepang-kuasai-batavia-899917|title=CATATAN PERISTIWA DUNIA HARI INI : 5 Maret 1942, Jepang Kuasai Batavia|last=Saputra|first=Ginanjar|date=March 5, 2018|website=Solopos Espos Dunia}}</ref>. Telung dina sawisé iku, ing tanggal 8 Maret 1942, Komandan Pasukan Jepang aran H. Funabiki teka ing kantor SRV lan nemoni pengurus radio kasebut, antarané yaiku R. Maladi, Utojo, lan Sugoto. Komandan Jepang kasebut mrentahaké supaya stasiun radio SRV bisa disiyapaké lan dikudharaké manèh. Seblak saka prastawa kasebut, jeneng Solosche Radio Vereeniging diowahi dadi Solo Hoso Kyoku. Stasiun iki banjur dadi cabang saka organisasi siaran Hoso Kanri Kyoku kang duwé pusat ing Batavia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/nasional/1745338/sejarah-radio-hoso-kyoku-jepang-hingga-menjadi-rri|title=‎Sejarah Radio Hoso Kyoku Jepang hingga Menjadi RRI - RRI.co.id|last=Hairani|first=Rini|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Warisan lan Dadi RRI Surakarta == [[Barkas:RRI 1945.png|thumb|right|200px|alt=Logo kapisan Radio Republik Indonesia 1945|Logo kapisan Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) kang resmi digunakaké sarta diresmikaké nalika tanggal 11 September 1945.]] Kahanan siaran ing ngisor pengawasan Hoso Kanri Kyoku lan kabèh cabangé pungkasané mandheg nalika bangsa Indonésia ngumandhangaké kamardikan lumantar Proklamasi tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Sawisé kamardikan diproklamasikaké, para tokoh lan penggiat radio ing macem-macem daerah nganakaké serangkaian rapat strategis kanggo ngrembug masa depan lan arah penyiaran radio nasional<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />. Rapat-rapat kasebut ngasilaké kesepakatan penting yaiku penetapan dina lahiré Radio Republik Indonésia (RRI) ing tanggal 11 September 1945. Sakèhing bekas kantor lan jaringan siaran cabang SRV kang sadurungé dijupuk alih déning Jepang banjur digabung lan dadi bagian utami saka jaringan radio nasional iki. Gedhong bekas kantor Solosche Radio Vereeniging ing Kestalan Surakarta banjur resmi dienggo minangka stasiun lan kantor RRI Surakarta nganti tekan saiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muspen.komdigi.go.id/forum/sejarah-berdirinya-rri-di-tanggal-11-september-1945|title=Sejarah berdirinya RRI di tanggal 11 September 1945 - Halo Muspeners,|website=muspen.komdigi.go.id|access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Radio Republik Indonésia]] * [[Mangkunagara VII]] * [[Gusti Nurul]] * [[Monumen Pers Nasional]] * [[Kestalan, Banjarsari, Surakarta]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [https://rri.co.id Situs resmi Radio Republik Indonesia] * [https://monumenpers.kemkominfo.go.id Arsip Sajarah Penyiaran ing Monumen Pers Nasional Surakarta] [[Kategori:Sajarah Surakarta]] [[Kategori:Stasiun radio ing Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Mangkunagaran]] [[Kategori:Hindhiya Walanda]] [[Kategori:Radio Republik Indonesia]] eb5678jt4wl3ff48v11igapz4lalfvm 0 200648 1751998 2026-07-31T17:51:07Z Vyacheslav Nasretdinov 34512 Kaca anyar: {{rapèkaké}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Shymkent | native_name = Шымкент | native_name_lang = kk | settlement_type = Kutha wigati républik ing Kazakhstan | image_skyline = Aerial View of Shymkent.jpg | image_alt = Pandelengan saka udhara marang pérangan tengah Shymkent | image_caption = Pandelengan pérangan tengah Shymkent saka udhara | image_flag = Shymkent flag.svg | fla... 1751998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Shymkent | native_name = Шымкент | native_name_lang = kk | settlement_type = Kutha wigati républik ing Kazakhstan | image_skyline = Aerial View of Shymkent.jpg | image_alt = Pandelengan saka udhara marang pérangan tengah Shymkent | image_caption = Pandelengan pérangan tengah Shymkent saka udhara | image_flag = Shymkent flag.svg | flag_alt = Gendéra Shymkent | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Shymkent logo.svg | shield_alt = Lambang Shymkent | pushpin_map = Kazakhstan | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_alt = Peta Kazakhstan sing nuduhaké papané Shymkent | pushpin_map_caption = Papané Shymkent ing Kazakhstan | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = Pusat kutha | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Pratélan nagara ing donya|Nagara]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} | subdivision_type1 = Status administratif | subdivision_name1 = Kutha wigati républik ing Kazakhstan | subdivision_type2 = Distrik administratif | subdivision_name2 = Abay, Al-Farabi, Enbekshi, Karatau lan Turan | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Kaping pisan kasebut | established_date = Abad kaping 15 (gegayutan karo prastawa taun 1365—1366) | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Akim | leader_name = Gabit Syzdykbekov<ref name="akimat">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent?lang=ru |title=Pamaréntahan Kutha Shymkent |publisher=Platform internet manunggal badan pamaréntah Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="development">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent/documents/details/572558?lang=ru |title=Rencana pangembangan Kutha Shymkent taun 2021—2025 |date=2023-12-21 |publisher=Pamaréntahan Kutha Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = 1163 | population_footnotes = <ref name="population2026">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/341320/file/ru/ |title=Cacahing warga Républik Kazakhstan tanggal 1 Juni 2026 |date=2026-07-01 |format=XLSX |publisher=Biro Statistik Nasional Badan Perencanaan Strategis lan Réformasi Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> | population_total = 1308120 | population_as_of = 1 Juni 2026 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = Wektu Kazakhstan | utc_offset1 = +5 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Kodhe pos | postal_code = 160000 | area_code_type = Kodhe télpon | area_code = +7 7252 | iso_code = | website = {{URL|https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent}} | footnotes = Kodhe KATO: 511010000; kodhe registrasi kendaraan: 17 }} '''Shymkent''' ({{lang|kk|Шымкент}}; nganti taun 1992, ing basa Rusia jeneng iki sacara resmi ditulis '''Chimkent''') iku sawijining [[kutha]] ing sisih kidul [[Kazakhstan]]. Shymkent minangka siji saka telung kutha wigati républik ing Kazakhstan, bebarengan karo [[Astana]] lan [[Almaty]]. Kutha iki dadi satuan administratif-wilayah dhéwé lan ora kalebu ing Provinsi Turkistan sing ngubengi wilayahé. Shymkent olèh status kutha wigati républik tanggal 19 Juni 2018.<ref name="decree2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-nekotoryh-voprosah-administrativno-territorialnogo-ustroistva-respubliki-kazahstan |title=Bab sawetara prakara tata administratif lan wilayah Républik Kazakhstan |date=2018-06-19 |publisher=Situs resmi Présidhèn Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Tanggal 1 Juni 2026, cacahing warga kutha iki ana 1.308.120 jiwa. Miturut cacahing warga, Shymkent dadi kutha paling gedhé nomer telu ing Kazakhstan sawisé Almaty lan Astana.<ref name="population2026"/> Jembar wilayah administratifé 1.163 km².<ref name="development"/> Shymkent minangka salah siji pusat industri, dedagangan, transportasi, pawiyatan lan kabudayan paling gedhé ing sisih kidul nagara. Industri pangolahan, dedagangan, konstruksi, transportasi lan jasa nduwèni peran utama ing ékonominé; pangolahan lenga bumi, industri farmasi, industri pangan lan prodhuksi bahan bangunan uga wigati.<ref name="stat2026">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/ |title=Kutha Shymkent: ringkesan asil pangembangan sosial-ékonomi wilayah |publisher=Biro Statistik Nasional Badan Perencanaan Strategis lan Réformasi Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Panlitèn arkéologi ing tilas pamukiman kuna ing pusat sajarah nemokaké lapisan kabudayan kanthi kekandelan gunggung nganti 14 mèter. Keramik saka lapisan paling ngisor asalé saka pungkasan abad kaping 3 nganti wiwitan abad kaping 2 SM. Adhedhasar panemon iki, umur pamukiman kutha dikira paling ora 2.200 taun.<ref name="archaeology">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent-turizm/press/news/details/60485?lang=ru |title=Papan pamukiman kuna Shymkent |publisher=Dinas Pariwisata, Hubungan Njaba lan Industri Kreatif Kutha Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Nanging, pananggalan arkéologi pamukiman iku ora padha karo tanggal panyebutan jeneng kasebut kaping pisan ing sumber tinulis. Jeneng Shymkent kasebut ing ''Zafarnama'' anggitan Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi, sing disusun ing abad kaping 15 lan nyritakaké prastawa taun 1365—1366.