Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 2581 1752097 1534622 2026-08-02T07:32:42Z Yuliarp 70079 1752097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Infobox Pope | English name = Agapitus I | image = [[Gambar:Agapitus_I.jpg]] | birth_name = ''boten dipunkawruhi'' | term_start = [[535]] | term_end = [[22 April]] [[536]] | predecessor = [[Paus Yohanes II|Yohanes II]] | successor = [[Paus Silverius|Silverius]] | birth_date = ''tanggal boten dipunkawruhi'' | birthplace = [[Roma]], [[Italia]] | dead=dead|death_date = [[22 April]] [[536]] | deathplace = [[Konstantinopel]] | other = Agapitus }} '''Paus Agapetus I''' punika, ngasta kalungguhan Paus [[Gréja]] [[Katulik]] [[Roma]] wiwit taun [[535]] dumugi [[22 April]] [[536]]. == kulawarga == Agapitus miyos ing [[Roma]], tanggal wiyosanipun boten dipunkawruhi. Putra saking Gordianus, satunggiling pandhita Roma ingkang dipunpejahi nalika karusuhan ing dinten-dinten [[Paus Symmakus]] (498-514).<ref name="CE">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope St. Agapetus I}}</ref> Nami bapanipun mungkin sesambetan kulawarga kaliyan kalih Paus sanèsipun: [[Paus Feliks III|Feliks III]] (483-492) lan [[Paus Gregorius I|Gregorius I]] (590-604).<ref name="PLRE">Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), p. 23</ref> Gregorius punika katurunan saking Felix. Bapanipun Gregorius, Gordianus, nyepeng peran Regionarius ing Gréja Katulik Roma. Boten wonten informasi langkung lebet prakawis posisinipun.<ref>Dudden (1905), pages 7–8.</ref> == Biografi == Agapitus sesarengan kaliyan Kasiodorus madegaken pabukon gréjawi ing [[Roma]] mertalaken saking [[basa Yunani]] lan [[basa Latin|Latin]], lan mitulungi Kasiodorus salebetipun proyèk pamertalan Filosofi Yunani dhumateng basa Latin. Panjenenganipun dipunlantik saking dékan Agung dados Paus nalika taun 535, sampun sedanipun Paus Yohanes II. Paus Agapetus I kapilih nalika ana kagesangan antawisipun Kakisaran Kilen lan Kakaisaran Bizantium ing pamarentahanipun Kaisar Yustianus I. Nalika dadi Paus, panjenenganipun cekak ananging kebak prastawa wigati. Satunggaling kasiling pakaryanipun inggih punika gregetipun kangge mbenahaken sesambetan antawisipun Gereja Kilen lan Wetan awit saking pasulayan teologi. == Sumber lan réferènsi == === Cathetan suku === {{reflist}} === Sumber sanèsipun === * {{Cite book|last=Dudden|first=Frederick H.|title=Gregory the Great|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co|location=London|year=1905}} *Louise Ropes Loomis, ''The Book of Popes'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)'''. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations). * {{citation | last=Martindale | first=John R. | last2=Jones | first2=A.H.M. | last3=Morris | first3=John | title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641 | year=1992 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0521201608 | url = http://books.google.gr/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC}} {{ Paus | Pendahulu = [[Paus Yohanes II|Yohanes II]] | Penerus = [[Paus Silverius|Silverius]] | taun = [[535]] – [[536]] }} {{Pratélan Paus}} [[Kategori:Pamimpin agama Katulik]] [[Kategori:Pati 536|Agapitus I]] [[Kategori:Lair 535|Agapitus I]] [[Kategori:Paus|Agapetus 1]] [[Kategori:Paus Itali]] [[Kategori:Santo lan Santa|Agapetus 1]] [[Kategori:Santo Itali]] {{Paus-stub}} 6qsmr853gf132jogowisnhnnotq4wi5 1752098 1752097 2026-08-02T07:34:45Z Yuliarp 70079 1752098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Infobox Pope | English name = Agapitus I | image = [[Gambar:Agapitus_I.jpg]] | birth_name = ''boten dipunkawruhi'' | term_start = [[535]] | term_end = [[22 April]] [[536]] | predecessor = [[Paus Yohanes II|Yohanes II]] | successor = [[Paus Silverius|Silverius]] | birth_date = ''tanggal boten dipunkawruhi'' | birthplace = [[Roma]], [[Italia]] | dead=dead|death_date = [[22 April]] [[536]] | deathplace = [[Konstantinopel]] | other = Agapitus }} '''Paus Agapetus I''' punika, ngasta kalungguhan Paus [[Gréja]] [[Katulik]] [[Roma]] wiwit taun [[535]] dumugi [[22 April]] [[536]]. == kulawarga == Agapitus miyos ing [[Roma]], tanggal wiyosanipun boten dipunkawruhi. Putra saking Gordianus, satunggiling pandhita Roma ingkang dipunpejahi nalika karusuhan ing dinten-dinten [[Paus Symmakus]] (498-514).<ref name="CE">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope St. Agapetus I}}</ref> Nami bapanipun mungkin sesambetan kulawarga kaliyan kalih Paus sanèsipun: [[Paus Feliks III|Feliks III]] (483-492) lan [[Paus Gregorius I|Gregorius I]] (590-604).<ref name="PLRE">Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), p. 23</ref> Gregorius punika katurunan saking Felix. Bapanipun Gregorius, Gordianus, nyepeng peran Regionarius ing Gréja Katulik Roma. Boten wonten informasi langkung lebet prakawis posisinipun.<ref>Dudden (1905), pages 7–8.</ref> == Biografi == Agapitus sesarengan kaliyan Kasiodorus madegaken pabukon gréjawi ing [[Roma]] mertalaken saking [[basa Yunani]] lan [[basa Latin|Latin]], lan mitulungi Kasiodorus salebetipun proyèk pamertalan Filosofi Yunani dhumateng basa Latin. Panjenenganipun dipunlantik saking dékan Agung dados Paus nalika taun 535, sampun sedanipun [[Paus Yohanes II]]. Paus Agapetus I kapilih nalika ana kagesangan antawisipun Kakisaran Kilen lan [[Kakaisaran Bizantium]] ing pamarentahanipun Kaisar Yustianisius I. Nalika dadi Paus, panjenenganipun cekak ananging kebak prastawa wigati. Satunggaling kasiling pakaryanipun inggih punika gregetipun kangge mbenahaken sesambetan antawisipun Gereja Kilen lan Wetan awit saking pasulayan teologi. == Sumber lan réferènsi == === Cathetan suku === {{reflist}} === Sumber sanèsipun === * {{Cite book|last=Dudden|first=Frederick H.|title=Gregory the Great|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co|location=London|year=1905}} *Louise Ropes Loomis, ''The Book of Popes'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)'''. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations). * {{citation | last=Martindale | first=John R. | last2=Jones | first2=A.H.M. | last3=Morris | first3=John | title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641 | year=1992 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0521201608 | url = http://books.google.gr/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC}} {{ Paus | Pendahulu = [[Paus Yohanes II|Yohanes II]] | Penerus = [[Paus Silverius|Silverius]] | taun = [[535]] – [[536]] }} {{Pratélan Paus}} [[Kategori:Pamimpin agama Katulik]] [[Kategori:Pati 536|Agapitus I]] [[Kategori:Lair 535|Agapitus I]] [[Kategori:Paus|Agapetus 1]] [[Kategori:Paus Itali]] [[Kategori:Santo lan Santa|Agapetus 1]] [[Kategori:Santo Itali]] {{Paus-stub}} l6stcw7a6q8ukyjrpyzqod1kyqz6q6d 0 4310 1752143 1738888 2026-08-02T09:02:54Z Madusastra 60454 /* Sajarah */ 1752143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dwiaksara}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Banyumas<br>كَابُوڤَاتَينْ بَاڽُومَاسْ<br>ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀<br> | settlement_type = [[Kabupatèn]] | image_flag = Regency Flag of Banyumas.png | image_seal = Emblem of Banyumas Regency.svg | motto = '''Rarasing Rasa Wiwaraning Praja''' | image_map = Locator kabupaten banyumas.gif | mapsize = | map_caption = Pernahé Banyumas ing [[Jawa Tengah]] | coordinates = | subdivision_type = [[Nagara]] | subdivision_name = [[Indonésia]] | subdivision_type1 = Provinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Tengah]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Kutha krajan | seat = [[Purwokerto]] | established_title = Dina Dadi | established_date = | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | leader_title = [[Bupati]] | leader_name = Ir. H. Achmad Husein | leader_title1 = Wakil Bupati | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 1,329.02 | population_total = 1,578,129 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = Bebrayan | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Wong | demographics1_info1= [[wong Jawa|Jawa]], [[Wong Arab-Indonésia|Arab]], [[wong Cina|Cina]] lan liya-liya | demographics1_title2 = Basa | demographics1_info2 = [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] lan [[basa Indonesia|Indonesia]] | demographics1_title3 = Kepercayan | demographics1_info3= [[Islam]], [[Kristen Protestan]], [[Katulik]], [[Buddha]], [[Hindu]] | timezone1 = WIK | utc_offset1 = +7 | postal_code_type = Kodhe pos | postal_code = | area_code = (+62) 281 | registration_plate = | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | website ={{URL|http://www.banyumaskab.go.id/}}<br>{{id icon}} }} '''Kabupatèn Banyumas''' ([[aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: {{jav|ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦨꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀}}, [[Pegon]]: كَبُڤَتَينْ بَڽُمَسْ), iku kabupatèn ing [[Jawa Tengah]] sing pernahé ing sisih kidul [[Gunung Slamet]], [[Kutha Purwokerto]] iku kutha krajan kabupatèné, kutha-kutha liyané: [[Wangon, Banyumas|Wangon]], [[Ajibarang, Banyumas|Ajibarang]], [[Banyumas]], [[Sokaraja, Banyumas|Sokaraja]], [[Patikraja, Banyumas|Patikraja]], [[Tambak, Banyumas|Tambak]] lan liya-liyané. Jembar wewengkon kabupatèn iki ± 1,329.02 Km² Cacahe Penduduk: 1,578,129 jiwa. == Sajarah == === Cerita Pasirluhur === ''Babad Pasir'' nyritakake legenda babagan kisah puterane [[Prabu Siliwangi]] nalika isih enom, yaiku [[Raden Banyakcatra]] utawa Arya Banyakcatra, [[Raden Banyakblabur]], lan [[Raden Banyakngampar]].<ref>{{aut|Knebel, J.}} 1898. "Babad Pasir, volgens een Banjoemaasch Handschrift". ''Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunsten en Wetenschappen'', [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/128095#page/11/mode/1up deel '''LI''']. Batavia :Egbert Heemen, 1779-1922.</ref> Banyakcatra lunga nilarake kerdhatone kanggo ngoleki puteri sing dadi klangenane, saktekane ana ing Kadipaten Pasirluhur (ana sakwetane [[Purwokerto]] saiki), sing nalika semana ana ing sangisore pamrentahane Adipati Kandadhaha. Bungah karo Dewi Ciptarasa, puteri Adipati Kandadhaha, Arya Banyakcatra banjur nyamar dadi wong cilik nganggo jeneng Kamandaka. Ananging tembe mburine sang Adipati belakangan ora nyarujuki gegathukan asmara antarane Kamandaka karo Dewi Ciptarasa. Setelah melalui berbagai petualangan, termasuk menyamar sebagai [[Lutung Kasarung]]; bertarung dengan adiknya, Banyakngampar yang menyamar dengan nama Silihwarni; dan bertempur dengan Raja Pulebahas dari [[Nusa Kambangan]]; pada akhirnya Kamandaka diterima sebagai menantu Adipati Kandadhaha, setelah penyamarannya terbuka dan diketahui jati dirinya sebagai putera raja. Pada saatnya, Arya Banyakcatra mewarisi kedudukan mertuanya sebagai Adipati Pasirluhur. Sementara Arya Banyakngampar menjadi adipati di wilayah Dayeuhluhur ([[Majenang, Cilacap]] sekarang). == Géografi == 108 0 ‘ 17 ”-109 0 27’15” [[Bujur wétan]] lan 7 0 15 ‘05” – 7 0 37 ‘10” [[Lintang kidul]]. == Bates Wewengkon == Sisi [[wétan]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Purbalingga]], [[Kabupatèn Banjarnegara]] lan [[Kabupatèn Kebumèn]], sisih [[kidul]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Cilacap]], sisih [[kulon]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Cilacap]], [[Kabupatèn Brebes]] lan sisih [[lor]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Tegal]] lan [[Kabupatèn Pemalang]]. == Jarak kutha == Jarak Kabupatèn Banyumas kaliyan kutha-kutha sakiteré ing wewengkon [[Banyumasan]] yaiku: * [[Kutha Tegal]]: 114 Km * [[Pemalang]]: 144 Km * [[Brebes]]: 127 Km * [[Purbalingga]]: 20 Km * [[Banjarnegara]]: 65 Km * [[Kebumèn]]: 85 Km * [[Cilacap]]: 53 Km == Papréntahan == Kabupatèn Banyumas ketata saking 27 [[kacamatan]], [[kalurahan]] lan [[désa]]. Kacamatan-Kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Banyumas yaiku: * [[Lumbir, Banyumas|Lumbir]] * [[Wangon, Banyumas|Wangon]] * [[Jatilawang, Banyumas|Jatilawang]] * [[Rawalo, Banyumas|Rawalo]] * [[Kebasèn, Banyumas|Kebasèn]] * [[Kemranjèn, Banyumas|Kemranjèn]] * [[Sumpyuh, Banyumas|Sumpyuh]] * [[Tambak, Banyumas|Tambak]] * [[Somagedhé, Banyumas|Somagedhé]] * [[Kalibagor, Banyumas|Kalibagor]] * [[Banyumas, Banyumas|Banyumas]] * [[Patikraja, Banyumas|Patikraja]] * [[Purwajati, Banyumas|Purwajati]] * [[Ajibarang, Banyumas|Ajibarang]] * [[Gumelar, Banyumas|Gumelar]] * [[Pekuncèn, Banyumas|Pekuncèn]] * [[Cilongok, Banyumas|Cilongok]] * [[Karanglewas, Banyumas|Karanglewas]] * [[Sokaraja, Banyumas|Sokaraja]] * [[Kembaran, Banyumas|Kembaran]] * [[Sumbang, Banyumas|Sumbang]] * [[Baturradèn, Banyumas|Baturadèn]] * [[Kedhungbanthèng, Banyumas|Kedhungbanthèng]] * [[Purwakerta Kidul, Banyumas|Purwakerta Kidul]] * [[Purwakerta Kulon, Banyumas|Purwakerta Kulon]] * [[Purwakerta Wétan, Banyumas|Purwakerta Wétan]] * [[Purwakerta Lor, Banyumas|Purwakerta Lor]] == Ékonomi & Sosial == == Plesiran == == Deleng uga == * [[Pratélan Daerah Tingkat II]] * [[Gethuk goreng]] * [[Lambang Kabupatèn Banyumas]] == Deleng uga == * [[Curug Cipendok]] * [[Jawa Tengah]] == Pranala njaba == {{Wikipedia Banyumasan}} * [http://www.banyumas.go.id/ Situs Web Resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012114900/http://www.banyumas.go.id/ |date=2013-10-12 }} * [http://www.serayunet.com/ Situs Banyumas basa Inggeris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610130801/http://serayunet.com/ |date=2017-06-10 }} * [http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/banyumas/ Milis Banyumasan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803081807/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/banyumas/ |date=2013-08-03 }} * [http://www.pariwisata.banyumas.go.id/ Dinas Pariwisata Pemkab Banyumas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223150644/http://www.pariwisata.banyumas.go.id/ |date=2021-02-23 }} {{Kabupatèn Banyumas}} {{Jawa Tengah}} [[Kategori:Pratélan Daerah Tingkat II]] [[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Jawa Tengah|Banyumas]] [[Kategori:Kabupatèn Banyumas]] ooxrau557fnk1hofxd3qvl7jkmi7evc 1752149 1752143 2026-08-02T09:16:51Z Madusastra 60454 /* Cerita Pasirluhur */ 1752149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dwiaksara}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Banyumas<br>كَابُوڤَاتَينْ بَاڽُومَاسْ<br>ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀<br> | settlement_type = [[Kabupatèn]] | image_flag = Regency Flag of Banyumas.png | image_seal = Emblem of Banyumas Regency.svg | motto = '''Rarasing Rasa Wiwaraning Praja''' | image_map = Locator kabupaten banyumas.gif | mapsize = | map_caption = Pernahé Banyumas ing [[Jawa Tengah]] | coordinates = | subdivision_type = [[Nagara]] | subdivision_name = [[Indonésia]] | subdivision_type1 = Provinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Tengah]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Kutha krajan | seat = [[Purwokerto]] | established_title = Dina Dadi | established_date = | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | leader_title = [[Bupati]] | leader_name = Ir. H. Achmad Husein | leader_title1 = Wakil Bupati | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 1,329.02 | population_total = 1,578,129 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = Bebrayan | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Wong | demographics1_info1= [[wong Jawa|Jawa]], [[Wong Arab-Indonésia|Arab]], [[wong Cina|Cina]] lan liya-liya | demographics1_title2 = Basa | demographics1_info2 = [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] lan [[basa Indonesia|Indonesia]] | demographics1_title3 = Kepercayan | demographics1_info3= [[Islam]], [[Kristen Protestan]], [[Katulik]], [[Buddha]], [[Hindu]] | timezone1 = WIK | utc_offset1 = +7 | postal_code_type = Kodhe pos | postal_code = | area_code = (+62) 281 | registration_plate = | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | website ={{URL|http://www.banyumaskab.go.id/}}<br>{{id icon}} }} '''Kabupatèn Banyumas''' ([[aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: {{jav|ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦨꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀}}, [[Pegon]]: كَبُڤَتَينْ بَڽُمَسْ), iku kabupatèn ing [[Jawa Tengah]] sing pernahé ing sisih kidul [[Gunung Slamet]], [[Kutha Purwokerto]] iku kutha krajan kabupatèné, kutha-kutha liyané: [[Wangon, Banyumas|Wangon]], [[Ajibarang, Banyumas|Ajibarang]], [[Banyumas]], [[Sokaraja, Banyumas|Sokaraja]], [[Patikraja, Banyumas|Patikraja]], [[Tambak, Banyumas|Tambak]] lan liya-liyané. Jembar wewengkon kabupatèn iki ± 1,329.02 Km² Cacahe Penduduk: 1,578,129 jiwa. == Sajarah == === Cerita Pasirluhur === ''Babad Pasir'' nyritakake legenda babagan kisah puterane [[Prabu Siliwangi]] nalika isih enom, yaiku [[Raden Banyakcatra]] utawa Arya Banyakcatra, [[Raden Banyakblabur]], lan [[Raden Banyakngampar]].<ref>{{aut|Knebel, J.}} 1898. "Babad Pasir, volgens een Banjoemaasch Handschrift". ''Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunsten en Wetenschappen'', [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/128095#page/11/mode/1up deel '''LI''']. Batavia :Egbert Heemen, 1779-1922.</ref> Banyakcatra lunga nilarake kerdhatone kanggo ngoleki puteri sing dadi klangenane, saktekane ana ing Kadipaten Pasirluhur (ana sakwetane [[Purwokerto]] saiki), sing nalika semana ana ing sangisore pamrentahane Adipati Kandadhaha. Bungah karo Dewi Ciptarasa, puteri Adipati Kandadhaha, Arya Banyakcatra banjur nyamar dadi wong cilik nganggo jeneng Kamandaka. Ananging tembe mburine sang Adipati belakangan ora nyarujuki gegathukan asmara antarane Kamandaka karo Dewi Ciptarasa. Sakwise suwi ngulandara, kalebu macak dadi [[Lutung Kasarung]]; kerah karo adhine, Banyakngampar sing macak nganggo jeneng Silihwarni; lan perang rame karo Raja Pulebahas seka [[Nusa Kambangan]]; pungkasane Kamandaka ditampa minangka anak mantune Adipati Kandadhaha, sakwise konangan anggone nyeyamur uga jati dirine minangka putra raja. Ing titi wancine, Arya Banyakcatra nglintir kalungguhan maratuwane minangka Adipati Pasirluhur. Anandene Arya Banyakngampar dadi adipati ning tlatah Dayeuhluhur ([[Majenang, Cilacap]] saiki). == Géografi == 108 0 ‘ 17 ”-109 0 27’15” [[Bujur wétan]] lan 7 0 15 ‘05” – 7 0 37 ‘10” [[Lintang kidul]]. == Bates Wewengkon == Sisi [[wétan]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Purbalingga]], [[Kabupatèn Banjarnegara]] lan [[Kabupatèn Kebumèn]], sisih [[kidul]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Cilacap]], sisih [[kulon]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Cilacap]], [[Kabupatèn Brebes]] lan sisih [[lor]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Tegal]] lan [[Kabupatèn Pemalang]]. == Jarak kutha == Jarak Kabupatèn Banyumas kaliyan kutha-kutha sakiteré ing wewengkon [[Banyumasan]] yaiku: * [[Kutha Tegal]]: 114 Km * [[Pemalang]]: 144 Km * [[Brebes]]: 127 Km * [[Purbalingga]]: 20 Km * [[Banjarnegara]]: 65 Km * [[Kebumèn]]: 85 Km * [[Cilacap]]: 53 Km == Papréntahan == Kabupatèn Banyumas ketata saking 27 [[kacamatan]], [[kalurahan]] lan [[désa]]. Kacamatan-Kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Banyumas yaiku: * [[Lumbir, Banyumas|Lumbir]] * [[Wangon, Banyumas|Wangon]] * [[Jatilawang, Banyumas|Jatilawang]] * [[Rawalo, Banyumas|Rawalo]] * [[Kebasèn, Banyumas|Kebasèn]] * [[Kemranjèn, Banyumas|Kemranjèn]] * [[Sumpyuh, Banyumas|Sumpyuh]] * [[Tambak, Banyumas|Tambak]] * [[Somagedhé, Banyumas|Somagedhé]] * [[Kalibagor, Banyumas|Kalibagor]] * [[Banyumas, Banyumas|Banyumas]] * [[Patikraja, Banyumas|Patikraja]] * [[Purwajati, Banyumas|Purwajati]] * [[Ajibarang, Banyumas|Ajibarang]] * [[Gumelar, Banyumas|Gumelar]] * [[Pekuncèn, Banyumas|Pekuncèn]] * [[Cilongok, Banyumas|Cilongok]] * [[Karanglewas, Banyumas|Karanglewas]] * [[Sokaraja, Banyumas|Sokaraja]] * [[Kembaran, Banyumas|Kembaran]] * [[Sumbang, Banyumas|Sumbang]] * [[Baturradèn, Banyumas|Baturadèn]] * [[Kedhungbanthèng, Banyumas|Kedhungbanthèng]] * [[Purwakerta Kidul, Banyumas|Purwakerta Kidul]] * [[Purwakerta Kulon, Banyumas|Purwakerta Kulon]] * [[Purwakerta Wétan, Banyumas|Purwakerta Wétan]] * [[Purwakerta Lor, Banyumas|Purwakerta Lor]] == Ékonomi & Sosial == == Plesiran == == Deleng uga == * [[Pratélan Daerah Tingkat II]] * [[Gethuk goreng]] * [[Lambang Kabupatèn Banyumas]] == Deleng uga == * [[Curug Cipendok]] * [[Jawa Tengah]] == Pranala njaba == {{Wikipedia Banyumasan}} * [http://www.banyumas.go.id/ Situs Web Resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012114900/http://www.banyumas.go.id/ |date=2013-10-12 }} * [http://www.serayunet.com/ Situs Banyumas basa Inggeris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610130801/http://serayunet.com/ |date=2017-06-10 }} * [http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/banyumas/ Milis Banyumasan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803081807/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/banyumas/ |date=2013-08-03 }} * [http://www.pariwisata.banyumas.go.id/ Dinas Pariwisata Pemkab Banyumas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223150644/http://www.pariwisata.banyumas.go.id/ |date=2021-02-23 }} {{Kabupatèn Banyumas}} {{Jawa Tengah}} [[Kategori:Pratélan Daerah Tingkat II]] [[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Jawa Tengah|Banyumas]] [[Kategori:Kabupatèn Banyumas]] 0ur282z2blyirdqirnpggfnklrsyvoi 1752151 1752149 2026-08-02T09:18:44Z Madusastra 60454 /* Cerita Pasirluhur */ 1752151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dwiaksara}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Banyumas<br>كَابُوڤَاتَينْ بَاڽُومَاسْ<br>ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀<br> | settlement_type = [[Kabupatèn]] | image_flag = Regency Flag of Banyumas.png | image_seal = Emblem of Banyumas Regency.svg | motto = '''Rarasing Rasa Wiwaraning Praja''' | image_map = Locator kabupaten banyumas.gif | mapsize = | map_caption = Pernahé Banyumas ing [[Jawa Tengah]] | coordinates = | subdivision_type = [[Nagara]] | subdivision_name = [[Indonésia]] | subdivision_type1 = Provinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Tengah]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Kutha krajan | seat = [[Purwokerto]] | established_title = Dina Dadi | established_date = | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | leader_title = [[Bupati]] | leader_name = Ir. H. Achmad Husein | leader_title1 = Wakil Bupati | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 1,329.02 | population_total = 1,578,129 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = Bebrayan | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Wong | demographics1_info1= [[wong Jawa|Jawa]], [[Wong Arab-Indonésia|Arab]], [[wong Cina|Cina]] lan liya-liya | demographics1_title2 = Basa | demographics1_info2 = [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] lan [[basa Indonesia|Indonesia]] | demographics1_title3 = Kepercayan | demographics1_info3= [[Islam]], [[Kristen Protestan]], [[Katulik]], [[Buddha]], [[Hindu]] | timezone1 = WIK | utc_offset1 = +7 | postal_code_type = Kodhe pos | postal_code = | area_code = (+62) 281 | registration_plate = | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | website ={{URL|http://www.banyumaskab.go.id/}}<br>{{id icon}} }} '''Kabupatèn Banyumas''' ([[aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: {{jav|ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦨꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀}}, [[Pegon]]: كَبُڤَتَينْ بَڽُمَسْ), iku kabupatèn ing [[Jawa Tengah]] sing pernahé ing sisih kidul [[Gunung Slamet]], [[Kutha Purwokerto]] iku kutha krajan kabupatèné, kutha-kutha liyané: [[Wangon, Banyumas|Wangon]], [[Ajibarang, Banyumas|Ajibarang]], [[Banyumas]], [[Sokaraja, Banyumas|Sokaraja]], [[Patikraja, Banyumas|Patikraja]], [[Tambak, Banyumas|Tambak]] lan liya-liyané. Jembar wewengkon kabupatèn iki ± 1,329.02 Km² Cacahe Penduduk: 1,578,129 jiwa. == Sajarah == === Cerita Pasirluhur === ''Babad Pasir'' nyritakake legenda babagan kisah puterane [[Prabu Siliwangi]] nalika isih enom, yaiku [[Raden Banyakcatra]] utawa Arya Banyakcatra, [[Raden Banyakblabur]], lan [[Raden Banyakngampar]].<ref>{{aut|Knebel, J.}} 1898. "Babad Pasir, volgens een Banjoemaasch Handschrift". ''Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunsten en Wetenschappen'', [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/128095#page/11/mode/1up deel '''LI''']. Batavia :Egbert Heemen, 1779-1922.</ref> Banyakcatra lunga nilarake kedhatone kanggo ngoleki puteri sing dadi klangenane, saktekane ana ing Kadipaten Pasirluhur (ana sakwetane [[Purwokerto]] saiki), sing nalika semana ana ing sangisore pamrentahane Adipati Kandadhaha. Bungah karo Dewi Ciptarasa, puteri Adipati Kandadhaha, Arya Banyakcatra banjur nyamar dadi wong cilik nganggo jeneng Kamandaka. Ananging tembe mburine sang Adipati belakangan ora nyarujuki gegathukan asmara antarane Kamandaka karo Dewi Ciptarasa. Sakwise suwi ngulandara, kalebu macak dadi [[Lutung Kasarung]]; kerah karo adhine, Banyakngampar sing macak nganggo jeneng Silihwarni; lan perang rame karo Raja Pulebahas seka [[Nusa Kambangan]]; pungkasane Kamandaka ditampa minangka anak mantune Adipati Kandadhaha, sakwise konangan anggone nyeyamur uga jati dirine minangka putra raja. Ing titi wancine, Arya Banyakcatra nglintir kalungguhan maratuwane minangka Adipati Pasirluhur. Anandene Arya Banyakngampar dadi adipati ning tlatah Dayeuhluhur ([[Majenang, Cilacap]] saiki). == Géografi == 108 0 ‘ 17 ”-109 0 27’15” [[Bujur wétan]] lan 7 0 15 ‘05” – 7 0 37 ‘10” [[Lintang kidul]]. == Bates Wewengkon == Sisi [[wétan]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Purbalingga]], [[Kabupatèn Banjarnegara]] lan [[Kabupatèn Kebumèn]], sisih [[kidul]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Cilacap]], sisih [[kulon]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Cilacap]], [[Kabupatèn Brebes]] lan sisih [[lor]] berbatesan kalih [[Kabupatèn Tegal]] lan [[Kabupatèn Pemalang]]. == Jarak kutha == Jarak Kabupatèn Banyumas kaliyan kutha-kutha sakiteré ing wewengkon [[Banyumasan]] yaiku: * [[Kutha Tegal]]: 114 Km * [[Pemalang]]: 144 Km * [[Brebes]]: 127 Km * [[Purbalingga]]: 20 Km * [[Banjarnegara]]: 65 Km * [[Kebumèn]]: 85 Km * [[Cilacap]]: 53 Km == Papréntahan == Kabupatèn Banyumas ketata saking 27 [[kacamatan]], [[kalurahan]] lan [[désa]]. Kacamatan-Kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Banyumas yaiku: * [[Lumbir, Banyumas|Lumbir]] * [[Wangon, Banyumas|Wangon]] * [[Jatilawang, Banyumas|Jatilawang]] * [[Rawalo, Banyumas|Rawalo]] * [[Kebasèn, Banyumas|Kebasèn]] * [[Kemranjèn, Banyumas|Kemranjèn]] * [[Sumpyuh, Banyumas|Sumpyuh]] * [[Tambak, Banyumas|Tambak]] * [[Somagedhé, Banyumas|Somagedhé]] * [[Kalibagor, Banyumas|Kalibagor]] * [[Banyumas, Banyumas|Banyumas]] * [[Patikraja, Banyumas|Patikraja]] * [[Purwajati, Banyumas|Purwajati]] * [[Ajibarang, Banyumas|Ajibarang]] * [[Gumelar, Banyumas|Gumelar]] * [[Pekuncèn, Banyumas|Pekuncèn]] * [[Cilongok, Banyumas|Cilongok]] * [[Karanglewas, Banyumas|Karanglewas]] * [[Sokaraja, Banyumas|Sokaraja]] * [[Kembaran, Banyumas|Kembaran]] * [[Sumbang, Banyumas|Sumbang]] * [[Baturradèn, Banyumas|Baturadèn]] * [[Kedhungbanthèng, Banyumas|Kedhungbanthèng]] * [[Purwakerta Kidul, Banyumas|Purwakerta Kidul]] * [[Purwakerta Kulon, Banyumas|Purwakerta Kulon]] * [[Purwakerta Wétan, Banyumas|Purwakerta Wétan]] * [[Purwakerta Lor, Banyumas|Purwakerta Lor]] == Ékonomi & Sosial == == Plesiran == == Deleng uga == * [[Pratélan Daerah Tingkat II]] * [[Gethuk goreng]] * [[Lambang Kabupatèn Banyumas]] == Deleng uga == * [[Curug Cipendok]] * [[Jawa Tengah]] == Pranala njaba == {{Wikipedia Banyumasan}} * [http://www.banyumas.go.id/ Situs Web Resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012114900/http://www.banyumas.go.id/ |date=2013-10-12 }} * [http://www.serayunet.com/ Situs Banyumas basa Inggeris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610130801/http://serayunet.com/ |date=2017-06-10 }} * [http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/banyumas/ Milis Banyumasan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803081807/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/banyumas/ |date=2013-08-03 }} * [http://www.pariwisata.banyumas.go.id/ Dinas Pariwisata Pemkab Banyumas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223150644/http://www.pariwisata.banyumas.go.id/ |date=2021-02-23 }} {{Kabupatèn Banyumas}} {{Jawa Tengah}} [[Kategori:Pratélan Daerah Tingkat II]] [[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Jawa Tengah|Banyumas]] [[Kategori:Kabupatèn Banyumas]] e233o0z7cqoag0o90w89ihrpcigecf6 0 19808 1752066 1736214 2026-08-02T00:28:00Z Shiana1 73876 1752066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country | native_name = اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان<br /> islāmī jamhūriya-i-pākistān | common_name = Pakistan | image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg | image_map = Pakistan in its region (claimed and disputed hatched).svg | national_motto = īmān, ittihād, nazm<br />([[Basa Urdu|Urdu]]: "Iman, Kamanunggalan, Dhisiplin") | national_anthem = "[[Pak sarzamin shad bad]]"<br />[[Gambar:Pakistan anthem - United States Navy Band.ogg|center]] | official_languages = [[Basa Urdu|Urdu]], [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]] | capital = [[Islamabad]] | capitals_coordinates = | largest_city = [[Karachi]] | government_type = [[Républik]] [[Islam]]<br>[[Federal]] [[Parlementer]] | leader_title1 = [[Pratélan Presidhèn Pakistan|Presidhèn]] | leader_name1 = [[Asif Ali Zardari]] | leader_title2 = [[Pratélan Nayakotama Pakistan|Nayakotama]] | leader_name2 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]] | leader_titles = [[Présidhèn Pakistan|Présidhèn]]<br />[[Perdana Menteri Pakistan|Perdana Menteri]] | leader_names = Jend. [[Pervez Musharraf]]<br />[[Shaukat Aziz]] | area_rank = 34 | area_magnitude = 1_E5 | area = 803.940 | percent_water = 3,1 | population_estimate = 165.803.560 | population_estimate_year = 2006 | population_estimate_rank = 6 | population_census_year = - | population_census = - | population_density = 188 | population_density_rank = 56 | GDP_PPP_year = 2004 | GDP_PPP = US$392 miliar | GDP_PPP_rank = 26 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$2.567 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 135 | sovereignty_type = [[Kamardikan]] | established_events = -Saka [[Karajan Manunggal]] | established_dates = <br />[[14 Agustus]] [[1947]] | currency = [[Rupee Pakistan|Rupee]] | currency_code = PKR | time_zone = | utc_offset = +5 | time_zone_DST = ora ana | utc_offset_DST = +5 | cctld = .pk | calling_code = 92 | footnotes = }} '''Pakistan''' iku nagara ing bawana [[Asia]]. Kutha krajan nagara iki yaiku [[Islamabad]]. Nagara iki sing ndunungi kurang luwih160 yuta jiwa lan jembaré ana 803.940&nbsp;km². Pakistan iku nagara sempalan saka [[India]] lan mardika luwih dhisik tinimbang India saka [[Britania Raya]]. Nagara Pakistan iku saiki nagara sing nduwé mayoritas Muslim kapindho sadonya. Sadurungé taun 1971 lan nalika Pakistan Wétan utawa saiki diarani [[Bangladesh]] isih dadi wewengkon Pakistan, Pakistan malahan nagara mayoritas Islam sing gedhé dhéwé. Nagara Pakistan mbiyèn diproklamasèkaké ing tanggal 14 Agustus 1947 ing kutha [[Karachi]]. Proklamasi iki sadina sadurungé proklamasi nagara India mardika. Karepé supaya Gubernur-Jéndral India-Britania, Lord Mountbatten bisa rawuh ing loro-loroné upacara kamardikan. {| class="infobox borderless" |+ National symbols of Pakistan (Official) |- ! '''National animal''' | | [[Image:Markhor.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National bird''' | | [[Image:Keklik.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National tree''' | | [[Image:Pedrengo cedro nel parco Frizzoni.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National flower''' | | [[Image:Jasminum officinale.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage animal''' | | [[Image:Snow Leopard 13.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage bird''' | | [[Image:Vándorsólyom.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National aquatic marine mammal''' | | [[Image:National aquatic marine mammal of Pakistan.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National reptile''' | | [[Image:Persiancrocodile.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National amphibian''' | | [[Image:Bufo stomaticus04.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National fruit''' | | [[Image:Chaunsa.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National mosque''' | | [[Image:Shah Faisal Mosque (Islamabad, Pakistan).jpg |50px]] |- ! '''National mausoleum''' | | |- ! '''National river''' | | [[Image:Indus river from karakouram highway.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National mountain''' | | [[Image:K2, Mount Godwin Austen, Chogori, Savage Mountain.jpg|50px]] |- |} [[Kategori:Pakistan]] 8bix5a39dtuuwpkscsm8ewu6ooa4ko3 0 23468 1752159 1715840 2026-08-02T11:16:47Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=22 | symbol=Ti | name=titanium | left=[[scandhium]] | right=[[vanadium]] | above=- | below=[[zirconium|Zr]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=4 | period=4 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Ti,22| silvery metallic }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-26 kg|47.867(1)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[argon|Ar]]&#93; 3d² 4s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 10, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 4.506 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 4.11 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1941 | c=1668 | f=3034 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3560 | c=3287 | f=5949 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 14.15 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 425 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.060 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1982 | 2171 | (2403) | 2692 | 3064 | 3558 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 4<br />([[amphoteric]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.54 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 658.8 | 1309.8 | 2652.5 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|140]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|176]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|136]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | ??? }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 0.420 µ}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 21.9 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 8.6 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsatrt | 5090 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 116 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 44 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 110 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.32 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 6.0 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 970 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 716 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-32-6 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=titanium | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=44 | sym=Ti | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E9 s|63 y]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=- | pn1=44 | ps1=[[scandhium|Sc]] | dm2=[[gamma ray|γ]] | de2=0.07[[Delayed nuclear radiation|D]], 0.08D | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=46 | sym=Ti | na=8.0% | n=24 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=47 | sym=Ti | na=7.3% | n=25 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=48 | sym=Ti | na=73.8% | n=26 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=49 | sym=Ti | na=5.5% | n=27 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=50 | sym=Ti | na=5.4% | n=28 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} '''Titanium''' iku [[unsur kimia]] sajeroning [[tabel périodik]] kang duwé simbol '''Ti''' lan [[nomer atom]] 22. Logam iki minangka [[logam transisi]] kang ènthèng, kuwat, 'lustrous', tahan [[korosi]] (kalebu tahan marangp [[banyu sagara]] lan [[chlorine]] kanthi warna putih-metalik-kaperakan. Titanium digunakaké minangka [[alloy]] kuwat lan ènthèng (mligi karo [[wesi]] lan [[aluminum]]) lan minangka senyawa paling akèh, [[titanium dioxide]], kanggo pigmen putih. Unsur iki tinemu ana ing mineral kanthi sumber utama yaiku [[rutile]] lan [[ilmenite]], kang kasebar ing saindhenging [[bumi]]. Ana loro wangun [[allotropy|allotropic]] lan lima isotop alami saka unsur iki; Ti-46 nganti Ti-50 lan Ti-48 kang paling akèh tinemu ing alam (73,8%). Salah siji karakteristik Titanium kang paling misuwur yaiku padha kuwaté karo [[waja]] nanging mung duwé bobot 60% saka boboté waja. Sipat Titanium mèmper karo [[zirconium]] kanthi kimia apa déné fisika. Amarga saka kakuwatané, unsur iki kanggo nggawé peralatan perang (tank) lan pesawat ruang akasa. == Rujukan == * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/22.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Titanium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230040713/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/22.html |date=2006-12-30 }} * ''Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 * ''The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide'', Robert E. Krebs (Greenwood Press: Westport, CT, 1998) ISBN 0-313-30123-9 * "titanium" Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=7296] [Accessed January 23, 2005]. * "titanium" ''The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed'' [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0848871.html] [Accessed January 23, 2005] * "titanium," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005 [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027112633/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html |date=2006-10-27 }} [Accessed January 24, 2005] * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/ USGS Titanium Statistics and Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227092236/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/ |date=2019-02-27 }} * '''''Nature''''', Vol 407, 21 Sept 2000 == Pranala njaba == [[Gambar:Ti covered watches.jpg|left|200px|thumb|jam tangan kang dilapis ngaggo titanium]] {{wiktionary}} {{Commons|Titanium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ti/index.html WebElements.com – Titanium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516063805/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ti/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} (also used as a reference) * [http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2003/titanium.movies/titanium.html Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys, Cambridge University] * [http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/titanium/titanium_table15.html World Production of Titanium Concentrates, by Country] {{clr}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] {{kimia-stub}} 7hm3vp7me86ag1ucjt4mdij4itqbw28 0 24352 1752042 1736955 2026-08-01T15:38:20Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=98 | symbol=Cf | name=californium | left=[[berkelium]] | right=[[einsteinium]] | above=[[dysprosium|Dy]] | below=(Uqo) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[actinide]]s }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=7 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance | silvery }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|(251)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁰ 7s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 15.1 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1173 | c=900 | f=1652 }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 2, '''3''', 4 }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.3 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1 | 608 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-71-3 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=248 | sym=Cf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|333.5 d]] | dm1=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=[[alpha emission|α]] | de2=6.361 | pn2=244 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=249 | sym=Cf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E10 s|351 y]] | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=6.295 | pn2=245 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=250 | sym=Cf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E8 s|13.08 y]] | dm1=α | de1=6.128 | pn1=246 | ps1=[[curium|Cm]] | dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=251 | sym=Cf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=898 [[year|y]] | dm=α | de=6.176 | pn=247 | ps=[[curium|Cm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=252 | sym=Cf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=2.645 y | dm1=α | de1=6.217 | pn1=248 | ps1=[[curium|Cm]] | dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=253 | sym=Cf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E6 s|17.81 d]] | dm1=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de1=0.285 | pn1=253 | ps1=[[einsteinium|Es]] | dm2=α | de2=6.124 | pn2=249 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=254 | sym=Cf | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E s|60.5 d]] | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=5.926 | pn2=250 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} '''Californium''' ({{pronEng|ˌkæl<s>ɪ</s>ˈforniəm}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] [[logam]] kanthi simbul '''Cf''' lan [[nomer atom]] 98. <!-- A [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] [[transuranic element]], californium has very few uses and was discovered by bombarding [[curium]] with [[alpha particle]]s ([[helium]] [[ion]]s). == Notable characteristics == Weighable amounts of californium make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscopic quantities. ²⁵²Cf (2.645-year [[half-life]]) is a very strong [[neutron]] emitter and is thus extremely [[radioactive]] and harmful<ref>{{cite web | url = https://narac.llnl.gov/uploads/Dillon2004_NARACEmergencyResponseGuide_202990_xchnw.pdf | title = The NARAC Emergency Response Guide to Initial Airborne Hazard Estimates | author = Michael B. Dillon, Ronald L. Baskett, Kevin T. Foster, and Connee S. Foster | date = March 18, 2004 | id = UCRL:UCRL-TM-202990 | publisher = National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center}}</ref> (one [[microgram]] spontaneously emits 170 million neutrons per minute). ²⁴⁹Cf is formed from the [[beta decay]] of ²⁴⁹[[berkelium|Bk]] and most other californium isotopes are made by subjecting berkelium to intense neutron radiation in a [[nuclear reactor]]. Californium has no biological role and only a few californium [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]s have been made and studied. Included among these are californium oxide (Cf₂[[oxygen|O]]₃), californium trichloride (Cf[[Chlorine|Cl]]₃) and californium oxychloride (CfOCl). The only californium [[ion]] that is stable in [[aqueous solution]] is the californium(III) [[cation]]. ==General uses== The element does have some specialist applications dealing with its radioactivity but otherwise is largely too difficult to produce to have widespread useful significance as a material. Some of its uses are: *neutron startup source for some [[nuclear reactor]]s, calibrating instrumentation *treatment of certain [[Cervical cancer|cervical]] and [[brain cancer]]s where other [[radiation therapy]] is ineffective *[[radiography]] of aircraft to detect [[metal fatigue]] *airport neutron-activation detectors of explosives *portable metal detectors<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnl.gov/news/2000/00-43.htm|title=Will you be 'mine'? Physics key to detection|date=October 25, 2000|publisher=[[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]]|accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> *[[neutron moisture gauges]] used to find [[water]] and [[petroleum]] layers in [[oil well]]s *portable neutron source in [[gold]] and [[silver]] prospecting for on-the-spot analysis In October 2006 it was announced that on three occasions californium-249 atoms had been bombarded with [[calcium]]-48 ions to produce [[ununoctium]] (element 118),<ref>{{cite web | last = Sanderson | first = Katherine | title = Heaviest element made - again | work = nature@news.com | publisher = [[Nature (journal)]] | date = 17 October 2006 | url = http://www.nature.com/news/2006/061016/full/061016-4.html | accessdate = 2006-10-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Phil Schewe and Ben Stein | title = Elements 116 and 118 Are Discovered | work = Physics News Update | publisher = [[American Institute of Physics]] | date = 17 October 2006 | url = http://www.aip.org/pnu/2006/797.html | accessdate = 2006-10-19 }}</ref> making this the heaviest element ever synthesized. ==Military use== {{refimprove|section|date=July 2007}} ²⁵¹Cf is famous for having a very small [[Critical mass (nuclear)|critical mass]], high lethality, and short period of toxic environmental irradiation relative to radioactive elements commonly used for radiation explosive weaponry, creating speculation about possible use in [[pocket nuke]]s. This [[urban legend]] is unfounded since it would be very difficult to make a ²⁵¹Cf bomb weighing less than 2&nbsp;kg, and the costs of such a bomb would be prohibitive. Other weaponry uses, such as showering an area with californium, are not impossible but are seen as inhumane and are subject to inclement weather conditions and porous terrain considerations. Often cited as a consideration is the cost of producing californium in quantity, but the cost citations are usually due to extra fees that laboratory materials companies insert for sake of caution and market needs. ==Nuclear fuel cycle== Pertaining to californium's [[nuclear fuel cycle]], it is important to make sure that the [[curium]] concentration in [[MOX nuclear fuel]] is kept low, as [[neutron]] irradiation of curium will convert some of it to californium. The californium will then cause the used fuel to be more difficult to handle as the californium is a strong [[neutron]] emitter (through spontaneous fission). Hence the concentration of curium and californium among the [[Minor actinides]] are important. == History == Californium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first synthesized]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] by researchers [[Stanley G. Thompson]], [[Kenneth Street, Jr.]], [[Albert Ghiorso]] and [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] in 1950. It was the sixth [[transuranium element]] to be discovered and the team announced their discovery on [[March 17]], [[1950]]. It was named after the U.S. state of [[California]] and for the [[University of California]] system. To produce element 98, the team bombarded a microgram-sized target of ²⁴²[[curium|Cm]] with 35 MeV [[alpha particle]]s in the 5-foot (1.52&nbsp;m) Berkeley [[cyclotron]], which produced atoms of ²⁴⁵Cf (half-life 44 minutes) and a [[free neutron]]. Due to its $27 million per gram price tag, only 8 grams of ²⁵²Cf have been made in the western world since its discovery by Seaborg in 1950.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Plutonium supplied by the [[United Kingdom]] to the U.S. under the [[1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement]] was used for californium production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B31B4EF0-A584-4CC6-9B14-B5E89E6848F8/0/plutoniumandaldermaston.pdf|title=Plutonium and Aldermaston - an historical account|publisher=[[UK Ministry of Defence]]|date=4 September 2001|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref> == Isotopes == Nineteen [[radioisotope]]s of californium have been characterized, the most stable being ²⁵¹Cf with a [[half-life]] of 898 years, ²⁴⁹Cf with a half-life of 351 years, and ²⁵⁰Cf with a half-life of 13 years. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.7 years, and the majority of these have half-lives shorter than 20 minutes. The isotopes of californium range in [[atomic weight]] from 237.062 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (²³⁷Cf) to 256.093 u (²⁵⁶Cf). == Natural occurrence == Although californium does not occur naturally on Earth, the element and its decay products occur elsewhere in the universe. Their electromagnetic emissions are regularly observed in the spectra of [[supernovae]]. ==Chemistry== ==References== <references/> *''Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Californium}} {{wiktionary|californium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cf/index.html WebElements.com - Californium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402041756/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cf/index.html |date=2008-04-02 }} * [http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq6.html#nfaq6.2 NuclearWeaponArchive.org - Californium] * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/98.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Californium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905235502/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/98.html |date=2010-09-05 }} * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele098.html It's Elemental - Californium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219223016/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele098.html |date=2015-02-19 }} * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rel+@na+californium,radioactive Hazardous Substances Databank – Californium, Radioactive] {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Universitas California, Berkeley]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] {{kimia-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> 85sp3agvfz2by2xnmawmoehxiji2gv7 0 24353 1752055 1050911 2026-08-01T19:29:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=57 | symbol=La | name=lanthanum | left=[[barium]] | right=[[cerium]] | above=- | below=[[actinium|Ac]] | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[lanthanide]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=3 | period=6 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | La,57| silvery white }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|138.90547]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(7)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 5d¹ 6s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 6.162 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 5.94 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1193 | c=920 | f=1688 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3737 | c=3464 | f=6267 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 6.20 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 402.1 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 27.11 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 2005 | 2208 | 2458 | 2772 | 3178 | 3726 | comment=(extrapolated) }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 3<br />(strongly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.10 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 538.1 | 1067 | 1850.3 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|195]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|169]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | ? }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly) 615 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 13.4 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly)<br />12.1 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 2475 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | (α form) 36.6 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | (α form) 14.3 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | (α form) 27.9 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | (α form) 0.280 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 2.5 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 491 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 363 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7439-91-0 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=137 | sym=La | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E s|60,000 yrs]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.600 | pn=137 | ps=[[barium|Ba]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=138 | sym=La | na=0.09% | hl=[[1 E s|105×10⁹yrs]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=1.737 | pn1=138 | ps1=[[barium|Ba]] | dm2=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de2=1.044 | pn2=138 | ps2=[[cerium|Ce]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=139 | sym=La | na=99.91% | n=82 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} '''Lantanum''' utawa lanthanum ({{pronEng|ˈlænθənəm}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''La''' lan [[nomer atom]] 57. <!-- == Notable characteristics == [[Image:Lanthanum.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Lanthanum.]] Lanthanum is a silvery white metallic element that belongs to group 3 of the periodic table and is a [[lanthanide]]. Found in some rare-earth minerals, usually in combination with [[cerium]] and other [[rare earth element]]s. Lanthanum is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. The metal reacts directly with elemental [[carbon]], [[nitrogen]], [[boron]], [[selenium]], [[silicon]], [[phosphorus]], [[sulfur]], and with [[halogen]]s. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, while hot water attacks it much more rapidly. == Applications == Uses of lanthanum: * Carbon [[lighting]] applications, especially by the [[film|motion picture]] industry for studio lighting and projection. * [[Lanthanum oxide|La₂O₃]] improves the alkali resistance of [[glass]], and is used in making special optical glasses, such as: ** [[Infrared]] absorbing glass. ** [[Camera]] and [[telescope]] [[Lens (optics)|lenses]], because of the high [[refractive index]] and low dispersion of rare-earth glasses. * Small amounts of lanthanum added to [[steel]] improves its [[malleability]], resistance to impact and [[ductility]]. * Small amounts of lanthanum added to [[iron]] helps to produce nodular [[pig iron|cast iron]]. * Small amounts of lanthanum added to [[molybdenum]] decreases the hardness of this metal and its sensitivity to temperature variations. * Small amounts of lanthanum are present in many pool products to remove the phosphates that feed algae. * [[Mischmetal]], a [[pyrophoric]] alloy used e.g. in lighter flints, contains 25% to 45% lanthanum. * [[Lanthanum oxide]] and the [[lanthanum hexaboride|boride]] are used in electronic [[vacuum tube]]s as [[hot cathode]] materials with strong emissivity of [[electron]]s. Crystals of [[lanthanum hexaboride|LaB₆]] are used in high brightness, extended life, thermionic electron emission sources for [[scanning electron microscope]]s. * in [[Gas tungsten arc welding]] electrodes, as a substitute for [[radioactive]] [[thorium]]. * [[Hydrogen sponge alloy]]s can contain lanthanum. These alloys are capable of storing up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas in a reversible adsorption process. * [[Petroleum cracking]] [[catalyst]]s. * Gas lantern [[gas mantle|mantles]]. * Glass and lapidary polishing compound. * [[lanthanum-barium dating|La-Ba]] age [[radiometric dating|dating]] of rocks and ores. * [[Lanthanum carbonate]] is used medically as a [[phosphate binder]] for the treatment of [[hyperphosphatemia]]. See details below under '''Biological Role'''. * [[Lanthanum nitrate]] is mainly applied in specialty glass, water treatment and catalyst. * [[Cerium]] activated [[Lanthanum bromide]] is the recent inorganic [[scintillator]] which has a combination of high light yield and the best energy resolution. * Like [[horseradish peroxidase]], lanthanum is used as an electron-dense tracer in [[molecular biology]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Chau YP, Lu KS | title=Investigation of the blood-ganglion barrier properties in rat sympathetic ganglia by using lanthanum ion and horseradish peroxidase as tracers | journal=ACTA ANATOMICA (BASEL) | volume=153 | issue=2 | year=1995 | pages=135-144 | id=PMID 8560966 }}</ref>. == History == Lanthanum was discovered in [[1839]] by [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[chemist]] [[Carl Gustav Mosander]], when he partially decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by heating and treating the resulting salt with dilute [[nitric acid]]. From the resulting solution, he isolated a new rare earth he called ''lantana''. Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in [[1923]]. The word ''lanthanum'' comes from the Greek ''λανθανω'' [lanthanō] = to lie hidden. Lanthanum is the most strongly basic of all the trivalent lanthanides, and this property is what allowed Mosander to isolate and purify the salts of this element. Basicity separation as operated commercially involved the fractional precipitation of the weaker bases (such as [[didymium]]) from nitrate solution by the addition of magnesium oxide or dilute ammmonia gas. Purified lanthanum remained in solution. (The basicity methods were only suitable for lanthanum purification; didymium could not be efficiently further separated in this manner.) The alternative technique of fractional crystallization was invented by Dimitry Mendeleev himself, in the form of the double ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate, which he used to separate the less-soluble lanthanum from the more-soluble didymium in the 1870s. This system would be used commercially in lanthanum purification until the development of practical solvent extraction methods that started in the late 1950s. (A detailed process using the double ammonium nitrates to provide 4N pure lanthanum, neodymium concentrates and praseodymium concentrates is presented in Callow 1967, at a time when the process was just becoming obsolete.) As operated for lanthanum purification, the double ammonium nitrates were recrystallized from water. When later adapted by [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]] for the splitting of didymium, nitric acid was used as solvent to lower the solubility of the system. Lanthanum is relatively easy to purify, since it has only one adjacent lanthanide, cerium, which itself is very readily removed due to its potential tetravalency. == Biological role == Lanthanum has no known biological role. The element is not absorbed orally, and when injected its elimination is very slow. [[Lanthanum carbonate]] was approved as a medication (Fosrenol, [[Shire Pharmaceuticals]]) to absorb excess [[phosphate]] in cases of end-stage renal failure. Some rare-earth chlorides, such as lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃), are known to have [[anticoagulant]] properties. While Lanthanum has pharmacological effects on several receptors and ion channels, its specificity for the GABA receptor is unique among divalent cations. Lanthanum acts at the same modulatory site on the GABAR as zinc- a known negative allosteric modulator. The Lanthanum cation La³⁺ is a positive allosteric modulator at native and recombinant GABA receptors, increasing open channel time and decreasing desensitization in a subunit configuration dependent manner. == Occurrence == Although lanthanum belongs to chemical elements group called [[rare earth metals]], it is not rare at all. Lanthanum is available in relatively large quantities (32 ppm in Earth’s crust). "Rare earths" got their name since they were indeed rare as compared to the "common" earths such as lime or magnesia, and historically only a few deposits were known. [[Monazite]] (Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO₄, and [[bastnasite]] (Ce, La, Y)CO₃F, are the principal ores in which lanthanum occurs, in percentages of up to 25 to 38 percent of the total lanthanide content. Lanthanum is more generally enriched in bastnasite as opposed to monazite, in commercial orebodies. Until 1949, bastnasite was a rare and obscure mineral, not even remotely contemplated as a potential commercial source for lanthanides. In that year, the vast deposit at Mountain Pass California was discovered. This discovery alerted geologists as to the existence of a whole new class of rare earth deposit, the rare-earth bearing carbonatite, other examples of which soon surfaced, particularly in Africa and China. ''See also [[:category:Lanthanide minerals]]'' == Isotopes == {{main|isotopes of lanthanum}} Naturally occurring lanthanum is composed of one stable (¹³⁹La) and one [[radioactive]] (¹³⁸La) [[isotope]], with the stable isotope, ¹³⁹La, being the most abundant (99.91% [[natural abundance]]). 38 [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized with the most stable being ¹³⁸La with a [[half-life]] of 105×10⁹ years, and ¹³⁷La with a half-life of 60,000 years. Most of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 minute. This element also has 3 [[meta state]]s. The isotopes of lanthanum range in [[atomic weight]] from 117 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (¹¹⁷La) to 155 u (¹⁵⁵La). == Precautions == Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. In animals, the injection of lanthanum solutions produces [[glycaemia]], low blood pressure, degeneration of the [[spleen]] and [[liver|hepatic]] alterations. ==References== {{reflist}} *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/57.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Lanthanum] * "The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium", by R.J. Callow, Pergamon Press 1967 * "Chemistry of the Lanthanons", by R.C. Vickery, Butterworths 1953 * "Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. VII. Scandhium, Yttrium, Elements des Terres Rares, Actinium", P. Pascal, Editor, Masson & Cie 1959 * "Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths", by C.K. Gupta and N. Krishnamurthy, CRC Press 2005 ==See also== [[:Category:Lanthanum compounds| Lanthanum compounds]] --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Lanthanum}} {{wiktionary|lanthanum}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/La/index.html WebElements.com – Lanthanum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418211848/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/La/index.html |date=2008-04-18 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Lantanida]] {{kimia-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> qhbw7va15084u6z96ceggcb7ewcq0k9 0 24366 1752056 1737003 2026-08-01T20:31:39Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=71 | symbol=Lu | name=lutetium | left=[[ytterbium]] | right=[[hafnium]] | above=[[yttrium|Y]] | below=[[lawrencium|Lr]] | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=6 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Lu,71| silvery white }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|174.967]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | [[xenon|Xe]] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹}} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 9.841 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 9.3 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1925 | c=1652 | f=3006 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3675 | c=3402 | f=6156 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | ca. 22 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 414 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 26.86 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1906 | 2103 | 2346 | (2653) | (3072) | (3663) | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 3<br />(weakly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.27 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 523.5 | 1340 | 2022.3 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|175]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|217]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|160]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (poly) 582 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 16.4 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (poly) 9.9 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 68.6 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 27.2 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 47.6 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.261 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 1160 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 893 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7439-94-3 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=173 | sym=Lu | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E s|1.37 y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.671 | pn=173 | ps=[[ytterbium|Yb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=174 | sym=Lu | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.31 [[year|y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=1.374 | pn=174 | ps=[[ytterbium|Yb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=175 | sym=Lu | na=97.41% | n=104 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=176 | sym=Lu | na=2.59% | hl=3.78×10¹⁰[[year|y]] | dm=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de=1.193 | pn=176 | ps=[[hafnium|Hf]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} '''Lutetium''' ({{pronEng|ljuːˈtiːʃiəm}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Lu''' lan [[nomer atom]] 71. <!-- A metallic element, lutetium usually occurs in association with [[yttrium]] and is sometimes used in metal [[alloy]]s and as a [[catalyst]] in various processes. A strict correlation between [[periodic table block]]s and [[chemical series]] for neutral atoms would describe lutetium as a [[transition metal]] because it is in the [[d-block]], but it is a [[lanthanide]] according to [[IUPAC]].<ref>[http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/connelly_310804.html IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (2004)] (online draft of an updated version of the "''Red Book''" IR 3-6)</ref> == Notable characteristics and applications== Lutetium is a silvery white [[corrosion]]-resistant trivalent [[metal]] that is relatively stable in [[Earth's atmosphere|air]]. Lutetium is the heaviest and hardest of the [[Rare earth element|rare earth]] elements. Lutetium has the highest melting point of any lanthanide, probably related to the [[lanthanide contraction]]. This element is very expensive to obtain in useful quantities and therefore it has very few commercial uses. However, stable lutetium can be used as [[catalyst]]s in [[petroleum]] [[Cracking (chemistry)|cracking]] in [[oil refinery|refineries]] and can also be used in alkylation, [[hydrogenation]], and [[polymerization]] applications. [[Lutetium]]-176 (¹⁷⁶Lu) has been used to date the age of [[meteorite]]s. [[Lutetium aluminium garnet]] (Al₅Lu₃O₁₂) has been proposed for use as a lens material in high [[refractive index]] [[immersion lithography]]. [[Lutetium]]-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu), when bound to Octreotate (a [[somatostatin]] analogue), is used experimentally in targeted [[radionuclide]] therapy for [[neuroendocrine tumours]]. Cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) is currently the preferred compound for detectors in [[positron emission tomography]] (PET.) <ref>Thompson CJ. Instrumentation. In: Wahl RL,ed. Principles and Practice of Positron Emission Tomography. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002:51.</ref> == History == Lutetium ([[Latin]] ''[[Lutetia]]'' meaning [[Paris]]) was independently [[discoveries of the chemical elements|discovered]] in [[1907]] by French scientist [[Georges Urbain]], Austrian mineralogist Baron [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]] and American chemist [[Charles James]]. <ref>[http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/rareearth/discovery.html Separation of Rare Earth Elements--> <!-- Bot generated title --> <!-- ]</ref> All of these men found lutetium as an impurity in the mineral [[ytterbia]] which was thought by Swiss chemist [[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac]] (and most others) to consist entirely of the element [[ytterbium]]. The separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain and the naming honor therefore went to him. He chose the names neoytterbium (new ytterbium) and lutecium for the new element but neoytterbium was eventually reverted back to ytterbium and in [[1949]] the spelling of element 71 was changed to lutetium. Welsbach proposed the names ''cassiopium'' for element 71 (after the constellation [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]) and aldebaranium for the new name of ytterbium but these naming proposals where rejected (although many German scientists in the 1950s called the element 71 cassiopium). == Occurrence == Found with almost all other rare-earth metals but never by itself, lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements. Consequently, it is also one of the most expensive metals, costing about six times as much as [[gold]]. The principal commercially viable ore of lutetium is the rare earth [[phosphate]] mineral [[monazite]]: ([[cerium|Ce]], [[lanthanum|La]], etc.) [[phosphorus|P]][[oxygen|O]]₄ which contains 0.003% of the element. Pure lutetium [[metal]] has only relatively recently been isolated and is very difficult to prepare (thus it is one of the most rare and expensive of the rare earth metals). It is separated from other rare earth elements by [[ion exchange]] and then obtained in the elemental form by [[redox|reduction]] of anhydrous Lu[[chlorine|Cl]]₃ or Lu[[fluorine|F]]₃ by either an [[alkali metal]] or [[alkaline earth metal]]. == Isotopes == {{main|isotopes of lutetium}} Naturally occurring lutetium is composed of 1 stable [[isotope]] ¹⁷⁵Lu (97.41% [[natural abundance]]) and 1 long-lived [[beta decay|beta-radioactive]] isotope ¹⁷⁶Lu with a [[half-life]] of 3.78×10¹⁰ years (2.59% natural abundance). The last one is used in the [[radiometric dating]] (see [[Lutetium-hafnium dating]]). 33 [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized, with the most stable being naturally occurring ¹⁷⁶Lu, and artificial isotopes ¹⁷⁴Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and ¹⁷³Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a half an hour. This element also has 18 [[meta state]]s, with the most stable being ^177mLu (''T''_½=160.4 days), ^174mLu (''T''_½=142 days) and ^178mLu (T_½=23.1 minutes). The known isotopes of lutetium range in [[atomic weight]] from 149.973 (¹⁵⁰Lu) to 183.961 (¹⁸⁴Lu). The primary [[decay mode]] before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁷⁵Lu, is [[electron capture]] (with some [[alpha emission|alpha]] and [[positron emission]]), and the primary mode after is [[beta emission]]. The primary [[decay product]]s before ¹⁷⁵Lu are element 70 ([[ytterbium]]) isotopes and the primary products after are element 72 ([[hafnium]]) isotopes. == Applications == Lutetium is very expensive (upwards of $100 per gram) to obtain on useful quantities and therefore it has very few commercial uses. Some commercial applications include: * Use as a pure beta emitter, using lutetium which has been exposed to [[neutron activation]]. A tiny amount of lutetium is added as a dopant to [[gadolinium gallium garnet]] (GGG), which is used in [[magnetic bubble memory]] devices. * Use as a catalyst in the petroleum industry, or in [[organic light-emitting diode|organic light-emitting diodes]] (OLEDs). * Research into possible uses for targeted [[radiotherapy]] for the development of new cancer therapies. * Cerium-doped lutetium orthosilicate (Lu₂SiO₅:Ce), known as '''LSO''', is a [[scintillator]] used mainly for [[Positron Emission Tomography]]. ==Compounds== [[Fluoride]]: [[lutetium(III) fluoride|LuF₃]], [[Chloride]]: [[lutetium(III) chloride|LuCl₃]], [[Bromide]]: [[lutetium(III) bromide|LuBr₃]], [[Iodide]]: [[lutetium(III) iodide|LuI₃]], [[Oxide]]: [[lutetium(III) oxide|Lu₂O₃]], [[Sulfide]]: [[lutetium(III) sulfide|Lu₂S₃]], [[Nitride]]: [[lutetium(III) nitride|LuN]] Intermetalic compounds: *[[Lutetium aluminium garnet]] ''See also [[:Category:Lutetium compounds|lutetium compounds]].'' == Precautions == Like other rare-earth metals lutetium is regarded as having a low [[toxic]]ity rating but it and especially its compounds should be handled with care nonetheless. Metal dust of this element is a [[fire]] and [[explosion]] hazard. Lutetium plays no biological role in the human body but is thought to help stimulate [[metabolism]]. ==References== *''Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/71.html Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division: Periodic Table - Lutetium] <references/> --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Lutetium}} {{wiktionary|lutetium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Lu/index.html WebElements.com - Lutetium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516063941/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Lu/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} (also used as a reference) * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele071.html It's Elemental - Lutetium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420193918/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele071.html |date=2008-04-20 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Lantanida]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] {{kimia-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> nvwfdrxxnrd0bxkjjl7xyu5am8apkx7 0 24368 1752062 1646514 2026-08-01T22:32:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=42 | symbol=Mo | name=molybdenum | left=[[niobium]] | right=[[technetium]] | above=[[chromium|Cr]] | below=[[tungsten|W]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=6 | period=5 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Mo,42| gray metallic }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|95.94]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(2)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[krypton|Kr]]&#93; 4d⁵ 5s¹ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 10.28 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 9.33 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=2896 | c=2623 | f=4753 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=4912 | c=4639 | f=8382 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 37.48 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 617 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 24.06 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 2742 | 2994 | 3312 | 3707 | 4212 | 4879 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | cubic body centered }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | '''6''', 5, 4, 3, 2, 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openmopac.net/data_normal/molybdenum(i)%20fluoride_jmol.html|title=Molybdenum: molybdenum(I) fluoride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084256/http://openmopac.net/data_normal/molybdenum%28i%29%20fluoride_jmol.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />(strongly [[acid]]ic oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.16 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 684.3 | 1560 | 2618 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|145]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|190]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|145]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 53.4 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 138 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 4.8 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsatrt | 5400 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 329 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 126 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 230 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.31 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 5.5 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 1530 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 1500 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7439-98-7 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=92 | sym=Mo | na=14.84% | n=50 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=93 | sym=Mo | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=4×10³ [[year|y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=- | pn=93 | ps=[[niobium|Nb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=94 | sym=Mo | na=9.25% | n=52 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=95 | sym=Mo | na=15.92% | n=53 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=96 | sym=Mo | na=16.68% | n=54 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=97 | sym=Mo | na=9.55% | n=55 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=98 | sym=Mo | na=24.13% | n=56 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=99 | sym=Mo | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=65.94 [[hour|h]] | dm1=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de1=0.436, 1.214 | pn1=99 | ps1=[[technetium|Tc]] | dm2=[[gamma ray|γ]] | de2=0.74, 0.36,<br />0.14| pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=100 | sym=Mo | na=9.63% | hl=7.8×10¹⁸ [[year|y]] | dm=[[double beta decay|β^-β^-]] | de=3.04 | pn=100 | ps=[[ruthenium|Ru]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} '''Molybdenum''' ({{pronEng|məˈlɪbdənəm}}, saka [[Basa Yunani]] kang tegesé kaya timbel, iku kalebu [[unsur kimia]] grup 6 kanthi simbul '''Mo''' lan [[nomer atom]] 42. <!-- It has the sixth-highest melting point of any element, and for this reason it is often used in high-strength steel alloys. Molybdenum is found in trace amounts in plants and animals, although excess molybdenum can be toxic in some animals. Molybdenum was discovered in 1778 by [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] and first isolated in 1781 by [[Peter Jacob Hjelm]]. == Characteristics == Molybdenum is a [[transition metal]] with an [[electronegativity]] of 1.8 on the Pauling scale and an atomic mass of 95.9&nbsp;g/mole.<ref>{{cite web | title = Properties of Molybdenum | work = Integral Scientist Periodic Table | publisher = Qivx, Inc. | date= 2003 | url = http://www.qivx.com/ispt/elements/ptw_042.php | accessdate = 2007-06-10 }}</ref> It does not react with oxygen or water at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, molybdenum trioxide is formed in the reaction 2Mo + 3O₂ → 2MoO₃.<ref>{{cite web| last = Winter| first = Mark| title = Chemistry| work = Molybdenum| publisher = The University of Sheffield| url = http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Mo/chem.html| accessdate = 2007-06-10 }}</ref> In its pure metal form, molybdenum is silvery white and very hard, though it is somewhat more [[ductile]] than tungsten. It has a [[melting point]] of 2623°C, and only [[tantalum]], [[osmium]], [[rhenium]], and [[tungsten]] have higher melting points.<ref name="CRCdescription" /> Molybdenum burns only at temperatures above 600°C.<ref name="Nostrand">{{Citation |contribution = Molybdenum |year = 2005| title = Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry| editor-last = Considine| editor-first = Glenn D.| pages = 1038-1040| place= New York| publisher = Wylie-Interscience| id = 0-471-61525-0 }}</ref> It also has the lowest heating expansion of any commercially used metal.<ref name="nbb" /> Molybdenum has a value of approximately $65,000 per tonne as of 4 May 2007. It maintained a price at or near $10,000 per tonne from 1997 through 2002, and reached a high of $103,000 per tonne in June 2005.<ref>{{cite web| title = Dynamic Prices and Charts for Molybdenum | publisher = InfoMine Inc. | date= 2007 | url = http://www.infomine.com/investment/metalschart.asp?c=molybdenum&u=mt&submit1=Display+Chart&x=usd&r=15y | accessdate = 2007-05-07 }}</ref> == Isotopes == {{Main|Isotopes of molybdenum}} There are 35 known [[isotopes]] of molybdenum ranging in [[atomic mass]] from 83 to 117, as well as four metastable [[nuclear isomer]]s. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. Of these naturally occurring isotopes, five are stable, with atomic masses from 94 to 98. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of [[niobium]], [[technetium]], and [[ruthenium]].<ref name="CRCisotopes">{{Citation |year = 2006 |title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |editor-last = Lide |editor-first = David R. |volume = 11 |pages = 87-88 |publisher = CRC |id = 0-8493-0487-3 }}</ref> Molybdenum-92 and molybdenum-100 are the only naturally occurring isotopes that are not stable. Molybdenum-100 has a [[half-life]] of approximately 1×10¹⁹&nbsp;[[year|y]] and undergoes [[double beta decay]] into [[ruthenium]]-100. Molybdenum-98 is the most common isotope, comprising 24.14% of all molybdenum. Molybdenum isotopes with mass numbers from 111 to 117 all have half-lives of approximately .15&nbsp;μs.<ref name="CRCisotopes"/> == Occurrence == [[Image:2005molybdenum (mined).PNG|thumb|left|Molybdenum output in 2005]] The world's largest producers of molybdenum materials are the United States, Canada, Chile, Russia, and China.<ref>{{Citation |year = 2006 |title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |editor-last = Lide |editor-first = David R. |volume = 4 |pages = 22-23 |publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Company |id = 0-8493-0487-3 }}</ref><ref name="nbb">{{cite book| last = Emsley| first = John| title = Nature's Building Blocks| publisher = Oxford University Press| date= 2001| location = Oxford| pages = 262-266| id = 0-19-850341-5 }}</ref> Though molybdenum is found in such [[mineral]]s as [[wulfenite]] ([[lead|Pb]]Mo[[oxygen|O]]₄) and [[powellite]] ([[calcium|Ca]]Mo[[oxygen|O]]₄), the main commercial source of molybdenum is [[molybdenite]] (Mo[[sulfur|S]]₂). Molybdenum is mined as a principal ore, and is also recovered as a byproduct of copper and tungsten mining.<ref name="CRCdescription" /> Large mines in [[Colorado]] ([[Climax, Colorado|Climax]]) and in [[British Columbia]] yield [[molybdenite]], while many [[porphyry copper]] deposits such as the [[Chuquicamata]] mine in northern [[Chile]] produce molybdenum as a byproduct of copper mining. The Knaben mine in southern Norway was opened in 1885, making it the first molybdenum mine. It remained open until 1973. Molybdenum is the 42nd-most-abundant element in the universe, and the 25th-most-abundant element in Earth's oceans, with an average of 10.8&nbsp;mt/km³.<ref name="Nostrand" /> The Russian [[Luna 24]] mission discovered a single molybdenum-bearing grain (1 × 0.6&nbsp;µm) in a [[pyroxene]] fragment taken from [[Mare Crisium]] on the [[Moon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Abstracts/2002_Abstracts/Jan02_Abstracts/Jambor_p181_02.pdf | title=American Mineralogist, Volume 87, pages 181-184, 2002 | accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref> A side product of molybdenum mining is [[rhenium]]. As it is always present in small varying quantities in molybdenite, the only commercial source for rhenium is molybdenum mines. ==Compounds== {{seealso|Category:Molybdenum compounds}} {{Expand|date=December 2007}} Molybdenum has several common [[oxidation state]]s, +2 +3 +4 +5 and +6. The highest oxidation state is common in the [[molybdenum(VI) oxide]] MoO₃ while the normal sulfur compound is [[molybdenum disulfide]] MoS₂. The broad range of oxidation states shows up in the chlorides of molybdenum: *[[Molybdenum(II) chloride]] MoCl₂ (yellow solid), *[[Molybdenum(III) chloride]] MoCl₃ (dark red solid), *[[Molybdenum(V) chloride]] MoCl₅ (dark green solid), *[[Molybdenum(VI) chloride]] MoCl₆ (brown solid), Like [[chromium]] and some other transition metals molybdenum is able to form [[quadruple bond]]s == Biological role == The most important use of the molybdenum atom in living organisms is as a metal hetero-atom at the active site in certain enzymes. In [[nitrogen fixation]] in certain bacteria, the [[nitrogenase]] enzyme which is involved in the terminal step of reducing molecular nitrogen, usually contains molybdenum in the active site (though replacement of Mo with iron or vanadium is known). In March 2008, researchers reported that they had found strong evidence for the hypothesis that a scarcity of molybdenum in the earth's early oceans was a limiting factor in the further evolution of [[eukaryote|eukaryotic life]] (which includes all plants and animals) as eukaryotes cannot fix nitrogen and must acquire it from prokaryotic bacteria. [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/asu-ito032508.php] [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nu-sut032508.php] The scarcity of molybdenum resulted from the relative lack of oxygen in the early ocean. Oxygen dissolved in seawater is the primary mechanism for dissolving molybdenum from minerals on the sea bottom. Though molybdenum forms compounds with various [[organic molecule]]s, including [[carbohydrate]]s and [[amino acid]]s, it is transported throughout the human body as MoO₄^2-.<ref name="IMOAoverview">{{cite web| last = Mitchell| first = Phillip C. H.| title = Overview of Environment Database| publisher = International Molybdenum Association| date= 2003| url = http://www.hse.imoa.info/Default.asp?page=110| accessdate = 2007-05-05 }}</ref> Molybdenum is present in approximately 20 enzymes in animals, including [[aldehyde oxidase]], [[sulfite oxidase]], [[xanthine oxidase]].<ref name="nbb" /> In some animals, the oxidation of [[xanthine]] to [[uric acid]], a process of [[purine]] [[catabolism]], is catalyzed by [[xanthine oxidase]], a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to the amount of molybdenum in the body. However, an extremely high concentration of molybdenum reverses the trend, and can act as an inhibitor in both purine catabolism and other processes. Molybdenum concentrations also affect [[protein synthesis]], [[metabolism]], and growth.<ref name="IMOAoverview" /> These enzymes in plants and animals catalyse the reaction of [[oxygen]] in small molecules, as part of the regulation of [[Nitrogen_cycle|nitrogen-]], [[Sulfur_cycle|sulfur-]] and [[Carbon_cycle|carbon cycle]]s. In a 70&nbsp;kg human body, there is approximately 9.3&nbsp;mg molybdenum, comprising .00001% of the total body mass.<ref>{{Citation |year = 2006 |title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |editor-last = Lide |editor-first = David R. |volume = 7 |pages = 18 |publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Company |id = 0-8493-0487-3 }}</ref> It occurs in higher concentrations in the liver and kidneys, and in lower concentrations in the vertebrae.<ref name="Nostrand" /> Molybdenum is also present within human [[tooth enamel]] and may help prevent the decaying thereof.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ismail| first = Mumtaz| title = Dental Problems and Diet| work = Health and Nutrition| publisher = Bawarchi| url = http://www.bawarchi.com/health/dental.html| accessdate = 2007-05-19 }}</ref> Pork, lamb, and beef liver each have approximately 1.5 parts molybdenum per million. Other significant dietary sources include green beans, eggs, sunflower seeds, wheat flour, lentils, and cereal grain.<ref name="nbb" /> The average daily intake of molybdenum is .3&nbsp;mg. Daily intake above .4&nbsp;mg can be toxic.<ref name="nbb" /> Molybdenum deficiency, caused by less than .05&nbsp;mg/day,<ref name="nbb" /> can cause stunted growth, reduced appetite, and impaired reproduction.<ref>{{cite web| title = Guide to Healthy Minerals| publisher = Cherokee Naturals| url = http://www.herbshop.com/minguide.htm| accessdate = 2007-05-17 }}</ref> [[Sodium tungstate]] is a [[competitive inhibition|competitive inhibitor]] of molybdenum. Dietary [[tungsten]] reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues.<ref name="Nostrand" /> === Copper-molybdenum antagonism === High amounts of molybdenum can interfere with the body's uptake of [[copper]], both by preventing plasma proteins from binding the copper and by increasing the amount of copper that is excreted in [[urine]]. [[Ruminant]]s that consume high amounts of molybdenum develop symptoms including [[diarrhea]], stunted growth, [[anemia]], and [[achromotrichia]]. These symptoms can be alleviated by the administration of more copper into the system, both in dietary form and by injection.<ref name="suttle">{{cite journal| last = Suttle| first = N. F.| title = Recent studies of the copper-molybdenum antagonism| journal = Proceedings of the Nutrition Society| volume = 33| issue = 3| pages = 299-305| publisher = CABI Publishing| date= December 1974| url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cabi/pns/1974/00000033/00000003/art00020| doi = 10.1079/PNS19740053| accessdate = 2007-05-11 }}</ref> The condition can be aggravated by excess [[sulfur]].<ref name="Nostrand" /> == Applications == The ability of molybdenum to withstand extreme temperatures without significantly expanding or softening makes it useful in applications that involve intense heat, including the manufacture of aircraft parts, electrical contacts, industrial motors, and filaments.<ref name="azom" /><ref name="nbb"/> Molybdenum is also used in [[alloy]]s for its high [[corrosion]] resistance and [[weldability]].<ref name="Nostrand" /><ref name="USGS">{{cite web| title = Molybdenum Statistics and Information| publisher = U.S. Geological Survey| date= 2007-05-10| url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/molybdenum/| accessdate = 2007-05-10 }}</ref> Most high-strength steel alloys are .25% to 8% molybdenum.<ref name="CRCdescription" /> Despite being used in such small portions, more than 43 million kg of molybdenum is used as an alloying agent each year in [[stainless steel]]s, [[tool steel]]s, [[cast iron]]s, and high-temperature [[superalloy]]s.<ref name="Nostrand" /> Because of its lower density and more stable price, molybdenum is implemented in the place of tungsten.<ref name="Nostrand" /> Molybdenum can be implemented both as an alloying agent and as a flame-resistant coating for other metals. Although its melting point is 2623 °C, molybdenum rapidly oxidizes at temperatures above 760 °C, making it better-suited for use in vacuum environments.<ref name="azom">{{cite web| title = Molybdenum| publisher = AZoM.com Pty. Limited| date= 2007| url = http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=616| accessdate = 2007-05-06 }}</ref> Molybdenum 99 is used as a parent radioisotope to the radioisotope Technetium 99, which is used in many medical procedures [[Molybdenum disulfide]] (MoS₂) is used as a lubricant and an agent. It forms strong films on metallic surfaces, and is highly resistant to both extreme temperatures and high pressure. Lead molybdate co-precipitated with lead chromate and lead sulfate is a bright-orange pigment used with ceramics and plastics.<ref> International Molybdenum Association, www.moly.imoa.info </ref> [[Molybdenum trioxide]] (MoO₃) is used as an adhesive between [[enamel]]s and metals.<ref name="elemental" /> Molybdenum powder is used as a fertilizer for some plants, such as cauliflower.<ref name="Nostrand" /> Also used in NO, NO2, NOx analyzers in power plants for pollution controls. At 350 °C the element acts as a catalyst for NO2/NOx to form only NO molecules for consistent readings by infrared light. == History == Molybdenite (from the Greek Μόλυβδος ''molybdos'', meaning ''lead''),<ref name="CRCdescription">{{Citation| contribution = Molybdenum| year = 1994| title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics| editor-last = Lide| editor-first = David R.| volume = 4| pages = 18| publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Company| id = 0-8493-0474-1 }}</ref> the principal ore from which molybdenum is now extracted, was previously known as molybdena. Molybdena was confused with and often implemented as though it were [[graphite]]. Even when the two ores were distinguishable, molybdena was thought to be a [[lead]] ore.<ref name="nbb" /> In 1754, [[Bengt Qvist]] examined the mineral and determined that it did not contain lead.<ref name="vanderkroft">{{cite web| last = Van der Krogt| first = Peter| title = Molybdenum| work = Elementymology & Elements Multidict| date= 2006-01-10| url = http://www.vanderkroft.net/elements/elem/mo.html| accessdate = 2007-05-20 }}</ref> It was not until 1778 that [[Sweden|Swedish]] chemist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] realized molybdena was neither graphite nor lead.<ref name="elemental">{{cite web| last = Gagnon| first = Steve| title = Molybdenum| publisher = Jefferson Science Associates, LLC| url = http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html| accessdate = 2007-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = C. W. K. Scheele | title = Versuche mit Wasserbley;Molybdaena | journal = svenska vetensk. Academ. Handlingar | pages = 238 | year = 1779 | volume = 40 | issue = | url = http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=120058}}</ref> He and other chemists then correctly assumed that it was the ore of a distinct new element, named ''molybdenum'' for the mineral in which it was discovered. [[Peter Jacob Hjelm]] successfully isolated molybdenum using [[carbon]] and [[linseed oil]] in 1781.<ref name="nbb" /><ref>{{cite journal | author = P. J. Hjelm | title = Versuche mit Molybdäna, und Reduction der selben Erde | journal = svenska vetensk. Academ. Handlingar | pages = 268 | year = 1788 | volume = 49 | issue = | url = http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=168136}} </ref> For a long time there was no industrial use for molybdenum. The French [[Schneider SA|Schneider Electrics]] company produced the first steel molybdenum alloy armor plates in 1894. Until [[World War I]] most other armor factories also used molybdenum alloys. In [[World War I]], some British tanks were protected by 75&nbsp;mm [[manganese]] plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese plates were then replaced with 25&nbsp;mm molybdenum plating. These allowed for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and, despite being thinner, better protection.<ref name="nbb" /> The high demand of molybdenum in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] and the steep decrease after the wars had a great influence on prices and production of molybdenum. == Precautions == Molybdenum dusts and fumes, as can be generated by mining or metalworking, are not toxic. There are no long-term effects associated with exposure to molybdenum; however, prolonged exposure can cause irritation to the eyes and skin. The direct inhalation or ingestion of molybdenum should also be avoided.<ref>{{cite web| title = Material Safety Data Sheet - Molybdenum| publisher = The REMBAR Company, Inc.| date= 2000-09-19| url = http://www.rembar.com/MSDSmo.htm| accessdate = 2007-05-13 }}</ref> [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] regulations specify the maximum permissible molybdenum exposure in an 8-hour day to be 5 mg/m³. Chronic exposure to 60 to 600 mg Mo/m³ can cause symptoms including fatigue, headaches, and joint pains.<ref>{{cite web| title = NIOSH Documentation for ILDHs Molybdenum| publisher = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health| date= 1996-08-16| url = http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/moly-mo.html| accessdate = 2007-05-31 }}</ref> == Supply and demand == Although current molybdenum production meets demand, refiners, or roasters, are expected to run into a shortfall between 2009 and 2015, depending on demand. A roaster processes the moly into a fine powder, pellets, or other forms. Total world moly roaster capacity is currently 320 million pounds per year, barely enough to meet demand. There is not much excess roasting capacity, and no one is actively permitting for the production of any new roasters in the United States. Global roaster capacity also looks limited, and a future roaster shortage is predicted. The data above are based on the assumption that mines will be able to increase output. Western demand is projected to increase by around 3 percent annually, while China and the CIS demand is projected to increase by around 10 percent annually, increasing overall global demand by around 4.5 percent annually. Increasing demand can be attributed to two main factors. Hydroprocessing catalysts are becoming essential for crude oil. The other contributing factor is the increase in nuclear reactor construction. There are 48 nuclear reactors to be built by 2013, and approximately 100 are to be built by 2020. The International Molybdenum Association (IMOA) says that an average reactor contains about 520,000 feet of stainless steel alloy. Some larger reactors contain over 1 million feet of stainless steel alloy. Unless moly mine production picks up at a rapid pace, shortfalls of the metal are expected to arrive around 2009. <ref>Nick Jones. [http://www.whiskeyandgunpowder.com/archives/2008/20080228.html By Any Other Name]. ''Whiskey and Gunpowder''. February 28, 2008</ref> --> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Molybdenum}} {{wiktionary|molybdenum}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Mo/key.html WebElements.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509145633/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Mo/key.html |date=2008-05-09 }} — Molybdenum * [http://www.imoa.info/index.html International Molybdenum Association] — Main page {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Molybdenum|*]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] {{kimia-stub}} a7v64ftile8qtjr5fjncn9vj1by74dx 0 24372 1752074 1714494 2026-08-02T01:48:52Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=113 | symbol=Nh | name=nihonium | left=[[kopernisium]] | right=[[flerovium]] | above=[[tallium|Tl]] | below=(Uht) | color1=#eceaec | color2=gray }} {{Elementbox_series | presumably [[poor metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=13 | period=7 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance | unknown, probably silvery<br />white or metallic gray }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [284] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | perhaps &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p¹<br />(guess based on [[thallium]]) }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 }} {{Elementbox_phase | presumably a [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 54084-70-7 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#eceaec | color2=gray }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=284 | sym=Nh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.49 s | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=10.00 | pn=280 | ps=Rg }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=283 | sym=Nh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.10 s | dm=α| de=10.12 | pn=279 | ps=Rg }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=282 | sym=Nh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=73 ms | dm=α| de=10.63 | pn=278 | ps=Rg }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=278 | sym=Nh | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.34 ms | dm=α | de=11.68 | pn=274 | ps=Rg }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#eceaec | color2=gray }} '''Nihonium''' ('''Ununtrium''', Uut, {{pronEng|juːˈnʌntriəm}} utawa {{IPA|/əˈnʌntriəm/}}) iku sawijining jeneng sauntara kanggo [[êlemên sintêtis]] sajeroning [[tabel périodik]] kanthi simbul sauntara wektu '''Nh''' lan [[nomer atom]] 113. <!-- {{Listen|filename=ununtrium.ogg|title=Ununtrium|description=Common English pronunciation of ununtrium|format=[[Ogg]]}} It has been synthesised both directly in "cold" and "warm" fusion reactions. It was first observed in the decay of ununpentium. Only eight atoms of ununtrium have been observed to date. Following periodic trends it is expected to be a soft, silvery metal. ==Discovery Profile == The first report of ununtrium was in August 2003 when it was identified as a decay product of ununpentium. These results were published on February 1, 2004, by a team composed of Russian scientists at Dubna ([[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]]), and American scientists at the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]].<ref name=03Og01>[http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2003/178(E7-2003-178).pdf "Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^291-x115"],''' Oganessian et al'''., ''JINR Preprints'', 2003. Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> <ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v69/i2/e021601 "Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^291-x115"],''' Oganessian et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C 69'', 021601 (2004). Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> :<math>\,^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} + \,^{243}_{95}\mathrm{Am} \to \,^{288,287}\mathrm{Uup} \to \,^{284,283}\mathrm{Uut} \to\ </math> On July 23, 2004, a team of Japanese scientists at [[RIKEN]] detected a single atom of ²⁷⁸Uut using the cold fusion reaction between Bismuth-209 and zinc-70. They published their results on September 28, 2004.<ref name=04Mo01>[http://jpsj.ipap.jp/link?JPSJ/73/2593/ "Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn, n)²⁷⁸113"], '''Morita et al'''., ''J. Phys. Joc. Jpn''., 2004, 73, 10. Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> :<math>\,^{70}_{30}\mathrm{Zn} + \,^{209}_{83}\mathrm{Bi} \to \,^{279}_{113}\mathrm{Uut} ^{*} \to \,^{278}_{113}\mathrm{Uut} + \,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}</math> Support for their claim appeared in 2004 when scientists at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) identified ²⁶⁶Bh as decaying with identical properties to their single event (see [[bohrium]]). The RIKEN team produced a further atom on April 2, 2005, although the decay data was different from the first chain, and may be due to the formation of a meta-stable isomer. The Dubna-Livermore collaboration has strengthened their claim for the discovery of ununtrium by conducting chemical experiments on the decay daughter ²⁶⁸Db. In experiments in Jun 2004 and Dec 2005, the Dubnium isotope was successfully identified by milking the Db fraction and measuring any SF activities. Both the half-life and decay mode were confirmed for the proposed ²⁶⁸Db which lends support to the assignment of Z=115 and Z=113 to the parent and daughter nuclei.<ref>[http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2004/157(e12-2004-157).pdf "RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ON CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF Db AS A DECAY PRODUCT OF ELEMENT 115"], Oganessian et al., JINR preprints, 2004. Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> <ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRVCAN000072000003034611000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes "Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction ²⁴³Am + ⁴⁸Ca"], '''Oganessian et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C72'', 034611 (2005). Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> ==Naming== ===Current names=== The element with Z=113 is historically known as ''eka-thallium''. ''Ununtrium'' (Uut) is a temporary [[IUPAC]] [[systematic element name]]. Research scientists usually refer to the element simply as ''element 113'' (E113). ===Proposed names by claimants=== Claims to the discovery of element 113 have been put forward by Dmitriev of the Dubna team and Morita of the RIKEN team. The [[IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party|JWP]] will decide to whom the right to suggest a name will be given. The IUPAC have the final say on the official adoption of a name. The table below gives the names that the teams above have suggested and which can be verified by press interviews. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Group ! Proposed Name ! Proposed Symbol ! Derivation ! Comments |- | RIKEN | ''Japonium''<ref name="rikennews2004nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.riken.go.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/news/2004/nov/index.html |title=RIKEN NEWS November 2004 |accessdate=2008-02-09}}</ref> | Jp | Japan - country of group claimants | sounds pleasant |- | RIKEN | ''Rikenium''<ref name="rikennews2004nov" /> | Rk | RIKEN - institute of group claimants | possibly against the rules |} ===Disallowed names=== According to IUPAC rules, names used for previous elements that have ultimately not been adopted are not allowed to be proposed for future use. The table below summarises those names which are probably not allowed to be proposed by the claimant laboratories under the rules. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Group Claim Affected ! Disallowed Name ! Disallowed Symbol ! Reason |- | RIKEN | ''Nipponium'' | Np | Used for claimed discovery of element 43 |- | Dubna | ''Russium'' | Rs | Used for claimed discovery of element 43 |} ===Plausible names=== Many speculative names appear in popular literature. The table below lists these names in the case where they obey IUPAC rules and are plausible with regard to the claimant laboratories. Rumoured suggestions (*) linked to the claimant laboratories are also included. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Group Link ! Suggested Name ! Suggested Synbol ! Derivation ! Comments |- | RIKEN | ''Nihonium'' * | Nh | [[Nihon]] - Japanese for Japan | more appropriate, a really local name |- | Dubna | ''Becquerelium'' * | Bq | [[Henri Becquerel]] - discoverer of radioactivity | Dubna team suggested the name for element 110<ref>[http://element114.narod.ru/110-history.html Chemistry : Periodic Table : darmstadtium : historical information --> <!-- Bot generated title --> <!-- ]</ref> |} ==Electronic structure== [[Image:electron shell 113 Ununtrium.svg|thumb|150px|left]] Ununtrium is element 113 in the Periodic Table. The two forms of the projected electronic structure are: Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 Quantum mechanical model: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰ 4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰ 6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d¹⁰7p¹ --> <!-- left this gap to improve layout --~~~~--> <!-- ==Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-thallium== ===Oxidation states=== Element 113 is projected to be the first member of the 7p series of non-metals and the heaviest member of group 13 (IIIA) in the Periodic Table, below [[thallium]]. Each of the members of this group show the group oxidation state of +III. However, thallium has a tendency to form only a stable +I state du to the "inert pair effect", explained by the relativistic stabilisation of the 7s-orbitals, resulting in a higher [[ionisation]] [[potential]] and weaker tendency to participate in [[bonding]]. ===Chemistry=== Element 113 should portray eka-thallium chemical properties and should therefore from a monoxide, UutO, and monohalides, UutF, UutCl, UUtBr and UutI. If the +III state is accessible, it is likely that it is only possible in the oxide, Uut₂O₃, and fluoride, UutF₃. ==History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion== ===²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn,xn)^279-x113 (x=1)=== The synthesis of element 113 was first attempted in 1998 by the team at GSI using the above cold fusion reaction. In two separate runs, they were unable to detect any atoms and calculated a cross section limit of 900 fb.<ref name=03Ho01>[http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2003/files/1.pdf "Search for element 113"], '''Hofmann et al.''', ''GSI report 2003''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> They repeated the experiment in 2003 and lowered the limit further to 400 fb.<ref name=03Ho01/> In late 2003, the emerging team at [[RIKEN]] using their efficient apparatus GARIS attempted the reaction and reached a limit of 140 fb. In December 2003-August 2004, they resulted to 'brute force' and performed an eight-month-long irradiation in which they increased the sensitivity to 51 fb. They were able to detect a single atom of ²⁷⁸113.<ref name=04Mo01/> They repeated the reaction in several runs in 2005 and were able to synthesise a second atom. They calculated a record-low 31 fb for the cross section for the 2 atoms. ==History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion== ===²³⁷Np(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^285-x113 (x=3)=== In June 2006, the Dubna-Livermore team synthesised ununtrium directly in the "warm" fusion reaction between neptunium-237 and calcium-48 nuclei. Two atoms of ²⁸²Uut were detected with a cross section of 900 fb. <ref name=07Og01>[http://nrv.jinr.ru/pdf_file/PhysRevC_76_011601.pdf "Synthesis of the isotope ²⁸²113 in the ²³⁷Np+⁴⁸Ca fusion reaction"], '''Oganessian et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C76'', 011601(R) (2007). Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> ==Chronology of isotope discovery== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Isotope ! Year discovered ! discovery reaction |- | ²⁷⁸Uut | 2004 | ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn,n) <ref name=04Mo01/> |- | ²⁷⁹Uut | unknown | |- | ²⁸⁰Uut | unknown | |- | ²⁸¹Uut | unknown | |- | ²⁸²Uut | 2006 | ²³⁷Np(⁴⁸Ca,3n)<ref name=07Og01/> |- | ²⁸³Uut | 2003 | ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,4n)<ref name=03Og01/> |- | ²⁸⁴Uut | 2003 | ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,3n)<ref name=03Og01/> |} ==Yields of isotopes== ===Cold fusion=== The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing ununtrium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Projectile ! Target ! CN ! 1n ! 2n ! 3n |- | ⁷⁰Zn | ²⁰⁹Bi | ²⁷⁹Uut | 31 fb | | |} ===Hot Fusion=== The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing ununtrium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Projectile ! Target ! CN ! 3n ! 4n ! 5n |- | ⁴⁸Ca | ²³⁷Np | ²⁸⁵Uut | 0.9 pb , 39.1 MeV <ref name=07Og01/> | | |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==See also== *[[Isotopes of ununtrium]] *[[Island of stability]] --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Ununtrium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Uut/index.html WebElements.com - Uut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910181448/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Uut/index.html |date=2006-09-10 }} * [http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/115.html Uut and Uup Add Their Atomic Mass to Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907145849/http://radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/115.html |date=2006-09-07 }} * [http://www.apsidium.com/elements/113.htm Apsidium - Ununtrium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615170757/http://www.apsidium.com/elements/113.htm |date=2008-06-15 }} * [http://www-cms.llnl.gov/e113_115/images.html Discovery of Elements 113 and 115] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050623012629/http://www-cms.llnl.gov/e113_115/images.html |date=2005-06-23 }} * [http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/7/7 Superheavy elements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426150804/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/7/7 |date=2007-04-26 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam paska transisi]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] [[Kategori:Fisika Nuklir]] {{kimia-stub}} fi88u631k4b7o1ru0olpzuucmxiblow 0 24397 1752053 1736982 2026-08-01T18:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=96 | symbol=Cm | name=curium | left=[[americium]] | right=[[berkelium]] | above=[[gadolinium|Gd]] | below=(Uqh) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[actinide]]s }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=7 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance | silvery }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|(247)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f⁷ 6d¹ 7s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 13.51 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1613 | c=1340 | f=2444 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3383 | c=3110 | f=5630 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | ? 15 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1788 | 1982 | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal close-packed }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 3<br />([[amphoteric]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.3 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1 | 581 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-51-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=242 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=160 days | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=6.1 | pn2=238 | ps2=[[plutonium|Pu]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay3 | mn=243 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E8 s|29.1 y]] | dm1=[[alpha emission|α]] | de1=6.169 | pn1=239 | ps1=[[plutonium|Pu]] | dm2=[[electron capture|ε]] | de2=0.009 | pn2=243 | ps2=[[americium|Am]] | dm3=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de3=- | pn3= | ps3=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=244 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=18.1 [[year|y]] | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=5.902 | pn2=240 | ps2=[[plutonium|Pu]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=245 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E11 s|8500 y]] | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=5.623 | pn2=241 | ps2=[[plutonium|Pu]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=246 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=4730 y | dm1=α | de1=5.475 | pn1=242 | ps1=[[plutonium|Pu]] | dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=247 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E14 s|1.56×10⁷ y]] | dm=α | de=5.353 | pn=243 | ps=[[plutonium|Pu]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=248 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E13 s|3.40×10⁵ y]] | dm1=α | de1=5.162 | pn1=244 | ps1=[[plutonium|Pu]] | dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay3 | mn=250 | sym=Cm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=9000 y | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=5.169 | pn2=246 | ps2=[[plutonium|Pu]] | dm3=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de3=0.037 | pn3=250 | ps3=[[berkelium|Bk]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} '''Curium''' ({{pronEng|ˈkjuːriəm}}) iku [[èlemèn sintètis]] kanthi simbul '''Cm''' lan [[nomer atom]] [[96]]. Minangka unsur logam radioaktif[[radioaktif]] transuranik[[transuranik]] saka sèri aktinisa[[aktinisa]], Kurium'''Kurium''' digawé kanthi ngebom plutonium[[Plutonium]] nganggo ion helium[[Helium]] partikel alpha[[alpha]] lan dijenengaké miturut jenengé [[Maria Sklodowska-Curie|Marie Curie]] lan garwané [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]]. <!-- == Notable characteristics == The [[isotope]] curium-248 has been synthesized only in milligram quantities, but curium-242 and curium-244 are made in multigram amounts, which allows for the determination of some of the element's properties. Curium-244 can be made in quantity by subjecting [[plutonium]] to [[neutron]] bombardment. Curium does not occur in nature. There are few commercial applications for curium but it may one day be useful in radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Curium [[bio-accumulate]]s in [[bone]] tissue where its radiation destroys [[bone marrow]] and thus stops [[red blood cell]] creation. A [[Rare earth element|rare earth]] homolog, curium is somewhat chemically similar to [[gadolinium]] but with a more complex [[crystal structure]]. Chemically reactive, its [[metal]] is silvery-white in color and the element is more [[electropositive]] than [[aluminium]] (most trivalent curium [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]s are slightly yellow). Curium has been studied greatly as a potential fuel for [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (RTG). Curium-242 can generate up to 120 [[watt]]s of thermal [[energy]] per gram (W/g); however, its very short half-life makes it undesirable as a power source for long-term use. Curium-242 can decay by [[alpha decay|alpha emission]] to [[plutonium-238]] which is the most common fuel for RTGs. Curium-244 has also been studied as an energy source for RTGs having a maximum energy density ~3 W/g, but produces a large amount of neutron radiation from [[spontaneous fission]]. Curium-243 with a ~30 year half-life and good energy density of ~1.6 W/g would seem to make an ideal fuel, but it produces significant amounts of [[Gamma ray|gamma]] and [[Beta ray|beta]] radiation from radioactive decay products. --> == Campuran (''Compound'') == Sawetara campuran Kurium yaiku: * curium dioksida (Cm[[oxygen|O]]₂) * curium trioksida (Cm₂O₃) * curium bromida (Cm[[bromine|Br]]₃) * curium klorida (Cm[[chlorine|Cl]]₃) * curium tetrafluorida (Cm[[Fluorine|F]]₄) * curium yodida (Cm[[iodine|I]]₃) <!-- == History == Curium was [[discoveries of the chemical elements|first synthesized]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]], Ralph A. James, and [[Albert Ghiorso]] in [[1944]]. The team named the new element after [[Marie Curie]] and her husband [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] who are famous for discovering [[radium]] and for their work in [[radioactivity]]. It was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now [[Argonne National Laboratory]]) at the [[University of Chicago]]. It was actually the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is the fourth in the series. Curium-242 ([[half-life]] 163 days) and one [[free neutron]] were made by bombarding [[alpha particle]]s onto a [[plutonium]]-239 target in the 60-inch [[cyclotron]] at Berkeley. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created a visible sample of curium-242 [[hydroxide]] at the [[University of California]] in [[1947]] by bombarding [[americium]]-241 with neutrons. Curium was made in its elemental form in [[1951]] for the first time. == Isotopes == 19 [[radioisotope]]s of curium have been characterized, with the most stable being Cm-247 with a [[half-life]] of 1.56 × 10⁷ [[year]]s, Cm-248 with a half-life of 3.40 × 10⁵ years, Cm-250 with a half-life of 9000 years, and Cm-245 with a half-life of 8500 years. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 30 years, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 33 days. This element also has 4 [[meta state]]s, with the most stable being Cm-244m (t_½ 34 ms). The isotopes of curium range in [[atomic weight]] from 233.051 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (Cm-233) to 252.085 u (Cm-252). == Nuclear fuel cycle == {| class=wikitable !colspan="7"| [[Thermal neutron]] [[cross section]]s |- | ||²⁴²Cm||²⁴³Cm||²⁴⁴Cm||²⁴⁵Cm||²⁴⁶Cm||²⁴⁷Cm |- |Fission||5||617||1.04||2145||0.14||81.90 |- |Capture||16||130||15.20||369||1.22||57 |- |C/F ratio||3.20||0.21||14.62||0.17||8.71||0.70 |- !colspan="7"| [[LEU]] [[spent fuel]] 20 years after 53 MWd/kg [[burnup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/pdf/13_3%20Kang%20vonhippel.pdf|title=Limited Proliferation-Resistance Benefits from Recycling Unseparated Transuranics and Lanthanides from Light-Water Reactor Spent Fuel|page=4}}</ref> |- |colspan="2" |3 common isotopes ||51||3700||390|| || |- |- !colspan="7"| [[Fast reactor]] [[MOX fuel]] (avg 5 samples, [[burnup]] 66-120GWd/t)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aesj/publication/JNST2001/No.10/38_912-914.pdf|title=Analysis of Curium Isotopes in Mixed Oxide Fuel Irradiated in Fast Reactor}}</ref> |- |colspan="2" |Total curium 3.09{{e|-3}}% ||27.64%||70.16%||2.166%||0.0376%||0.000928% |} The odd-mass number isotopes are [[fissile]], the even-mass number isotopes are not and can only [[neutron capture]], but very slowly. Therefore in a [[thermal reactor]] the even-mass isotopes accumulate as [[burnup]] increases. The [[MOX]] which is to be used in power reactors should contain little or no curium as the neutron activation of ²⁴⁸Cm will create [[californium]] which is a strong [[neutron]] emitter. The californium would [[pollute]] the back end of the fuel cycle and increase the dose to workers. Hence if the [[minor actinides]] are to be used as fuel in a thermal neutron reactor, the curium should be excluded from the fuel or placed in special fuel rods where it is the only actinide present. --> == Rujukan == <references/> * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/96.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Curium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012133425/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/96.html |date=2006-10-12 }} * ''Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele096.html It's Elemental - Curium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008103215/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele096.html |date=2006-10-08 }} * [http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/curium.pdf Human Health Fact Sheet on Curium] == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Curium}} {{wiktionary|curium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cm/index.html WebElements.com - Curium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110040124/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cm/index.html |date=2006-11-10 }} * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+curium,+radioactive NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Curium, Radioactive] {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] {{kimia-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> 3filkf0flw298wrmkwv4vgehi3b5v57 0 24447 1752072 1738043 2026-08-02T01:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=60 | symbol=Nd | name=neodymium | left=[[praseodymium]] | right=[[promethium]] | above=- | below=[[uranium|U]] | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[lantanida]] }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=6 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Nd,60| silvery white,<br />yellowish tinge }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|144.242]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(3)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f⁴ 6s² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 7.01 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 6.89 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1297 | c=1024 | f=1875 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3347 | c=3074 | f=5565 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 7.14 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 289 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 27.45 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1595 | 1774 | 1998 | (2296) | (2715) | (3336) | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 3<br />(mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.14 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 533.1 | 1040 | 2130 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|185]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|206]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | [[ferromagnetic]] }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly) 643 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 16.5 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly)<br />9.6 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 2330 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | (α form) 41.4 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | (α form) 16.3 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | (α form) 31.8 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | (α form) 0.281 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 343 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 265 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-00-8 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=142 | sym=Nd | na=27.2% | n=82 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=143 | sym=Nd | na=12.2% | n=83 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=144 | sym=Nd | na=23.8% | hl=2.29×10¹⁵y | dm=[[Alpha decay|α]] | de=1.905 | pn=140 | ps=[[cerium|Ce]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=145 | sym=Nd | na=8.3% | n=85 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=146 | sym=Nd | na=17.2% | n=86 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=148 | sym=Nd | na=5.7% | n=88 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=150 | sym=Nd | na=5.6% | hl=6.7×10¹⁸y | dm=[[Double beta minus decay|β^-β^-]] | de=3.367 | pn=150 | ps=[[samarium|Sm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} '''Neodimium''' ({{pronEng|ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm}}) iku sqawijining [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Nd''' lan [[nomer atom]] 60. <!-- == Notable characteristics == Neodymium, a [[rare earth element|rare earth]] [[metal]], is present in [[Mischmetal]] to the extent of about 18%. The metal has a bright, silvery metallic luster, however, as one of the more reactive rare earth metals, it quickly tarnishes in air. The tarnishing forms an oxide layer that falls off, which exposes the metal to further oxidation. Although it belongs to "rare earth metals," neodymium is not rare at all. It constitutes 38 ppm of [[Earth]]’s crust. == Applications == *[[Neodymium magnet]]s are the strongest permanent [[magnet]]s known - [[Neodymium magnet|Nd₂Fe₁₄B]]. These magnets are cheaper, lighter, and stronger than [[samarium-cobalt magnet]]s. [[Neodymium magnet]]s appear in high-quality products such as [[microphone]]s, professional [[loudspeaker]]s, in-ear [[headphone]]s, [[Dokodemo Magnet]]s, [[guitar]] and [[bass guitar]] [[pick-ups]] and computer [[hard disk]]s where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. *Neodymium is a component of [[didymium]] used for coloring glass to make [[welding|welder]]'s and glass-blower's goggles. The sharp absorption bands obliterate the strong sodium emission at 589 nm. *Neodymium lamps are incandescent lamps containing neodymium in the glass to filter out yellow light, resulting in a whiter light more like sunlight *Neodymium colors [[glass]] in delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm grey. Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp [[absorption band]]s; the glass is used in [[astronomy|astronomical work]] to produce sharp bands by which [[spectral line]]s may be calibrated. Neodymium is also used to remove the green colour caused by [[iron]] contaminants from glass. *Neodymium salts are used as a colourant for [[vitreous enamel|enamels]]. *Probably because of similarities to Ca²⁺, Nd³⁺ has been reported [http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/2/399.htm] to promote plant growth. Rare earth element compounds are frequently used in China as [[fertilizer]]. *[[Samarium-neodymium dating]] is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites. *Size and strength of volcanic eruption can be predicted by scanning for neodymium [[isotope]]s. Small and large volcanic eruptions produce lava with different neodymium isotope composition. From the composition of isotopes, scientists predict how big the coming eruption will be, and use this information to warn residents of the intensity of the eruption. *Certain transparent materials with a small concentration of neodymium [[ion]]s can be used in [[laser]]s as [[gain medium|gain media]] for infrared wavelengths (1054-1064 nm), e.g. [[Nd:YAG laser|Nd:YAG]] (yttrium aluminium garnet), [[Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride|Nd:YLF]] (yttrium lithium fluoride), [[Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate|Nd:YVO₄]] (yttrium orthovanadate), and Nd:glass. The current laser at the UK [[Atomic Weapons Establishment]] (AWE), the HELEN 1-TW neodymium-glass laser, can access the midpoints of pressure and temperature regions and is used to acquire data for modeling on how density, temperature and pressure interact inside warheads. HELEN can create plasmas of around 10⁶ [[Kelvin|K]], from which opacity and transmission of radiation are measured. == Neodymium glass == Neodymium [[glass]] (Nd:Glass) is produced by the inclusion of [[neodymium(III) oxide|neodymium oxide]] (Nd₂O₃) in the glass melt. In daylight or [[Incandescent light bulb|incandescent]] light neodymium glass appears lavender, but it appears pale blue under [[Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent]] lighting. Neodymium glass [[solid-state laser]]s are used in extremely high power ([[1 E11 W#1 terawatt|terawatt]] scale), high energy ([[megajoule]]s) multiple beam systems for [[inertial confinement fusion]]. Nd:Glass lasers are usually [[nonlinear optics|frequency tripled]] to the [[optical frequency multiplier|third harmonic]] at 351 nm in laser fusion devices. [[Image:Laser glass slabs.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Neodymium doped glass slabs used in extremely powerful lasers for [[inertial confinement fusion]].]] Neodymium glass is becoming widely used in [[incandescent light bulb]]s, to provide a more "natural" light. Neodymium glass has been patented for use in automobile rear-view mirrors, to reduce the glare at night. The first commercial use of purified neodymium was in glass coloration, starting with experiments by Leo Moser in November 1927. The resulting "Alexandrite" glass remains a signature color of the Moser glassworks to this day. Neodymium glass was widely emulated in the early 1930s by American glasshouses, most notably Heisey, Fostoria ("wisteria"), Cambridge ("heatherbloom"), and Steuben ("wisteria"), and elsewhere (e.g. Lalique, in France, or Murano). Tiffin's "twilight" remained in production from about 1950 to about 1980. Current sources include glassmakers in the Czech Republic, the USA, and China; Caithness Glass in Scotland has also used the colorant extensively. The sharp absorption bands of neodymium cause the glass color to change under different lighting conditions, being reddish-purple under daylight or yellow incandescent light, but blue under white fluorescent lighting, or greenish under trichromatic lighting. This color-change phenomenon is highly prized by collectors. Neodymium in combination with praseodymium gave Moser's "Heliolite" glass. In combination with gold or selenium, beautiful red colors result, such as Moser's "Royalite" or Tiffin's "Wistaria" or some of the colors achieved by Fenton. Since neodymium coloration depends upon "forbidden" f-f transitions deep within the atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass. However, for the best color, iron-containing impurities need to be minimized in the silica used to make the glass. The same "forbiddenness" of the f-f transitions makes rare earth colorants less intense than those provided by most d-transition elements, so more has to be used in a glass to achieve the desired color intensity. The original Moser recipe used about 5% of neodymium oxide in the glass melt, a sufficient quantity such that Moser referred to these as being "Rare Earth Doped" glasses. Being a strong base, that level of neodymium would have affected the melting properties of the glass, and the lime content of the glass might have had to be adjusted accordingly. == History == Neodymium was discovered by Baron [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]], an [[Austria]]n [[chemist]], in [[Vienna]] in [[1885]]. He separated neodymium, as well as the element [[praseodymium]], from a material known as [[didymium]] by means of fractional crystallization of the double ammonium nitrate tetrahydrates from nitric acid, while following the separation by [[spectroscopic]] analysis; however, it was not isolated in relatively pure form until [[1925]]. The name neodymium is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''neos'', new, and ''didymos'', twin. Neodymium is frequently [[Misspelling|misspelled]] as neody'''n'''ium. Double nitrate crystallization was the means of commercial neodymium purification until the 1950s. The Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash and Chemical Corporation, at one time the largest producer of rare earths in the world, offered neodymium oxide purified in this manner in grades of 65%, 85% and 95% purity, at prices ranging from approximately 2 to 20 dollars per pound (in 1960 dollars). Lindsay was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium, using the technology developed by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory; one pound of their 99% oxide was priced at $35 in 1960; their 99.9% grade only cost 5 dollars more. Starting in the 1950s, high purity (e.g. 99+%) neodymium was primarily obtained through an [[ion exchange]] process from [[monazite]] sand ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO₄), a material rich in rare earth elements. The metal itself is obtained through [[electrolysis]] of its [[halide]] [[salt]]s. Currently, most neodymium is extracted from [[bastnaesite]], (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)CO₃F, and purified by solvent extraction. Ion-exchange purification is reserved for preparing the highest purities (typically >4N). (When Molycorp first introduced their 98% grade of neodymium oxide in 1965, made by solvent extraction from Mountain Pass California bastnaesite, it was priced at 5 dollars per pound, for small quantities. Lindsay soon discontinued operations.) The evolving technology, and improved purity of commercially available neodymium oxide was reflected in the appearance of neodymium glass made therefrom, that resides in collections today. Early Moser pieces, and other neodymium glass made in the 1930s, have a more reddish or orange tinge than modern versions, which are more cleanly purple, due to the difficulties in removing the last traces of praseodymium, when the fractional crystallization technology had to be relied on. == Occurrence == Neodymium is never found in nature as the free element; rather, it occurs in ores such as [[monazite]] sand ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO₄) and [[bastnäsite]] ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)(CO₃)F) that contain small amounts of all the rare earth metals. Neodymium can also be found in [[Misch metal]]; it is difficult to separate it from other rare earth elements. --> == Campuran == Campuran Neodimium awangun * Halida:[[neodimium(III) fluorida|NdF₃]], [[neodimium(III) klorida|NdCl₃]], [[neodimium(III) bromida|NdBr₃]], [[neodimium(III) yodida|NdI₃]] * Oksida:[[neodimium(III) oksida|Nd₂O₃]] * Sulfida:[[neodimium(II) sulfit|NdS]], [[neodimium(III) sulfide|Nd₂S₃]] * Nitrida:[[neodimium(III) nitrit|NdN]] <!-- {{see also|Category:Neodymium compounds}} == Isotopes == {{main|Isotopes of neodymium}} Naturally occurring Neodymium is composed of 5 stable [[isotope]]s, ¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴³Nd, ¹⁴⁵Nd, ¹⁴⁶Nd and ¹⁴⁸Nd, with ¹⁴²Nd being the most abundant (27.2% [[natural abundance]]), and 2 [[radioisotope]]s, ¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁵⁰Nd. In all, 31 radioisotopes of Neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes ¹⁴⁴Nd ([[alpha decay]], a [[half-life]] (T_½) of 2.29×10¹⁵ years) and ¹⁵⁰Nd ([[double beta decay]], T_½ of 7×10¹⁸ years). All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 11 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 70 seconds. This element also has 13 known [[meta state]]s with the most stable being ^139''m''Nd (T_½ 5.5 hours), ^135''m''Nd (T_½ 5.5 minutes) and ^133''m''1Nd (T_½ ~70 seconds). The primary [[decay mode]]s before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁴²Nd, are [[electron capture]] and [[positron decay]], and the primary mode after is [[beta minus decay]]. The primary [[decay product]]s before ¹⁴²Nd are element Pr ([[praseodymium]]) isotopes and the primary products after are element Pm ([[promethium]]) isotopes. --> == Pènget == Awu logam Neodimium iku gambang murub lan bisa njalari bebaya jeblugan. <!-- Neodymium compounds, like all rare earth metals, are of low to moderate toxicity; however its toxicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Neodymium dust and salts are very irritating to the eyes and [[mucous membrane]]s, and moderately irritating to skin. Breathing the dust can cause lung [[embolism]]s, and accumulated exposure damages the liver. Neodymium also acts as an [[anticoagulant]], especially when given intravenously. Neodymium magnets have been tested for medical uses such as magnetic braces and bone repair, but [[biocompatibility]] issues have prevented widespread application. --> == Uga delengen == [[Magnit Neodimium]] (NIB utawa Nd₂Fe₁₄B) == Réferènsi == * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/60.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Neodymium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219185420/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/60.html |date=2008-12-19 }} * "The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium", by R.J. Callow, Pergamon Press 1967. * Lindsay Chemical Division, American Potash and Chemical Corporation, Price List, 1960. * "Chemistry of the Lanthanons", by R.C. Vickery, Butterworths 1953. == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Neodymium}} {{wiktionary|neodymium}} * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/ USGS Rare Earth Commodity Summary 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015091907/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/ |date=2002-10-15 }} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Nd/index.html WebElements.com – Neodymium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302094730/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Nd/index.html |date=2008-03-02 }} * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele060.html It's Elemental – Neodymium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430011354/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele060.html |date=2008-04-30 }} {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Lantanida]] {{kimia-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> th37b1gmav9lo0duzgmu581ri8goy93 0 24463 1752103 1648851 2026-08-02T08:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=111 | symbol=Rg | name=roentgenium | left=[[darmstadtium]] | right=[[kopernisium]] | above=[[emas|Au]] | below=(Uhu) | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}} {{Elementbox_series | [[logam transisi]]}} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=11 | period=7 | block=d}} {{Elementbox_appearance | unknown, predicted colourless}} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [280]}} {{Elementbox_econfig | predicted &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d⁹ 7s²}} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2}} {{Elementbox_phase | presumably a [[solid]]}} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 54386-24-2}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=280 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.6 s | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=9.75 | pn=276 | ps=Mt}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=279 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=170 ms | dm=α | de=10.37 | pn=275 | ps=Mt}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=278 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=4.2 ms | dm=α | de=10.69 | pn=274 | ps=Mt}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=274 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=15 ms | dm=α | de=11.23 | pn=270 | ps=Mt}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=272 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.6 ms | dm=α | de=11.02,10.82 | pn=268 | ps=Mt}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}} '''Roentgenium''' ({{pronEng|rɛntˈgɛniəm}}, {{IPA|/rʌntˈdʒɛniəm/}}<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Roentgenium]</ref>) iku sawijining [[unsur kimia]] sajeroning [[tabel périodik]] kanthi simbul '''Rg''' lan [[nomer atom]] 111. Unsur iki kalebu unsur sintètis, sing isotopé sing stabil dhéwé ndarbèni massa 283 lan separo uripé (''half life'') 10 menit. <!-- ==Official discovery== Element 111 was officially discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber, and their team working at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]] on December 8, 1994.<ref name=95Ho01>[http://springerlink.com/content/k27n1510t165q17n "The new element 111"], Hofmann et al., Z. Phys. A., 1995, 350, 4. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]/</ref> Only three [[atom]]s of it were observed (all ²⁷²Rg), by the cold fusion between ⁶⁴Ni ions and a ²⁰⁹Bi target in a [[linear accelerator]]: :<math>\,^{209}_{83}\mathrm{Bi} + \,^{64}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \, \to \,^{272}_{111}\mathrm{Rg} + \; ^1_0\mathrm{n}.</math> In 2001, the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) from concluded that there was insufficient evidence for the discovery at that moment in time.<ref>[http://iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7306x0959.pdf "ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENTS 110–112"], '''Karol et al.''', ''Pure Appl. Chem.'', Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 959–967, 2001. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> The GSI team repeated their experiment in 2000 and detected a further 3 atoms.<ref name=02Ho01>[http://springerlink.com/content/b8hxq636ubkc47j2 "New results on elements 111 and 112"], '''Hofmann et al.''', ''Eur. Phys. J. A.'', 2002, 14, 2. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]/</ref><ref>[http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Nuc_St/7/ar-2000-z111-z112.pdf "New results on element 111 and 112"], '''Hofmann et al.''', ''GSI report 2000''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> In their 2003 report, the JWP decided that the GSI team should be acknowledged as the discoverers. <ref>[http://iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7510x1601.pdf "ON THE CLAIMS FOR DISCOVERY OF ELEMENTS 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, AND 118*"], '''Karol et al.''', ''Pure Appl. Chem.'', Vol. 75, No. 10, pp. 1601–1611, 2003. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> ==Proposed name== The name ''roentgenium'' (Rg) was proposed by the GSI team<ref>[http://iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/Corish_pr111.pdf "NAME AND SYMBOL OF THE ELEMENT WITH ATOMIC NUMBER 111"], '''Corish et al.''', ''IUPAC Provisional Recommendations''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> and was accepted as a permanent name on [[November 1]] [[2004]] in honor of the German physicist [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]].<ref>[http://iupac.org/publications/pac/2004/pdf/7612x2101.pdf "Name and symbol of the element with atomic number 111"], '''Corish et al.''', ''Pure Appl. Chem.'', 2004, Vol. 76, No. 12, pp. 2101-2103. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> Previously the element was known under the temporary [[IUPAC]] [[systematic element name]] ''unununium'' ({{pronEng|ˌjuːnənˈjuːniəm}} or {{IPA|/ˌʌnəˈnʌniəm/}}<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/unununium]</ref>), ''Uuu''. Some research has referred to it as ''[[Mendeleev's predicted elements|eka]]-[[gold (element)|gold]]''. The official baptism took place at GSI, on Friday [[November 17]] [[2006]], in presence of [[Annette Schavan]], the Federal German Minister of Research.<ref>[http://www.gsi.de/portrait/Pressemeldungen/17112006_e.html official baptism]</ref> ==Electronic structure== ===Non-relativistic=== [[Image:electron shell 111 Roentgenium.svg|thumb|150px|left]] Roentgenium has 6 full [[electron shell|shell]]s, 7[[s block|s]]+5[[p block|p]]+3[[d block|d]]+2[[f block|f]]=17 full [[subshell]]s, and 111 [[atomic orbital|orbitals]]: Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 1 Quantum mechanical model: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰ 4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰ 6p⁶7s¹5f¹⁴6d¹⁰ ===Relativistic=== The stable group 11 elements, copper, silver, and gold all have an outer electron configuration nd¹⁰(n+1)s¹. For each of these elements, their first excited state has a configuration nd⁹(n+1)s². Due to [[spin-orbit coupling]] between the s electrons, this state is split into a pair of energy levels. For copper, the difference in energy between the ground state and lowest excited state causes the metal to appear reddish. For silver, the energy gap widens and it become silvery. However, as Z increases, the excited levels are stabilised by relativistic effects and in gold the energy gap decreases again and it appears gold. For roentgenium, calculations indicate that the 6d⁹7s² level is stabilised to such an extent that it becomes the ground state. The resulting energy difference between the new ground state and the first excited state is similar to that of silver and roentgenium is expected to be silvery in appearance.<ref>[http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jnrs/paper/JN52/j052Turler.pdf "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"], '''Turler, A.''', ''Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences'', Vol. 5, No.2, pp. R19-R25, 2004. Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> ==Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-gold/dvi-silver== ===Oxidation states=== Element 111 is projected to be the ninth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group 11 (IB) in the Periodic Table, below [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[gold]]. Each of the members of this group show different stable states. Copper forms a stable +II state, whilst silver is predominantly found as Ag(I) and gold as Au(III). Copper(I) and silver(II) are also relatively well-known. Roentgenium is therefore expected to predominantly form a stable +III state. ===Chemistry=== The heavier members of this group are well known for their lack of [[reactivity]] or [[noble metal|noble]] character. [[Silver]] and [[gold]] are both [[inert]] to [[oxygen]]. They are both however attacked by the [[halogen]]s. In addition, [[silver]] is attacked by [[sulfur]] and [[hydrogen sulfide]], highlighting its higher reactivity to [[gold]]. Roentgenium is expected to be even more noble than gold and can be expected to be inert to oxygen and halogens. The most-likely reaction is with fluorine to form a trifluoride, RgF₃. ==History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion== ===²⁰⁹Bi(⁶⁴Ni,xn)^273−xRg (x=1)=== First experiments to synthesize element 111 were performed by the [[Dubna]] team in 1986 using this cold fusion reaction. No atoms were identified that could be assigned to atoms of element 111 and a production cross-section limit of 4 pb was determined. After an upgrade of their facilities, the team at GSI successfully detected 3 atoms of ²⁷²Rg in their discovery experiment.<ref name=95Ho01/> A further 3 atoms were synthesized in 2000.<ref name=02Ho01/> The discovery of roentgenium was confirmed in 2003 when a team at [[RIKEN]] measured the decays of 14 atoms of ²⁷²Rg during the measurement of the 1n excitation function.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVB-4GST10Y-N&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ed38b3cbabf32e057b4328ad84e5d886 "Status of heavy element research using GARIS at RIKEN"], '''Morita et al.''', ''Nucl. Phys. A734'', 101 (2004). Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref> ===²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁵Cu,xn)^273−xRg (x=1)=== In 2004, as part of their study of odd-Z projectiles in cold fusion reactions, the team at LBNL detected a single atom of ²⁷²Rg in this new reaction.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v93/i21/e212702 "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n)²⁷¹Ds and ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁵Cu,n)²⁷²111"], '''Folden et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'', 93, 212702 (2004). Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref><ref>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2704&context=lbnl "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni,n)²⁷¹Ds and ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁵Cu,n)²⁷²111"], '''Folden et al.''', ''LBNL repositories''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> ==History of synthesis of isotopes as decay products== Isotopes of roentgenium have also been observed in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are outlined in the table below: {| class="wikitable" |- !Evaporation residue!!Observed Rg isotope |- |²⁸⁸115||²⁸⁰Rg <ref name=E115ref>see [[ununpentium]] for details</ref> |- |²⁸⁷115||²⁷⁹Rg <ref name=E115ref/> |- |²⁸²113||²⁷⁸Rg <ref name=E113ref>see [[ununtrium]] for details</ref> |- |²⁷⁸113||²⁷⁴Rg <ref name=E113ref/> |} --> == Kronologi temon isotop == {| class="wikitable" |- !Isotop!!Taun temon!!Réaksi |- |²⁷²Rg||1994||²⁰⁹Bi(⁶⁴Ni,n) |- |²⁷³Rg||ora dimangertèni|| |- |²⁷⁴Rg||2004||²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn,n) <ref name=E113ref/> |- |²⁷⁵Rg||ora dimangertèni|| |- |²⁷⁶Rg||ora dimangertèni|| |- |²⁷⁷Rg||ora dimangertèni|| |- |²⁷⁸Rg||2006||²³⁷Np(⁴⁸Ca,3n) <ref name=E113ref/> |- |²⁷⁹Rg||2003||²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,4n) <ref name=E115ref/> |- |²⁸⁰Rg||2003||²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,3n) <ref name=E115ref/> |} <!-- ==Chemical yields of isotopes== ===Cold fusion=== The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing roentgenium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. {| class="wikitable" |- !Projectile!!Target!!CN!!1n!!2n!!3n |- |⁶⁴Ni||²⁰⁹Bi||²⁷³Rg!|3.5 pb, 12.5 MeV |- |⁶⁵Cu||²⁰⁸Pb||²⁷³Rg||1.7 pb, 13.2 MeV |} ==Isotopes== Five [[isotope]]s of roentgenium are known. The longest-lived of these is ²⁸⁰Rg, which decays through [[alpha decay]] and has a halflife of 3.6 seconds. The shortest-lived isotope is ²⁷²Rg, which decays through alpha decay and has a halflife of 1.6 [[milliseconds|ms]]. ==Isomerism in roentgenium nuclides== ===²⁷⁴Rg=== Two atoms of ²⁷⁴Rg have been observed in the decay chains starting with ²⁷⁸113. The two events occur with different energies and with different lifetimes. In addition, the two entire decay chains appear to be different. This suggests the presence of two isomeric levels but further research is required. ===²⁷²Rg=== The direct production of ²⁷²Rg has provided four alpha lines at 11.37, 11.03, 10.82, and 10.40 MeV. The GSI measured a [[half-life]] of 1.6 ms whilst recent data from RIKEN has given a [[half-life]] of 3.8 ms. The conflicting data may be due to isomeric levels but the current data are insufficient to come to any firm assignments. ==Future experiments== To date there has been no attempt to synthesise roentgenium in hot fusion reactions. It has been mentioned by the Dubna team that they could complete their Ca-48 projectile program by studying the reaction :<math>\,^{231}_{91}\mathrm{Pa} + \,^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} \,\to \,^{279}_{111}\mathrm{Rg}^{*}\to \,^{276,275,274}\mathrm{Rg}.</math> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==See also== *[[Island of stability]] --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Roentgenium}} *[http://webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Rg/index.html WebElements.com: Roentgenium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212160243/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Rg/index.html |date=2008-02-12 }} *[http://iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/corish_311004.html IUPAC: Proposal of name ''roentgenium'' for element 111] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171641/http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/corish_311004.html |date=2008-12-02 }} *[http://iupac.org/news/archives/2004/naming111.html IUPAC: Element 111 is named roentgenium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309130351/http://iupac.org/news/archives/2004/naming111.html |date=2008-03-09 }} *[http://www.apsidium.com/elements/111.htm Apsidium: Roentgenium 111] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322204621/http://www.apsidium.com/elements/111.htm |date=2007-03-22 }} *[http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/uuu.html Unununium Element At Chemicalelements.com] {{clear}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] [[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] {{kimia-stub}} pjlcuyrsxl0195i4lcbdd3lxw7xs53y 0 26150 1752075 1658351 2026-08-02T01:52:20Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=7 | symbol=N | name=nitrogen | left=[[karbon]] | right=[[oksigèn]] | above=- | below=[[fosfor|P]] | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_series | [[nonmetal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=15 | period=2 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | N,7| colorless }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-26 kg|14.0067]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(2)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | 1s² 2s² 2p³ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 5 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[gas]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gplstp | 1.251 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=63.15 | c=-210.00 | f=-346.00 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=77.36 | c=-195.79 | f=-320.42 }} {{Elementbox_criticalpoint | k=126.21 | mpa=3.39 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | (N₂) 0.720 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | (N₂) 5.57 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (N₂)<br />29.124 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 37 | 41 | 46 | 53 | 62 | 77 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | ±'''3''', 5, 4, 2<br />(strongly [[acid]]ic oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 3.04 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 1402.3 | 2856 | 4578.1 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|65]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|56]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|75]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|155]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | ora ana data }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 25.83 m}} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps | (gas, 27&nbsp;°C) 353 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7727-37-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=nitrogen | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=13 | sym=N | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=9.965 m | dm=ε | de=2.220 | pn=13 | ps=C }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=14 | sym=[[nitrogen-14|N]] | na=99.634% | n=7 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=15 | sym=[[nitrogen-15|N]] | na=0.366% | n=8 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} '''Nitrogèn''' utawa '''Zat lemes''' iku [[unsur kimia]] ing [[tabel périodik]] kang duwé lambang '''N''' lan [[nomer atom]] 7. Lumrahé tinemu minangka gas tanpa warna, tanpa ganda, tanpa rasa lan wujud gas diatomik dudu logam kang stabil, angèl banget réaksi karo unsur utawa senyawa liyané. Dijenengi zat lemas amarga zat iki duwé sipat males, ora aktif réaksi karo unsur liyané. Nitrogen ana 78,08% persèn saka [[atmosfir Bumi]] lan ana ing akèh jaringan urip. Zat lemas mbentuk akèh senyawa wigati kaya ta [[asem amino]], [[amonia]], [[asem nitrat]], lan [[sianida]]. == Sifat-sipat pinunjul == Nitrogèn iku dat non logam, kanthi èlèktronegatifitas 3.0. Duwé 5 èlèktron ing kulit paling njaba. Mula iku trivalèn ing sapérangan gedhé senyawa. Nitrogèn ngembun ing suhu 77K (-196^oC) ing tekanan atmosfir lan mbeku ing suhu 63K (-210^oC). == Sajarah == Nitrogèn ([[Latin]] ''nitrum'', [[Basa Yunani]] ''Nitron'' ateges "soda asli", "gen", "pambentukan") kanthi resmi tinemu déning [[Daniel Rutherford]] ing taun 1772, kang nyebut ''udara beracun'' utawa ''udara tetep''. Pangetauan yèn ana pecahan udara kang ora mbantu ing [[pembakaran]] wis dingertèni déning [[ahli kimia]] wiwit akir abad kaping 18. Nitrogèn uga dikaji ing wektu kang mèh padha déning [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]], [[Henry Cavendish]], lan [[Joseph Priestley]], kang nyebutaké minangka ''udara kaobong'' utawa ''udara wis flogistat''. Gas nitrogèn cukup lemes saéngga dijenengi déning [[Antoine Lavoisier]] minangka ''azote'', tinimbang tetembungan [[Yunani]] αζωτος kang maksudé "ora duwé nyawa". Istilah mau wis dadi jenengé nitrogèn ing tetembungan [[Basa Prancis|Prancis]] lan sabanjuré mawiyar ing basa-basa liyané. Senyawa nitrogèn dingertèni wiwit [[Zaman Pertengahan Éropah]]. [[alkimia|Ahli alkimia]] ngertèni [[asem nitrat]] minangka ''aqua fortis''. Campuran [[asem hidroklorik]] lan asem nitrat dijenengi ''[[akua regia]]'', kang diakoni amarga kamampuané kanggo nglarutaké [[emas]]. Kagunaan senyawa nitrogèn ing tetanèn lan perusahaan ing awalé yaiku ing wangun [[kalium nitrat]], mligi ing pangasilan serbuk panjeblug (garam mesiu), lan sabanjuré, minangka [[baja]] lan uga stok panganan ternak kimia. == Senyawa == [[Hidrida]] utama nitrogèn yaiku [[amonia]] (N[[hidrogen|H]]₃) sanadyan [[hidrazina]] (N₂H₄) uga akèh tinemu. Amonia duwé sipat [[basa]] lan ka[[larutan|larut]] sapérangan ing [[banyu]] mbentuk [[ion]] [[ammonium]] (NH₄⁺). Amonia cuwèr sabeneré sithik [[amfoter|amfiprotik]] lan mbentuk ion ammonium lan [[amida]] (NH₂^-); kaloroné dikenal minangka garam amida lan [[nitrida]] (N^3-), nanging kaurai ing banyu. Gugus bébas amonia karo atom hidrogèn tunggal utawa gandha dijenengi [[amina]]. Rantè, ali-ali utawa struktur hidrida nitrogèn kang luwih gedhé uga dimangertèni nanging ora stabil. == Peranan biologi == Nitrogèn wujud unsur kunci ing [[asem amino]] lan [[asem nukleat]], lan iki ndadèkaké nitrogèn wigati kanggo kabèh kauripan. [[Protein]] disusun saka asem-asem amino, sauntara asem nukleat dadi salah siji komponèn pambentuk [[DNA]] lan [[RNA]]. [[Polong-polongan]], kaya ta [[kedhelè]], bisa nangkep nitrogèn kanthi langsung saka [[atmosfer]] amarga [[simbiosis]] karo [[bakteri]] bintil oyot. == Isotop == Ana 2 isotop Nitrogèn kang stabil yaiku: ¹⁴N dan ¹⁵N. Isotop kang paling akèh yaiku ¹⁴N (99.634%), kang diasilaké ing lintang-lintang lan kang saluwihé yaiku ¹⁵N. Ing antarané sepuluh isotop kang diasilaké kanthi sintetik, ¹N duwé paruh wektu suwéné 9 menit lan kang saluwihé padha utawa luwih cilik saka itu. == Pepènget == Limbah baja nitrat wujud jalaran utama pancemaran banyu kali lan banyu ngisor lemah.Senyawa kang ngandhut siano(-CN) ngasilaké garam kang beracun banget lan bisa njalari patining kéwan lan manungsa. == Pranala njaba == * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/7.html Artikel nitrogèn saka Universitas California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210071426/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/7.html |date=2006-02-10 }} * [http://www.webelements.com/nitrogen/ Nitrogèn ing www.webelements.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033011/http://www.webelements.com/nitrogen/ |date=2013-09-28 }} * [http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/n.html#structure Informasi dhasar, struktur atom, lan isotop nitrogèn] * [http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fp/fp-khairunnisa.htm Nitrogen ing perspèktif tetanèn saka Fakultas Pertanian USU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218111941/http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fp/fp-khairunnisa.htm |date=2008-12-18 }} * [http://www.anekagas.com/siteindo/nitrogenindo.html Kagunaan gas nitrogèn] {{clr}} {{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] {{kimia-stub}} 8b4gpy0jlqyr8l40n1roa2koqw4pdji 0 33552 1752049 1748906 2026-08-01T18:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Cia-is-map2.png|right|thumb|200px|Israèl, Gisik Kulon, lan Lurung Gaza berada di pusat konflik Israèl-Palestina.]] '''Konflik Israèl-Palestina''', minangka péranganing [[konflik Arab-Israèl]], iku [[konflik]] kang turun-tumurun antara bangsa [[Israèl]] lan bangsa [[Palestina]]. Konflik Israèl-Palestina iki dudusawijining konflik kang prasaja, kaya-kaya dianggep kabèh bangsa Israèl (utawa malah kabèh wong [[Yahudi]] kabangsaan Israèl) duwé siji pandulu kang padha, samono uga kabèh bangsa Palestina. Ing kaloro komunitas mau pancèn ana wong-wong lan golongan-golongan kang nganjuraké panyingkiran teritorial total saka komunitas liyané, nanging ana uga sapérangan kang nganjuraké [[solusi rong nagara]], lan sapérangan manèh nganjuraké [[solusi rong bangsa]] kanthi siji nagara sekular kang nyakup wewengkon Israèl mangsa saiki, [[Lurung Gaza]], [[Gisik Kulon]], lan [[Yerusalem Wétan]]. Wiwit [[Pasetujon Oslo]], Pamaréntah [[Israèl]] lan [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina]] kanthi resmi wis duwé tékad kanggo milih solusi rong nagara. Masalah-masalah utama kang isih ngganjel ya iku: * Status lan mangsa ngarep [[Gisik Kulon]], [[Lurung Gaza]], lan [[Yerusalem Wétan]] kang nyakup wewengkon-wewengkon saka [[Nagara Palestina]] kang diusulaké. * Kaamanan Israèl. * Kaamanan Palestina. * Hakikat mangsa ngarep [[nagara Palestina]]. * Nasib para [[pangungsi Palestina]]. * Kawicaksanan-kawicaksanan [[pamukiman Israèl|pamukiman]] pamaréntah Israèl, lan nasib kang ndunungi pamukiman iku. * Kadhaulatan tumrap panggonan-panggonan suci ing Yerusalem, kalebu Bukit Bait Suci lan kompleks Tembok Nangis Kulon (''Wailing wall''). Masalah pangungsi muncul minangka akibat saka [[perang Arab-Israèl 1948]]. Masalah Gisik Kulon, Lurung Gaza, lan Yerusalem Wétan muncul minangka akibat saka [[Perang Enem Dinten|Perang Enem Dina]] taun 1967. <!-- Selama ini telah terjadi ''konflik'' yang penuh kekerasan, dengan berbagai tingkat intensitasnya dan konflik gagasan, tujuan, dan prinsip-prinsip yang berada di balik semuanya. Pada kedua belah pihak, pada berbagai kesempatan, telah muncul kelompok-kelompok yang berbeda pendapat dalam berbagai tingkatannya tentang penganjuran atau penggunaan taktik-taktik kekerasan, [[anti kekerasan yang aktif]], dll. Ada pula orang-orang yang bersimpati dengan tujuan-tujuan dari pihak yang satu atau yang lainnya, walaupun itu tidak berarti mereka merangkul taktik-taktik yang telah digunakan demi tujuan-tujuan itu. Lebih jauh, ada pula orang-orang yang merangkul sekurang-kurangnya sebagian dari tujuan-tujuan dari kedua belah pihak. Dan menyebutkan "kedua belah" pihak itu sendiri adalah suatu penyederhanaan: [[Al-Fatah]] dan [[Hamas]] saling berbeda pendapat tentang tujuan-tujuan bagi bangsa Palestina. Hal yang sama dapat digunakan tentang berbagai parté politik Israèl, meskipun misalnya pembicaraannya dibatasi pada parté-parté Yahudi Israèl. Mengingat pembatasan-pembatasan di atas, setiap gambaran ringkas mengenai sifat konflik ini pasti akan sangat sepihak. Itu berarti, mereka yang menganjurkan perlawanan Palestina dengan kekerasan biasanya membenarkannya sebagai perlawanan yang sah terhadap [[pendudukan militer]] oleh bangsa Israèl yang tidak sah atas Palestina, yang didukung oleh bantuan militer dan diplomatik oleh A.S. Banyak yang cenderung memandang perlawanan bersenjata Palestina di lingkungan Tepi Barat dan Jalur Gaza sebagai hak yang diberikan oleh [[persetujuan Jenewa]] dan [[Piagam PBB]]. Sebagian memperluas pandangan ini untuk membenarkan serangan-serangan, yang seringkali dilakukan terhadap warga sipil, di wewengkon Israèl itu sendiri. --> <!-- {| border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="2" style="float; width:30%" align="left" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina|PLO]] | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Al-Fatah]] | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Hamas]] | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Jihad Islami Palestina|JIP]] |- |[[Gambar:Plo_emblem.png|60px|]] |[[Gambar:Fateh-logo.jpg|60px|]] |[[Gambar:HamasLogo.jpg|60px|]] |[[Gambar:PIJ_emblem.png|60px|]] |- | colspan="4" align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |<small>Lambang-lambang saka organisasi-organisasi utama Palestina klebu peta wewengkon [[Israèl]] saiki, [[Gisik Kulon]] lan [[Lurung Gaza]].--> <!-- Whether these jointly represent any current policy, involving either Israèli expulsion, a [[Proposals for a Palestinian state|two-state solution]] with refugee return to Israèl, or a binational multiethnic state, ''is disputed''--> <!--(Padunung Palestina lan Israèl padha ngeklaim hak marang kabèh wewengkon iki).</small> |} --> <!-- Demikian pula, mereka yang bersimpati dengan aksi militer Israèl dan langkah-langkah Israèl lainnya dalam menghadapi bangsa Palestina cenderung memandang tindakan-tindakan ini sebagai pembelaan diri yang sah oleh bangsa Israsel dalam melawan kampanye [[terorisme]] yang dilakukan oleh kelompok-kelompok Palestina seperti [[Hamas]], [[Jihad Islami]], [[Al Fatah]] dan lain-lainnya, dan didukung oleh nagara-nagara lain di wewengkon itu dan oleh kebanyakan bangsa Palestina, sekurang-kurangnya oleh warga Palestina yang bukan merupakan warga nagara Israèl. Banyak yang cenderung percaya bahwa Israèl perlu menguasai sebagian atau seluruh wewengkon ini demi keamanannya sendiri. Pandangan-pandangan yang sangat berbeda mengenai keabsahan dari tindakan-tindakan dari masing-masing pihak di dalam konflik ini telah menjadi penghalang utama bagi pemecahannya. [[Berkas:Israèl_and_Palestine_Peace.png|thumb|Sebuah poster [[obahan perdamaian]]: [[Bendera Israèl]] dan [[bendera Palestina]] dan kata-kata ''[[Salaam]]'' dalam [[basa Arab]] dan ''[[Shalom]]'' dalam [[basa Ibrani]]. Gambar-gambar serupa telah digunakan oleh sejumlah kelompok yang menganjurkan solusi dua nagara dalam konflik ini.]] Sebuah usul perdamaian saat ini adalah [[Peta menuju perdamaian]] yang diajukan oleh Empat Serangkai [[Uni Éropah]], [[Rusia]], [[PBB]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]] pada 17 September 2002. Israèl juga telah menerima peta itu namun dengan 14 "reservasi". Pada saat ini Israèl sedang menerapkan sebuah [[rencana pemisahan diri]] yang kontroversial yang diajukan oleh Nayakotama [[Ariel Sharon]]. Menurut rencana yang diajukan kepada AS, Israèl menyatakan bahwa ia akan menyingkirkan seluruh "kehadiran sipil dan militer... yang permanen" di Jalur Gaza (yaitu 21 pemukiman Yahudi di sana, dan 4 pemumikan di Tepi Barat), namun akan "mengawasi dan mengawal kantong-kantong eksternal di darat, akan mempertahankan kontrol eksklusif di wewengkon udara Gaza, dan akan terus melakukan kegiatan militer di wewengkon laut dari Jalur Gaza." Pemerintah Israèl berpendapat bahwa "akibatnya, tidak akan ada dasar untuk mengklaim bahwa Jalur Gaza adalah wewengkon pendudukan," sementara yang lainnya berpendapat bahwa, apabila pemisahan diri itu terjadi, akibat satu-satunya ialah bahwa Israèl "akan diizinkan untuk menyelesaikan tembok <nowiki>[</nowiki>artinya, [[Penghalang Tepi Barat Israèl]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> dan mempertahankan situasi di Tepi Barat seperti adanya sekarang ini" [http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article3331.shtml] [http://www.fmep.org/documents/disengagement_plan_of_Sharon.html]. Dengan rencana pemisahan diri sepihak, pemerintah Israèl menyatakan bahwa rencananya adalah mengizinkan bangsa Palestina untuk membangun sebuah tanah air dengan campur tangan Israèl yang minimal, sementara menarik Israèl dari situasi yang diyakininya terlalu mahal dan secara strategis tidak layak dipertahankan dalam jangka panjang. Banyak orang Israèl, termasuk sejumlah besar anggota parté [[Likud]] -- hingga beberapa minggu sebelum 2005 berakhir merupakan parté Sharon -- kuatir bahwa kurangnya kehadiran militer di Jalur Gaza akan mengakibatkan meningkatnya kegiatan penembakan roket ke kota-kota Israèl di sekitar Gaza. Secara khusus muncul keprihatinan terhadap kelompok-kelompok militan Palestina seperti Hamas, Jihad Islami atau Front Rakyat Pembebasan Palestina akan muncul dari kevakuman kekuasaan apabila Israèl memisahkan diri dari Gaza. --> == Sajarah == === Nganti taun 1949 === * [[Deklarasi Balfour 1917]] 2 November 1917. Inggris ngetokaké Deklarasi Balfour, kang déning pihak Yahudi lan Arab dianggep janji kanggo ngadegaké ''tanah air'' kanggo kaum Yahudi ing Palestina. * [[Revolusi Arab]] 1936-1939. Revolusi Arab kabawah [[Amin Al-Husseini]]. Ora kurang saka 5.000 warga Arab kapperjaya. Akèh-akèhé déning Inggris. Atusan wong Yahudi uga tiwas. Husseini mabur menyang Irak, banjur menyang wewengkon Jerman, kang nalika iku ana ing papréntahan Nazi. * [[Tèks 1922: Mandat Palestina Liga Bangsa-bangsa]] * [[Mandat Britania tumrap Palestina]] * [[Rencana Pembagian Wewengkon déning PBB 1947]] * [[Deklarasi Pambentukan Nagara Israèl, 14 Mèi 1948]]. Sacara sepihak Israèl mbiwara minangka nagara Yahudi. Inggris lunga saka Palestina. Mesir, Suriah, Irak, Libanon, Yordania, lan Arab Saudi bebarengan nglawan Israèl. * [[Perang Arab-Israèl 1948]] * [[Pasetujon Gencatan Senjata 1949]] 3 April 1949. Israèl lan Arab sarujuk gencatan senjata. Israèl ngéntukaké wewengkon 50 persèn luwih akè saka kang diputusaké sajeroning Rencana Pamisahan PBB. * [[Exodus bangsa Palestina]] === 1949-1967 === * [[Perang Suez 1956]] * [[Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina]] (PLO) resmi madeg pada Mèi 1964. Tujuané numpes Israèl. * [[Perang Enem Dinten|Perang Enam Dina 1967]] * [[Resolusi Khartoum]] * [[Pendudukan Lurung Gaza déning Mesir]] * [[Pendudukan Gisik Kulon lan Yerusalem Timur déning Yordan]] === 1967-1993 === * [[Prajanjèn Nasional Palestina]] digawé taun 1968, Palestina kanthi resmi nuntut pambekuan Israèl. * [[1970 War of Attrition]] * [[Perang Yom Kippur|Perang Yom Kippur 1973]] * [[Kasepakatan Damai Mesir-Israèl ing Camp David 1978]] * [[Perang Libanon 1982]] * [[Perang Teluk 1990/1]] * [[Deklarasi Oslo|Kesepakatan Damai Oslo antara Palestina lan Israèl 1993]] 13 September 1993. Israèl lan PLO sarujuk silih ngakoni kadhaulatan. Ing sasi Agustus 1993, Arafat lungguh saméja karo Nayakotama Israèl Yitzhak Rabin. <!