<ref name="zafar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent-turizm/press/news/details/72607?lang=ru |title=Pitung alesan kanggo ngunjungi Shymkent |publisher=Dinas Pariwisata, Hubungan Njaba lan Industri Kreatif Kutha Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Asal jeneng == Panjlèntrèhan sing umum nggayutaké jeneng kutha iki karo unsur ''chim'' utawa ''shym'', sing tegesé “suket lemah”, “suket”, “ara-ara” utawa “papan ijo”, lan ''kent'', sing tegesé “kutha” utawa “pamukiman”. Miturut panjlèntrèhan iki, toponim kasebut bisa ditegesi “kutha ijo”, “kutha ing antarané ara-ara” utawa “kutha sing ngrembaka”. Unsur ''-kent'', sing asalé saka tradhisi toponimi Iran kuna, tinemu ing akèh jeneng pamukiman ing Asia Tengah, kalebu [[Tashkent]], Zharkent lan Mankent.<ref name="investintro">{{Cite web |url=https://shymkent.invest.gov.kz/ru/doing-business-here/intro/ |title=Kutha Shymkent: katrangan umum |publisher=Perusahaan nasional Kazakh Invest |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Ing sumber-sumber basa Rusia abad kaping 19 lan 20, tulisan '''Chimkent''' dadi wangun sing lumrah. Ing taun 1914, kutha iki diganti jeneng dadi '''Chernyaev''' kanggo ngurmati Jéndral Mikhail Chernyaev, sing mimpin wadyabala Rusia nalika ngrebut kutha iki taun 1864. Jeneng lawas dibalèkaké ing taun 1924. Kanthi putusan Presidium Déwan Agung Républik Kazakhstan tanggal 8 September 1992, transkripsi jeneng ing basa Rusia dibakokaké dadi '''Shymkent'''.<ref name="rename1992">{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920001800_ |title=Bab pangowahan jeneng lan pambakoning transkripsi basa Rusia kanggo sawetara satuan administratif-wilayah Républik Kazakhstan |date=1992-09-08 |publisher=Sistem informasi hukum “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Sajarah == === Jaman kuna lan Abad Tengahan === Wilayah Shymkent saiki wis dipanggoni manungsa wiwit jaman kuna. Papan pamukiman kuna iku dumunung ing pusat sajarah kutha lan jembaré watara 4,5 hèktar. Panggalian sing ditindakaké déning para ahli saka Institut Arkéologi A. H. Margulan lan Universitas Kazakhstan Kidul M. O. Auezov nemokaké lapisan kabudayan sing sambung-sinambung saka jaman kuna, wiwitan Abad Tengahan lan pungkasan Abad Tengahan.<ref name="archaeology"/> Pangembangan pamukiman iki gegayutan karo papané ing tlatah sangisoring pagunungan Tian Shan sisih kulon, ing dalan antarané lembah Syr Darya, oase Mawarannahr lan tlatah stepa Kazakhstan. Ing sacedhaké ana Sayram, sing ing sumber Abad Tengahan dikenal minangka Ispijab lan dadi pusat gedhé ing rute Dalan Sutra. Jeneng Shymkent kasebut ing ''Zafarnama'' anggitan Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi nalika njlèntrèhaké prastawa taun 1365—1366. Ing mangsa-mangsa sing béda, kutha lan saubengé ana ing sangisoré pangaribawa nagara-nagara Asia Tengah, kalebu Wangsa Timurid lan Kekhanan Kazakh. Ing abad kaping 17 lan 18, wilayah iki kena prabawa perang Kazakh–Dzungar. Ing pungkasan abad kaping 18 nganti separo kapisan abad kaping 19, Kekhanan Kokand lan Émirat Bukhara padha rebutan kutha-kutha ing Kazakhstan Kidul. === Kekhanan Kokand lan Kakaisaran Rusia === Ing wiwitan abad kaping 19, Shymkent kalebu ing Kekhanan Kokand. Watara taun 1810, kutha iki didadèkaké pangkalan militèr lan pusat administratif sing dibètèngi. Bètèngé dumunung ing papan sing luwih dhuwur ing tengah pamukiman lan ngawasi dalan antarané Tashkent, Turkistan lan tlatah sangisoring pagunungan. Ing September 1864, Chimkent direbut déning wadyabala Rusia. Sawisé iku kutha iki dadi pusat uyezd ing Provinsi Syr-Darya, sing kalebu ing Gubernuran Jéndral Turkistan.<ref name="history1864">{{Cite web |url=https://auezov.edu.kz/media/attachments/2022/03/24/5-..-25-29.pdf |title=Para panliti Rusia ngenani Kutha Shymkent |publisher=Universitas Kazakhstan Kidul M. O. Auezov |format=PDF |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Sadurungé Revolusi Rusia, ékonomi kutha gumantung marang dedagangan, kerajinan lan pangolahan bahan tetanèn. Ing dasawarsa 1880-an, pabrik kanggo ngasilaké santonin saka tanduran ''Artemisia cina'' didegaké lan dadi cikal bakal industri farmasi Shymkent saiki. Pambangunan jalur sepur ing wiwitan abad kaping 20 saya nguwataké kalungguhan kutha minangka pusat dedagangan lan transportasi. === Jaman Soviet === Sawisé pamaréntahan Soviet madeg, kutha iki kanthi urut kalebu ing RSSO Turkistan, RSSO Kazakh lan RSS Kazakh. Ing taun 1924, jeneng Chimkent dibalèkaké kanggo kutha Chernyaev. Ing taun 1932, kutha iki dadi pusat administratif Provinsi Kazakhstan Kidul sing lagi dibentuk.