-- Hasilnya adalah Kesepakatan Oslo. Rabin bersedia menarik pasukannya dari Tepi Barat dan Jalur Gaza serta memberi Arafat kesempatan menjalankan sebuah lembaga semiotonom yang bisa "memerintah" di kedua wewengkon itu. Arafat "mengakui hak Nagara Israèl untuk eksis secara aman dan damai".<br> 28 September 1995. Implementasi Perjanjian Oslo. Otoritas Palestina segera berdiri. --> * [[Intifada pisanan]] === 1993-saiki === * [[Karusuhan terowongan Al-Aqsa]] September 1996. Karusuhan terowongan Al-Aqsa. Israèl sengaja mbukak terowongan tunuju Masjidil Aqsa kanggo mbujuk para turis. * 18 Januari 1997 Israèl sanggup narik wadyabala saka Hebron, Gisik Kulon. * [[Prajanjèn Wye River]] Oktober 1998 isi panarikan Israèl lan nguculaké tahanan pulitik lan kasanggupan Palestina kanggo nglakoni prajanjèn Oslo, kalebu bab dol-tinuku senjata ilegal. * 19 Mèi 1999, Pamimpin parté Buruh [[Ehud Barak]] kapilih dadi nayakotama. * [[Intifada al-Aqsa]] Maret 2000, Kunjungan pamimpin oposisi Israèl [[Ariel Sharon]] menyang [[Masjidil Aqsa]] micu karusuhan. Masjidil Aqsa dianggep salah siji papan suci umat Islam. Intifadah gelombang kaloro diwiwiti. * [[KTT Camp David 2000 antara Palestina lan Israèl]] * Maret-April 2002 Israèl yasa Tembok Pertahanan ing Gisik Kulon lan diiringi rerangkèn serangan "nglalu" saka Palestina. * Juli 2004 Mahkamah Internasional netepkan pambangunan wates pertahanan nyalahi hukum internasional lan Israèl kudu ngrubuhaké. * 9 Januari 2005 [[Mahmud Abbas]], saka [[Fatah]], kapilih dadi Présidhèn Otoritas Palestina, nggantèkaké Yasser Arafat kang séda 11 November 2004 * [[Peta tunuju perdamaian]] * Juni 2005 Mahmud Abbas lan Ariel Sharon ketemu ing Yerusalem. Abbas ngulur jadwal pemilu amarga kuwatir Hamas bakal menang. * Agustus 2005 Israèl lunga saka pamukiman Gaza lan papat wewengkon pamukiman ing Gisik Kulon. * Januari 2006 Hamas menangaké kursi Dewan Legislatif, ngrampungi dominasi Fatah sajeroning 40 taun. * Januari-Juli 2008 Kategangan mundhak ing [[Gaza]]. Israèl medhot suplai listrik lan gas. Donya nuding Hamas ora kasil ngendhalèkaké tindak kakerasan. PM Palestina Ismail Haniyeh ngotot orea bakal tundhuk. * November 2008 [[Hamas]] batal mèlu patemon unifikasi Palestina kang dianakaké ing Kairo, [[Mesir]]. Serangan roket cilik ing wewengkon Israèl. * [[Serangan Israèl menyang Gaza]] diwiwiti 26 Dhésèmber 2008. Israèl nglancaraké [[Operasi Oferet Yetsuka]], kang diterusaké serangan udara marang pusat-pusat operasi Hamas. Akèh kurban saka warga sipil.<ref>[http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/2009/01/05/ITR/mbm.20090105.ITR129167.id.html Tahun-tahun Bersimbah Darah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626175242/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/2009/01/05/ITR/mbm.20090105.ITR129167.id.html |date=2010-06-26 }}, Tempo</ref> * [[Kakerasan marang bangsa Israèl]] * [[Kakerasan marang bangsa Palestina]] * [[Rencana pemisahan dhiri sepihak Israèl 2004|Rencana pemisahan dhiri sepihak Israèl]] * Serangan [[Jabalia]] mangsa palastra 2004 * [[Serangan Israèl menyang Gaza]] - 2008 == Uga delengen == === Etnisitas === * [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] -- [[Yahudi]] -- [[Palestina]] === Agama === * [[Islam]] -- [[Yudaisme]] -- [[Kristen]] === Géografi === * [[Palestina (wewengkon)|Palestina]] ([[Tanah Israèl]]) * [[Géografi Israèl]] * [[Gisik Kulon]] ([[Yudea]] lan [[Samaria]]) * [[Jalur Gaza]] === Panggonan wigati === * [[Yerusalem]] -- [[Ma'alot]] -- [[Hebron]] -- [[Betlehem]] -- [[Gréja Lair]] -- [[Kutha Gaza]] -- [[Jenin]] -- [[Yerikho]] === Ideologi lan gagasan === * [[Zionisme]] * [[Pan-Arabisme]] * [[Nagara Yahudi]] * [[Usul-usul pambentukan nagara Palestina]] === Lapuran médhia === * [[New Historians]] * ''[[Promises]]'', sebuah filem dokumenter yang dinominasi untuk Oscar * [[Laporan médhia tentang konflik Israèl-Palestina]] * [[Charles Enderlin]] * [[Muhammed al-Dura]] <!--=== Unsur-unsur konflik === *[[Daftar sementara tindakan teror Palestina]] *[[Pangungsi Palestina]] *[[Pemukiman Israèl]] *[[Tembok penghalang Tepi Barat Israèl]] *[[Bom bunuh diri anak-anak]] *[[Intifada Al-Aqsa]] *[[Kekerasan dalam konflik Israèl-Palestina]] *[[Proses perdamaian dalam konflik Israèl-Palestina]] --> === Organisasi lan angkatan bersenjata === * [[Angkatan Pertahanan Israèl]] * [[Gerakan anti Israèl]] * [[Al-Fatah]] * [[Hamas]] * [[Hizbullah]] * [[Front Rakyat Pembebasan Palestina]] (FRPP) * [[Yayasan Bantuan dan Pembangunan Tanah Suci]] * [[Otoritas Palestina]] * [[Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina]] (PLO) * [[Jihad Islami Palestina]] === Tokoh === '''Israèl''' * [[David Ben-Gurion]] -- [[Menachem Begin]] -- [[Shimon Peres]] -- [[Yitzhak Rabin]] -- [[Ariel Sharon]] -- [[Chaim Weizmann]] '''Palestina''' * [[Mahmud Abbas]] -- [[Hanan Ashrawi]] -- [[Yasser Arafat]] -- [[Marwan Barghouti]] -- [[Haj Amin Al-Husseini]] -- [[Dalal Mughrabi]] -- [[Nabil Shaath]] -- [[Ahmed Shukairy]] -- [[Syekh Ahmed Yassin]] -- [[Ahmed Qurei]] '''Lainnya''' * [[Raja Hussein]] -- [[Anwar Sadat]] -- [[Colin Powell]] -- [[Anthony Zinni]] -- [[Raja Abdullah]] === Konflik-konflik kagandhèng === * [[Konflik Arab-Israèl]] * [[Konflik Timur Tengah]] * [[Perang Libanon 2006]] * [[Konflik Gaza 2008-2009]] == Réferènsi == {{Reflist}} == Wacan == * Bard, Mitchell. ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict'', ISBN 0-02-864410-7 * Bickerton, Ian J. and Carla L. Klausner. ''A Concise History of the Arab–Israèli Conflict''. 4th ed. (Prentice Hall, 2001), ISBN 0130903035 * [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]]. ''The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israèl and the Palestinians''. Rev. ed. (South End Press, 1999), ISBN 0-89608-187-7. * David, Ron. ''Arabs & Israèl for Beginners'' (Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc. 1996), ISBN 0863161618 * [[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]]. ''[[The Case for Israèl]]'', ISBN 0-471-67952-6 * Enderlin, Charles. ''Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1995-2002''. (Other Press, 2003), ISBN 1590510607 * [[Norman Finkelstein|Finkelstein, Norman]]. ''Image and Reality of the Israèl-Palestine Conflict''. 2nd ed. (Verso, 2003), ISBN 1859844421 [http://www.normanfinkelstein.com/article.php?pg=4&ar=10 2nd ed. introduction] * Fraser, T. G. ''The Arab–Israèli Conflict''. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), ISBN 1403913382 * Harms, Gregory with Todd M. Ferry. ''The Palestine-Israèl Conflict: A Basic Introduction'' (Pluto Press, 2005), ISBN 0745323782 * Hirst, David. ''The Gun and the Olive Branch''. 3rd ed. (Nation Books, 2003), ISBN 1560254831 * Khouri, Fred J. ''The Arab–Israèli Dilemma''. 3rd ed. (Syracuse University Press, 1985), ISBN 0815623402 * [[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]]. ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001'' (Vintage Books, 2001), ISBN 0679744754 * Pearlman, Wendy. ''Occupied Voices: Stories of Everyday Life from the Second Intifada'', ISBN 1-56025-530-7. * Reinhart, Tanya. ''Israèl/Palestine: How to End the War of 1948'' (Seven Stories Press, 2002), ISBN 1583225382 * [[Nadav Safran|Safran, Nadav]]. ''The United States and Israèl'', ISBN 0-674-92490-8. * [[Dennis Ross|Ross, Dennis]]. "The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the fight for Middle East Peace", ISBN 0-374-19973-6 * Smith, Charles D. ''Palestine and the Arab–Israèli Conflict''. 5th ed. (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004), ISBN 0312404085 * Swisher, Clayton E. ''The Truth About Camp David'' (Nation Books, 2004), ISBN 1560256230 * Sykes, Christopher. ''Crossroads to Israèl'' (Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1965), [out of print] * Tessler, Mark. ''A History of the Israèli–Palestinian Conflict'' (Indiana University Press, 1994), ISBN 0253208734 * Thomas, Baylis. ''How Israèl Was Won'' (Lexington Books, 1999), ISBN 0739100645 == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm Sejarah Israèl, Palestina dan konflik Arab-Israèl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115100454/http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm |date=2014-11-15 }} * [http://www.mideastweb.org/timeline.htm Garis waktu sejarah dan konflik Israèl-Palestina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106173650/http://www.mideastweb.org/timeline.htm |date=2014-11-06 }} * [http://www.zionismontheweb.org/zionism_history.htm Sejarah Zionisme dan pembentukan Israèl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223035758/http://www.zionismontheweb.org/zionism_history.htm |date=2008-12-23 }} * [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11361292.htm Reuters: Chronology of events in Israèli-Palestinian conflict] * [http://www.washingtoninstitute.org The Washington Institute for Near East Policy] * [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=132 Status hukum Tepi Barat, Gaza dan Yerusalem Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205142353/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=132 |date=2004-12-05 }} * [http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/resources/mrates.asp Middle East Policy Council - Conflict Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231140849/http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/resources/mrates.asp |date=2005-12-31 }} * [http://www.honestreporting.com/ HonestReporting] - Site that seeks to point out perceived anti-Israèli bias * [http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/mitchell.htm Sharm El-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee Final Report (Mitchell Report)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427152621/http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/mitchell.htm |date=2004-04-27 }} * [http://www.gov.il/ Government of Israèl] * [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/palmatoc1.html Palestinian Maps Omitting Israèl] dan [http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/maps11_03/maps.htm Maps of "Palestine" as a means to instill fundamentally negative messages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116195438/http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/maps11_03/maps.htm |date=2006-01-16 }} * [https://israel.indymedia.org/ IndyMedia (Israèl)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061204100804/https://israel.indymedia.org/ |date=2006-12-04 }} * [http://jerusalem.indymedia.org Palestine Independent Media Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513085409/http://www.jerusalem.indymedia.org/ |date=2008-05-13 }} * [http://electronicintifada.net/ Electronic Intifada] * [http://www.nad-plo.org Palestinian Negotiation Team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203072728/http://www.nad-plo.org/ |date=2020-02-03 }} * [http://www.gush-shalom.org/médhia/barak_eng.swf "Barak's Generous offer"]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from [[Gush Shalom]] * [http://www.jsource.org/jsource/Peace/settletoc.html Israèli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040119100044/http://www.jsource.org/jsource/Peace/settletoc.html |date=2004-01-19 }} * [http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=446 Russia as a Bridgehead of HAMAS] * [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mftoc.html Myths and facts online: a guide to the Arab-Israèli Conflict] A pro-Israèli view * [[meta:Solution of the Israèli-Palestinian conflict]] * [http://www.ict.org.il/casualties_project/stats_page.cfm Current breakdown of fatalities in conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027222544/http://www.ict.org.il/casualties_project/stats_page.cfm |date=2006-10-27 }} * [http://www.cactus48.com/truth.html The Origin of the Palestine - Israèl Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312031209/http://www.cactus48.com/truth.html |date=2005-03-12 }}, Published by Jews for Justice in the Middle East * [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/04/opinion/04tarazi.html?oref=login Two Peoples, One State] The [[PLO|PLO's]] Michael Tarazi outlines a proposed solution to the conflict (''[[New York Times]]'', [[4 Oktober]] 2004) * [http://www.jpost.com/ The Jerusalem Post] * [http://www.haaretzdaily.com/ Haaretz - edisi basa Inggris] * [http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=56 "There must be peace between symbols"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228202716/http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=56 |date=2006-02-28 }} - analisis ''Berpikir timur'' (terbuka untuk dikomentari) * [http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=56 "Monsters in the shadows of a Palestinian plebiscite"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228202718/http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=56 |date=2006-02-28 }} - Analisis ''Berpikir timur'' lagi (terbuka untuk dikomentari) * [http://www.nswas.org/ Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam] nama lainnya [[Oasis Bedhamèn]], sebuah désa koperasi eksperimen Palestina-Israèl dekat Yerusalem. * [http://dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Warfare_and_Conflict/Specific_Conflicts/Middle_East/Israèl-Palestine/ Open Directory Project - ''Israèl-Palestine Conflict'']{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.i-library.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=36&id=162&Itemid=77 Perjuangan Kliping Perjuangan Rakyat Palestina Menghadapi Zionis Israèl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927123034/http://www.i-library.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=36&id=162&Itemid=77 |date=2007-09-27 }}, ''i-library.org'' [[Kategori:Perang gerilya]] [[Kategori:Konflik Israèl-Palèstina| ]] [[Kategori:Palestina]] [[Kategori:Perang]] [[ar:قضية فلسطينية]] [[de:Nahostkonflikt]] [[en:Israèli-Palestinian conflict]] [[es:Conflicto árabe-israelí]] [[he:הסכסוך הישראלי פלסטיני]] [[id:Konflik Israèl dan Palestina]] [[it:Conflitto Israèlo-Palestinese]] [[ja:パレスチナ問題]] [[pt:Conflito israelo-palestino]] [[sv:Israèl/Palestina-konflikten]] [[zh:以巴冲突]] cq6jbj5ktonx8hotan50095s4f74j12 0 42948 1752099 1426832 2026-08-02T07:46:25Z Yuliarp 70079 1752099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Wga Pompeo Batoni Ecstasy of St Catherine of Siena.jpg|thumb|right|Katarina saking Siena]] Santa '''Katarina saking Siena''' ([[Siena, Italia]], [[25 Maret]] [[1347]] – [[Roma]], [[Italia]], [[29 April]] [[1380]]) punika satunggiling "tertiari" [[Ordo Dominikan]] utawi gayutan-awam Ordo Dominikan. Katarina punika putri kaping 23 saking 25 yoga (sadhèrèk kembaripun, putri kaping 24, tilar donya nalika miyos); tiyang sepuhipun Giacomo ing Benincasa, satunggiling pawarni-rasukan, lan garwanipun, Lapa. Panjenenganipun punika [[Santa]] lan [[Dhoktor Gréja]]. [[File:Caterina - Libro della divina dottrina, circa 1475 - 2367969.jpg|thumb|''Libro della divina dottrina'', c. 1475]] Minangka tertiari, Katarina dedunung ing griya lan sanès ing biara, lan piyambakipun nglampahi gesang kanthi prasaja. Panjenenganipun misuwur amargi [[pasa]] lan nindakaken penahanan dhiri ingkang kathah sanget, mungel sapuniki langkung dipuntepangi minangka [[anorexia nervosa]], saéngga pelajar Rudolph Bell ing wurinipun migunakaken kagesanganipun minangka conto ing bukunipun ''Anorexia Suci''. Wetawis taun [[1366]] panjenenganipun ngalami punapa ingkang dipungambaraken salebeting seratipun minangka 'palakrami mistik' kaliyan [[Yesus]], lan taun [[1370]] panjenenganipun nampi satunggal séri pandhangan ngenani [[neraka]], [[purgatori]], lan [[swarga]] sasampunipun panjenenganipun mireng satunggiling préntah kanggé nilaraken kagesanganipun ingkang katilar lan mlebet dhumateng kagesangan publik ing donya. Panjenenganipun wiwit nyerat serat dhumateng priya lan wanita salebeting otoriter, mliginipun nyuwun kanggé [[damai|perdamaian]] antawispun républik lan prinsipalitas Italia lan kanggé wangsulipun [[papasi]] saking [[Avignon]] dhumateng [[Roma]]. Panjenenganipun gadhah korèspondhén ingkang dhetil kaliyan [[Paus Gregory XI]], ugi nyuwun dhumateng panjenenganipun kanggé mbentuk [[clergy]] lan ngatur [[Papal State]]. Ing wulan Juni [[1376]] panjenenganipun tindak piyambakan dhumateng Avignon minangka duta ageng [[Florence]] kanggé rukunan kaliyan Papal State, nanging boten kasil. Panjenenganipun damel Paus berkesan sanget saéngga panjenenganipun mangsulaken administrasinipun dhumateng Roma wulan Januari [[1377]]. Ing [[Schisma Kulon|Schisma Ageng]] [[1378]] panjenenganipun dados pandhukung [[Paus Urban VI]], ingkang ngundang panjenenangipun tindak dhateng Roma lan penjenenganipun manggèn ing Roma dumugi tilar donyanipun taun 1380. [[Paus Pius II]] [[kanonisasi|nganonisasi]] Katarina taun [[1461]]. Seratipun dipunanggep minangka karya ageng saking literatur awal Tuscan. Dinten pèngetanipun tanggal [[29 April]]. Santa Katarina ugi wujud santa pelindhung sororiti Catholic America bersejarah, [[Theta Phi Alpha]]. == Teologi == Teologi Santa Katarina digambarake minangka [[teologi mistik]]. Panjenenganipun nganginaken basaning [[filsafat skolastik]] abad pertengahhan kangge njelasake pengalaman mistikipun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Kenelm|date=1962|title=St Catherine's Teaching on Christ|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43705923|journal=Life of the Spirit (1946-1964)|volume=16|issue=187|pages=310–323|issn=0269-3593}}</ref> == Ugi pirsani == * [[Rudolph Bell]], ''Holy Anorexia'' * [[Caroline Walker Bynum]], ''Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/history/htm/h_faculty_profile_bynum.htm] == Pranala njawi == * [http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/christian/cat/catp/ St Catherine of Siena]-Poems and Prayers * [http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/CATSIENA.HTM Saint Catherine of Siena Virgin] * [[Kategori:Santo lan Santa]] [[Kategori:Dhoktor Gréja]] [[Kategori:Literatur Pertengahan]] [[Kategori:Dominikan]] [[Kategori:Stigmata]] [[Kategori:Lair 1347|Katarina saking Siena]] [[Kategori:Pati 1380|Katarina saking Siena]] [[Kategori:Santo Itali]] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] i3bviqb5rpcz9htkgwbjt63a5t128iw 1752101 1752099 2026-08-02T08:01:04Z Yuliarp 70079 1752101 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Wga Pompeo Batoni Ecstasy of St Catherine of Siena.jpg|thumb|right|Katarina saking Siena]] Santa '''Katarina saking Siena''' ([[Siena, Italia]], [[25 Maret]] [[1347]] – [[Roma]], [[Italia]], [[29 April]] [[1380]]) punika satunggiling "tertiari" [[Ordo Dominikan]] utawi gayutan-awam Ordo Dominikan. Katarina punika putri kaping 23 saking 25 yoga (sadhèrèk kembaripun, putri kaping 24, tilar donya nalika miyos); tiyang sepuhipun Giacomo ing Benincasa, satunggiling pawarni-rasukan, lan garwanipun, Lapa. Panjenenganipun punika [[Santa]] lan [[Dhoktor Gréja]]. [[File:Caterina - Libro della divina dottrina, circa 1475 - 2367969.jpg|thumb|''Libro della divina dottrina'', c. 1475]] Minangka tertiari, Katarina dedunung ing griya lan sanès ing biara, lan piyambakipun nglampahi gesang kanthi prasaja. Panjenenganipun misuwur amargi [[pasa]] lan nindakaken penahanan dhiri ingkang kathah sanget, mungel sapuniki langkung dipuntepangi minangka [[anorexia nervosa]], saéngga pelajar Rudolph Bell ing wurinipun migunakaken kagesanganipun minangka conto ing bukunipun ''Anorexia Suci''. Wetawis taun [[1366]] panjenenganipun ngalami punapa ingkang dipungambaraken salebeting seratipun minangka 'palakrami mistik' kaliyan [[Yesus]], lan taun [[1370]] panjenenganipun nampi satunggal séri pandhangan ngenani [[neraka]], [[purgatori]], lan [[swarga]] sasampunipun panjenenganipun mireng satunggiling préntah kanggé nilaraken kagesanganipun ingkang katilar lan mlebet dhumateng kagesangan publik ing donya. Panjenenganipun wiwit nyerat serat dhumateng priya lan wanita salebeting otoriter, mliginipun nyuwun kanggé [[damai|perdamaian]] antawispun républik lan prinsipalitas Italia lan kanggé wangsulipun [[papasi]] saking [[Avignon]] dhumateng [[Roma]]. Panjenenganipun gadhah korèspondhén ingkang dhetil kaliyan [[Paus Gregory XI]], ugi nyuwun dhumateng panjenenganipun kanggé mbentuk [[clergy]] lan ngatur [[Papal State]]. Ing wulan Juni [[1376]] panjenenganipun tindak piyambakan dhumateng Avignon minangka duta ageng [[Florence]] kanggé rukunan kaliyan Papal State, nanging boten kasil. Panjenenganipun damel Paus berkesan sanget saéngga panjenenganipun mangsulaken administrasinipun dhumateng Roma wulan Januari [[1377]]. Ing [[Schisma Kulon|Schisma Ageng]] [[1378]] panjenenganipun dados pandhukung [[Paus Urban VI]], ingkang ngundang panjenenangipun tindak dhateng Roma lan penjenenganipun manggèn ing Roma dumugi tilar donyanipun taun 1380. [[Paus Pius II]] [[kanonisasi|nganonisasi]] Katarina taun [[1461]]. Seratipun dipunanggep minangka karya ageng saking literatur awal Tuscan. Dinten pèngetanipun tanggal [[29 April]]. Santa Katarina ugi wujud santa pelindhung sororiti Catholic America bersejarah, [[Theta Phi Alpha]]. == Teologi == Teologi Santa Katarina digambarake minangka [[teologi mistik]]. Panjenenganipun nganginaken basaning [[filsafat skolastik]] abad pertengahhan kangge njelasake pengalaman mistikipun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Kenelm|date=1962|title=St Catherine's Teaching on Christ|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43705923|journal=Life of the Spirit (1946-1964)|volume=16|issue=187|pages=310–323|issn=0269-3593}}</ref> Kanthi gegayuhan ingang sipat nin-fisik kaliyan Gusti Allah, penjenenganipun nindakaken pasa ekstrem lan asketisme. Panjenenganipun menggalih Kristus minangka "jembatan" antawasipun jiwa lan Gusti Allah--sareng piwulang sanesipun--ing buku ingkak sesirah ''The Dialog.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://isidore.co/misc/Res%20pro%20Deo/ITOPL_OCR-layer-only/15.%20Supplementum%20-%20Dogma%20&%20Moral/Moral/St.%20Catherine%20of%20Siena_OCR.pdf|title=The Dialogue|last=saking Siena|first=Katarina|publisher=Paulist Press|year=1980|translator-last=Noffke|translator-first=Suzanne}}</ref> Buku ''The Dialog'' punika sistematis lan cetha anggenipun njelasake gagasan mistik. Gagasan kasebut satleraman boten dhedhasar nalar utawa logika, nanging pengaaman mistik ekstasisipun. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Catherine of Siena|last=Noffke|first=Suzanne|year=2010|editor-last=Minnis Alastair|editor-first=Voaden Rosalynn|volume=Medieval Holy Women in the Christian Tradition c. 1100–c. 1500|location=Turnhout, Belgia}}</ref> == Ugi pirsani == * [[Rudolph Bell]], ''Holy Anorexia'' * [[Caroline Walker Bynum]], ''Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/history/htm/h_faculty_profile_bynum.htm] == Pranala njawi == * [http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/christian/cat/catp/ St Catherine of Siena]-Poems and Prayers * [http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/CATSIENA.HTM Saint Catherine of Siena Virgin] == Wacan == [[Kategori:Santo lan Santa]] [[Kategori:Dhoktor Gréja]] [[Kategori:Literatur Pertengahan]] [[Kategori:Dominikan]] [[Kategori:Stigmata]] [[Kategori:Lair 1347|Katarina saking Siena]] [[Kategori:Pati 1380|Katarina saking Siena]] [[Kategori:Santo Itali]] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] <references responsive="" /> t69xqvngz2f9k97udhusx45zw7dstlr 0 47095 1752061 1731362 2026-08-01T21:55:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox President | name=Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev{{br}} <small>Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв<small> |image = Михаил Горбачёв.jpg | nationality=[[Ruslan]] | order=[[Présidhèn Uni Sovyèt]] | term_start=[[15 Maret]] [[1990]] | term_end=[[25 Dhésèmber]] [[1991]] | predecessor=Panjenenganipun piyambak (as Chairman of Supreme Soviet) | successor=Boten wonten | birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1931|3|2}} | birth_place=[[Stavropol]], salajengipun [[Ruslan SFSR]], sapunika [[Federasi Ruslan]] | death=[[26 Dhésèmber]] [[1991]] | death_place=[[New York]] | spouse=[[Raisa Gorbachyova]] | party=[[Parté Kuminis Uni Sovyèt]] (1950-1991) [[Parté Sosial Dhémokrat Ruslan]] (2001-2004) | vicepresident= }} '''Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov{{Audio|ru-Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev.ogg|mirengaken}}''' ([[basa Ruslan]]: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв}}, ''Mihail Sergeevič Gorbačëv'', [[IPA]]: {{IPA|[mʲɪxʌˈil sʲɪrˈgʲejɪvʲɪʨ gərbʌˈʨof]}}, dipunlafalaken minangka: mi-kha-ILL ser-GE-ye-vich gor-bah-CHOFF) kanthi undangan '''Gorbachev'''; {{lahirmati|[[Stavropol]]|2|3|1931}}) punika pulitikus Ruslan. Panjenenganipun punika mantan pimpinan [[Uni Sovyèt]], periode [[1985]] dumugi bibaripun taun [[1991]]. Tanggal [[11 Maret]] [[1985]], panjenenganipun dados Sekretaris Jendral Parté Kuminis Uni Sovyèt nalika nggantosaken [[Konstantin Chernenko]]*. Panjenenganpun nglampahaken éwahan ageng-agengan ing salebetipun sistem perekonomian lan pulitik. Akibatipun, Uni Sovyèt bibar. Panjenenganipun pikantuk [[Bebungah Nobel Bedhamèn]] nalika taun [[1990]]. Panjenenganipun mundur minangka Présidhèn Uni Sovyèt tanggal [[25 Dhésèmber]] 1991 nyusul kudeta déning golongan garis keras ing Moskow wulan [[Agustus]] 1991. Ing wekdal punika dumados patentangan dhumateng rencana ngéwahi wangun nagari. Upadosipun réformasi ingkang dipunsebat ''Perestroika'' kanggé mungkasi [[Perang Dingin]] kanthi boten sengaja ugi mungkasi Uni Sovyèt lan posisinipun ingkang dominan ing [[bumi|donya]]. == Pranala njawi == {{wikisource author}} {{wikiquote|Mikhail Gorbachev}} {{Commons category|Mikhail Gorbachev}} * [http://www.mikhailgorbachev.org/ MikhailGorbachev.org] * [http://www.gorby.ru/en/default.asp The Gorbachev Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120093358/http://www.gorby.ru/en/default.asp |date=2008-01-20 }} * [http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/searchSimpleResults/iw/1/keyword/gorbachev Public Opinion about Gorbachev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820012621/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/searchSimpleResults/iw/1/keyword/gorbachev |date=2006-08-20 }} * [http://marxists.org/glossary/ The Encyclopaedia of Marxism] * [http://www.greencrossinternational.net/ Green Cross International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010718174745/http://www.greencrossinternational.net/ |date=2001-07-18 }} situs Resmi * [http://sodin-mail.com/homepages/~natalia/nobel_russians/gorbachev/mikhail.htm Biografi Mikhail S. Gorbachev dalam basa Rusia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060429232830/http://sodin-mail.com/homepages/~natalia/nobel_russians/gorbachev/mikhail.htm |date=2006-04-29 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1432787,00.html Out in the Cold] Wawancara Guardian padha 8 Maret 2005 * [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/gorbachev.html TIME 100 for 2004: Mikhail Gorbachev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526214003/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/gorbachev.html |date=2009-05-26 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/gorbachev/ CNN Cold War – ProBerkas: Mikhail Gorbachev] from the 1998 series ** [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/23/interviews/gorbachev/ September 1997 interview] * [http://www.writespirit.net/authors/mikhail_gorbachev/ Biography, talks, tributes and quotes] * [http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=16528 Ubben Lecture at DePauw University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043330/http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=16528 |date=2011-08-07 }} * [http://www.project-syndicate.org/contributors/contributor_comm.php4?id=239 Mikhail Gorbachev's op/ed commentaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829225117/http://www.project-syndicate.org/contributors/contributor_comm.php4?id=239 |date=2004-08-29 }} for [[Project Syndicate]] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_mikhailgorbachev.html Commanding Heights: Mikhail Gorbachev] ([[PBS]] interview), April 2001. * [http://gorbachev.booknear.com/ USSR – USA: Summit Documents and Materials, Washington 30 May – 3 June 1990] * [http://www.tldm.org/Bayside/Messages/bm920618.htm Truth] * [http://www.udallas.edu/advancement/pr.cfm?NewsArticleID=2750&Cat=FA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210014127/http://www.udallas.edu/advancement/pr.cfm?NewsArticleID=2750&Cat=FA |date=2009-02-10 }} Gorbachev to speak at University of Dallas as McDermott Guest Lecturer {{start box}} {{succession box|before = [[Konstantin Chernenko]]|title = [[Sekretaris Jendral Parté Kuminis Uni Sovyèt]]|years = 1985-1991|after = [[Vladimir Ivashko]] }} {{succession box|before = [[Andrei Gromyko]]|title=[[Présidhèn Uni Sovyèt]] (1990 - 1991)|years = 1988-1991||after = [[Ivan Korotchenya]]}} {{succession box| title=[[Tokoh Taunan|Tokoh taunan vèrsi ''Time'']]| before=[[Corazon Aquino]]| after=Endangered [[Bumi]]| years=1987| }} {{succession box| title=[[Tokoh Taunan|Tokoh taunan vèrsi ''Time'']]| before=Endangered [[Bumi]]| after=[[George H. W. Bush]]| years=1989| }} {{end box}} {{PamimpinRuslan}} {{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1976–2000}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gorbachev, Mikhail}} [[Kategori:Lair 1931]] [[Kategori:Pamenang Bebungah Bedhamèn Nobel]] [[Kategori:100 Tokoh miturut Michael H. Hart]] [[Kategori:Isih urip]] [[Kategori:Person of the Year]] [[Kategori:Pamimpin Perang Dingin]] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] {{bio-stub}} 4j95arqacgtzjaw5f8fw6h07er8ypcx 0 49390 1752050 1696860 2026-08-01T18:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Constantine Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|200px|Reca Konstantin ing [[Musei Capitolini]]]] '''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus'''<ref>Sajeroning ([[basa Latin]] gelar resmi kakaisaran Konstantine yakuwi IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS, ''Imperator Caesar Flavius Constantine Augustus, kang saleh, kang untung, kang ora tau kalah''. Sawisé 312, ditambah MAXIMVS ("kang paling agung"), lan sawisé 325 nggenti ''invictus'' ("kang ora tau kalah") dadi VICTOR, amarga ''invictus'' ngèlingaké marang [[Sol Invictus]], Déwa Srengéngé.</ref> ({{lahirmati||27|2|272||22|5|337}}), kang lazim dikenal minangka '''Konstantin I''', '''Konstantin Agung''', utawa (antarané wong Kristen Ortodoks Timur lan Katulik Timur)<ref>[[Gréja Katulik Ritus Timur|Gréja Katulik Timur ritus Bizantium]] nganggep Konstantin sawijining santo, nanging ora kalebu sajeroning Martirologi Roma saka Gréja Latin.</ref>'''Santo Konstantin''', iku sawijining [[Kaisar Romawi]], kang dinyatakaké minangka [[Augustus (gelar)|Augustus]] déning wadyabala-pasukané ing tanggal [[25 Juli]] [[306]] lan kang maréntah atas pérangan [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] kang terus-menerus tuwuh nganti sédané. == Cathetan == {{reflist}} </div> == Uga delengen == * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] * [[Gapura Konstantin]], [[gapura kemenangan]] menuju kemenangan di [[Pertempuran Kreteg Milvian|Kreteg Milvian]]. * [[Pergeseran Konstantin]] * [[Sumbangan Konstantin]] * [[Donatis]] == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Constantine I (emperor)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021130191047/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/8920/European/edictofmilan.htm ''The Edict of Milan AD 313''] * Letters of Constantine: [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_1.html Book 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421035446/http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_1.html |date=2013-04-21 }}, [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_2.html Book 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421035442/http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_2.html |date=2013-04-21 }}, & [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_3.html Book 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421035436/http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_3.html |date=2013-04-21 }} * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm RomanEmperors.org ''Vita'' of Constantine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929190410/http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm |date=2017-09-29 }}; dengan bibliografi * [http://odur.let.rug.nl/~drijvers/ammianus/ Ammianus Marcellinus on-line project] * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Byzantine Rulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date=2016-07-18 }} olèh Lars Brownworth dari [[Stony Brook School]] (kelas 7-12). kuliah audio 40 menit tentang Konstantin. * [http://88.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CO/CONSTANTINE_I_.htm Constantine I] dalam [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] 1911 * [http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/ ''Constantine the Great''] Situs tentang Konstantin Agung dan mata uang perunggunya yang menekankan sajarah dari mata uang, dengan banyak sumber kalebu pérangan belakangnya sarta pertalan tulisannya. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107180713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/i_love_ny/history/romans/ Situs BBC North Yorkshire tentang Roman York, Yorkshire dan Constantine the Great] == Rujukan lan wacan == <div class="references-small"> * [[Ancient History]] * Chuvin, Pierre, B. A. Archer, translator, ''A Chronicle of the Last Pagans'', Harvard, 1990. ISBN 0-674-12970-9 * [[Eric Robertson Dodds|Dodds, Eric Robertson]], ''The Greeks and the Irrational'', University of California, 1964. * Dodds, Eric Robertson, ''Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of the Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine'', Cambridge, 1965. * Jones, A.H.M. ''Constantine and the Conversion of Europe''. London: English University Press, 1948; London: Macmillan, 1949. * MacMullen, Ramsay, ''Constantine'', [[Dial Press]], 1969. * MacMullen, Ramsay, ''Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100-400'', Yale, 1984. * MacMullen, Ramsay, ''Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary'', Princeton, 1990. * MacMullen, Ramsay, ''Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest, and Alienation'', Harvard, 1966. * Odahl, Charles Matson, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', Routledge, 2004. * Wilken, Robert L., ''Christians As the Romans Saw Them'', Yale, 1984 * [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], ''The Life of the blessed Emperor Constantine'' 4 jilid, dari 306 hingga 337. * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' 1911:] Constantine * [[Lactantius]], (240-320) ''Of the Manner the in Which the Persecutors Died'', * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04295c.htm "Constantine the Great"], olèh [[Charles George Herbermann|Charles G. Herbermann]] and Georg Grupp. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1908) * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05121a.htm "Donatists"], olèh John Chapman. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1909) * Sources on the Antonine Plague ** [[Galen]], ''On the Natural Faculties'' ** [[Marcus Cornelius Fronto]], ''Letters of Marcus Cornelius Fronto'' * Vlassis R. Rassias, ''Es Edafos Ferein'', edisi ke-2, Athens, 2000, ISBN 960-7748-20-4 </div> {{s-start}} {{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Konstantius Khlorus]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Kaisar Romawi]]|years=306–337|regent1=[[Galerius]], [[Licinius]] dan [[Maximinus|Maximinus Daia]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Konstantius II]],{{br}}[[Konstantin II (kaisar)|Konstantin II]]{{br}}dan [[Konstans]]}} {{end}} {{Pratélan kang Agung}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Constantinus, Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius}} [[Kategori:Kaisar Romawi]] [[Kategori:Santo lan Santa]] nv231vt4tvarwg4kzbruabrx69o7ro9 0 67146 1752123 1750210 2026-08-02T08:50:10Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 1752123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TMH Infobox| | Prabu Drupada utawa Durpada (Yadnasena), ratu ing Pancala (Cěmpalaradya), nalika timur kekasih Bambang Sucritra.. Bambang Sucitrå sêjatiné dudu trah Pancala nanging satriya neneka saka Ngatasangin kang dumunung åana laladan tanah sabrang. Anggoné jumênêng nata ing Pancala amarga jinunjung déning para kawula lan Raden Gandamana Sawise jumeneng nata, Sucitra banjur ngagem jejuluk Prabu Drupada ya Sang Prabu Dupara utawa Prabu Yadyasena. Dene Raden Gandamana minangka paramparaning praja, lan patihe asma Patih Trusthakethu. Sawijining dina Sang Prabu Drupada miyos siniwaka, diadhep sanggyaning para nayaka lan wadyabala. Dumadakan kedhayohan sawijining nom noman saka Ngatasangin ngakune jenenge Bamabang Kumbayana. Tanpa menggalih subasita, Bambang Kumbayana miyak satataning sanggya kang mara sebha, nanging Sang Prabu gedhe pangapurane. Kumbayana dikeparengake mapan sawatara dina ing Pancala Nanging watake Bambang Kumbayana sing pancen seneng ngongasake kadikdayan lan sigiting citra , nedya tumindak murang tata marang Dewi Drupadi, anjalari Sang Prabu Drupada ora arena penggalihe. Kanthi pangandhikan sereng sora, Bambang Kumbayana ditundhung dening Sang Prabu, ora dikeparengake nyedhak kadhaton Pancala. “Lho, aku iki mitramu. Apa kowe lali dimas Sucitra yen aku iki kadhangmu sinarawedi ?” Amarga Bambang Kumbayana tetep ora gelem lunga ndadekake muntabe Raden Gandamana. Kumbayana dilarak tumuju alun-alun karo diujar-ujar anggone murang tata. Kumbayana banjur dipilara nganthi rusak saranduning awake, tanpa diwenehi kalodhangan kanggo lumawan. Tutug anggone milara, Kumbayana banjur kakalangake bablas temah tiba ing pinggire alas kepara adoh saka laladhan kutharaja. Sawise sawatara taun saka kekadeyan mau, sawijining dina negara Pancala dilurugi perang dening para satriya [[Korawa|Kurawa]] lan [[Pandhawa]], muri Pandhita Durna. Prabu drupada lan raden Gandamana klakon dadi bandan lan disowanake ana ngarsane Pandhita Durna. Prabu Drupada cinawisan palenggahan jajar adu arep karo Pandhitå Durnå.. Kaya ngapa wirange Sang Prabu Drupada. “O..oo..oo gandha belgudhug monyor monyor selikur dina gamana gapulengana, iki margane nggonku bakal ngudi tuwuh lara wirang karo kowe Drupada,” kandhane Pandhita Durna. “He..Kumbayana ya Drona, aja salah gawe kowe ningkes karo aku, yen nyata kowe satriya sejati uwalana bebandhanku, hayo adu dhadha kantaran bahu genti milang tatu. Aja kaya bocah cilik srana nganggo tangane wong liya,” wangsulane Prabu Drupada. “La apa rumangsamu kowe ya utama bebudenmu heh Drupada, kowe nggawe cintraka awaku nganggo tangane Gandamana, nistha endi karo tumindak kang wis kok alami iku. Nek niyat aku males pati karo kowe saiki,,,,ooo lha gampang mijet wohing ranti. Nanging aku isih eling ala tanpa rupa kowe kuwi sedulurku nunggal guru, aku emoh tanganku reged dedosan merga mateni kowe. Kowe bakal tak luwari saka bebandhanku iki, nanging ana sarana sing kudu mbok turuti kepriye Sucitra ?,” pitakone Pandhita Durna. “Kabeh tumindakku kang wus kawuri yen diundhamana kaya ucapmu kuwi kaya tanpa guna. Kanggo kawibawanku uga kanggo yuwananing Pancala tak turuti Drona panjalukmu,” “Bagus Sucitra. Ngene aku iki senadyan wis diaku dadi guruning Pandhawa lan Kurawa, nanging bakal sepira bombonging atiku nek aku mengku kawibawan kaya kowe iki. Nanging aja kaduk pati bela penampa, aku ora bakal njaluk dadi ratu ing Pancala ora, nanging aku mung pingin dhuwe papan dhewe sing trep tak enggo anggegulang bab pamulangan lair ya batin tumrap murid muridku kabeh. Mula kang saka iku tak jaluk rilamu alas tlatah Sokålimå sing wis takdhegi Paguron (Padhépokan) tak jaluk. Pye Drupada,” “Ya aku sarujuk, Sokålimå sak wewengkone tak rilakake dadi bumi perdhikan dhuwekmu kanggo mukti saanak turunmu salawase,” “Ya matur nuwun Sang Prabu,” Sawise bandhane diuwali, sang Prabu Drupada lan Raden Gandamana kondur ing Pancala. Wiwit kedadeyan iku , Prabu Drupada nganggep Drona dudu kadhang maneh, nanging satru bebuyuten (mungsuh). Tuwuh pêpinginan darbe putra kakung kang bisa nyirnake satru sêkti. Prabu Drupådå banjur ngupåyå Rêsi Yåjå lan Upåyåjå supåyå mujudi kêrsané. Rêsi sakloron mau nuli ngadhani sêsaji Agni. Rêsi sakloron måcå mantram-mantram sakti karo ngêsok mêrtégå suci ing gêni sêsaji. Sanalikå gêni sêsaji banjur murub mubyar mubyar kukusé kumêlun sumundul ing ngawiyat. Ora antårå sasi Dèwi Gåndåwati nggarbini. Nalikå nglairaké ponang jabang bayi dhampit (gêdhini gêdhånå) sing kênyå ngagêm busånå kaprajuritan, nggéndhong éndhong isi jêmparing, tangané kiwå nyêkêl langkap (gêndhéwå). Déné sing bocah lanang måwå jamang lan kêré wåjå, tangan kiwå nyêkêl langkap (gêndhéwå) tangan têngên nyêkêl pêdhang ligan karan Sêdhanggarbå. Bayi sakloron mujudaké panuksmané Bathårå Durgånètri lan Durgådéwå. Kênyå mau kaparingan têtêngêr Dèwi Wårå Srikandhi, déné bocah lanang mau kaparingan kêkasih Radèn Trusthåjumênå (Drèsthåjumnå). Diwasané, Srikandhi lan Radèn Trusthåjumênå dadi prajurit kang pinunjul. Nalikå Pandhita Durna jumemeng Mahasenapati ing Perang Baratayuda , Dyan Trusthåjumênå kang wis ngasthå pêdhang ligan gyå mudhun såkå saluhuré råtå nyakêti Pandhitå Durnå kang wis nglumpruk tanpa daya amarga mireng pawarta yen Aswatama wis tumekaning pati. Kocapå sukmané Bambang Èkålåyå prikså kahanané Pandhitå Durnå anthuk margå dènira arêp malês ngudituwuh lårå wirang, aglis manuksmå ånå jagadé Radèn Trusthåjumênå, wusånå tuwuh kanêpsoné arêp nyidrå Pandhitå Durnå awit kèlingan marang cintrakané Prabu Drupådå, mulå sigrå maju tanpå tariwårå nyandhak mustakané Pandhitå Durnå katigas jangganè muståkå pisah lan gêmbung sirnå margå layu. Nuli mustakané Pandhitå Durnå kinaryå onclang diumbul-umbulaké, banjur disawataké mênyang ngarsané Prabu Duryudånå. d2ra23ac4r04bm3lyukpuzpelcycwac 0 68306 1752057 1646001 2026-08-01T20:52:47Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mall of The Emirates''' ya iku gedhong pusat blanja kang ana ing [[Dubai]], [[Uni Emirat Arab]]. Mall iki dikelola déning [[Majid Al Futtaim]] (MAF Holding) lan dadi pusat blanja kang gedhé dhéwé ing [[Wétan Tengah]]. == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.malloftheemirates.com/ www.malloftheemirates.com] - Website resmi Mall of the Emirates * [http://www.skidxb.com/ Ski Dubai] - Website resmi Ski Dubai * [http://www.majidalfuttaim.com/MAF/default.asp ''Majid Al Futtaim''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205035922/http://majidalfuttaim.com/MAF/default.asp |date=2006-12-05 }} - Website resmi MAF Holding. * [http://www.dubaifaqs.com/shopping-malls-in-dubai.php Pusat perbelanjaan di Dubai dan UEA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730013802/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/shopping-malls-in-dubai.php |date=2017-07-30 }} - deskripsi mall lan fasilitasé. * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5620358367919562703 Dancing Water ing Google Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114051155/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5620358367919562703 |date=2007-11-14 }} [[Kategori:Pusat blanja ing Uni Emirat Arab]] [[Kategori:Wangunan]] 1z2evq2ha4h4qzhdthbzqiyl2n64i3j 0 69338 1752044 1627425 2026-08-01T16:40:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon''' iku jeneng kang diwènèhaké marang [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] sisih kulon sawisé pambagéyané déning [[Diocletian]]. Pérangan iki duwé pabédan sosial kang akèh karo [[Krajan Romawi Wétan]]; ing ngendi kang Wétan tutur basané Yunani lan banjur mèlu [[Gréja Ortodoks Wétan]] lan [[Monofisitisme]]; lan kang Kulon tutur basané [[basa Latin|Latin]] lan banjur mèlu [[Katulik Roma]]. Ing loro garis mau kakaisaran iki bener-bener kapisah, kang wétan [[Hellenistik]] kasil tetep manunggal, punjerané ing kiwa-tengené budaya Yunani (lan tetep ndeleng dhèwèké minangka "Roma" asli). Sing Wétan wis manunggal, paling ora kanthi budaya, wiwit nalika panelukan [[Alexander Agung]] ing [[abad kaping 4]]. Sauntara iku, kang kulon, sanajan gegandhèngan karo Latin, nanging kapérang saka budaya kang akèh lan kurang manunggal kang wis kaasimilasi déning wong Roma. == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216225011/http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm |date=2011-02-16 }} {{empires}} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Romawi]] {{sajarah-stub}} jhghw26hoyiyj9yqki60pizzk1fidt9 0 72680 1752087 1659247 2026-08-02T05:52:36Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Languages world map-transparent background.svg|thumb|200px]] '''Pragmatik''' iku cabang ngèlmu basa ingkang nyinaoni makna – makna ékan lingual ''kanthi'' eksternal.<ref name="pragmatik9">Chaer, Abdul.1994.''Linguistik Umum''.Jakarta : Rineka Cipta</ref> Ana manèh miturut Morris (1938) yaiku cabang [[semiotik]] kang nyinaoni rèlasi tanda lan tafsiranè<ref name="pragmatik">Wijana, D.P.. 1996. ''Dasar – Dasar Pragmatik''. Yogyakarta: ANDI Yogyakarta</ref>. Dadi pragmatik iku kalebu ngèlmu tanda utawa [[semiotik]].<ref name="pragmatik1">Rustono. 1999. ''Pokok–Pokok Pragmatik''. Semarang : CV. IKIP Semarang Press</ref> Miturut Leech (1983) ing njero bukunè kang judulè ''Principle of Pragmatics'' dhèwèkè nulis yèn pragmatik iku studi kang nyinaoni makna ujaran ing njeronè situasi–situasi tartamtu.<ref name="pragmatik1"/> Pragmatik iku luwih menyang fungsionalisme tinimbang menyang formalisme<ref name="pragmatik6"/>. Pragmatik béda karo semantik, manawa pragmatik nyinaoni maksudè ujaran nganggo ékan analisisè tindak tutur (''speech act''), manawa semantik makna ékan lingual (ukara lan tembung) nganggo ékan analisisè arti karo makna.<ref name="pragmatik6">{{Cite web |url=http://yswan.staff.uns.ac.id/2009/04/08/pragmatik/ |title=yswan.staff.uns.ac.id |access-date=2011-05-09 |archive-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426054144/http://yswan.staff.uns.ac.id/2009/04/08/pragmatik/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Basa Jawa padha karo basa laladan liyanè ing nuswantara,mung duwè ciri khasè dhèwè - dhèwè. Basa iku mau pancèn sugih karo bahan - bahan sing ana sambunganè karo Pragmatik(Kaswanti Purwo, 1990). kaanan kaya mangkono, pragmatik iku kang paling pas kanggo ngajarkè Basa [[Jawa]] (Pacelathon).<ref name="pragmatik5">[http://staff.ui.ac.id/internal/131881139/publikasi/BasaJawadanPengajaranBasaJawa.pdf staff.ui.ac.id staff.ui.ac.id]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Kontèks lan kaanan tuturan== Kontèks iku yaiku apa waè dadi sarana kang nggawè jelas maksud<ref name="pragmatik1"/>. Yèn kaanan omongan yaiku kaanan kang nglairkè utawa dadi metu omongan.<ref name="pragmatik1"/> ==Wujud tuturan== # Lokusi <br /> yaiku tuturan kanggo nyatakaké sawijining barang. # Ilokusi <br /> yaiku kanggo ngomongaké utawa nginformasèkaké, uga dienggo nglakokaké sawijining barang. # Perlokusi <br /> yaiku tuturan kang diomongaké wong kadhang bisa nggawé prabawa , utawa èfèk sing ngrungokaké.<ref name="pragmatik"/> == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Linguistik]] [[Kategori:Basa]] {{basa-stub}} [[ar:ذرائع (لسانيات)]] [[ast:Pragmática]] [[bg:Прагматика]] [[bn:প্রয়োগতত্ত্ব]] [[ca:Pragmàtica]] [[cs:Pragmatika]] [[da:Pragmatik]] [[de:Pragmatik (Linguistik)]] [[en:Pragmatics]] [[eo:Pragmatiko]] [[es:Pragmática]] [[eu:Pragmatika]] [[fi:Pragmatiikka]] [[fr:Pragmatique]] [[gl:Pragmática]] [[he:פרגמטיקה]] [[hu:Pragmatika]] [[id:Pragmatika]] [[it:Pragmatica]] [[ja:語用論]] [[jbo:banpliske]] [[ka:პრაგმატიკა]] [[ko:화용론]] [[lt:Pragmatika]] [[mr:सापेक्ष अर्थछटाशास्त्र]] [[nl:Pragmatiek (taalkunde)]] [[pl:Pragmatyka]] [[pt:Pragmática]] [[ro:Pragmatică]] [[ru:Прагматика]] [[simple:Pragmatics]] [[sk:Pragmatika]] [[sr:Прагматика]] [[sv:Pragmatik]] [[sw:Isimu amali]] [[ta:சூழ்பொருளியல்]] [[th:วจนปฏิบัติศาสตร์]] [[tl:Pragmatiks]] [[tr:Pragmatik]] [[uk:Прагматика]] [[vi:Ngữ dụng học]] [[zh:语用学]] dqv6bf9cprf16y12jjxwj72uiihaem3 0 73669 1752048 1674165 2026-08-01T18:03:13Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752048 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Electron orbitals.svg|right|thumb|350px|Orbital-orbital molekul lan atom èlèktron]] Sajeroning [[fisika atom]] lan [[kimia kuantum]], '''konfigurasi èlèktron''' iku susunan [[èlèktron|èlèktron-èlèktron]] ing siji [[atom]], [[molekul]], utawa struktur fisik liyané.<ref name="IUPAC1">{{GoldBookRef|file=C01248|title=configuration (electronic)}}</ref> Padha karo [[partikel èlemèntèr]] liyané, èlèktron patuh marang ukum [[mékanika kuantum]] lan nampilaké sipat-sipat bak-partikel lan bak-gelombang. Sacara formal, [[kaanan kuantum]] èlèktron tinamtu ditemtokaké déning [[fungsi gelombang]]é, yaiku s fungsi ruang lan wektu sing [[wilangan komplèks|mawa aji komplèks]]. Miturut [[interpretasi Kopenhagen|interpretasi mékanika kuantum Copenhagen]], posisi siji èlèktron ora bisa ditemtokaké kajaba sawisé ana aksi pangukuran sing njalari supaya bisa didhetèksi. Probabilitas aksi pangukuran bakal ndhetèksi siji èlèktron ing titik tinamtu ing ruang yaiku proporsional marang kuadrat aji absolut fungsi gelombang ing titik mau. == Deleng uga == * [[Tabel konfigurasi èlèktron atom]] * [[Orbital atom]] * [[Aras ènergi]] * [[HOMO/LUMO]] * [[Pwpaw]] perangkat lunak kanggo ngitung konfigurasi èlèktron == Cathetan suku lan rujukan == * {{cite book | last = Jolly | first = William L. | title = Modern Inorganic Chemistry | edition = 2nd&nbsp;Edition | year = 1991 | location = New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0-07-112651-1 | pages = pp:&nbsp;1–23}} <div class="reflist4" style="height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px noprint" > {{reflist|2}} </div> == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.perfectperiodictable.com/userguide Simplified procedure for deriving electron configurations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319010144/http://www.perfectperiodictable.com/userguide |date=2016-03-19 }} * [http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html What does an atom look like? Configuration in 3D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417023635/http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html |date=2010-04-17 }} * [http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/electronic_configuration/ Electronic configuration: periodicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035656/http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/electronic_configuration/ |date=2011-06-04 }} from WebElements.com [[Kategori:Sipat kimia]] [[Kategori:Fisika atom]] [[Kategori:Fisika molekul]] [[Kategori:Kimia kuantum]] [[Kategori:Kimia téoritis]] bu70b4rwjdzj5v8dvdl5h01b5wzxvyt 0 74952 1752129 1436100 2026-08-02T08:51:33Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Building on the site of the Harbin bioweapon facility of Unit 731.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Salah sawijining fasilitas unit 731 ing Harbin.]] '''Unit 731''' ya iku sawijining unit rahasia kanggo pangrembakan [[senjata biologi]] kang diduweni Jepang nalika taun 1937-1945.<ref name="internet 1">(Inggris)Eric Croddy (2001). Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95076-1. Page.224</ref> Unit iki dibawahi Jendral Ishii Shiro kang duweni kator pusat ana ing pinggir kutha Habin lan cabange ana ing Manchuria.<ref name="internet 2">(Inggris)Miki Y. Ishikida (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-595-35063-6. Page.52-55</ref> Organisasi Jepang iki minangka sawijining kompleks laboratorium gedhé kang ana kasusun déning 150 gadhung lan 5 perkemahan satelit kanthi 3000 ilmuwan lan teknisi kang ana ing kono.<ref name="internet 1"/> Ing taun 1932, Ishii Shiro ngadegaké sawijining Laboratorium Pencegahan Epidemik ing sekolah medis militèr Tokyo lan Unit Togo ing [[désa]] Bri-inho, sisihe kutha Harbin.<ref name="internet 2"/> Laboratorium iki tau ditutup nalika taun 1934 amarga ana 12 tawanan perang kang minggat saka panggonan mau, lan wektu iku pasukan Cina kasil anggoné nyerang pasukan Ishii.<ref name="internet 2"/> Rong taun candhaké, Unit Togo dibukak manèh lan ganti jeneng dadi Departemen Pencegahan Tentara Kwantung (Unit Ishii) lan ing taun 1940 diowahi manèh dadi Departemen Pencegahan Epidemik lan Purifikasi Air (dadi Unit 731 nalika taun 1914).<ref name="internet 2"/> Saliyané ing Manchuria, militèr Jepang uga duweni cabang ing Beijing (Unit 1855), Nanking (Unit 1644), Guangzhou (Unit 8604), lan [[Singapura]] (Unit 9420) kang cacahé ngancik 20.000 staf.<ref name="internet 2"/> Sabe cabang mau nindakakake eksperimen [[biologi]] lan kimia kang wis ngrembaka déning Unit 731.<ref name="internet 2"/> ==Cathetan suku== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pelanggaran HAM]] 6zzyger3dzbopod5wouwyb666umlcs5 0 74964 1752156 1749739 2026-08-02T09:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752156 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schwebebahn G15.jpg|thumb|[[Wuppertal]]]] '''Monoril''' iku sawijining [[sepur]] [[metro]] utawa kanthi jalur sing dumadi saka ril tunggal, béda karo ril sepur tradhisional sing nduwèni loro ril paralèl. Lumrahé ril kagawé saka [[beton]] lan rodha sepuré kagawé saka [[karèt]], saéngga swarané ora ramé kaya sepur tradhisional. == Tipe monorel == Ana rong jinis monoril, ya iku: * Tipe ''straddle-beam'' ya iku sepur lumaku ing sadhuwuring ril. * Tipe ''suspended'' ya iku sepur nggantung ing ngisor ril. == Pranala njaba == === Monorel lumrahé === * [http://www.monorails.org/ The Monorail Society] - homepage dari organisasi sukarela yang mempromosikan monorel, dengan beberapa halaman mirunggan di [http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/switch.html monorail switches] dan [http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/NMT01.html backyard monorail] * [http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/ Innovative Transportation Technologies] - Website program [[Rekayasa transporsi]] dan [[Pembangunan urban]] di [[University of Washington]] === Monorel tinamtu === * [http://schwebebahn.com/index.asp?lan=en Schwebebahn Monorail in Wuppertal, Germany] * [http://jtaonthemove.com/service/sky/ Jacksonville SkyWay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406022133/http://jtaonthemove.com/service/sky/ |date=2004-04-06 }} * [http://www.lvmonorail.com/ Las Vegas Monorail] * [http://www.seattlemonorail.com/ Seattle Monorail] - ditangani kanthi terpisah dari [http://www.elevated.org/ Seattle Monorail Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330094335/http://www.elevated.org/ |date=2005-03-30 }} (lihat juga [http://seattlemonorail.blogspot.com Seattle Monorail Blog]) * [http://www.metromonorail.com.au/ Sydney Metro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706110034/http://www.metromonorail.com.au/ |date=2011-07-06 }} - sistem monorel yang ditangani kanthi mirunggan === Grup Advokasi Monoril === * [http://www.AustinMonorail.org/ Austin Monorail Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316082443/http://www.austinmonorail.org/ |date=2009-03-16 }} - sebuah advokasi sistem monorel nirlaba sebagai transit untuk Austin, TX * [http://www.2045Seattle.org/ 2045 Seattle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119125340/http://www.2045seattle.org/ |date=2019-01-19 }} - a pergerakan tingkat bawah yang mendukung the pembangunan transit monorel cepat di Seattle, WA === Kacilakan Monoril ing Kebun Binatang Metro Toronto === * [http://groups.google.ca/groups?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&threadm=2vu61n%2413d8%40hermes.acs.ryerson.ca&rnum=1&prev=/groups%3Fq%3DMetro%2520Toronto%2520Zoo%2520Canadian%2520Domain%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tab%3Dig Canadian Domain Ride Accident]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Kategori:Sepur]] [[Kategori:Infrastruktur ril]] cm64cz24oo71alrdmgj2zy5z7qv8op1 0 75074 1752038 1643941 2026-08-01T13:26:55Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty |emperor |name =Justinianus I |full name =Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus |title =[[Kaisar Bizantium|Kaisar]] [[Kamaharajan Bizantium|Romawi Timur (Bizantium)]] |image =Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna 004.jpg |imgw =250px |caption =Potret Justinianus ing [[Basilika San Vitale]], [[Ravenna]] |succession =[[Kaisar Bizantium]] |reign =1 Agustus 527 – 14 November 565<br />({{age in years and days|525|8|9|565|11|14}}) |date of birth =11 Mèi 483 |place of birth =[[Tauresium]], [[Dardani]]a |date of death =14 November 565 (umur 82) |place of death =[[Konstantinopel]] |predecessor =[[Justinus I]] |successor =[[Justinus II]] |spouse =[[Theodora (abad ke-6)|Theodora]] |house =[[Dinasti Justinianus|Justinianus]] |father =Sabbatius |mother =Vigilantia }} '''Justinianus I''' ({{lang-la|Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus}}; {{lang-el|{{Polytonic|Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός}}}}; 483 – 13 utawi 14 November 565), limrahipun dipunmangertosi kanthi asma '''Justinianus yang Agung''', inggih punika [[Kaisar Bizantium|Kaisar]] [[Kamaharajan Bizantium|Romawi Wétan (Bizantium)]] ingkang nguwasani Bizantium saking taun [[527]] ngantos [[565]].<ref name="buku1"/> Justianus I taksih keponakaanipun [[Justinus I]], tiyang tani saking [[Thracian]] ingkang buta huruf, nanging saged minggah drajatipun amargi karier militèr ingkang saé saéngga saged dados panguwasa kamaharajan [[Romawi]] Wétan.<ref name="buku1"/> Taun [[527]], Justin I ingkang boten patutan lajeng ngangkat Justianus minangka pembantu kaisar.<ref name="buku1"/> Wonten ing pungasanipun taun 527, Justin I tilar donya lan Justianus I dipunangkat dados kaisar.<ref name="buku1">[Michael H. Hart. 1978. Seratus Tokoh yang Paling Berpengaruh dalam Sajarah. Jakarta: Dunia Pustaka Jaya]</ref> Wonten ing wekdal kekuwasaanipun, Justianus I tansah hambudidaya amrih kajayaanipun kamaharajan lan saged nelukaken malih sisih kilèn [[Kamaharajan Romawi]].<ref name="buku1"/> Panjenenganipun dados salah satunggalipun “tokoh wigati” wonten ing abad kuna.<ref name="buku1"/> Nalika panjenenganipun wiwit dados panguwasa ing Bizantium, dipunwiwiti kanthi “renovation imperii” (restorasi kamaharajan) ingkang ambisius.<ref name="buku1"/> Amargi raos ambisius punika, Justianus I misuwur kanthi sesebatan "Romawi Terakhir" wonten ing historiografi modhèren.<ref name="buku2">[ J.F. Haldon. 2003. , ''Byzantium in the seventh century''. Cambridge]</ref> Ambisi punika dipunwujudaken kanthi pemulihan sepalih wewengkom [[Kamaharajan Romawi Kilen]], kalebet kutha [[Roma]].<ref name="buku2"/> Sanèsipun punika, wonten ing wekdal kekuwasaanipun Justianus I, wonten panyeratan hokum Romawi ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' ingkang taksih dipun-ginakaken minangka lelandhesan tumrapipun masarakat ing nagari modhèren.<ref name="buku2"/> Wonten ing wekdal kakuwasaanipun Justianus I, [[Bizantium]] saged dados nagara ingkang ngrembaka, lan program-programipun saged mlampah kanthi saé, kados yasa malih [[Hagia Sophia]] ingkang dados pusatipun [[Gréja Ortodoks Wétan|Ortodoks Wétan]].<ref name="buku2"/> Justianus I dipunanggep minangka [[santo]] déning tiyang-tiyang ingkang agamanipun [[Ortodoks Wétan]]. Panjenenganipun ugi misuwur ing [[Gréja Lutheran]].<ref name="buku2"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == {{Commons category|Iustinianus I}} * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/home.html ''Buildings'' karyanipun Procopius wonten ing Basa Inggris.] * [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak ''The Roman Law Library'' déning Professor Yves Lassard lan Alexandr Koptev] * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ Ceramah ngenani 12 penguwasa Bizantium, kalebu Justinianus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date=2016-07-18 }} - déning Lars Brownworth * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm/ De Imperatoribus Romanis. Ensiklopedia Kaisar Romawi Daring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614015143/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm |date=2007-06-14 }} * [http://www.byzantium1200.com/justinia.html Rekonstruksi tiang Justinianus ing Konstantinopel] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0482-0565-_Flavius_Justinianus_Imperator.html] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{Pratélan kang Agung}} [[Kategori:Lair 482]] [[Kategori:Pati 565]] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] [[Kategori:Kaisar Romawi Wétan]] [[Kategori:Dinasti Justinianus]] [[Kategori:Santo lan Santa]] [[Kategori:100 Tokoh miturut Michael H. Hart]] {{Stub}} 8e40qnwjp9iwwd9t7k81ffaks7at1ve 0 75323 1752131 1737406 2026-08-02T08:52:24Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752131 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Panasonic Awards]] Panasonic Gobel Awards (biyèn dikenal minangka Panasonic Awards lan Panasonic Viewers' Choice Awards) iku upacara penghargaan taunan ing Indonesia sing ngakoni individu-individu ing industri televisi, film, lan musik sing karyané disiarake ing [[stasiun televisi]] nasional. Pisanan dianakaké ing taun 1997, penghargaan iki minangka salah sawijining sing paling tuwa lan paling bergengsi ing industri hiburan Indonesia. Sing mbédakaké PGA saka penghargaan sing padha yaiku sistem penilaiané, ing ngendi para pemenang ditemtokake kabèh saka jajak pendapat lan swara publik, saéngga langsung nggambarake pilihan pamirsa televisi Indonesia. Acara iki diatur kanthi kolaborasi antara perusahaan elektronik Panasonic (liwat anak perusahaané ing Indonesia, PT Panasonic Gobel Indonesia) lan Yayasan Penyelenggara. Panasonic Gobel Indonesia sepisan manèh entuk penghargaan bergengsi kanthi menangaké "Indonesia Most Reputable Companies Awards 2025" ing kategori Elektronik Konsumen. Penghargaan kasebut, sing dianakaké offline déning Majalah SWA lan Business Digest ing Hotel Shangri-La, [[Jakarta]], ngakoni perusahaan sing wis kasil njaga reputasi, kepercayaan, lan terus-terusan menehi kontribusi positif marang masyarakat, pelanggan, lan para pemangku kepentingan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.panasonic.com/id/corporate/news/articles/most-reputable-companies-awards-2025.html|title=|date=2025}}</ref> qvpgfs6fhvy3bj2xfexfzlzylbl6hi9 0 76952 1752060 1742969 2026-08-01T21:21:47Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building |infobox_width= |image=Niujie Mosques02.jpg |image_size=300px |caption= |building_name=Masjid Niujie |location=[[Beijing]], {{flag|China}} |geo= |religious_affiliation=[[Islam]] |region= |functional_status=Active |website= |architect= |architecture_type=[[Mosque]] |architecture_style= |year_completed=[[996]] |construction_cost= |capacity= |dome_quantity= |dome_height_outer= |dome_dia_outer= |minaret_quantity= |minaret_height= |materials= }} '''Masjid Niujie''' ya iku sawijining [[masjid]] bersejarah kang dumunung ing [[Beijing]], [[Republik Rakyat Cina]].<ref name="satu">[http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/niujie.htm Niujie (Ox Street) Mosque], ''travelchinaguide''. Diundhuh tanggal 13 April 2010.</ref><ref name="dua">[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/china/beijing-niu-jie-mosque.htm Niu Jie Mosque, Beijing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629132038/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/china/beijing-niu-jie-mosque.htm |date=2012-06-29 }}, ''sacred destionations''. Diundhuh tanggal 13 April 2010.</ref> Masjid kang wis di[[renovasi]] bola-bali iki minangka pusat komunitas [[Muslim]] [[Beijing]] kang cacahé ngancik 200 èwu jiwa.<ref name="satu"/><ref name="dua"/> Arsitekture ngatonake campuran désain kas Cina-Islam.<ref name="tiga">[http://www.beijingservice.com/attractions/niujiemosque/architecture.htm Architecture of Niujie Mosque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153923/http://www.beijingservice.com/attractions/niujiemosque/architecture.htm |date=2017-04-26 }}, ''beijingservice''. Diundhuh tanggal 13 April 2010.</ref> Masjid kang gedhé dhéwé ing Beijing iki uga dadi titik wiwitan mlebune [[Islam]] ing daratan [[Cina]].<ref name="empat">[http://www.beijingservice.com/attractions/niujiemosque/history.htm History of Niujie Mosque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232051/http://www.beijingservice.com/attractions/niujiemosque/history.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}, ''beijingservice''. Diundhuh tanggal 13 April 2010.</ref> == Sajarah == Masjid Niujie kang dibangun taun kaping 14 masa pamaréntahan [[Tonghe saka Dinasti Liao]] (taun 996) déning wong loro asal [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], minangka [[masjid]] kang gedhé dhéwé saka 68 masjid kang ana ing [[Beijing]].<ref name="dua"/><ref name="empat"/> Masjid iki diambakake nalika mangsa [[Dinasti Yuan]], [[Dinasti Ming|Ming]] lan [[Dinasti Qing|Qing]] (abad kaping 13 nganti 19).<ref name="dua"/> Taun 1442 ([[Dinasti Ming]]), yasan masjid direnovasi lan ing 1696 ([[Dinasti Qing]]) diambakake.<ref name="empat"/> Sawisé [[Republik Rakyat Cina]] ngadek taun 1949, Masjid Niujie wis ngalami renovasi kaping3, ya iku ing taun 1955, 1979 lan 1996.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="empat"/> Masjid Niujie kang dumunung ing [[Niujie]] (''Jalan Sapi''), [[Distrik Xuanwu, Beijing]], ya iku masjid kang tuwa dhéwé lan gedhé dhéwé ing [[Beijing]].<ref name="satu"/><ref name="dua"/> Niujie ya iku wewengkon padat kang ngemot 13.000 warga Muslim kang mbentang saka lor tekan kidul, sakiwa-tengené 1 mil ing sisih kulon [[Kuil Surga]].<ref name="dua"/><ref name="lima">[http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_25254.htm Niujie Mosque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116201352/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_25254.htm |date=2011-01-16 }}, ''chinaculture''. Diundhuh tanggal 13 April 2010.</ref> Kawasan iki dikebaki déning toko-toko kang ngedol [[masakan Muslim]] déning bakule kang nggunakaké peci putih.<ref name="dua"/> Diarani Niujie amarga warga ing wewengkon iki ngedol masakan [[halal]], mligi [[daging sapi]] mula diarani Niujie utawa "Dalan Sapi".<ref name="lima"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://scenery.cultural-china.com/en/128Scenery8269.html Masjid Niujie ing Beijing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706092628/http://scenery.cultural-china.com/en/128Scenery8269.html |date=2010-07-06 }} [[Kategori:Beijing]] [[Kategori:Masjid ing Cina]] 8pah9rpzn5gaghz0xoxpihpzzzrtibn 0 78574 1752071 1716767 2026-08-02T01:06:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myra Theatre.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[Teater Yunani Kuna]] ing Myra, mawa tugelan watu pasaréan [[Lycia]]n kuna ing éréng-éréng minangka latar wuri.]] '''Myra''' iku kutha kuna ing [[Lycia]], ing endi saiki manggon kutha cilik Kale (''[[Demre]]'') ing wektu iki [[Porvinsi Antalya]] [[Turki]]. Papané ing kali Myros (''Demre Çay''), ing dhataran [[alluvial]] sing subur antarané Alaca Dağ, rentang Massikytos lan [[Laut Aegean]]. == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category|Demre-Myra}} *[http://www.kultur.gov.tr/portal/arkeoloji_en.asp?belgeno=1899 Notes on Myra] at Turkish Ministry of Culture site *[http://www.lycianturkey.com/lycian_sites/myra.htm Sites in Myra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019074952/http://www.lycianturkey.com/lycian_sites/myra.htm |date=2020-10-19 }} *[http://www.numismatics.org/wiki/index.php/Urn:numis:mints:myra Numismatic Links]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.demre.bel.tr Demre Guide] *[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=10974&theme=8&size=A Finally a mass in the church of Saint Nicholas in Myra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614232042/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=10974&theme=8&size=A |date=2011-06-14 }} article from AsiaNews.it *{{CathEncy|wstitle=Myra}} === Foto lan vide === *[http://www.360pano.eu/turkey/ QTVR fullscreen panoramas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611160735/https://www.360pano.eu/turkey/ |date=2020-06-11 }} of the Church of St. Nicholas and the Roman theatre *[http://www.anatolia.luwo.be/myra.htm Myra Guide and Photo Album] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031065953/http://www.anatolia.luwo.be/myra.htm |date=2009-10-31 }} *[http://www.anatolia.luwo.be/kale.htm Demre – Kale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515202218/http://www.anatolia.luwo.be/kale.htm |date=2010-05-15 }} Guide and Photo Album *[http://www.apeskov.ru/images/stories/Lycia/demre.html Virtual tour of the ancient city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414224228/http://www.apeskov.ru/images/stories/Lycia/demre.html |date=2012-04-14 }} *[http://www.livius.org/a/turkey/myra/myra01.html Livius.org: Myra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317112814/http://www.livius.org/a/turkey/myra/myra01.html |date=2008-03-17 }} (Pictures) *[http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/gallery/myra 70 pictures of the classical city, with link to 130 pictures of Saint Nicholas church] {{coord|36|15|50|N|29|58|18|E|type:landmark_region:TR|display=title}} [[Kategori:Situs arkéologi ing Turki]] [[Kategori:Kutha Yunani kuna]] [[Kategori:Situs Romawi ing Turki]] [[Kategori:Anatolia]] [[Kategori:Lycia]] [[Kategori:Panggonan Prajanjian Anyar]] [[Kategori:Provinsi Antalya]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Provinsi Antalya]] kn9y2qlsyivv8wbgyp6mhwrz6586op0 0 85792 1752037 1653101 2026-08-01T13:11:02Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = J. P. Morgan | image = JohnPierpontMorgan.png | image_size = 175px | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1837|4|17|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]],<br> [[Amérikah Sarékat]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|03|31|1837|04|17|mf=yes}} | death_place = [[Roma]], [[Itali]] | occupation = [[Pendana]], [[Bankir]] | religion = [[Gréja Episkopal (Amérikah Sarékat)|Episkopal]] | spouse = {{marriage|Amelia Sturges|1861|1862}}<br>{{marriage|Frances Louise Tracy|1865|1913}} |resting_place = [[Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)|Cedar Hill Cemetery]] | parents = [[Junius Spencer Morgan]] <br> Juliet Pierpont | children = Louisa Pierpont Morgan<br>[[John Pierpont Morgan, Jr.]]<br> Juliet Morgan<br>[[Anne Morgan (filantropis)|Anne Morgan]] | signature = CAB 1918 Morgan John Pierpont signature.png }} '''John Pierpont Morgan''' (17 April 1837 – 31 Maret 1913) iku bankir lan kolèktor seni asal Amérikah Sarékat sing menkoni redana kumpeni lan konsolidhasi indhustri ing jamané. Ing taun 1892, Morgan ngatur panggabunging Edison General Electric lan Thomson-Houston Electric Company lan nandhesaké General Electric. Sawisé maringi dana tandhesan Federal Steel Company, ing taun 1901 Morgan gabung karo Carnegie Steel Company lan sawatara indhustri waja lan wesi liyané, kalebu Consolidated Steel and Wire Company darbéné William Edenborn, lan yasa United States Steel Corporation. ==Bibliografi == {{Refbegin}} ===Biografi=== * Atwood, Albert W. and Erickson, Erling A. "Morgan, John Pierpont, (Apr. 17, 1837 – Mar. 31, 1913)," in ''Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 7'' (1934) * Auchincloss, Louis. ''J.P. Morgan : The Financier as Collector'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (1990) ISBN 0-8109-3610-0 * {{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Ray Stannard |authorlink=Ray Stannard Baker|date=October 1901 |title=J. Pierpont Morgan |journal=[[McClure's|McClure's Magazine]] |volume=17|issue=6 |pages=507–518|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=lr-bCiU2VTgC&pg=PA507|accessdate=2009-07-10}} * Brands, H.W. ''Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey'' (1999), pp.&nbsp;64–79 * Bryman, Jeremy. ''J. P. Morgan: Banker to a Growing Nation'' : Morgan Reynolds Publishing (2001) ISBN 1-883846-60-9, for middle schools * Carosso, Vincent P. ''The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854–1913.'' Harvard U. Press, 1987. 888 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 978-0-674-58729-8 *Chernow, Ron. ''The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance'', (2001) ISBN 0-8021-3829-2 * Morris, Charles R. ''The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy'' (2005) ISBN 978-0-8050-8134-3 * Strouse, Jean. ''Morgan: American Financier.'' (1999). 796 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0060955899 excerpt and text search] ===Studi mirunggan=== * [[Louis Brandeis|Brandeis, Louis D.]] ''[[Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It]]''. Ed. Melvin I. Urofsky. (1995). ISBN 0-312-10314-X * Carosso, Vincent P. ''Investment Banking in America: A History'' Harvard University Press (1970) * De Long, Bradford. "Did JP Morgan's Men Add Value?: An Economist's Perspective on Financial Capitalism," in Peter Temin, ed., ''Inside the Business Enterprise: Historical Perspectives on the Use of Information'' (1991) pp.&nbsp;205–36; shows firms with a Morgan partner on their board had higher stock prices (relative to book value) than their competitors * Forbes, John Douglas. ''J. P. Morgan, Jr., 1867–1943'' (1981). 262 pp. biography of his son * Fraser, Steve. ''Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life'' HarperCollins (2005) * Garraty, John A. ''Right-Hand Man: The Life of George W. Perkins''. (1960) ISBN 978-0-313-20186-8; Perkins was a top aide 1900–1910 * Garraty, John A. "The United States Steel Corporation Versus Labor: The Early Years," ''Labor History'' 1960 '''1'''(1): 3–38 * Geisst; Charles R. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104746636 ''Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701235439/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104746636 |date=2012-07-01 }}. Oxford University Press. 2004. * Giedeman, Daniel C. "J. P. Morgan, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and Industrial Finance-Constraints in the Early Twentieth Century", ''Essays in Economic and Business History'', 2004 22: 111–126 * Hannah, Leslie. "J. P. Morgan in London and New York before 1914," ''Business History Review'' 85 (Spring 2011) 113–50 * {{Cite journal|last=Keys |first=C.M.|date=January 1908|title=The Builders I: The House of Morgan |journal=[[The World's Work]]|volume=15|issue=2|pages=9779–9704|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=hKPvxXgBN1oC&pg=PA9779|accessdate=2009-07-10}} * Moody, John. [http://www.archive.org/details/mastersofcapitaljohn00moodiala ''The Masters of Capital: A Chronicle of Wall Street''] (1921) * Rottenberg, Dan. ''The Man Who Made Wall Street''. University Of Pennsylvania Press. {{Refend}} ==Pranala njaba== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|J. P. Morgan (banker)}} * [http://www.glabarre.com/item/J__Pierpont_Morgan___100_Year_Railroad_Bond_/1893 George LaBarre Galleries] : J. Pierpont Morgan autographed New Jersey Junction Railroad 100-year Bond dated 1886. * [http://www.themorgan.org The Morgan Library and Museum], 225 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 * [http://www.netstate.com/states/peop/people/ct_jpm.htm John Pierpont (J.P.) Morgan—People of Connecticut]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/peopleevents/pande10.html The American Experience—J.P. Morgan] * [http://www.scripophily.net/newjerjunrai.html Scripophily.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530231403/http://scripophily.net/newjerjunrai.html |date=2013-05-30 }} : J. Pierpont Morgan autographed New Jersey Junction Railroad 100-year Bond dated 1886. * [http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publications/montru/ Pujo Committee Hearings—searchable full-text]—Also known as ''Money Trust Investigation. Investigation of Financial and Monetary Conditions in the United States Under House Resolutions Nos. 429 and 504.'' *[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/122691-1/Jean+Strouse.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Jean Strouse on ''Morgan: American Financier'', May 23, 1999.] * {{Wikisource-inline|list= ** {{Cite CAB|Morgan, John Pierpont|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite EB1911|Morgan, John Pierpont|short=x|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite NIE|Morgan, John Pierpont|year=1905|noicon=x}} }} [[Kategori:Lair 1837]] [[Kategori:Pati 1913]] [[Kategori:Kolèktor seni Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Bankir Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Pendana Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Filantropis Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Kulawarga Morgan]] psxjgw0lfmd0z6txp1h8m6qw53tp3tg 0 86867 1752052 1745380 2026-08-01T18:48:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kupatan''' (basa Jawa: ꦏꦸꦥꦠꦤ꧀) inggih punika salah satunggaling tradhisi [[Wong Jawa|masyarakat Jawa]] ingkang gegayutan kaliyan panganan [[kupat]] utawi [[Kupat|ketupat]]. [[Kupat]] dipundamel saking beras ingkang dipunbungkus nganggo anyaman godhong klapa enèm (''janur''), sanadyan wonten ugi ingkang ngginakaken godhong palma. Kupatan asring dipunsebat ugi minangka tradhisi [[Syawalan]], amargi limrahipun dipunlaksanani ing wiwitan sasi [[Syawal]], kira-kira pitung dinten sasampunipun [[Idul Fitri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5944568/tradisi-lebaran-kupatan-warisan-budaya-yang-kaya-makna|title=Tradisi Lebaran Kupatan: Warisan Budaya yang Kaya Makna|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-03-06|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2026-03-07|archive-date=2025-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408235022/https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5944568/tradisi-lebaran-kupatan-warisan-budaya-yang-kaya-makna|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tata cara == Kupatan dilaksanaaké saben tanggal 8 wulan [[Syawal]] utawa seminggu sawisé Idul Fitri. Ing tlatah Jepara kupatan uga diarani bada lomban dening masarakat. Nalika kupatan dianakake upacara ngelarung endhas kebo menyang tengah sagara, iki ditindakake sadurungé jam pitu ésuk. Upacara iki dipimpin dening Bapak Bupati lan para warga Jepara mligi masarakat kang cedhak saka pasisir Kartini. Tradhisi iku dilakoni amarga wujud rasa syukur marang pangéran saka rejeki wujud iwak kang akèh kang dadi lurunané para [[warigaluh]]. Kupatan iki uga ora ninggal saka panganan tradhisional bada, ya iku [[kupat]] lan [[lepet]].<ref name="kupat1" /> Kupatan iku wis dadi acara taunan saka Kabupatèn Jepara lan wis digalakaké karo Dinas Pariwisata Jepara. Panggonan kupatan pancèn dipastéaké ing pasisir Kartini, nanging bada kupatan iku uga ana ing pasisir Tirto Samodra Bandengan lan Pasisir Teluk Awur, amarga pengunjungé ora saka warga Jepara waé, nanging saka laladan jejeran Jepara, kaya ta Demak, Kudus, lan liya-liyané. Tradhisi Kupatan utawa Ngelarung iku uga ana ing laladan pasisir pasisir Pantura Lor kang diarani sedhekah laut.<ref name="kupat1">[http://www.scribd.com/doc/47793803/Tradisi-Kupatan Tradisi Kupatan]</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kebudayaan]] [[Kategori:Tradisi]] {{Stub}} edkc65jja0n88v0hl0zdxd91t3x7xbi 0 89442 1752085 1738080 2026-08-02T05:01:06Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox military conflict |conflict = Pertempuran Aleppo (2012) |partof = [[Perang sadulur Suriah (2011–saiki)|Perang sadulur Suriah]] |image = |caption = |date = {{Start date|2012|07|19|df=yes}}–''isih lumaku'' |place = [[Aleppo]], [[Suriah]] |coordinates = | map_type = Syria | map_relief = | latitude = 36.13 | longitude = 37.10 | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = Aleppo ing Syria | map_label = | territory = | result =Ongoing *FSA general claims to be in control of 70% of Aleppo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2012/aug/01/syria-crisis-aircraft-attack-aleppo-live?newsfeed=true#block-501915c195cb5fcda7f956fd |title=Syria crisis: rebels 'execute shabiha' in Aleppo - Wednesday 1 August 2012 12:40 |date=1 August 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> *Syrian Liberation Army takes control of other districts as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.com/2012/08/01/syria-liberation-army-describes-latest-from-aleppo/ |title=Syria Liberation Army describes latest from Aleppo |publisher=euronews.com |date=1 August 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804010517/http://www.euronews.com/2012/08/01/syria-liberation-army-describes-latest-from-aleppo |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Kurdish YPG takes control of two northern districts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/30/us-syria-crisis-mood-idUSBRE86T0EC20120730 |title=Amid the ruins in Aleppo, Syrian rebels say victory is near |author=Erika Solomon |date=30 July 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> |status = |combatant1 = [[File:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg|23px]] [[Free Syrian Army]]<br> [[File:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg|23px]] [[Syrian Liberation Army]]<br> {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Popular Protection Units]]<ref name="kurdish"/> [[Al Qaeda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2012/aug/01/syria-crisis-aircraft-attack-aleppo-live |title=Syria crisis: rebels 'execute shabiha' in Aleppo - Wednesday 1 August 2012 |date=1 August 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> |combatant2 = {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian Armed Forces]]<br>{{flagicon|Syria}} Syrian Police<br>{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Shabiha]]{{-}}Al-Berri tribe<ref name=Kat>{{cite web|title=Syria rebels to target intel, as Assad hails army |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Aug-01/183024-syria-rebels-to-target-intel-as-assad-hails-army.ashx#axzz22JS4jWNB |author=Kat Iskander |work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |date=1 August 2012 |accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=firingsquad>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/201281112018409533.html |title=Syrian MP killed publicly by FSA firing squad |author=Anita McNaught |date=1 August 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> [[File:Hezbollah Flag.jpg|25px]] [[Hezbollah]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/07/29/irans-hizbullah-sends-more-troops-to-help-assad-storm-aleppo-fight-sunnis/ |title=Iran's Hizbullah sends more troops to help Assad storm Aleppo, fight Sunnis |date=29 July 2012 |work=World Tribune |accessdate=2 August 2012 |archive-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331165817/http://worldnewstribune.com/2012/07/29/irans-hizbullah-sends-more-troops-to-help-assad-storm-aleppo-fight-sunnis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |commander1 = Abdel Jabbar al-Oqaidi<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/syria-army-launches-aleppo-assault/story-fn3dxix6-1226437689559 |title=Syrian forces 'step up attacks on Aleppo' |date=29 July 2012 |work=The Australian |agency=Australian Associated Press |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> Abu Abdu Bakri <small>(Salaheddine district)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/battle-aleppo-rebels-regime-refugees-inside-syria |title=The Battle for Aleppo: rebels, regime, refugees inside Syria |date=28 July 2012 |work=Alaska Dispatch |accessdate=29 July 2012 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103205523/http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/battle-aleppo-rebels-regime-refugees-inside-syria |url-status=dead }}</ref> |commander2 = Unknown top commander<br> Zaino Berri (Shabiha leader and tribal head<ref>[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-823087?ref=feeds%2Flatest]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>){{KIA}}<ref name=firingsquad/> |units1 = 18 battalions<ref name="massacre" /> *Unity Brigade<ref name="emboldened">{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/07/22/2906815/syrian-rebels-say-fight-for-aleppo.html |title=Syria says will use chemical weapons if attacked |author=Paul Schemm and Ben Hubbard |date=22 July 2012 |work=The Miami Herald |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> *Sham Falcons<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57481075/syria-rebel-leader-says-his-men-are-ready-to-take-on-assads-forces-in-fight-for-aleppo/ |title=Syria rebel leader says his men are ready to take on Assad's forces in fight for Aleppo |author=Clarissa Ward |date=26 July 2012 |publisher=CBS News |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> |units2 = Unknown |strength1 = 2,000–4,000 fighters<small><ref name="liveupdates">{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/29/syria-bashar-al-assad |title=Syria: Battle for Aleppo-live updates |date=29 July 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="armypounds"/><ref name="gather"/><br />(opposition claims)</small><br/>12,000 foreign fighters<br /><small>(Syrian state médhia claims)</small><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/07/29/220-Syrian-army-starts-purging-Aleppo-from-Jihadists-minister-pledges-to-eradicate-terrorism.html |title=Syrian army starts "purging" Aleppo from "Jihadists", minister pledges to eradicate terrorism |agency=Asian News International |date=29 July 2012 |publisher=newstrackindia.com |accessdate=29 July 2012 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027120711/https://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/07/29/220-Syrian-army-starts-purging-Aleppo-from-Jihadists-minister-pledges-to-eradicate-terrorism.