<ref name="museumhistory">{{Cite web |url=https://museum.bhost.kz/index.php/ru/about-uko/history-uko/26-o-yuko/162-history-of-uko-part1 |title=Sajarah Provinsi Kazakhstan Kidul wiwit awal abad kaping 20 |publisher=Musiyum Sajarah lan Kawruh Laladan Provinsi Kazakhstan Kidul |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Ing mangsa industrialisasi, pabrik-pabrik metalurgi nonfero, kimia-farmasi, lenga lan lemak, pangan lan industri ringan dibangun utawa digedhèkaké. Perusahaan sing paling gedhé yaiku Pabrik Timbal Chimkent lan pabrik kimia-farmasi. Nalika [[Perang Donya II]], perusahaan lan lembaga saka pérangan kulon Uni Soviet dipindhah menyang Chimkent; kutha iki banjur dadi salah siji pusat industri ing garis mburi. Ing dasawarsa sawisé perang, cacahing warga lan jembar Chimkent tuwuh kanthi rikat. Kawasan omah anyar, pabrik mesin lan bahan bangunan, sarta lembaga pawiyatan lan kaséhatan padha dibangun. Ing dasawarsa 1980-an, Kilang Minyak Shymkent wiwit dioperasèkaké. === Kazakhstan mardika === Sawisé Kazakhstan mratélakaké kamardikan, Shymkent tetep dadi pusat ékonomi utama ing sisih kidul nagara. Ing taun 1992, tulisan jeneng kutha ing basa Rusia diganti saka Chimkent dadi Shymkent.<ref name="rename1992"/> Ing taun 2014, wates administratif kutha digedhèkaké kanthi nggabungaké lemah lan pamukiman saka distrik ing saubengé. Ing taun sing padha, distrik kutha kaping papat didegaké lan banjur dijenengi Karatau.<ref name="district2014">{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V14UA002836 |title=Pambentukan distrik kaping papat lan panetepan wates distrik Kutha Shymkent |date=2014-10-07 |publisher=Sistem informasi hukum “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Tanggal 19 Juni 2018, Shymkent dilebokaké ing golongan kutha wigati républik. Pusat administratif Provinsi Kazakhstan Kidul dipindhah menyang [[Turkistan]], lan jeneng provinsi diganti dadi Provinsi Turkistan.<ref name="decree2018"/> Ing taun 2022, distrik administratif kaping lima, yaiku Turan, didegaké.<ref name="turan2022">{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V22E0029189 |title=Pambentukan distrik anyar ing Kutha Shymkent lan pawènèhan jeneng “Turan” |date=2022-08-12 |publisher=Sistem informasi hukum “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Géografi == === Papan géografis === Shymkent dumunung ing sisih kidul Kazakhstan, ing dhataran sangisoring pagunungan Tian Shan sisih kulon, ora adoh saka tapel wates [[Uzbekistan]]. Kutha iki ana ing jalur transportasi sajarah lan modhèren sing nyambungaké Tashkent, Turkistan, Taraz lan Almaty. Wilayah administratifé jembaré 116.300 hèktar utawa 1.163 km².<ref name="development"/> Lepen utama ing kutha yaiku Badam lan Koshkarata, bebarengan karo cabangé, Karasu. Kutha iki nduwèni sangang kanal kanthi dawa gunggung watara 91 km, kalebu Kanal Badam, Shymkent, Yangichek, Tekesu lan Koshkarata. Jembar alas nagara lan zona ijo ana 5.332,7 hèktar.<ref name="development"/> === Iklim === Iklim Shymkent kalebu kontinèntal, kanthi mangsa panas sing dawa lan panas, sarta mangsa adhem sing luwih entheng yèn dibandhingaké karo akèh wilayah Kazakhstan. Udan paling akèh biasané tumiba ing separo taun sing adhem lan ing mangsa semi, déné mangsa panas luwih asring garing. Standar iklim kutha diétung déning “Kazhydromet” adhedhasar périodhe 1991—2020.<ref name="climate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/klimat/shymkent |title=Karakteristik iklim Shymkent |publisher=Perusahaan nagara “Kazhydromet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Pérangan administratif == Shymkent dipérang dadi limang distrik administratif: Abay, Al-Farabi, Enbekshi, Karatau lan Turan.<ref name="akimat"/> Miturut taksiran sing wis dianyari ing wiwitan taun 2026, cacahing warga saben distrik kaya mangkéné:<ref name="ethnos2026">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/348012/file/ru/ |title=Cacahing warga Républik Kazakhstan miturut sawetara golongan ètnis ing wiwitan taun 2026, lembar “Kutha Shymkent” |date=2026-03-27 |format=XLSX |publisher=Biro Statistik Nasional Badan Perencanaan Strategis lan Réformasi Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Distrik ! Cacahing warga ing wiwitan 2026 |- | Abay | 259.325 |- | Al-Farabi | 262.566 |- | Enbekshi | 206.679 |- | Karatau | 334.139 |- | Turan | 231.341 |} Pangarsa pamaréntahan èksekutif kutha yaiku akim. Kalungguhan akim Shymkent saiki dicekel déning Gabit Abdimazhitovich Syzdykbekov.<ref name="akimat"/> == Cacahing warga == Ing wiwitan taun 2026, kutha iki nduwèni 1.294.050 warga; tanggal 1 Juni 2026 cacahé mundhak dadi 1.308.120.<ref name="ethnos2026"/><ref name="population2026"/> Kanthi jembar 1.163 km², kapadhetané watara 1.125 jiwa saben km². Saka Januari nganti Mèi 2026, panambahan warga alamiah ana 8.287 jiwa: 10.261 bayi lair lan 1.974 wong séda. Saldo migrasi positif cacahé 5.783 jiwa, kalebu 5.687 jiwa saka migrasi njero nagara.<ref name="stat2026"/> === Komposisi ètnis === Shymkent iku kutha mawa akèh ètnis. Miturut taksiran Biro Statistik Nasional sing wis dianyari ing wiwitan 2026, golongan ètnis paling gedhé yaiku:<ref name="ethnos2026"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Golongan ètnis ! Cacahing jiwa ! Persèntase, % |- | Kazakh | 929.724 | 71,85 |- | Uzbek | 203.098 | 15,69 |- | Rusia | 74.404 | 5,75 |- | Azerbaijan | 23.814 | 1,84 |- | Tatar | 11.346 | 0,88 |- | Liyané | 51.664 | 3,99 |} Basa nagara yaiku [[basa Kazakh]]. Ing badan pamaréntah lan pamaréntahan lokal, basa Rusia dienggo sacara resmi bebarengan karo basa Kazakh miturut Konstitusi Kazakhstan. Ing urip saben dina, pérangan warga sing cukup gedhé uga migunakaké [[basa Uzbek]]. == Ékonomi == Shymkent minangka salah siji pusat industri lan dedagangan paling gedhé ing Kazakhstan. Industri pangolahan, dedagangan grosir lan écéran, konstruksi, transportasi, panyimpenan lan jasa liyané nduwèni peran gedhé ing struktur ékonominé. Saka Januari nganti Maret 2026, prodhuk régional bruto ana 1,352 triliun tenge; tuwuh nyata dibandhingaké périodhe sing padha taun 2025 ana 8,9%. Jasa nyumbang 61,6% saka PRB, déné prodhuksi barang nyumbang 30,1%.<ref name="stat2026"/> Saka Januari nganti Juni 2026, angka prodhuksi industri ana 817,46 milyar tenge, mundhak 11% dibandhingaké taun sadurungé. Prodhuksi industri pangolahan mundhak 9,6%. Regané karya konstruksi ana 136,26 milyar tenge, lan omah anyar sing rampung jembaré 558,6 èwu m². Omzet dedagangan écéran ana 628,47 milyar tenge. Investasi modhal tetep ana 308,38 milyar tenge.<ref name="stat2026"/> Cabang industri tradhisional kalebu pangolahan lenga bumi, farmasi, prodhuksi pangan lan ombèn-ombèn, tèkstil lan sandhangan, mesin, metalurgi lan bahan bangunan. Ing kutha iki ana Kilang Minyak Shymkent, pabrik farmasi, semèn, pangan lan industri ringan. Zona Ékonomi Mirunggan “Ontustik”, zona industri lan prasarana transportasi-logistik terus dikembangaké. Tanggal 1 Juli 2026, ana 29.410 badan hukum sing kadhaftar ing Shymkent, lan 24.907 ing antarané isih aktif. Akèh-akèhé organisasi aktif iku usaha cilik.<ref name="stat2026"/> == Transportasi == Shymkent minangka simpul transportasi utama ing sisih kidul Kazakhstan. Jalur dalan internasional lan antardaérah Tashkent — Shymkent — Taraz — Almaty lan Tashkent — Shymkent — Turkistan — Samara ngliwati kutha utawa sacedhaké. Jalur sepur utama sing nyambungaké Tashkent, Arys, Taraz lan Almaty uga ngliwati wilayah iki.<ref name="development"/> === Transportasi kutha === Transportasi umum utamané dilayani bis. Pambesaran wilayah kutha sawisé taun 2014 nyurung pangembangan jaringan dalan utama lan sambungan transportasi menyang kawasan omah anyar. Bayaran transportasi ditindakaké kanthi piranti èlèktronik lan kertu transportasi. === Transportasi sepur === Stasiun Shymkent nglayani sepur penumpang lan barang ing jalur Tashkent — Arys — Taraz — Almaty. Ing sisih kulon kutha ana stasiun simpul gedhé Arys I, sing nyambungaké jalur menyang Turkistan, Kyzylorda lan wilayah Kazakhstan sisih lor. === Transportasi udara === Bandharan Internasional Shymkent nglayani penerbangan njero nagara lan internasional sarta dadi pangkalan utama maskapé SCAT Airlines. Terminal penumpang anyar dibukak tanggal 25 Dhésèmber 2024. Jembar terminalé 40 èwu m², lan kapasitas bandharan sawisé terminal dibukak mundhak saka 800 èwu dadi 6 yuta penumpang saben taun.