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |strength2 = 10,000 soldiers <br /> <small>(1,500 Shabiha; including the countryside)</small><ref name="liveupdates"/><ref name="12.50pm" /><br>100 tanks<ref name="liveupdates"/><br>400 armored personnel carriers<ref name="liveupdates"/> |casualties1 = 94–115 killed<ref>6 killed (20 July),[http://supportkurds.org/news/friday-20-july-2012/] 2 killed (21 July),[http://www.syriahr.com/22-7%20-2012-syrian%20observatory.htm] 16 killed (23 July),[http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/24/228021.html][http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr/posts/263238500451162] 2 killed (24 July),[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world/seven-children-killed-by-shelling/story-fnd12peo-1226434343500] 3 killed (25 July),[http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr/posts/263882897053389] 6 killed (26 July),[http://www.syriahr.com/27-7%20-2012-syrian%20observatory.htm] 12 killed (28 July),[http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr/posts/264767830298229] 11 killed (29 July),[http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr] 6 killed (30 July),[http://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2012/08/01/syrian-observatory-for-human-rights-about-an-hour-14/] 27–48 killed (31 July),[http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr][http://208.43.232.81/eng/337/2012/07/31/434132.htm]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 3 killed (1 August),[http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr] total of 94–115 reported killed</ref><br> 18+ [[technical (vehicle)|technicals]] destroyed (various governement and rebel sources) |casualties2 = 111 killed,<ref>10 killed (23 July),[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18952891] 8 killed (25 July),[http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Aleppo+in+for+major+battle&NewsID=341007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206211231/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Aleppo+in+for+major+battle&NewsID=341007 |date=2013-12-06 }} 6 killed (27 July),[http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/3/318894/] 10 killed (28 July),[http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr] 6 killed (30 July),[http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syrian-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint-between-aleppo-and-turkey-according-rebel] 67 killed (31 July),[http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syrian-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint-between-aleppo-and-turkey-according-rebel][http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2012/aug/01/syria-crisis-aircraft-attack-aleppo-live?newsfeed=true] 4 killed (1 August), [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2012/aug/01/syria-crisis-aircraft-attack-aleppo-live?newsfeed=true#block-501913de95cb5fcda7f956f7] total of 111 reported killed</ref><br>112<ref name=CNN317>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/31/world/meast/syria-rebels-prison/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |title=Syrian rebels hold pro-government prisoners in former school |author=Ivan Waston and Raja Razek |date=1 August 2012 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref>–170 captured,<br>32–45 [[Armoured fighting vehicle|AFVs]] and tanks destroyed and 4–7 captured (rebel sources) |casualties3 = 150 civilians killed<ref name="facebook1">{{cite web |url=http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr |title=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/27-7%20-2012-syrian%20observatory.htm |title=نحو 200 سوريا سقطوا يوم الخميس |language=Arabic |date=27 July 2012 |publisher=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> }} '''Pertempuran Aleppo''', uga diarani '''baboné pertempuran''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/mother-of-all-catchphrase-from-saddam-hussein-to-the-bailout-is-invoked-again-in-syria/2012/07/28/gJQAQ4SgGX_story.html |title='Mother of all' catchphrase, from Saddam Hussein to the bailout, is invoked again in Syria|date=28 July 2012 |work=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> iku sawijining konfrontasi militèr sing isih lumaku ing [[Aleppo|Aleppo, Suriah]] antara Tentara Pambébasan Suriah ''[[Free Syrian Army]]'' lan militèr Suriah. Pertempuran wmiwiti ing tanggal 19 Juli 2012 minangka péranganing [[Perang sadulur Suriah]]. Pertempuran diwiwiti kanthi serangan wadyabala pambébasan Suriah menyang kutha, ya iku kutha sing gedhé dhéwé ing Suriah lan nguwasani papan-papan wigati tumrap ékonomi lan strategis.<ref name="guard">{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/22/syrian-rebels-fight-aleppo?newsfeed=true |title=Syrian rebels fight Assad troops in Aleppo |author=Luke Harding and Martin Chulov |date=22 July 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> ==Réferènsi== {{reflist|2}} == Pranala njaba == *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2012/newsspec_4009/img/aleppo.gif Satellite map of the Battle of Aleppo] {{Syrian uprising (2011–present)}} [[Kategori:2011–2012 Syrian uprising]] [[Kategori:Aleppo]] [[Kategori:2012 in Syria]] lpoinr6jwciohg4cs108wxdoxefp0q9 0 91621 1752040 1739841 2026-08-01T15:25:54Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}<br />''Rhōmanía''<br />Romania<br />{{aut|Imperium Romanum}} |conventional_long_name = Kamaharajan Romawi Bizantin |common_name = Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan |continent = Afrika, Éropa, Asia |region = Segara Tengah |era = Abad Kuno-Akhir Abad Pertengahan |status = Kamaharajan |government_type = [[Otokrasi]] |year_start = 330 |event_start = Pendirian [[Konstantinopèl]] |date_start = 11 Mèi |year_end = 1453 |event_end = [[Lèngsèré Konstantinopèl]] |date_end = 29 Mèi |event1 = Penjatuhan [[Romulus Augustulus]], Kaisar Romawi Kulon |date_event1 = 476 |event2 = Skisma Wétan-Kulon |date_event2 = 1054 |event3 = Lèngsèré Konstantinopèl menyang [[Wadya Salib]] |date_event3 = 1204 |event4 = Penaklukan manèh Konstantinopèl |date_event4 = 1261 |event_pre = [[Diokletianus]] mecah papréntahan kamaharajan antarané kulon lan étan |date_pre = 285 |event_post = Lèngsèré [[Kamaharajan Trebizond|Trebizond]] |date_post = 1461 |image_flag = Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg |flag = Heraldri Romawi Timur |flag_type = Gendéra Kamaharajan ing mangsa pungkasan (abad kaping 14) |image_coat = Byzantine Palaiologos Eagle.svg |symbol = |symbol_type = Lambang kamaharajan ing ngisoré [[Palaiologos]] | |image_map = Byzantine Empire animated.gif |image_map_caption = Perkembangan wewengkon Kamaharajan |p1 = Kakaisaran Romawi |flag_p1 = Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg |s1 = Kesultanan Utsmaniyah |flag_s1 = Ottoman flag.svg |capital = [[Konstantinopèl]] |common_languages = [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Basa Latin|Latin]] |religion = [[Agama Romawi Kuno|Paganisme Romawi]] nganti taun 391, [[Gréja Ortodoks Wétan|Ortodoks Wétan]] ditoléransi sawisé [[Edictum Mediolanense]] taun 313, lan dadi agama nagara sawisé taun 380 |currency = [[Solidus (koin)|Solidus]], [[Hiperpiron]] | |leader1 = [[Konstantinus I|Konstantinus ingkang Agung]] |leader2 = Konstantinus XI |year_leader1 = 306–337 |year_leader2 = 1449–1453 |title_leader = [[Kaisar Romawi Wétan|Kaisar]] | |legislature = [[Senat Romawi Wétan|Senat]] | |stat_year1 = Abad kaping 4 |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = 34.000.000 |stat_year2 = Abad kaping 8 (780 AD) |stat_area2 = |stat_pop2 = 7.000.000 |stat_year3 = Abad kaping 11 (1025 AD) |stat_area3 = |stat_pop3 = 12.000.000 |stat_year4 = Abad kaping 12 (1143 AD) |stat_area4 = |stat_pop4 = 10.000.000 |stat_year5 = Abad kaping 13 (1281 AD) |stat_area5 = |stat_pop5 = 5.000.000 |today = {{flag|Albania}}<br />{{flag|Aljazair}}<br />{{flag|Armenia}}<br />{{flag|Bosnia dan Herzegovina}}<br />{{flag|Bulgaria}}<br />{{flag|Georgia}}<br />{{flag|Gibraltar}}<br />{{flag|Israèl}}<br />{{flag|Itali}}<br />{{flag|Kroasia}}<br />{{flag|Lebanon}}<br />{{flag|Libya}}<br />{{flag|Malta}}<br />{{flag|Mesir}}<br />{{flag|Montenegro}}<br />{{flag|Prancis}}<br />{{flag|Républik Makedonia}}<br />{{flag|Rumeni}}<br />{{flag|San Marino}}<br />{{flag|Serbia}}<br />{{flag|Siprus}}<br />{{flag|Slowén}}<br />{{flag|Spanyol}}<br />{{flag|Suriah}}<br />{{flag|Tunisia}}<br />{{flag|Turki}}<br />{{flag|Ukraina}}<br />{{flag|Vatikan}}<br />{{flag|Yordania}}<br />{{flag|Yunani}} }} '''Kakaisaran Byzantium'''' utawi '''Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan''' (Éjaan liya: '''Bizantin''', '''Byzantin''', '''Byzantine''', '''Bizantium''') ya iku wewengkon wétané [[Kamaharajan Romawi]] ingkang mligine nganggo [[basa Yunani|berbasa Yunani]]<ref>{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|James|2010|p=5}}: "But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire."</ref> ing [[Abad Kuno]] lan [[Abad Pertengahan|Pertengahan]]. Warga lan tangga cedhaké Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan mènèhi jeneng nagara iki kanthi asma Kamaharajan Romawi, utawa Romania ([[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rōmanía''). Kamaharajan iki musaté ing [[Konstantinopèl]], lan dikuasani déning kaisar-kaisar panggantiné kaisar Romawi kuna sawisé lèngsèré [[Kamaharajan Romawi Kulon]]. Boten wonten konsensus ngenani tanggal wiwité kalamangsa [[Romawi Wétan]]. Pérangan wong nyebat manawi mangsa kekuasaan [[Diokletianus]] (284-305) sebab reformasi-reformasi papréntahan ingkang ditepangake marang dhèwèké, mbagi nagara mau dadi ''pars Orientis'' lan ''pars Occidentis''.<ref>{{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=847}}.</ref> Pihak liyané nyebat mangsa kekuasaan [[Theodosius I]] (379-395), utawa sawisé kematiané ing taun [[395]], wektu kamaharajan kepecah dadi pérangan Wétan lan Kulon. Wonten uga ingkang nyebat taun [[476]], ya iku wektu [[Roma]] dijajah kaping telu ing saabad ingkang mertandhakaken lèngsèré Kulon (Latin), lan ngakibatkaké kaisar ing Wétan (Yunani) pikantuk kekuasaan tunggal.<ref>{{harvnb|Benz|1963|p=176}}.</ref> Upama makaten, titik ingkang wigati ing sajarah Romawi Wétan ya iku wektu [[Konstantinus ingkang Agung]] mindhah kutha krajan saka [[Nikomedia]] (ing [[Anatolia]]) menyang [[Byzantium]] (ingang arep dadi Konstantinopèl) ing taun 330. Negera punika madek kirang luwih sampun ewunan taun. Sajeroning anané, Romawi Wétan, dumadi kekiyatan ékonomi, budaya, lan militèr ingkang rosa ing Éropa, sandyan terus ngalami kamunduran, mligi ing mangsa [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Sassaniyah|Paperangan Romawi-Pèrsi]] lan [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Arab|Romawi Wétan-Arab]]. Kamaharajan iki direstorasi ing mangsa [[Dinasti Makedonia]], bangkit dadi kekiyatan gedhé ing [[Mediterania Wétan]] ing pungkasan abad kaping 10, lan bisa nyaingi [[Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah]]. Sawisé taun 1071, sapérangan gedhé [[Asia Cilik]] direbut déning [[Turki Seljuk]]. [[Restorasi Komnenos]] kasil ngiyataken dominasi ing abad kaping 12, nanging sawisé sedanipun [[Andronikos I Komnenos]] Lan paripurnané [[Dinasti Komnenos]] ing pungkasan abad kaping 12, kamaharajan ngalami kamunduran manèh. Romawi Wétan saya kagoncang ing mangsa [[Perang Salib Kapapat]] taun 1204, wektu kamaharajan iki dibubaraké mawi peksa lan dipisah dadi nagara-nagara Yunani lan Latin ingkang satru. Kamaharajan kasil didekné malih ing taun 1261 ning ngisoré pimpinan kaisar-kaisar [[Palaiologos]], nanging perang sadulur ing abad kaping 14 terus nglemesaké kekiyatan kamaharajan. Turahan wewengkone dicaplok déning [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] ing [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Utsmaniyah]]. Pungkasané, [[lèngsèré Konstantinopel|Konstantinopel ksil direbut]] déning Utsmaniyah ing tanggal 29 Mèi 1453, pratandha paripurnané Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan. == Tata asma == Kamaharajan punika wiwit diarani '''"Bizantium"''' ing [[Éropa Kulon]] taun 1557, wektu sejarawan Jérman [[Hieronymus Wolf]] nerbitake karyané ingkang gadhah sesirah ''Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ''. Tembung "Bizantium" dumadi saka tembung "[[Byzantium]]", inggih punika namanipun kutha [[Konstantinopèl]] sakdèrèngé dadi kutha krajan [[Konstantinus ingkang Agung]]. Kawiwitan saka iku, jeneng tuwa iki jarang dienggo, kejawi ing konteks sajarah lan geguritan. Sakalajengipun, ''Byzantine du Louvre'' (''Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ'') taun 1648 lan ''Historia Byzantina'' karya [[Du Cange]] taun 1680 saya misuwuraké tetembungan Bizantium ing antarané pangarang-pangarang Prancis, kaya ta [[Montesquieu]].<ref>Fox, [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine?]</ref> Istilah punika sabanjuré ngilang nganti abad kaping 19 wektu piyantun Kulon bali nganggo manèh.<ref>{{harvnb|University of Chile: Center of Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies|1971|p=69}}.</ref> Sakdèrèngé, istilah ''Yunani'' iki ingkang diginakaken kanggé kamaharajan punika. Negera punika dipunparingi asma dhumateng rakyaté kanthi asma '''Kamaharajan Romawi''', '''Kamaharajan Orang-orang Romawi''' ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Imperium Romanum'', ''Imperium Romanorum'', [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn'', {{Polytonic|Αρχη τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Arche tôn Rhōmaíōn''), '''Romania'''{{#tag:ref|''Romania'' (utawi ''Rhōmanía'') inggih punika asma kamaharajan ingkang misuwur<ref>{{harvnb|Fossier|Sondheimer|1997|p=104}}.</ref> ingkang diginakaken boten resmi, ya iku "nagari tiyang Romawi". Istilah punika boten sarujuk ing [[Rumeni]] modhèren.|group="n"}} ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Romania'', [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rhōmanía''), '''Républik Romawi''' ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Res Publica Romana'', [[basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Πολιτεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Politeίa tôn Rhōmaíōn''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dio.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/124/47 |title=Nation and Liberty: the Byzantine Example|doi=10.1177/039219218303112403 |publisher=Dio.sagepub.com|date=|accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> '''Graikía''' (Yunani: Γραικία),<ref>[[Theodore the Studite]]. ''Epistulae'', 145, Line 19 ("ή ταπεινή Γραικία") and 458, Line 28 ("έν Αρμενία καί Γραικία").</ref> lan uga '''Rhōmaís''' ({{Polytonic|Ῥωμαΐς}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Cinnamus|1976|p=240}}.</ref> Sanadyan Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan duwé ciri multietnis ing sejarahipun,<ref>{{harvnb|Ahrweiler|Laiou|1998|p=3}}; {{harvnb|Mango|2002|p=13}}.</ref> sarta njaga tradhisi Romawi-Helenistik,<ref>{{harvnb|Gabriel|2002|p=277}}.</ref> nagara punika dipunmangertosi nagara-nagara kulon lan lor ing jamané kanthi asma '''Kamaharajan Piyantun Yunani'''{{#tag:ref|"''Imperium Graecorum''", "''Graecia''", "''Yunastan''", ''dll'', asma kulon sanèsipun ingkang diginakaken inggih punika "kamaharajan Konstantinopel" (''imperium Constantinopolitanum'') lan "kamaharajan Romania" (''imperium Romaniae'').|group="n"}} amargi rosané prabawa Yunani.<ref>{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|Ahrweiler|Laiou|1998|p=vii}}; {{harvnb|Davies|1996|p=245}}; {{harvnb|Moravcsik|1970|pp=11–12}}; {{harvnb|Ostrogorsky|1969|pp=28, 146}}; {{harvnb|Lapidge|Blair|Keynes|1998|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Winnifrith|Murray|1983|p=113}}; {{harvnb|Gross|1999|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou|1973|p=331}}.</ref> Pangageman istilah ''Kamaharajan Piyantun Yunani'' (Latin: ''Imperium Graecorum'') ing Kulon dumadi lambang penolakan klaim Bizantium makilaké [[Kamaharajan Romawi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fouracre|Gerberding|1996|p=345}}: "The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims to universality; instead it was now termed the 'Empire of the Greeks'."</ref> Klaim Romawi Wétan dhumateng warisan Romawi ditentang ing Kulon ngepasi jaman Maharani [[Irene dari Athena]] amargi pangangkatan [[Karel ingkang Agung]] dadi [[Kaisar Romawi Suci]] ing taun 800 déning [[Paus Leo III]], ingkang meruhi takhta Romawi kosong (boten wonten panguasa jaler). Paus lan panguasa saking Kulon luwih nyenengi istilah ''Imperator Romaniæ'' tinimbang ''Imperator Romanorum'', gelar ingkang diginakaken namung kanggé Karel ingkang Agung lan panerus-paneruse.<ref name="Helios">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios}}</ref> Sawetara iku, ing peradaban [[Perseia]], [[Islam]], lan [[Slavia]], idhèntitas Romawi negera iki diakoni. Ing donya Islam, Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan dingertèni kanthi asma {{lang|ar| روم }} (''[[Rûm]]'' "Roma").<ref>{{harvnb|Tarasov|2004|p=121}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|El-Cheikh|2004|p=22}}.</ref> Wonten ing atlas-atlas sajarah modhèren, kamaharajan punika lumrahé dipunparingi asma ''Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan'' ing kalamangsa antara 395 nganti 610. Ing peta-peta kang nggambaraké Kamaharajan sawisé taun 610, istilah ''Kamaharajan Bizantium'' lumrahé dienggo amargi ing taun 620 kaisar [[Heraklius]] nggantèni basa resmi kamaharajan saking [[Basa Latin|Latin]] menyang [[basa Yunani|Yunani]].<ref name="Davis p. 260">[[#refDavis1990|Davis 1990]], hal. 260.</ref> == Jati diri == '''Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan''' saged dipundefinisikaken dadi kamaharajan multi-ètnis kang njedhul dadi kamaharajan Kristen, banjur kapérang dadi kamaharajan Wétan kang wis di-Helenisasi lan mungkasi sajarah èwuan taun, ing 1453, dadi Nagara [[Ortodoks Yunani]]: Sawijining kraton kang dadi [[nagara]], ingkang mèh padha tegesé modhèren saka tembung mau".^{[[#Réferènsi|1]]} Wonten ing abad-abad sawisé penjajahan [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] lan [[Langobardi]] ing [[abad kaping 7]], watek multi-etnisné (sanadyan dudu multi-bangsa) tetep ana pramila pérangan-bagiané, [[Balkan]] lan [[Asia Cilik]], duwé populasi Yunani kang gedhé. Etnis minoritas lan komunitas gedhé agama liya (contoné bangsa [[Armenia]]) manggon ing cedhak perbatesan. Rakyat Romawi Wétan nganggep dhèwèké wong Ρωμαίοι (Rhomaioi-[[Romawi]]) kang wus dadi sinonim kanggo wong Έλλην (Hellene-[[Yunani]]), lan sregep ngembangaké kesadaran diri dumadi nagara, dadi penduduk Ρωμανία (Romania, ya iku celukané kanggo Nagara Romawi Wétan lan donyané). Perkawis iki gamblang diweruhi ing karya sastra kalamangsa iku, mligi ing [[wiracarita]] kaya [[Digenes Akrites]]. Paleburan resmi nagara Romawi Wétan ing [[abad kaping 15]] ora langsung ngancuraké masarakat Romawi Wétan. Ing mangsa pandudukan Turki, wong Yunani terus nyeluk pribadining dhèwèké kanthi asma Ρωμαίοι (bangsa Romawi) lan Έλληνες (bangsa Yunani), sawijining ciri-ciri ingkang tetep ana nganti wiwité abad kaping 21 lan isih ana ing [[Yunani]] modhèren saiki, sanadyan “Romawi” wus dadi jenengé “rakyat” saka sinonim bangsa kaya ing jaman mbiyèn. == Sajarah == === Wiwité Sajarah Kamaharajan Romawi === Bala wadya Romawi wayah iku kasil nguwasani panggonan kang amba ingkang nyakup sakabèhing wewengkon [[Mediterania]] lan pérangan gedhé [[Éropa Wétan]]. Wewengkon-wewengkon iki kapérang saka akèh golongan budaya, wiwit kang ijik primitif nganti kang wus nduwé peradaban maju. Kadeleng kanthi umum, provinsi-provinsi ing wewengkon Mediterania wétan luwih makmur lan maju amarga wis ngalami perkembangan kang rikat ing jaman [[Kamaharajan Makedonia]] sarta wis ngalami prosès [[hellenisasi]]. Saliyané iku, provinsi ing wewengkon Kulon akèh-akèhé mung wujud padésan kang ketinggalan jaman. Bédané antara kaloro wewengkon iki anané suwé lan dadi wigati ing taun-taun saterusé.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|1922}}, Chapter 33.</ref> === Pamisahan Kamaharajan Romawi === Dekret [[Caracalla]] ing [[212]], ''Constitutio Antoniniana'', ngambakake [[kewarganagaraan]] ing njaba Italia kanggo kabèh wong lanang gedhé bébas ing sakabèhing Kamaharajan Romawi, kanthi èfèktif ningkatkaké populasi provinsi kanggo madhakaké status karo kutha [[Roma]] dhéwé. Pentingé dèkret iki luwih bersejarah tinimbang cara pulitik. Dekret iku ya iku dhasar kanggo integrasi. Mekanisme ékonomi lan ukum saka nagara bisa diterapkaké ing sakabèhing [[Mediterania]] kang naté dilakoké sadurungé saka [[Latium]] menyang sakabèhing Italia. Wis mesthi, integrasi ora kadadéan kanthi seragam. Masarakat kang wus nyawiji karo Roma, kaya [[Yunani]] ketulung karo dekret iki, dibandingké karo panggoné kang luwih adoh, mlarat banget utawa asing banget kang kaya [[Karajan Manunggal]], [[Palestina (wewengkon)|Palestina]] utawa [[Mesir]]. Ing taun 293, [[Diokletianus]] nyipta sistem administratif kang anyar ([[tetrarki]])<ref name="B1">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/1*.html#1 hal. 1]}}</ref> dadi institusi kang dimaksudke kanggo ngefisienaké kontrol Kamaharajan Romawi kang amaba. Dhèwèké mbagi Kamaharajan dadi loro pérangan, kanthi loro kaisar mréntah saka Italia lan Yunani, pendhak duwé wakil-kaisar. Sabanjuré jaman kakuasaan Diokletianus lan [[Maximianus]] paripurna, tetrarki runtuh, lan [[Konstantinus I]] nggantèkaké kanthi prinsip panggantiyan turun temurun.<ref name="BG">Gibbon (1906), Part II Chapter 14: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625235855/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Tamanexts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol02/PDFs/0214-02_Pt06_Chap14.pdf200].</ref> Konstantinus mindhahaké punjer kamaharajan, lan nggawa owah-owahan kang wigati ing konstitusi sipil lan religius.<ref name="G168">{{harvnb|Gibbon|1906|loc=III, {{PDFlink| [http://web.archive.org/web/20080625235904/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol03/PDFs/0214-03_Pt04_Chap18.pdf 168] |2.35&nbsp;MB}}}}.</ref> Ing taun 330, dhèwèké ngadegaké Konstantinopèl dadi Roma kapindho ing Byzantium. Posisi kutha mau strategis ing adol tinuku antarané Wétan lan Kulon. Sang kaisar ngenalaké koin ([[solidus (koin)|solidus]] emas) kang duwé rega dhuwur lan stabil,<ref name="esler-1081">{{harvnb|Esler|2004|p=1081}}.</ref> sarta ngubah struktur angkatan prasenjata. Ing kontrolé Konstantinus, kekiyatan militèr kamaharajan wus mari. Periode kastabilan lan kasejahteran uga bisa dirasakaké. [[Gambar:Raphael Baptism Constantine.jpg|thumb|left|''Pembaptisan Konstantinus'' yang dilukis olèh murid-murid [[Raphael]]]] (1520–1524). [[Eusebius dari Caesaria]] mencatat bahwa Konstantinus menunda [[pembaptisan]] hingga saat sebelum kematiannya, seperti yang menjadi tradisi padha mangsa itu.<ref>Eusebius, IV, [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iv.lxii.html lxii].</ref>]] Ing kakuasan Konstantinus, [[Kekristenan]] ora dadi agama eksklusif nagara, nanging dijurung karo kamaharajan, apamenèh sang kaisar ndukungé kanthi hak-hak kang akèh. Sang kaisar ngenalaké prinsip upama kaisar ora perlu ngebaraké pitakonan dhoktrin, nanging perlu nimbali dewan-dewan kagerejan kanggo tujuwan iku. [[Sinode Arles]] dinyawijikaké karo Konstantinus, lan [[Konsili Nicea Kapisan]] mameraké klaim dhèwèké kanggo dadi kepala gréja.<ref name="B163">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/2*.html#5 hal. 63]}}.</ref> Kaanan kamaharajan taun 395 bisa diarani dadi asil kerjané Konstantinus. Prinsip wangsa kang diterapaké kanthi tegas saéngga kaisar kang séda ing jaman iku, [[Theodosius I]], bisa merisaké kamaharajan tumuju anak-anaké: [[Arcadius]] ing Kulon lan [[Honorius (kaisar)|Honorius]] ing Wétan. Theodosius ya iku kaisar pungkasan kang nguasani sakabèhing Romawi Kulon lan Wétan.<ref name="Br">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Kamaharajan Wétan kasingkrih saka kangélan-kangélan kang diadhepi karo Kulon ing abad katelu lan kapapat, amarga Wétan duwé budaya urban kang luwih mapan lan sumber daya finansial kang luwih kuwat, saéngga bisa mandhekaké panyerangan nganggo [[upeti]] lan nyéwa wadya-wadya bayaran. [[Theodosius II]] nguatkaké [[témbok Konstantinopel]], saéngga kutha mau aman saka serangan-serangan; témbok iku ora bisa ditembus nganti taun 1204. Kanggo ngusir [[bangsa Hun|wong-wong Hun]] kang ana ing ngisoré kapemimpinan [[Attila]], Theodosius mènèhi dhèwèké subsidi (jaréné 300&nbsp;kg (700&nbsp;lb) emas).<ref name="Nathan">Nathan, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm Theodosius II (408–450&nbsp;AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123203/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm |date=2020-04-13 }}.</ref> Dhèwèké uga njurung pedagang Konstantinopel kang dodolan karo wong Hun lan bangsa liyané. [[Berkas:RomanEmpire500AD.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur taun 500 M.]] Panerusé, [[Marcianus]], nolak nerusaké mbayar upeti iki. Untungé, Attila wus ngalihaké perhatiané tumuju Kamaharajan Romawi Kulon.<ref>{{harvnb|Treadgold|1995|p=193}}.</ref> Sawisé matiné taun 453, negera Attila ancur lan Konstantinopel mbukak gayutan kang nguntungaké karo wong Hun kang jik ana. Dhèwèké akhiré tempur dadi wadya bayaran ing angkatan bala wadya Romawi Wétan.<ref>{{harvnb|Alemany|2000|p=207}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=184}}.</ref> Sawusé runtuhé Attila, katentreman bisa dirasakaké ing Romawi Wétan, sawatara Romawi Kulon runtuh (karuntuhané kacatet ing taun 476, wayah jenderal Romawi Jermanik [[Odoacer]] nglèngsèraké kaisar [[Romulus Augustulus]]). Kanggo ngrebut manèh Italia, kaisar [[Zeno (kaisar)|Zeno]] mung bisa negosiasi karo [[Ostrogoth]] kang wus manggon ing [[Moesia]]. Dhèwèké ngirim ratu Ostrogoth [[Theodoric kang Agung|Theodoric]] menyang Italia dadi ''magister militum per Italiam'' ("kepala komando kanggo Italia"). Sawusé kasil nglèngsèraké Odoacer ing taun 493, Theodoric nguwasani Italia.<ref name="Br" /> Ing taun 491, [[Anastasius I (kaisar)|Anastasius I]] dadi kaisar. Dhèwèké ya iku wong reformis energetik lan administrator kang cakap. Anastasius nyempurnakaké sistem koin Konstantinus I kanthi ngatur bobot ''[[follis]]'' perunggu, koin kang akèh dienggo ing kauripan sabendina.<ref>{{harvnb|Grierson|1999|p=17}}.</ref> Dhèwèké uga ngubah sistem perpajekan, sarta ngilangaké pajeg [[chrysargyron]] kang ora disenengi. Wayah Anastasius séda ing taun 518, jumlah kas nagara kacathet gedhéné 320.000&nbsp;lbs (145.150&nbsp;kg) emas.<ref>{{harvnb|Postan|Miller|Postan|1987|p=140}}.</ref> === Panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon === {{main|Yustinianus I}} [[Gambar:Justinian.jpg|thumb|upright|Mosaik Yustinianus I di [[Basilika San Vitale]], [[Ravenna]].]] [[Yustinianus I]], kang munggah singgasana ing taun 527, nglancaraké panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon.<ref name="BEv">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}; Evans, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm Justinian (AD&nbsp;527–565)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205190521/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm |date=2020-02-05 }}.</ref> Ing taun 532, putra tani [[Illyria]] iku [[Panentreman Abadi (532)|nandatangani prajanjèn damai]] karo [[Khosrau I|Khosrau I saka Pèrsi]]. Sanadyan kudu mbayar upeti taunan kang akèh, front wétan Bizantium dadi aman. Ing taun kang padha, Yustinianus slamet saka [[karusuhan Nika]] ing Konstantinopel, kang dipungkasi kanthi matiné telung puluh èwu perusuh. Kamenangan iki nguataké posisi Yustinianus.<ref name="Ev">Evans, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm Justinian (AD&nbsp;527–565)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205190521/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm |date=2020-02-05 }}.</ref> [[Paus Agapetus I]] dikirim menyang Konstantinopel karo ratu [[Ostrogoth]] [[Theodahad]], nanging wurung tumuju prajanjèn perdamaian karo Yustinianus. Nanging, ora kasil agawé [[monofisitisme]] dicela. Panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon diwiwiti ing taun 533. Yustinianus ngirim jendralé [[Belisarius]] lan 15.000 wadya kanggo ngrebut manèh provinsi Afrika saka [[Vandal|suku Vandal]] kang wus kuwasa saka taun 429.<ref>{{harvnb|Gregory|2010|loc=2E, hal. 145}}.</ref> Karajan Vandal kasil ditundhukaké.<ref name="Ev" /> Sawetara iku, ing [[Italia Ostrogoth]], ratu [[Athalaric]] ninggal ing tanggal 2 Oktober 534. Ibuné, [[Amalasuntha]], dikunjara lan dipatèni [[Theodahad]] ing [[Tlaga Bolsena|pulau Martana]]. Yustinianus ndelok kanthi kesempatan kanggo nglakokaké intervensi. Ing taun 535, wadya Romawi Wétan dikirim menyang [[Sisilia]]. Kamenangan kasil karaih, nanging Ostrogoth nguataké pralawanan dhèwèké. Kamenangan anyar bener-bener kasil ing taun 540, wayah Belisarius ngrebut [[Ravenna]].<ref name="B180-216">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/18C*.html 180–216]}}.</ref> [[Gambar:LocationByzantineEmpire.svg|thumb|left|Wewengkon Romawi Timur padha mangsa Yustinianus.]] Émané, Ostrogoth kasil didakaké manèh ing ngisoré kapemimpinan [[Totila]] lan ngrebut Roma ing tanggal 17 Dhésèmber 546. Belisarius ditarik déning Yustinianus wiwit taun 549.<ref name="B236-258">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19B*.html 236–258]}}.</ref> Kasim [[Narses]] nggantekaké ing pungkasan taun 551 karo nggawa bala wadya 35.000 akèhé. Totila kasil dikalahaké lan mati ing [[Paperangan Busta Gallorum]]. Panerusé, [[Teia]], kasil ditaklukaké ing [[Paperangan Mons Lactarius]] (Oktober 552). Sakbanjuré iku, suku Goth isih terus nglawan. [[Suku Franka]] lan [[Alamanni]] uga nglancaraké invasiné. Sanadyan mangkono, perang kanggo nguwasani ujung Italia wus rampung kanthi kamenangan Romawi Wétan.<ref name="B259-281">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19C*.html 259–281]}}.</ref> Ing taun 551, bangsawan [[Visigoth]] ing [[Hispania]], [[Athanagild]], njaluk bantuan Yustinianus ing pamberontakan nglawan ratu. Sang kaisar ngirim wadya ing ngisoré pimpinan Liberius. Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan kasil nguasani sapérangan wewengkon ing pasisir [[Spania]] nganti mangsa kakuasaan [[Heraklius]].<ref name="B86-288">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19D*.html 286–288]}}.</ref> Sawetara iku, ing wétan, [[Paperangan Romawi-Pèrsi]] kadadéan nganti taun 561, wayah Yustinianus lan Khosrau nyetujoni panentreman 50 taun suwéné. Ing panengahan taun 550, Yustinianus wus éntuk kamenangan ing sakabèhing paperangan, kanthi pengecualian ing [[Balkan]], wektu kamaharajan terus diserang déning [[bangsa Slavia]]. Ing taun 559, kamaharajan diancem déning [[Kutrigur]] lan [[Bangsa Slavia|Sklavinoi]]. Yustinianus ngundang Belisarius, lan mangkono bebaya wus ilang, sang kaisar ngenggoni kakuasaan dhéwékan. Pawarta upama Yustinianus nguataké armada Donaunya agawe Kutrigur bingung, saéngga dhèwèké sarujuk kanthi traktat kang menèhi dhèwèké subsidi lan ngolèhaké dhèwèké mulih kanthi aman ngléwati kali Donau.<ref name="Ev" /> Yustinianus uga misuwur amarga préstasiné ing babagan ukum.<ref name="VJ">Vasiliev, [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0832/_PC.HTM The Legislative Work of Justinian and Tribonian].</ref> Ing taun 529, komisi kang cacahé sepuluh wong kang dikepalani déning [[Iohannis Orientalis]] merevisi undang-undang Romawi kuna. Sakabèhing "undang-undang Yustinianus" jaman saiki kaloka kanthi jeneng ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''. Sasuwéné abad kaping 6, [[budaya Yunani-Romawi]] isih duwé prabawa kuwat ing Wétan. Filsafat lan budaya Kristen dadi saya wigati lan wiwit ndominasi budaya mbiyen. Himne-himne kang [[Romanus Melodus]] nandai pangembangan [[Liturgi Suci]]. Aristek-arsitèk lan para tukang makarya abot kanggo ngebaraké gréja anyar [[Hagia Sophia]] kang nggantèkaké gréja mbiyèn kang ancur akibat haruhara Nika. Sasuwéné abad kaenam lan kapitu, kamaharajan diguncang déning wabah [[pes]], kang matèni akèh jiwa, sarta ngakibataké kemunduran ékonomi lan lemesé kamaharajan.<ref>{{harvnb|Bray|2004|pp=19–47}}; {{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=110–111}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=196–197}}.</ref> Sawisé Yustinianus séda ing taun 565, panggantiné, [[Yustinus II]], nolak mbayar upeti kanggo Pèrsi. Sawetara iku, [[suku Langobardi]] nyerbu Italia. Pangganti Yustinus, [[Tiberius II Konstantinus|Tiberius II]], mènèhi subsidi menyang [[Avar Eurasia|suku Avar]], sawatara nglancarake serangan tumuju Pèrsi. Subsidi wurung menangaké suku Avar. Dhèwèké ngrebut bètèng [[Sirmium]] taun 582, sinambiyan bangsa Slavia wiwit nyeberang kali Donau. [[Maurice (kaisar)|Maurice]], kang nggantèkaké Tiberius, mèlu cawé-cawé ing paperangan sadulur Pèrsi, sarta manggonaké [[Khosrau II]] bali tumuju kakuasaané lan nikahaké putriné karo dhèwèké. Traktat Maurice karo iparé kang anyar nggawa ''status quo'' anyar ing wétan, lan ngurangi biaya pertahanan sasuwéné perdamaian iki (yutanan solidi kasil dislametaké kanthi remisi upeti kanggo Pèrsi). Sawisé kamenangané ing front wétan, Maurice bisa ngalihaké perhatiané dateng Balkan, lan [ing taun 602, dhèwèké kasil ngusir suku Avar lan Slavia.<ref name="Br" /> === Nyusuté wates === ==== Dinasti Heraklius ==== Sawisé Maurice dipatèni [[Phocas]], Khosrau nyoba naklukaké provinsi [[Mesopotamia]] Romawi.<ref>{{harvnb|Foss|1975|p=722}}.</ref> Phocas, sawijining pemimpin ora populèr kang dideskripsikaké dumadi "tiran" ing sumber-sumber Romawi Wétan, ya iku target konspirasi-konspirasi senat. Dhèwèké dilèngsèraké ing taun 610 déning [[Heraklius]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=41}}; {{harvnb|Speck|1984|p=178}}.</ref> Sawisé Heraklius kuwasa, bala wadya Pèrsi terus ndesek nganti lumebu Asia Cilik. Dhèwèké madeki [[Damaskus]] lan [[Yerusalem]], sarta mindhahaké [[Salib Sejati]] menyang [[Ctesiphon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=42–43}}.</ref> Heraklius nglancaraké serangan walesan kanthi ciri perang suci. Bala wadya Romawi Wétan perang kanthi nggawa citra [[acheiropoietos]] Kristus dumadi panji militèr.<ref>{{harvnb|Grabar|1984|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Cameron|1979|p=23}}.</ref> Bala wadya Pèrsi kasil diancuraké ing [[pertempuran Nineweh (627)|pertempuran di Ninewe]] taun 627. Ing taun 629, Heraklius mbalikaké Salib Sejati menyang Yerusalem ing upacara kang agung.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=46}}; {{harvnb|Baynes|1912}}, ''passim''; {{harvnb|Speck|1984|p=178}}.</ref> Perang iki nyuda kakuwatané Romawi Wétan lan [[Kamaharajan Sassaniyah|Sassaniyah Pèrsi]], sarta nggawé kaloroné ringkih karo serangan [[penaklukan Islam|Muslim Arab]] kang lagi bangkit ing mangsa iku.<ref>{{harvnb|Foss|1975|pp=746–747}}.</ref> Bala Wadya Arab kasil ngancuraké wadya Romawi Wétan ing [[Pertempuran Yarmuk]] taun 636, lan [[Ctesiphon]] tiba ing taun 634.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=50}}.</ref> [[Gambar:Byzantiumby650AD.JPG|thumb|left|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur padha taun 650.]] Bala Wadya Arab, kang wus [[panaklukan Islam ing Suriah|naklukaké Suriah lan Levant]], terus nyerang Anatolia, lan antara taun 674 nganti 678 [[Pangepungan Konstantinopel (674)|ngepung Konstantinopel]]. Armada Arab kasil diusir nganggo [[geni Yunani]] lan perang senjata sasuwéné telung puluh taun disetujui antara kamaharajan karo [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=61–62}}.</ref> Serangan marang Anatolia terus kalaksanan lan agawé écepet matiné budaya urban klasik. Panduduk-panduduk akèh kang mbèntèngi manèh wewengkon-wewengkon kang luwih cilik ing njero bètèng kutha lawas, utawa pindhah menyang bètèng-bètèng kang paling cedhak.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=102–114}}.</ref> Agungé Konstantinopel uga nyusut, saka 500.000 penduduk dumadi 40.000-70.000 waé, kang disebabaké amarga Konstantinopel kélangan sumber gandum ing taun 618 wayah Mesir direbut déning Pèrsi (provinsi iki bisa direbut manèh taun 629, nanging akhiré dikuasani déning Arab ing taun 642).<ref>{{harvnb|Wickham|2009|p=260}}.</ref> [[Gambar:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Api Yunani]] dienggo kang kapisan karo angkatan bersenjata Romawi Wétan sasuwéné [[Peperangan Romawi Timur-Arab]].]] Panarikan wadya ing Balkan kanggo tempur nglawan Pèrsi lan Arab ing wétan wus mbukak lawang kanggo ngambakaké wewengkon [[bangsa Slavia]]. Akibaté, kaya ing Anatolia, akèh kutha nyusut dadi pamukiman kabèntèng kang cilik.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=43–45, 66, 114–115}}.</ref> Pada taun 670-an, [[bangsa Bulgaria]] dhidhesek menyang kidul kali Donau karo [[bangsa Khazar]]. Wadya Romawi Wétan kang dikirim kanggo mbubaraké pemukiman-pemukiman anyar iki dikalahaké ing taun 680. [[Konstantinus IV]] sabanjuré iku nandatangani prajanjèn karo khan Bulgaria [[Asparukh saka Bulgaria|Asparukh]], lan [[Kamaharajan Bulgaria Kapisan|nagara Bulgaria anyar]] éntuk kedaulatan saka pérangan suku-suku Slavia kang sadurungé ngakoni kekuasaan Romawi Wétan.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=66–67}}.</ref> Ing taun 687–688, kaisar [[Yustinianus II]] mimpin èkspèdhisi nglawan Slavia lan Bulgaria kang cukup kasil.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=71}}.</ref> Kaisar Heraklius pungkasan, [[Yustinianus II]], nyoba ngancuraké kakuwatan aristokrasi prakuthon mawi perpajekan lan panunjukkan "wong njaba" ing kalungguhan-kalungguhan administratif. Dhèwèké dilèngserké ing taun 695, lan golèk perlindungan menyang bangsa Khazar, banjur Bulgaria. Ing taun 705, Yustinianus II bali menyang Konstantinopel bebarengan wadya khan Bulgaria, [[Tervel saka Bulgaria|Tervel]]. Dhèwèké ngrebut manèh takhta, lan madekaké rezim teror kanggo musuh-musuhé. Yustinianus II dilèsèraké menéh ing taun 711, saéngga paripurna Dinasti Heraklius.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=70–78, 169–171}}; {{harvnb|Haldon|2004|pp=216–217}}; {{harvnb|Kountoura-Galake|1996|pp=62–75}}.</ref> ==== Dinasti Isauria tumeka mangsa Basil I munggah singgasana ==== [[Gambar:ByzantineEmpire717+extrainfo+themes.PNG|thumb|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur saat [[Leo III si orang Isauria|Leo III]] munggah takhta taun 717. Wewengkon bergaris ya iku laladan kang diserang déning bangsa Arab.]] [[Leo III si orang Isauria|Leo III]] kasil ngusir serangan Muslim taun 718, lan pikantuk kamenangan kanthi bantuan saka khan Bulgaria, Tervel, kang kasil matèni 32.000 prajurit Arab karo tentarané. Panerusé, [[Konstantinus V]], éntuk kamenangan ing Suriah elor, lan nglemesaké kakuwatan Bulgaria.<ref>{{harvnb|Cameron|2009|pp=67–68}}.</ref> Ing taun 826, Arab ngrebut [[Kréta]] lan nyerang [[Sisilia]], nanging ing 3 September 863, jendral [[Petronas sang Patrician|Petronas]] kasil pikantuk [[Pertempuran Lalakaon|kamenangan gedhé]] ing pertempuran nglawan [[Umar al-Aqta]], [[emir]] [[Melitene]]. Ing ngisoré kapemimpinan kaisar Bulgaria [[Krum]], anceman Bulgaria njedhul manèh, nanging ing taun 814, putra Krum, [[Omortag]], rerukun karo Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan.<ref name="BH">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}; {{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=432–433}}.</ref> [[Gambar:Clasm Chludov detail 9th century.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Ikonoklasme|Ikonoklasme Romawi Timur]] padha abad ke-9.]] Abad kawolu lan kasanga rempeg karo kontroversi lan perpecahan religius akibat [[ikonoklasme]]. Ikon-ikon ora diéntuki karo Leo III lan Konstantinus V, ngakibataké pamberontakan kang dilancarkan déning [[ikonodul]] (pandukung ikon) ing sakabèhing kamaharajan. Saka upaya [[Maharani Irene]], [[Konsili Nicea Kaloro]] dikempulaké taun 787, lan negesaké upama ikon bisa dihormati nanging ora disembah.<!--Irene diomongké wus nyoba negosiasèkaké pernikahan antarané dhèwèké karo [[Karel kang Agung]]. Ananging, miturut [[Theophanes Confessor]], rencana iki diobrak - abrik karo Aetios.<ref name="G89">{{harvnb|Garland|1999|p=89}}.</ref>--> Pada taun 813, [[Leo V si orang Armenia|Leo V]] ngukuhaké manèh kebijakan ikonoklasme, nanging [[Theodora (abad kasanga)|Maharani Theodora]] mulihaké pamujan ikon karo bantuan [[Patriark Methodios]] ing taun 843.<ref name="P11">{{harvnb|Parry|1996|pp=11–15}}.</ref> Ikonoklasme ngambakaké jurang kapecahan antarané Wétan lan Kulon, kang saya èlèk ing mangsa [[skisma Photios]], wektu [[Paus Nikolas I]] nentang pangangkatan [[Patriark Photios I dari Konstantinopel|Photios]] dadi patriark.<ref>{{harvnb|Cameron|2009|p=267}}.</ref> === Dinasti Makedonia lan Kebangkitan === ==== Paperangan nglawan Muslim ==== [[Gambar:ByzantineEmpire867AD4lightpurple.PNG|thumb|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur taun 867.]] Ing taun 867, Romawi Wétan wus agawé stabil posisiné ing wétan lan kulon. Amarga efisiensi ing struktur militèr, kaisar bisa ngrencana perang panaklukan manèh ing wétan. Prosès panaklukan manèh diwiwiti kanthi kasil kang ora tetep. [[Kreta]] kasil ditaklukaké kanggo sawatara (843), nanging sabanjuré wadya Romawi Wétan kalah ing [[Bosporus]], sawatara kaisar ora kuwasa nyegah panaklukan Muslim ing [[Sisilia]] (827–902). Kanthi nggunakaké [[Tunisia]] dumadi watu lumpatan, wadya Muslim naklukaké [[Palermo]] taun 831, [[Messina]] taun 842, [[Enna]] taun 859, [[Siracusa]] taun 878, [[Catania]] taun 900, lan bètèng Romawi Wétan pungkasan, [[Taormina]], taun 902. [[Gambar:Paris psaulter gr139 fol1v.jpg|thumb|left|Keberhasilan militèr padha abad kesepuluh diikuti dengan kebangkitan budaya, yang ingaran [[Renaisans Makedonia]].]] Kekurangan mau ndang diseimbangaké mawi keberhasilan èkspèdhisi tumuju [[Damietta]] ing Mesir (856), [[Pertempuran Lalakaon|dikalahké]] Emir [[Melitene]] (863), pamasthèn kakuasaan kamaharajan ing [[Dalmatia]] (867), lan serangan Basil I menyang [[Efrat]] (870s). Basil I bisa nangani situasi ing Italia kidul kanthi apik,<ref name="Browning-1992-96">{{harvnb|Browning|1992|p=96}}.</ref> pramila provinsi mau tetap ing tangané Romawi Wétan sasuwéné 200 taun salajengipun.<ref>{{harvnb|Karlin-Heyer|1967|p=24}}.</ref> Ing taun 904, masalah tumeka ing kamaharajan wayah kaloro kutha iku, [[Thessalopunika]], dijarah déning armada Arab kang dimandhégani déning pengkhianat Romawi Wétan [[Leo saka Tripoli]]. Wadya Romawi Wétan males kanthi ngancuraké armada Arab taun 908, sarta njarah kutha [[Laodicea]] ing Suriah rong taun sawusé. sandyan piwalesan wus kalaksanan, Romawi Wétan ora bisa nginterfensi Muslim, kang wus ngancuraké wadya kamaharajan ing Kreta taun 911.<ref name="B101">{{harvnb|Browning|1992|p=101}}.</ref> Kaanan ing wates karo Arab tetep cair. [[Varangia]], kang nyerang Konstantinopel [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan (860)|kanggo kapisané ing taun 860]], dadi tantangan anyar. Ing taun 941, [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan (941)|dhèwèké njedhul]] ing pasisir Bosporus pérangan Asia. Wayah iki dhèwèké kasil diancuraké, ndudohaké kuaté kekuwatan militèr Romawi Wétan sawusé taun 907, wektu [[Traktat Rus'-Romawi Wétan (907)|namung diplomasi kang bisa ngusir panyerang-panyerang mau]]. Kaisar [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] (kuasané 963–969) lan [[Yohanes I Tzimiskes]] (969–976) njembaraké wewengkon kamaharajan nganti [[Suriah]], nundukaké emir-emir ing [[Irak]] kulon laut, sarta naklukaké manèh [[Kreta]] lan [[Siprus]]. Ing papréntahan Yohanes, wadya kamaharajan sempet ngancem [[Yerusalem]].<ref name="Browning-1992-113">{{harvnb|Browning|1992|pp=113}}.</ref> Emirat [[Aleppo]] lan tangga-tanggané dadi vassal kamaharajan. Sawusé akèh nglancaraké kampanye militèr, anceman Arab kang pungkasan kanggo Romawi Wétan kasil ditaklukaké wayah Basil II kanthi rikat narik 40.000 wadya jaran kanggo mbébasaké Suriah Romawi. Kanthi surplus sumber daya alam, Basil II ngrencana èkspèdhisi menyang Sisilia kanggo ngrebut saka bangsa Arab. Sawusé matiané taun 1025, èkspèdhisi kalaksanan ing taun 1040-an, lan kasil éntuk sukses ing ngarepé, nanging suksèsé iku sabanjuré seret. ==== Paperangan nglawan Kamaharajan Bulgaria ==== {{details|Peperangan Romawi Timur-Bulgaria}} [[Gambar:Basilios II.jpg|thumb|upright|Kaisar [[Basil II]] sang Pembantai Bulgar (976–1025).]] Pargumulan suwé karo [[Takhta Suci]] kalaksanan; wayah iki diakibataké karo perebutan kakuasaan religius Bulgaria kang lagi dikristenaké. Akibaté, [[Tsar]] [[Simeon I dari Bulgaria|Simeon I]] nglancaraké invasi ing taun 894, nanging kasil dimandekaé mawi diplomasi Romawi Wétan, kang njaluk bantuan saka bangsa Honggari. Romawi Wétan akhiré dikalahké ing [[Pertempuran Bulgarophygon]] (896) lan diwajibké mbayar upeti marang bangsa Bulgaria. Sabanjuré (912), Simeon kasil meksa Romawi Wétan mènèhi anugrah takhta ''basileus'' (kaisar) Bulgaria lan agawé Kaisar [[Konstantinus VII]] nikahi salah siji putri Simeon. Wektu pemberontakan ing Konstantinopel nyeretaké upaya iki, Simeon nyerang Trakia lan naklukaké [[Edirne|Adrianopel]].<ref name=Norwich /> Ekspedisi kamaharajan di ngisoré pimpinan [[Leo Phocas]] lan [[Romanos I|Romanos Lekapenos]] ngalami kekalahan gedhé ing [[Pertempuran Acheloos]] (917), lan ing taun saterusé Bulgaria ngleboni lan ngrampok Yunani elor nganti sadawané [[Korintus]]. Adrianopel kasil direbut manèh ing taun 923, nanging ing taun 924 wadya Bulgaria ngepung Konstantinopel. Kaanan ing Balkan dadi apik sawusé matiné Simeon taun 927. Ing taun 968, Bulgaria diserbu déning [[Rus']] ing ngisoré pimpinan [[Sviatoslav I saka Kiev]]. Telung taun sawisé, Kaisar [[Yohanes I Tzimiskes]] kasil [[Pangepungan Dorostolon|ngalahaké]] bangsa Rus' lan nglebokaké wewengkon Bulgaria wétan menyang kamaharajan. [[Gambar:Map Byzantine Empire 1025-en.svg|thumb|left|300px|Wewengkon kamaharajan di bawah pimpinan Basil II.]] Perlawanan Bulgaria kadadéan ing mangsa [[wangsa Cometopuli]]. Kaisar anyar [[Basil II]] (kuwasa 976–1025) ngupaya nundukaké bangsa Bulgaria. Ekspedisi kapisan Basil ngalami kawurungan ing [[Pertempuran Gerbang Trajanus|Gerbang Trajanus]]. Ing taun-taun sawusé, kaisar sibuk karo pemberontakan internal ing [[Anatolia]], sawatara Bulgaria ngambakaké kakuasaan dhèwèké ing Balkan. Perang kalangsungan suwéné mèh rong puluh taun. Kamenangan Romawi Wétan ing [[Pertempuran Spercheios|Spercheios]] lan [[Pertempuran Skopje|Skopje]] kasil nglemesaké wadya Bulgaria. Ing kampanye militèr tauné, Basil terus ngurangi jumlah bètèng Bulgaria. Akhiré, ing [[Pertempuran Kleidion]] taun 1014, Bulgaria kasil dikalahaké.<ref name="Angold">{{harvnb|Angold|1997}}.</ref> Wadya Bulgaria ditangkap, lan jaréné 99 saka 100 wadya diwutakaké, sauntara liyané diwènèhi siji mripat kanggo mimpin kanca sabangsané mulih. Wayah Tsar [[Samuel saka Bulgaria|Samuil]] ndeleng nasib tentarané, dhèwèké mati akibat syok. Ing taun 1018, bètèng Bulgaria pungkasan wus nyerah, lan nagarané dhèwèké dadi péranganing Romawi Wétan. Kamenangan iki ngréstorasi wates [[Donau]], kang ora dikuasani saka mangsa kaisar Heraklius.<ref name=Norwich /> ==== Hubungan karo Rus' Kiev ==== {{details|Perang Rus'–Romawi Timur}} [[Gambar:Царьград.jpg|thumb|right|165px|[[Rus' Kiev]] di bawah témbok Konstantinopel (860).]] Antarané taun 850 nganti 1100, kamaharajan mbina gayutan karo [[Rus' Kiev]]. Romawi Wétan ya iku kanca budaya lan pradagangan kanggo Kiev, nanging gayutan antarané dhèwèké ora mesthi guyub. Konflik paling serius antara kaloro nagara ya iku perang 968–971 ing Bulgaria. [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan|Serangan-serangan Rus']] tumuju kutha-kutha Romawi Wétan ing pasisir [[Laut Hitam]] lan Konstantinopel uga kacathet ing sajarah. Sanadyan serangan-serangan mau bisa ditampék, serangan iku katutup kanthi [[Traktat Rus'-Romawi Timur|traktat dagang]] kang nguntungaké Rus'. Hubungan Rus'-Romawi Wétan dadi apik sawuse nikahé ''[[porfirogenita]]'' [[Anna Porfirogeneta|Anna]] karo [[Vladimir ingkang Agung]]. Amarga [[Kristenisasi Rus' Kiev|Kristenisasi]] uga, gayutan kaloro nagara saya raket. Pendheta, arsitèk, lan artis Romawi Wétan diundang kanggo mbiyantu pagawéan katedral lan gréja ing Rus', saéngga prabawa budaya Romawi Wétan saya amba. Pirang-pirang wadya Rus' dadi wadya bayaran ing angkatan perang Romawi Wétan, lan kang paling kaloka ya iku [[Penjaga Varangia]]. == Penjelasan == {{Reflist|group="n"}} ==Cathetan suku== {{reflist|30em}} == Réferénsi == === Sumber primèr === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|last=Choniates|first=Nicetas|authorlink=Nicetas Choniates|title=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|pages=15–16|year=1912|chapter=The Sack of Constantinople (1204)}} * {{Cite book|last=Cinnamus|first=Ioannes|authorlink=John Kinnamos|title=Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iJFFvsgNO-QC|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1976|isbn=0231040806}} * {{Cite book|author=Eusebius|authorlink=Eusebius of Caesaria|title=Life of Constantine (Book IV)|publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]]|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.i.html}} * {{Cite book|author=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|authorlink=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|title=Chronicles of the Crusades (translated by Margaret R. Shaw)|url=http://books.google.com/?id=c2kUYwCVYTAC|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1963|isbn=0140441247|chapter=The Conquest of Constantinople}} * {{Cite book|author=Innocentius III|authorlink=Innocent III|title=Die Register Innocenz' III. 5: 5. Pontifikatsjahr, 1202/1203, Texte|editor=Othmar Hageneder, Christoph Egger, Karl Rudolf, and Andrea Sommerlechner|publisher=Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom|location=Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|year=1993}} * {{Cite book|author=Innocent III|title=Die Register Innocenz' III. 6: 6. Pontifikatsjahr, 1202/1203, Texte|editor=Othmar Hageneder, John C. Moore Andrea Sommerlechner, Christoph Egger and Herwig Weigl|publisher=Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom|location=Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|year=1995}} * {{Cite book|last=Komnene|first=Anna|authorlink=Anna Komnene|title=[[The Alexiad]] (translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes)|publisher=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|chapter=Books X-XIII|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION|year=1928|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122745/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|author=Procopius|authorlink=Procopius|title=Secret History (translated by H. B. Dewing)|publisher=Loeb Classical Library|year=1935|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Anecdota/home.html}} {{Refend}} === Sumber sèkundèr === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite journal|last=Adena|first=Louise|url=http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium|title=The Enduring Legacy of Byzantium|journal=Clio History Journal|year=2008|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122722/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|first=Agustí|last=Alemany|title=Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation|chapter=Byzantine Sources|publisher=BRILL|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8bZ4c5oZpNAC|isbn=9004114424}} * {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Hélène|last2=Laiou|first2=Angeliki E.|author1-link=Helene Ahrweiler|author2-link=Angeliki Laiou|title=Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire|chapter=Preface|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ohFJD_QT3E8C|isbn=0884022471}} * {{Cite journal|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.|year=1962|title=The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|issn=0070-7546|volume=16|pages=409–411|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0070-7546(1962)16%3C409%3ATHOBSR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0|doi=10.2307/1291170|accessdate=2007-05-27|jstor=10.2307/1291170|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University}} * {{Cite journal|last=Angelov|first=Dimiter G.|date=February 2001|title=The Making of Byzantinism|pages=1–10|url=http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/kokkalis/GSW1/GSW1/01%20Angelov.pdf#cooliris|accessdate=2007-06-07}} * {{Cite book|last=Angold|first=Michael|title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wWEbAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Longman|year=1997|isbn=9780582294684}} * {{Cite journal|last=Antonucci|first=Michael|date=February 1993|title=War by Other Means: The Legacy of Byzantium|journal=History Today|volume=43|issue=2|pages=11–13|issn=0018-2753|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4706/is_199302/ai_n17277331|accessdate=2007-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061518/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4706/is_199302/ai_n17277331|archivedate=2007-12-25|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Sophocles|first=Evangelinus Apostolides|title=Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag|year=1992|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0_DfQgAACAAJ|isbn=3487057654}} * {{Cite journal|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|year=1912|title=The Restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem|doi=10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=27|issue=106|issn=0013-8266|pages=287–299}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Baynes|first=Spencer|title=Vlachs|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature, Science, History, Geography, Commerce, Biography, Discovery, and Invention|publisher=The Werner Company|year=1907|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nAwEAAAAYAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Beaton|first=Roderick|title=The Medieval Greek Romance|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=0415120322|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-90ewuAkZUsC|page=10}} * {{Cite book|last=Beckwith|first=John|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Art|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1986|isbn=0300052960|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1kSpN3Kfgc0C}} * {{Cite book|last=Benz|first=Ernst|year=1963|title=The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Q5Z_evECb1UC|publisher=Aldine Transaction|isbn=9780202362984}} ([http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum02.htm Excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621225400/http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum02.htm |date=2012-06-21 }}) * {{Cite book|last=Birkenmeier|first=John W.|title=The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180|url=http://books.google.com/?id=p8OOoGWRC2EC|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2002|isbn=9004117105|chapter=The Campaigns of Manuel I Komnenos}} * {{Cite book|last=Bray|first=R. S.|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=djPWGnvBm08C|publisher=James Clarke & Co|year=2004|isbn=022717240X|chapter=Justinian's Plague}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|title=The Byzantine Empire|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qp8ocRg7r2sC|publisher=The Catholic University of America Press|year=1992|isbn=0813207541}} * {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|title=Studies in History and Jurisprudence|publisher=H. Frowde|year=1901|chapter=Roman and British Empires|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZGouAAAAIAAJ|isbn=1402190468}} * {{Cite book|last=Brooke|first=Zachary Nugent|title=A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XcbFtlCfc4kC|publisher=Read Books|year=2008|isbn=1443740705|chapter=East and West:1155–1198}} * {{Cite book|last=Bury|first=John Bagnall|authorlink=J. B. Bury|title=History of the Later Roman Empire|publisher=Macmillan & Co|year=1923|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html|isbn=0790545446}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|last2=Philotheus|title=The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century: With a Revised Text of Kletorologion of Philotheos|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZoBDAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Pub. for the British academy by H. Frowde|year=1911}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Art|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Literature|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03113a.htm|year=1908}} * {{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages: Abaza to Kurdish|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w6ena61S_tAC|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0415202965}} * {{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Averil|year=1979|title=Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium|doi=10.1093/past/84.1.3|journal=Past and Present|volume=84|page=3}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantine and Islamic Early Near East I: Problems in the Literary Source Material|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A1ltAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Darwin Press|editor=Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad|chapter=New Themes and Styles in Greek Literature, 7th and 8th Centuries|isbn=0878500804}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby|chapter=The Vandal Conquest and Vandal Rule (A.D. 429–534)|isbn=0521325919}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantines|url=http://books.google.bg/books?id=59c6PSa5JCAC|location=Athens|publisher=Psychogios Publications|year=2009|language=Greek [translated from the original by Giorgos Tzimas]|isbn=978-960-453-529-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Chrysos|first=Evangelos|title=Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990 (Society for the Promotion of Byzant)|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XUhoAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Variorum|isbn=0860783383|editor=Jonathan Shepard, Simon Franklin|chapter=Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 300–800: Means and End}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ciesniewski|first=Christine|title=The Byzantine Achievement|journal=Clio History Journal|url=http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement|year=2006|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122728/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=H. Floris|title=The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wu8b2NAqnb0C|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|isbn=0226112802|chapter=The Emergence of Early Modern Science}} * {{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Europe|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198201710|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC|chapter=The Birth of Europe}} * {{Cite journal|last=Day|first=Gerald W.|title=Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=37|issue=2|pages=289–301|doi=10.1017/S0022050700096947|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0507(197706)37:2%3C289:MATGAR%3E2.0.CO;2-W|accessdate=2007-09-22|date=June 1977}} * {{Cite book|last=Dennis|first=George T.|title=Three Byzantine Military Treatises (Volume 9)|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Research Library and Collection|year=1985|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v0loAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/07305/medmm.htm|title=Mathematics Through the Middle Ages (320–1660 AD)|accessdate=2008-04-01|last=Dickson|first=Paul|work=Medieval Mathematics|publisher=University of South Ostrali|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513152720/http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/07305/medmm.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|last=Diehl|first=Charles|title=Manuel I Comnenus (AD 1143–1180)|url=http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/diel.html|work=Byzantium, An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|publisher=Myriobiblos&nbsp;— Library|accessdate=2007-05-18}} * {{Cite book|last=El-Cheikh|first=Nadia Maria|title=Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QC03pKNpfaoC|publisher=Harvard CMES|year=2004|isbn=0932885306}} * {{Cite book|last=Esler|first=Philip Francis|title=The Early Christian World|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ypGHPwAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415333121|chapter=Constantine and the Empire}} * {{Cite web|last=Evans|first=James Allan|title=Justinian (AD 527–565)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-05-19|archive-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205190521/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|last=Fenner|first=Julian|title=To What Extent Were Economic Factors to Blame for the Deterioration of the Roman Empire in the Third Century A.D?|url=http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-018.html|publisher=The Romans|accessdate=2007-05-25|archive-date=2008-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618014226/http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-018.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Fomenko|first=Anatoly T.|title=History: Fiction or Science?: Chronology, Issue 1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ewC7PwAACAAJ|publisher=Mithec|year=2005|isbn=9782913621053}} * {{Cite journal|last=Foss|first=Clive|year=1975|title=The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=90|pages=721–747|doi=10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721}} * {{Cite book|last1=Fossier|first1=Robert|last2=Sondheimer|first2=Janet|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages|url=http://books.google.com/?id=DvZbOBavZNgC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=0521266440}} * {{Cite book|last1=Fouracre|first1=Paul|last2=Gerberding|first2=Richard A.|title=Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640-720|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|year=1996|isbn=0719047919|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uifpAAAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Gabriel|first=Richard A.|year=2002|title=The Great Armies of Antiquity|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y1ngxn_xTOIC|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0275978095}} * {{Cite book|last=Garland|first=Lynda|year=1999|title=Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204|url=http://books.google.com/?id=AEy280AH9KQC|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415146887}} * {{Cite book|last=Garland|first=Linda|title=Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200|year=2006|isbn=075465737X|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|chapter=Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene's Alexiad}} * {{Cite book|last=Gibbon|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Gibbon|title=The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Volumes II, III, and IX)|editor=J. B. Bury (with an Introduction by W. E. H. Lecky)|location=New York|publisher=Fred de Fau and Co.|year=1906|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Set.php?recordID=0214#vol01|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122852/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Set.php?recordID=0214#vol01|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Grabar|first=André|title=L'iconoclasme Byzantin: le dossier archéologique|url=http://books.google.com/?id=E85vPQAACAAJ|publisher=Flammarion|year=1984|isbn=2080816349}} * {{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=Philip|title=Byzantine Coinage|year=1999|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|url=http://www.doaks.org/byzcoins.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000204/http://www.doaks.org/byzcoins.pdf|archivedate=2007-09-27|isbn=0884022749|format=PDF|access-date=2016-09-07|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Gross|first=Feliks|title=Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth and Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I6wM4X9UQ8QC|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313309329}} * {{Cite book|last=Gutas|first=Dimitri|title=Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement|year=1998|isbn=0415061326|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jKPhL5HVVQ8C|publisher=Routledge|location=London}} * {{Cite book|last1=Hacikyan|first1=Agop Jack|last2=Basmajian|first2=Gabriel|last3=Franchuk|first3=Edward S.|last4=Ouzounian|first4=Nourhan|title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Sixth to the Eighteenth Century|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2002|isbn=0814330231|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2gZzD0N9Id8C}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium: A History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eycjAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Tempus|year=2002|isbn=140513240X}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|isbn=052131917X}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium at War 600–1453|url=http://books.google.com/?id=TvJSjCsqn54C|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2003|isbn=0415968615}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East VI: Elites Old and New in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East|year=2004|publisher=Darwin Press|editor=John Haldon and Lawrence I. Conrad|chapter=The Fate of the Late Roman Senatorial Elite: Extinction or Transformation?|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ylptAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0878501444}} * {{Cite web|last=Halsall|first=Paul|title=East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E.|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html|publisher=Fordham University|year=2006|accessdate=2007-04-15|archive-date=2014-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910050947/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Jonathan|title=Byzantium and the Crusades|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oK9mAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Hambledon and London|year=2003|isbn=1852852984}} * {{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Alan|title=Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wjnea3qdPx8C|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0521521904}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios|language=Greek|year=1952}} * {{Cite book|last=Herrin|first=Judith|title=Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9fRpAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2008|isbn=0691131511}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26400/history-of-Greece}} * {{Cite book|author=Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou|title=Balkan Studies: Biannual Publication of the Institute for Balkan Studies, Volume 14|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5G08AAAAIAAJ|publisher=The Institute|location=Thessalonikē, Greece|year=1973}} * {{Cite book|last=Hindley|first=Geoffrey|title=A Brief History of the Crusades|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_Z8fNAAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=9781841197661}} * {{Cite web|title=The Byzantine Empire|last=Hooker|first=Richard|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM|accessdate=2007-06-07|archive-date=2007-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626214253/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=Liz|title=A Companion to Byzantium|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2010|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d1Mt-t-bgzoC|isbn=140512654X}} * {{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly|title=Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071|url=http://books.google.com/?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1987|isbn=0802066674|edition=Heraclius}} * {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Arnold Hugh Martin|title=The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=IiLtO4ZvTdEC|year=1986|isbn=0801833531}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=John II Komnenos|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}} * {{Cite book|last=Kaegi|first=Walter Emil|title=Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge|isbn=0521814596}} * {{Cite book|last=Kaldellis|first=Anthony|title=Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521876885|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iWs0Lh57NvwC}} * {{Cite journal|last=Karlin-Heyer|first=P.|date=February 1967|title=When Military Affairs Were in Leo's Hands|journal=Tradition|volume=23|pages=15–40|jstor=27830825}} * {{Cite book|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|title=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780195046526}} * {{Cite book|last=Kean|first=Roger Michael|title=Forgotten Power: Byzantium: Bulwark of Christianity|url=http://books.google.com/?id=gq_VNwAACAAJ|publisher=Thalamus|year=2006|isbn=1902886070}} * {{Cite journal|title=Reviews: ''The Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades, Volume I: The Zij al-Ala'i'' by Gregory Chioniades, David Pingree; ''An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy'' by Alexander Jones|first=David A.|last=King|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=82|issue=1|date=March 1991|pages=116–118|doi=10.1086/355661}} * {{Cite book|last=Kitzinger|first=Ernst|title=The Art of Byzantium and the Medieval West: Selected Studies|url=http://books.google.com/?id=r6GfAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Indiana University|editor=W. E. Kleinbauer|chapter=Byzantine Art in the Period between Justinian and Iconoclasm|isbn=0253310555}} * {{Cite book|last=Kountoura-Galake|first=Eleonora|title=The Byzantine Clergy and the Society of "Dark Ages"|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RSFoQgAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Institute of Byzantine Research|isbn=9789607094469|language=Greek}} * {{Cite book|last=Laiou|first=Angeliki E.|authorlink=Angeliki Laiou|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)|year=2002|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB36.pdf|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2011-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608021424/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB36.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Laiou|first=Angeliki E.|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1)|year=2002|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Writing the Economic History of Byzantium|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218231151/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lapidge|first1=Michael|last2=Blair|first2=John|last3=Keynes|first3=Simon|url=http://books.google.com/?id=f65VUNvxQjkC|title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England|year=1998|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=0631224920}} * {{Cite book|last=Louth|first=Andrew|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History (Volume I)|editor=Paul Fouracre and Rosamond McKitterick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0521362911|chapter=The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century}} * {{Cite web|title=The Seljuqs of Rum|last=Lowe|first=Steven|author2=Baker, Martin|url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm|accessdate=2007-07-09|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm&date=2007-07-22+04:56:02|archivedate=2007-07-22}} * {{Cite book|last=Madden|first=Thomas F.|authorlink=Thomas Madden|title=Crusades: The Illustrated History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5eudAAAACAAJ|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2005|isbn=0472031279}} * {{Cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)|year=2002|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB20.pdf|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2010-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709233539/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB20.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|title=The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0cWZvqp7q18C|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0521526531}} * {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|authorlink=Cyril Mango|title=Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oz1KPgAACAAJ|publisher=Phoenix Press|year=2005|isbn=1898800448}} * {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|authorlink=Cyril Mango|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Z6-kHUyyUIsC|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0198140983}} * {{Cite web|title=The Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure?|last=Markham|first=Paul|url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/markham.htm|accessdate=2007-05-19|archive-date=2007-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513082203/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/markham.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Matschke|first=Klaus-Peter|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)|year=2002|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB37.pdf|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2010-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709232944/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB37.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=McDonnell|first=Myles Anthony|title=Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=Hellenization and Arete: Semantic Borrowing|url=http://books.google.com/?id=v2vefi2_ojYC|isbn=9780521827881}} * {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|authorlink=John Meyendorff|title=The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9HQ3YU9SAG8C|year=1982|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0913836907}} * {{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Fergus|title=A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Q9ViwFWgyBYC|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=0520247035}} * {{Cite book|last=Moravcsik|first=Gyula|url=http://books.google.com/?id=URm4AAAAIAAJ|title=Byzantium and the Magyars|year=1970|publisher=Hakkert}} * {{Cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2MqfUsMiDbYC|year=2003|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=0754621146|chapter=The Dominate}} * {{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Geoffrey S.|title=Roman Emperors: Theodosius II|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm|accessdate=2007-01-10|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123203/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B.|date=August 2006|title=Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary|journal=Millennium: Journal of International Studies|volume=34|issue=3|pages=865–888|issn=1569-2981|url=http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2005/20051200_cli_paper_dip_issue102.pdf|accessdate=2007-05-21|format=PDF|archive-date=2007-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614070842/http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2005/20051200_cli_paper_dip_issue102.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Neubecker|first=Ottfried|title=Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning|url=http://books.google.com/?id=OMewHAAACAAJ|publisher=Time Warner Books UK|year=1997|isbn=0316641413}} * {{Cite book|last=Neville|first=Leonora Alice|title=Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100|url=http://books.google.com/?id=58NZP7t7mzMC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|chapter=Imperial Administration and Byzantine Political Culture|isbn=0521838657}} * {{Cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=0521439914}} * {{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=A Short History of Byzantium|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5rOePwAACAAJ|publisher=Penguin|year=1998|isbn=9780140259605}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Obolensky|first=Dimitri|authorlink=Dimitri Obolensky|title=Byzantium and the Slavs|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jv6jcwjW9WUC|year=1994|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=088141008X|chapter=The Principles and Methods of Byzantine Diplomacy}} * {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=Georg|authorlink=George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky|title=History of the Byzantine State|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PjMts15kLz0C|publisher=New Brunswick (NJ)|year=1969|isbn=0813511984}} * {{Cite book|last1=Paparrigopoulos|first1=Constantine|authorlink=Constantine Paparrigopoulos|last2=Karolidis|first2=Pavlos|title=History of the Hellenic Nation (Volume Db)|publisher=Eleftheroudakis|language=Greek|year=1925}} * {{Cite book|last=Parry|first=Kenneth|title=Depicting the Word: Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BFrjJ7nMQmwC|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1996|isbn=9004105026|chapter=Historical Introduction}} * {{Cite book|last1=Postan|first1=Michael Moïssey|last2=Miller|first2=Edward|last3=Postan|first3=Cynthia|title=The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume 2)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1987|isbn=0521087090|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nDwp8n62nTwC}} * {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Piers Paul|authorlink=Piers Paul Read|title=The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades|url=http://books.google.com/?id=M2CBuWV_8g4C|publisher=Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=0312266588}} * {{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor=Cyril Mango|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Z6-kHUyyUIsC|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0198140983|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)}} * {{Cite book|last=Robins|first=Robert Henry|title=The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hTZHbNmFfpsC|year=1993|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110135744}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=d1LGB7u5iD0C|year=1982|isbn=0521289262|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=The Bogomils}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BAzntP0lg58C|year=1990|isbn=0521398320|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Last Byzantine Renaissance|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I52YPQAACAAJ|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge, England|year=1970|isbn=0521077877}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Herbert J.|title=The College Student's Introduction to Theology|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o6lCBkY2zs4C|year=1993|isbn=0814658415|publisher=Liturgical Press|chapter=The Church in History|editors=Christopher Key Chapple and Thomas P. Rausch}} * {{Cite web|last=Saramandru|first=Nicolae|title=Torna, Torna Fratre|url=http://www.ear.ro/3brevist/rv8/art14.pdf|publisher=Editura Academiei Române|language=Romanian|accessdate=2007-04-25|format=PDF|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044931/http://www.ear.ro/3brevist/rv8/art14.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1994|isbn=0295972904|chapter=Foreign Affairs}} * {{Cite book|last=Seeck|first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berlin, Germany|publisher=Apud Weidmannos|year=1876}} * {{Cite book|last=Seton-Watson|first=Hugh|title=The Russian Empire, 1801–1917|url=http://books.google.com/?id=40KbWNve4XkC|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1967|isbn=0198221525|chapter=The Church}} * {{Cite journal|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=The Iranian factor in Byzantium during the reign of Heraclius|year=1972|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=26|pages=293–320|doi=10.2307/1291324|url=http://jstor.org/stable/1291324|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University}} * {{Cite book|last=Shopen|first=Timothy|title=Languages and Their Status|url=http://books.google.com/?id=zIJu4xAFcIwC|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1987|isbn=0812212495}} * {{Cite book|last=Speck|first=Paul|title=Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4)|year=1984|publisher=Rudolf Halbelt|chapter=Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance|pages=175–210}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=John II Komnenos (AD 1118–1143)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-05-18|archive-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929180453/http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=Manuel I Komnenos (AD 1143–1180)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-02-05|archive-date=2003-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005080832/http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Siege of Zara|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Concise|url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9383275/Siege-of-Zara|accessdate=2007-05-18|archive-date=2007-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706062040/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9383275/Siege-of-Zara|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tarasov|first1=Oleg|last2=Milner-Gulland|first2=R. R.