<ref name="airporthub">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/transport/press/news/details/1055087?lang=ru |title=Bandharan Astana, Almaty, Shymkent lan Aktobe bakal dadi pusat multimodha kelas donya |publisher=Kamentrian Transportasi Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Ing taun 2025, penerbangan internasional langsung saka Shymkent dibukak menyang sawetara kutha ing Éropah, Asia Wétan lan Wétan Tengah. Pangembangan bandharan kalebu rencana pambangunan landasan pacu anyar sing dawané 3,5 km lan pambentukan simpul transportasi-logistik multimodha.<ref name="airroutes">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/transport/press/news/details/1004307?lang=ru |title=Pusat penerbangan anyar: penerbangan langsung saka Shymkent menyang Éropah lan Asia dibukak |publisher=Kamentrian Transportasi Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref><ref name="airporthub"/> == Pawiyatan lan èlmu kawruh == Shymkent minangka pusat pawiyatan gedhé ing sisih kidul Kazakhstan. Ing kutha iki ana lembaga pawiyatan sadurungé sekolah, sekolah umum, pawiyatan tèknik lan vokasi, pawiyatan luhur lan pascasarjana. Statistik régional resmi nerbitaké data kapisah ngenani cacahing universitas, mahasiswa, mahasiswa magister, doktor, dosèn lan organisasi panlitèn lan pangembangan.<ref name="educationstats">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/dynamic-tables/1473/ |title=Rerangkening dinamis: pawiyatan, èlmu kawruh lan inovasi Kutha Shymkent |publisher=Biro Statistik Nasional Badan Perencanaan Strategis lan Réformasi Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Pawiyatan luhur sing paling gedhé kalebu: * Universitas Panlitèn Kazakhstan Kidul M. O. Auezov — universitas multidisiplin kanthi status universitas panlitèn;<ref name="auezov">{{Cite web |url=https://auezov.edu.kz/rus/ |title=Universitas Panlitèn Kazakhstan Kidul Mukhtar Auezov |publisher=Universitas M. O. Auezov |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> * Akademi Kedhokteran Kazakhstan Kidul, sing nyiapaké tenaga ahli ing babagan kedhokteran lan farmasi;<ref name="skma">{{Cite web |url=https://skma.edu.kz/ |title=Akademi Kedhokteran Kazakhstan Kidul |publisher=SKMA |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> * Universitas Pedagogi Kazakhstan Kidul Özbekäli Zhanibekov, sing mligi nyiapaké tenaga pendhidhik.<ref name="zhanibekov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.zhanibekov.edu.kz/ |title=Universitas Pedagogi Kazakhstan Kidul Özbekäli Zhanibekov |publisher=Zhanibekov University |lang=kk |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Saliyané iku ana Universitas Shymkent, Universitas Miras, Universitas Inovasi Asia Tengah lan pawiyatan luhur liyané. Ing taun 2026, rancangan Universitas Kabudayan lan Seni kapisah adhedhasar fakultas sing cocog ing Universitas M. O. Auezov isih disiapaké.<ref name="cultureuni">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mam/press/news/details/1200906?lang=ru |title=Universitas kabudayan lan seni lan Gedhong Opera lan Balèt anyar: rong proyèk gedhé ing Shymkent |publisher=Kamentrian Kabudayan lan Informasi Républik Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Kaséhatan == Shymkent dadi pusat layanan kaséhatan utama kanggo sisih kidul Kazakhstan. Ing kutha iki ana rumah sakit lan poliklinik multidisiplin, pusat perinatal, diagnostik, kardiologi, onkologi lan infèksi, stasiun ambulans, klinik swasta lan laboratorium médhis. Pawiyatan kedhokteran lan spesialisasi farmasi kutha gegayutan karo Akademi Kedhokteran Kazakhstan Kidul lan perusahaan industri farmasi. == Kabudayan == Ing kutha iki ana kelompok téater Kazakh, Rusia lan Uzbek, musiyum, perpustakaan, organisasi konsèr, papan pamèran, sirkus lan paguyuban kreatif. Téater utama kalebu Téater Drama Akademik Kazakh Zhumat Shanin, Téater Drama Rusia, Téater Opera lan Balèt, Téater Drama Uzbek lan Téater Bonéka lan Pamudha Kutha. Jaringan musiyum kalebu koleksi sajarah-daérah lan seni, Musiyum Korban Rèprèsi Pulitik, Musiyum Adat lan Upacara, sarta pamèran ing komplèks sajarah-kabudayan “Shymqala”. Ing taun 2020, Shymkent melu program antarnagara “Kutha Krajan Kabudayan Persemakmuran” minangka kutha krajan kabudayan CIS. Ing taun sing padha, mengeti 2.200 taun kutha dilebokaké ing tanggal pangéling-éling UNESCO.