|title=Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Oy_TVfi47gcC|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2004|isbn=1861891180}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=Byzantine Philosophy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lPzcOwnCgVIC|year=2003|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=0872205630}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u-BrQgAACAAJ|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0804724202|chapter=The Army and the State}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=0804726302}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KZ6gPwAACAAJ|year=1991|isbn=0804718962}} * {{Cite book|last=Troianos|first=Spyros|last2=Velissaropoulou-Karakosta|first2=Julia|title=History of Law|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Fo2AAAACAAJ|publisher=Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9602325941|chapter=Byzantine Law}} * {{Cite book|last=University of Chile: Center of Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies|title=Bizantion Nea Hellas (Issue 2)|publisher=University Press|year=1971|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=73ViAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Vasiliev|first=Alexander Alexandrovich|authorlink=Alexander Vasiliev|title=History of the Byzantine Empire|year=1928–1935|url=http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0832.HTM|chapter=Byzantium and the Crusades|isbn=0299809250}} * {{Cite book|last=Versteegh|first=Cornelis H. M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-4MeAAAAIAAJ|isbn=9004048553|chapter=The First Contact with Greek Grammar|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden}} * {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cVet6ieBFv8C|year=1993|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0275940349|chapter=Jerusalem 1099}} * {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=H. G.|authorlink=H. G. Wells|title=A Short History of the World|publisher=Macmillan|year=1922|location=New York, New York|isbn=0064926745}} * {{Cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000|publisher=Viking|year=2009|isbn=0670020982|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LKq_PQAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Stephen|last2=Friell|first2=Gerard|last3=Friell|first3=John Gerard Paul|title=The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century|url=http://books.google.com/?id=tGLN47tfT4UC|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415154030|chapter=Jerusalem 1099}} * {{Cite book|last1=Winnifrith|first1=Tom|last2=Murray|first2=Penelope|title=Greece Old and New|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1JgcAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0333278364}} * {{Cite book|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum|year=1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|url=http://books.google.com/?id=AmoCAAAAYAAJ|isbn=1402189540}} {{Refend}} == Bacaan lanjut == <div class="references-small"> * {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Helene|title=Les Europeens|publisher=Herman|location=Paris|year=2000}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era|year=2001|isbn=0752417959|publisher=Tempus Publishing|location=Stroud}} * {{Cite book|last=Hussey|first=J. M.|title=The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV&nbsp;— The Byzantine Empire Part I, Byzantium and its Neighbors|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1966}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=Byzantine Civilisation|publisher=Edward Arnold (Publishers)|year=1966|isbn=1566195748}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign|publisher=University Press (Cambridge)|year=1990|isbn=0521061644}} * {{Cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold J.|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1972|id=ISBN 0-19-215253-X|isbn=019215253X}} </div> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Byzantine Empire|Kakaisaran Byzantium}} === Studi, sumber, lan bibliografi Byzantium === * Adena, L. "[http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium The Enduring Legacy of Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122722/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium |date=2020-04-13 }}", ''Clio History Journal'', 2008. * Ciesniewski, C. "[http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement The Byzantine Achievement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122728/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement |date=2020-04-13 }}", ''Clio History Journal'', 2006. * Fox, Clinton R. [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Ensiklopedia Kaisar-kaisar Romawi Daring)] * [http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Cambridge/IV/Eastern-Door.html The Cambridge Medieval History (IV) The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205009/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Cambridge/IV/Eastern-Door.html |date=2010-11-27 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html Halaman studi Bizantium] di [[Dumbarton Oaks]]. Meliputi pranala ke beberapa tèks elektronik. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ Byzantium: Byzantine Studies on the Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ |date=2014-10-08 }}. Pranala ke berbagai sumber daring. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021021181126/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html Translated Excerpts from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700-1204]. Sumber daring. * [http://www.deremilitari.org/ De Re Militari]. Sumber-sumber untuk sajarah abad pertengahan, meliputi beberapa sumber pertalan mengenai peperangan Bizantium. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html |date=2014-08-14 }}. Beberapa sumber primer mengenai sajarah Romawi Timur. * [http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/ Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life]. Di''host'' olèh [[Universitas Wina]]; dalam bahasa Inggris. * [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp Constantinople Home Page]. Pranala ke tèks, gambar, dan video tentang Bizantium. * [http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality Bizantium di Krimea: Sejarah Politik, Seni, dan Budaya]. * [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/ Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences] === Liyané === * [http://www.romanemperors.org/startup.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis]. Biografi ilmiah kaisar-kaisar Bizantium. * [http://rutube.ru/tracks/639717.html?v=8a96fcfe7400898167971e4d057e86a2 Jatuhnya Kekaisaran. Pelajaran Bizantium (2007). (Russian: Гибель империи. Византийский урок)] Film yang menjelaskan mengapa Romawi Timur tiba dari sudut pandang pulitik dan ékonomi, difilemkan olèh Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan. * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Penguasa Bizantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date=2016-07-18 }} olèh Lars Brownworth dari [[The Stony Brook School]]; sesorah audio. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/education/31education.html ulasan NYTimes]. * [http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html 18 abad Kekaisaran Romawi oleh Howard Wiseman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928094312/http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html |date=2009-09-28 }} (Peta-peta Romawi/Bizantium selama keberadaannya) {{Empires}} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Byzantine|*]] 6kbgaemgprqi2gbxv3ibw9x0f6vc8m0 0 92662 1752039 1644253 2026-08-01T15:23:50Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kaisar Romawi''' inggih punika pangrèh [[Kakaisaran Romawi|Romawi]] sadangunipun periode [[Kakaisaran Romawi|kakaisaran]] (dipunwiwiti udakara [[27 SM]]). Bangsa Romawi boten gadhah satunggal istilah tartamtu kanggé kalungguhan punika: gelar [[Basa Latin|latin]] kados ''[[imperator]]'', ''[[Oktavianus|augustus]]'', ''[[Kaisar|caesar]]'' (asal kata ''[[kaisar]]'' salebeting [[Basa Indonesia]]), lan ''[[princeps]]'' saged dipungayutaken dhateng kalungguhan punika. Salebeting praktekipun, kaisar inggih punika panguwaos ingkang inggil wonten Romawi lan panglima ingkang inggil [[legiun]] Romawi. Minangka pamangku kalungguhan [[princeps Senatus]], kaisar saged bikak lan nutup saben wekdal [[senat]], nyusun agenda senat, damel aturan kanggé dipunturuti déning senat, lan kepanggih kaliyan [[duta besar]] asing minangka sesulih senat. Njabat minangka [[pontifex maximus]] damel kaisar dados pemimpin paling inggil keagamaan, paring piyambakipun wewenang kanggé mandhégani sadaya upacara keagamaan, ngresikake kuil, ngatur surya Romawi (nambahake utawi busak dinten manawi dipunbetahaken), milih [[perawan vesta]] lan [[flamine]], mandhégani [[Collegium Pontificum]] (perkumpulan pendeta), lan meringkas dogma agama Romawi. == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{en icon}} [http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm Ensiklopedia mengenai pemimpin Romawi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216225011/http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm |date=2011-02-16 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romeh/html/rulers.html Pemimpin Romawi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019191045/http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romeh/html/rulers.html |date=2021-10-19 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm Kemunduran Romawi] * {{en icon}} [http://www.unrv.com UNRV] * {{en icon}} [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak Hukum Romawi] [[Kategori:Kaisar Romawi| ]] {{sajarah-stub}} 9b3kbtvf11u0iol58s9oc2ua4867y3q 0 93823 1752130 1655288 2026-08-02T08:52:19Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} {{wikify}} [[Gambar:Bioma.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Bioma Tundra]] '''Bioma''' punika kumpulan taneman ing pamanggèan tertentu, lan diciriaken kalèan vegetasi ingkang dominan ing pamanggèan punika.<ref name="bioma1">[http://www.sentra-édukasi.com/2010/04/pengertianpenyusunjinis-peran-ekosistem.html Bioma]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipununduh tanggal 4 November 2012) (diundhuh tanggal 17 Septeber 2012)</ref> Namanipun bioma, biasnipun saking taneman ingkang dominan ing pamanggenan punika. Ing bumi punika wonten 7 macem bioma, inggih punika: tundra, taiga, ara-ara (padang pasir), padang rumput, savana, hutan hujan tropis, lan hutan decidous (palastra). == Bioma Ara-ara dan Setengah Ara-ara == Bioma ara-ara dan setengah ara-ara langkung kadah ing Amérika Utara, Afrika Utara, Australia lan Asia Barat.<ref name="bioma2"/> Ciri-ciri: # Curah hujan langkung cendhèk, + 25&nbsp;cm/taun<ref name="bioma2"/> # Penguapan banyu langkung rikat katimbang presipitasi <ref name="bioma2"/> # Kelembaban udara langkung cendhèk<ref name="bioma2"/> # Bedanipun suhu wanci enjang lan wanci dalu langkung dhuwur (wanci enjang 45 C, lan wanci dalu saged ngantos 0 C) # Lemahipun tandus amargi boten saged nyimpen banyu.<ref name="bioma2"/> == Bioma Padang Rumput == Bioma padang rumput wonten ing pamanggenan tropis sampai ngantos pamanggenan iklim sedang, contohipun Honggari, Ruslan Selatan, Asia Tengah, [[Amérika Kidul|Amérika Selatan]], Australia.<ref name="bioma2"/> Ciri-ciri: # Curah hujan punika 25 – 50&nbsp;cm/taun, ing pamanggenan padang rumput curah hajannya ngantos 100&nbsp;cm/taun.<ref name="bioma2">[http://blog.ub.ac.id/hierra/2011/07/11/macam-macam-bioma-di-dunia/ macam-macam bioma] (dipununduh tanggal 4 November 2012)</ref> # Curah hujan yang relatif cendhèk lan boten teratur. # Babagan makaten njalari porositas lan drainase kurang saé, lan taneman-taneman boten saged mundhut banyu. == Bioma Sabana == Bioma sabana punika padang rumput ingkang diselingi kayu-kayunan. Sabana punika dibedaaken dados kalih, inggih punika: ==== Sabana murni ==== Dipun wastani sabana murni, manawi kayu-kayu ingkang nyusun sabana punika kasusun saking satunggal jinis taneman. ==== Sabana campuran ==== Dipun wasatani sabana campuran manawi kayu-kayu ingkang nyusun sabana punika kasusun saking setunggalwarna-warni jinis taneman. == Bioma Hutan Tropis == Bioma hutan tropis punika bioma ingkang kagunan warna-warni taneman kaliyan kéwan ingkang langkung dhuwur. Kajaba aliran sungai Amazone-Orinaco, Amérika Tengah, laladan [[Asia Kidul-wétan|Asia Tenggara]] lan Papua Nugini, dan lembah Kongo di Afrika. Ciri-ciri: # Curah hujannya dhuwur, lan sami saben taun, inggih punika 200 – 225&nbsp;cm/taun. # Matahari bersinar saben taun. # Owah-owahan suhu saben sasi langkung alit. # Boten wonten bedanipun suhu wanci enjang lan wanci dalu == Hutan Mangsa == Wonten ing pamanggenan hutan tropis. Ciri-ciri: # Kayu-kayu punika tahan saking kekeringan lan kalebu taneman tropofit # Naminipun sami kaliyan nama taneman ingkang dominan # Hutan Lumut Hutan lumut kadah ing pèrèng gunung utawi pagunungan ing ketinggian dhuwuripun batas kondensasi uwab banyu. Dipunwasatani hutan lumut amargi taneman lumut ingkang paling dominan. Lumut punika boten namung ing wewatuan, nanging saged ing kayu-kayu. Hutan lumut punika, boten namung wonten lumut, nanging kayu-kayu ingkang ditutupi kaliyan lumut. Amargi saben dinten jawah, dadosaken kelembapan ingkang dhuwur lan suhu rendan, lan miyosaken embun saben-saben. == Bioma Hutan Gugur (Deciduous Forest) == Ciri khas bioma hutan palastra punika taneman ing musin dingin godong-godongipun merangas. Bioma punika ing [[Amérika Sarékat|Amérikah Sarékat]], Éropa Barat, Asia Timur, lan Chili. Ciri-ciri: # Curah hujan sami saben taun, 75 – 100&nbsp;cm/taun. # Kagungan 4 mangsa: mangsa panas, mangsa dingin, mangsa palastra lan mangsa semi # Warnanipun taneman langkung cendhèk katimbang bioma tropis == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2010/04/pengertianpenyusunjinis-peran-ekosistem.html Bioma]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipununduh tanggal 4 November 2012) * [http://blog.ub.ac.id/hierra/2011/07/11/macam-macam-bioma-di-dunia/ macam-macam bioma] (dipununduh tanggal 4 November 2012) [[Kategori:Ékologi]] rh8009dp92m7iv17wfcojakn4di24gr 0 94329 1752107 1655240 2026-08-02T08:40:58Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 1752107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar: Bella Swann.png|thumb|250px|Issabella Marie Swan]] '''Bella Swan''', utawa jeneng jangkepé Isabella Marie Swan, paraga protagonis saka novèl seri Twilight Saga anggitané Stephenie Meyer. Ing seri filem, Bella diparagakaké déning artis [[Kristen Stewart]]. Ing seri [[Twilight]], Bella pindhah menyang omahé bapaké, ing [[Forks, Washington]]. Ing kéné dhèwèké ketemu karo Édward Cullens ya iku vampire lan nyadhung tresna. Ing pungkasan carita ya iku ing seri Breaking Dawn, Bella nikah karo Édward, duwé anak jenengé Renesmee Cullen. Lan Bella digawé vampire déning Édward nalika Bella sekarat nglairaké Renesmee.<ref name="internet 1">[http://id.wikipedia.org/Bella Swan.htm]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 17 November 2012)</ref> == Twilight == Ing seri novèl iki nyeritakaké yèn Bella Swan sing nembé 17 taun pindhah saka Phoenix, Arizona (omahé ibuné) menyang Forks, Washington (omahé bapaké). Ing kéné, Bella ketemu kanca kelas Biologiné ya iku Édwrad Cullen. Bella pacaran karo Édward. Nanging Jacob ngandhani Bella, yèn Édward iku vampire. Édward ngakoni yèn dhèwèké iku vampire, nanging dhèwèké lan kulawargané iku vampire sing ngombé getih kéwan ora getih manungsa. Tresnané Édward marang Bella ngalahaké rasa ngelak getihé Bella kang kuwat banget tinimbang manubgsa liya. Mula [[James]] vampire sing senengané matèni manungsa, kepéngèn ngombé getihé Bella. Sinanosa Bella wis nganti dicokot tangané déning James, nanging Édward bisa nylametaké nyawané Bella.<ref name="internet 2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/Bella Swan.htm](dipunundhuh tanggal 17 November 2012)</ref> == New Moon == Bella ulang taun kang kaping 18, dhèwèké ngimpi yèn Bella luwih tuwa tinimbang Édward. Édward ngajak Bella menyang omah kulawargané kanggo ngrayakaké ulang tauné. Nalika Bella ora sengaja drijiné kepiris, Jasper sing ngambu getihé Bella, langsung péngin nyerang Bella. Édward langsung sadhar yèn dhèwèké lan kulawargané bisa mbahayakaké nyawané Bella. Mula Édward lan kulawargané lunga meneng - meneng. Bella, rumangsa kelangan lan depresi nganti pirang - pirang sasi. Bella mara ing timundak sing bisa nggawé dhèwèké cilaka supaya dhèwèké bisa krungu suwarané Édward. Bella mara ing alas, ing ana [[Laurent]] anak buahé Victoria (pacaré James). Dumadakan ana srenggala kang gédhé banget kang nylamataké nyawané Bella. Jebul Jacob uga éwoning manungsa srenggala mau. Kanggo krungu swarané Édward, Bella nyemplung ing jurang nganti arep kelem, nanging Jacob nyelametaké Bella. Édward dikabari Rasalie kabar sing salah ya iku Bella mati lampus dhiri. Mula Édward péngin lampus dhiri sisan ya iku kanthi ngetokaké awaké ing manungsa supaya dieksekusi déning [[Volturi]]. Nanging Bella bisa nyegah amarga dibantu déning Alice. Volturi péngin matèni Bella, amarga Bella kadhung weruh akèh babagan [[vampir]]. Nanging Alice ngomong yèn bakalé Bella dadi vampir uga. Sakbubaré balik ngomah , mung Rosalie sing ora setuju yèn Bella dadi vampir, Édward gelem ndadèkaké bella vampir yèn dhèwèké nikah dhisik. == Eclipse == Victoria nyokot Riley Biers kanggo nggawé vampor anyar lan kanggo nyerang Bella Swan. Ing Forks, Bella ngomong marang Édward yèn dhèwèké pengèn malih dadi vampir kaya Édward. Nanging Édward menging, sadurungé dhèwèké nikah, Édward mokal nggawé Bella dadi vampir. Édward isih wedi keselamatané Bella, nanging Jacob mènèhi dalan yèn isih ana klan werewolf kang bisa nglindungi Bella. Bella lunya menyang La Push kanggo ketemu karo Jacob, Jacob sadhar yèn dhèwèké nyadhung trésna marang Bella. Mula Jacob njaluk ambung marang Bella, anaging Bella wegah lan ninju Jacob. Édward ménéhi piweling yèn aja ngambung Bella, kajaba Bella dhéwé sing njaluk. Jacob njaluk sepura marang Bella, lan Bella wis nyepurani. Alice ngandhani yèn vampir - vamir kang lagi kagawé arep nyerang bella, mula kulawarga Cullen lan werewolf padha tulung tinulung lan latihan kanggo perang nglawan vampir kang lagi digawé. Édward lan Bella munggah gunung kanggo ndelik saka vampir kang lagi digawé. Benginé Bella ngrungokaké Jacob lan Édward padha pacelathon yèn wong sakloron padha - padha gethingé. Ésuké, sadurungé Jacob perang nglawan vampir - vampir, Bella njaluk diambung Jacob. Bella sadhar yèn dhèwèké uga nyadhung trésna marang Jacob. Édward weruh, yèn Jacob ngmabung Bella, nanging dhèwèké ora ngamuk, amarga sing njaluk Bella dhéwé, Bella wis ngomong yèn trésnané marang Édward luwih gedhé tinimbang marang Jacob. Nalika Victoria weruh panggonan dhelikané Bella, Édward matèni Victoria, lan Seth matèni Riley. Kulawarga Cullen lan para werewolf padha - padha perang tandhing karo vampir - vampir. Jacob, tangané poklèk, amarga tarung lawan vampir. Anggota Voltury teka, dhèwèké weruh yèn kulawarga Cullen nglindhungi vampir sing nembé lair ya iku Bree Tanner, sing wis nyerah lan ora nglawan Carlisle. Jane, arep golèk informasi ngengingi vampir iki lan ngongkon Felix kanggo matèni vampir mau. Cullen nglindhungi supaya vampir mau ora dipateni. Bella marani Jacob lan ngomong yèn dhèwèké luwih milih Édward. Bella lan Édward lunga menyang papan panggonan racaké (lapangan), yèn dhèwèké duwé pamanggih yèn dhèwèké bakal nikah, saresmi, nembé malih dadi vampir. Kuwi kang bisa nggawé Bella luwih bahagia lan kuwat.<ref name="internet 3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.htm](dipunundhuh tanggal 17 November 2012)</ref> == Breaking Dawn == Bella nikah karo Édward, lan bulan madu ing Isle Esme, salah sawijining pulo ing Brazil. Wong sakloron kaget nalika Bella dumadakan bisa meteng. Mula Édward ngajak [[bali]] Bella kanggo takon marang Carlisle. Édward ngongkon Bella kanggo ngguguraké bayiné amarga bisa nggawé nyawané rancam. Nanging Bella emoh, bayiné nggawé bella sansaya gering nganti Bella kudu ngombé getih manungsa kanggo nyukupi kabutuhan nutrisi bayi kang dikandhut. Wayah nglairaké Bella sekarat, sawisé bayiné lair, Édward nyuntikaké racun vampiré ing jantungé Bella. Nalika prosès malihé bella dadi vampir, Jacob arep maténi bayiné Bella kang dijenengaké Renesmee, Jacob nganggep yèn Renesmee sing nggawé Bella mati. Nanging Jacob malah [[imprint]] marang Renesmee. Sawisé Bella dadi vampir, Irina lapor marang Volturi yèn kulawargaCullens nggawé anak vampir immortal. Bella wis bisa ngendhalèkaké kekuwatané, mula bisa nglindhungi kulawargané saka serangan Volturi. Édward lan bella ngadhep Volturi yèn Renesmee iku dudu anak immortal (abadi)lan ora nganggu kesejahteraané Volturi. Ing pungkasan Édward lan kulawargané urip bahgya selawasé. == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Paraga Novèl]] [[he:איזבלה סוואן]] r9cpk8y1zvd2fokigkh4f353f8qgiwc 0 94690 1752078 1721967 2026-08-02T02:35:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:Optimus Pattaya.jpg|thumb|Representación artística de Optimus Prime en un centro comercial en [[Pattaya]].]] [[Gambar:Optimus Prime patent.png|right|thumb|The original Optimus Prime toy patent design. Art by Hiroyuki Obara.]] [[Gambar:Optimusprimealtmoviemode.jpg|250px|thumb|left|A [[Peterbilt 379]] used in Transformers to portray Optimus Prime's alternate mode.]] [[Gambar:Optimusprime-rotf-leader.jpg|right|thumb|''Revenge of the Fallen'' Leader Class Optimus Prime figure]] [[Gambar:Optimuscartoon.|jpg|right|thumb|200px|Optimus Prime original versi TV 1980-an]] {{infobox Transformers|Optimusg1.jpg|right|thumb|1000px| |name = Optimus Prime |image = Optimus10108pieces.jpg |caption = Optimus Prime film 2007 |affiliation = Autobot |japanname = Convoy |subgroup = Primes<br />Powermaster<br />Action Master<br />Go-Bots<br />Autorollers<br />Voyagers<br />Leaders |function = Autobot Leader |partner = Roller<br />Hi-Q (Powermaster)<br /> Marissa Faireborn (Kiss Player) |motto = ''"Freedom is the right of all sentient beings."'' (Generation 1)<br />''"No sacrifice is too great in the service of freedom."'' (Classics) |alternatemodes = [[Freightliner LLC|Freightliner]] Cab-over-engine Class 8 tractor (Later forms have usually been variants of the original)<br />Cybertronian truck (Various Comics) <br />Cobra Sentry Missile System tank (Devil's Due)<br /> 1920s style truck (Devil's Due)<br />[[Kenworth]] Truck (Combat Hero)<br />Mid'90s [[Western Star]] 4964EX Tanker Truck (Laser Rod)<br />[[Lamborghini Diablo]] (Go-Bot)<br />Dump truck (Autoroller)<br />[[Dodge Ram SRT-10]] (Alternator) |series = Seluruh seri Transformers ([[Jepang]] dan [[Amérika Sarékat]]) }} '''Optimus Prime''' ('''Convoy''' ing versi [[Jepang]]) inggih punika asma kanggé karaktèr [[paraga rékan|rékan]] lan tokoh [[protagonis]] saking serial [[Transformers|The Transformers]].<ref>"Two classic characters, one class brawl: ''Optimus Prime (Transformers: The Game) vs Sweet Tooth (Twisted Metal Series)''," GamePro 235 (April 2008): 24.</ref> piyambakipun punika pemimpin grup [[Autobots]]<ref>http://optimusprime.fansector.com/</ref>. Optimus inggih punika salah satunggaling karakter Transformers ingkang paling dipuntepangi déning masyarakat donya, sasanèsipun [[Megatron]], [[Starscream]], [[Soundwave]], [[Ironhide]], [[Wheeljack]] lan [[Bumblebee]]. == Transformers G1 == === Profil === Optimus Prime inggih punika karakter utama saking sèrial Transformers.<ref>[http://www.tfu.info/1984/Autobot/OptimusPrime/optimusprime.htm Info asli Optimus era 1980-an]</ref> madhégani autobots kanggé ngadhepi sedaya kadurjanan ingkang dipunlampahi déning [[Decepticons]] dalah pemimpinipun, inggih [[Megatron]]. Optimus Prime nglabuhaken piyambakipun kanggé mbélani kabecikan ing [[Cybertron]], bumi, lan ugi alam donya. Piyambakipun kawentar saking tumindakipun ingkang werit lan ugi dipunajèni déning sadaya anggota Autobots, lan sapérangan saking Decepticons. Modhèl alternatip asli Optimus Prime inggih punika truk trailer kanthi mesin ingkang wonten ing salebeting kabin. Ing dhadhanipun sumimpen sawijining [[mustika]] ingkang dipunarani ''[[Autobot Matrix of Leadership]]''<ref>[http://tfwiki.net/wiki/Matrix_of_Leadership Matrix of Leadership], Transformers Wiki, diakses 24 Nop 2012.</ref>, ingkang Optimus Prime warisi saking [[Sentinel Prime]], lan ing samangké kawarisaken dateng [[Rodimus Prime]] sasampunipun Optimus pejah. Sawetara pérangan awak ingkang sanès inggih kontaineripun, saged malih dados sawijining ''mobile battle-station'' , lan ugi sawijining mobil buggy ingkang éstu migunani kanggé nglimpé mlebet ing daerah mengsah ingkang sempit lan kathah bebaya. Sedaya pérangan wau gadhah sesambetan kaliyan awakipun Optimus lan punika boten badhé saged selamat manawi Optimus boten turun tangan sami piyambakipun. Déné kanggé pangisi swanten, Optimus Prime versi basa Inggris kaayahi déning aktor [[Kanada]], [[Peter Cullen]].<ref>http://quotableoptimusprime.blogspot.com/</ref> wondéné ing versi [[basa Jepang]] déning [[Tessho Gendha]] kejawi episode ing season kalih, ''Masquerade'', ingkang kaayahi [[Roger C. Carmel]] dados pengisi swanten versi [[basa Inggris]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viewclips.net/tag/roger-c-carmel/ |title=Roger C. Carmel as Optimus Prime clip |access-date=2012-11-25 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125070428/http://www.viewclips.net/tag/roger-c-carmel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Serial animasi === ==== Season 1 ==== Purwaning cariyos kawiwitan saking 9 yuta taun ingkang kapengker nalikanipun jaman [[Cybertron]], Optimus taksih asma timur Orion Pax, robot taruna ingkang temen, sregep, sarta kapribadhèn nengsemaken. Piyambakipun gadhah sir-siran ingkang sesulih Ariel lan mitra ingkang namanipun Dion. Orion nyataaken menawi kasengsem marang [[Megatron]] lan balanipun, amargi grup Decepticons ngggadhahi kadigdayan rupi miber ing ngakasa. Nanging nalika samanten Megatron nggadhahi gegayuhan badhe ngrebut ènergi saking gudhangipun Orion lan nedhahaken polat kang serik. Orion, Ariel, lan Dion lajeng diperjaya déning Megatron. Tan kadhuga, kelompok [[Aerialbots]] ingkang dipunkintun déning Megatron ing mangsa kapengker manggihi jisimipun Orion lajeng nyobi ngusadani Orion kanthi sowan marang [[Alpha Trion]] lan nyuwun usada. Alpha Trion nolak amargi ing bingkiilipun sampun kamotan kathah bala jurit. Nanging panyuwunipun Aerialbots ingkang estu, lajeng Alpha Trion mutusaken ngrakit malih Orion Pax kanthi wujud énggal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seibertron.com/database/media/cartoon/view.php?cartoon_id=59 |title=Orion Pax=Optimus Prime |access-date=2012-11-25 |archive-date=2009-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172648/http://www.seibertron.com/database/media/cartoon/view.php?cartoon_id=59 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} {{Transformers}} [[Kategori:Karakter Transformers]] [[Kategori:Autobot]] dkpkoeaqgcki7vncllflsq4ywqzwg86 0 95594 1752082 1733621 2026-08-02T03:56:45Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = Papan Anggegana Internasional Jiangbei Chongqing | nativename-a = 重庆江北国际机场 | nativename-r = Chóngqìng Jiāngběi Guójì Jīchǎng | image = Chongqing Airport Dec 2011.jpg | image-width = 250 | image2 = | image2-width = 250 | IATA = CKG | ICAO = ZUCK | type = Public | owner = | operator = | city-served = [[Chongqing]] | location = [[Yubei District]], [[Chongqing]] | hub = <div> *[[China Express Airlines]] *[[China Southern Airlines]] <ref name="cscqhub">{{cite web|title=China Southern Airlines to make Chongqing into aviation hub|url=http://www.china.org.cn/business/2011-05/06/content_22512439.htm|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=2011-05-06|accessdate=2011-10-15}}</ref> *[[Chongqing Airlines]] *[[Sichuan Airlines]] *[[West Air (China)|West Air]] </div> | elevation-f = | elevation-m = 416 | website = | latd = 29 | latm = 43 | lats = 09 | latNS = N | longd=106 | longm= 38 | longs= 30 | longEW= E | coordinates_region = CN-50 | website = <span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.cqa.cn/u/jichang/ http://www.cqa.cn/] </span> | image_map = | image_mapsize = | image_map_caption = | pushpin_map = China | pushpin_label = CKG | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = Location in China | metric-elev = yes | metric-rwy = yes | r1-number = 02L/20R | r1-length-f = | r1-length-m = 3,200 | r1-surface = Beton | r2-number = 02R/20L | r2-length-f = | r2-length-m = 3,600 | r2-surface = [[Beton]] | r3-number = — | r3-length-f = | r3-length-m = 3,800 | r3-surface = Under Construction | footnotes = | stat-year = 2011 | stat1-header = Passengers | stat1-data = 19,051,367 | footnotes = Source: [[China's busiest airports by passenger traffic]] }} '''Papan Anggegana Internasional Jiangbei Chongqing''' ({{zh-all|c=重庆江北国际机场|t=重慶江北國際機場|p=Chóngqìng Jiāngběi Guójì Jīchǎng}}) {{airport codes|CKG|ZUCK}} ya iku sebuah [[papan anggegana internasional]] kang mapan ing [[Chongqing]], [[Republik Rakyat Cina]]. Dibangun nalika Januari 1990 kanggo nggantèni [[Papan Anggegana Baishiyi]] lawas. Papan Anggegana iki pernahé ing Distrik Yubei, 21&nbsp;km kidul saka pusat kutha [[Chongqing]], lan nawaraké jaringan tumuwuh penerbangan langsung marang [[Cina]], [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Timur Tengah]] lan [[Éropah]]. Papan Anggegana Jiangbei kang dadi pusat operasi [[Air China]], [[China Southern Airlines]], [[Chongqing Airlines]], [[Sichuan Airlines]] lan [[West Air (Republik Rakyat Cina)|West Air]] saka [[HNA]]. Saiki, Papan Anggegana Jiangbei duwé rong terminal: Terminal 1 nglayani penerbangan internasional; Terminal 2 nglayani penerbangan domestik. == Sajarah == [[Gambar:CKGatNight SichuanAirlines.jpg|thumb|CKG ing waktu bengi]] [[Gambar:CKG Qatar Airways Landing.jpg|thumb|Pesawat Qatar Airways mendarat ing landasan pacu]] Penerbangan sipil Chongqing dimulai awit 1920-an, lan duwé sajarah punjul 90 taun. Sawisé [[Chongqing Baishiyi Air Base|Papan Anggegana Baishiyi]] nalika taun 1938, Chongqing dadi salah siji saka papat kutha amung ing Cina kang nduwé papan anggegana kang beroperasi. Nalika taun 1950, rute penerbangan papat saka Tianjin, Chengdu, Guangzhou lan Kunming marang Chongqing dadi awal dibukak sawisé ngadegé Republik Rakyat Cina nalika taun 1949. Nanging ing taun 1965, nalika [[Administrasi Penerbangan Sipil China]] ngedegaké salah siji cabang ing [[Sichuan|Provinsi Sichuan]] lan Chongqing Papan Anggegana dadi subjek kanggo iku. Awit iku, pengembangan penerbangan sipil Chongqing wis wiwit mandeg ndadhak, nganti 1990-an.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chongqing Documentary: The Intention of Expanding Baishiyi Airport 44 Years Ago|url=http://cq.qq.com/a/20100201/000769.htm|publisher=Tengxun Media|language=Simplified Chinese|date=2010-02-21|access-date=2012-12-31|archive-date=2012-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425014223/http://cq.qq.com/a/20100201/000769.htm|url-status=dead}}(Kaunduh 1/1/13)</ref> Nalika tanggal 22 Januari 1990, papan anggegana nyar, Jiangbei Papan Anggegana dibuka lan nggantèni Papan Anggegana Baishiyi tuwa. Pengembangan penerbangan sipil diterusaké. Nalika taun 1997, wektu Kota Chongqing dadi [[Munsilpalitas Republik Rakyat Cina|Kota ke-4]] Cina, Administrasi Penerbangan Sipil China ngedegaké cabang ing Chongqing nalika taun kang pada. == Pengembangan == Chongqing Jiangbei Papan Anggegana Internasional saiki iki lagi mengalami ekspansi usaha kang gadhé, kanti ambisi kanggo mikolèh statusé udara hub internasional lan dadi papan anggegana gedhé dhéwé ing Cina barat nalika 2035.<ref name="cqcb">{{cite web|title=江北国际机场四期扩建工程今年底奠基|url=http://www.liangjiang.gov.cn/ljxw/xw_mtjj/201194/20119494254.htm|publisher=Chongqing Morning Paper|language=Simplified Chinese|date=2011-09-04|access-date=2012-12-31|archive-date=2012-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406184500/http://www.liangjiang.gov.cn/ljxw/xw_mtjj/201194/20119494254.htm|url-status=dead}}(Kaunduh 1/1/13)</ref> Sajeroning pirang wulan mengarep, CAPA bakal ninjau kemajuan lan ambisi saingan Chongqing ing Cina barat. saiki, Papan Anggegana Chengdu, kang wis ditinjau déning CAPA minangka péranganing rerangkèn papan anggegana, ya iku kang palig gedhésaka ambisius papan anggegana ing China barat. nanging Chongqing lan Xi'an wis nglaporaké tingkat pertumbuhan paling rikat wektu iki, miturut Lalu Lintas Piranti Papan Anggegana CAPA iku Tolok Ukur.<ref name="cqcb"/> [[gambar:BusyCKG UsualDay.jpg|thumb|left|Aircraft movement is increaing rapidly]] === Rute Internasional Terbaru === Nalika Kota Chongqing dadi [[Masukan dikendalèkaké kotamadya Republik Rakyat Cina|4 kotamadya]] saka [[Republik Rakyat Cina]] nalika taun 1997, Chongqing Jiangbei Papan Anggegana Internasional cilik banget, lan amung duwé rong penerbangan internasional per minggu. Nanging, sawéné 14 taun terakhir, mligi 5 taun terakhir, selot akèh rute internasional diluncuraké. Nalika taun 2010, ana rata-rata punjul 70 penerbangan internasional per minggu an nalika semester pertama taun 2011, jumlah iki mundhak dadi punjul satus. Jumlah iki karepaké bakal selot mundhak dadi 150 nalika taun 2012. Ing biyèné, tujuan internasional Chongqing Jiangbei Papan Anggegana Internasional kabèh éééturu ing Asia Timur lan Tenggara, kalebu Tokyo, Seoul, Hanoi, Singapura, Bangkok, Phuket, Siem Reap, lan sak panunggalé Naing, situasi iki berubah kanti rute anyar [[Qatar Airways]] lan [[Finnair]] kanggo mbukak [[Doha]] lan [[Helsinki]].<ref name="cqdoha">{{cite web|title=QATAR AIRWAYS TO FLY TO CHONGQING IN CHINA|url=http://www.qatarairways.com/global/en/newsroom/archive/PressRelease1_11Aug11.html|publisher=[[Qatar Airways]]|date=2011-08-11}}(Kaunduh 2/1/13)</ref><ref name="cqhelsinki">{{cite web|title=Finnair to open route to Chongqing in China|url=http://www.helsinki-vantaa.fi/more-information/news-archive/press-release/id=6113612/t=finnair-to-open-route-to|publisher=[[Helsinki Airport|Helsinki Vantaa International Airport]]|date=2011-05-07}}(Kaunduh 2/1/13)</ref> Tahun iki, [[Business Air]] nduwé rencana kanggo ngabakaké layanan marang Bangkok-Chongqing-Osaka lan Bangkok Chongqing-Seoul, lan [[mega Maldives]] uga berencana dawakaké penerbangan kanggo Malé-Chongqing-Tokyo, déning migunakaké [[Kebebasan saka udara|Kalima Kebebasan]]. Selanjutéa, [[Ethiopian Airlines]], lan [[Etihad Airways]] duwé kaloro nuduhaké niyat kanggo ngluncuraké penerbangan langsung marang lan saka [[Addis Ababa]] lan [[Abu Dhabi]] sajeroning pira-pira taun mengarep. anyar [[Delta Air Lines]] ngirim wakil marang Chongqing, sajeroning persiapan kanggo rute anyar saka Chongqing marang Amérika Utara.<ref name="cqna">{{cite web|title=空中银翼表 助重庆翱翔天宇|url=http://www.cq.gov.cn/today/news/355444.htm|publisher=Chongqing Municipal People's Government|language=Simplified Chinese|date=2011-10-22|access-date=2013-01-02|archive-date=2012-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401104807/http://www.cq.gov.cn/today/news/355444.htm|url-status=dead}}(Kaunduh 2/1/13)</ref> [[Hainan Airlines]] uga berencana kanggo nglucuraké penerbangan langsung marang [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] lan penerbangan non-stop marangg [[Paris]] ing wektuné.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/204/204563.htmle |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-01-02 |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516114242/https://news.carnoc.com/list/204/204563.htmle |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maskapé Penerbangan == === Penumpang === {{airport-dest-list | 3rdcoltitle = Terminal/<br>Concourse | [[Air Asia]] | '''Musiman''': Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Phuket|1 | [[Air China]] | Beijing-Ibu kutha, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Hefei, Jinan, Lhasa, Nanjing, Qingdao, Sanya, Shanghai-Pudong, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Urumqi, Wenzhou, Xiamen, Xi'an |2B | Air China | Hong Kong, Nagoya-Centrair, Osaka-Kansai, Phuket, Seoul-Incheon, Singapura, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita |1 | [[Air Macau]] | Macau |1 | [[Asiana Airlines]] | Seoul-Incheon |1 | [[Business Air]] | '''Carter''': Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Phuket |1 | [[Chengdu Airlines]] | Beihai |2A | [[China Airlines]] | Kaohsiung, Taichung |1 | [[China Eastern Airlines]] | Changsha, Changzhou, Hefei, Huai'an, Jinan, Kunming, Liuzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Quanzhou/Jinjiang, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Wanzhou, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Wuxi, Xi'an |2B | [[China Express Airlines]] | Baise, Changzhi, Dalian, Datong, Dongying, Guiyang, Handan, Jining, Luoyang, Nanning, Nantong, Ordos, Qianjiang, Taiyuan, Tongliao, Weifang, Wuhan, Wuzhou, Xichang, Zhuhai |2B | [[China Southern Airlines]] | Beijing-Ibu kutha, Changsha, Changchun, Changsha, Dali, Dalian, Diqing, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Hangzhou, Harbin, Haikou, Jiuzhaigou, Kunming, Lhasa, Lijiang, Nanchang, Nanning, Nyingchi, Sanya, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong, Shantou, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Taiyuan, Tengchong, Urumqi, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xishuangbanna, Yiwu, Zhengzhou, Zhuhai |2A | [[China United Airlines]] | Beijing-Nanyuan |2B | [[Chongqing Airlines]] | Beijing-Ibu kutha, Changsha, Dali, Diqing, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Hangzhou, Jiuzhaigou, Kunming, Lijiang, Nanchang, Nanjing, Sanya, Shanghai-Pudong, Shenzhen, Sipsongpanna, Tengchong, Wenzhou, Wuhan |2A | [[Deer Air]] | Guangzhou, Haikou, Sanya |2A | [[Dragonair]] | Hong Kong |1 | [[Finnair]] | Helsinki |1 | [[Hainan Airlines]] | Beijing-Ibu kutha, Changsha, Changchun, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Haikou, Hangzhou, Jinan, Kunming, Lanzhou, Lijiang, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Sanya, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Urumqi, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xishuangbanna, Yan'an, Zhangjiajie, Zhengzhou, Zhuhai |2A | [[Hebei Airlines]] | Nanning, Shijiazhuang |2B | [[Hong Kong Airlines]] | Hong Kong |1 | [[Hong Kong Express Airways]] | Hong Kong |1 | [[Juneyao Airlines]] | Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong |2B | [[Kunming Airlines]] | Huangyan, Kunming, Taizhou |2B | [[Lucky Air]] | Lijiang, Kunming, Xuzhou |2B | [[Malaysia Airlines]] | '''Carter''': Kuala Lumpur |1 | [[Mega Maldives]] | Gan, Malé |1 | [[Okay Airways]] | Changsha, Taiyuan, Tianjin |2B | [[Orient Thai Airlines]] | '''Carter''': Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi |1 | [[Qatar Airways]] | Doha |1 | [[Shandong Airlines]] | Guiyang, Harbin, Jinan, Kunming, Nanjing, Qingdao, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Yantai, Zhengzhou |2B | [[Shanghai Airlines]] | Huangshan, Shanghai-Hongqiao |2B | [[Shenzhen Airlines]] | Dalian, Nanjing, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Taizhou, Urumqi, Wuxi, Zhengzhou |2B | [[Sichuan Airlines]] | Beijing-Ibu kutha, Changchun, Changsha, Changzhou, Chengdu, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Haikou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Hefei, Hohhot, Jinan, Jinjiang, Jiuzhaigou, Kangding, Kunming, Lanzhou, Lhasa, Lijiang City, Mianyang, Nanchang, Nanjing, Nanning, Ningbo, Panzhihua, Quanzhou/Jinjiang, Sanya, Shanghai-Pudong, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Taiyuan, Tianjin, Urumqi, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Wuxi, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xichang, Xining, Xuzhou, Yichang, Yinchuan, Zhangjiajie, Zhengzhou |2A | [[Sichuan Airlines]] | Hanoi, Phuket, Taipei-Songshan |1 | [[SilkAir]] | Singapura |1 | [[Spring Airlines]] | Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong, Shijiazhuang |2B | [[Tianjin Airlines]] | Nanning, Tianjin, Yinchuan, Yuncheng |2A | [[Tibet Airlines]] | Haikou, Lhasa, Nyingchi, Zhengzhou |2B | [[Tonlesap Airlines]] | '''Musiman''': Siem Reap |1 | [[TransAsia Airways]] | Taipei-Songshan |1 | [[Uni Air]] | Taipei-Taoyuan |1 | [[Vietnam Airlines]] | '''Carter''': Hanoi |1 | [[West Air (Republik Rakyat Cina)|West Air]] | Changsha, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Haikou, Jinan, Kunming, Lijiang, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Sanya, Tianjin, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xishuangbanna, Zhangjiajie, Zhengzhou, Zhuhai |2A | [[Xiamen Airlines]] | Changsha, Fuzhou, Guilin, Hangzhou, Lijiang, Nanchang, Quanzhou, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an |2B }} === Kargo === {{airport-dest-list |[[Air China Cargo]]|Chennai, Luxembourg, Shanghai-Pudong <br>'''Carter:''' Chicago-O'Hare<ref>[http://news.ifeng.com/mil/air/hkxw/detail_2011_07/02/7397291_0.shtml 国货航成功执行重庆第一班至北美货运包机]</ref> |[[Cathay Pacific]]|Hong Kong |[[China Airlines]]|Taipei-Taoyuan<ref>{{cite web|title=华航11月2日开通“高雄——重庆”直航航线,11月4日起将增辟台北（桃园）——重庆货运航线|url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/204/204473.html|publisher=民航资源网|language=Cina|date=2011-11-02|accessdate=2011-11-02|archive-date=2023-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126165619/http://news.carnoc.com/list/204/204473.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[China Southern]]|Amsterdam<ref>{{cite web|title=China Southern Launches the First Regular International Freighter Service of Chongqing|url=http://www.csair.cn/_layouts/GroupPortal2010en/pages/newsdetail.aspx?itemid=75&ListName=News|publisher=[[China Southern Airlines]]|language=Inggris|date=2011-09-23|accessdate=2011-10-15|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329135732/http://www.csair.cn/_layouts/GroupPortal2010en/pages/newsdetail.aspx?itemid=75&ListName=News|url-status=dead}}</ref> , Shanghai-Pudong |[[China Eastern]]|Dhaka, Shanghai-Pudong<ref>http://caac.people.com.cn/GB/114110/8772652.html{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |[[Emirates SkyCargo]]|'''Carter:''' Dubai |[[EVA Air]]|Taipei-Taoyuan |[[Jade Cargo International]]|Amsterdam, Brescia, Dubai, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Wina<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/news/2009-09/15/content_17702560.htm |title=重庆机场首开欧洲国际货运航线 |access-date=2012-12-31 |archive-date=2012-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404122423/http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/news/2009-09/15/content_17702560.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[Shenzhen Donghai Airlines]]|Hong Kong |[[Singapore Airlines Cargo]]|Bengaluru, Dhaka, Kolkata, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapura<ref>{{cite web|title=重庆机场冬春季货运航线将达13条以上|url=http://www.cah.com.cn/news.php?id=4912|publisher=[[China Southern Airlines]]|language=Cina|date=2011-11-03|accessdate=2011-11-03|archive-date=2012-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132755/http://www.cah.com.cn/news.php?id=4912|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[TNT Airways]]|Liege, Shanghai-Pudong |[[Yangtze River Express]]|Guangzhou, Luxembourg, Moskwa, Shanghai-Pudong, Taipei-Taoyuan }} == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist|35em}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.cqa.cn/u/jichang/ Papan Anggegana Internasional Jiangbei Chongqing] {{zh icon}} * {{WAD|ZUCK}} {{Papan anggegana di Republik Rakyat Cina}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jiangbei}} [[Kategori:Papan anggegana di Chongqing]] [[Kategori:Papan anggegana yang didirikan taun 1990]] ojuzo2vfzwvv9p1nu66g1rsqv8w5sv9 0 95960 1752094 1751926 2026-08-02T07:01:09Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:Pt pupuk sriwijadja.jpg|thumb|240px]] {{for|perusahaan kang dahulu bernama PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero)|Pupuk Indonésia}} {{Kotak info perusahaan | company_name = PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang | company_logo = [[Berkas:Pusri.jpeg‎|center|150px]] | company_type = | foundation = [[12 November]] [[2010]] | location = [[Palembang]], [[Indonésia]] | key_people = Parikesit Suprapto, PhD , Komisaris {{br}}Edy Putra Irawady, SH , Direktur Utama |Ir. Arifin Tasrif | industry = [[Urea]] dan [[Amoniak]] | products = {{br}}Urea{{br}} Amoniak | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = (organik){{br}} (non-organik) | parent = [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]] | subsid = {{br}}PT Sri Melamin Rejeki {{br}}PT Puspetindo | homepage = http://www.pusri.co.id/ | footnotes = }} '''PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang''', kang kondhang minangka PT Pusri, wujud anak perusahaan saka [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]] (Persero)<ref name="anak perusahaan pihc">{{Cite web |url=http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |title=Anak Perusahaan PT Pupuk Indonésia |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115064736/http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |url-status=dead }}</ref> kang bergerak ing babagan [[produksi]] lan [[pemasaran]] [[pupuk]]. == Sajarah == ==== Pupuk Sriwidjaja minangka Induk Pupuk Indonésia ==== Nalika taun 1997, Pusri ditunjuk minangka perusahaan induk membawahi papat BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan indhustri pupuk lan petrokimia, ya iku PT Petrokimia Gresik ing [[Gresik]], [[Jawa Timur]]; PT Pupuk Kujang ing [[Cikampek]], [[Jawa Barat]]; PT Pupuk Kaltim ing [[Bontang]], [[Kalimantan Timur]]; lan PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda ing [[Lhokseumawe]], [[Acèh]]; sarta BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan engineering, procurement & construction (EPC), ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri (kantore pusat ing Jakarta). Nalika taun 1998, anak perusahaan Pusri bertambah siji BUMN manhe, ya iku PT Mega Eltra ing Jakarta kang bergerak ing babagan perdagangan. awit Pamaréntah Indonésia mindahake sekabehane sahamnya kang dipanggonake ing Industri Pupuk Dalam Negeri lan ing PT Mega Eltra marang PUSRI, liwat Peraturan Pamaréntah (PP) nomer 28 taun 1997 lan PP nomer 34 taun 1998, mangka PUSRI, kang berkedudukan ing Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, dadi Induk Perusahaan (Operating Holding) kanti membawahi 6 (enam) anak perusahaan kalebu anak perusahaan penyertaan langsung ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri, masing-masing perusahaan bergerak sajrone babagan usaha: * PT Petrokimia Gresik kang berkedudukan ing Gresik, Jawa Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea, ZA, SP-36/SP-18, [[Phonska]], DAP, NPK, ZK, lan indhustri kimia lliyane sarta Pupuk Organik. * PT Pupuk Kujang, kang berkedudukan ing Cikampek, Jawa Barat. Memproduksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané. * PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur, kang kedudukane ing Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané. * PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, kang kedudukane ing Lhokseumawe, Nangroe Acèh Darussalam. Produksi an masarake pupuk Urea lan indhustri kimia liyané. * PT Rekayasa Industri, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta, Bergerak sajrone penyediaan Jasa Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC) guna yasa indhustri gas & lenga bumi, pupuk, kimia dan petrokimia, pertambangan, pembangkit listrik (panas bumi, batu bara, micro-hydro, diesel). * PT Mega Eltra, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta kanti babagan usaha mligi ya iku Perdagangan Umum. === Periode Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang === Nalika taun [[2010]], dilakokake pemisahan ('''Spin-Off''') saka PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero) (Pusri) marang PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (Pusri Palembang)<ref>[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/ekonomi/11/01/02/155887-pusri-resmi-jadi-holding-bumn-pupuk Pusri resmi jadi holding bumn pupuk]</ref>. Owah-owahan iki terutang sajrone owah-owahan anggaran dhasar<ref name="sajarah pusri">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |title=Sejarah Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710060935/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Pengalihan hak lan kewajiban Pusri marang Pusri Palembang tertuang sajrone [[Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham]] - Luar Biyasa nalika [[24 Dhésèmber]] 2010<ref name="sajarah pusri" />. Serah tampa kalungguhan lan pengalihan hak lan kewajiban efektif nalika [[1 Januari]] 2011<ref name="sajarah pusri" />. Pusri Palembang tetep migunakaké logo lan merk dagang Pusri<ref name="sajarah pusri" />. Pusri dhéwé ganti jeneng dadi [[Pupuk Indonésia]] lan migunakaké merk Pupuk Indonésia lan logo Pupuk Indonésia<ref name="ganti nama dan logo ke pupuk indonesia">[http://www.pupuk-kujang.co.id/allmenu.php?idn=36&idd=166&PHPSESSID=d75250648bd1364e7d411e70d66d8ad9 Lauching Nama dan Logo Baru Holding Pupuk]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Anak Perusahaan == # PT Sri Melamin Rejeki<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111035224/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> (20%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri 2 |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717073925/http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>, kang bergerak sajrone produksi melamin. # [http://www.puspetindo.com PT Puspetindo]<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri" /> (5.3%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri 2" />, kang bergerak sajrone produksi peralatan pabrik. # [http://twinplazahotèl.co.id/ PT Slipi Sri Indopuri]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri 2" />, kang bergerak sajrone hotèl lan apartemen. == Wewengkon Pemasaran == Surat Dudutan (SK) Menperindag No 70/MPP/Kep/2/2003 tanggal 11 Fèbruari 2003 wis mengatur manèh pola Pengadaan lan Penyaluran Pupuk Bersubsidi kanggo Sektor Pertanian, ya iku kanti pola rayonisasi distribusi pupuk kanggo produsen pupuk. Wewengkon Pemsaran Pupuk Sriwidjaja diduduhake kanti warna biru sarta anakan perusahaane. [[Gambar:Insetpemasaran02.jpg|center|500px]] == Prastawa wigati == # Pusri didegake nalika tanggal 24 Dhésèmber 1959 di Palembang, kanti kagiyatan usaha produksi pupuk urea. # nalika taun [[1963]] beroperasi pabrik pupuk urea pertama ya iku: ” PUSRI I ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 100.000 ton per taun. # Tahun [[1974]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kapindho ya iku “ PUSRI II “ kanti kapasitas terpasang 380.000 ton pertahun (awit taun 1992 kapasitase ditingkatake / optimasi dadi 570.000 ton/taun). # Tahun [[1976]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea ketelu, ya iku “ PUSRI III ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun. # Tahun [[1977]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kepapat, ya iku “ PUSRI IV ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun. # Tahun [[1979]], pamaréntah ngukuhaké PT.Pusri minangka perusahaan kang bertanggung jawab sajrone pengadaan lan penyaluran sekabehane jinis pupuk bersubsidi, baik kang berskala saka produksi sajrone nagari utawa import kanggo memenuhi kebutuhan program intensivikasi pertanian (Bimas lan Inmas). # Tahun [[1990]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea, ya iku “ PUSRI I B ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun minangka pengganti pabrik Puri I kang diendeg operasine amarga usia teknis lan wis ora efisien manèh. Pabrik iki wiwit produksi nalika taun 1994, wujud pabrik pertama kang digarap sapérangan besar déning ahli-ahli bangsa Indonésia, kang dibangun kanti konsèp hemat ènergi lan migunakaké sistem kendali komputer “Distributed Control System” # Tanggal [[12 November]] [[2010]], pemisahan PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang saka PT Pusri. == Struktur Kepemilikan Saham == * PT Pupuk Indonésia (99,99%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri" /> * Yayasan Kesejahteraan Karyawan Pusri (0,01%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri" /> [[Gambar:Strukturholding.jpg|center|600px]] == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.pusri.co.id/ Situs Resmi PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326054110/http://pusri.co.id/ |date=2013-03-26 }} [[Kategori:Kota Palembang]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pupuk]] 8mzgk2ks6qxgoxybhe85yuh1fi9zxlf 0 96428 1752086 1743065 2026-08-02T05:32:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Plutonium ring.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Plutonium tingkat senjata]] [[Gambar:Plutonium in solution.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Pinten-pinten kaanan oksidasi Pu ing larutan]] [[Gambar:Plutonium pyrophoricity.jpg|thumb|left|Sifat piroforik plutonium saged nyebapaken katingal kados ta bara api ingkang nyala.]] [[Gambar:Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg|thumb|[[Glenn T. Seaborg]] lan kelompok ilmuwan Berkeley inggih punika ingkang kawiiwtan mproduksi plutonium.]] {{unsur|Plutonium|Pu|94}} Piyambakipun punika unsur [[radioaktif]] [[transuranium]] ingkang langka lan punika logam [[aktinida]] kaliyan penampilan ingkang gadhah warni pèthak keperakan. Ing wanci tèrpapar kaliyan udara, Piyambakipun badhé ngusam amargi pembentukan [[plutonium(IV) oksida]] ingkang nutupi lumah logam. Unsur punika ing dasaripun gadhah enèm [[alotrop]] lan sèkawan [[keadaan oksidasi]]. Piyambakipun bèreaksi kaliyan [[karbon]], [[halogen]], [[nitrogen]], lan [[silikon]]. Manawi nembé terpapar kaliyan kelembaban udara, Piyambakipun badhé mbèntuk [[oksida]] lan [[hidrida]] kaliyan volume 70% langkung ageng lan dados bubuk ingkang saged nyala kanthi spontan. Piyambakipun ugi merupakan [[keracunan radiasi|racun radiologis]] ingkang saged berakumulasi ing [[sungsum balung]]. Manawi punika sipat-sipat kados ta makaten, prosès penanganan plutonium cekua mbebayani, manawi tingkat toksisitas sadayanipun logam punika kadang-kadang langkung dipunagèng-agnègakèn. [[Gambar:Hanford_B_Reactor.jpg|left|thumb|Muka [[Reaktor B]] Handord ingkang nembé konstruksi,Piyambakipun reaktor produksi plutonium ingkang kawiwitan]] == Karakteristik == === Fisik === [[Gambar:Fission bomb assembly methods.svg|right|thumb|amergi kawontenan Pu-240 ing plutonium ingkang dipunkasilaken déning reaktor, désain implosi dipunrembagaken ing senjata "[[Fat Man]]" lan ''[[Uji Trinity test|Trinity]]"]] Sami kados ta logam-logam sanèsipun, plutonium gadhah penampilan pérak mengkilat.Anangng ing wanci terpapar kaliyan udara bébas, [[plutonium(IV) oksida]] badhé dumadi kaliyan cepat lan ndamel logam mau dados kusam kelabu. Sanèsipun punika warni kuning lan ijem zaitun ugi naté dipunlaporaken.<ref name = "WISER">{{cite web | url = http://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/getSubstanceData.do;jsessionid=89B673C34252C77B4C276F2B2D0E4260?substanceID=419&displaySubstanceName=Plutonium,%20Radioactive&UNNAID=&STCCID=&selectedDataMenuItemID=44 | author = NIH contributors | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health | location = Bethesda (MD) | title = Plutonium, Radioactive | work = Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER) | accessdate = 2008-11-23 | archive-date = 2011-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813103852/http://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/getSubstanceData.do;jsessionid=89B673C34252C77B4C276F2B2D0E4260?substanceID=419&displaySubstanceName=Plutonium,%20Radioactive&UNNAID=&STCCID=&selectedDataMenuItemID=44 | url-status = dead }} (public domain text)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Nitric acid processing | url = http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/3rdQuarter08/page3.shtml | journal = Actinide Research Quarterly | author = ARQ staff | year = 2008 | issue = 3rd quarter | publisher = Los Alamos National Laboratory | location = Los Alamos (NM) | quote = While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible. | accessdate = 2009-02-15 | archive-date = 2010-05-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200643/http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/3rdQuarter08/page3.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ing suhu kamar, plutonium wonten ing wujud [[alotrop plutonium|alotop alfanya]]. Wujud alotrop punika ingkang merupakan wujud ingkang paling umum lan gadhah tingkat kekerasan kados ta [[besi cor]], sanèsipun manawi piyambakipun dialoi kaliyan logam sanèsipun lan ndamel dados lunak lan saged kaliyan gampil dipunewahi bentuk.<ref name = "WISER"/> Benten kaliyan kathah jinis logam, plutonium boten konduktor panas lan listrik ingkang saé.<ref name = "WISER"/> Piyambakipun gadhah [[titik leleh]] ingkang cendhèk (640&nbsp;°C) lan [[titik didih]] ingkang sangat inggil (3,327&nbsp;°C).<ref name = "WISER"/> [[Peluruhan alfa|Emisi partikel alfa]] manawi ing pelepasan inti [[helium]] berenergi inggil inggih punika wujud radiasi paling umum ingkang dipunpancaraken déning plutonium.<ref name = "NNDC"/> Panas ingkang dipunlepasaken ngantos pelepasan lan deselerasi partikel-partikel alfa punika ndamel plutonium kaliyan ukuran sami kaliyan bola [[sofbol]] raosipun anget manawi dipunsentuh, manawi kanggé massa plutonium ingkang langkung ageng, piyambakipun saged ndidihkan satunggal [[liter]] toya ing wekdal pinten-pinten menit (bervariasi nggumantung ing komposisi isotop).<ref name = "Heiserman1992"/><ref> {{cite book | last = Rhodes |first = Richard | year = 1986 | title = The Making of the Atomic Bomb | isbn = 0-671-65719-4 | pages = 659–660 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York }} Leona Marshall: "When you hold a lump of it in your hand, it feels warm, like a live rabbit"</ref> === Alotrop === [[Gambar:Pu-phases.png|thumb|Plutonium gadhah enem alotrop ing tekanan biyasa: '''alfa'''&nbsp;(α), '''beta'''&nbsp;(β), '''gamma'''&nbsp;(γ), '''delta'''&nbsp;(δ), '''delta&nbsp;prime'''&nbsp;(δ′), & '''epsilon'''&nbsp;(ε)<ref name = "Baker1983"/>]]</div> Plutonium limrahipun gadhah enem [[alotrop]]. Ing temperatur ingkang inggil lan jangka tekanan katamtu, alotrop kaping pitu (zeta, ζ) saged dumadi.<ref name = "Baker1983">{{cite journal | url = http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?07-16.pdf | title = Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream | last = Baker | first = Richard D. | coauthors = Hecker, Siegfried S.; Harbur, Delbert R. | journal = Los Alamos Science | year = 1983 | publisher = Los Alamos National Laboratory | pages = 148, 150–151 | accessdate = 2009-02-15 | archive-date = 2011-10-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111017034523/http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?07-16.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Alotrop-alotrop piyambakipun gadhah [[ènergi internal|tingkat ènergi]] ingkang hampir sami, nanging [[densitas]] lan [[struktur kristal]] ingkang bènten-bènten. Hal punika ndamel plutonium sangat sensitif kaliyan kaewahan temperatur, tekanan, lan lingkungan kimiawi. Sanèsipun punika, kaewahan volume ingkang dramatis ngantos [[transisi fase]] saking satunggal alotrop ing alotrop sanèsipun ugi memungkinkan.<ref name = "HeckerPlutonium">{{cite journal | first = Siegfried S. | last = Hecker | title = Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure | journal = Los Alamos Science | volume = 26 | year = 2000 | pages = 290–335 | url = http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818035.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-02-15 | archive-date = 2021-03-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210319010158/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818035.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Boten kados ta bahan-bahan sanèsipun, densitas plutonium badhé ''meningkat'' manawi piyambakipun meleleh (sebesar 2,5%). Nanging cuwèran logam plutonium punika piyambak nedahaken penurunan kanthi linear ing densitasnya seiring kaliyan ningkataken temperatur.<ref name="Miner1968p544">{{harvnb|Miner|1968|p = 544}}</ref> Densitas pinten-pinten alotrop plutonium sawatawis saking 16,00&nbsp;g/cm³ ngantos kaliyan 19,86&nbsp;g/cm³.<ref name="CRC2006p4-27" /> === Fisi nuklir === Plutonium punika logam [[aktinida]] radioaktif. Isotop [[plutonium-239]] (Pu-239) punika salah satunggaling saking tiga isotop fisil utama<ref name = "Stwertka1998"/> (sisanya inggih punika [[uranium-233]] lan [[uranium-235]]).<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/glossary/termdef.html#f | title = Fissile Material | work = Radiation Glossary | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-11-23 | author = EPA contributors }}</ref> Supados saged dipunanggep dados fisil, [[inti atom]] sebuah isotop kedah saged memecah (fisi) manawi dipuntembakaken kaliyan [[neutron]] lan ngelepasaken sejumlah neutron tambahan ingkang cekap kanggé mempertahankan [[reaksi berantai nuklir]] kaliyan memecahkan inti salajengipun. == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/ "A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium" by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929015050/http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/ |date=2006-09-29 }} * [http://www.ccnr.org/index_plute.html Collection of articles on plutonium at the Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility] * [http://russp.org/BLC-3.html The Myth of Plutonium Toxicity] * [http://www.lanl.gov/worldview/news/releases/archive/00-099.shtml Criticality Accidents Report Issued] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/97-564.htm Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium] * [http://www-cms.llnl.gov/s-t/pu-phase_diagram.html Unraveling the Phase Diagram of Plutonium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929044143/http://www-cms.llnl.gov/s-t/pu-phase_diagram.html |date=2006-09-29 }} * [http://www.ieer.org/fctsheet/pu-props.html Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutonium] from IEER * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/94.html Los Alamos National Laboratory — Plutonium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017015408/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/94.html |date=2004-10-17 }} * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele094.html It's Elemental — Plutonium]{{Pranala mati|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://consolidationeis.doe.gov/PDFs/PlutoniumANLFactSheetOct2001.pdf DOE Plutonium fact sheet (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630190115/http://consolidationeis.doe.gov/PDFs/PlutoniumANLFactSheetOct2001.pdf |date=2007-06-30 }} * ''[http://www.discover.com/issues/nov-05/features/end-of-plutonium/ End of the Plutonium Age] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808071713/http://www.discover.com/issues/nov-05/features/end-of-plutonium/ |date=2006-08-08 }}'', D. Samuels, Discover Magazine, vol. 26, no. 11 (November, 2005). * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pu/index.html WebElements.com — Plutonium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318203419/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pu/index.html |date=2008-03-18 }} * [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Pu.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com — Plutonium] (JavaScript required) * [http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm Federation of American Scientists — Plutonium production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905051931/http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm |date=2011-09-05 }} * [http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Plutonium/ nuclearweaponarchive.org — Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication] * ''[http://www.edpsciences.org/journal/index.cfm?v_url=epl/full/2001/16/6673/6673.html Ambient pressure phase diagram of plutonium — A unified theory for α-Pu and δ-Pu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213182223/http://www.edpsciences.org/journal/index.cfm?v_url=epl%2Ffull%2F2001%2F16%2F6673%2F6673.html |date=2008-02-13 }}'', P. Söderlind, Europhys. Lett., 55 (4), p.&nbsp;525 (2001). * [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm Nuclear Files.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621095705/http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm |date=2011-06-21 }} Information regarding world plutonium inventories * [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm "Challenges in Plutonium Science"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083808/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm |date=2017-01-18 }} — Special issue of ''Los Alamos Science'' from 2000 dedicated to scientific work on plutonium. {{clr}} {{Tabel periodik unsur kimia}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Bahan bakar]] [[Kategori:Plutonium| ]] [[Kategori:Unsur kimia sintetik]] [[Kategori:Karsinogen]] <!-- interwiki --> syp5g7opxfrn9q5tj00flsz1c61fix7 0 98302 1752045 1657130 2026-08-01T17:14:09Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info spesies}}{{speciestitle|tèh arab| qat |gat}} ya iku jinis [[tuwuhan]] [[perdu]] utawa [[wit]] cilik kang dhuwure 1,4 nganti 3,1 mèter, gumantung iklim lan akèhé [[udan]].<ref name="internet5"/> [[Godhong]]e amba, dhawane 5–100&nbsp;cm lan ambané 1–4&nbsp;cm.<ref name="internet5"/> [[Kembang]] metu ana ing deretan kelek kang dhawane 4–9&nbsp;cm.<ref name="internet5"/> Kembang Khat wujudé cilik, kelopake cacah 5 putih.<ref name="internet5"/> Wujud wohe kotak karo kapsul kang duwé telung katup, saben katup isiné 1-3 winih.<ref name="internet5">[http://www.teruskan.com/tanaman-khat Tanaman Khat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208111840/http://www.teruskan.com/tanaman-khat |date=2013-02-08 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 26 februari 2013)</ref> == Panganggon == [[Gambar:Catha edulis00.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Kembang Khat]] Khat ya iku tuwuhan kang jeneng ilmiahe ''Catha edulis'' inise tuwuhan hias kang [[godhong]] kerep dipamah mawa tradisi [[Arab|Bangsa Arab]] awit éwon taun kapungkur.<ref name="internet4"/> Tandhuran iki asliné saka [[Afrika]] lan Ujung Arabia.<ref name="internet4"/> Khat ngandhut alkaloid monomine kang diwastani katinona, zat stimulan kang arep padha karo amfetamin, kang diprecaya bisa nggawe seneng, ngilanake nafsu mangan, lan euforia.<ref name="internet4"/> Tahun [[1980]], [[WHO]] nggolongake [[katinona]] kelebu usada kang ndadèkaké ketergantungan ringan utawa sedang mawa posisi isih ing ngisore [[tembako]] lan [[alkohol]].<ref name="internet4"/> Déné kaya ngono, [[WHO]] ngandharake Khat mawa zat adiktif.<ref name="internet4"/> Khat dadi sasaran organisasi anti narkoba kaya DEA.<ref name="internet4"/> Peredarane dikendalekake ing pérangan nagara kaya [[Amérikah Sarékat]], [[Kanada]] lan [[Jerman]], déné panandhurane dilegalake ing nagara liya kaya [[Djibouti]], [[Etiopia]], [[Somalia]] lan [[Yaman]].<ref name="internet4">[http://www.antaranews.com/berita/357108/tanaman-khat-dari-teh-arab-menjadi-narkoba Tanaman Khat dari teh arab menjadi narkoba] (dipunundhuh tanggal 26 februari 2013)</ref> == Tukul == Kudu ngenteni suweme [[8]] taun supayane bisa ngasilaké Khat tekan dhuwure kang cukup.<ref name="internet3"/> Saliyané butuh panase srengéngé lan banyu, tuwuhan Khat ora prelu diopeni.<ref name="internet3"/> [[Banyu]] saka lemah kerep dipumpa saka sumur ngaggo mesin diesel kanggo nyirami tuwuhan utawa digawa nganggo truk banyu.<ref name="internet3"/> [[Tandhuran]] kudu kerep digebyur [[banyu]] wiwit sesasi sadurungé bisa dipanen supaya godhong lan pang tukul lembut lan lembab.<ref name="internet3"/> Budi Daya Khat kang apik bisa dipanen ping papat setahun.<ref name="internet3"/> == Dhémografi == [[Gambar:Deakhat.jpg|thumb|200px|Khat]] Dikira-kira ana 10 yuta wong ing kabèh nagara sadonya kang nggonakake Khat saben dina.<ref name="internet3"/> Utamane déning masarakat ing Tanduk [[Afrika]] lan [[Arab|jazirah Arab]], ing kana mamah lan mangan khat duwé sajarah dawa lan wis dadi tradisi ing masarakat mau wiwit éwon taun kapungkur.<ref name="internet3"/> Padatan amah Khat ing [[Yaman]] racaké mung dilakokake déning wong lanan, mamah khat déning wong wadon dianggep ora sopan lan jarang dilakoni.<ref name="internet3"/> Akèh panaliti ngira-ngira yèn sakiwa-tengené 70%-80% ing Yaman ya iku umur 16 lan 50 taun dadi panganggo khat, saora-orane ing wektu selane.<ref name="internet3"/> Wis dikira-kira yèn Yaman ana sakiwa-tengené 14,6 yuta wong saben sakjam saben dina kang mamah khat.<ref name="internet3"/> Para paneliti uga ngira-ngira yèn kulawarga ngentèkaké 17% saka dhuwit blanja kanggo tuku khat.<ref name="internet3">[http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2013/02/06/09355929/Asal-usul.Khat.di.Cisarua.dari.Yaman Asal usul Khat] (dipunundhuh tanggal 26 februari 2013)</ref> === Indonésia === Ing [[Indonésia]], [[tuwuhan]] khat dikenalake déning turis saka [[Arab]] taun [[2005]] mligi saka [[Yaman]] kang akèh teka menyang Indonésia.<ref name="internet2"/> Nanging ing [[Fèbruari]] [[2013]] tuwuhan iki lan zat kang kakandhut ing jerone wiwit dikenal lan diindikasi mawa tuwuhan kang ngandhut narkotika lan dilarang wiwie kasus khat kang katutan akèh artis metu ing pawarta.<ref name="internet2"/> [[Tandhuran]] iki akèh ditemoni ing wewengkon Indones]] mligi ing [[Jawa|Pulo Jawa]].<ref name="internet2"/> Wiwitane tuwuhan iki minangka nambah stamina lan semangat, lan uga digunakaké déning turis [[Arab]] lan warga lokal kanggo obat kuwat.<ref name="internet2">[http://log.viva.co.id/news/read/388945-tanpa-raffi--tanaman-khat-hanyalah-teh-arab tanpa raffi khat hanyalah teh arab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041520/http://log.viva.co.id/news/read/388945-tanpa-raffi--tanaman-khat-hanyalah-teh-arab |date=2016-03-05 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 26 februari 2013)</ref> == Efek == Wektu cendhak, tuwuhan khat bisa njalari efek, kaya [[jantung]] deg-degan lan tekanan darah saya dhuwur, euforia, hiperaktif, ora bisa turu amarga wak éntuk stimulasi lan nafsu mangan mudhun.<ref name="internet1"/> Wektu dawane, khat uga bisa njalari efek kaya depresi, halusinasi, lelet rikala ngewenehi respon, ngunggahake resiko infark miokardial, psikologisyen kasuse ekstrem, kanker mulu, untu rusak.<ref name="internet1"/> efek liya ora mesti ing panganggonan khat ya iku kematian lan stroke sarta sindrom koroner akut.<ref name="internet1">[http://www.beritawan.com/entries/view/8857/tanaman-khat-hukum-sejarah-dan-efek-resiko.html Tanaman Khat hukum, sejarah, dan efek resiko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307174815/http://beritawan.com/entries/view/8857/tanaman-khat-hukum-sejarah-dan-efek-resiko.html |date=2013-03-07 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 26 februari 2013)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tetuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Flora]] 5xgq1kc98ugyw6xkmq8jof4exl52p5s 0 99386 1752155 1649417 2026-08-02T09:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752155 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Scamorza.jpg|thumb|260px|Kèju Scamorza]] {{Infobox Cheese | name = Scamorza | image = [[Gambar:Scamorza.jpg|260px]] | othernames = | country = [[Itali]] | regiontown = | region = | town = | source = [[Sapi]] | pasteurised = Inggih | texture = Lunak | fat = | protein = | dimensions = | weight = | aging = | certification = Boten<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite book | author=Harbutt, Juliet | title=The World Encyclopedia of Cheese | publisher= Anness Publishing Ltd | year=2006 | id=ISBN 978-1-84309-960-4}} Page 56.</ref> }} '''Scamorza''' (dipunsebat ugi '''scamorze''' utawi '''scamorzo''') inggih punika [[kèju]] jinis ''pasta filata'' saking [[susu]] [[sapi]] ingkang asalipun saking [[Italia]].<ref name="scamorza">[http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/Dictionary/S/Scamorza-6226.aspx Scamorza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101144352/http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/Dictionary/S/Scamorza-6226.aspx |date=2011-01-01 }}, ''Gourmet Sleuth''.</ref> Conto [[kèju]] jinis pasta filata sanèsipun punika [[Provolone]], [[Caciocavallo]], lan [[Mozzarella]]<ref name="tradcheese">{{cite book | author=O' Connor, Charles | title=Traditional Cheesemaking Manual | publisher= International Livestock Centre for Africa | year=1993 | id=ISBN 92-9053-273-4}} Page 33.</ref> Nama ''scamorza'' punika ateges "dipunpenggal" wonten ing [[Basa Italia]].<ref name="scamorza"/> Dipunparingi nama kados makaten amargi pitedahan kèju scamorza ingkang padatanipun dipunsukakaken ing sajeroning kanthong lan dipuntalèni mawi tali.<ref name="scamorza"/> Wonten kalih jinis kèju scamorza inggih punika ingkang biyasa lan ingkang dipunasapaken (''affumicate'').<ref name="scamorza"/> == Wujud lan tèkstur == Scamorza punika kèju ingkang elastis mawi teksturipun ingkang mawi serabut.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite book | author=Harbutt, Juliet | title=The World Encyclopedia of Cheese | publisher= Anness Publishing Ltd | year=2006 | id=ISBN 978-1-84309-960-4}}</ref> Kèju punika langkung garing tinimbang kèju [[Mozzarella]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Scamorza gadhah tekstur ingkang lembut lan gadhah warna putih mengkilat mawi rasa [[susu]] ingkang ''samar''.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Kanthi tradhisional, wujud saking kèju punika kados kanthong [[dhuwit|arta]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="cheese.com">[http://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=Scamorza Scamorza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728143307/http://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=Scamorza |date=2012-07-28 }}, ''Cheese.com''.</ref> Bobot kèju scamorza punika antawisipun 200 hingga dumugi 500 gram.<ref name="edible">[http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/scamorzacheese Scamorza Cheese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208072805/http://practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/scamorzacheese |date=2010-02-08 }}, ''Practically Edible''.</ref> Pitedahan saking kèju punika dipundamel saé kaliyan olesan tipis [[mentega]] ing ''lumah''ipun.<ref name="tradcheese"/> Pérangan punika ugi ginanipun kanggé ngirangi [[evaporasi]] wonten ing kèju.<ref name="tradcheese"/> == Prosès damel kèju == Kèju punika dipundamel saking [[susu]] ingkang sampun dipun''[[pasteurisasi]]''.<ref name="edible"/> Padatanipun susu ingkang dipun-ginakaken punika susu [[sapi]], nanging campuran susu sapi lan susu [[wedhus gembel]] saged dipun-ginakaken.<ref name="edible"/> Kanggé damel keju punika, susu ingkang dipunperes ing wayah énjing lan susu ingkang dipunperes nalika wanci dalu dipuncampur dados satunggal. Lajeng susu kasebu dipunsaring lan dipunpanasaken ing suhu 36-38&nbsp;°C.<ref name="edible"/> Bibar punika [[rennet]] dipuncampur lan dipunnengké kemawon kirang langkung antawisipun 2 dumugi 24 jam. Kanthi ngginakaken sekop [[kayu]], scamorza dipunolah saéngga tèksturipun mawi serabut.<ref name="edible"/> Lajeng kèju-kèju mau dipunbentuk mawi tangan dados bola-bola ageng mawi kenop alit ing nginggilipun saéngga kados woh [[pir]].<ref name="edible"/> Kèju lajeng dipunbilas mawi toya lan dipunkom wonten setengah jam. Bibar punika, kalih kèju dipuntaleni dados satunggal mawi [[benang|bolah]] lan dipunmatengaken kalih minggu. Bibar mateng kèju punika langsung dipunsadé utawi dipun''beluk''aken rumiyin. Pengasapan dipunlampahi kanggé nutupi kèju mawi gombal lajeng dipunobong wonten ing [[damen]] antawisipun 10 dumugi 15 menit. Bibar nglampahi prosès pengasapan lajeng kulitipun dados warna kuning dados warna ''jingga''.<ref name="edible"/> Scamorza ingkang dipunasepaken dipunsebat ''scamorza affumicate'' lan langkung kondhang tinimbang scamorza biyasa.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Scamorza affumicate padatanipun dipunsajèkakan kanggé [[pasta]].<ref name="cheese.com"/> == Ugi pirsani == * [[Kèju]] * [[Kèju Italia]] * [[Provolone]] * [[Pecorino]] * [[Mozzarella]] * [[Parmigiano-Reggiano]] * [[Grana Padano]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Keju| ]] [[Kategori:Keju Italia]] 5v10bxqiuo7wvycx5rsjav1r8ooiyom 2 101497 1752065 1701273 2026-08-01T23:51:40Z Pathoschild 700 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 1752065 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|jv-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Revi C.|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:Revi C.|revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff<!--(I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])</small>)-->, or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:Revi C.|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:Revi C.|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you.</div> jnmtd5mtp0ox5s40av8bg6y251sf2fj 3 101498 1752064 1701274 2026-08-01T23:10:22Z Pathoschild 700 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 1752064 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] ''' <span style="color:red"> BEFORE YOU BLOCK MY ACCOUNT: IF MY EDIT SUMMARY INCLUDE PREFIX </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, DON'T BLOCK ME, JUST TELL ME TO SLOW DOWN AT COMMONS' TALK PAGE. IT IS AN AUTOMATED SCRIPT BEING USED ON COMMONS TO MOVE FILES.</span> Instead, please leave your message following site: <br /> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|45px|link=d:User talk:Revi C.]] [[d:User talk:Revi C.]] for Wikidata (Interwiki links) stuff <!--(I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there)--> <br /> [[File:Commons-logo.svg|45px|link=commons:User talk:Revi C.]] [[commons:User talk:Revi C.]] for renaming stuff or [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] action (I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there) <br /> [[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|45px|link=m:User talk:Revi C.]] [[meta:User talk:Revi C.]] for other stuff (User right notification, revert message, etc...) Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> esxe13mcstpjlux1bt2hqwxr2v8t8mn 0 101588 1752158 1751957 2026-08-02T11:09:45Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox filem| name=The Emperor's New Groove | image=grooveposter.jpg | caption= | director=[[Mark Dindal]] | screenplay=David Reynolds | story=Mark Dindal<br>[[Chris Williams (actor)|Chris Williams]] | narrator=[[David Spade]] | starring=David Spade<br>[[John Goodman]]<br>[[Eartha Kitt]]<br>[[Patrick Warburton]]<br>[[Wendie Malick]]<br>[[John Fiedler]] | producer=[[Randy Fullmer]]<br>[[Don Hahn]] | music=[[John Debney]] | studio=[[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] | distributor=[[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br />[[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Distribution]] | released=[[15 Dhésèmber]] [[2000]] | runtime=78 menit | country=[[Amérikah Sarékat]] | language=Inggris | budget=$100 juta | gross=$169,327,687 }} '''The Emperor's New Groove''' ya iku sawijining [[filem]] [[Amérikah Sarékat]] kang dirilis taun [[2000]]. Film kang disutradarani [[Mark Dindal]] iki pemaine ya iku [[David Spade]], [[John Goodman]], [[Eartha Kitt]], [[Patrick Warburton]], [[Wendie Malick]], [[John Fiedler]] lan isih akèh manèh. Film iki dirilis tanggal [[15 Dhésèmber]] [[2000]]. == Pemain == * [[David Spade]] minangka Emperor Kuzco. * [[John Goodman]] minangka Pacha. * [[Eartha Kitt]] minangka Yzma. * [[Patrick Warburton]] sminangka Kronk Pepikrankenitz. * [[Wendie Malick]] minangka Chicha. * Kellyann Kelso dan Eli Russell Linnetz minangka Chaca lan Tipo. * [[Bob Bergen]] minangka Bucky the [[Squirrel]] * [[Tom Jones]] * [[Patti Deutsch]] * [[John Fiedler]] * [[Joe Whyte]] == Penghargaan Annie == {| class="wikitable" width="80%" |-bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! Asil !! Penghargaan !! Panampa (Menang/Nominasi) |- | {{nom}} || Animated Theatrical Feature || |- | {{nom}} || Individual Achievement in Directing || [[Mark Dindal]] (Director) |- | {{nom}} || Individual Achievement in Writing || Mark Dindal (Story)<br>[[Chris Williams (actor)|Chris Williams]] (Story)<br>David Reynolds (Screenplay) |- | {{nom}}|| Individual Achievement in Storyboarding || [[Stephen J. Anderson]] (Story Supervisor) |- | {{nom}} || Individual Achievement in Storyboarding || Don Hall (Story Artist) |- | {{nom}} || Individual Achievement in Production Design || Colin Stimpson (Art Director) |- |{{won}} || Individual Achievement in Character Animation || [[Dale Baer]] (Supervising Animator—Yzma) |- | {{Won}} || Individual Achievement in Voice Acting-Female || [[Eartha Kitt]] ("Yzma") |- | {{nom}}|| Individual Achievement in Voice Acting-Male || [[Patrick Warburton]] ("Kronk") |- | {{Won}} || Individual Achievement in Music || [[Sting (pemusik)|Sting]] (Music/Lyrics)<br>[[David Hartley (pemusik)|David Hartley]] (Music) |} == Pranala njaba == {{wikiquote}} *{{imdb judhul|id=0120917|judhul=The Emperor's New Groove}} *{{Amg movie|228190|The Emperor's New Groove}} *{{bcdb title|id=7265|title=The Emperor's New Groove}} *{{rotten-tomatoes|id=emperors_new_groove|title=The Emperor's New Groove}} *{{IMDb title|id=0332422|title=The Sweatbox}} *[http://online.tvguide.com/Movies/database/ShowMovie.asp?MI=42699 ''TVGuide''.com/movies: ''The Emperor's New Groove''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415163350/http://movies.tvguide.com/emperors-new-groove/135002 |date=2009-04-15 }} *[http://www.animationartconservation.com/index.php?c=art&p=art_site_new_groove Designing the Emperor's New Groove] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403235809/http://www.animationartconservation.com/index.php?c=art&p=art_site_new_groove |date=2012-04-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403235809/http://www.animationartconservation.com/index.php?c=art&p=art_site_new_groove |date=2012-04-03 }}<!-- A look at the production designs, background art and character designs that went into creating the mythical South American world of ''The Emperor’s New Groove''. (It refers to the film as Disney's 39th animated feature; until 2008 ''[[Dinosaur (film)|Dinosaur]]'' was not part of Disney's canon.)--> * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89aePH1NTNg Behind the Voices featurette] * [http://www.laughingplace.com/News-ID115140.asp Originally published in September 2000, this article looks at the behind-the-scenes story of how Kingdom of the Sun became the Emperor's New Groove.