<ref name="cisculture">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mfgs-sng.org/news/shymkent-otkryl-programmu--kul-turnaja-stolitsa-sng--0-0-/ |title=Shymkent mbukak program “Kutha Krajan Kabudayan CIS — 2020” |date=2020-06-20 |publisher=Dana Kerja Sama Kamanungsan Nagara Anggota CIS |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Papan wigati lan pariwisata == Obyèk sajarah utama ing kutha yaiku komplèks “Shymqala”, sing dibangun ing papan pamukiman kuna lan tilas sitadèl Kokand. Komplèks iki nyawijèkaké papan arkéologi, bètèng pertahanan sing direkonstruksi, papan musiyum lan papan pandeleng.<ref name="archaeology"/> Papan wigati lan papan umum sing misuwur kalebu Alun-alun Ordabasy, monumèn “Zher-Ana”, Taman Kamardikan, monumèn Baidibek-bi, Taman Abay, Kebon Dèndrologi Asanbay Askarov, Kebon Kéwan Shymkent, Arbat, sumber banyu lan dalan kanggo mlaku-mlaku ing pinggir Koshkarata, masjid, gréja Ortodoks lan bangunan sajarah sing isih lestari. Shymkent dadi titik wiwitan lelungan menyang Sayram, Taman Nasional Sayram-Ugam, Cagar Alam Aksu-Zhabagly, Turkistan, Otrar lan papan alam, sajarah lan kabudayan liyané ing sisih kidul Kazakhstan. == Arsitèktur lan tata kutha == Struktur kutha nyawijèkaké pusat sajarah ing saubengé sitadèl lan kawasan dedagangan lawas, kawasan omah jaman Soviet lan kawasan gedhong dhuwur anyar. Sawisé wates administratif digedhèkaké ing taun 2014, pérangan gedhé pambangunan omah lan prasarana pindhah menyang sisih lor, kulon lan lor-kulon kutha. Kawasan omah lan bisnis Turan, Shymkent City, Bozaryk, Tassay lan liyané terus dikembangaké. Saka Januari nganti Juni 2026, omah kanthi jembar 558,6 èwu m² rampung dibangun, kalebu 445 èwu m² ing gedhong omah multiunit.<ref name="stat2026"/> Pangembangan tata kutha dibarengi pambangunan dalan anyar, jaringan rékayasa, sekolah, fasilitas kaséhatan lan papan kabudayan. == Olahraga == Bal-balan, tinju, gulat, angkat besi, senam, tenis, renang lan balap pit dikembangaké ing Shymkent. Klub bal-balan putra utama yaiku FC Ordabasy, sing kaping pisan dadi juwara Kazakhstan ing taun 2023.<ref name="ordabasy2023">{{Cite web |url=https://orda.kz/ordabasy-vpervye-stal-chempionom-kazahstana-378076/ |title=Ordabasy kaping pisan dadi juwara bal-balan Kazakhstan |date=2023-10-23 |publisher=Orda.kz |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Klub putri BIIK-Shymkent wis bola-bali dadi juwara nagara lan melu kompetisi klub Éropah.<ref name="biik2023">{{Cite web |url=https://kff.kz/ru/news/25518 |title=BIIK-Shymkent — juwara Kazakhstan 2023 kanggo tim putri |publisher=Féderasi Bal-balan Kazakhstan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Fasilitas olahraga utama kalebu Stadion Tengah Khadzhimukan Munaitpasov, komplèks atlétik, gedhong olahraga, pusat tenis lan kolam renang. == Èkologi lan penghijauan == Prakara lingkungan ing kutha kalebu pangurangan emisi industri lan transportasi, modhèrnisasi prasarana umum, pangolahan banyu limbah, pangelolaan sampah padhet lan pangreksan zona ijo. Program pangembangan kutha nyakup gasifikasi, pambaharuan transportasi umum, rèkonstruksi alur kali lan kanal, pananduran wit lan pambesaran sabuk ijo.<ref name="development"/> Sistem sumber banyu Koshkarata lan Karasu, lembah Badam, kebon dèndrologi lan zona ijo kanthi jembar luwih saka 5,3 èwu hèktar nduwèni wigati alam lan rékréasi sing mirunggan.<ref name="development"/> == Kutha kembar == Shymkent nduwèni sesambungan paseduluran lan kamitraan karo kutha-kutha iki: * [[Mogilev]] ([[Bélarus]]); * [[Stevenage]] ([[Karajan Manunggal]]) — wiwit taun 1990; * [[Acharnes]] ([[Yunani]]); * [[İzmir]] ([[Turki]]) — wiwit taun 2004; * [[Pattaya]] ([[Thailand]]) — wiwit taun 2004; * [[Grosseto]] ([[Italia]]); * [[Baiyin]] ([[Républik Rakyat Cina|Cina]]) — wiwit 16 Agustus 1994; * [[Xi'an]] ([[Républik Rakyat Cina|Cina]]) — wiwit Mèi 2023; * [[Khujand]] ([[Tajikistan]]) — wiwit taun 2003; * [[Eskişehir]] ([[Turki]]); * [[Balıkesir]] ([[Turki]]) — wiwit taun 1995; * [[Genova]] ([[Italia]]) — wiwit Juni 2023; * [[Adana]] ([[Turki]]) — wiwit Dhésèmber 2021; * [[Vanadzor]] ([[Arménia]]) — wiwit April 2024; * [[Osh]] ([[Kirgizstan]]) — wiwit Oktober 2023; * [[Plovdiv]] ([[Bulgaria]]) — wiwit 9 Juni 2025; * [[Faisalabad]] ([[Pakistan]]) — wiwit 10 Fèbruari 2026. == Deleng uga == * [[Pratélan kutha ing Kazakhstan]] * [[Sajarah Kazakhstan]] == Cathetan == {{Reflist}} == Kapustakan == * Bartold, V. V. ''Karya. Jilid III: Karya ngenani géografi sajarah''. Moskwa: Nauka, 1965. * Baipakov, K. M. ''Kutha-kutha Abad Tengahan Kazakhstan ing Dalan Sutra Agung''. Almaty. * ''Kumpulan monumèn sajarah lan kabudayan