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928062401/http://www.laughingplace.com/News-ID115140.asp |date=2012-09-28 }} [[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat taun 2000]] {{filem-stub}} m3mcczzhw1fzo2sn4gs4yhyxxcggmt8 0 101706 1752089 1648173 2026-08-02T06:06:02Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752089 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Telemark]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo tlatah liyané, deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Arabygdi]] || {{coord|59|46|0|N|7|45|0|E}} || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Atrå]] || || 3656 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Austbygdi]] (Tinn Austbygd) || {{coord|59|59|0|N|8|50|0|E}} || 3650 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Austad, Telemark|Austad]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|9|47|0|E}} || 3748 || [[File:Siljan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Austbø]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|8|6|0|E}} || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bamble]] || {{coord|59|1|0|N|9|34|0|E}} || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Berdal]] || || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bergane]] || || 3753 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjervamoen]]/[[Lunde, Telemark|Lunde]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|9|8|0|E}} || 3825 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjønnes]] || {{coord|59|3|0|N|9|46|0|E}} || 3949 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjørkedalen]] || || 3948 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bjålandsgrendi]] || || 3848 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bolkesjø]] || {{coord|59|43|0|N|9|16|0|E}} || 3680 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bondal]] || {{coord|59|49|0|N|8|37|0|E}} || 3697 || [[File:Hjartdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjartdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bostrak]] || {{coord|59|7|0|N|8|53|0|E}} || 3750 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Breivik, Telemark|Breivik]] || {{coord|59|7|0|N|8|5|0|E}} || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brevik]] || {{coord|59|4|0|N|9|42|0|E}} || 3950 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brevikstranda]] || {{coord|58|58|0|N|9|39|0|E}} || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brunkeberg (Telemark)]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|8|29|0|E}} || 3850 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Brøsjø]] || || 3760 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Busnesgrenda]] || || 3691 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Bø, Telemark|Bø i Telemark]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|25|0|N|9|4|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3800 || [[File:Bø Telemark komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bø, Telemark|Bø i Telemark]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bøengrenda]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|9|4|0|E}} || 3691 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Bøgrend]] || {{coord|59|37|0|N|7|54|0|E}} || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Børte]] || || 3825 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Dalen, Telemark|Dalen]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|27|0|N|8|0|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3880 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Doksrød]] || || 3721 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Dolva]] || || 3729 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Døvika]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|9|43|0|E}} || 3949 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Edland]] || {{coord|59|45|0|N|7|36|0|E}} || 3895 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eidanger]] || {{coord|59|7|0|N|9|42|0|E}} || 3946 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eidsborg]] || || 3880 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eidstod]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|8|30|0|E}} || 3853 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eikjabygda]] || || 3800 || [[File:Bø Telemark komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bø, Telemark|Bø i Telemark]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Eikland]] || || 3849 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Farsjø]] || || 3766 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Felle]] || {{coord|58|54|0|N|8|44|0|E}} || 4865 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fen, Norway|Fen]] || {{coord|59|17|0|N|9|18|0|E}} || 3830 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Feset]] || {{coord|58|58|0|N|9|34|0|E}} || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flakvarp]] || || 3739 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Fjågesund]] || {{coord|59|18|0|N|8|42|0|E}} || 3850 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Flatdal]] || {{coord|59|34|0|N|8|34|0|E}} || 3841 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Folkestad]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|9|4|0|E}} || 3800 || [[File:Bø Telemark komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bø, Telemark|Bø i Telemark]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Froland, Telemark|Froland]] || {{coord|59|27|0|N|7|48|0|E}} || 3880 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Frøystaul]] || {{coord|59|50|0|N|8|21|0|E}} || 3660 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Fyresdal]] (Kyrkjebygdi) || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|11|0|N|8|6|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gausetbygdi]] || || 3656 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gautefall]] || {{coord|59|4|0|N|8|45|0|E}} || 3750 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gjerde]] || || 3766 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gonsholt]] || {{coord|59|15|0|N|9|46|0|E}} || 3748 || [[File:Siljan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gransherad]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|9|1|0|E}} || 3691 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grorud, Telemark|Grorud]] || || 3748 || [[File:Siljan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grunge, Norway|Grunge]] || {{coord|59|43|0|N|7|47|0|E}} || 3895 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Grønvollfoss]] || || 3680 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gvarv]] || {{coord|59|23|0|N|9|9|0|E}} || 3810 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Gøystdal]] || {{coord|60|1|0|N|8|37|0|E}} || 3656 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haddeland, Telemark|Haddeland]] || {{coord|59|42|0|N|8|2|0|E}} || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hauggrend]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|8|9|0|E}} || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haugland, Telemark|Haugland]] || || 3850 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haugsjåsund]] || {{coord|58|57|0|N|8|31|0|E}} || 3855 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Haukeligrend]] || {{coord|59|45|0|N|7|31|0|E}} || 3895 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Heddal]] || || 3677 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Heimdal, Telemark|Heimdal]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|8|35|0|E}} || 3855 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helgen]] || {{coord|59|16|0|N|9|22|0|E}} || 3830 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Helle, Telemark|Helle]] || {{coord|58|54|0|N|9|24|0|E}} || 3790 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hellestveit]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|9|32|0|E}} || 3965 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Henneseid]] || {{coord|59|4|0|N|9|13|0|E}} || 3750 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Herre, Norway|Herre]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|9|34|0|E}} || 3965 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjartdal]] || {{coord|59|36|0|N|8|40|0|E}} || 3690 || [[File:Hjartdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjartdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjuksebø]] || || 3683 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hjuksevelta]] || {{coord|59|31|0|N|9|19|0|E}} || 3683 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hogstadgrenda]]/[[Opdalen]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|9|40|0|E}} || 3748 || [[File:Siljan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Holtsås]] || || 3683 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hoppestad]] || {{coord|59|15|0|N|9|34|0|E}} || 3721 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hovin, Telemark|Hovin i Telemark]] || || 3652 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hørta]] || || 3719 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Hørte]] || {{coord|59|25|0|N|9|8|0|E}} || 3800 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Høydalsmo]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|8|12|0|E}} || 3891 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jomfruland]] || {{coord|58|52|0|N|9|35|0|E}} || 3781 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Jønnevall]] || || 3721 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kil, Telemark|Kil]] || {{coord|58|52|0|N|9|19|0|E}} || 3766 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kilen, Telemark|Kilen]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|8|48|0|E}} || 3840 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kjeldal]] || {{coord|59|18|0|N|9|2|0|E}} || 3825 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kjølebrønn]] || || 3766 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kleivgrend]] || {{coord|59|15|0|N|7|55|0|E}} || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Klovholt]] || || 3729 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kroken, Telemark|Kroken]] || || 3760 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Krossli]] || {{coord|59|22|0|N|8|9|0|E}} || 3849 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Kviteseid]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|24|0|N|8|30|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3850 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvitsund]] || || 3850 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Kvålsgrendi]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|8|16|0|E}} || 3891 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Landsmarka]] || || 3825 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Landsverk]] || {{coord|59|37|0|N|9|16|0|E}} || 3680 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Langangen]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|9|48|0|E}} || 3947 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Langlim]] || {{coord|59|35|0|N|8|22|0|E}} || 3841 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Levang]] || {{coord|58|48|0|N|9|22|0|E}} || 3788 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Liangrenda]] || || 3691 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lindem]] || {{coord|59|23|0|N|9|12|0|E}} || 3810 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lognvik]] || || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Luksefjell]] || || 3721 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lunde, Telemark|Lunde]] || || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Luråsgrende]] || {{coord|60|4|0|N|8|49|0|E}} || 3650 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Lårdal]] || || 3891 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mannåsgrend]] || {{coord|59|33|0|N|7|59|0|E}} || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Midtbygdi]] (Krossen) || {{coord|59|42|0|N|8|2|0|E}} || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Miland]] || {{coord|59|55|0|N|8|45|0|E}} || 3658 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mo, Telemark|Mo]] || {{coord|59|29|0|N|7|51|0|E}} || 3880 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Momrak]] || {{coord|59|8|0|N|8|8|0|E}} || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mostøyl]] || || 3891 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Myra, Telemark|Myra]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|9|26|0|E}} || 3788 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Mælum]] || {{coord|59|13|0|N|9|26|0|E}} || 3729 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Møsstrand]] || || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nesland]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|8|2|0|E}} || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]] <!--yes, there are two places in Vinje called Nesland--> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nesland]] || || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]] <!--yes, there are two places in Vinje called Nesland--> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Neslandsvatn]] || {{coord|58|58|0|N|9|8|0|E}} || 3760 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nesodden, Telemark|Nesodden]] || {{coord|59|22|0|N|9|15|0|E}} || 3810 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nissedal]] (Kyrkjebygda) || {{coord|59|10|0|N|8|32|0|E}} || 3854 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordagutu]] || || 3820 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordbygdi, Hjartdal|Nordbygdi]] || {{coord|59|37|0|N|8|38|0|E}} || 3690 || [[File:Hjartdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjartdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordbygdi, Nissedal|Nordbygdi]] || {{coord|59|12|0|N|8|31|0|E}} || 3854 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordbygdi, Seljord|Nordbygdi]] || || 3840 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Nordbø]] || || 3790 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ofte]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|8|12|0|E}} || 3891 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Oklungen]] || || 3948 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Pollen, Norway|Pollen]] || || 3720 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Portør]] || {{coord|58|48|0|N|9|26|0|E}} || 3788 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Prestestranda]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|6|0|N|9|4|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3750 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rambekk]] || || 3739 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ramberg, Telemark|Ramberg]] || || 3683 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rauland]] || {{coord|59|44|0|N|8|0|0|E}} || 3864 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rognsbru]] || || 3739 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rognstranda]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|9|42|0|E}} || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rollag, Telemark|Rollag]] || {{coord|59|55|0|N|8|48|0|E}} || 3658 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Romnes]] || {{coord|59|18|0|N|9|16|0|E}} || 3830 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rudsgrendi]] || {{coord|59|51|0|N|8|56|0|E}} || 3691 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Rørholt]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|9|23|0|E}} || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sandnes, Telemark|Sandnes]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|9|15|0|E}} || 3830 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sandøya, Telemark|Sandøya]] || {{coord|59|3|0|N|9|44|0|E}} || 3950 || [[File:Porsgrunn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Porsgrunn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sannidal]] || {{coord|58|53|0|N|9|17|0|E}} || 3766 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Sauland]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3692 || [[File:Hjartdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjartdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sauherad]] || || 3812 || [[File:Sauherad komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Sauherad]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Seljord]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|29|0|N|8|37|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3840 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Seljordsheii]] || || 3840 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sem, Telemark|Sem]] || {{coord|59|34|0|N|9|13|0|E}} || 3676 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Serkland, Norway|Serkland]] || {{coord|59|16|0|N|9|45|0|E}} || 3748 || [[File:Siljan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|17|0|N|9|44|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3748 || [[File:Siljan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skafså]] || {{coord|59|24|0|N|8|1|0|E}} || 3880 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skarbu]] || {{coord|58|54|0|N|9|26|0|E}} || 3790 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skotfoss]] || {{coord|59|12|0|N|9|30|0|E}} || 3720 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skredosen]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|8|9|0|E}} || 3849 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Skåtøy]] || {{coord|58|51|0|N|9|31|0|E}} || 3780 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Smørklepp]] || {{coord|59|39|0|N|7|48|0|E}} || 3893 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Sneltvedt]] || || 3719 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Snurråsen]] || {{coord|59|18|0|N|9|42|0|E}} || 3748 || [[File:Siljan komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Siljan, Norway|Siljan]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Songedal]] || || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Spokkeligrend]] || || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stabbestad]] || {{coord|58|51|0|N|9|24|0|E}} || 3788 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Stavdal]] || {{coord|59|10|0|N|9|24|0|E}} || 3729 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Strengen]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|8|59|0|E}} || 3825 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Surtebogen]] || {{coord|59|4|0|N|9|36|0|E}} || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svartdal]] || {{coord|59|35|0|N|8|34|0|E}} || 3841 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svelgfoss]] || || 3680 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Svenseid]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|9|6|0|E}} || 3825 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Særendsgrend]] || {{coord|59|35|0|N|7|54|0|E}} || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tinn]] || || 3656 || [[File:Tinn komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tinn]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tinnoset]] || || 3691 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tjønnefoss]] || || 3855 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tjønnegrend]] || {{coord|59|38|0|N|7|59|0|E}} || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |- |bgcolor=#EEEEFF| [[Treungen]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|2|0|N|8|33|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3855 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tuddal]] || || 3697 || [[File:Hjartdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Hjartdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tveit, Telemark|Tveit]] || || 3753 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tveitegrend]] || || 3895 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tveitgrendi]] || || 3850 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tveitogrend]] || {{coord|59|35|0|N|7|57|0|E}} || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tveitsund]] || {{coord|59|1|0|N|8|32|0|E}} || 3855 || [[File:Nissedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nissedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tørdal]]/[[Bø, Drangedal|Bø]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|8|49|0|E}} || 3753 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Tåtøy]] || || 3770 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Ulefoss]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|17|0|N|9|16|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3830 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vadfoss]] || {{coord|58|53|0|N|9|20|0|E}} || 3770 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Valebø]] || || 3721 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Venstøp]] || || 3721 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vinjastranda]] || || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vinje]] || || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vinjesvingen]] || {{coord|59|37|0|N|7|48|0|E}} || 3893 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Viperud]] || {{coord|59|36|0|N|9|7|0|E}} || 3677 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vissestad]] || || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Voll, Telemark|Voll]] || {{coord|59|8|0|N|9|30|0|E}} || 3739 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vrangfoss]] || || 3825 || [[File:Nome komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Nome, Norway|Nome]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vrådal]] || || 3853 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vråliosen]] || {{coord|59|22|0|N|8|11|0|E}} || 3849 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Våg, Telemark|Våg]] || || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Vågsli]] || {{coord|59|46|0|N|7|22|0|E}} || 3895 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Yli]] || {{coord|59|34|0|N|9|11|0|E}} || 3677 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ytre Byrte]] || {{coord|59|33|0|N|7|44|0|E}} || 3880 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Ørvella]] || {{coord|59|36|0|N|9|2|0|E}} || 3677 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øvre Byrte]] || {{coord|59|35|0|N|7|49|0|E}} || 3880 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øyane]]/[[Veum]] || {{coord|59|18|0|N|8|7|0|E}} || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Øyfjell]] || || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åby, Telemark|Åby]] || || 3960 || [[File:Bamble komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Bamble]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åbøgrend]] || || 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åfoss]] || {{coord|59|12|0|N|9|32|0|E}} || 3731 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åkre, Telemark|Åkre]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|9|1|0|E}} || 3750 || [[File:Drangedal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Drangedal]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åmdals Verk]] || {{coord|59|22|0|N|8|3|0|E}} || 3882 || [[File:Tokke komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Tokke]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åmot, Seljord|Åmot]] || {{coord|59|38|0|N|8|22|0|E}} || 3841 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åmot, Skien|Åmot]] || || 3719 || [[File:Skien komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Skien]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Åmot, Vinje|Åmot]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|35|0|N|8|0|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3890 || [[File:Vinje komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Vinje]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åmotsdal]] || || 3841 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Årlifoss]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|9|8|0|E}} || 3680 || [[File:Notodden komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Notodden]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Årøsvingen]] (Årøy) || {{coord|58|53|0|N|9|22|0|E}} || 3770 || [[File:Kragerø komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kragerø]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åsgrendi]] || || 3850 || [[File:Kviteseid komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Kviteseid]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åsheimgrendi]] || || 3840 || [[File:Seljord komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Seljord]]</span> |-class="vcard" | class="fn org" | [[Åslandsgrend]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|8|3|0|E}} || 3870 || [[File:Fyresdal komm.svg|20px]] <span class="label">[[Fyresdal]]</span> |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book | first= | last=Statens kartverk | title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas | publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget | location=Oslo | year=1996 | editor= | isbn=82-573-0742-4}} *{{cite web| author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.| year=2004| title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Telemark Fylke, Norway| format=| work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1| url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/17/| accessdate=2006-05-17| archive-date=2006-09-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913193639/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/17/| url-status=dead}} *{{cite web | author=Statens kartverk | year=2003 | title=Map service (Kvasir) | format= | work= | url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | accessdate=2006-05-17 | archive-date=2003-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | url-status=dead }} *{{cite journal | author=Statistics Norway | title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005 | year=2005 | url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web | author=Statistics Norway | title=Kart over tettsteder og sentrumsområder 1. januar 2005 | year=2005 | format= PDF| url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/01/01/20/tettstedkart/fylke08.pdf}} *{{cite web | author=Støverud, Henning | year=2001 | title=Postal code search | format= | work= | url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | accessdate=2006-05-17 | archive-date=2002-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | url-status=dead }} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Telemark]] sdr4cmfcb9lhh8tcaq3pfaq22m6duhq 0 101708 1752090 1648174 2026-08-02T06:08:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752090 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Vestfold]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané wewengkon Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Andebu]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3158 || [[File:Andebu komm.svg|20px]] [[Andebu]] |- | [[Anvik]] || || 3290 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Barkåker]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|10|23|0|E|name=Barkåker}} || 3157 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Basbergrønningen]] || || 3153 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Berg, Vestfold|Berg]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|9|55|0|E|name=Berg}} || 3290 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Berger, Vestfold|Berger]] || {{coord|59|32|42|N|10|22|17|E|name=Berger}} || 3075 || [[File:Svelvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Svelvik]] |- | [[Bergsåsen]] || || 3174 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Bjerkøya]] || || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Bjørnevåg]] || || || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Bjørnstadfeltet]] || || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Borgheim]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3140 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Borre, Norway|Borre]] || || 3184 || [[File:Horten Komm.svg|20px]] [[Horten]] |- | [[Brekkeåsen]] || || 3178 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Brøtsø]] || || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Buerstad]] || || 3135 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Dalsrud]] || || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Duken]] || || 3133 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Dunihagen]] || || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Eidsfoss]] || {{coord|59|36|0|N|10|2|0|E|name=Eidsfoss}} || 3095 || [[File:Hof komm.svg|20px]] [[Hof, Vestfold|Hof]] |- | [[Eik, Vestfold|Eik]] || || 3122 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Eikeberg]] || || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Feen]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|10|18|0|E|name=Feen}} || 3160 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Fevang]] || {{coord|59|12|0|N|10|14|0|E|name=Fevang}} || 3239 || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Fokserød]] || || 3241 || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Foldvik]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|9|58|0|E|name=Foldvik}} || 3290 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Fon, Norway|Fon]] || {{coord|59|25|0|N|10|13|0|E|name=Fon}} || 3174 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Fossan]] || {{coord|59|23|0|N|10|16|0|E|name=Fossan}} || 3174 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Freberg]] || || || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Føynland]] || || 3132 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Galleberg]] || {{coord|59|38|0|N|10|13|0|E|name=Galleberg}} || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Gjennestad]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|10|16|0|E|name=Gjennestad}} || 3160 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Gjone]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|9|59|0|E|name=Gjone}} || 3282 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Gon, Norway|Gon]] || || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Gravdal, Vestfold|Gravdal]] || || 3158 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Grettebygd]] || || 3080 || [[File:Holmestrand komm.svg|20px]] [[Holmestrand]] |- | [[Grimestad]] || || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Grønlia]]/Tangen || || 3060 || [[File:Svelvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Svelvik]] |- | [[Gullhaug]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|10|15|0|E|name=Gullhaug}} || 3080 || [[File:Holmestrand komm.svg|20px]] [[Holmestrand]] |- | [[Hafallen]] || || || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Helgeroa]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|9|51|0|E|name=Helgeroa}} || 3295 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Hem, Norway|Hem]] || || 3280 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Hof, Vestfold|Hof]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3090 || [[File:Hof komm.svg|20px]] [[Hof, Vestfold|Hof]] |- | [[Hulebakk]] || || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Husvik, Tønsberg]] || || 3124 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Husøy, Tønsberg|Husøy]] || {{coord|59|14|17|N|10|27|50|E|name=Husøy}} || 3132 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Hvarnes]] || {{coord|59|16|0|N|9|56|0|E|name=Hvarnes}} || 3282 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Hvasser]] || || 3148 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Hørdalen]] || {{coord|59|12|0|N|10|14|0|E|name=Hørdalen}} || 3239 || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Høyjord]]/Moa || {{coord|59|22|0|N|10|7|0|E|name=Høyjord/Moa}} || 3158 || [[File:Andebu komm.svg|20px]] [[Andebu]] |- | [[Hårkollen]] || || 3138 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Jarberg]] || || 3175 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Jåberg]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|10|10|0|E|name=Jåberg}} || 3232 || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Kaupang]] || || 3261 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Killingdalen]] || || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Kjelleråsen]] || || 3075 || [[File:Svelvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Svelvik]] |- | [[Kjerringvik (Vestfold)|Kjerringvik]] || {{coord|59|3|0|N|10|14|0|E|name=Kjerringvik}} || 3280 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Kjose]] || {{coord|59|7|0|N|9|55|0|E|name=Kjose}} || 3268 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Kjøpmannskjær]] || || 3143 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Klever, Norway|Klever]] || {{coord|59|39|0|N|10|12|0|E|name=Klever}} || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Klopp]] || || 3124 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Kodal]]/Rismyr || || 3243 || [[File:Andebu komm.svg|20px]] [[Andebu]] |- | [[Krokåsen]] || || 3060 || [[File:Svelvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Svelvik]] |- | [[Kronlia]] || || 3080 || [[File:Holmestrand komm.svg|20px]] [[Holmestrand]] |- | [[Kvelde]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|9|59|0|E|name=Kvelde}} || 3282 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Lahelle]] || {{coord|59|8|0|N|10|17|0|E|name=Lahelle}} || 3218 || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Lauve]] (Løve) || {{coord|59|4|0|N|10|9|0|E|name=Lauve}} || 3280 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Linnestad]] || || 3175 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Løke]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|10|12|0|E|name=Løke}} || 3160 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Melsomvik]] || {{coord|59|13|26|N|10|20|41|E|name=Melsomvik}} || 3159 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Mågerø]] || {{coord|59|8|0|N|10|26|0|E|name=Mågerø}} || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Nes, Vestfold|Nes]] || {{coord|59|12|0|N|10|0|0|E|name=Nes}} || 3282 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Nesbrygga]] || {{coord|59|13|20|N|10|26|56|E|name=Nesbrygga}} || 3133 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Nesbygda]] || || 3060 || [[File:Svelvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Svelvik]] |- | [[Nevlunghamn]] || {{coord|58|58|0|N|9|52|0|E|name=Nevlunghamn}} || 3296 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Nordkvelde]] || || 3282 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Nykirke]] || {{coord|59|25|19|N|10|22|51|E|name=Nykirke}} || 3180 || [[File:Horten Komm.svg|20px]] [[Horten]] |- | [[Omsland]] || || 3268 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Orevika]] || || 3095 || [[File:Hof komm.svg|20px]] [[Hof, Vestfold|Hof]] |- | [[Ormelet]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|10|25|0|E|name=Ormelet}} || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Oterbekk]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|10|27|0|E|name=Oterbekk}} || 3135 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Ramnes, Norway|Ramnes]] || || 3175 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Revetal]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3174 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Rørkoll]] || || 3160 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Rånerudåsen]] || || 3178 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Råstad]] || {{coord|59|10|0|N|10|16|0|E|name=Råstad}} || 3239 || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande i Vestfold]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Selvik]] || {{coord|59|34|8|N|10|15|30|E|name=Selvik}} || 3070 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Sem, Norway|Sem]] || {{coord|59|17|0|N|10|20|0|E|name=Sem}} || 3170 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Sjue]] || || 3158 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Skallestad]] || || 3138 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Skinmo]] || || 3270 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Skjerve]] || || 3140 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Skjervik]]/Holm || {{coord|59|33|10|N|10|14|13|E|name=Skjervik/Holm}} || 3070 || [[File:Sande Vestfold komm.svg|20px]] [[Sande, Vestfold|Sande]] |- | [[Skoppum]] || {{coord|59|23|0|N|10|25|0|E|name=Skoppum}} || 3185 || [[File:Horten Komm.svg|20px]] [[Horten]] |- | [[Solløkka]] || || 3233 || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Solvang, Vestfold|Solvang]] || || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Stavern]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|10|2|0|E|name=Stavern}} || 3290 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Steinsholt]] || || 3277 || [[File:Lardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lardal]] |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Stokke]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|13|0|N|10|17|0|E|name=Stokke}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3160 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Storevar]] || {{coord|59|12|19|N|10|20|14|E|name=Storevar}} || 3160 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Strand, Vestfold|Strand]] || || || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Strengsdal]] || || 3135 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Sukke]] || || 3158 || [[File:Andebu komm.svg|20px]] [[Andebu]] |- | [[Sundbyfoss]] || || 3092 || [[File:Hof komm.svg|20px]] [[Hof, Vestfold|Hof]] |- | [[Sundene]] || || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Svarstad]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3275 || [[File:Lardal komm.svg|20px]] [[Lardal]] |- | [[Svelvik, Tjøme|Svelvik]] || || 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Svinevoll]] || || 3178 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Sørby]] || || 3178 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Teie]] || || 3106 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Tenvik]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|10|22|0|E|name=Tenvik}} || 3140 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Tjølling]] (Tjøllingvollen) || || 3280 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Tjøme]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| {{coord|59|7|0|N|10|24|0|E|name=Tjøme}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 3145 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Torød]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|10|27|0|E|name=Torød}} || 3135 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Tveidalen]] || {{coord|59|2|0|N|9|52|0|E|name=Tveidalen}} || 3295 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Tveteneåsen]] || || 3265 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Tømmerholt]]/[[Glomstein]] || || 3140 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Ula, Norway|Ula]] || {{coord|59|1|0|N|10|12|0|E|name=Ula}} || 3280 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Undrumsdal]] || || 3178 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Unneberg]] || || || [[File:Sandefjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Sandefjord]] |- | [[Valberg, Vestfold|Valberg]]/Fossnes || || 3171 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Valleåsen]] || || 3174 || [[File:Re komm.svg|20px]] [[Re, Norway|Re]] |- | [[Vallø, Norway|Vallø]] || || 3150 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Vassbotn]] || || 3095 || [[File:Hof komm.svg|20px]] [[Hof, Vestfold|Hof]] |- | [[Vassås]] || || 3090 || [[File:Hof komm.svg|20px]] [[Hof, Vestfold|Hof]] |- | [[Vear]] || || 3173 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]]<br>[[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Veierland]] || || 3144 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Verdens Ende]] || || 3147 || [[File:Tjøme komm.svg|20px]] [[Tjøme]] |- | [[Verningen]] || || 3270 || [[File:Larvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Larvik]] |- | [[Vestskogen]] || || 3142 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Vidaråsen]] || || 3158 || [[File:Andebu komm.svg|20px]] [[Andebu]] |- | [[Vivestad]] || {{coord|59|25|0|N|10|8|0|E|name=Vivestad}} || 3175 || [[File:Stokke komm.svg|20px]] [[Stokke]] |- | [[Vollen, Vestfold|Vollen]] || || || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Årøysund]] || {{coord|59|10|50|N|10|27|18|E|name=Årøysund}} || 3135 || [[File:Nøtterøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Nøtterøy]] |- | [[Ås, Vestfold|Ås]] || || 3170 || [[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |- | [[Åsgårdstrand]] || {{coord|59|20|56|N|10|28|3|E|name=Åsgårdstrand}} || 3179 || [[File:Horten Komm.svg|20px]] [[Horten]]<br>[[File:Tønsberg komm.svg|20px]] [[Tønsberg]] |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite book | first= | last=Statens kartverk | title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas | publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget | location=Oslo | year=1996 | editor= | isbn=82-573-0742-4}} *{{cite web| author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.| year=2004| title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Vestfold Fylke, Norway| format=| work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1| url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/20/| accessdate=2007-03-27| archive-date=2007-06-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613231953/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/20/| url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal | author=Statistics Norway | title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005 | year=2005 | url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web | author=Statens kartverk | year=2003 | title=Map service (Kvasir) | format= | work= | url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | accessdate=2006-04-29 | archive-date=2003-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | url-status=dead }} *{{cite web | author=Statistics Norway | title=Kart over tettsteder og sentrumsområder 1. januar 2005 | year=2005 | format= PDF| url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/01/01/20/tettstedkart/fylke12.pdf}} *{{cite web | author=Støverud, Henning | year=2001 | title=Postal code search | format= | work= | url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | accessdate=2006-04-29 | archive-date=2002-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | url-status=dead }} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Vestfold]] j4pe0z2ppg6vdal25k1rd9fypyyijod 0 101710 1752091 1648202 2026-08-02T06:20:43Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752091 wikitext text/x-wiki Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Troms]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- !Panggonan !Kordinat !Kode pos !Ing kotamadya |-class="vcard" | [[Aglapsvik]] || {{coord|69|27|46|N|18|12|40|E|name=Aglapsvik}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Akkarvik]] || {{coord|70|03|51|N|20|29|33|E|name=Akkarvik}} || 9190 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Alappmoen]] || {{coord|68|59|46|N|19|01|52|E|name=Alappmoen}} || 9336 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Alteidet]] || {{coord|70|01|44|N|22|05|40|E|name=Alteidet}} || 9161 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Altvika]] || {{coord|68|56|35|N|16|40|30|E|name=Altvika}} || 9425 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Andersdal]] || {{coord|69|30|53|N|19|00|27|E|name=Andersdal}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Andselv]] || {{coord|69|03|55|N|18|30|55|E|name=Andselv}} || 9325 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Andslimoen]] || {{coord|69|05|26|N|18|34|56|E|name=Andslimoen}} || 9325 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Apaja]] || {{coord|69|22|19|N|20|13|41|E|name=Apaja}} || 9143 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Arnøyhamn]] || {{coord|70|03|09|N|20|37|55|E|name=Arnøyhamn}} || 9192 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Aspelund]] || {{coord|69|14|08|N|18|10|33|E|name=Aspelund}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Aun, Norway|Aun]] || {{coord|68|52|53|N|16|20|26|E|name=Aun}} || 9402 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Aursfjord]] || {{coord|69|16|13|N|18|43|05|E|name=Aursfjord}} || 9050 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Aursfjordbotn]] || {{coord|69|15|12|N|18|41|05|E|name=Aursfjordbotn}} || 9322 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Aursfjordgård]] || {{coord|69|18|12|N|18|39|14|E|name=Aursfjordgård}} || 9055 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Austnes, Troms|Austnes]] || {{coord|68|58|50|N|16|33|25|E|name=Austnes}} || 9426 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Bakkeby]] || {{coord|69|51|02|N|20|51|05|E|name=Bakkeby}} || 9153 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Bakkejorda]] || {{coord|68|39|19|N|17|14|01|E|name=Bakkejorda}} || 9446 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Bakkejord]] || {{coord|69|31|44|N|18|17|30|E|name=Bakkejord}} || 9106 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Bardufoss]] || {{coord|69|03|52|N|18|30|54|E|name=Bardufoss}} || 9325 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Bardujord]] || {{coord|68|48|24|N|18|31|58|E|name=Bardujord}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Beinsnes]] || {{coord|69|37|12|N|19|50|34|E|name=Beinsnes}} || 9064 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Bergsbotn]] || {{coord|69|26|33|N|17|25|23|E|name=Bergsbotn}} || 9385 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Bessebostad]] || {{coord|68|53|20|N|16|36|07|E|name=Bessebostad}} || 9420 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Birtavarre]] || {{coord|69|29|39|N|20|50|00|E|name=Birtavarre}} || 9147 || [[File:Kåfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Gáivuotna–Kåfjord|Kåfjord]] |- | [[Bjorelvnes]] || {{coord|69|20|29|N|18|05|16|E|name=Bjorelvnes}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Bjørnå]] || {{coord|68|53|00|N|16|30|00|E|name=Bjørnå}} || 9420 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Bogen, Troms|Bogen]] || {{coord|68|39|41|N|15|53|08|E|name=Bogen}} || 8409 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Bolla, Norway|Bolla]] || {{coord|68|50|07|N|17|04|13|E|name=Bolla}} || 9450 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Boltåsen]] || {{coord|68|32|03|N|16|41|33|E|name=Boltåsen}} || 9440 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Bondjorda]] || {{coord|69|19|01|N|18|02|55|E|name=Bondjorda}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Bones, Norway|Bones]] || {{coord|68|38|42|N|18|14|40|E|name=Bones}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Borkenes]]^† || {{coord|68|46|26|N|16|10|26|E|name=Borkenes}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Botnhamn]] || {{coord|69|30|26|N|17|54|10|E|name=Botnhamn}} || 9373 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Brandvoll]] || {{coord|68|49|47|N|18|10|31|E|name=Brandvoll}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Breidstrand]] || {{coord|68|32|38|N|16|37|48|E|name=Breidstrand}} || 9440 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Breivika, Troms|Breivika]] || {{coord|68|44|46|N|16|33|22|E|name=Breivika}} || 9415 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Breivikeidet]] || {{coord|69|39|22|N|19|34|03|E|name=Breivikeidet}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Breivoll]] || {{coord|68|45|35|N|17|08|54|E|name=Breivoll}} || 9450 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Bremnes, Troms|Bremnes]] || {{coord|68|51|51|N|16|11|42|E|name=Bremnes}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Brennsholmen]] || {{coord|69|35|57|N|18|02|24|E|name=Brennsholmen}} || 9118 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Brygghaug]] || {{coord|69|14|15|N|17|36|51|E|name=Brygghaug}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Brøstadbotn]]^† || {{coord|69|05|19|N|17|41|41|E|name=Brøstadbotn}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Bukkskinn]] || {{coord|69|21|28|N|18|06|30|E|name=Bukkskinn}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Burfjord]]^† || {{coord|69|56|16|N|22|03|07|E|name=Burfjord}} || 9161 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Burøysund]] || {{coord|70|13|39|N|19|43|44|E|name=Burøysund}} || 9136 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Buvik, Troms|Buvik]] || {{coord|69|33|07|N|18|07|17|E|name=Buvik}} || 9106 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Bø, Troms|Bø]] || {{coord|68|34|06|N|16|37|30|E|name=Bø}} || 9440 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Dale, Troms|Dale]] || {{coord|68|56|20|N|16|21|13|E|name=Dale}} || 9423 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Dalen, Troms|Dalen i Salangen]] || {{coord|68|52|53|N|17|41|12|E|name=Dalen i Salangen)}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Djupvik]] || {{coord|69|45|09|N|20|29|37|E|name=Djupvik}} || 9146 || [[File:Kåfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Gáivuotna–Kåfjord|Kåfjord]] |- | [[Djupvåg]] || {{coord|69|10|12|N|18|06|57|E|name=Djupvåg}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Dyrøyhamn]] || {{coord|69|00|43|N|17|26|06|E|name=Dyrøyhamn}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Dåfjord]] || {{coord|69|59|15|N|19|22|59|E|name=Dåfjorden}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Eidet, Troms|Eidet]] || {{coord|69|19|14|N|18|33|53|E|name=Eidet}} || 9322 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Elsnes]] || {{coord|69|20|12|N|20|03|03|E|name=Elsnes}} || 9046 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Elvebakken, Troms|Elvebakken]] || {{coord|68|41|50|N|16|55|47|E|name=Elvebakken}} || 9350 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Elvenes, Troms|Elvenes]] || {{coord|68|40|18|N|17|39|45|E|name=Elvenes}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Elvevoll]] || {{coord|69|20|23|N|19|57|46|E|name=Elvevoll}} || 9046 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Engenes]] || {{coord|68|55|16|N|17|08|06|E|name=Engenes}} || 9455 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Ersfjord]] || {{coord|69|29|04|N|17|24|26|E|name=Ersfjord}} || 9386 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Ersfjordbotn]] || {{coord|69.6917|18.6154|format=dms|name=Ersfjordbotn}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Ervika]] || {{coord|68|49|21|N|16|28|58|E|name=Ervika}} || 9402 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Evenskjer]]^† || {{coord|68|35|05|N|16|34|31|E|name=Evenskjer}} || 9440 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Espejord]] || {{coord|69|04|48|N|17|32|20|E|name=Espejord}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Espenes, Troms|Espenes]] || {{coord|69|06|45|N|17|45|02|E|name=Espenes}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Fagerli]] || {{coord|69|17|38|N|17|46|35|E|name=Fagerli}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Fagernes, Troms|Fagernes]] || {{coord|69|33|40|N|19|11|04|E|name=Fagernes}} || 9027 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Fauskevåg]] || {{coord|68|40|02|N|16|35|16|E|name=Fauskevåg}} || 9419 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Fenes, Troms|Fenes]] || {{coord|68|55|54|N|16|38|17|E|name=Fenes}} || 9425 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Finnfjordbotn]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Vuotnabahta}}) || {{coord|69|14|04|N|18|05|38|E|name=Finnfjordbotn}}|| 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Finnfjordeidet]] || {{coord|69|15|06|N|18|10|08|E|name=Finnfjordeidet}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Finnfjord]] || {{coord|69|13|00|N|18|05|10|E|name=Finnfjorden}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Finnkroken]] || {{coord|69|50|06|N|19|25|59|E|name=Finnkroken}} || 9132 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Finnland, Troms|Finnland]] || {{coord|69|05|40|N|17|39|51|E|name=Finnland}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Finnsæter]] || {{coord|69|24|47|N|17|15|17|E|name=Finnsæter}} || 9385 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Fjordbotn]] || {{coord|68|40|15|N|17|42|57|E|name=Fjordbotn}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Fjordbotnmarka]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Skuhppi}}) || {{coord|68|39|48|N|17|45|43|E|name=Fjordbotnmarka}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Fjordgård]] || {{coord|69|30|28|N|17|37|43|E|name=Fjordgård}} || 9388 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Flakstadvåg]] || {{coord|69|11|30|N|17|03|18|E|name=Flakstadvåg}} || 9393 || [[File:Torsken komm.svg|20px]] [[Torsken]] |- | [[Flesnes]] || {{coord|68|40|17|N|15|54|46|E|name=Flesnes}} || 8409 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Foldvik]] || {{coord|68|41|33|N|17|25|30|E|name=Foldvik}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Fornes, Norway|Fornes]] || {{coord|68|52|06|N|17|28|14|E|name=Fornes}} || 9453 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Forså]] || {{coord|68|44|37|N|16|58|58|E|name=Forså}} || 9450 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Fossmoen]] || {{coord|69|02|44|N|18|35|38|E|name=Fossmoen}} || 9325 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Furuflaten]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Vuošvággi}}) || {{coord|69|26|29|N|20|09|14|E|name=Furuflaten}} || 9062 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Furøy]] || {{coord|69|09|44|N|18|05|31|E|name=Furøy}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Futrikelv]] || {{coord|69|47|30|N|19|01|35|E|name=Futrikelv}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Gammnes]] || {{coord|69|54|33|N|19|28|50|E|name=Gammnes}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Gausvik]] || {{coord|68|36|51|N|16|31|00|E|name=Gausvik}} || 9430 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Gibostad]] || {{coord|69|21|18|N|18|04|31|E|name=Gibostad}} || 9372 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Gottersjord]] || {{coord|69|09|39|N|18|07|12|E|name=Gottersjord}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Grasmyrskogen]] || {{coord|69|17|39|N|17|47|17|E|name=Grasmyrskogen}} || 9303 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Grov, Troms|Grovfjord]]/Grov || {{coord|68|40|51|N|17|07|32|E|name=Grovfjord}} || 9446 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Grøtfjord]] || {{coord|69|46|42|N|18|32|39|E|name=Grøtfjord}} || 9107 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Grunnfarnes]] || {{coord|69|18|09|N|16|58|38|E|name=Grunnfarnes}} || 9395 || [[File:Torsken komm.svg|20px]] [[Torsken]] |- | [[Grunnfjorden]] || {{coord|69|59|32|N|19|33|37|E|name=Grunnfjorden}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Grunnreisa]] || {{coord|69|10|43|N|18|04|15|E|name=Grunnreisa}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Grunnvåg]] || {{coord|69|24|05|N|18|02|34|E|name=Grunnvåg}} || 9372 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Gryllefjord]]^† || {{coord|69|21|46|N|17|03|10|E|name=Gryllefjord}} || 9380 || [[File:Torsken komm.svg|20px]] [[Torsken]] |- | [[Grønjord]] || {{coord|69|24|48|N|18|21|16|E|name=Grønjord}} || 9302 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Grøtavær]] || {{coord|68|57|58|N|16|16|41|E|name=Grøtavær}} || 9423 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Grøtnesdalen]] || {{coord|69|51|19|N|19|38|18|E|name=Grøtnesdalen}} || 9132 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Gåra]] || {{coord|68|45|40|N|16|14|33|E|name=Gåra}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Hamn]] || {{coord|69|25|02|N|17|09|44|E|name=Hamn}} || 9385 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Hamneidet]] || {{coord|69|55|44|N|20|57|32|E|name=Hamneidet}} || 9181 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Hamnnes]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Gárgu}}) || {{coord|69|47|18|N|20|34|01|E|name=Hamnnes}} || 9159 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Hamnvik]]^† || {{coord|68|46|41|N|17|10|28|E|name=Hamnvik}} || 9450 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Hamnvåg]] || {{coord|69|19|19|N|18|46|41|E|name=Hamnvåg}} || 9055 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Hamre, Karlsøy|Hamre]] || {{coord|70|07|40|N|19|42|19|E|name=Hamre}} || 9136 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Hansnes]]^† || {{coord|69|58|00|N|19|36|00|E|name=Hansnes}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Hatteng]]^† || {{coord|69|16|14|N|19|57|33|E|name=Hatteng}} || 9046 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Heggelia]] || {{coord|69|02|40|N|18|30|37|E|name=Heggelia}} || 9321 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Helgøya (Troms)|Helgøy]] || {{coord|70|06|56|N|19|22|11|E|name=Helgøy}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Hella, Troms|Hella]] || {{coord|69|33|30|N|18|43|36|E|name=Hella}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Hemmestad]] || {{coord|68|43|56|N|16|03|27|E|name=Hemmestad}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Hemmingsjord]] || {{coord|69|11|49|N|18|04|02|E|name=Hemmingsjord}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Hesjeberg]] || {{coord|68|43|47|N|17|28|11|E|name=Hesjeberg}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Hesjevika]] || {{coord|68|45|41|N|17|48|24|E|name=Hesjevika}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Hessfjord]] || {{coord|69|56|58|N|19|28|11|E|name=Hessfjord}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Hilleshamn]] || {{coord|68|43|59|N|17|16|12|E|name=Hilleshamn}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Holm, Troms|Holm]] || {{coord|69|02|23|N|17|30|39|E|name=Holm}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Holt, Troms|Holt]] || {{coord|69|01|01|N|19|24|48|E|name=Holt}} || 9336 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Horsnes]] || {{coord|69|19|30|N|20|01|02|E|name=Horsnes}} || 9046 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Hundbergan]] || {{coord|69|32|57|N|19|01|43|E|name=Hundbergan}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Hundstrand]] || {{coord|69|02|40|N|17|36|52|E|name=Hundstrand}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Hundtorp]] || {{coord|68|50|21|N|18|23|52|E|name=Hundtorp}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Hundstad]] || {{coord|68|44|56|N|16|09|48|E|name=Hundstad}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Husøy, Senja|Husøy i Senja]] || {{coord|69|32|32|N|17|39|45|E|name=Husøy i Senja}} || 9389 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Håkavika]] || {{coord|68|52|23|N|17|36|10|E|name=Håkavika}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Håkstad]] || {{coord|68|39|29|N|18|12|29|E|name=Håkstad}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Håkøybotn]] || {{coord|69|37|51|N|18|43|36|E|name=Håkøybotn}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Indre Berg]] || {{coord|69|33|38|N|18|57|03|E|name=Indre Berg}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Indre Årnes]] || {{coord|69|24|39|N|17|59|51|E|name=Indre Årnes}} || 9372 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Innset, Troms|Innset]] || {{coord|68|39|32|N|18|48|36|E|name=Innset}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Jektevika]] || {{coord|68|53|30|N|17|25|22|E|name=Jektevika}} || 9453 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Jægervatn]] || {{coord|69|43|52|N|19|51|16|E|name=Jægervatn}} || 9064 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Jøkelfjord]] || {{coord|70|03|37|N|21|52|10|E|name=Jøkelfjord}} || 9163 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Jøvik]] || {{coord|69|36|15|N|19|49|02|E|name=Jøvik}} || 9043 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kaldfarnes]] || {{coord|69|17|02|N|17|01|40|E|name=Kaldfarnes}} || 9395 || [[File:Torsken komm.svg|20px]] [[Torsken]] |- | [[Kaldfjord]] || {{coord|69|40|45|N|18|44|20|E|name=Kaldfjord}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kaldsletta]] || {{coord|69|37|00|N|18|57|00|E|name=Kaldsletta}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kammen]] || {{coord|70|04|48|N|19|42|28|E|name=Kammen}} || 9136 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Kampevoll]] || {{coord|69|12|09|N|17|30|39|E|name=Kampevoll}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Kantornes]] || {{coord|69|22|38|N|19|17|11|E|name=Kantornes}} || 9042 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Karlstad, Norway|Karlstad]] || {{coord|69|12|48|N|18|28|12|E|name=Karlstad}} || 9322 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Karlsøya (Troms)|Karlsøy]] || {{coord|70|00|09|N|19|53|21|E|name=Karlsøy}} || 9138 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Karnes (Norway)|Karnes]] || {{coord|69|33|39|N|20|13|09|E|name=Karnes}} || 9060 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Kasfjord]] || {{coord|68|50|03|N|16|21|18|E|name=Kasfjord}} || 9402 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Keianes]] || {{coord|69|16|18|N|18|41|46|E|name=Keianes}} || 9322 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Keiprød]] || {{coord|68|46|53|N|17|38|01|E|name=Keiprød}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Kilbotn]] || {{coord|68|43|03|N|16|32|00|E|name=Kilbotn}} || 9415 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Kirkesjorda]] || {{coord|68|53|21|N|19|03|26|E|name=Kirkesjorda}} || 9336 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Kjosen, Lyngen|Kjosen]] || {{coord|69|34|59|N|20|09|16|E|name=Kjosen, Lyngen}} || 9060 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Kjosen, Tromsø|Kjosen]] || {{coord|69|41|11|N|18|44|40|E|name=Kjosen, Tromsø}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kjækan]] || {{coord|69|46|44|N|22|05|00|E|name=Kjækan}} || 9162 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Kjøtta]] || {{coord|68|52|24|N|16|41|44|E|name=Kjøtta}} || 9424 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Klåpen]] || {{coord|68|55|37|N|17|15|54|E|name=Klåpen}} || 9455 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Koppangen]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Gohppi}}) || {{coord|69|40|45|N|20|15|45|E|name=Koppangen}} || 9060 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Kraksletta]] || {{coord|69|31|20|N|18|51|57|E|name=Kraksletta}} || 9055 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kristofferjorda]] || {{coord|69|32|32|N|19|04|00|E|name=Kristofferjorda}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kristoffervalen]] || {{coord|70|07|50|N|19|59|29|E|name=Kristoffervalen}} || 9135 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Kroken, Tromsø|Kroken]] || {{coord|69|41|02|N|19|04|10|E|name=Kroken}} || 9022 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kråkrøhamn]] || {{coord|68|50|03|N|17|22|45|E|name=Kråkrøhamn}} || 9453 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Kvalvik]] || {{coord|69|30|09|N|20|12|15|E|name=Kvalvik}} || 9062 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Kvaløysletta]] || {{coord|69|41|44|N|18|52|58|E|name=Kvaløysletta}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kvaløyvågen]] || {{coord|69|51|08|N|18|49|10|E|name=Kvaløyvågen}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kvannåsen]] || {{coord|69|18|35|N|17|53|04|E|name=Kvannåsen}} || 9303 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Kvænangsbotn]] || {{coord|69|43|53|N|22|04|45|E|name=Kvænangsbotn}} || 9162 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Kårvik]] || {{coord|69|52|00|N|18|56|00|E|name=Kårvik}} || 9131 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Kårvikhamn]] || {{coord|69|23|38|N|18|10|53|E|name=Kårvikhamn}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Laberg, Gratangen|Laberg]] || {{coord|68|40|33|N|17|30|25|E|name=Laberg, Gratangen}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Laberg, Salangen|Laberg]] || {{coord|68|51|40|N|17|49|00|E|name=Laberg, Salangen}} || 9465 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Labukta]] || {{coord|69|27|06|N|18|59|13|E|name=Labukta}} || 9042 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Lakselvbukt]] || {{coord|69|25|59|N|19|38|49|E|name=Lakselvbukt}} || 9042 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Laksvatn]] || {{coord|69|22|33|N|19|22|25|E|name=Laksvatn}} || 9042 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Langhamn]] || {{coord|69|03|46|N|17|32|37|E|name=Langhamn}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Langnes, Troms|Langnes]] || {{coord|69|19|05|N|18|13|34|E|name=Langnes}} || 9302 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Langvassbukta]] || {{coord|68|37|04|N|15|45|37|E|name=Langvassbukta}} || 8409 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Larseng]] || {{coord|69|34|20|N|18|46|25|E|name=Larseng}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Lattervika]] || {{coord|69|47|04|N|19|54|42|E|name=Lattervika}} || 9064 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Laukhella]] || {{coord|69|15|10|N|17|57|16|E|name=Laukhella}} || 9303 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Lauksletta]] || {{coord|70|08|17|N|20|45|51|E|name=Lauksletta, Skjervøy}} || 9194 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Lauksletta, Tromsø|Lauksletta]] || {{coord|69|33|33|N|19|05|35|E|name=Lauksletta, Tromsø}} || 9106 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Lauksundskaret]] || {{coord|70|04|43|N|20|46|34|E|name=Lauksundskaret}} || 9194 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Laukvik]] || {{coord|69|33|37|N|17|53|56|E|name=Laukvik}} || 9373 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Laukvika]] || {{coord|69|50|04|N|18|41|03|E|name=Laukvika}} || 9120 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Laupstad, Norway|Laupstad]] || {{coord|68|52|07|N|17|08|29|E|name=Laupstad}} || 9454 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Lavangen]] || {{coord|68|46|20|N|17|48|08|E|name=Lavangen}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Lavangen, Skånland|Lavangen]] || {{coord|68|31|59|N|16|37|21|E|name=Lavangen, Skånland}} || 9440 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Lavangnes]] || {{coord|68|49|46|N|17|29|41|E|name=Lavangnes}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Lavik, Troms|Lavik]] || {{coord|68|44|38|N|17|25|59|E|name=Lavik}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Leiknes]] || {{coord|69|18|30|N|18|00|15|E|name=Leiknes}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Lenangsøyra]] || {{coord|69|48|56|N|19|58|48|E|name=Lenangsøyra}} || 9064 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Liland, Troms|Liland]] || {{coord|69|36|18|N|21|15|11|E|name=Liland}} || 9151 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Linberget]] || {{coord|69|20|41|N|18|17|03|E|name=Linberget}} || 9302 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Lundenes]] || {{coord|68|52|48|N|16|34|12|E|name=Lundenes}} || 9420 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Lyngseidet]]^† || {{coord|69|34|34|N|20|13|07|E|name=Lyngseidet}} || 9060 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Lyngspollen]] || {{coord|69|29|04|N|20|10|44|E|name=Lyngspollen}} || 9062 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Løksa]] || {{coord|68|55|39|N|17|38|57|E|name=Løksa}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Løksebotn]] || {{coord|68|56|10|N|17|42|59|E|name=Løksebotn}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Løksfjord]] || {{coord|70|01|48|N|18|43|13|E|name=Løksfjord}} || 9140 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Løkvollen]] || {{coord|69|32|28|N|20|33|03|E|name=Løkvollen}} || 9144 || [[File:Kåfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Gáivuotna–Kåfjord|Kåfjord]] |- | [[Låternes]] || {{coord|68|45|44|N|17|45|55|E|name=Låternes}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Magesås]] || {{coord|68|55|07|N|17|43|39|E|name=Magesås}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Malangseidet]] || {{coord|69|23|19|N|18|59|01|E|name=Malangseidet}} || 9054 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Manndalen]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Olmmáivággi}}) || {{coord|69|31|23|N|20|32|19|E|name=Manndalen}} || 9144 || [[File:Kåfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Gáivuotna–Kåfjord|Kåfjord]] |- | [[Medby]] || {{coord|69|16|53|N|17|03|32|E|name=Medby}} || 9395 || [[File:Torsken komm.svg|20px]] [[Torsken]] |- | [[Mefjordbotn]] || {{coord|69|28|12|N|17|41|06|E|name=Mefjordbotn}} || 9386 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Mefjordvær]] || {{coord|69|31|07|N|17|26|18|E|name=Mefjordvær}} || 9386 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Melen]] || {{coord|68|53|32|N|17|48|18|E|name=Melen}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Meløyvær]] || {{coord|69|04|22|N|16|30|16|E|name=Meløyvær}} || 9427 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Mestervik]] || {{coord|69|19|40|N|18|55|28|E|name=Mestervik}} || 9055 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Middagsbukta]] || {{coord|69|20|38|N|19|07|09|E|name=Middagsbukta}} || 9050 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Midtli]] || {{coord|68|50|39|N|18|15|21|E|name=Midtli}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Mikkelbostad]] || {{coord|68|59|42|N|17|24|15|E|name=Mikkelbostad}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Mikkelvik]] || {{coord|70|03|59|N|19|02|37|E|name=Mikkelvik}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Mjelde]] || {{coord|69|32|27|N|18|26|10|E|name=Mjelde}} || 9106 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Mjølvik]] || {{coord|70|01|58|N|18|33|34|E|name=Mjølvik}} || 9141 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Moelva]] || {{coord|68|34|17|N|15|49|40|E|name=Moelva}} || 8409 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Moen, Troms|Moen]]^† || {{coord|69|07|49|N|18|36|44|E|name=Moen}} || 9321 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Mortenshals]] || {{coord|69|24|00|N|18|35|45|E|name=Mortenshals}} || 9056 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Movik]] || {{coord|69|42|41|N|19|05|33|E|name=Movik}} || 9022 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Myrlandshaugen]] || {{coord|68|46|24|N|17|16|43|E|name=Myrlandshaugen}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Målsnes]] || {{coord|69|19|31|N|18|32|20|E|name=Målsnes}} || 9322 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Nergården]]||{{coord|68|59|48|N|16|32|00|E|name=Nergården}}||9426||[[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Nergårdshamn]] || {{coord|68|59|55|N|16|34|19|E|name=Nergårdshamn}} || 9426 ||[[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Nikkeby]] || {{coord|70|04|02|N|20|49|50|E|name=Nikkeby}} || 9193 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Nord-Lenangen]] || {{coord|69|55|18|N|20|09|38|E|name=Nord-Lenangen}} || 9068 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Nordbotn, Troms|Nordbotn]] || {{coord|69|39|16|N|18|44|38|E|name=Nordbotn}} || 9027 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Nordbynes]] || {{coord|69|19|55|N|18|49|15|E|name=Nordbynes}} || 9055 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Nordeidet]] || {{coord|69|55|22|N|19|46|54|E|name=Nordeidet}} || 9132 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Nordfjordbotn]] || {{coord|69|17|14|N|19|00|20|E|name=Nordfjordbotn}} || 9055 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Nordkjosbotn]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Gárgán}}) || {{coord|69|13|02|N|19|33|29|E|name=Nordkjosbotn}} || 9040 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Nordkjosbotn, Nordreisa|Nordkjosbotn]] || {{coord|69|47|36|N|21|03|02|E|name=Nordkjosbotn, Nordreisa}} || 9151 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Nordmannvik]] || {{coord|69|40|42|N|20|30|06|E|name=Nordmannvik}} || 9146 || [[File:Kåfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Gáivuotna–Kåfjord|Kåfjord]] |- | [[Nordvika]] || {{coord|68|41|52|N|16|33|55|E|name=Nordvika}} || 9419 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Nygårdstranda]] || {{coord|69|55|13|N|20|09|50|E|name=Nygårdstranda}} || 9068 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Oksfjordhamn]] || {{coord|69|54|32|N|21|19|44|E|name=Oksfjordhamn}} || 9151 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Olderbakken]] || {{coord|69|34|54|N|19|45|18|E|name=Olderbakken}} || 9043 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Olderdalen]]^† || {{coord|69|36|14|N|20|31|57|E|name=Olderdalen}} || 9146 || [[File:Kåfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Gáivuotna–Kåfjord|Kåfjord]] |- | [[Olderfjord, Troms|Olderfjord]] || {{coord|70|10|28|N|21|28|56|E|name=Olderfjord}} || 9184 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Oldervik, Troms|Oldervik]] || {{coord|69|45|24|N|19|40|33|E|name=Oldervik}} || 9034 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Olsborg]] || {{coord|69|08|40|N|18|35|37|E|name=Olsborg}} || 9321 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Oteren]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Cavkkus}}) || {{coord|69|15|19|N|19|53|02|E|name=Oteren}} || 9046 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Otterå, Troms|Otterå]] || {{coord|68|51|59|N|17|47|08|E|name=Otterå}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Polleidet]]<br /> ({{lang-fkv|Taipale}}) || {{coord|69|29|29|N|20|11|49|E|name=Polleidet}} || 9062 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Rabbåsen]] || {{coord|69|04|38|N|18|11|41|E|name=Rabbåsen}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Ramfjordnes]] || {{coord|69|31|48|N|19|00|29|E|name=Ramfjordnes}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Rasteby]] || {{coord|69|23|35|N|20|07|24|E|name=Rasteby}} || 9046 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Rebbenes]] || {{coord|70|03|08|N|18|55|50|E|name=Rebbenes}} || 9140 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Reinelv]] || {{coord|69|12|25|N|18|15|02|E|name=Reinelv}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Reinfjord]] || {{coord|70|06|06|N|21|35|58|E|name=Reinfjord}} || 9184 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Rekvik]] || {{coord|69|44|11|N|18|19|32|E|name=Rekvik}} || 9107 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Renså]] || {{coord|68|41|10|N|16|54|46|E|name=Renså}} || 9445 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Revsnes, Troms|Revsnes]] || {{coord|68|40|44|N|16|02|54|E|name=Revsnes}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Rollnes]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Nuorta-Rállegeahci}}) || {{coord|68|51|43|N|17|02|33|E|name=Rollnes}} || 9450 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Rornes]] || {{coord|69|33|17|N|19|43|22|E|name=Rornes}} || 9043 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Rossfjordstraumen]] || {{coord|69|21|47|N|18|18|49|E|name=Rossfjordstraumen}} || 9302 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Rossvoll, Troms|Rossvoll]] || {{coord|69|11|27|N|18|29|24|E|name=Rossvoll}} || 9322 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Rotsund]] || {{coord|69|46|39|N|20|35|22|E|name=Rotsund}} || 9153 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Rottenvik]] || {{coord|69|35|28|N|20|16|37|E|name=Rottenvik}} || 9060 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Rotvika]] || {{coord|68|53|37|N|17|40|52|E|name=Rotvika}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Rubbestad]] || {{coord|69|09|52|N|17|49|08|E|name=Rubbestad}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Rundhaug]] || {{coord|69|01|12|N|18|53|53|E|name=Rundhaug}} || 9336 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Rød, Troms|Rød]] || {{coord|68|47|27|N|17|45|50|E|name=Rød}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Rødsand, Troms|Rødsand]] || {{coord|69|08|10|N|17|01|25|E|name=Rødsand}} || 9392 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Røkenes]] || {{coord|68|46|26|N|17|44|20|E|name=Røkenes}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Røykeneset]]<br /> ({{lang-sme|Ruikat}})<br />({{lang-fkv|Ruikkatanniemi}}) || {{coord|69|24|55|N|20|15|29|E|name=Røykeneset}} || 9143 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Røyrbakken]] || {{coord|68|57|57|N|17|45|28|E|name=Røyrbakken}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Samuelsberg]] || {{coord|69|33|5|N|20|32|0|E|name=Samuelsberg}} || 9144 || [[File:Kåfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Gáivuotna–Kåfjord|Kåfjord]] |- | [[Sand, Troms|Sand]] || {{coord|69|23|28|N|18|36|30|E|name=Sand}} || 9056 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Sandemarka]]<br />({{lang-sme|Sáttiidvuopmi}}) || {{coord|68|38|57|N|16|51|00|E|name=Sandemarka}} || 9445 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Sandneshamn]] || {{coord|69|37|48|N|18|10|10|E|name=Sandneshamn}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Sandstrand, Troms|Sandstrand]] || {{coord|68|40|41|N|16|47|11|E|name=Sandstrand}} || 9445 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Sandsøya, Troms|Sandsøy]] || {{coord|68|57|09|N|16|39|29|E|name=Sandsøy}} || 9425 ||[[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Sandtorg]] || {{coord|68|34|11|N|16|31|18|E|name=Sandtorg}} || 9430 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Sandøra]] || {{coord|69|19|16|N|19|57|27|E|name=Sandøra}} || 9046 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Sandøyra]] || {{coord|69|20|36|N|19|15|59|E|name=Sandøyra}} || 9050 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Sappen]] || {{coord|69|33|33|N|21|17|53|E|name=Sappen}} || 9151 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Seglvik]] || {{coord|70|12|17|N|21|13|16|E|name=Seglvik}} || 9182 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Sekkemo]] || {{coord|69|50|14|N|21|56|57|E|name=Sekkemo}} || 9161 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Seljelvnes]] || {{coord|69|16|05|N|19|24|48|E|name=Seljelvnes}} || 9040 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Seljeskogen]] || {{coord|68|54|25|N|17|51|56|E|name=Seljeskogen}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Selnes, Norway|Selnes]] || {{coord|68|48|49|N|17|25|06|E|name=Selnes}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Senjahopen]] || {{coord|69|29|46|N|17|29|00|E|name=Senjahopen}} || 9386 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Sessøya]] || {{coord|69|44|00|N|18|14|40|E|name=Sessøya}} || 9107 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Setermoen]]^† || {{coord|68|51|39|N|18|20|54|E|name=Setermoen}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Sifjord]] || {{coord|69|17|07|N|17|08|51|E|name=Sifjord}} || 9395 || [[File:Torsken komm.svg|20px]] [[Torsken]] |- | [[Silsand]] || {{coord|69|14|19|N|17|56|20|E|name=Silsand}} || 9303 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Sjursnes]] || {{coord|69|32|17|N|19|38|20|E|name=Sjursnes}} || 9030 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Sjøvassbotn]] || {{coord|69|23|34|N|19|26|03|E|name=Sjøvassbotn}} || 9042 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Sjøvegan]]^† || {{coord|68|52|21|N|17|50|50|E|name=Sjøvegan}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Skaland]]^† || {{coord|69|26|40|N|17|17|53|E|name=Skaland}} || 9385 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Skarmunken]]<br />({{lang-sme|Skárramohkki}}) || {{coord|69|36|32|N|19|42|49|E|name=Skarmunken}} || 9030 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Skarsfjord]] || {{coord|69|58|02|N|18|50|52|E|name=Skarsfjord}} || 9130 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Skatvik]] || {{coord|69|09|42|N|17|36|07|E|name=Skatvik}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Skibotn]]<br />({{lang-sme|Ivgobahta}}) || {{coord|69|23|27|N|20|16|02|E|name=Skibotn}} || 9143 || [[File:Storfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Storfjord]] |- | [[Skittenelv]] || {{coord|69|46|36|N|19|23|49|E|name=Skittenelv}} || 9022 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Skjelnan]] || {{coord|69|41|55|N|19|05|02|E|name=Skjelnan}} || 9022 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Skjervøy (village)|Skjervøy]]^† || {{coord|70|01|52|N|20|58|17|E|name=Skjervøy}} || 9180 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Skjold, Troms|Skjold]] || {{coord|69|01|27|N|19|17|45|E|name=Skjold}} || 9334 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Skogen, Troms|Skogen]] || {{coord|69|14|05|N|18|03|30|E|name=Skogen}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Skognes]] || {{coord|69|19|26|N|17|54|03|E|name=Skognes}} || 9372 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Skogvika]] || {{coord|70|00|44|N|18|44|29|E|name=Skogvika}} || 9140 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Skrollsvika]] || {{coord|69|04|06|N|16|50|23|E|name=Skrollsvika}} || 9392 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Skulsfjord]] || {{coord|69|48|03|N|18|45|29|E|name=Skulsfjord}} || 9103 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Skøelva]] || {{coord|69|07|54|N|18|03|01|E|name=Skøelva}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Skårvika]] || {{coord|68|53|26|N|17|48|10|E|name=Skårvika}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Sletta, Troms|Sletta]] || {{coord|69|20|37|N|19|10|14|E|name=Sletta}} || 9050 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Slettmo]] || {{coord|69|19|01|N|19|25|02|E|name=Slettmo}} || 9042 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Slettnes]] || {{coord|70|10|38|N|19|54|20|E|name=Slettnes}} || 9135 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Slåttnes]] || {{coord|69|34|55|N|18|47|26|E|name=Slåttnes}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Smørsgård]] || {{coord|69|08|49|N|18|03|22|E|name=Smørsgård}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Snarby]] || {{coord|69|47|57|N|19|32|34|E|name=Snarby}} || 9022 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Solli]] || {{coord|69|11|59|N|17|47|46|E|name=Solli}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Soløy]] || {{coord|68|46|33|N|17|47|57|E|name=Soløy}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Sommarsetet]] || {{coord|68|52|10|N|17|44|15|E|name=Sommarsetet}} || 9350 || [[File:Salangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Salangen]] |- | [[Sommarøy]] || {{coord|69|37|59|N|18|05|10|E|name=Sommarøy}} || 9110 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Spildra]] || {{coord|69|59|46|N|21|40|55|E|name=Spildra}} || 9185 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Stakkvik]] || {{coord|69|57|34|N|19|41|14|E|name=Stakkvik}} || 9132 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Steinfjord]] || {{coord|69|27|38|N|17|21|08|E|name=Steinfjord}} || 9385 || [[File:Berg komm.svg|20px]] [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] |- | [[Steinnes, Troms|Steinnes]] || {{coord|70|02|40|N|19|16|35|E|name=Steinnes}} || 9130 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Steinsland]] || {{coord|68|36|56|N|16|34|48|E|name=Steinsland}} || 9440 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Stigen, Norway|Stigen]] || {{coord|69|34|44|N|20|14|03|E|name=Stigen}} || 9060 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Stonglandseidet]] || {{coord|69|05|07|N|17|10|20|E|name=Stonglandseidet}} || 9392 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Storbukta]] || {{coord|69|25|51|N|19|03|26|E|name=Storbukta}} || 9042 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Storeng]]<br />({{lang-sme|Stuoragieddi}}) || {{coord|70|00|29|N|22|01|25|E|name=Storeng}} || 9161 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Storjorda]] || {{coord|68|40|23|N|16|20|59|E|name=Storjorda}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Stornes]]et || {{coord|69|27|47|N|18|58|17|E|name=Stornes}} || 9042 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Storslett]]^† || {{coord|69|46|04|N|21|01|28|E|name=Storslett}} || 9151 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Storsteinnes, Lyngen|Storsteinnes]] || {{coord|69|36|46|N|19|52|49|E|name=Storsteinnes, Lyngen}} || 9060 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Storsteinnes]]^† || {{coord|69|14|26|N|19|14|03|E|name=Storsteinnes}} || 9050 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Storvatnet, Troms|Storvatnet]] || {{coord|68|39|11|N|16|25|40|E|name=Storvatnet}} || 9419 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Straumen, Ibestad|Straumen]] || {{coord|68|54|45|N|17|11|42|E|name=Straumen, Ibestad}} || 9455 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Straumen, Kvæfjord|Straumen]] || {{coord|68|44|10|N|16|14|39|E|name=Straumen, Kvæfjord}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Straumen, Lyngen|Straumen]] || {{coord|69|53|27|N|20|09|41|E|name=Straumen, Lyngen}} || 9068 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Straumfjordnes]] || {{coord|69|52|34|N|21|12|16|E|name=Straumfjordnes}} || 9151 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |- | [[Straumsbukta]] || {{coord|69|34|18|N|18|39|12|E|name=Straumsbukta}} || 9106 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Strupen]] || {{coord|69|09|25|N|19|10|40|E|name=Strupen}} || 9055 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Strømsmoen]] || {{coord|68|45|42|N|18|34|13|E|name=Strømsmoen}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Sultindvik]] || {{coord|69|21|05|N|18|29|10|E|name=Sultindvik}} || 9302 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Sundlia]] || {{coord|69|01|05|N|18|29|06|E|name=Sundlia}} || 9360 || [[File:Bardu komm.svg|20px]] [[Bardu]] |- | [[Svanelvmoen]] || {{coord|69|15|24|N|17|35|23|E|name=Svanelvmoen}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Svartnes, Norway|Svartnes]] || {{coord|69|22|32|N|19|07|07|E|name=Svartnes}} || 9042 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Svensby]] || {{coord|69|39|47|N|19|48|57|E|name=Svensby}} || 9064 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Sæter, Troms|Sæter]] || {{coord|69|03|30|N|17|37|51|E|name=Sæter}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Sætermoen]] || {{coord|69|15|42|N|18|11|53|E|name=Sætermoen}} || 9055 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Sør-Lenangen]] || {{coord|69|49|09|N|20|02|00|E|name=Sør-Lenangen}} || 9068 || [[File:Lyngen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lyngen]] |- | [[Sørkjosen]] || {{coord|69|47|09|N|20|57|01|E|name=Sørkjosen}} || 9152 || [[File:Nordreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Nordreisa]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Sørreisa (village)|Sørreisa]]^†<br />({{lang-sme|Orjješ-Ráisa}}) || {{coord|69|08|42|N|18|09|10|E|name=Sørreisa}} || 9310 || [[File:Sorreisa komm.svg|20px]] [[Sørreisa]] |- | [[Sørrollnes]]<br />({{lang-sme|Orjješ-Rállegeahci}}) || {{coord|68|43|42|N|16|50|22|E|name=Sørrollnes}} || 9450 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Sørstraumen]] || {{coord|69|50|30|N|21|51|36|E|name=Sørstraumen}} || 9162 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Sørvika, Ibestad|Sørvika]] || {{coord|68|47|58|N|17|12|55|E|name=Sørvika, Ibestad}} || 9454 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Sørvik]]a || {{coord|68|41|06|N|16|32|04|E|name=Sørvika, Harstad}} || 9419 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Tennevoll]]^† || {{coord|68|44|49|N|17|48|22|E|name=Tennevoll}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Tennskjær]] || {{coord|69|28|34|N|18|17|49|E|name=Tennskjær}} || 9302 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Tomasjorda]]/[[Lunheim]] || {{coord|69|40|00|N|19|01|00|E|name=Tomasjorda/Lunheim}} || 9024 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Torsken (village)|Torsken]] || {{coord|69|20|19|N|17|06|19|E|name=Torsken}} || 9381 || [[File:Torsken komm.svg|20px]] [[Torsken]] |- | [[Torsvåg]] || {{coord|70|14|11|N|19|30|36|E|name=Torsvåg}} || 9136 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Tovik]] || {{coord|68|40|45|N|16|52|10|E|name=Tovik}} || 9445 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Tromsdalen]] || {{coord|69|38|39|N|18|59|57|E|name=Tromsdalen}} || 9020 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Tromvik]] || {{coord|69|46|43|N|18|24|05|E|name=Tromvik}} || 9107 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Trondjorda]] || {{coord|69|50|28|N|18|51|48|E|name=Trondjorda}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Trøsemarka]]<br />({{lang-sme|Vuopmegeahci}}) || {{coord|68|33|59|N|16|45|36|E|name=Trøsemarka}} || 9440 || [[File:Skånland komm.svg|20px]] [[Skånland]] |- | [[Tussøy]] || {{coord|69|38|47|N|18|06|49|E|name=Tussøy}} || 9128 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Tønsvik]] || {{coord|69|44|51|N|19|10|36|E|name=Tønsvik}} || 9022 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Tårnelvmoen]] || {{coord|69|18|49|N|18|17|11|E|name=Tårnelvmoen}} || 9302 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Uløybukt]] || {{coord|69|51|29|N|20|41|11|E|name=Uløybukt}} || 9197 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Undereidet]]<br />({{lang-sme|Muotkkevuolli}}) || {{coord|69|52|05|N|21|58|50|E|name=Undereidet}} || 9162 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Utstrand]] || {{coord|68|48|40|N|16|05|53|E|name=Utstrand}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Valanhamn]] || {{coord|69|57|46|N|21|31|23|E|name=Valanhamn}} || 9162 || [[File:Kvænangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvænangen]] |- | [[Vang, Troms|Vang]] || {{coord|69|28|29|N|18|01|21|E|name=Vang}} || 9372 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Vangsvik]]^† || {{coord|69|10|14|N|17|44|02|E|name=Vangsvik}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Vannareid]] || {{coord|70|12|01|N|19|36|18|E|name=Vannareid}} || 9136 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Vannavalen]] || {{coord|70|07|21|N|19|58|26|E|name=Vannavalen}} || 9135 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Vannvåg]] || {{coord|70|04|21|N|19|58|55|E|name=Vannvåg}} || 9135 || [[File:Karlsøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Karlsøy]] |- | [[Vasstrand]] || {{coord|69|39|23|N|18|14|12|E|name=Vasstrand}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Vengsøy]] || {{coord|69|49|30|N|18|31|06|E|name=Vengsøy}} || 9120 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Vesterfjell]] || {{coord|69|12|10|N|17|40|25|E|name=Vesterfjell}} || 9304 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Vika, Troms|Vika]] || {{coord|68|51|20|N|16|29|05|E|name=Vika}} || 9402 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Vikran]] || {{coord|69|32|34|N|18|46|15|E|name=Vikran}} || 9057 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Vinje, Troms|Vinje]] || {{coord|69|00|35|N|17|22|07|E|name=Vinje}} || 9311 || [[File:Dyrøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Dyrøy]] |- | [[Vollstad]] || {{coord|69|24|01|N|19|38|42|E|name=Vollstad}} || 9056 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |- | [[Vorterøyskagen]] || {{coord|69|59|10|N|20|38|31|E|name=Vorterøyskagen}} || 9197 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Vågan, Troms|Vågan]] or ''Russevåg Nordre'' || {{coord|69|11|45|N|17|56|41|E|name=Vågan}} || 9303 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Våtvoll]] || {{coord|68|34|15|N|15|47|45|E|name=Våtvoll}} || 8409 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Øse]] || {{coord|68|37|17|N|17|39|02|E|name=Øse}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Øverbygd]] || {{coord|69|01|27|N|19|17|45|E|name=Øverbygd}} || 9336 || [[File:Målselv komm.svg|20px]] [[Målselv]] |- | [[Øvergård]]<br />({{lang-sme|Johkamohkki}})|| {{coord|69|11|49|N|19|45|02|E|name=Øvergård}} || 9040 || [[File:Balsfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Balsfjord]] |- | [[Øyjord]] || {{coord|69|12|42|N|18|04|39|E|name=Øyjord}} || 9300 || [[File:Lenvik komm.svg|20px]] [[Lenvik]] |- | [[Øynes]] || {{coord|68|46|55|N|16|03|55|E|name=Øynes}} || 9475 || [[File:Kvæfjord komm.svg|20px]] [[Kvæfjord]] |- | [[Å, Ibestad|Å]] || {{coord|68|50|08|N|17|11|09|E|name=Å, Ibestad}} || 9454 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Å, Lavangen|Å]] || {{coord|68|47|01|N|17|46|55|E|name=Å, Lavangen}} || 9465 || [[File:Lavangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Lavangen]] |- | [[Å, Tranøy|Å]] || {{coord|69|04|44|N|16|59|59|E|name=Å, Tranøy}} || 9392 || [[File:Tranøy komm.svg|20px]] [[Tranøy]] |- | [[Åkeneset]] || {{coord|68|42|11|N|17|28|59|E|name=Åkeneset}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Åndervåg]] || {{coord|68|54|53|N|17|10|38|E|name=Åndervåg}} || 9455 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Ånstad]] || {{coord|68|49|59|N|17|11|09|E|name=Ånstad}} || 9454 || [[File:Ibestad komm.svg|20px]] [[Ibestad]] |- | [[Årbogen, Troms|Årbogen]] || {{coord|68|34|57|N|16|29|58|E|name=Årbogen}} || 9430 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |-bgcolor=#EEEEFF | [[Årstein]]^† || {{coord|68|41|25|N|17|32|32|E|name=Årstein}} || 9470 || [[File:Gratangen komm.svg|20px]] [[Gratangen]] |- | [[Årviksand]] || {{coord|70|11|38|N|20|31|10|E|name=Årviksand}} || 9195 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Skjervøy.svg|20px]] [[Skjervøy]] |- | [[Åsegarden]] || {{coord|68|47|38|N|16|26|13|E|name=Åsegarden}} || 9402 || [[File:Harstad kommunevapen.svg|20px]] [[Harstad]] |- | [[Åsland]]/[[Eidkjosen]] || {{coord|69|40|35|N|18|46|06|E|name=Åsland}} || 9100 || [[File:Tromsø komm.svg|20px]] [[Tromsø]] |} ==Réferènsi== *{{cite web|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.