Kazakhstan. Provinsi Kazakhstan Kidul''. Almaty. * ''Bahan panlitèn arkéologi papan pamukiman kuna Shymkent''. Shymkent. == Pranala njaba == * [https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent Situs resmi Pamaréntahan Kutha Shymkent] * [https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/ Statistik resmi Kutha Shymkent] * [https://visit-shymkent.com/ Portal pariwisata resmi Visit Shymkent] * [https://shymkent.invest.gov.kz/ru/ Portal investasi Kutha Shymkent] {{DEFAULTSORT:Shymkent}} [[Kategori:Kutha ing Kazakhstan]] [[Kategori:Kutha ing Dalan Sutra]] 2m7r7i4cliceyz54t2j4e8wik8vq6ur 14 200649 1751999 2026-07-31T17:51:34Z Vyacheslav Nasretdinov 34512 Nggawé kaca barès 1751999 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 200650 1752000 2026-07-31T17:52:00Z Vyacheslav Nasretdinov 34512 Nggawé kaca barès 1752000 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 4 200651 1752001 2026-07-31T22:06:18Z Meursault2004 3 Anyar 1752001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aktualitas/citra |image = Orb weaver spider day web02.jpg |width = 170 |caption = Kemangga |title = |alt = |link = |border = }} '''[[Kemangga]]''' iku sajinis kéwan kanthi awak ros-rosan ([[Arthropoda]]) mawa rong sègmèn badan, patang pasang sikil, ora duwé sewiwi lan ora duwé cangkem pamamah. Kabèh jinis angga-angga digolongaké ing ordho Araneae; lan padha karo [[kalajengking]], [[tumo]], caplak lan kerabaté—kabèh sing sikilé wolu—dilebokaké ing kelas Arachnida. Èlmu sing nyinaoni ngenani angga-angga yaiku ''arachnologi''. Angga-angga wujud kéwan pamangsa ([[karnivora]]), malah kadhang uga kanibal. Mangsa mligi yaiku [[gegremet]]. Mèh kabèh jinis angga-angga, kajaba watara 150 spésies saka suku Uloboridae lan Holarchaeidae, lan subordo Mesothelae, bisa nyuntikaké [[wisa]] liwat sapasang taringé marang mungsuh utawa mangsané. Sanadyan mangkono, saka puluhan éwu spésies sing ana, mung watara 200 spésies kang wisane bisa mbebayani kanggo [[manungsa]]. [[Mata]] angga-angga lumrahé wujud mata tunggal (mata mawa lénsa tunggal), lan dudu mata majemuk kaya ing gegremet. Akèh-akèhé angga-angga duwé pandelengan sing ora patiya apik, ora bisa mbédakaké [[warna]], utawa mung sing sensitip marang padhang lan peteng. (''[[Kemangga|Waca{{spaces}}candhaké]]'') 61x7niitz2wt8p34ui9ai9pa0wm7dcf 4 200652 1752002 2026-07-31T22:10:20Z Meursault2004 3 Anyar 1752002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gambar pethingan |image = Arachnothera magna - Kaeng Krachan.jpg |width = 390 |caption = ''Arachnothera magna'' iku spesies ing kulawarga ''Nectariniidae'', manuk srengéngé, sing ditemokaké ing alas saka anak banawa Indhia nganti Asia Kidul-Wétan. Ukurané kira-kira kaya manuk pipit, wuluné kuning jaitun kanthi garis-garis peteng lan cucuk ireng dawa lan mlengkung sing cocog kanggo mangan nektar. Susuhé digawé kanthi ngiket godhong-godhong nganggo sarang laba-laba. Manuk pamburu laba-laba garis-garis iki difoto ing Taman Nasional Kaeng Krachan, Tailan. Sumber: [[:en:User:JJ Harrison|JJ Harrison]].}} ffrj71wc3hwjgwwqi3bk2ewtdzbo0wa 0 200653 1752031 2026-08-01T10:15:37Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:2026 Morocco–Spain border incident|]] 1752031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{inuse}} Ing pungkasan sasi Juli 2026, kira-kira ana 60.000 manungsa, umumé wong lanang enom, sing nyabrang tapel wates saka Maroko menyang kutha [[Ceuta]], sawijining kutha otonomi Spanyol ing Afrika Lor. Sawatara uga nyoba nyabrang menyang [[Melilla]], sing ngebaki fasilitas tampung lokal lan marahi pamréntah Ceuta njaluk kahanan dharurat nasional saka Spanyol. Umumé waong-wong kuwi olèhé mlebu kanthi nglangi ing sakiwatengené pamecah umbak Tarajal lan Benzú utawa kanthi nyebrang kanthi mlaku ing sadawané pasisir. Ing tanggal 31 Juli, para pamangku Spanyol ujar manawa udakara satengah saka wong-wong sing mlebu wis bali menyang Maroko kanthi sukalila, déné cacahé korban jiwa amarga klelep lan kadadéyan liyane olèhé nyabrang sagara wis mundhak dadi paling ora 57 jiwa. [[Kategori:2026]] j4sbhvo475wzmvexe86n202d749n5ep 0 200654 1752033 2026-08-01T10:23:06Z Meursault2004 3 Meursault2004 ngalih kaca [[Parusahan Nekanagara]] menyang [[Firma multinasional]]: Parusahan iku dudu tembung Jawa 1752033 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Firma multinasional]] a9ez3mg8hpfituda9tiomlcd16hdwmv