|year=2004|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Troms Fylke, Norway|work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/18|accessdate=2010-01-21|archive-date=2010-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324085956/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/18/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book|author=Statens kartverk|author-link=Nurwègenn Mapping and Cadastre Authority|title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas|publisher=Hjemmets bokforlag|location=Oslo |year=1996|isbn=978-82-590-0874-9}} *{{cite web|author=Statens kartverk|authorlink=Nurwègenn Mapping and Cadastre Authority|year=2003|title=Map service (Kvasir)|url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart|accessdate=2010-01-21|archive-date=2010-01-08|archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100108140736/http%3A//kvasir.no/kart|url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal|author-link=Statistics Norway|author=Statistisk sentralbyrå|title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality|date=1 January 2005|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}} *{{cite web|last=Støverud|first=Henning|year=2001|title=Postal code search|url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|accessdate=2010-01-21|archive-date=2002-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form|url-status=dead}} == Pranala njaba == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Désa ing Nurwègen}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Troms]] 3t0qwpjuzkah4unk7h7s23jkxrrelzb 0 106150 1752077 1702103 2026-08-02T02:22:33Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Juni 2018}} {{redirect|OSN|stasiun televisi berlangganan|[[Orbit Showtime Network]]}} [[Berkas:OSN.svg|Logo OSN|thumb|125px]] '''Olimpiade Sains Nasional''' ya iku ajang kompetisi ing babagan sains tumrap para siswa ing jenjang [[Sekolah Dasar|SD]], [[Sekolah Menengah Pertama|SMP]], lan [[Sekolah Menengah Atas|SMA]] ing [[Indonesia]]. Siswa kang tumut Olimpiade Sains Nasional ya iku siswa kang wis lolos seleksi tingkat [[kabupatèn]] lan [[provinsi]] lan siswa-siswa paling apik saka provinsine dhéwé-dhéwé. Pelaksanaan Olimpiade Sains Nasional iki dhedhasar ing kasile Indonesia minangka tuan rumah Olimpiade Fisika Internasional (IPhO-International Physics Olympiad) kang dianakake ing Bali taun 2002. Olimpiade Sains Nasional dianakake saben taun ing kutha kang béda-béda. Kegiyatan iki minangka salah sawijiné péranganing rerangkèn seleksi kanggo goleki siswa-siswi paling apik saka Indonesia kang bakal dibimbing déning tim babagan kompetisi lan bakal dimelukake ing olimpiade-olimpiade tingkat internasional. == Babagan == * Jenjang [[SD]]: [[Matematika]] lan [[Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam]]. * Jenjang [[SMP]]: [[Matematika]], [[Fisika]], [[Biologi]], lan ing taun 2008 ditambahi babagan anyar ya iku [[Astronomi]], nanging ing 2009, babagan [[Astronomi]] ora ana manèh. Taun 2010 ditambahi babagan anyar ya iku [[Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial]]. * Jenjang [[SMA]]: [[Matematika]], [[Fisika]], [[Biologi]], [[Kimia]], [[Astronomi]], [[Informatika|Komputer]], [[Ékonomi]], lan ing taun 2008 ditambahai babagan anyar ya iku [[Geologi|Kebumian]]. Candhake ing taun 2013 ditambahi babagan anyar ya iku [[Géografi]]. == Pelaksanaan == [[Gambar:OSN2012ComputerBronzeMedal.JPG|thumb|right|Sebuah medali perunggu babagan komputer saka OSN XI taun 2012 tingkat SMA ing Jakarta.]] Nganti saikine Olimpiade Sains Nasional wis dianakake kaping sewelas, wiwit taun 2002 ing Yogyakarta nganti pungkasan ing [[2013]] ing Bandung lan Batam. Pratélan tuan rumah Olimpiade Sains Nasional: # OSN I taun 2002 ing [[Yogyakarta]]. # OSN II taun 2003 ing [[Balikpapan]], [[Kalimantan Timur]]. # OSN III taun 2004 ing [[Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]]. # OSN IV taun 2005 ing [[Jakarta]]. # OSN V taun 2006 ing [[Semarang]], [[Jawa Tengah]]. # OSN VI taun [[Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2007|2007]] ing [[Surabaya]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. # OSN VII taun [[Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2008|2008]] ing [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]] # OSN VIII taun 2009 ing [[Jakarta]]. # OSN IX taun [[Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2010|2010]] ing [[Medan]], [[Sumatera Utara]]. # OSN X taun 2011 ing [[Manado]], [[Sulawesi Utara]] ing tanggal 15-20 [[Juli 2011]] kanggo jenjang [[SMP]] lan tanggal 11-16 [[September 2011]] kanggo jenjang [[SD]] lan [[SMA]]. # OSN XI taun 2012 #* kanggo tingkat SMP dianakake ing [[Pontianak]], [[Kalimantan Barat]], tanggal 28 Juni–4 Juli 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/content/berita/utama/jawa-tengah-2-4-2-2-2-2 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=2013-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120011326/http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/content/berita/utama/jawa-tengah-2-4-2-2-2-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> #* kanggo tingkat SD lan SMA dianakake ing [[Jakarta]] ing 2-7 September 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/content/pengumuman/jadwal-olimp-2-2.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=2012-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801015844/http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/content/pengumuman/jadwal-olimp-2-2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> # OSN XII taun 2013 #* kanggo tingkat SMP dianakake ing [[Batam]], [[Kapuloan Riau]].<ref>http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/content/berita/médhia/jawa-tengah-2lo.html{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> #* kanggo tingkat SD lan SMA dianakake ing [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] ing 2-7 September 2013.<ref>http://www.antaranews.com/berita/394533/jateng-juara-umum-osn-tingkat-sma</ref> # OSN XIII taun 2014 #* kanggo tingkat SMP bakal dianakake ing [[Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://batamtoday.com/berita28485-Kepri-Tanpa-Medali,-Jawa-Tengah-Juara-OSN-2013.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=2013-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226045616/http://batamtoday.com/berita28485-Kepri-Tanpa-Medali,-Jawa-Tengah-Juara-OSN-2013.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> #* kanggo tingkat SD lan SMA bakal dianakake ing [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntbprov.go.id/baca.php?berita=1828 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=2013-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226102624/http://www.ntbprov.go.id/baca.php?berita=1828 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Juara umum == Nganti saikine mung ana 2 provinsi kang tau dadi juara umum Olimpiade Sains Nasional. {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" class="wikitable" !Provinsi !Tahun juara |- | {{Lambang Provinsi|Central Java COA.svg|Jawa Tengah}} [[Jawa Tengah]] || [[2002]], [[2003]], [[2006]], [[2007]], [[2008]], [[2011]], [[2012]], [[2013]].<ref>http://www.suaramerdeka.com/v2/index.php/read/cetak/2012/12/19/209131/Jateng-Juara-Umum-OSN-2012</ref><ref>http://poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/07/21/jawa-tengah-5-kali-juara-osn/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/id/berita_detail.asp?nNewsId=29897&idwil=0/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221221031/http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/id/berita_detail.asp?nNewsId=29897&idwil=0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metrotvnews.com/tekno/read/2013/09/07/948/180124/Jateng-Juara-Umum-Olimpiade-Sains |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222151239/http://www.metrotvnews.com/tekno/read/2013/09/07/948/180124/Jateng-Juara-Umum-Olimpiade-Sains |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{Lambang Provinsi|Jakarta COA.svg|DKI Jakarta}} [[Jakarta]] || [[2004]], [[2005]], [[2009]], [[2010]] |} == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/ Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704091909/http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2012-07-04 }} * [http://www.siswapsma.org Subdit Kesiswaan Dit. SMA - Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Menengah]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Kategori:Pendidikan di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Olimpiade Sains Nasional| ]] {{ngèlmu-stub}} huo9istjklaqlfjxoii8a134db5h5ar 2 106799 1752067 1701313 2026-08-02T00:31:04Z Pathoschild 700 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) 1752067 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Revi C.]] 88g0cv17whfgb1wkeh281mptujwtlut 3 106800 1752070 1701314 2026-08-02T01:00:22Z Pathoschild 700 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) 1752070 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o 3 124838 1752058 909723 2026-08-01T21:08:21Z MBq 30282 MBq ngalih kaca [[Parembugan Naraguna:Wildtierreservat]] menyang [[Parembugan Naraguna:Izamela]]: Otomatis ngalih kaca nalika ngganti jeneng naraguna "[[Special:CentralAuth/Wildtierreservat|Wildtierreservat]]" dadi "[[Special:CentralAuth/Izamela|Izamela]]" 909723 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #C2C2A3; background-color:#EBEBE0; padding: .5em .5em .2em .5em " ! style="border-bottom:1px solid #999966; background-color:#B8B894; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%" | '''Sedhèrèk {{PAGENAME}}, [[Wikipedia:Sugeng rawuh|Sugeng Rawuh]] wonten ing [[Wikipedia basa Jawa|Wikipedia basa Jawi]]! ''' |- | <center> [[Gambar:Jawa-wiki-21.png|790px]] </center> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:.5em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ADAD85; background-color:#DDE1D5;" | <div style="border-bottom:2px solid #7A7A52; background-color:#CCD3C1; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Gambar:Crystal Clear app lists.png|right|64px|link=|Memulai]] '''Miwiti'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * Panganggo anyar beciké maca [[Proyek:Prakawis|pengantar]] dhisik lan [[Wikipedia:Kaca tetepungan|ngisi daftar tetepungan]]. * Isih bingung saka ngendi arep miwiti? Mangga pinarak ing '''[[Astamiwa:Halaman_sembarang|sembarang kaca]]''' * Kanggo latihan nyunting artikel mangga nyoba nggunakaké [[Wikipedia:Kothak wedhi|kothak wedhi]].{{#ifexist:Panganggo:{{PAGENAME}}|| * Tulisna profil dhiri panjenengan ing [{{fullurl:Panganggo:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Selamatdatang/Profil}}&editintro=Templat:Selamatdatang/Editintro2 Panganggo:{{PAGENAME}}], kaca ruang pribadi iki supaya kita sami tepung lan luwih grapyak semanak karo panjenengan.}} * Mangga diwaca uga [[Wikipedia:Pancapilar|Pancapilar]] sakdurungé nerusaké. Iki Lima pilar sing andhedhasari panjenengan kanggo ngrambah [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Wikipedia#Bahasa-bahasa_tanpa_kode_bahasa_ISO_639_atau_berduplikasi Wikipedia sadonya]. </div> <div style="border-bottom:2px solid #7A7A52; background-color:#CCD3C1; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Gambar:Perian icon.png|right|64px|link=|Bantuan]] '''Pitulungan'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Pitulung:Isi]] - papan kanggo nggolèk informasi carané cawé-cawé ing Wikipedia, sakdurungé takon karo panganggo liyané. * [[Wikipedia:Pitakonan kang asring kawetu|FAQ]] - pitakonan sing asring ditakokaké babakan Wikipedia. * [[Wikipedia:Portal komunitas]] - informasi kegiatan ing Wikipedia. * Supaya ora salah nggawé artikel wacanana [[Wikipedia:Kasalahan kang umum|larangan iki]] </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em; background-color:#f1fcf5;"| | style="width:50%%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #5CADFF; background-color:#EBF5FF;" | <div style="border-bottom:2px solid #297ACC; background-color:#C2E0FF; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Gambar:Neverscript.png|right|64px|link=|Tips]] '''''Pituduh praktis'''''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Pitulung:Tapak asta|Kudu ditandha tangani]] pitakonan panjenengan ing [[Wikipedia:Warung Kopi|Warung Kopi]] utawa [[Wikipedia:Kaca dhiskusi|kaca rembugan]] kanthi ngetik kode '''<code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>''' ing akir tulisan. Kode iki otomatis diowahi dadi jeneng panganggo panjenengan lan tanggal saiki. * Aja lali: [[Wikipedia:Aturan|Prinsip lan pedoman dasar]] Wikipedia. * Arep nggawé artikel anyar utawa nyunting kaca? Priksani dhisik [[Wikipedia:Cara ndeleng nétral|gaya tulisané]] Wikipedia! Sakterusé mangga '''[[Wikipedia:Miwiti_kaca_enggal|miwiti kaca anyar]]''' utawa [[Wikipedia:Nyunting kaca|nyunting kaca]]. * Badhé mangertosi [[Wikipedia:Paugeran maringi nami artikel|carané njenengi kaca anyar]]. * '''[[Wikipedia:Daftar Artikel Dhasar|Artikel dasar]]''' sing durung ana utawa durung jangkep. * [[Wikipedia:Pertalan tetembungan Wikipédia sing dibakokaké|Istilah Wikipédia sing dibakokaké.]] </div> <div style="border-bottom:2px solid #B22400; background-color:#F5D6CC; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Gambar:Error cleaner.svg|right|64px|link=|Membuat kesalahan?]] '''Gawé Keluputan?'''</div> <div style="solid #B22400; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Wikipedia:Tulung panganggo anyar aja diwedèn-wedèni|'''''Aja wedi.!''''']] Panjenengan ora usah wedi nggawé kesalahan nalikané nggawé artikel utawa kaca anyar, utawa nyunting lan mbusak tulisan. <p>[[Wikipedia:Pangurus|Pengurus]] lan para [[Wikipedia:Wikipediawan|panganggo]] liyané bakal ngawasi [[Astamiwa:Perubahan terbaru|owah-owahan anyar]] lan mbalèkaké tulisan asliné menawa ana kaluputan tulisan.</p> </div> |} : <i>'''Welcome!''' If you are not an Javanese speaker, you may want to visit the [[Wikipedia:Kadutan|Javanese Wikipedia embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/jv-0|a slight info to find users speaking your language]]. Enjoy!</i> : '''Sugeng makarya''', mangga sami-sami nyunting lan ngrembaka aken [[Wikipedia basa Jawa|Wikipedia basa Jawi]]! : |}[[Panganggo:Wagino Bot|Wagino Bot]] ^{[[Dhiskusi Panganggo:Wagino Bot|pirembagan]]} 5 April 2015 00.36 (UTC) k06htd3dmdq6056bh3rsnmvjde62zjj 4 128083 1752068 1694052 2026-08-02T00:32:02Z ~2026-42482-28 73875 /* */ {https://} 1752068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|300px|right]] '''VisualEditor''' == Pranala njaba == * [[:mw:VisualEditor/Portal]] [[Kategori:Pangopènan Wikipedia]] oik2lvq3mkj1wli7yvs3mdc5vib1f11 0 132135 1752110 1698409 2026-08-02T08:42:19Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TL;DR''', cekakan "'''too long; didn't read'''" ("kedawan; ra maca") iku wirasa sing dianggo ing budaya Internèt minangka (1) walesan tumrap tulisan yèn kedawan lan ora kober diwaca utawa (2) tenger yèn tulisan candhaké iku ringkesané kiriman jeroring utawa tingkesané artikel pawarta. Wirasa iki asalé saka slang Internèt. Kerepé wirasa iki dianggo ing walesan mawa cuplikan kanggo negesi manawa pérangan sajeroning tulisan ana sing dilangkahi jalaran kedawan. Cekakan iki ngugeraké manawa sing nulis waé ora ngoberaké ing ngandharaké nawala kanthi ringkes, sing maca iya olèh ora ngoberaké maca. Utawa, cekakan iki bisa ateges ana matéri sing kurang perlu utawa kurang wigati mula olèh ora ngoberaké maca. Pitembungan iki kapisan kacathet ing 2003, lan lumebu Oxford Dictionaries Online tembé ing 2013.<ref name="oxford">{{cite web | url= http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/august-2013-update/ | title= Oxford Dictionaries Online quarterly update: new words added to oxforddictionaries.com today | date= 28 August 2013 | publisher= Oxford University Press | work= OxfordWords blog | quote= TL;DR, abbrev.: ‘too long didn’t read’: used as a dismissive response to a lengthy online post, or to introduce a summary of a lengthy post. | accessdate= 2014-12-04 | location= Oxford, UK | archive-date= 2016-04-14 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160414033836/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/august-2013-update/ | url-status= dead }}</ref> == Éponim == Ing reddit, tldr<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/tldr|title=Too long; didn't read (TLDR or TL;DR)|work=reddit}}</ref> iku dadi subreddit sing rékap padinan sana iku. Kiriman dawa ing reddit kerep dilekasi utawa dipungkasi ringkesan sing dumadi ukara salarik utawa paragraf cendhak mawa ater-ater pitembungan "TL;DR". Cekakan iki kala-kala uga minangka [[tembung aran]] sing tegesé iya ringkesan iku, contoné ing ukara "''Please include a TL;DR along with your post''" ([[Basa Jawa|cara Jawa]]: "Mangga wénèh TL;DR nganthèni kirimanmu"). Pitembungan iki njiwani jeneng sana jaringan Terms of Service; Didn't Read (cara Jawa: Paugeran ing Paladi; Ra Maca), sing ancasé nlitèni lan mbiji paugeran ing paladi lan niti priangga darbéné panyawisan-panyawisan jasa gedhé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prospect.org/article/too-long-didnt-read-my-rights|title=Too Long, Didn't Read My Rights|first=Patrick|last=Caldwell|date=August 14, 2012|publisher=[[The American Prospect]]|accessdate=2014-12-04}}</ref> ==Tegesing tembung-tembung== Ana ing ngisor iki tembung-tembung Jawa sing dianggo ing artikel iki, dikanthèni jarwané ing [[basa Indonésia]] lan Inggris. {{columns-list|2| # ater-ater-''awalan, prefiks-prefix'' # ancasé-''tujuannya-the objective'' # candhaké-''setelahnya-the following, the next'' # cekakan-''singkatan-abbreviation'' # cuplikan-''kutipan-quotation'' # dilangkahi-''dilompati-to be skipped'' # dilekasi-''diawali-to be preceded'' # dipungkasi-''diakhiri-to be ended'' # dumadi-''terdiri dari-consist of'' # jeroring-''daring-online'' # kala-kala-''kadang-kadang-sometimes'' # kiriman-''kiriman-post'' # mbiji-''menilai-to grade'' # minangka-''(bekerja) sebagai-(to serve) as'' # nawala-''pesan-message'' # ngandharaké-''mengutarakan-to convey'' # nganthèni-''menyertai, bersamaan dengan-along with'' # ngoberaké-''meluangkan waktu-to invest time'' # ngugeraké-''berprinsip, pada prinsipnya-in principle'' # niti priangga-''kebijakan pribadi-privacy policy'' # njiwani-''menginspirasi-to inspire'' # nlitèni-''menganalisa-to analyse'' # padinan-''harian-daily'' # panyawisan jasa-''penyedia jasa-service provider'' # paugeran(ing) paladi-''ketentuan (tentang) layanan-terms of service'' # pawarta-''berita-news'' # pitembungan-''frasa-phrase'' # tenger-''penanda-identifier'' # ringkesan-''ringkasan-summary'' # salarik-''sebaris-one line'' # sana-''situs-site'' # sana jaringan-''situs jaringan-website'' # tembung aran-''kata benda, nomina-noun'' # ukara-''kalimat-sentence'' # walesan-''balasan-reply'' # wénèh-''beri-give, put'' # wigati-''wigati-important'' # wirasa-''ungkapan-expression'' }} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Internet meme]] tp9txmvrvcxuwg01l949z0qnl5m5ftb 0 132678 1752108 1740411 2026-08-02T08:41:29Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jennifer Lawrence, Cannes Film Festival 2025.jpg|thumb|Jennifer Lawrence (2025)]] '''Jennifer Shrader Lawrence''' (Lair 15 Agustus 1990) iku aktris Amérika. Lair lan diopèni ing Louisville, Kentucky, dhèwèké wis dititèni déning juru golèk bakat ing kutha [[New York|New York City]] nalika umur 14 taun. Dhèwèké agé-agé ngalih menyang [[Los Angeles]] lan miiwiti karir èktingé kanthi ndhapuk dadi paraga tamu ing acara tipi. Rol utama kapisané iku dadi anggota paraga baku ing kumedhi swasana ''The Bill Engvall Show'' (2007–2009). Dhèwèké gawé dhebut nalika dadi paraga pandhukung ing filem ''Garden Party'' (2008), banjur saya kondhang saka paragané sing dialem nalika dadi nom-noman mlarat ing drama swatantra ''Winter's Bone'' (2010). Lawrence nrima pangakon kang luwih akèh nalika ndhapuk dadi mutan ajeneng Mystique ing filem ''X-Men: First Class'' (2011), rol iki sing diparagakaké ing pérangan waralaba ''X-Men'' sak lebaré. Paraga bintangé dadi Katniss Everdeen ing seri filem ''Hunger Games'' (2012–2015) ngukuhaké dhèwèké dadi wirawati sing brutoné gedhé dhéwé ing salawasing jaman. Lawrence wis nglumpukaké sawenèh kanugrahan saka kolaborasiné karo sutradhara David O. Russell. Dhèwèké kanugrahan Academy Award tumrap Aktris Apik Dhéwé. Kanugrahan iki ditrima amarga dhapukané dadi randha sing dhèprèsi ing kumedhi asmara ajudhul ''Silver Linings Playbook'' (2012), lan njalari dhèwèké dadi juwara Oscar Aktris Apik Dhéwé Paling Enom Kapindho. Dhèwèké uga nrima BAFTA Award tumrap Aktris Apik Dhéwé nalika dadi paraga pandhukung kang maragakaké setri sing wiyoga ing kumedhi ila-ila ''American Hustle'' (2013). Dhèwèké uga menang telung Golden Globe Awards saka paragané ing filem sing mau mau lan mbintangi invèntor ing filem biografi asesirah ''Joy'' (2015). Lawrence wis dadi sawijining aktris sing paling dhuwur bayarané lan paling suksès ing donya déné filemé brutoné punjul $5 milyar AS ing sadonya tekan sapréné. Dhewèké iku aktris sing paling enom sing wis tau éntuk papat nominasi Academy Award. Lawrence panyengkuyung tumrap fèminisme lan samyaning jènder. Dhewèké uga widhiyakaning Jennifer Lawrence Foundation. Sarana yayasan iku, dhèwèké nyengkuyung manéka warna organisasi amal. [[Kategori:Lair 1990]] [[Kategori:Wong Amérika Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] ky6snb1xp5zeeamo8r9k8x6vb51xml1 0 134846 1752138 1631038 2026-08-02T08:56:07Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Das Boot''''' iku sawijining filem perang Jerman saka taun 1981. Filem iki dhedhasar sawijining roman mawa asesirah kang padha anggitané Lothar-Günther Buchheim. Filem iki disutradarani Wolfgang Petersen. Filem iki olèhé main nalika Perang Donya 2 ing sasi Novèmber lan Désèmber 1941 lan nuduhaké pangalamané awak kapal sawijining [[Prau silem|kapal silem]] Jerman kang ana ing tengahing [[Samudra Atlantika|samodra Atlantik]]. Film iki ndarbèni telung vèrsi: vèrsi bioskup 1981, vèrsi télévisi 1985 lan ''director's cut'' weton taun 1997. [[Kategori:Filem 1981]] h5cyfq946nu6fbt57awukn0et4fkdrr 0 134983 1752092 1557632 2026-08-02T06:21:04Z ~2026-42751-02 73879 /* */ Jenengé Vincent diganti dadi Paul amarga aku wis nggoleki ing Wikipedia basa Inggris. 1752092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jon Voight | image = Jon Voight 2011.jpg | caption = Jon Voight (2011) | birth_name = Jonathan Paul Voight | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Yonkers]], [[United States|U.S.]] | spouse = Lauri Peters (1962 - 1967)<br />[[Marcheline Bertrand]] (1971 - 1980) | children = [[Angelina Jolie]]<br />[[James Haven Voight]] | occupation = Actor | yearsactive = 1963 - 2017 }} '''Jonathan Paul''' '''Voight''' (lair 29 Dhésèmber 1938) ya iku [[aktor]] saka [[Amérika Sarékat]]. ==Pranala njaba== {{commonscat}} * {{IMDb name|0000685}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Voight, Jon}} [[Kategori:Lair 1938]] [[Kategori:Aktor Amérika]] lwhtltabe6lie22w4dg5tj1oxkuq261 0 135437 1752105 1548215 2026-08-02T08:22:24Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katakana''' (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">[[wiktionary:片仮名|片仮名]], カタカナ</span><sup class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.1em;">?</span></sup>) iku silabari [[Jepang]] lan minangka salah siji saka telung aksara Jepang, déné liyané mono [[hiragana]],<ref>Roy Andrew Miller (1966) ''A Japanese Reader: Graded Lessons in the Modern Language'', Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, Japan, p. 28, Lesson 7: Katakana: ''a—no''.</ref> [[kanji]], uga [[aksara Latin]] (ingaran romaji). Tembung ''katakana'' ateges "kana kang kapérang-pérang" awit karakter-karakter ing katakana iku tumurun saka pérangan-pérangan kanji kang njlimet. Katakana lan hiragana sakloron iku asistem kana. Kanthi sistem iki, bakuné saben wanda (ingaran mora) ing basa Jepang dilambangaké lumantar karakter cacah siji, utawa ingaran ''kana'', sanadyan uga ana karakter kang mbédani. Saben kana bisa awujud swara kaya ta "''a''" (katakana [[wiktionary:ア|ア]]); wyanjana mawa swara kaya ta "''ka''" (katakana [[wiktionary:カ|カ]]); utawa "''n''" (katakana [[wiktionary:ン|ン]]), yaiku sonoran nasal kang uniné gumantung kontèks, bisa uniné ''m'', ''n'', utawa ''ng'' (<span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>), utawa kaya swara nasal ing [[basa Portugis]]. Ditandhing karo silabari hiragana kang dicakaké tumrap tembung-tembung lan inflèksi paramasastra asli Jepang amarga ora bisa nganggo kanji, panganggoné silabari katakana iku sairib cithak miring (''italics'') ing [[basa Inggris]]. Mliginé, katakana dianggo ing trankripsi tembung manca menyang basa Jepang lan panulis tumrap tembung serapan (kekaroné ingaran ''gairaigo''). Cethané, katakana iku kanggo nulis onomatopé, istilah ngèlmiyah lan tèhnis, lan jeneng-jeneng tuwuhan, kéwan, mineral, uga kumpeni Jepang. Katakana duwé ciri ing garitané kang cekak tur lempeng déné pojokané nikung landhep (mlekuk). Katakana uga ingaran kang paling gampang ing aksara Jepang.<ref>Miller, p. 28.</ref> Ana rong warna déntawyanjana tumrap katakana, yaiku déntawyanjana kanthi urutan iroha utawa déntawyanjana kanthi urutan gojūon. == Aksara == === Huruf === {| style="width: 14em; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 10px;" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="right" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" |+ Gojūon – Katakana karakter mawa inti ! ''a'' ! ''i'' ! ''u'' ! ''e'' ! ''o'' |- align="center" ! title="no onset" |∅ |<big>ア</big> |<big>イ</big> |<big>ウ</big> |<big>エ</big> |<big>オ</big> |- align="center" !''K'' |<big>カ</big> |<big>キ</big> |<big>ク</big> |<big>ケ</big> |<big>コ</big> |- align="center" !''S'' |<big>サ</big> |<big>シ</big> |<big>ス</big> |<big>セ</big> |<big>ソ</big> |- align="center" !''T'' |<big>タ</big> |<big>チ</big> |<big>ツ</big> |<big>テ</big> |<big>ト</big> |- align="center" !''N'' |<big>ナ</big> |<big>ニ</big> |<big>ヌ</big> |<big>ネ</big> |<big>ノ</big> |- align="center" !''H'' |<big>ハ</big> |<big>ヒ</big> |<big>フ</big> |<big>ヘ</big> |<big>ホ</big> |- align="center" !''M'' |<big>マ</big> |<big>ミ</big> |<big>ム</big> |<big>メ</big> |<big>モ</big> |- align="center" !''Y'' |<big>ヤ</big> |<big>ユ</big> |<big>ヨ</big> |- align="center" !''R'' |<big>ラ</big> |<big>リ</big> |<big>ル</big> |<big>レ</big> |<big>ロ</big> |- align="center" !''W'' |<big>ワ</big> |<big>ヰ</big> |<big>ヱ</big> |<big>ヲ</big> |} |- | {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" |+ style="white-space: nowrap;" | Karakter pamungkas katakana ! ''n'' | <big>ン</big> |} |- | {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" |+ style="white-space: nowrap;" | Sandhangan katakana ! dakuten | <big>゛</big> |- ! handakuten | <big>゜</big> |} |} Aksara katakana wutuh dumadi saka 48 karakter lan durung kaétung tandha fungsi lan sandhangan: * 5 swara ''[[Wanda|inti]]'' * 42 silabogram ''raga'' (onsèt-inti), dumadi saka 9 wyanjana kang sabené mawa gabungan swara cacah 5, déné ana 3 gabungan (''yi'', ''ye'', ''wu'') kang ora miturut pranatan * 1 wyanjana ''pamungkas'' Sing mangkéné ingaran kisi 5×10 (''gojūon'', 五十音, tegesé "Sèket Wuni"), katon ing tabèl candhaké, lan diwaca  <span class="nowrap">ア (''a'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">イ (''i'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">ウ (''u'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">エ (''e'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">オ (''o'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">カ (''ka'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">キ (''ki'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">ク (''ku'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">ケ (''ke'')</span>, <span class="nowrap">コ (''ko'')</span> terus tekan tutug. Urutan swara lan wyanjana ing déntawyanjana ''gojūon'' tumurun saka rapalan [[Basa Sangsekerta|Sangsekerta]]. Sajeroning kontèks tulisan vèrtikal kang biyèné dianggep baku, kisi 5×10 adaté dianggit mawa 10 kolem lan 5 larik. Huruf kang mawa swara ditulis ing sisih tengen lan huruf ア (''a'') saparakanca ing sisih ndhuwur. Glif-glif katakana kang nunggal larik utawa kolem béda praupané. Éwadéné, ana telung silabogram ''yi'', ''ye'' and ''wu'' kang tau ditulis mirunggan nganggo sawenèh glif, nanging ora dadi baku ing basa ngendi-ngendi, kepara ora tinemu ing basa Jepang modhèren. Tabèl mawa 50 wuni asring diowah kanthi wuwuhan karakter tambahan, andhegan nasal ン (''n''). Karakter iki bisa muncul ing sawenèh posisi, kang kerep ing candhaké huruf-huruf ''N'' utawa, amarga tuwuh saka salah siji hentaigana ''mu'', sangisoré kolem ''u''. Karakter iki uga asring kawuwuhaké ing larik swara utawa kolem ''a''. Ing kéné karakter iki dituduhaké mawa tabèl kang ndhèwèki. Aksara iki ngemu sandhangan kang bisa ngowahi wuni wiwitan sawijining silabogram. Kekaroné padha-padha tinulis misah ing pérangan ndhuwur saka karakter dhasar. Sing wujud titik dhobel ingaran ''dakuten'', mratandhani owahan primèr. Kerep-kerepé, ''dakuten'' ngowah wyanjana tan sinwara dadi sinwara: ''k''→''g'', ''s''→''z'', ''t''→''d'' lan ''h''→''b''. Contoné, <span class="nowrap">カ (''ka'')</span> malih <span class="nowrap">ガ (''ga'')</span>. Owahan sèkundhèr ditandhani nganggo ''handakuten'' kang awujud bunder: ''h''→''p''. Contoné <span class="nowrap">ハ (''ha'')</span> malih <span class="nowrap">パ (''pa'')</span>. Sandhangan iki, masiya wis dianggo suwéné séwunan taun, nembé diwajibaké ing aksara Jepang nalika semèster kapindho abad ping 20. Saliyané iku, sawenèh karakter duwé werdi mirunggan manawa ditulis cilik ing candhaké tulisan mawa ukuran normal (deleng ngisor), nanging iki ora njalari aksara iki dadi bikameral sajati. Tata panggon tabèl ''gojūon'' nuduhaké silabogram kana kang sistematis awit tansah diucapaké kanthi wuni wyanjana kang dicandhaki wuni swara, nanging iki dudu kang wigati. Skéma kanggo romanisasi basa Jepang kang ana saiki dhedhasar tatanan sistemis aksara iki, contoné nihon-siki チ ''ti'', utawa nganggo grafotaktik Kulonan, lumrahé saka basa Inggris, tumrap pangucapan basa Jepang kanggo huruf-huruf kana, contoné Hepburn-shiki チ ''chi''. Rong cara iku nuduhaké kasunyatan manawa akèh huruf katakana kang dhedhasar wyanjana, mligi kang pungkasané ''u'', uga bisa dianggo minangka pamungkas kanthi wuni swara ora diwunèkaké lan mula langka krungu cetha. === Basa Jepang === ==== Silabari lan ortografi ==== {| style="margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 10px;" align="right" | {| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align: top; padding: 2px; margin-bottom: 10px;" cellpadding="2" border="0" |+ Katakana ing <br> ortografi Japanese ! ''a'' ! ''i'' ! ''u'' ! ''e'' ! ''o'' |- align="center" ! title="no onset" |∅ |<big>ア</big> |<big>イ</big> |<big>ウ</big> |<big>エ</big> |<big>オ</big> |- align="center" !''K'' |<big>カ</big> |<big>キ</big> |<big>ク</big> |<big>ケ</big> |<big>コ</big> |- align="center" !''G'' |<big>ガ</big> |<big>ギ</big> |<big>グ</big> |<big>ゲ</big> |<big>ゴ</big> |- align="center" !''S'' |<big>サ</big> |<big>シ</big> |<big>ス</big> |<big>セ</big> |<big>ソ</big> |- align="center" !''Z'' |<big>ザ</big> |<big>ジ</big> |<big>ズ</big> |<big>ゼ</big> |<big>ゾ</big> |- align="center" !''T'' |<big>タ</big> |<big>チ</big> |<big>ツ</big> |<big>テ</big> |<big>ト</big> |- align="center" !''D'' |<big>ダ</big> |<big>ヂ</big> |<big>ヅ</big> |<big>デ</big> |<big>ド</big> |- align="center" !''N'' |<big>ナ</big> |<big>ニ</big> |<big>ヌ</big> |<big>ネ</big> |<big>ノ</big> |- align="center" !''H'' |<big>ハ</big> |<big>ヒ</big> |<big>フ</big> |<big>ヘ</big> |<big>ホ</big> |- align="center" !''B'' |<big>バ</big> |<big>ビ</big> |<big>ブ</big> |<big>ベ</big> |<big>ボ</big> |- align="center" !''P'' |<big>パ</big> |<big>ピ</big> |<big>プ</big> |<big>ペ</big> |<big>ポ</big> |- align="center" !''M'' |<big>マ</big> |<big>ミ</big> |<big>ム</big> |<big>メ</big> |<big>モ</big> |- align="center" !''Y'' |<big>ヤ</big> |<big>ユ</big> |<big>ヨ</big> |- align="center" !''R'' |<big>ラ</big> |<big>リ</big> |<big>ル</big> |<big>レ</big> |<big>ロ</big> |- align="center" !''W'' |<big>ワ</big> |<big>ヲ</big> |- align="center" !''n'' |<big>ン</big> |} |- |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ''ora kanggo<br> '' |- | {| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align: top; padding: 2px; margin-bottom: 10px;" cellpadding="2" border="0" |+ Karakter <br> fungsional katakana ! sokuon |<big>ッ</big> |- ! chōonpu |<big>ー</big> |- ! iteration mark |<big>ヽ</big> |} |} Saka 48 silabogram katakana kang diandharaké ing ndhuwur, mung 46 kang dianggo tumrap basa Jepang modhèren. Salah sijiné mung kanggo ing kaanan mirunggan: * ''wi'' lan ''we'' diucapaké minangka wuni swara ing basa Jepang modhèren, mula banjur dadi ora kanggo awit digantèni déning ''i'' lan ''e''. * ''wo'' ing wektu saiki mung kanggo mligi minangka [[Partikel ing basa Jepang|partikel]], lan adaté diucapaké padha kaya wuni swara オ ''o''. Amarga partikel, iki lumrahé ditulis nganggo hiragana (を) déné wujudé ing katakana, ヲ, ora lumrah dianggo. Vèrsi cilik saka huruf katakana ''ya'', ''yu'' utawa ''yo'' (ャ, ュ utawa ョ) bisa diwuwuhaké ing tembung katakana mawa panambang ''i''. Iki ngowah wuni swara ''i'' dadi luncuran (palatalisasi) dadi ''a'', ''u'' utawa ''o'', contoné キャ (''ki + ya'') /kja/. Wuwuhan kana ''y'' cilik iki ingaran yōon. Vèrsi cilik saka huruf swara kana kala-kala kanggo nengeri wuni kang didawakaké (ハァ ''haa'', ネェ ''nee''), nanging ing paugeran katakana luwih asring minangka digraf wuwuhan kaya yōon kang kanggo nengeri fonem kang langka ing basa Jepang. Contoné チェ (''che'') ing チェンジ ''chenji'' ("salin"), lan ウィ (''wi'') lan ディ (''di'') ing ウィキペディア ''[[Wikipédia]]''. Sawijining karakter kang ingaran ''sokuon'', kang wujudé sairib huruf ''tsu'' ッ cilik, nandhani manawa wuni wyanjana candhaké digèminasi (didhobel). Ing ''rōmaji'' kang mangkéné ditandhani kanthi ndhobelaké wyanjana candhaké ''sokuon''. Ing basa Jepang, iki wigati saperlu mbédakaké pangucap. Contoné, bandhingana サカ ''saka'' "pèrèng" karo サッカ ''sakka'' "juru anggit". Wyanjana kang digèminasi lumrah sajeroning alihaksara tembung-tembung silihan manca. Contoné, tembung Inggris "''bed''" (papreman) ditulis ベッド (''beddo''). ''Sokuon ''kala-kala uga muncul ing pungkasaning pitembungan minangka andhegan glotal. Nanging, karakter iki ora bisa kanggo ndhobel wyanjana wanda ''na'', ''ni'', ''nu'', ''ne'', ''no.'' Saperlu ndhobel, huruf ''n'' (ン) diwuwuh sangareping wanda-wanda iku. ''Sokuon'' uga kanggo nandhani wuni manca utawa nir-asli. Contoné jeneng [[Basa Jerman|Jerman]] Bach katulis <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span lang="ja">バッハ</span> </span> (''Bahha'') lan Mach katulis <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span lang="ja">マッハ</span> </span> (''Mahha''). Ing katakana lan hiragana lumrahé wuni swara asli kang didawakaké ditulis kanthi muwuhi huruf swara kana tambahan. Nanging, kanggo tembung silihan manca, ing katakana dianggo panandha swara dawa ingaran ''chōonpu'' ("panandha swara dawa"). Garis cekak iki (ー) ditulis salaras arah tulisan. Garis horizontal kanggo ''yokogaki'' (tulisan horizontal) lan garis vèrtikal kanggo ''tategaki'' (tulisan vèrtikal). Contoné, メール ''mēru'' iku ''gairaigo'' (tembung serapan) kang tegesé [[Layang èlèktronik|layangtronik]], kajupuk saka tembung Inggris ''mail''. Simbul ー ndawakaké uni ''e''. Nanging ana kajabané, kaya ta <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span lang="ja">ローソク</span> </span> (''rōsoku''<span> </span>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">蝋燭</span><span class="t_nihongo_help">^{<span style="color:#00e; font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0.1em;">?</span>}</span>, "malam")<span></span> ) or <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span lang="ja">ケータイ</span> </span> (''kētai''<span> </span>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">携帯</span><span class="t_nihongo_help">^{<span style="color:#00e; font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0.1em;">?</span>}</span>, "tilpun mubil")<span></span> ). Tembung-tembung kang ditulis nganggo katakana iku uga migunakaké tandha dawa. Tandha ulang baku ing katakana katulis ヽ lan tandha swara katulis ヾ. <references group="n" /> == Rujukan == <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <references /></div> [[Kategori:Articles containing Japanese-language text|Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text]] [[Kategori:Aksara sinandi ing Unicode 1.0]] o9t12m80idu5ly2oh7tpkibyt8fva2k 0 137746 1752083 1748445 2026-08-02T04:27:43Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paule Marshall''' ({{lahirmati||9|4|1929}}) inggih punika satunggalipun [[penulis|panyerat]] saking [[Amérikah Sarékat]] panganggit [[novèl]] ingkang tansah nyuwantenaken bilih warga kulit cemeng ing Amérikah Sarékat punika bandhanipun kabudayan saking [[Afrika]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/366603/Paule-Marshall "Paule Marshall"], Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref><ref>Alexis De Veaux, "Paule Marshall: In Celebration of Our Triumph", ''Essence'', May 1979.</ref><ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/404/000048260/ "Paule Marsahll" page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110195554/http://www.nndb.com/people/404/000048260/ |date=2006-01-10 }} at NNDB.</ref> == Latar wingking == Marshall lair ing Valenza Pauline Burke<ref>Deepika Bahrim [http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/?s=paule+marshall "Marshall, Paule"]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Postcolonial Studies @ Emory.</ref> [[Brooklyn]], putri saking kulawargi saking [[Barbados|Barbadian]] ingkang ngumbara wonten ing [[New York]] taun 1919.<ref name="Wainwright">Mary Katherine Wainwright, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Paule_Marshall.aspx "Marshall, Paule 1929–"], Encyclopedia.com.</ref> Piyambakipun sinau wonten [[Girls High School]], [[Brooklyn College]] (1953) lan [[Hunter College]], New York (1955).<ref>John M. Reilly, [http://biography.jrank.org/pages/4558/Marshall-Paule.html "Paule Marshall Biography"], jrank.org.</ref> Ing taun 1950 piyambakipun sesémahan kaliyan [[psikolog]] Kenneth Marshall; lajeng pepisahan ing taun 1963. [[Dasawarsa]] 1970-an, piyambakipun sesémahan malih kaliyan Nourry Menard, asal [[Haiti]].<ref name="Voices from the Gaps">[http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/marshall_paule.php "Paule Marshall"], Voices from the Gaps - [[University of Minnesota]].</ref> Minangka [[sastrawan]] saking kalangan kulit cemeng, piyambakipun tansah nyuwantenaken bilih warga kulit cemeng ingkang wonten Amérikah Sarékat punika bandhanipun kabudayan saking [[Afrika]]. Wonten ing wiwitan kiprahipun ing jagat kasusastran, piyambakipun nyerat [[geguritan]], nanging salajengipun malih wonten [[prosa]]. [[Novèl]] wiwitanipun, ''[[Brown Girl, Brownstones]]'' kababar taun 1959. Paule Marshall pikantuk bebungah saking [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] ing taun 1960, lan salajengipun nganggit ''Soul Clap Hands and Sing'', kempalan sekawan novèl ingkang kasil nampèni bebungah National Institute of Arts Award.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> Tahun 1965, dia dipilih oleh [[Langston Hughes]] untuk bergabung dengannya dalam tour donya Departemen Nagara, di mana mereka berdua membacakan karya-karya mereka, yang menjadi cikal-bakal awal kariernya.<ref>Jonathan Yardley, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/26/AR2009022602576.html "A memoir from Paule Marshall, author of "Brown Girl, Brownstones"]. ''The Washington Post'', March 1, 2009.</ref> Mboten dangu sasampunipun, piyambakipun nyerat novèl ''[[The Chosen Place, the Timeless People]]'' (1969), ingkang kasebat déning ''New York Times Book Review'' minangka "satunggal saking sekawan novèl ''impresif'' ingkang naté dipunserat déning panyerat Amérika kulit cemeng",<ref>''The New York Times Book Review'', November 30, 1969, p. 24.</ref> lan ''[[Praisesong for the Widow]]'' (1983), ingang nglantaraken piyambakipun nampèni bebungah [[Before Columbus Foundation]] [[American Book Award]] taun 1984.<ref name="Wainwright" /> Marshall mucal wonten ing [[Virginia Commonwealth University|Universitas Persemakmuran Virginia]], [[University of California, Berkeley|Universitas California, Berkeley]], [[Iowa Writers' Workshop|Workshop Kepenulisan Iowa]], lan [[Yale University|Universitas Yale]] sadèrèngipun kapracaya minangka Ketua Helen Gould Sheppard Chair of Literature and Culture ing [[New York University|Universitas New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cwp.fas.nyu.edu/object/cwp.faculty.paulemarshall |title=Creative Writing Program, New York University. |access-date=2017-05-05 |archive-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813162407/http://cwp.fas.nyu.edu/object/cwp.faculty.paulemarshall |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taun 1993 piyambakipun nampi gelar [[Honorary degree|kinormatan L.H.D.]] saking [[Bates College]]. Piyambakipun manggèn wonten [[Richmond, Virginia]].<ref>[http://www.bookslut.com/nonfiction/2009_05_014419.php ''Triangular Road: A Memoir'' by Paule Marshall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824040947/http://www.bookslut.com/nonfiction/2009_05_014419.php |date=2017-08-24 }}, Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0465013597.</ref> Taun 2010, Paule Marshall nampi bebungah Lifetime Achievement Award saking Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards.<ref>anisfield-wolf.org</ref> == Pakaryanipun == {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=108676051}} * ''[[Brown Girl, Brownstones]]'' (Random House, 1959; The Feminist Press, 1981) * ''[[Soul Clap Hands and Sing]]'' (four short novels; Atheneum, 1961) * ''[[The Chosen Place, the Timeless People]]'' (Harcourt, 1969) * ''[[Reena and Other Stories]]'' (The Feminist Press at CUNY, 1983) * ''[[Praisesong for the Widow]]'' (Putnam, 1983) * ''Merle: A Novella, and Other Stories'' (Virago Press, 1985) * ''[[Daughters (novèl)|Daughters]]'' (Atheneum, 1991) * ''[[The Fisher King (novèl)|The Fisher King]]: A Novèl'' (2001) * ''[[Triangular Road]]: A Memoir'' (Basic Civitas Books, 2009) == Rujukan == {{Reflist|30em}} <!--* http://cwp.fas.nyu.edu/page/faculty not found--> == Pranala njawi == * [http://wiredforbooks.org/paulemarshall/ 1991 audio interview with Paule Marshall at Wired for Books.org] by [[Don Swaim]]. * {{YouTube|Y2F2c_iWFL8|"Paule Marshall - Triangular Road - Part 1", Connie Martinson Talks Books}}. * {{YouTube|j0jHZW-z9nY|"Paule Marshall: Coming of Age"}}. * Felicia R. Lee, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/12/books/12paul.html?_r=0 "Voyage of a Girl Moored in Brooklyn"], ''The New York Times'', March 11, 2009. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, Paule}} [[Kategori:American women short story writers]] [[Kategori:American people of Barbadian descent]] [[Kategori:20th-century American novelists]] [[Kategori:21st-century American novelists]] [[Kategori:American women novelists]] [[Kategori:MacArthur Fellows]] [[Kategori:Brooklyn College alumni]] [[Kategori:Hunter College alumni]] [[Kategori:African-American women writers]] [[Kategori:African-American novelists]] [[Kategori:1929 births]] [[Kategori:Living people]] [[Kategori:African-American feminists]] [[Kategori:Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty]] [[Kategori:20th-century women writers]] [[Kategori:21st-century women writers]] [[Kategori:African-American short story writers]] [[Kategori:20th-century American short story writers]] [[Kategori:21st-century American short story writers]] [[Kategori:Penulis Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]] dt8wcm6lcgra4iv0ntq2314a4zl4ol7 0 141714 1752132 1655002 2026-08-02T08:53:01Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arkana Mayor''' utawa '''trumps''' kuwi sawijining golongan saka rong puluh-loro kertu ing 78 lembar set kertu tarot. Kertu kuwi dadi kertu utama drub (''trump) ''lan golongan ing permainan kertu tarot, lan dibedakaké saka papat golongan kertu setandar sing diarani arkana minor.<ref>Ronald Decker and [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dummett Michael Dummett], ''History of the Occult Tarot'', London: Duckworth, 2002 {{ISBN|978-0715631225}}</ref> Istilah "Arkana Mayor" lan "Arkana Minor" iku digunakaké ing laduni lan ramalan, asalé saka Jean-Baptiste Pitois, nyerat nganggo jeneng Paul Christian.<ref name="DeckerDepaulisDummett">Ronald Decker, Thierry Depaulis, and Michael Dummett.</ref> Dummett njlèntrèhaké asalé Arkana Mayor nduwéni arti pralambang utawa éksotèris,asalé saka idéologiné para èlit karaton ing Itali saka abad angka 15.<ref name="Dummett">Michael Dummett.</ref> Bab sing magepokan karo bab iladuni nembé wiwit ing abad kaping 18 nalika Antoine Court de Gébelin (Pendeta [[Switserlan]] dan Freemason) nerbitké ''Le Monde Primitif''. Pengembanganing saka iladuni lan divinasiné Tarot, Arkana Mayor lan Minor banjur dibacutaké saka kono.<ref>See [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinatory,_esoteric_and_occult_tarot Divinatory, esoteric and occult tarot] for a detailed history of the construction of the occult Tarot</ref> Contoné, Antoine Pengadilan de Gébelin mbantah makna Tarot saka Mesir, Kaballistik, lan divinasi: Etteilla gawé cara divinasi nganggo tarot: Eliphas Lévi mempeni ben bisa metu saka sipat divinasi tarot ing Mesir, mbalekaké ing Tarot de Marsailles, nggawé gegayutan sing mbulet karo kabalistik, lan malah mratelaké yèn Arkana Mayor iki makili urutan kauripan. Marquis Stanislas de Rami nakyinaké Mayor Arcana kanggo prakarsa urutan ing netepake dalan hakékat lan owah-owahaning rohani. Pungkasanipun Sallie Nichols, ahli ngèlmu jiwa Jungian, nyerat nalika tarot gadhah bobot ing ngèlmu jiwa lan arketip, malah tansaya jeru ngubungaké kabèh garapan individu Jungian karo Tarot drub.<ref name="Nichols">Sallie Nichols.</ref> Manéka warna panapsiran saka Arkana Mayor iki dikembangaké ing pirang ajaran, sakabehé isih terus dinggo mudhengaké bab Mayor Arkana nganti dina iki. == Pratélan Arkana Mayor == Saben Arkana Mayor nggambaraké sawijining adégan, lumrahé nggambaraké wong utawa sawatara wong, karo akèh perlambang. Ing pirang-pirang jinis kertu lumrahé wis nduwé nomer (lumrahé ing Romawi) lan jeneng, sanadyan ora kabèh kertu duwé loro-loroné, lan sawenèh kertu mung ana gambar waé. Kertu wiwitan ora nduwé jeneng lang nomer ing mayoré (bokmanawa amarga akèh wong rung bisa maca),urutané kertu uga durung ana patokané.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Nanging, salah siji sing paling umum dinggo iku antarané: {| border="1" class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! Nomer ! Jeneng |- | Ora ana (0 utawa 22) | Gemblung |- | 1 |Majusi |- | 2 |Pandhita wadon |- | 3 |Pramèswari |- | 4 |Maharaja |- | 5 |Pandhita |- | 6 |Sutrisna |- | 7 | Kreta |- | 8 |Kakuwatan |- | 9 |Sutapa |- | 10 |Roda Rejeki |- | 11 | Keadilan |- | 12 |Wong Digantung |- | 13 | Pati |- | 14 | Dhiri |- | 15 |Sétan |- | 16 | Menara |- | 17 |Lintang |- | 18 | Rembulan |- | 19 | Srengéngé |- | 20 |Kiyamat |- | 21 | Donya |} Kertu Kakuwatan (''Strength'') lumrahé kertu nomer sewelas lan Kaadilan (''Justice'') nomer wolu, nanging saka pengaruh Rider-Waite-Smith ngijoli urutané ben cocog karo padhanan ngèlmu panujuman sing digawé karo Hermetic Order of Golden Dawn. Minangka gayutané kertu nomer wolu karo Leo lan kertu sewelas karo Libra..^{[''citation needed'']} Golongan-golongan kertu saiki wis nganggo jinis penomeran kaya ngené, kususé ning donya sing nganggo [[basa Inggris]]. Loro-lorone dianggep bener. Nganti abad angka 17, kertu utama kuwi kusus dinggo gim lan judhi. Lumrahé ateges pralambang lan budaya, nanging kertu kuwi kabèh asliné ora akèh ngandhut makna gaib. == Cathetan == {{reflist}} == Rujukan == * {{Cite book|title=History of the Occult Tarot|last=Ronald Decker and Michael Dummet|first=|publisher=London: Duckworth|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}} * Garen, Nancy (1989). ''Tarot Made Easy''. Simon & Schuster. [https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/International_Standard_Book_Number ISBN]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;[https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/Astamiwa:Sumber_buku/0671670875 0671670875]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Douglas, Alfred (1972). ''The Tarot''. Penguins Book. * Nichols, Sallie (1980). ''Jung and Tarot: an Archetypal Journey''. York Beach: Weiser. * Pollack, Rachel (2009). ''Seventy-Eight Degrees of Wisdom: A Book of Tarot''. Red Wheel/Weiser. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Astamiwa:Sumber buku/1578634083|1578634083]]. [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]] 4999nx8al4x3d10a2lbkiba2f99u06x 0 150201 1752137 1630705 2026-08-02T08:55:12Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 1752137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Vlamertinge wapen.svg|jmpl]] '''Vlamertinge''' kuwi sawijining [[désa]] ing provinsi Flanders Barat lan borough kutha Ypres. Pusat desa Vlamertinge dumunung ing njaban tengah kutha Ypres, ing sadawane dalan utama N38 menyang kutha Poperinge. Saliyané pusat kutha Ypres dhéwé, Vlamertinge minangka borough paling gedhé Ypres. Ing sisih kulon Vlamertinge, ing sadawane dalan kanggo Poperinge, ya iku dusun Brandhoek. == Sejarah == Data wiwitan babagan Vlamertinge tanggal saka Abad Pertengahan. Ing taun 857 kapel dibangun ing Vlamertinge. Ing taun 970 Ypres dirusak lan kapel Vlamertinge diobong. Dokumen paling tuwa, sing dikenal tanggal, sing kalebu jeneng Flambertenges, ya iku akta taun 1066. Baudouin van Lille, count Flanders, bojone Adela lan putrane Baudouin, ing kitab kasebut menehi barang-barang kanggo gereja lan bab saka Sint-Pieters ing Lille. Barang-barang kasebut, antara liya, sepuluh ing Elverdinge lan uga sepuluh ing Vlamertinge - "In territorio Furnensi, in villa Elverzenges, decinam unam ; Flambertenges decinam similiter unam ". Ing Ancien Régime Vlamertinge ana kamulyan saka Veurne-Ambacht kanthi 22 mburi lan nandhang akèh saka pengepungan ing Ypres. == Geografi == Vlamertinge 17 meter ing sadhuwuring sagara. Kutha iki uga wewatesan karo Ypres ing sisih wétan, Voormezele ing sisih kidul-wétan, Kemmel lan Dikkebus ing sisih Kidul, Reningelst ing Southwest, Poperinge ing sisih kulon, Elverdinge ing sisih Lor lan Brielen ing lor-wétan. == Perkembangan demografi == [[Gambar:VlamertingeLocation.svg|jmpl]] [[Gambar:Vlamertinge - Sint-Vedastuskerk 1.jpg|jmpl]] [[Gambar:Vlamertinge - Gemeentehuis 1.jpg|jmpl]] Saka taun 1487 nganti 1697 kita bisa nyuda nyuda populasi Vlamertinge. Wedharan paling bisa ditrapake kanggo iki mesthine dadi Perang Laksawane Wolung Taun ing [[Walanda]]. Sajrone Perang Donya Pisanan, kita bakal nemokake manawa populasi manawa bali maneh. Iki amarga kutha Ypres, sing saiki dadi kutha ngarep, dibom banget lan Vlamertinge uga nandhang akèh saka serangan bom iki.<timeline> Colors= id:a value:gray(0.9) id:b value:gray(0.7) id:c value:rgb(1,1,1) id:d value:rgb(0.7,0.8,0.9) id:e value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:1050 height:260 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:30 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:4000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:b increment:3000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:a increment:1500 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:c BarData= bar:1487 text:1487 bar:1616 text:1616 bar:1620 text:1620 bar:1688 text:1688 bar:1693 text:1693 bar:1697 text:1697 bar:1796 text:1796 bar:1801 text:1801 bar:1806 text:1806 bar:1814 text:1814 bar:1815 text:1815 bar:1818 text:1818 bar:1821 text:1821 bar:1829 text:1829 bar:1846 text:1846 bar:1866 text:1866 bar:1877 text:1877 bar:1890 text:1890 bar:1896 text:1896 bar:1910 text:1910 bar:1951 text:1951 bar:1971 text:1971 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1986 text:1986 bar:1989 text:1989 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:1998 text:1998 bar:2011 text:2011 bar:2013 text:2013 bar:2016 text:2016 PlotData= color:d width:20 align:left bar:1487 from:0 till: 3210 bar:1616 from:0 till: 68 bar:1620 from:0 till: 76 bar:1688 from:0 till: 1028 bar:1693 from:0 till: 912 bar:1697 from:0 till: 846 bar:1796 from:0 till: 1670 bar:1801 from:0 till: 1796 bar:1806 from:0 till: 2338 bar:1814 from:0 till: 2244 bar:1815 from:0 till: 2244 bar:1818 from:0 till: 2271 bar:1821 from:0 till: 2321 bar:1829 from:0 till: 2478 bar:1846 from:0 till: 2760 bar:1866 from:0 till: 2861 bar:1877 from:0 till: 3237 bar:1890 from:0 till: 3100 bar:1896 from:0 till: 3245 bar:1910 from:0 till: 3534 bar:1951 from:0 till: 3528 bar:1971 from:0 till: 3672 bar:1981 from:0 till: 3681 bar:1986 from:0 till: 3673 bar:1989 from:0 till: 3699 bar:1991 from:0 till: 3666 bar:1998 from:0 till: 3801 bar:2011 from:0 till: 3606 bar:2013 from:0 till: 3836 bar:2016 from:0 till: 3581 PlotData= bar:1487 at: 3210 fontsize:S text: 3210 shift:(-10,5) bar:1616 at: 68 fontsize:S text: 68 shift:(-10,5) bar:1620 at: 76 fontsize:S text: 76 shift:(-10,5) bar:1688 at: 1028 fontsize:S text: 1028 shift:(-10,5) bar:1693 at: 912 fontsize:S text: 912 shift:(-10,5) bar:1697 at: 846 fontsize:S text: 846 shift:(-10,5) bar:1796 at: 1670 fontsize:S text: 1670 shift:(-10,5) bar:1801 at: 1796 fontsize:S text: 1796 shift:(-10,5) bar:1806 at: 2338 fontsize:S text: 2338 shift:(-10,5) bar:1814 at: 2244 fontsize:S text: 2244 shift:(-10,5) bar:1815 at: 2244 fontsize:S text: 2244 shift:(-10,5) bar:1818 at: 2271 fontsize:S text: 2271 shift:(-10,5) bar:1821 at: 2321 fontsize:S text: 2321 shift:(-10,5) bar:1829 at: 2478 fontsize:S text: 2478 shift:(-10,5) bar:1846 at: 2760 fontsize:S text: 2760 shift:(-10,5) bar:1866 at: 2861 fontsize:S text: 2861 shift:(-10,5) bar:1877 at: 3237 fontsize:S text: 3237 shift:(-10,5) bar:1890 at: 3100 fontsize:S text: 3100 shift:(-10,5) bar:1896 at: 3245 fontsize:S text: 3245 shift:(-10,5) bar:1910 at: 3534 fontsize:S text: 3534 shift:(-10,5) bar:1951 at: 3528 fontsize:S text: 3528 shift:(-10,5) bar:1971 at: 3672 fontsize:S text: 3672 shift:(-10,5) bar:1981 at: 3681 fontsize:S text: 3681 shift:(-10,5) bar:1986 at: 3673 fontsize:S text: 3673 shift:(-10,5) bar:1989 at: 3699 fontsize:S text: 3699 shift:(-10,5) bar:1991 at: 3666 fontsize:S text: 3666 shift:(-10,5) bar:1998 at: 3801 fontsize:S text: 3801 shift:(-10,5) bar:2011 at: 3606 fontsize:S text: 3606 shift:(-10,5) bar:2013 at: 3836 fontsize:S text: 3836 shift:(-10,5) bar:2016 at: 3581 fontsize:S text: 3581 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Pemandangan == * Gereja Saint Vedastus * Tilas kutha Vlamertinge wiwit taun 1922, ing gaya neo-Flemish Renaissance * Kastil Vlamertinge utawa Castle du Parc dibangun taun 1857-1858 kanthi urutan Viscount Pierre-Gustave du Parc, sawisé desain dening Joseph Schadde. * Ing Vlamertinge ana sawatara pemakaman militèr Inggris wiwit Perang Dunia I: ** Brandhoek Military Cemetery ** Red Farm Military Cemetery ** Vlamertinghe Military Cemetery ** Vlamertinghe New Military Cemetery ** Railway Chateau Cemetery ** Divisional Cemetery ** Brandhoek New Military Cemetery ** Brandhoek New Military Cemetery No.3 ** Hop Store Cemetery bsfz3f6213aemqzvzct2t6xa75hsu34 0 152453 1752073 1424609 2026-08-02T01:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vanya Zulkarnaen''' ({{Lairpati|[[Jakarta]]|19|6|1970}}) utawa luwih misuwur kanthi jeneng '''Nia Zulkarnaen''' iku salah siji artis [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]. == Kulawarga == Nia iku anak saka pasangan [[Aktor|saka aktor]] lan aktris sènior, Indonésia, Dicky Zulkarnaen, lan Mieke Wijaya. Dhèwèké uga omah-omahan karo aktor lan musisi Indonesia, [[Ari Sihasale]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2003/07/14/ibu_nia_hanya_doakan/|title=IBU NIA HANYA DOAKAN...|website=article.wn.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-date=2016-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310080258/http://article.wn.com/view/2003/07/14/ibu_nia_hanya_doakan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> sing uga bojo kapindho karo anaké tunggal Radit Christiano Zulkarnaen Sihasale luwih misuwur minangka anak badminton, kang saiki kelas 3 SMP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/07/04/ari-sihasale-amp-nia-zulkarnaen-love-motherland.html|title=Ari Sihasale & Nia Zulkarnaen: for love of motherland|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en}}</ref> Bojo pisanan yaiku Ahmad Iskandar Zulkarnaen ({{Lairpati||23|5|1963||25|5|2002}}), sawijining pembalap Indonesia sing tilar donya ing sasi [[Mèi]] [[2002]] amarga kacilakan mobil ing sirkuit balap Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD), Serpong, [[Kutha Tangerang|Tangerang]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/219235/cara-nia-zulkarnaen-mengenang-almarhum-suami|title=Cara Nia Zulkarnaen Mengenang Almarhum Suami|last=Liputan6.com|work=liputan6.com|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> Biyen dhèwèké duwé sesambungan karo putra saka mantan [[Presiden Indonesia|Presiden Republik Indonesia]] ke-2 [[Soeharto]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mail-archive.com/indonews@indo-news.com/msg08361.html|title=[INDONEWS] FW: Kisah-kisah Cinta Tommy (1): Dari Ita Mustafa sampai Nia Zulkarnaen|website=www.mail-archive.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> == Karièr == Wektu iki dhèwèké lan bojoné (Ari Sihasale) duwé omah studio ya iku Alenia Pictures. Filem sing kapisan déning omah studio iki ya iku [[Denias, Senandung di Atas Awan]] sing dibabar ing sawenèh bioskop. == Filmografi == === Minangka aktris === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Taun !Irah-irahan ! Paraga<br> saka !Katrangan |- | 1977 |  ''Jeritan Si Buyung'' | Shanty | |- | 1980 | ''Darna Ajaib'' | Darna enom | |- | 1986 | ''Sama Juga Bohong'' | Ike | |- | 1986 | ''Cemburu Nih Yee'' | | |- | 1986 | ''Merpati Tak Pernah Ingkar Janji'' | | |- | 1987 | ''Aku  Benci Kamu'' | | |- | 1988 | ''Jodoh Boleh Diatur'' | | |- | 1989 | ''Kristal-kristal Cinta'' | | |- | 1989 | ''Isabella'' | Isabella | |- | 1991 |  ''Lagu Untuk Seruni'' | Feby | |- | 1991 | ''Saat Kukatakan Cinta<br> '' |<br> |<br> |- |1991<br> | ''Bukan Main'' | | |- | 2006 | ''[[Denias, Senandung di Atas Awan]]'' | | |- | 2011 | ''Serdadu Kumbang'' | Dhokter | |- | 2014 | ''Seputih Cinta Melati'' | | |} === Minangka kru === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Taun ! Title ! Peran saka |- | 2006 | ''[[Denias, Senandung di Atas Awan]]'' | Produser |- | 2007 | ''Liburan Seruuu...!! '' | Produser |- | 2009 | ''King'' | Crita panulis, lan produser eksekutif |- | 2010 | ''Tanah Air Beta'' | Produser eksekutif |- | 2011 | ''Serdadu Kumbang'' | Produser eksekutif |- | 2012 | ''Di Timur Matahari''<br> | Produser eksekutif |- | 2013 | ''Leher Angsa''<br> | Produser eksekutif |- | 2014 | ''Seputih Cinta Melati'' | Produser eksekutif |} == Sinetron == * Bunga-Bunga Kehidupan (1993) * Nikita (1995) * Antara Jakarta-Perth (1996) * Cinta Rasa Tora Bika (1999) * Doa Dan Cinta (2002) * Roman 21 (2003) * Bayangan  Adinda (2003) * Pura-Pura Buta (2005) == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Lair 1963]] [[Kategori:Lair 1970]] [[Kategori:Pati 2002]] [[Kategori:Aktris Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Penyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Sundha]] mllpy21q6hcs3f9u1u60h1goc3lnkg5 0 153877 1752127 1654957 2026-08-02T08:51:10Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anjar Ani''' (lair ing [[Kabupatèn Panaraga|Ponorogo]] 3 Maret 1936) ya iku komponis moncèr. Piyambaké pernah dadi wartawan, juru ngripta cerita lan dadi paraga ing sinétron Saur Sepuh.<ref name=":0" /> Piyambake nduwé tokoh idhola juru ngarang lagu sing mbiyèn tau ngajari piyambaké ya iku Bapak Sapari, uwong sing mempeng ngripta ing babagan lagu. Piyambake percaya yèn urip iki kudu pasrah kalih sing Maha Kuwaos saengga bisa nglakoni urip kanthi becik. == Karya-karyane == lagu-lagune kang mucèr ya iku Yen in Tawang, Jangkrik Genggong, Enthit, Iki Dhuwekke Sapa, Sri Kelono Sewandono, Geger Ponorogo, Ronggowarsito Apa Yang Terjadi lan [[Jangka Jayabaya]] lsp.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Mini Biografi Sejumlah Tokoh dan Eksekutif Wong Solo|last=|first=|publisher=Citra Alumni Perkasa|year=2005|isbn=|editor-last=Rochadi DS|editor-first=Sri|location=Semarang|pages=15-17}}</ref> == Pawiyatan == [[Sekolah dhasar|Sekolah Dasar]] ing Purwantoro, Wonogiri. Durung nganti lulus piyambaké pindhah menyang Ponorogo lan ning kutha iki piyambaké ngrampungaké Sekolah Dasaré ing taun 1950. Banjur piyambaké pindhah meneh ing Madiun lan Sekolah Menengah Pertamane dirampungake ing kutha iki taun 1953. Banjur nglanjutake ing Sekolah Menengah Ata ing kutha sing padha ananging sakdurungé lulus piyambaké pindhah manèh ing Solo lan ing kutha iki piyambaké ngrampungaké sekolahé ing taun 1956. == Pangaji == Piyambaké éntuk pangaji saka MURI (2004) minangka pangarang lagu sing asring gawé lagu akèh. Piyambaké uga éntuk pangaji saka RANCAGE Jakarta 1998 minangka juru ngripta [[sastra Jawa]] lan pangaji saka SIWO PWI Pusat (Sèksi Wartawan Olahraga Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pwi.or.id/index.php/siwo/760-siwo-pwi-tidak-bermotif-terselubung-di-ksn|title=Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia - SIWO PWI Tidak Bermotif Terselubung di KSN|website=pwi.or.id|language=id-id|access-date=2018-04-14|archive-date=2016-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227063236/http://pwi.or.id/index.php/siwo/760-siwo-pwi-tidak-bermotif-terselubung-di-ksn|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sak liyané pangaji saka MURI lan RANCAGE, sak durungé kuwi piyambaké éntuk pangaji saka PJKT (Pusat Kesenian Jawa Tengah) ing Bidang Lirik lan Lagu Langgam Jawa, Komponis paling apik lan Pangarah Musik Keroncong paling apik, Budaya Bhakti Upapradana ing bidang kesustraan Jawa, SIWO PWI Pusat ing bidang jurnalistik, Juara lomba Cipta Lagu Pop Daérah RRI-TVRI TIngkat Jawa Tengah lan Lencana Keluarga Berencana.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> 8swnag863zemynwqqr6iw39hgrhjehr 0 158094 1752117 1751788 2026-08-02T08:45:34Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph YAM Chi-kwong''' , GBM , GBS , CBE , JP (任志剛 lair 1948, [[Hong Kong]]) <ref name="Home return experiences">[http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/viewpt/20090917e.htm "Home return" experiences]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asian-affairs.com/biographies/josephyamcv.html|title=Joseph Yam CV|publisher=asian-affairs.com|access-date=1 Maret 2013}}</ref> yaiku ahli statistik, ékonom lan pegawai negeri Hong Kong. Piyambakipun minangka Kepala Eksekutif ingkang kaping pisanan saking Otoritas Moneter Hong Kong, bank sentral ''de facto'' Hong Kong, nyepeng posisi 16 taun. Ing 2011 Yam kapilih dadi anggota dewan direksi Switserlan Bank UBS AG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyOfficers?symbol=UBS|title=People: UBS AG|access-date=15 Maret 2013|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Ing 2014, sakwisé tahapan UBS AG, dhèwéké diangkat dadi ketua dèwan UBS Group AG lan dadi jabatan nganti Méi 2017.<ref name="UBS BoD Joseph Yam">{{cite web|url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/about_ubs/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/cv-joseph-yam.html|title=UBS BoD Joseph Yam|publisher=UBS|access-date=21 Maret 2015|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021444/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/about_ubs/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/cv-joseph-yam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhèwéké dadi anggota Komité Budaya lan Tanggung Jawab Korporat lan Komité Risiko UBS Group AG wiwit taun 2011 lan anggota Déwan Eksekutif Hong Kong wiwit taun 2017. == Pendidikan == Joseph Yam lulus saka [[Universitas Hong Kong]] ing bidang ékonomi, ilmu sosial lan statistik kanthi penghormatan kelas ing 1970. == Karir == Yam gabung karo Pamaréntah Hong Kong minangka ahli statistik ing taun 1971 lan dadi ékonom ing taun 1976. Sasampunipun taun 1982, Yam dipunangkat minangka Principal Asistén Sekretaris Urusan Moneter.<ref name="HKMAbackup">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/hkma/index.htm|title=Executive Profiles, HKMA official website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119081800/http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/hkma/index.htm|archive-date=19 Januari 2008|deadurl=bot: unknown|accessdate=2017-04-27|df=}}CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown link]) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Ing taun 1983, Yam nyumbang kanggo ngasilaké dhuwit ing antarané dolar Hong Kong lan dollar AS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/202e8abe-b458-11e1-bb68-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3vyGD5Gn7|title=Hong Kong urged to review dollar peg|publisher=ft.com|access-date=31 Dhésèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing taun 1985, dhewèké diangkat dadi Wakil Sekretaris Moneter lan taun 1991, minangka Direktur Kantor ''Exchange''. Nalika Kantor  Exchange gabung karo Kantor Komisaris Perbankan ing taun 1993, Yam dadi Panguwasa Eksekutif Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), posisi kang ditahan nganti Oktober 2009. Ing taun 1995, Institut Bankers Hong Kong milih Yam minangka '''Bankir Taun''' . <ref /> Saliyané studi sing dilakokaké déning SK Tsang, Profesor Ekonomi ing Universitas Baptis Hong Kong , kanthi judul "A Study of the Exchange Rate System and Opportunity Policy for Hong Kong" lan nuduhaké ana kelemahan sistem  kurs HKD-USD nalika [[Krisis finansial Asia 1997|Krisis Finansial Asia 1997]] , Yam ora mbeneraké pasak basis sempit, nanging mbela dollar Hong Kong kanthi nyurung suku bunga. Utamané, Yam ngusulaké tarif Interbank overnight nganti 280% ing 23 Oktober 1997.<ref>[http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/panels/fa/papers/fa1712_1.htm "HKMA's Response to Views of Market Practitioners and Academics on the Linked Exchange Rate System"], Legco Papers</ref> Ing pamindhahan, HKMA uga nuku saham US $ 15 milyar ing tengah pasar panik nalika taun 1998. Ukuran kasebut diterusaké kalem, lan kanthi mangkana bisa njaga paritasané kurs tetep Hong Kong marang dolar AS. Gerakan iki wiwitané dikritik déning, ing antarané liya, Alan Greenspan , kang nyatakaké keprihatinan ing September 1998 dadi strategi kasebut bakal gagal lan ngilangi kredibilitas HKMA.<ref name="lanman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.swfinstitute.org/other-swf-news/greenspan-says-hong-kongs-yam-was-right-to-buy-stocks-in-1998/|title=Greenspan Says Hong Kong's Yam Was Right to Buy Stocks in 1998|author=Scott Lanman|date=19 Mèi 2009|publisher=SWFI Institute|access-date=2019-01-19|archive-date=2014-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830051720/http://www.swfinstitute.org/other-swf-news/greenspan-says-hong-kongs-yam-was-right-to-buy-stocks-in-1998/|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Wonten ing wekdal punika wekdalipun sae," ujare Greenspan. "Iku tumindak resikoné. . . Aku ora nyaranaké minangka aturan umum kanggo bank sentral. " Yam rèspondén kanthi surat terbuka, nyatakaké kuciwané lan mbela putusan HKMA.<ref name="Yam letter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-information/speech-speakers/jckyam/speech_170998b.shtml|title=Greenspan Says Mr Joseph Yam's letter to Mr Alan Greenspan|author=Joseph Yam|date=17 Sèptèmber 1998|publisher=HKMA}}</ref> Ing 2007, Yam minangka bank sentral paling dhuwur ing donya, kanthi gaji tahunan US $ 1,32 juta, kira-kira kaping pitu saka Ketua Federal Reserve ($ 191,300), <ref /> lan kira-kira telung saka Presiden saka Bank Sentral Eropah (EUR 351.816 ing 2008), Gubernur Bank Inggris (GBP 290.000 ing 2008) lan Gubernur Bank Jepang ($ 370.000 ing 2007) <ref /> ==== Rencana Konvergensi ==== Ngélingi béda rega antarané saham sing kadhaptar ing pasar lokal (H-saham) lan Shanghai Stock Exchange (A-saham), Yam didorong kanggo mékanisme kanggo ningkataké konvergensi lan arbitrase kang luwih gedhé. Alangan utama sing dituduhaké déning makelar lokal, dhéwèké dikreditaké kanthi nyengkuyung Pemerintah supaya njupuk saham 5.9% ing Bursa Efek Hong Kong minangka pengaruh, banjur mimpin program kasebut <ref /> Kang ngidini wong daratan kanggo tuku sekuritas Hong Kong langsung dening mbukak akun [[Artacihna|mata uang]] asing ing cabang Bank of China ing sisih lor Tianjin . Skema iki diumumake dening Administrasi Negara Foreign Exchange tanggal 20 Agustus 2007, <ref /> <ref /> nanging mandheg ing gerbang wiwitan, nalika Beijing nolak ijin. <ref /> === Pensiun saka layanan umum === Tanggal 19 Mei 2009, Yam dikonfirmasi rencanané kanggo pensiun, sawisé dadi jabatan ing 16 taun.<ref name="TVB20090519">{{Cite video|title=News at Seven-Thirty on 19 May 2009|medium=TV news broadcast|publisher=[[TVB]]|location=Hong Kong|year=2009}}</ref> Nalika wiwitan kasebut diumumaké ing Oktober 2007 kang bakal pensiun nalika tanggal 1 Oktober 2009, kolumnis finansial Jake van der Kamp nandhesaké keberangkatan Yam kanthi penanganan rencana A-share lan H-share kang nancepaké ekonomi Hong Kong. Ketua Eksekutif Sir Donald Tsang saka Hong Kong nyatakaké yen Yam minangka "komrad sing dilakokaké bebarengan karo pemerintah ing taun 1998 kanggo ngatasi gejolak finansial Asia lan miturut tsunami financial saiki, sistem perbankan Hong Kong tetep stabil." === UBS Group AG === Ing April 2011, Pak Yam kapilih dadi direksi UBS AG lan wiwit taun 2011 dhéwèké dadi anggota saka Komité Budaya lan Tanggung Jawab Korporat lan Komite Risk. Saka November 2014 nganti Mei 2017, dhéwèké dadi anggota dewan diréksi UBS Group AG . == Mandat liyané ing papan perusahaan, organisasi lan yayasan utawa kelompok kapentingan == Sasampunipun pénsiun saka jabatanipun minangka panguwasa éksekutif Otoritas Moneter Hong Kong ing Séptémber 2009, Yusuf Yam mundhut janjian. Sasampunipun pénsiun, piyambakipun dipunangkat minangka Wakil Présidhèn Eksekutif China Society for Finance and Banking, sawijining masyarakat ingkang dipunurus déning Bank Rakyat China . <ref /> Dhèwèké uga dadi de  penasihat kanggo Bank Rakyat China. Ing 2010, Yam uga ditunjuk minangka direktur non-éksekutif indepènden kanggo déwan Johnson Electric Holdings Limited <ref name="Bloomberg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=23898653&privcapId=7923985|title=Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=February 21, 2015}}</ref> lan déwan China Construction Bank Corporation . Dhèwéké pisanan ditunjuk kanggo jabatan rong taun nganti 2012 ing déwan Johnson Electric Holdings Limited.<ref name="MarketWatch Joseph Yam to board of Johnson Electric">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/johnson-electric-names-former-hkma-chief-exec-joseph-yam-to-board-2010-09-08|title=Johnson Electric Names Former HKMA Chief Exec Joseph Yam To Board|website=MarketWatch|access-date=10 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> Mandat iki banjur ditambah lan Yam saiki isih ana ing papan. Dhèwèké ninggalaké pos minangka direktur non-eksekutif saka China Construction Bank Corporation ing 23 Oktober 2013. Dhèwèké njabat minangka Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation Limited ing posisi dadi wakil ketua lan diréktur lan minangka anggota déwan penasihat ing Bank Sentral Uni Emirat Arab . Joseph Yam uga anggota Déwan Internasional China Investment Corporation, lan anggota déwan UnionPay International Co, Ltd lan saka Dompet Komunitas Hong Kong . Dhèwèké uga dadi Fellow Riset Distinguished ing Institut Ekonomi lan Keuangan Global ing Universitas Tiongkok Hong Kong . == Kepengin == Ing taun 2001, Yam iki dianugerahi gelar kehormatan saka Dhokter saka Bisnis Administrasi déning Mbukak Universitas Hong Kong (OUHK).<ref name="Joseph Yam">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouhk.edu.hk/wcsprd/Satellite?pagename=OUHK/tcGenericPage2010&c=C_ETPU&cid=191155021600&BODY=tcGenericPage|title=Joseph Yam: train more talents for top-notch financial infrastructure|publisher=The Open University of Hong Kong|access-date=6 Mèi 2015|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002145/http://www.ouhk.edu.hk/wcsprd/Satellite?pagename=OUHK/tcGenericPage2010&c=C_ETPU&cid=191155021600&BODY=tcGenericPage|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing November 2009, Yam iki dianugerahi Dhokter saka Bisnis Administrasi ''honoris causa'' dening Hong Kong Universitas Ilmu & Teknologi. Piyambakipun uga diangkat menyang Hong Kong Institute of Education (saiki Pendidikan Universitas Hong Kong) minangka Kehormatan Profesor afiliasi kanggo ing Departemen saka Asia lan Privasi Pasinaon kanggo periode telung taun, miwiti saka februari 2015.<ref name="Professor Joseph Yam appointed Honorary Professor">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ied.edu.hk/web/highlights_joseph_yam_honorary_professor.html|title=Professor Joseph Yam appointed Honorary Professor|publisher=The Hong Kong Institute of Education|access-date=6 Mèi 2015|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124411/https://www.ied.edu.hk/web/highlights_joseph_yam_honorary_professor.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Loro saka doktor kehormatan derajat lan kehormatan profésor saka lokal lan jaban rangkah universities, Yam iki uga dianugerahi ing pangenalan saka layanan umum karir lan kang akeh kontribusi kanggo Hong Kong. Ing taun 1995, piyambakipun dados Panglima Paling Banget Order of the British Empire (CBE). Ing taun 2009, ing Hong Kong Administrative Region Special Pemerintah dianugerahi wong Grand Bauhinia Medali (GBM), paling national award, lan ing taun 2001 ing Emas Bauhinia Star (GB). Menapa malih, ing taun 1997, ''Euromoney'' jenenge wong Tengah Bank saka Taun.<ref name="UBS nominates Joseph Yam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ubs.com/hk/tc/about_us/tc_newsdisplay.html/en/2010/07/23/ubs_nominates_joseph_yam_for_election_to_its_board.html|title=UBS nominates Joseph Yam for election to its Board of Directors|publisher=UBS AG|access-date=6 Mèi 2015}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Kategori:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown|Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown]] [[Kategori:Lair 1947]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] 4amw4yzz6p55sojtvhjbmfhmk50nqb9 0 160065 1752119 1656310 2026-08-02T08:47:48Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanifan Yudani Kusumah''' pesilat sing lair soko ndeso, [[Bandung]], sing lagi ngerintis kejayaan lan kemenangane lewat [[Pèsta Ulahraga Asia|ASIAN GAMES]] 2018 cabang silat tanding kelas C putra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kompas.id/baca/tokoh/sosok/2018/08/31/hanifan-yudani-kusumah-darah-petarung-pesilat-kampung/|title=Hanifan Yudani Kusumah, Darah Petarung Pesilat Kampung|last=kompas.id|date=2018-08-31|website=Kompas.Id|language=id|access-date=2019-04-24|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424084145/https://kompas.id/baca/tokoh/sosok/2018/08/31/hanifan-yudani-kusumah-darah-petarung-pesilat-kampung/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kanggo ungkapke seneng merga juara Hanifan cepet-cepet rangkul Pak Jokowi (Presiden Indonesia), para pejabat pada seneng lan pengen rangkul Hanifan kabèh. Hanifan seneng banget iso juarani ASIAN GAMES 2018 cabang silat iki amarga iki pertandingan tingkat Asia seng kudu di takluke marang dekne, Hanifan merasa nek uwis melompati tur gawe bangga bapak ibu ke merga iso harumake nama Indonesia. Meski Hanifan soko kampung ananging Hanifan merasa luwih unggul saka kemampuan lan ''skills'' lawane. == Kagiyatan == Pas lagi laga final katagori tanding C Hanifan krasa nek awake tenang lan ora grogi padahal poin score e adoh banget soko pesilat Vietnam Thai Linh Nguyen 4-1. Hanifan nduweni darah petarung pesilat kampung, gelanggang pesilat rasane riuh lan campur haru sing gawe bangga Hanifan nangis ora merga emas ke-29 sing dipersembahkan kanggo Indonesia, ananging merga deweke iso nyantuke tokoh nasional seng lagi konflik politik. Liyane joko widodo lan prabowo ning kana ya ana Presiden Republik Indonesia ke-5 lan juga Ketua Umum PDIP Megawati Soekarno Putri,Wakil Presiden [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla|Jusuf Kalla]], lan Menko Pemberdayaan Manusia Lan Kebudayaan Puan Maharani lan pejabat liyane. Hanifan krasa masyarakat saiki terbelah merga politik dunia maya lan sakpanunggalane kajaba Hanifan mikir dowo pas tokoh politik iku rangkul deweke. Hanifan krasa percaya diri amarga iso perbedaan karo kepentingan iso dadi siji amarga olahraga. Hanifan nduweni inisiatif kanggo melu latihan pencak silat ning Perguruan Silat Tadjimalela. Salah siji unit latihan sing manggon ning rumahe Hanifan dewe ning Soreang, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat. Pelatih sing pertama dikenalke yaiku Dani lan Dewiyanti. Saat iki, Dani jabat dadi Ketua Dewan Guru Perguruan Silat Tadjimalela ning kategori tanding. Hanifan tau lumebu ning pusat pendidikan lan latihan sing dirike pemerintah ning kota besar. Latihan dijalanke Didasari program lan kurikulum sing dirancang dewe oleh Dani Lan Dewiyanti. “aku iki pesilat kampung,” Hanifan omong ngono ngelingake momen pertama kali menang ning Kejuaraan Nasional Remaja ning kota Solo, Jawa Tengah, 2013. == Karir == Hanifan lagi wae melu pemusatan latihan nasional taun 2016 wingi menang ning acara Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON) Jawa Barat 2016. Mesti Hafinan lair saka kota cilik, ananging ragil saka loro saudara iku buktiake nek nduweni prestasi sing mendunia. Sakliyane emas Asian Games 2018, hafinan iso rebut emas pada Kejuaraan Dunia Pencak Silat ning Denpasar, [[Bali]], 2016, menjuarai Kejuaraan Asia Pencak Silat ning Chungju, Korea, 2017, sarto meraih perunggu ning SEA Games Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2017.Kanggo kabèh prestasi iku, Hanifan kudu bayar larang pendidikane sing terbengkalai. Wayah masa sekolah, Hanifan kudu jalok izin marang guru kanggo latihan sakdurunge melu pelajaran. Wayah Hanifan lulus SMA, Hanifan telat lumebu perguruan tinggi. Hanifan lagi daftar kuliah ning STKIP Pasundan, Cimahi, Bandung, Jawa Barat, taun 2018. Padahal, kudune Hanifan uwis mulai sejak loro ngasi telu taun kepungkur Kajaba iku, Hanifan latih pencak silat, taun iki deweke pengen kuliah. Pas waktu pertandingan mung sisa sakmenit tok, Hanifan oleh keputusan kontroversial soko juri. Hanifan dianggap lakokke tendangan pelanggaran seng gawe bijine kudu dikurangi. Keputusan itu wes ora isa diganggu gugat padahal pelatih Indonesia wes ngajukake pemutaran video meneh ngasi peng pindo. Ning jero video iku, ketok nek tendangane ora kena wajah e Nguyen, ananging hukuman tetep diwenehke. Selama Hanifan nunggu keputusan juri, Hanifan lungguh marang pinggir lapangan supaya tenang. Manajer tim nasional pencak silat Indonesia Edhy Prabowo peng pindo bengok saka tribune VIP. “Hanifan, tetep sing tenang, isih ana waktu kanggo cetak poin.”Pesilat potongan rambut model mohawk kelir rambute kuning keemasan ikupun bangkit saka lungguh e lan gage-gage main agresif. Saka waktu sakmenit, Hanifan ngubah kedudukan lan menang saka Nguyen, 3—2. “Aku percaya diri kanggo duduhke menang marang wong tuane ya iku ayah, ibu,pak Jokowi, lan Pak Prabowo.", omonge Hanifan. Kepercayaan diri Hanifan marang penjawab pertanyaan para wartawan. Hanifan ya ora isin kanggo kenalke pacare marang wartawan Pipiet Kamelia, pesilat sing bebarengan menang ning silat tapi kategori kelas D. Puncak e saka awake ora mung tokoh nasional kanggo serangan dening politik lan iki darah petarung sing nek jero awake Hanifan membakar semangate kanggo meraih e kemenangan Hanifan saneng iso menangke momen pertama kalinya cabang pesilat dilombake marang olahraga terutama darah iku bakar keberanian lan rasa percaya dirinya kanggo wujudake mimpi kanggo bangsa Indonesia: bangun persatuan lewat olahraga terutama cabang silat. == Rujukan == <references /> sse7ehlk0kh2iho62btmd4cxiucy307 0 161096 1752126 1676747 2026-08-02T08:50:50Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ratu Adil''' (English: ''Just King'' utawa ''Javanese Saint/Messia'') iku juru slamet ing kabudayan Jawa. Ratu Adil paling akeh metu ing abad 19. Biasane metu awujud ontran-ontran. Ratu Adil ing Jawa umume duwe ideologi messianisme, millenarisme, nativisme, lan revivalisme. == Asal-usule == Akeh sarjana kang duwe panemu yen sejatine Ratu Adil iku warisan saka jaman Hindu-Buddha. Ing kabudayan Hindu ana konsep kitiran jaman kang jenengen Mahayuga. Mahayuga muter terus saka Satyayuga (Jaman Kencana) terus Tretayuga, Dwaparayuga, lan pungkasane Kaliyuga (Jaman Edan/Kadurjan). Ing kabudayan Jawa, konsep Mahayuga diadopsi dadi konsep Kalabendu (Jaman Edan/Kadurjan) lan Kalasuba (Jaman Kencana). Sawise [[Islam]] teka ing tanah Jawa, kabudayan Jawa nyilih konsep Imam Mahdi. Imam Mahdi iku Juru Selamete wong Islam ing akhir jaman. Juru Selamet. Imam Mahdi banjur diadopsi dadi Ratu Adil (English: ''Just King'' utawa ''Messiah''). Ratu Adil bakal muter kitiran jaman saka Kalabendu tumuju Kalasuba.<ref>Justus M. van der Kroef, "Javanese Messianic Expectations: Their Origin and Cultural Context", ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'', Vol. 1, No. 4 (Jun., 1959), pp. 306-309</ref> Kapan prenahe Ratu Adil pisanan iki metu, durung ana kasarujukan. Nanging ideologi Ratu Adil iku umume wis ana ing akhir jaman akhir Majapahit. Jaman akhir Majapahit ikut kanggep melbu Jaman Kalabendu, wong-wong pada ngrasa butuh Juru Selamat kanggo mbalekake Jaman Kalabendu tumuju Kalasuba. Bukti arkeologis kaya ta Candhi Sukuh lan Cetho ndelengake gejala millenarisme.<ref>Boedi Soetanto, ''Gerakan Millenarisme di Candi Sukuh'' (Yogyakarta: Fakultas Sastra UGM, 1994)</ref> Ideologi Ratu Adil umume duwe kitab rujukan kang diarani Serat Jayabaya. Serat iki asale saka Kitab Musarar kang kaanggit dening Sunan Giri Prapen. Ing kitab Musarar, Raja Jayabaya saka Kediri digambarke agamane Islam. Raja Jayabaya banjur oleh pralambang saka Sultan Maulana Samsudin saka nagari Rum yen besuk ing Jawa bakal ana Jaman Kalabendu. Jaman Kalabendu bakal rampung yen Ratu Adil metu. Ratu Adil iki bakal duwe kraton loro, siji ing Mekkah lan siji ing Jawa.<ref>J.A.B. Wiselius, "Djaja-Baja. Zijn Leven en Profetieen", ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', Vol. 19, 1872, pp. 176-192</ref> Miturut Kitab Musarar Ratu Adil biasane duwe jeneng Tunjung Putih, ananging Ratu Adil uga kondang nganggo jeneng Erucakra utawa Sultan Hamid Erucakra.<ref>A.B. Cohen Stuart, "Eroe Tjakra", ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en en Volkenkunde'', 1872, Vol.19, Issue 1, pp. 285-288</ref> ==Metune Gerakan == Gerakan Ratu Adil kang kacatet paling tuwa iku gerakane [https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Dipanagara_dari_Madiun Pangeran Arya Dipanegara] (Dipanegara saka Kartasura putranipun PB 1, dudu Ngayogyakarta) ing abad 18. Pangeran Arya Dipanegara mbrontak ing Madiun lan duweni gelar Panembahan Erucakra. Amarga kalah, Pangeran Arya Dipanegara Madhiun banjur diguwang ing [[Afrika Kidul]]. Gerakan Ratu Adil ngrembaka akeh ing abad 19. Jane, Ratu Adil ora mung ana ing Jawa. Ing bawana liyane kaya Amerika, Afrika, lan Oseania uga ana Ratu Adil, konsepe pada ananging mung beda jenenge. Umume gerakan iki ana lan ngrembaka amarga penjajahan Eropa.<ref>Michael Adas, ''Ratu Adil. Tokoh dan Gerakan Millenarian Menentang Kolonialisme Eropa'' (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 1988)</ref> Miturut Justus van der Kroef, gerakan Ratu Adil ing Jawa metu amarga kabudayan Kulon ora bisa katampa ing kosmologi Jawa abad 19. Kabudayan kulon dianggep liyan utawa ''alien''.<ref>Justus M. van der Kroef, ''op. cit''., hlm. 310</ref> Gerakan-gerakan Ratu Adil kang kacarik ing sejarah yaiku Prastawa Ciomas 1886, ontran-ontran Mangkuwijaya 1865, prastawa Karangkobra 1871, prastawa Nyi Aciah prastawa Srikaton 1888, ontran-ontran Ahmad Mukiat lan Ahmad Sahodo 1888 lan sapanunggalane.<ref>Sartono Kartodirdjo, ''Ratu Adil'' (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1984), hlm. 12-16</ref> Puncak gerakan Ratu Adil ing tahun 1888 amarga tahun iki dianggep taun metune Ratu Adil.<ref>''Koloniaal Verslag'', 1889, hlm. 2-3</ref> Ing abad 20, gerakan Ratu Adil luwih sithik ananging luwih rapi struktur lan organisasine. [[Sarékat Islam|Sarekat Islam]] iku salah sawijine gerakan Ratu Adil kang misuwur lan duwe anggota akeh.<ref>A.P. Korver, ''Sarekat Islam Gerakan Ratu Adil?'' (Jakarta: Grafitti, 1985)</ref> [[Gambar:HOS Tjokroaminoto, 20 Mei Pelopor 17 Agustus, p43.jpg|jmpl|Tjokroaminoto, kerep kasebut dadi Ratu Adil ing Sarekat Islam]] == Pola Gerakan == Gerakan Ratu Adil ing Jawa lan ing bawana liya umume duweni pola kang pada. Miturut studine Michael Adas<ref>Michael Adas., ''op. cit''</ref>, Sartono Kartodirdjo<ref>Sartono Kartodirdjo, ''Ratu Adil'' (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1984), hlm. 27</ref>, A.F.C. Wallace<ref>A.F.C. Wallace, "Revitalization Movements", ''American Anthropologist'', New Series, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Apr., 1956), pp. 264-281</ref>, lan Gottfried Oosterwal<ref>Gottfried Oosterwal, "Messianic Movements", ''Philippine Sociological Review'', Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (JANUARY-APRIL, 1968), pp. 40-50</ref> gerakan Ratu Adil umume duwe ciri: # Miyos nalika jaman krisis # Messianisme utawa pepengenan nunggu tekane Juru Selamet # Millenarisme utawa pepengenan balekake jaman kencana # Nativisme utawa pro pribumi utawa anti liyan/asing # Revivalisme agama utawa pepengen balekake agama supaya dadi murni maneh == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Budaya Jawa]] [[Kategori:Mitologi Jawa]] dhh6hix8yt1w6oq2dy7m582x762smyg 0 162472 1752109 1496262 2026-08-02T08:41:52Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hendra Setiawan Indonesia Open 2016.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Hendra Setiawan ing 2016]] '''Hendra Setiawan''' lair ing [[Kabupatèn Pemalang|Pemalang]], 25 Agustus 1984; 35 taun kepungkur ya iku salah sijining atlet Badminton Indonesia. Wiwitane, Hendra Setiawan main bareng [[Markis Kido]] ing ganda putra. Banjur main bareng Mohammad Ahsan. 7qkyh6s37wdi2jmgv99w8ifaoahetaz 0 163094 1752102 1732878 2026-08-02T08:04:36Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cheese | name = Ricotta | image = [[File:Ricotta dome on plate from the top.jpg|250px]] | othernames = | country = [[Itali]] | region = | town = | source = [[Gibas]], [[sapi]], [[goat]]s, utawa [[Kebo itali]] | pasteurised = | texture = Gumantung variètas, lembut seger nganti rada lembut | fat = | protein = | dimensions = | weight = | aging = None or up to a year for aged varieties | certification = }} [[Gambar:Casu recotta.JPG|jmpl|kèju Ricotta]] '''Ricotta''' (diwaca '''Rikota''') yaiku [[kèju]] seger asalé negara [[Itali]]a digawé saka [[dadih]] sisa saka nggawé kèju masak liyané.<ref name="ricotta">{{En icon}} [http://www.mangiabenepasta.com/ricotta.html Ricotta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012055035/https://www.mangiabenepasta.com/ricotta.html |date=2022-10-12 }}, ''Mangia Bene Pasta''. Diakses pada 6 Mei 2010.</ref> Ricotta asale saka tembung [[Basa Latin|Latin]] "recocta" sing tegese "masak manéh".<ref name="how">{{En icon}} [http://www.ehow.com/about_4575931_history-ricotta-cheese.html History of Ricotta Cheese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415183728/http://www.ehow.com/about_4575931_history-ricotta-cheese.html |date=2017-04-15 }}, ''E-How''. Diakses pada 7 Mei 2010.</ref> Keju iki diprodhuksi ing kabèh tlatah ing [[Itali]]a . Ricotta bisa dipangan langsung waé utawa digunakaké ing [[lasagna]], [[cannoli]] (roti saka [[Sisilia|Sicily]] ) lan olah-olahan liyané.<ref name="geek">{{En icon}} [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ricotta.htm What is Ricotta?], ''Wise Geek''. Diakses pada 7 Mei 2010.</ref> Keju iki duwé rasa sing ora kepenak banget karo tekstur sing alus lan werna putih kaya salju. == Asal-usul == kèju Ricotta iki pisanan digawé ing [[Sisilia]] dening [[Yahudi|wong-wong Yahudi]] .<ref name="how"/> Ana istori, kèju iki diekspor saka [[Sisilia]] lan bagéan panganan sing saben dina. Sejatiné, kèju iki asring digawé karo susu [[Kambing|domba]] utawa susu [[Wedhus gèmbèl|wedhus]], nanging saiki susu [[Sapi|lembu]] uga digunakaké kanggo nggawé Ricotta. Gegayuhan saka Sicilian karo kèju iki dibayangke ing panganan cuci mulut tradisional sing nggunakaké Ricotta akéh. Salah sijine yaiku ''[[Kuwé dhadhar|pancaké]] cassola'' kang penerbitan versi kuna ''cheesecaké'' utawa cheesecaké. Kajaba iku, Ricotta uga panganan tradisional nalika liburan kaya ta [[Natal]], [[Paskah]] lan St. Ing dina Paskah, wong Sicilian nggawé roti ''cassata'' kanthi konten krim Ricotta, nalika dina St Joseph nggawé roti ''Zeppole'' saka kèju Ricotta. Nulis paling tuwa babagan kèju iki ditulis dening Athenaeus, panulis [[Grikenlan|Yunani sing]] nulis akéh babagan panganan ing abad kaping pisanan lan kaping loro Masehi. == Wujud lan tekstur == Keju Ricotta duwé werna putih salju kanthi tekstur sing alus lan rada ringkes. Keju iki rada udan nanging ora lengket.<ref name="cheese">{{En icon}} [http://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=ricotta Ricotta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606133350/https://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=Ricotta |date=2023-06-06 }}, ''Cheese.com''. Diakses pada 8 Mei 2010.</ref> Ana bentuk Ricotta sing dicithak kaya cekungan, keranjang, balok utawa wadhah bunder. Keju Ricotta duwé tekstur apik sing ora kandhel lan kalebu akéh biji-bijian apik.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{En icon}} {{Cite book|title=The World Encyclopedia of Cheese|last=Harbutt, Juliet|publisher=Anness Publishing Ltd|year=2006|id=ISBN 978-1-84309-960-4}} Page 56.</ref> akéh kèju Ricotta dina iku ora saka whey nanging nggunakaké [[susu]] sing skim bagean. Iki ndadekaké bedané gedhe ing tekstur kèju. Asil nggunakaké susu Ricotta duwé tekstur berpasir, ora lancar lan udan banget. == Carané gawé == [[Gambar:Noto, Cavatelli pomodoro ricotta salata.jpg|jmpl|Pasta kang diwènèhi Ricotta]] Ricotta ora digawé saka [[susu]], nanging saka whey kiwa kanggo nggawé kèju liyané, biasané kèju Pecorino .<ref name="ricotta"/> Whey digawé panas ing suhu 70-80 &nbsp; °C. Asam sitik banjur ditambah kanggo mbiyantu misahaké bagian Cuwéran lan padhét.<ref name="cheese"/> Banjur whey digawé panas manéh ing suhu sing luwih dhuwur.<ref name="edible">{{En icon}} [http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/ricottacheese {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521194529/http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/ricottacheese |date=2010-05-21 }} Ricotta Cheese, ''Practically Edible''. Diakses pada 8 Mei 2010.</ref> Busa umume diprodhuksi nalika whey masak ing kaloro diarani "zabbina" ing [[Sisilia|Sicilian]], sing asale saka tembung [[Basa Arab|Arab]] "zarb".<ref name="history">{{En icon}} [http://www.cliffordawright.com/caw/food/entries/display.php/topic_id/12/id/87/ A History of Ricotta Cheese], ''Clifford A Wright''. Diakses pada 8 Mei 2010.</ref> Keju Ricotta seger banjur disimpen ing bakul supaya sisa-sisa cairannya lemut. Sawise pangatusan, kèju dicopot saka keranjang lan dikempalken kanggo didol ing pasar. Umumé, kèju Ricotta ora mbutuhaké ripening, nanging sawétara jinis iklan Ricotta wis masak. == Jinising Kéju == Keju Ricotta duweni macem-macem jinis lan jinis, ing ngisor iki ana sawetara jinis kèju Ricotta:<ref name="ricotta"/> === Ricotta Salata === Jinis iki digawé nggunakaké susu [[Wedhus gèmbèl|wedhus]] lan uyah ditambahaké minangka pengawét.<ref name="ricotta"/> Tekstur kèju iki kandhel nanging gampang rusak. Keju iki uga bisa garing ing oven kanggo ngasilaké kèju kanthi rasa sing cetha. Salot Ricotta didol kanthi bentuk rodha sing dihiasi. [[Gambar:Lasagne pesto ricotta closeup, June 2007.jpg|jmpl|Ricotta sajroning Lasagna]] Keju jinis iki dipikolehi kanthi nglebokaké kèju Ricotta sing alus ing oven nganti dicampur nganggo lapisan sing rada garing.<ref name="ricotta"/> Ricotta Informata misuwur banget ing [[Sardinia]] lan [[Sisilia|Sicily]] . Keju iki asring uga diarani "Ricotta al forno". === Ricotta Affumicata === Keju jinis iki nduwéni persamaan karo Ricotta informata.<ref name="ricotta"/> Keju iki diproduksi kanthi ngrokok kèju Ricotta supaya lapisan abu-abu muncul. Keju iki biasané ngrokok nggunakaké kayu eak utawa [[Kastanya|kasta]] . === Ricotta Scanta === Ricotta scanta dipikolehi kanthi ngasumsi kèju Ricotta seger sajrone seminggu.<ref name="ricotta"/> Banjur kèju diaduk saben rong utawa telung dina, diwènèhi uyah lan garing. Sawise 100 dina, kèju iki duwé kekandelan kaya [[kèju krim]] . Keju Ricotta scanta duwé ambu lan rasa sing cetha. === Ricotta Romana === Ricotta romana digawé saka whey sing asale saka susu wedhus, dibuwang saka nggawé kèju Pecorino . Keju Ricotta jinis iki populer banget ing sisih kidul [[Itali]]a . Ricotta romana mung bisa ditemokaké ing wulan [[Novèmber|Nopémber]] nganti [[Juni]] .<ref name="encyclopedia"/> === Ricotta ing vaksin / vaksin Ricotta === [[Gambar:Schlutzkrapfen South Tyrol (4).JPG|jmpl|Ricotta sajroning Pangsit]] vaksin kèju Vacaa utawa Ricotta Ricotta Ricotta digawé nggunakaké whey saka biasa [[Sapi|lembu]] . === Ricotta tipo dolce === Keju Ricotta tipo dolce kèju yaiku kèju Ricotta sing ora diwènèhi uyah. === Ricotta tipo forte === Ricotta tipo forte yaiku kèju Ricotta sing wis dimasak. === Ricotta secca === Keju Ricotta jinis iki kèju sing keras lan biasané digunakaké cedhot dhisik. == Deleng uga == * [[Kèju|Keju]] * Keju Italia * Mascarpone * Provolone * Pecorino * [[Mozzarella]] * [[Scamorza]] * [[Parmigiano-Reggiano]] * Gorgonzola == Cathetan sikil == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Olah-olahan Éropah]] 5n45hupkt0xnhf13opifslk5zcb0huy 0 163682 1752084 1676892 2026-08-02T04:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pelem Podhang''' yaiku salah siji jenisé wit pelem sing ana ing Indonesia, khususé ing dhaérah Kediri, Jawa Timur. ''Sentra'' Pelem Podhang ana ing Kecamatan Banyakan, Kecamatan Semen, Kecamatan Grogol, Kecamatan Tarokan lan Kecamatan Mojo.  Ning Kediri énék telung jenis Pelem Podhang, yaiku Pelem Podhang Urang, Pelem Podhang Lumut, lan Pelem Podhang Nanas. Jenengé jenis-jenis pelem kui dijupuk saka wernané kulité. Pelem Podhang Urang wernané abang campur orén utawa ''[[jingga]]''. Pelem Podhang Lumut nduwé warna kuning campur ijo. Pelem Podhang Nanas nduwé werna kuning. Kabeh jenis Pelem Podhang kui nduwéni rasa sing beda- beda. Pelem Podhang Urang nduwéni rasa legi-legi seger. Lha Pelem Podhang Lumut lan Podhang Nanas nduwé rasa legi tapi rada kecut. Saka telung jenis pelem iku mau, Pelem Podhang Urang sing dadi unggulan ning Kediri. Amarga Pelem Podhang Urang kui sing paling menarik lan rasané sing paling enak. Pelem Podhang wis dadi salah siji ''ikon'' kutha Kediri lan kabupatené. Sak liyané [[Tahu takwa|Tahu Takwa]], [[Pecel]], lan Gethuk Gedhang, Pelem Podhang dadi salah siji incerané ''turis'' sing mampir ning kutha Kediri. Rasa legi campur kecut-kecut seger sing ''khas'' teka Pelem Podhang kui sing bisa nggawé para ''turis'' kepincut karo Pelem Podhang. == Gizi == Pelem Podhang Urang nduwé kadar gula 13,95%, kadar asam 0,088%, kadar air 77%, uga nduwéni kadar [[vitamin C]] 5,331 mg/100 g. Miturut Wikipedia kandungan ''gizi-''né pelem per 100 gram yaiku (3.5 oz, Energi 272 kJ (65 kcal), [[Karbohidrat]] 17,00 g, [[Gula]] 14,8 g, Diet serat 1,8 g, Lemak 0,27 g, [[Protéin|Protein]] 0,51 g, [[Vitamin A]] equiv. 38 mg (4%), Beta-karoten 445 mg (4%), Thiamine (Vit. B1) 0.058 mg (4%), Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0,057 mg (4%), Niacin (Vit. B3) 0,584 mg (4%), Asam pantotenat (B5) 0,160 mg (3%), [[Vitamin B6]] 0,134 mg (10%), Folat (Vit. B9) 14 mg (4%), Vitamin C 27,7 mg (46%), [[Kalsiyum|Kalsium]] 10 mg (1%), [[Zat Besi|Besi]] 0,13 mg (1%), [[Magnèsiyum|Magnesium]] 9 mg (2%), [[Fosfor]] 11 mg (2%), [[Kaliyum|Kalium]] 156 mg (3%), [[Sèng|Seng]] 0,04 mg (0%). == Khasiat == Pelem Podhang Urang nduwé kadar gula 13,95%, kadar asam 0,088%, kadar air 77%, uga nduwéni kadar vitamin C 5,331 mg/100 g. Vitamin C kui akéh khasiyaté gawé nyegah penyakit lan ngelawan ''sel kanker'', ngurangi resiko serangan jantung, njaga kesehatané [[mata]], bisa ngurangi pilek, nyegah ''penuaan dini'', lan isih akeh liyané. Miturut saka ''penelitian'', woh pelem nduwéni ''kandungan [[polifenol]]'' sing bisa nurunaké kadar gula saka [[getih]] dadi bisa ngurangi resiko ''[[obesitas]]''. Pelem uga nduwéni kandungan ''[[polifenol]]'' lan ''[[antioksidan]]'' sing akeh, dadi bisa ningkataké ''[[Métabolisme|metabolisme]]'' awak lan bisa ngéwangi ngelawan ''[[diabetes]]''. Liyané khasiyat anti-diabetes, ''polifenol'' jenis ''quercetin'' nduwé kemampuan bisa ngelawan ''inflamasi'' lan ''[[hipertensi]]''. Kandungan ''kaempfrol'' sing ana ning pelem nduwé peran gedhé gawé ngehambat thukule ''sel kanker'' sing mbebayani. == Olahan == Amarga produksi Pelem Podhang saben tahuné akeh, masyarakat mulai nggawé ''inovasi'' panganan sing bahan dasaré saka Pelem Podhang. ''Inovasi'' kui perlu supaya panganan sing bahan dasaré pelem tansah bisa ngembang lan misuwur. Tujuan liyane dibutuhake ''inovasi'' yaiku supaya woh pelem ben ora gampang bosok lan mubadir. Ing ngisor iki ana macem lan jenisé panganan olahan saka pelem sing ana ing Kediri. * [[Rujak]] yaiku irisan buah utawa woh-wohan terus dicampur karo [[sambel]]. Biasané nggawé sambel [[petis]], uga ana sing nggawé sambel [[Kécap|kecap]]. * [[Jus]] yaiku ombenan saka buah utawa sayur sing ''diblender.'' * [[Sirup]] yaiku ombenan sing bahan dasaré bisa buah uga bisa sayur. Sirup biasané digodhog karo banyu gula. * Dodol yaiku panganan sing nduwéni ''tekstur'' lembek lan kenyel-kenyel. Carané nggawé dodol yaiku digangsa. * ''Puree'' yaiku panganan sing bahané saka woh-wohan utawa sayur sing dimasak terus dijur supaya nduwé ''tekstur'' lembut kaya bubur. * [[Manisan]] yaiku panganan saka irisané buah sing digodhog karo gula terus dijarné sewengén. * Karakan pelem yaiku panganan olahan khas saka Kediri. Karakan pelem kui biasané didadékaké lawuh. == Referensi == https://merahputih.com/post/read/sensasi-perpaduan-dua-rasa-mangga-podang-kediri-banyak-diburu-pembeli https://www.kaskus.co.id/thread/536d7dc00f8b46b6088b456e/mangga-podang-buah-mangga-khas-kediri-jawa-timur/ https://kedirikab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=757:mangga-podang&catid=153:kuliner&Itemid=898 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925211948/http://kedirikab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=757:mangga-podang&catid=153:kuliner&Itemid=898 |date=2019-09-25 }} https://www.deherba.com/khasiat-mangga-untuk-menurunkan-gula-darah.html https://radarkediri.jawapos.com/read/2018/01/07/38655/karakan-pelem-olahan-menu-turun-temurun-di-desa-tiron-banyakan{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} n0fkgrnmukwfpnbpnrk66bxm0scfzwl 0 163898 1752111 1623969 2026-08-02T08:42:42Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Alphonse de Lamartine.PNG|jmpl|ka|Lukisan ''Alphonse de Lamartine'', dening François Gérard ing taun 1831]] '''Alphonse de Lamartine''' lair ing Macon taun 1790. Bapak e sing bangsawan kasil lolos soko tarung antarane "La Terreur" lan urip tani ing deso Milly, cedak Macon. Lamartine cilik urip ing alam sing endah. di emong karo mbakyune, ibune sing soleh ndidik agama Katolik. di bacutke Abbe Dumont, sekolah neng Jesuit sastra klasik. deweke seneng Chateaubriand. sakwise sinau , deweke bareng-bareng nyekel kuoso (Napoleon) sing di anggep kluargo ngrebut kekuasaan. Lamartine manggon neng ndeso lan urip dadi bangsawan, "penggangguran" lan ngunakke wektu ngo moco 1808---1811 . ketiban Napoleon 1814, trus neng [[Paris]] lan dadi begondal Louis XVIII, nanging mundur soko kedadean waterloo lan [[bali]] neng Milly.anangging pisan-pisan bali Paris, mbacutke dadi penulis.sukses pisanan di temu di terbitke kumpulan sajak Le meditations 1820, sing tulisanne lagi duwe roso seneng susah mergo di tinggal sing ditresnani Julie Charles. Roso seneng susah lan kepinginan ngo entuk ketenangan jiwo percoyo maran Tuhan, sing nyurung lamartine nciptakke sajak-sajak sing endah. Salah siji sing paling dikenal yoiku Le Lac, sing di terbitke njeron kmpulan sajak neng nduwur kui. sing di karepke Le lac yoiku Le Lac du (danau) Bourgent, ngon ngo kencan Lamartine lan katresnane, Julie Charles. Senanjan ngetokke pengalaman pribadine Lamartine, seneng susah lan goyah jiwone mergo katresnane sedo., wektu kui kewedar harkat roso manungsoni sing paling njero: kesusahan manungso ngadepi takdir, ngadepi maut, pangajap, lan panyesalan wis lungo kanthi cepet, ora abadi tresnane lsp. soko dukungan kelompok Katolik, deweke di angkat dadi attache neng kedutaan Prancis ing Napoli. 1820, banjur Sektretaris ing Kedaulatan Prancis ing Florence sing diincer. deweke nikah karo wanit Inggris, Mary Ann Birch ing taun 1820. amargo deweke nglakokke tugas Diplomatike sing moncer, deweke ora nyandang jabatan Ministre de france sing di incere. kanhti roso kecewo deweke mulih ndeso saint- Pont, lan urip neng Chateau sing dientuk soko perkawinanne. naning karire dadi penulis terus maju lan deweke di tompo dadi anggota academie francaise ugo nerbitke Harmonies paetiques et religieueses ing taun 1830. sakwise gagasan politik iku cendong dadi liberal, lan deweke ngabung karo Louis Philippe. Kanthi landesan gagasan-gagasan liberale deweke nulis Reponse a Nemesis 1831 , Sur la Politique Rationnelle lan L' Ode Sur Les Revolutions. Deweke nglakokke lumaku neng negri-negri Timur.1832, Jerusalem, Libanon, Yunani. kanggo kegiatan sinau agama lan nyiapke epos sing wis suwe di angen-angenake. lakune iku mandeg karo sedihe di tinggal putrine sing jeneng Yulia. anangging ing taun 1833 iku ugo deweke kasil dadi depute ( wakil rakyat) ngo Bergues ( Prancis utara). Konsultat 1799---1804 kekaisaran Napoleon I 1804----1814 La Restauration 1814 ---1830 Monarki juli ( Louis [[Napoleon III]]) 1830 ---1848<br /> [[Kategori:Tokoh]] i085ua93ftdcvx4e9kf75vxh1kzcbf5 0 163936 1752135 1630488 2026-08-02T08:53:55Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pulo Doom''' ya iku salah sijing pulo kang ana ing Provinsi [[Papua Kulon]]. Pulo Doom iki lokasiné ana ing [[Kutha Sorong]], Papua Kulon lan laladan iki isih kalebu subbagian laladan [[Raja Ampat]]. Pulo Doom iki padha karo Raja Ampat, ya iku kanggo dèstinasi wisata kang ditekani déning para wisatawan lokal utawa saka mancanagara amarga pasawangané kang apik lan isih asri. Pulo iki jembaré 5 kilomèter persegi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yogyakarta.kompas.com/read/2011/01/27/07583337/keindahan.lain.di.pulau.kepala.burung|title=Keindahan Lain di Pulau Kepala Burung Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref> Pulo Doom iki nduwèni daya tarik kang bisa nrenyuhaké masarakat [[Indhonésia|Indonésia]] amarga cathetan sajarah saka Pulo Doom iki. Pulo iki didadekaké salah sijining wisata sajarah kang ana ing Papua Kulon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/p5c0ra284|title=Wisata Sejarah di Pulau Doom Sorong|date=2018-03-10|website=Republika Online|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> Masarakat asli ing Pulo Doom ya iku masarakat Suku Malamooi. Suku Malamooi nyebut jeneng Pulo Doom iki Pulo Dum kang tegesé laladan kang akèh woh-wohané. Suku Malamooi njenengi Pulo Dum amarga akèh woh-wohan kang thukul ana ing Pulo Doom. Woh-wohan kang paling akèh ing Pulo Doom ya iku sukun.<ref name=":1" /> == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Doom Island 1955.jpg|jmpl|282x282px|Pulo Doom, 1955]] Pulo Doom wis mulai dikenal déning masarakat nalika jaman penjajahan [[Walanda]]. Nalika taun 1800-an, Walanda wis mulai nuduhaké kawigatèn marang pulo iki lan mulai nduwèni gambaran yèn Pulo Doom bisa didadekaké kutha. Ing taun 1935, amarga gambaran iku, pamaréntah Walanda ndadèkaké Pulo Doom dadi pusat pamaréntahan Kutha Sorong kang dijenengi ''Onderafdeling.'' Miturut cathetan sajarah, ing jaman Walanda lan Jepang, Pulo Doom iki nyimpen sawetara barang tinggalan sajarah. Nanging, barang-barang tinggalan sajarah kang kasimpen ana ing Pulo Doom uwis padha ilang lan ora bisa ditemokaké. Saliyané barang-barang tinggalan sajarah, ing Pulo Doom uga ana guwa tinggalan Jepang lan wangunan Walanda kang biyèn tau dibangun déning para tentara Walanda kang ana ing dhaérah Pulo Doom.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/balleonews/pulau-doom-kota-belanda-yang-hilang-di-papua-barat-1qyOJDJp1hF|title=Pulau Doom, 'Kota Belanda' yang Hilang di Papua Barat|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> Pulo Doom kondhang ing masarakat Kutha Sorong amarga ing jaman Walanda pulo iki salah sijining dhaérah tilas pusat pamaréntahan nagara Walanda ing wilayah Indonésia Wétan nalika [[Perang Donya II]] pecah.<ref name=":0" /> Nalika Perang Donya II uga, Jepang teka ing Pulo Doom lan ngadegaké guwa kanggo basis pananggulang utawa bunker. guwa kang diyasa déning pamaréntah Jepang ora mung siji. Pamaréntah Jepang ngadegaké pirang-pirang guwa ing Pulo Doom amarga akèh bukti kang nuduhaké yèn ana akèh guwa kang diyasa pamaréntah Jepang lan ditemokaké ing Pulo Doom.<ref name=":1" /> Ing jaman pamaréntahan Walanda, Pulo Doom kuwi dadi laladan kang paling maju tinimbang Kutha Sorong amarga wis akèh pembangunan ing kana. Fasilitas-fasilitas ing Pulo Doom uga wis mulai maju tinimbang fasilitas ing Sorong. Saliyané kuwi, infrastruktur lan listrik uga wis ana kawit jaman pamaréntah Walanda. Amarga wis ana listrik ing Pulo Doom sadurungé listrik ana ing Sorong, Pulo Doom iki kondhang minangka laladan kang ingkang padhang piyambak saéngga masarakat ing kana nyebut Pulo Doom minangka Pulau Bintang.<ref name=":1" /> == Fasilitas == Masarakat ing Pulo Doom iki wis nduwèni alat utawa tèknologi canggih saka pamaréntah kang bisa malih lan ngolah banyu asin saka sagara dadi banyu kang bisa diombé déning masarakat. Masarakat Pulo Doom nduwèni putusan kanggo ngowahi banyu sagara dadi banyu kan bisa diombé amarga ing Pulo Doom iku isih kalebu dhaérah kang kurang sumber banyu resik lan bisa aman diombé déning masarakat ing Pulo Doom. Amarga prakara iku, ana tèknologi saka UPTD Air Minum Sorong kang bisa ngéwangi masarakat supaya bisa ngombé banyu kang séhat lan resik. Mesin kang dianggo ngowahi banyu sagara dadi banyu resik kang bisa diombé iku bisa ngasilaké akèh banyu kang bisa dikonsumsi déning masarakat. Mesin kasebut bisa ngasilaké tekan 9.000 liter banyu resik saben jam. Saliyané iku, mesin kang digunakaké kanggo ngowahi banyu sagara dadi banyu resik iku wis diuji aman lan bisa ngasilaké banyu resik kanggo ngombé masarakat ing Pulo Doom. Sadurungé ana alat kang canggih kuwi mau, masarakat Pulo Doom kudu lunga menyang Kutha Sorong numpak kapal kanggo njupuk banyu resik amarga ing Pulo Doom ora ana sumber banyu kang resik kang aman dikonsumsi déning masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/72560-pulau-doom-olah-air-laut-jadi-air-minum|title=Pulau Doom Olah Air Laut Jadi Air Minum|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|date=2016-10-17|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> Fasilitas kang ana ing Pulo Doom awujud mesin kanggo ngolah banyu laut dadi banyu resik iku bisa gawa kabegjan kanggo masarakat. Sadurungé ana fasilitas kuwi, masarakat kudu bayar Rp50.000 kanggo tuku banyu resik ing Sorong. Nanging, sawisé ana fasilitas mesin kanggo ngolah banyu sagara dadi banyu resik kuwi, masarakat mung bayar Rp5000 wis olèh banyu akèh lan ora perlu lunga nyabrang menyang Kutha Sorong manèh. Pamaréntah nyediakaké fasilitas kuwi amarga prihatin marang masarakat Pulo Doom kudu nyabrang menyang Sorong lan kudu bayar larang kareben olèh banyu resik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/129033-masyarakat-pulau-doom-sorong-konsumsi-air-laut|title=Masyarakat Pulau Doom Sorong Konsumsi Air Laut|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|date=2017-10-25|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> Fasilitas liyané kang ana ing Pulo Doom ya iku uga ana wangunan sekolah. Wangunan sekolah kang ana ing Pulo Doom kuwi bekas wangunan kunjara nalika jaman Walanda biyèn. Kunjara kuwi kanggo nahan tawanan tentara Walanda. Amarga wis ora dianggo manèh, kunjara kasebut didadekaké sekolah déning pamarèntah. Sekolah kang dimaksud ya iku SMA Negeri 4 Doom. Sadurungé ana fasilitas SMA iki, bocah-bocah Pula Doom yèn wis lulus saka SMP kudu lunga saka Pulo Doom lan sekolah ana ing Kutha Sorong amarga ing Pulo Doom durung ana wangunan SMA. Saka prakara kuwi, pamaréntah mulai mbukak SMA ing Pulo Doom. Nanging, amarga ora ana manèh wangunan kosong kang bisa dianggo ing kana, pamaréntah nduwé kebijakan yèn wangunan bekas kunjara Walanda kuwi kang didadèkaké wangunan kang saiki dadi SMA Negeri 4 Doom. Anané wangunan SMA kuwi, para bocah kang wis lulus SMP ing Pulo Doom ora perlu manèh lunga nyabrang menyang Kutha Sorong kanggo nerusaké sekolah SMA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/balleonews/menelusuri-penjara-angker-peninggalan-belanda-yang-kini-jadi-sekolah-1qyRHosnLV6|title=Menelusuri Penjara Angker Peninggalan Belanda yang Kini Jadi Sekolah|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> == Administrasi == Pulo Doom isih kelebu ing [[Kacamatan|Kecamatan]] Kutha Sorong utawa distrik Sorong Kepulauan, Kutho Sorong, Papua Kulon. Jarak saka Kutha Sorong menyang Pulo Doom iki mung 3 kilomèter saka pelabuhan. Pulo Doom nduwèni kelurahan kang dibagi dadi loro, ya iku Kelurahan Doom Kulon lan Doom Wétan. Kelurahan Doom Kulon dibagi manèh dadi 3 RW lan 10 RT. Kelurahan Doom Wétan uga dibagi dadi 3 RW lan 14 RT. Kelurahan Doom Kulon lan Doom Wétan kuwi ora mung ana ing Pulo Doom waé, nanging laladan pamaréntahané uga ing puo-pulo cilik ing sakubengé Pulo Doom. Cacahé wong kang dedunung ing Pulo Doom iki kalebu akèh, ya iku 8.993 jiwa. Wong kang dedunung ing Pulo Doom kuwi mau isih dibagi Doom Kulon cacahé 5.363 jiwa lan Doom Wétan 3.630 jiwa. Ing Pulo Doom ana wangunan sekolah TK, SD, SMP, lan SMA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sorongkota.bps.go.id/publication/2019/09/26/926667534df19d328b609e18/kecamatan-sorong-kepulauan-dalam-angka-2019|title=BPS Kota Sorong|website=sorongkota.bps.go.id|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> == Tata kutha lan laladan == Laladan ing Pulo Doom iki tinggalan saka pamaréntah Walanda. Tata kutha lan laladan ing Pulo Doom iki isih padha karo nalika jaman pamaréntah Walanda ngerèh ing Pulo Doom. Nalika taun 1950, pamaréntah Nuigini-Walanda ndadèkaké Pulo Doom dadi pusat pergudangan lan pelabuhan dedagangan ing Sorong. Masarakat ing Pulo Doom bisa ngrasakaké kepiyé para pejabat pamaréntah Walanda nalika nata kutha lan laladan ing Pulo Doom. Tata kutha ing Pulo Doom iki ora bedha karo apa kang wis ditinggalaké déning pamaréntah Walanda biyèn. Pamaréntah Walanda anggoné nata kutha lan laladan iki padha karo laladan ing Batavia lan Surabaya. Sesawangan ing Pulo Doom iki ora bedha karo sesawangan ing Batavia lan Surabaya ya iku padhang lan akèh lampu-lampuné.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/08/04/21294133/menelusuri.kota.tua.ala.belanda|title=Menelusuri Kota Tua Ala Belanda Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> Ing Pulo Doom uga ana lapangan bal-balan bekas tinggalan Walanda lan ana wangunan awujud gedung kang dijenengi Gedung Kesenangan. Gedung Kesenangan kuwi digunakaké kanggo kagiyatan para tentara Walanda nalika wis rampung nglakokaké pagawéyané. Para saradhadhu lan tentara Walanda biyasané nganggo Gedung Kesenangan kanggo lèyèh-lèyèh, renang, tenis, pesta, lan dansa. Gedung Kesenangan bekas tinggalan Walanda kuwi panggonan kanggo sarana panglipur para tentara Walanda. Saliyané Gedung Kesenangan uga dibangun omah-omah dinas para pejabat Nuigini-Walanda lan sumur kanggo nyaluraké banyu menyang omah-omah pejabat ing mburi kantor Hoofd van Plaatselijk Bestuur utawa saiki dadi Kantor Distrik Sorong Kepulauan.<ref name=":2" /> == Transportasi == Wisatawan kang arep menyang Pulo Doom iki biyasané mangkat saka Kutha Sorong numpak kapal suwéné 15 menit lan bayar Rp4.000. Ing Pulo Doom, wisatawan bisa mubeng-mubeng ana ing sakubengé pulo iki nganggo becak kang wis disadhiyakaké ing kana. Becak dadi pilihan transportasi ing Pulo Doom amarga ukuran pulo kang cilik lan bisa diubengi mung numpak becak wisata. Becak-becak wisata kang ana ing Pulo Doom dudu becak biyasa kang ana ing dalan. Nanging, becak-becak wisata kang ana ing kana ya ikut becak-becak kang wis dihias kanggo narik kawigatèn wisatawan Pulo Doom. Becak-becak wisata padha dihias lan didadèkaké transportasi kang bisa dadi panglipur para wisatawan. Becak dimodifikasi, dicat nganggo warna kang macem-macem, lan ing njero becak disetel lagu-lagu supaya dadi sarana panglipur lan wisatawan padha kepencut lan nganggo jasa becak kanggo mubeng-mubeng Pulo Doom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/balleonews/becak-di-pulau-doom-papua-barat-bisa-jalan-jalan-sambil-berdisko-1qyrmIzmIyn|title=Becak di Pulau Doom, Papua Barat: Bisa Jalan-jalan Sambil Berdisko|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Pulo ing Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Papua Kulon]] [[Kategori:Wisata]] dm2voxbs0pfxbdmpav3igm8q2057d02 0 164244 1752106 1751507 2026-08-02T08:40:29Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 1752106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pamenging gendul plastik''' ya iku upaya kanggo wujudaké Indonesia Bersih kang dianaké déning Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup lan Kehutanan kanggo ngetrepaké aturan nasional babagan ngolah uwuh. Upaya iki dianakaké nalika 21 Fèbruari 2019. Ancas rèngrèngan iki kanggo ngurangi uwuh plastik ing masarakat. Aturan iki diwiwiti ing sawnèh yeyasan lan kantor dhinas ing Indonésia, kaya ta [[kutha Banjarmasin]], [[kutha Balikpapan]], [[kutha Bogor]], [[Kabupatèn Florès Wétan]], [[Provinsi Bali]], Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup lan Kautanan, lan Kamentrian Risèt, Tèknologi, lan Pawiyatan Luhur Rèpublik Indonesia. Ing taun 2015, salah sawijining profesor saka Universitas Georgia, Dr. Jennna Jambeck, babar jurnal élmiah nyebutaké Indonésia minangka nyumbang uwuh plastik menyang sagara gedhé dhéwé kaloro ing donya.<ref name="aliansizerowaste.id">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aliansizerowaste.id/single-post/2019/04/29/Pelarangan-Plastik-Sekali-Pakai-di-Indonesia-Bukti-Nyata-Implementasi-Undang-Undang-Pengelolaan-Sampah|title=Pelarangan Plastik Sekali Pakai di Indonesia: Bukti Nyata Implementasi|website=AZWI|language=en|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref> == Dhasar ukum == [[Gambar:Plastic bottles.JPG|jmpl|Kumpulan botol plastik banyu mineral. Botol plastik biyasané digawé saka PET (polyethylene terephthalate)]] Dhasar ukum kanggo ngecaké kagiyatan iki nganggo Undhang-undhang nomor 18 tahun 2018, ya iku njlèntrèhaké babagan kanggo ngemunah uwuh. Ing undhang-undhang iku dijlèntrèhaké menawa kagiyatan ngemunah uwuh dumadi saka ngurangi gunggungé uwuh, nambahi labèl kanggo ngemunah uwuh, milah sampah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28066/node/uu-no-18-tahun-2008-pengelolaan-sampah|title=Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008|website=hukumonline.com/pusatdata|language=Indonesia|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> [[Bupati]] Florès Wétan, Nusa Tenggara Wétan ngetokaké aturan lumantar Peraturan Bupati (Perbup) No. 043/2019 kang njlèntrèhaké babagan ngurangi nggunakaké produk kang bahané plastik. Perbup iki duwéni ancas njaga lestariné fungsi lingkungan, njamin kasehatan, njamin kaslametan, njamin kauripan masarakat saka anceman pancemaran lan utawa karusakan lingkungan saka nggunakaké produk bahan plastik ing padinan. Saliyané iku, ancas saka aturan iki ya iku njamin perlindhungan hak marang lingkungan hayati kang apik lan séhat marang masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/10/23/bupati-flores-timur-keluarkan-peraturan-larangan-botol-plastik-kemasan-kenapa/|title=Bupati Flores Timur Keluarkan Peraturan Larangan Botol Plastik Kemasan. Kenapa?|date=2019-10-23|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> == Jinis gendul kang dipenging == Salah sawijing gendul plastik kang dipenging ya iku digawé saka PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate). Bahan iki lumrahé kanggo gawé wadhah kanggo panganan lan ombé. Arep kabèh gendul banyu mineral kagawé saka PET. Alesan gendul plastik kagawé saka PET ya iku praktis lan kejaga karesikané (''higienis''). Menawa gendul PET digunakaké terus-terusan nyebabaké partikel saka plastik melu kaombé lan baktèri gampang ngrembaka. Mula diprayogakaké gendul plastik dinggo namung pisan, lan diolah manèh (daur ulang).<ref name=":1" /> == Kagiyatan == [[Gambar:Watercooler Wikinews.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Dhispènser banyu kang dinggo ngombé kang kapasang ing sawijining ruwang]] Kagiyatan kanggo nyengkuyung tumindaké rèngrèngan iki kaya ta:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unpad.ac.id/pengumuman/instruksi-menristekdikti-ri-tentang-larangan-penggunaan-kemasan-air-minum-berbahan-sekali-pakai-dan-atau-kantong-plastik-di-lingkungan-kemenristekdikti/|title=Instruksi Menristekdikti RI tentang Larangan Penggunaan Kemasan Air Minum Berbahan Sekali Pakai dan/atau Kantong Plastik di Lingkungan Kemenristekdikti|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027123633/https://www.unpad.ac.id/pengumuman/instruksi-menristekdikti-ri-tentang-larangan-penggunaan-kemasan-air-minum-berbahan-sekali-pakai-dan-atau-kantong-plastik-di-lingkungan-kemenristekdikti/|archive-date=2022-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=}}</ref> # Ora nganggo wadhah banyu ombé kang saka plastik lan/utawa kantong plastik namung pisan kanggoné. # Saben nindakaké pasamuan, sosialisasi, gladhèn, lan kagiyatan sakpadané ing kantor ora nganggo piranti bungkus panganan/ wadhah ombé kang saka plastik. #Nyediani dispènser banyu ombé lan lan gelas kanggo ngombé ing saben papan pagawéyan/ ruwang pasamuan/ ruwang wawanrembug/ aula. #Saben kantin ora ngedol panganan kang bungkusé nganggo plastik, diprayogakaké nganggo bahan organik utawa gampang ngudhal ing alam. #Ngurangi nganggo spanduk, ''backdrop,'' baliho, medhia pariwara liyané kang bahané saka plastik kanggo kagiyatan pasamuan, sosialisasi, gladhèn, lan kagiyatan sapadané. #Pimpinan lan klompok pagawéyan nindakaké pangawasan marang papan pagawéyané dhéwé-dhéwé kanggo ngetrepaké aturan kanggo wurungaké péhak njaba nggawa gendul plastik banyu ombé namung pisan kanggoné lan/utawa kantong plastik. #Pimpinan klompok pagawéyan mènèhi pamrayoga supaya ora nganggo gendul plastik banyu ombé namung pisan kanggoné lan/utawa plastik. == Tanggapan == Aturan iki nemoni sawenèh tanggapan. ''Forum Lintas Asosiasi Industri dan Penggunaan Plastik'' (FLAIPP) njelèntrèhaké menawa aturan iki ora nuju marang sasaran, mula nyebabaké kagangguné kerja ing indhustri, papan pagawéyan, lan asilé negara. Wakil saka Asosiasi Pengusaha Indonésia (Apindo), Rachmat Hidayat njlèntrèhaké menawa ing indhustri panganan, ombénan, farmasi, lenga, lan kimiya ora bisa dipisahké saka wadhah (''kemasan''). Menawa ''kemasan'' dipenging, mula nyebabaké dhistribusi prodhuk-produk iku kaganggu. Diprayogakaké menawa prodhuk-prodhuk iku luwih apik diawasi déning lembaga utawa dhinas dhéwé-dhéwé. Contoné prodhuk panganan, ombénan, lan farmasi diawasi déning BPOM (Badan Pengawas Obat dan Minuman) lan Kementrian Kesehatan. Saliyané iku, prodhuk pèstisida uga diawasi déning Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup lan Kesehatan. Diprayogakaké ngemunah sistem sampah ketimbang menging sampah plastik. Asil panalitèn saka Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK), Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), lan Solid Waste Indonesia (SWI) nerangaké marang anggo-manèh (daur ulang) prodhuk plastik, Indonésia wis ngecakaké 62% anggo-manèh botol plastik, saliyané iku [[Amérikah Sarékat]] 29% lan rata-rata Éropa 48%. Menawa program pamenging iki terus ditindakaké nyebabaké mudhuné ékonomi Indonésia, amarga indhustri anggo-manèh plastik iku nyumbang arep 20% marang Prodhuk Dhomèstik Dudu Migas. Menawa indhustri iki kaganggu, nyebabaké lapangan pagawéyan dadi kaganggu. Miturut Institute for Development of Economics and Finance (Indef) dan BPS 2015, mudhuné indhustri panganan lan ombénan 1,76% nyebabaké mudhuné asil negara Rp 6,79 triliun.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/586216/pakar-nilai-larangan-botol-plastik-sebagai-kebijakan-keliru|title=Pakar Nilai Larangan Botol Plastik Sebagai Kebijakan Keliru|last=BeritaSatu.com|website=beritasatu.com|language=id|access-date=2020-03-01|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027123235/https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/586216/pakar-nilai-larangan-botol-plastik-sebagai-kebijakan-keliru|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/berita/2019/07/10/pelaku-industri-tolak-larangan-penggunaan-plastik-kemasan|title=Pelaku Industri Tolak Larangan Penggunaan Plastik Kemasan - Katadata.co.id|date=2019-07-10|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> Pakar Polimer saka ITB, Dr. Ahmad Zainal Abidin ing acara wawanrembug ''Potensi dan Pengelolaan Sampah Plastik'' kang diadani déning Komunitas Plastik Untuk Kebaikan (KPUK) ing Jakarta 19 Novèmber 2019, ngomong menawa pamenging gendul plastik iku aturan kang klèru. Alesané amarga bisa ngilangaké potènsi ékonomi kang gedhé banget, matèni indhustri botol, lan ngilangaké papan pagawéyan yutanan wong. Mupangat ékonomi saka gendul PET bisa diolah manèh nganti ping 50, mula bisa ngirit bahan baku kanggo gawé gendul plastik. Gendul PET iku bisa diolah dadi 100 persèn dadi barang kang duwé aji, mula perlu ora wigati menawa anané pamenging utawa ngwatesi gendul plastik. Apa sing dijlèntrèhaké Ahmad Zainal Abidin iku disengkuyung déning Pris Poly Lengkong, Ketua ''Ikatan Pemulung Indonesia'' (IPI), ya iku ajiné sacara dodolan lan ékonomi saka gendul PET dhuwur. Akèh wong kang kabiyantu amarga ngemunah gendul plastik. Pamaréntah Indonésia nduwéni tékad kanggo ngurangi uwuh plastik menyang sagara 70 persèn ing taun 2025, mula ngemunah uwuh plastik kanthi anggo manèh (''daur ulang)'' dadi salah sawijining cara kang wigati kanggo ngurangi uwuh plastik. Salah sawijining cara sing kudu dikembangaké yaiku ngtrepaké sistem kemunah ''Circular Economy'' (ékonomi kanthi muter). Sistem kemunah iki kaya gawé siklus gunakaké plastik tanpa wusanani ing papan pangumpulan sampah, nanging bisa dibalèkké ing wujud liyané kaya ta bahan anggo manèh, listrik, bahan bakar, lan nafta. Saka acara iku diancaské supaya uwuh plastik ora mung ditumpuk dadi uwuh, nanging dadi barang kang duwé aji kang luwih.<ref name=":1" /> Saliyané iku, Dhirèktur Amnesty International Indonesia, Usman Hamid, ora sarujuk menawa pamenging gendul plastik digayutaké marang mlanggar hak asasi wong mayeng lan para pegawé ''daur ulang'' kanggo éntuk urip sing apaik. Nurut panemuné aturan pamenging kanggo uwuh plastik iku kuwajiban negara kanggo njamin hak lingkungan hayati supaya luwih apik lan séhat. Dhuwur orané asil korporasi iku perbawané faktor munggah mudhuné pasar, mula samubarang iku dudu pérangan saka hak asasi manungsa kang kudu dijamin negara. Nurut Ni Wayan Ani Yulinda, salah sawijining pangyasa PlasticDetox Bali lan Manajer ing Yeyasan Gelombang Udara Segar Bali.njlèntrèhaké menawa supermarket, restoran, toko cilik lan toko gedé ora nganggo wadhah krèsèk wiwit sadurungé aturan iku ditindakaké lan wiwit nyedhiani kriya lokal kaya ta kranjang, sedhotan pring, lan godhong gedhang kanggo bungkus panganan. Amarga kaya pasisir Kuta akèh uwuh-uwuh kang ora nggoné panggoné.<ref name="aliansizerowaste.id"/> == Rujukan == # <references responsive="" /> [[Kategori:Lingkungan]] [[Kategori:Lingkungan urip]] l6faavvitl68hntx44m98hth6qk0esp 4 165026 1752157 1751946 2026-08-02T10:18:06Z MediaWiki message delivery 19967 /* The Signpost: 2 August 2026 */ pérangan anyar 1752157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Pambuka}} <div style="display: none;"> {{Naraguna:LabdajiwaBot/konfig arsip |archive = Wikipédia:Angkringan Warta/Arsip %(year)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 0 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} </div> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:34}} {{PLURAL:34|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada bilah pencarian di Wikidata yang sebelumnya menampilkan hasil dalam bahasa Inggris alih-alih menggunakan bahasa kedua yang sesuai bagi pengguna varian bahasa kini telah diperbaiki. Mulai sekarang, saran pencarian akan mengikuti rantai bahasa kedua yang diharapkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai persiapan menuju [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|kampanye Celebrate Women]] yang direncanakan berlangsung pada Maret 2027, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|tim Pemberdayaan Konten]] dari Wikimedia Foundation meluncurkan survei yang terdiri atas 22 pertanyaan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai kontribusi teknis yang dilakukan oleh perempuan+ (siapa pun yang mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai perempuan) di berbagai proyek Wikimedia. Survei ini membutuhkan waktu sekitar 15–20 menit untuk diselesaikan dan akan tetap dibuka hingga 20 Juli 2026. Seluruh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|pertanyaannya]] juga telah tersedia di wiki sehingga dapat ditinjau terlebih dahulu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Ekstensi Score]] kini mendukung penyajian partitur musik dalam format gambar SVG selain PNG. Pembaruan ini menjawab [[:phab:T49578|permintaan fitur]] yang telah lama diajukan, sekaligus mengatasi masalah kualitas gambar yang selama ini terjadi. Kedua format tersebut kini akan dikirimkan kepada pengguna: format PNG pada atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> dan SVG pada atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi>. * Pengurai [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] yang baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|terus diterapkan ke wiki lainnya]] untuk mempermudah pengenalan berbagai fitur baru dalam membaca dan menyunting. Pengurai ini kini telah diaktifkan di Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, sehingga cakupan penerapannya telah mencapai 78,9% dari seluruh tampilan halaman Wikipedia. Penerapan pada Wikipedia bahasa Inggris versi desktop akan terus berlanjut sepanjang pekan ini. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|Tulisan rangkuman]] mengenai Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 kini telah diterbitkan. Tulisan tersebut menyoroti berbagai proyek, sesi, dan kegiatan sosial yang berlangsung selama acara tahun ini, dan membagikan rencana awal penyelenggaraan Wikimedia Hackathon 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 Juli 2026 13.56 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VI, June 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Tools, tech, and Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: New digitization partner * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Bangladesh report|Bangladesh report]]: International Museum Day Edit-a-thon and Workshop held in Dinajpur, Bangladesh * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Postal Mission on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Empowering Institutions through Wikisource Education and GLAM Capacity Building * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Bridging the gap between labs and Wikipedia: continuing cooperation with FZU * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: From Museum Celebrations to Archival Documentation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Northern Wikimedist meetup in Oulu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref Recap and International Archives Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Heritage and Community Action * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open GLAM in Puebla * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Interview with Olaf Janssen, Wikimedia coordinator of the KB, National library of the Netherlands * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: BAU at Auckland Museum, Otago Uni Library Life and the NZBSI WiR is complete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Collaboration with the Botanical garden at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Skopje * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Poland Report: New Partnerships, Conferences, and Wikimedians in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Opening the Doors of Serbian Heritage: Wikimedia Serbia’s Recent GLAM and Wikidata Successes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: GLAM Labs Futures 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Finnish-Swedish cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Exhibition, International Archives Week Panel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Ninth Good Article from Khalili partnership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Philadelphia WikiSalon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Is the sauna still hot? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Juli 2026 22.34 (UTC)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30773577 --> == ''The Signpost'': 13 July 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/News and notes|An exclusive club]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/In the media|Battle for a soul - who won?]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Opinion|We need to innovate with Wikimedia decision-making]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Recent research|LLMs and NPOV, 20 years of user blocks, Esperanto and Volapük Wikipedias]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/News from Diff|How to host Wikicurious in your own community]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Community view|CUNY Newmark Wikimedian-in-Residence Quarterly Brief – April to June 2026]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Special report|Wikipedia escapes Category 1 designation under the UK Online Safety Act - for now]] * On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/On the bright side|Fatherhood, weather, and diplomacy]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Op-ed|A Layup Easy Proposal for Wikimedia at 25: Spend 25% of Donations on the Community]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Traffic report|The grass was greener, the light was brighter]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Comix|schnozzed]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 13 Juli 2026 07.27 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30775662 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revisi Nada]] (''Revise Tone'') membantu pengguna baru mengenali bagian-bagian dalam artikel Wikipedia yang mungkin menggunakan bahasa yang kurang sesuai dengan gaya ensiklopedis, sekaligus mengajaknya untuk mempertimbangkan penyuntingan ulang agar nada tulisannya lebih tepat. Fitur ini telah diuji melalui [[w:en:A/B_testing|pengujian A/B]] di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, dan Portugis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penyelesaian tugas oleh pengguna baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|meningkat sebesar 38,7%]] dibandingkan dengan tugas penyuntingan teks bawaan, tanpa penurunan kualitas suntingan. Uji coba tersebut berakhir pada 9 Juli, dan kini fitur ini tersedia bagi semua pengguna di wiki-wiki tersebut, dan dapat diatur melalui Konfigurasi Komunitas. Selanjutnya, fitur ini [[phab:T426364|direncanakan]] akan diluncurkan ke lebih banyak wiki. * Konfigurasi komunitas yang memungkinkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|pembimbing tidak aktif dihapus secara otomatis]] berdasarkan kriteria yang dapat disesuaikan akan mulai diaktifkan pada hari Kamis, 16 Juli, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|di sejumlah wiki]] agar daftar pembimbing tetap mutakhir. Pembimbing merupakan kontributor berpengalaman yang secara sukarela mendaftarkan diri untuk membantu pengguna baru di wiki melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Fitur-fitur Pertumbuhan]]. Pengurus kini dapat menyiapkan pengaturannya melalui [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]. Pengaturan tersebut akan mulai berlaku pada hari Kamis. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:38}} {{PLURAL:38|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan sebagian pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android langsung keluar log sesaat setelah masuk log (''login'') sehingga mereka tidak dapat tetap masuk log dan menyunting halaman, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Penyuntingan halaman menggunakan skrip pengguna atau gawai sebelumnya menyebabkan label daftar pantauan yang telah ditetapkan pengguna pada halaman tersebut kembali ke kondisi awal. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * Sebagai solusi sementara untuk mengatasi bug pada Safari (lihat [[phab:T425211]]), pada wiki yang telah mengaktifkan Parsoid, atribut href pada pranala wiki kini menggunakan URL absolut, alih-alih URL relatif terhadap protokol (''protocol-relative URL''). Keluaran REST API tidak mengalami perubahan dan tetap menggunakan URL relatif terhadap protokol. Oleh karena itu, gawai, skrip pengguna, bot, atau CSS mungkin perlu disesuaikan apabila sebelumnya bergantung pada penggunaan URL relatif terhadap protokol dalam atribut href pada pranala wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim Platform Eksperimen (''Experiment Platform Team'') dari Wikimedia Foundation telah menerbitkan sebuah tulisan di blog yang merenungkan tahun pertama pelaksanaan uji coba terstruktur mereka. Tulisan tersebut menyoroti berbagai eksperimen yang berhasil, seperti Pemeriksaan Tempel, Pemeriksaan Referensi, dan Pemeriksaan Nada Bahasa, yang terbukti meningkatkan hasil penyuntingan dan kini telah diluncurkan kepada lebih banyak pengguna. Selain itu, tulisan tersebut juga membahas sejumlah eksperimen yang pada akhirnya tidak menghasilkan perubahan terhadap produk. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Baca selengkapnya]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Juli 2026 16.10 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == Books & Bytes – Issue 75 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px"> [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br /> Issue 75, May–June 2026 </div> <div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> * New partnerships: The Telegraph, Marg, The Tribune newspapers * Tech tip: Expired partnerships <big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/May-June 2026|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big> </div> </div> <small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team – 17 Juli 2026 14.44 (UTC)</small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samwalton9 (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&oldid=30816481 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] telah menindaklanjuti berbagai masukan dari komunitas mengenai penempatan tombol bintang pantauan (''watchstar'') dan daftar pantauan (''watchlist'') pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|fitur beta Daftar Bacaan]] (''Reading Lists''). Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna menyimpan artikel untuk dibaca di lain waktu dan merupakan salah satu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|usulan dalam daftar harapan pengembangan]] agar fungsi tersebut tersedia di antarmuka web. Para penyunting diundang untuk mengaktifkan fitur beta ini, mencobanya, dan [[phab:T426453|menyampaikan tanggapan maupun masukan mereka]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] menghadirkan saran penyuntingan di dalam VisualEditor untuk membantu meningkatkan kualitas artikel Wikipedia. [[Special:EditChecks|Seluruh saran]] yang ditampilkan dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|dikonfigurasi oleh komunitas]]. Salah satu fiturnya, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]], memungkinkan para sukarelawan membuat saran lokal yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan wiki masing-masing. Fitur ini bekerja dengan mencari pola teks tertentu di dalam artikel, dan kini telah mendukung penggunaan ekspresi reguler. Dukungan tersebut memberikan ketelitian dan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar bagi para sukarelawan dalam menentukan jenis saran lokal yang ingin dibuat. Perlu diketahui bahwa saran [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|dapat disasar]] berdasarkan jumlah suntingan penyunting atau berbagai karakteristik lain dari halaman yang sedang disunting. Sebagai referensi, tersedia pula [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|berbagai contoh dari komunitas lain]], termasuk TextMatch yang dapat mendeteksi kesalahan ketik, kesalahan tata bahasa, potensi konten promosi, penggunaan ungkapan klise, kesalahan penggunaan tanda pisah atau tanda hubung, kata-kata penunjuk waktu yang tidak spesifik, nama yang sudah tidak lagi digunakan, dan lain-lain. Segala bentuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|masukan]] sangat diharapkan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada perkakas Penerjemah SVG (''SVG Translate''), yang sebelumnya menggunakan versi berkas yang sudah usang. Akibatnya, terjemahan yang sudah ada dapat tertimpa saat terjemahan baru diunggah. Masalah tersebut [[phab:T430577|kini telah diperbaiki]]. Secara keseluruhan, sepanjang triwulan April–Juni 2026, Wikimedia Foundation telah menyelesaikan sekitar 337 tugas yang diajukan oleh komunitas. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pada wiki yang telah menggunakan Parsoid, kini jumlah gambar yang dapat dihasilkan dalam satu halaman akan dibatasi hingga 1.250 gambar. Kategori pelacakan baru bernama "media-limit-reached" akan segera tersedia untuk membantu mengidentifikasi halaman yang mencapai batas tersebut. Dengan adanya kategori ini, halaman yang keluaran medianya mungkin dibatasi selama proses render akan lebih mudah ditemukan. Lihat [[phab:T430854]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut dan untuk menyampaikan masukan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Juli 2026 05.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 24 Juli 2026 12.24 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:DreamRimmer@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Penerjemahan Konten]] (''Content Translation''), kini mendukung mode gelap. Pembaruan ini memenuhi salah satu [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|permintaan dari Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] dan membuat perkakas tersebut selaras dengan fitur aksesibilitas yang telah tersedia pada kulit Vector 2022 dan Minerva. Dengan dukungan ini, pengguna yang menerjemahkan konten dapat mengurangi kelelahan visual saat menggunakan perkakas tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * Mode sumber pada DiscussionTools dan penyunting teks wiki 2017 kini akan menyediakan fitur pelengkapan otomatis untuk pranala (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templat (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), tag HTML dan pengurai (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), dan kata magis (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>). Fitur ini membuat proses penyisipan pranala, templat, dan elemen markah wiki lainnya menjadi lebih cepat dan mudah ketika melakukan penyuntingan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] telah menyelesaikan eksperimennya mengenai pratinjau halaman pada perangkat seluler (''mobile page previews'') dan memutuskan untuk tidak meluncurkan fitur tersebut secara luas. Pratinjau Halaman (''Page Previews'') merupakan lembar tersembul di bagian bawah layar yang muncul ketika pembaca mengetuk pranala berwarna biru. Fitur ini menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka artikel, dan opsi untuk membuka artikel tersebut. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan tingkat retensi yang relatif datar dan metrik indikator yang negatif. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pembaca Wikipedia melalui web seluler lebih memilih berpindah langsung ke artikel yang ditautkan daripada menggunakan pratinjau halaman. * Tim Pengalaman Pembaca memperoleh hasil awal yang menjanjikan dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|fitur Daftar Bacaan]] (''Reading Lists''), dengan 93% pengguna yang berpartisipasi melaporkan bahwa fitur tersebut bermanfaat. Fitur ini membantu pembaca aktif menyimpan artikel untuk dibaca kembali di masa mendatang dan mendukung tujuan pembelajaran mereka dalam proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Tim tersebut berencana melakukan peningkatan lebih lanjut sebelum memperluas penggunaan fitur ini kepada lebih banyak pengguna. * Inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Penyegaran Jelajah Umpan]] (''Explore Feed Refresh'') telah diuji coba kepada pembaca baru dan pembaca kasual aplikasi Wikipedia. Tampilan umpan yang diperbarui ini membantu pembaca menemukan artikel baru yang relevan dengan lebih mudah. Setelah fitur tersebut menghasilkan peningkatan interaksi sebesar 10,5% pada penggunaan umpan, tim Aplikasi Wikimedia memutuskan untuk menerapkan desain ulang Umpan Beranda (''Home Feed'') pada perangkat iOS, dengan memanfaatkan pembelajaran dari peluncuran versi Android. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada fitur Panduan Artikel yang menyebabkan nama subjek ditampilkan dengan penggunaan huruf kapital yang keliru di Wikipedia bahasa Prancis kini telah diperbaiki. Nama subjek tersebut sekarang akan ditampilkan sesuai dengan aturan kapitalisasi yang berlaku dalam bahasa terkait. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Setelah melakukan serangkaian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Uji Coba Pembuatan Akun]] untuk meningkatkan persentase pengguna yang berhasil menyelesaikan proses registrasi, versi terbaru kolom nama pengguna pada halaman [[Special:CreateAccount|Buat Akun]] kini telah diterapkan. Versi terbaru ini menambahkan jendela sembul yang berisi [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|ringkasan kebijakan nama pengguna]], sehingga pengguna memperoleh panduan yang lebih jelas saat membuat akun. Sebagai bagian dari perubahan ini, pesan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> yang telah dikonfigurasi oleh beberapa komunitas tidak akan digunakan lagi. Jika komunitas ingin menyesuaikan panduan yang ditampilkan pada dialog sembul baru tersebut, mereka dapat menyunting halaman pesan-pesan berikut: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Mulai akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|penyorot sintaks CodeMirror]] akan menyediakan pilihan tema. Tema tersebut dapat dipilih melalui menu tarik-turun pada dialog [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|pengaturan lengkap CodeMirror]]. Untuk teks wiki, tema yang tersedia adalah: ''default'' (tampilan standar), ''colorblind-friendly'' (ramah bagi pengguna dengan buta warna; sebelumnya merupakan opsi preferensi buta warna pada [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]), dan ''no-highlighting'' (tanpa penyorotan sintaks). Untuk bahasa pemrograman seperti CSS, JavaScript, JSON, Vue, dan Lua, tersedia beberapa pilihan tema lainnya. Tema-tema yang sama nantinya juga akan tersedia untuk teks wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * Mulai sekarang, wiki dapat membatasi penyuntingan pada ruang nama "Pengguna" hanya kepada pemilik halaman tersebut dan kelompok pengguna tertentu. Silakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|membaca dokumentasi konfigurasi]] untuk mengetahui informasi lebih lanjut. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Juli 2026 18.48 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == This Month in Education: July 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 7 • July 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia|Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival|Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor|Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026|PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community|Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge|Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere|Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil|Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects|Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026|1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM|We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 30 Juli 2026 19.48 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30838310 --> == ''The Signpost'': 2 August 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/In the media|Union drive, most prolific editor make headlines]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/News and notes|Foundation rejects voluntary recognition of union, proposed board eligibility rules sharply restrict candidates]] * WikiConference: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/WikiConference|"Kurier, Signpost, wikipress: You can be a Wikimedia journalist" - Wikimania presentation by User:Noé Recap]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/In focus|Is Larry Sanger the co-founder of Wikipedia?]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/Arbitration report|Think, and not just about content]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/News from Diff|Meet the Wikimedians of the Year 2026!]] * On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/On the bright side|The beautiful game]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/Traffic report|Odyssey and Oyarzabal]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/Comix|Well-spotted]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 2 Agustus 2026 10.18 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30775662 --> cndw348ofult0h0xy5n7wuu690jnziv 0 172160 1752076 1668283 2026-08-02T02:02:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Nunor Bora|image=File:ꠘꠥꠘꠞ ꠛꠠꠣ.jpg|caption=|alternate_name=Nungora, Nunor Bora, Nunor Fita, Lobonor Fita and Lobonor Bora|country={{flag|Bangladesh}}|course=Breakfast and light refreshment|main_ingredient=onion, ginger, rice flour and turmeric|variations=|other=}}'''Nunor Bora''' ( Sylheti Nagri : {{Font|ꠘꠥꠘꠞ ꠛꠞꠣ}} ), uga dikenal kanthi jeneng '''Nungora, Nunor Fita, Lobonor Fita lan Lobonor Bora''' ya iku olahan minangka [[Nyamikan|cemilan]] [[Glepung beras|tepung]] gurih sing digawe saka bawang, jahe lan kunir sing menehi cemilan katon emas. <ref name="dsi">{{Cite news|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/sweet-and-savoury-snacks-enjoyed-in-a-bengali-household|title=Sweet and Savoury Snacks Enjoyed in a Bengali Household|date=November 28, 2018|access-date=25 April 2020|publisher=desiblitz.com}}</ref> Uga dikenal kanthi jeneng Nuniya Pitha ing [[Banggaladésa|Bangladesh]] . Iki minangka Pitha tradisional lan populer ing Sylhet . <ref name="bdp">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/life/2016/08/18/164157|title=রেসিপি: সিলেটের নুনগড়া পিঠা|date=18 Aug 2016|work=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]]|access-date=25 April 2020|language=bn|archive-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313131413/http://www.bd-pratidin.com/life/2016/08/18/164157|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="jago">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/lifestyle/article/543199|title=নুনগড়া পিঠা তৈরি করবেন যেভাবে|date=1 Dec 2019|work=[[jagonews24.com]]|access-date=25 April 2020|language=bn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent24.com/details/61365|title=সিলেটে পিঠা উৎসব|date=1 Dec 2019|work=Independent Television LTD|access-date=25 April 2020|language=bn|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033128/https://www.independent24.com/details/61365|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mangan karo [[Tèh|teh]] minangka cemilan lan misuwur ana ing festival [[Idul Fitri|Idul]] Sylhetis . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/140775604/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6|title='হান্দেশ' ও 'নুনগড়া'র স্বাদে ঈদ আনন্দ|date=16 April 2020|work=[[Samakal]]|access-date=27 July 2014|language=bn|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033116/https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/140775604/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Referensi == hplr8f8d5whby6qj3lcplo2e65q84m2 0 173548 1752043 1744266 2026-08-01T16:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Mutton curry|image=Bengali Mutton Curry.JPG|image_size=250px|caption=Mutton curry|alternate_name=Kosha Mangso|country=[[India]],<br> [[Bangladesh]]|region=[[Indian subcontinent]]|national_cuisine=[[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]]|type=Curry|course=Main course|served=Hot|main_ingredient=[[Goat meat]]/[[Mutton]], [[Tomato]], [[Onion]], [[Garlic]], [[Ginger]], [[Coriander|Coriander leaves]], [[Indian spices]]}} '''Mutton curry''' (uga diarani minangka '''Kosha mangsho,''' '''lamb curry,''' utawa '''wedhus kare''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/2369636/goat-curry|title=Goat curry|last=Cooking time Prep: 25 mins Cook: 3 hrs|date=|publisher=BBC Good Food|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianfood.about.com/od/meatdishes/r/Goat-Curry-Mutton-Curry.htm|title=Goat (Mutton) Curry Recipe|date=|publisher=Indianfood.about.com|access-date=5 September 2015|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906142611/http://indianfood.about.com/od/meatdishes/r/Goat-Curry-Mutton-Curry.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ) yaiku panganan sing wis disiapake saka [[Iwak wedhus|Daging Kambing]] (utawa kadhangkala [[Daging domba|daging Lamb]] ) lan sayuran. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/food-wine/152843/flavours-home|title=Video: How to make Indian-style mutton curry|last=Smith|first=Charmian|date=23 March 2011|publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]]|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711101214/https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/food-wine/152843/flavours-home|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Sajian kasebut ditemokake kanthi macem-macem variasi ing kabeh negara, negara lan wilayah ing [[Asia Kidul]] . Kari daging Mutton wiwitane disiapake kanggo nyelehake kabeh bahan ing pot lempeng lan alon-alon masak kari kabeh nganggo geni kayu ing oven lempung . Dina iki dimasak nggunakake kompor tekanan lan kompor alon-alon sawise nutur kabeh bahan lan rempah-rempah ing [[Wajan|wok]] gedhe. <ref name="WSJ" /> Daging sapi sing mateng alon dadi luwih empuk tinimbang daging domba sing wis dimasak biasane. Kari daging kambing biasane disajikake nganggo nasi utawa roti India, kayata [[naan]] utawa parotta . <ref name="Ray">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/blink/takeaway/food-mutton-of-the-matter/article6887376.ece|title=Mutton of the matter|last=Ray|first=Bikramjit|date=13 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> Piring kasebut uga bisa disajikake karo ''raji'', sereal. Bahan-bahan umum sing digunakake kanggo nyiyapake kari daging domba kalebu: [[Daging domba|daging daging sapi]] utawa wedhus, [[uyah]], [[Kunir|bubuk kunir]], minyak sawi, pasta bawang putih jahe, dahi (yogurt), [[Bumbon crakèn|rempah]] - [[Bumbon crakèn|rempah]], [[Bawang bombay|bawang]], [[Lombok abang|Chili]], [[tomat]], lan [[Ketumbar|godhong ketumbar]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/recipes/Recipe-Mutton-curry-in-mustard-oil/articleshow/40793488.cms|title=Recipe: Mutton curry in mustard oil|last=Das|first=Soumitra|date=29 April 2015|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> == Rujukan == dekhw9ywmttcuyr11hhiv288iyrk4rq 0 173623 1752134 1569685 2026-08-02T08:53:20Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Sandwich_toaster_open.jpg|jmpl| Pemanggang roti lapis Bifinett sing dibukak]] [[Barkas:Haggis toastie sandwich, Canton Arms, South Lambeth, London (4395184956).jpg|jmpl| Sandwich panggang digawe saka wesi pie]] '''Iron pie''' - uga diarani '''iron pai''', '''roti''' '''panggang''' '''sandwich''', '''snackwicher''', '''iron jaffle''', utawa '''iron toastie''' - minangka alat masak sing kasusun saka rong lempung cekung, bunder utawa persegi, besi cor (utawa aluminium) ing gagang dawa. Desain "clamshell" padha karo wesi waffle, nanging tanpa pola honeycomb alat kasebut. Pie nyetliko digunakake kanggo panas, roti panggang lan segel sing [[sandwich]] - biasane disebut '''toastie''' utawa 'Breville' - dumadi saka loro irisan-irisan saka roti enclosing Isi a. Jinis paling umum ing negara-negara kasebut yaiku model counter-top sing digawe panas kanthi listrik, lan jeneng beda-beda ing saben papan: ing Inggris, wesi pie diarani "produsen toastie", ing [[Ostrali|Australia]], bisa uga diarani jaffle toastie toastie utawa toastie, ing Skotlandia lan Irlandia lan uga Inggris, bisa uga diarani "tukang roti panggang"; lan iki sok diarani "snackwich-maker" utawa "snackwicher" ing [[Afrika Kidul]]. Tembung "jaffle maker" uga digunakake ing Australia lan Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://australianfoodtimeline.com.au/jaffle-craze/|title=1949 Jaffle craze hits Australia|website=Australian food history timeline|access-date=July 11, 2018}}</ref> == Referensi == fzdff4quk0hlkkh88at4gq4dt638cd5 0 173739 1752146 1677522 2026-08-02T09:08:46Z Ziv 65204 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Wedding of Francis Joseph Woods (1891-1972) and Marguerite Jensen (1892-1986) on 12 September 1917 in Chicago, Illinois.jpg]] → [[File:Wedding of Francis James Woods (1891-1972) and Daisy Jensen (1892-1986) on 12 September 1917 in Chicago, Illinois.jpg]] → The file was renamed on Commons, but the filename was not changed in the language versions because Delinker did not perform the task. ([[c:c:GR]]) 1752146 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Pernikahan Jawa-Javanese Wedding 2011 Bennylin 24.jpg|jmpl|temanten adat Jawa]] [[Barkas:Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_signing_the_register.jpg|jmpl| Akeh budaya sing nggunakake adat istiadat perkawinan putih ing Kulon, nalika panganten putri nganggo klambi putih lan kudung . Lukisan dening Edmund Leighton (1853–1922)]] '''Pernikahan''' minangka [[upacara]] sing ana wong loro sing rukun ing [[Kawin|bebrayan]] . [[Tradhisi manten|Tradhisi]] lan adat istiadat perkawinan beda-beda banget antarane budaya, [[Golongan ètnik|klompok etnis]], agama, negara, lan kelas sosial. Umume upacara [[Sumpah bebrayan|perkawinan kalebu ijin jodhomu]] karo pasangan, hadiah hadiah (persembahan, cincin, barang simbolis, kembang, dhuwit, klambi), lan proklamasi perkawinan kanthi umum dening tokoh berwenang utawa selebriti. Klambi panganten khusus asring dienggo, lan upacara kasebut kadhang kala dianakake acara [[resepsi manten]] . Musik, puisi, doa, utawa waosan saka [[Kitab|teks]] utawa literatur [[Kitab|agama]] uga umume dilebokake ing upacara kasebut, uga [[Takhayul manten|adat istiadat gaib sing]] asale ing Roma Kuno. Upacara penganten asring disusul karo resepsi manten utawa sarapan manten, ing upacara kasebut bisa uga kalebu pidato saka panganten kakung, pria paling apik, bapak panganten wanita lan bisa uga panganten wanita, tari pertama panganten anyar minangka pasangan, lan ngethok kue penganten sing elegan. Ing taun-taun pungkasan tradhisi wis beda-beda kalebu tarian bapak-putri kanggo panganten wanita lan bapakne, lan kadang uga tari ibu-ibu kanggo panganten lanang lan ibune. == Busana panganten tradisional == [[Barkas:Bauernhochzeit_Jomala_1.jpg|ka|jmpl| Upacara pengantenan tradisional ing Jomala, [[Kapuloan Åland|Åland]]]] [[Barkas:Aadiwasi_tribal_marriage_groom_bride.jpg|ka|jmpl| Panganten panganten suku Aadiwasi, India]] * Ao dai, klambi tradisional Vietnam * Barong Tagalog, klambi sulaman, pria resmi kanggo Filipina * [[Bathik|Batik]] lan [[Kebaya]], sandhangan sing dienggo masarakat [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] ing Indonesia lan uga masarakat [[Wong Melayu|Melayu]] Malaysia * Dashiki, klambi pengantin tradisional Afrika Kulon * Dhoti, klambi lanang ing India Selatan * [[Hanbok]], klambi tradisional Korea * Kilt, klambi pria khusus kanggo budaya Skotlandia <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/clans.cfm?id=41882005|title=Kilts: tightly woven into Scots culture|date=February 10, 2005|work=Scotsman|access-date=2007-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202162115/http://heritage.scotsman.com/clans.cfm?id=41882005 <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=February 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitscotland.com/guide/scotland-factfile/scottish-icons/|title=The Scottish Kilt|publisher=Visit Scotland|access-date=2007-04-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsmart.com/info/culture/kilt.html|title=Scottish Culture and Heritage: The Kilt|last=Jim Murdoch|publisher=Scotsmart|access-date=2007-04-16|archive-date=2007-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014445/http://www.scotsmart.com/info/culture/kilt.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kittel, jubah putih sing dienggo panganten pria ing pesta perkawinan Yahudi Orthodok . Kittel mung dipakai ing sangisore chuppah, lan dicopot sadurunge resepsi. * Kua (utawa 裙 褂 [kwàhn kwáa]), ageman formal tradhisional Tiongkok * Kaos pita, asring dianggo déning Indian Amerika wong ing kesempatan kabegjan, kayata Pernikahan, adat umum liyane kanggo Lebokake putri lan ngresiki ing kemul * [[Sari]] / Lehenga, busana tradisional India lan populer ing India * Seshweshe, klambi wanita sing dianggo wanita Basotho sajrone upacara khusus. Sanajan bubar diadopsi kanggo klambi pria uga. * Sherwani, sandhangan kaya jas dawa sing dienggo ing Asia Kidul * [[Kimono|Shiromuku Kimono]], sandhangan pengantin tradisional ing Jepang * [[Tiara]], utawa makutha panganten, dianggo dening pasangan Siria lan Yunani (sing diarani "στέφα στέφανα," sing secara harfiah tegese "wreaths") lan panganten Skandinavia * Topor, salah sawijining jinis tutup sirah kerucut kanthi tradisional sing dienggo dening calon pengantin pria minangka bagean saka upacara perkawinan Hindu Benggala * Kode busana barat ** Klambi esuk, klambi resmi awan awan kulon ** Stroller ** Dasi putih ("gaun sore" ing Inggris; klambi sore sing resmi) ** Dasi ireng utawa Evening Suit ("jaket nedha bengi" ing Inggris; asring diarani " tuksedo " ing AS; umume cocog kanggo digunakake sawise 6:00.&nbsp;pm (ora kanggo pesta), nanging uga katon ing wayah awan, utamane ing Amerika Serikat. Iki dianggep ora cocog ing Inggris) ** Varian "tuksedo" non-tradisional (jaket / dasi warna, "setelan pengantin") ** Klambi santai ** [[Barkas:Wedding_veil.jpg|jmpl| Traditional wedding kulon kudung]] Jilbab pangantenan, sing dipopulerake karo Ratu Victoria, minangka adat istiadat sing dawa ditindakake nalika "kesucian" lan "kesucian" panganten bisa ngganggu roh-roh jahat. ** Wedding dress (utawa gaun pengantin), sugih khusus rusak dening putri. <gallery mode="packed" caption="Different wedding clothing around the world"> Barkas:HinduWeddingIndia.jpg|[[Hindu|Penganten Hindu]] ing India Barkas:Hindu marriage ceremony offering.jpg|Panganten wanita lan panganten lanang ing [[Rajasthan]] Barkas:Narayangarh-52.JPG|Panganten wanita lan panganten lanang ing Nepal Barkas:Handfasting by Gordon.jpg|Upacara [[Handfasting (Neopaganism)|panangan]] neopagan Barkas:Coupla at Nikah.jpg|Pasangan [[muslim]] ing India Barkas:Fire rituals at a Hindu Wedding, Orissa India.jpg|Ritual geni ing [[Hindu wedding|pesta Hindu]], India Barkas:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|Makutha nalika [[Nasrani wedding|pesta Nasrani]] ing [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Greja Katulik Syro-Malabar]] Barkas:Shinto married couple.jpg|Panganten kakung lan panganten wanita Jepang Barkas:Ստորին Հայքի հարսնազգեստ.jpg|[[Armenians|Klambi]] pengantin tradisional [[Armenians|Armenia]] Barkas:Parsi-marriage-1.jpg|[[Parsi|Penganten Parsi]] Barkas:Assyrian wedding, Mechelen.jpg|[[Assyrian people|Panganten]] kekalih [[Assyrian people|Asyur]] Barkas:TraditionalChineseWeddingDress.jpg|Klambi pengantin tradisional Tionghoa, gaya [[Qing Dynasty|Dinasti Qing]] Barkas:Hanfu Mariage01.jpg|Klambi panganten tradisional Tionghoa, gaya [[Zhou Dynasty|Dinasti Zhou]] Barkas:Burning Man 2013 Photo chapel, The wedding party! (9660390094).jpg|Wedding ing [[Burning Man]] Barkas:Boda principios S XX.jpg|Pernikahan 1935 ing Barcelona, Spanyol Barkas:Minangkabau wedding 2.jpg|[[Minangkabau marriage|Perkawinan Minangkabau]] ing Indonesia Barkas:Meiji-jingu wedding procession - P1000847.jpg|[[Marriage in Japan#Weddings in Japan|Pangantenan Jepang]] ing [[Meiji Shrine|Kuil Meiji]] Barkas:Groom, Bangladesh.jpg|Gandan klambi tradisional Bangladesh nalika upacara pengantenan. Barkas:Sri lankan Bride and Groom1.jpg|Sri lankan Kandyan Bride and Groom [[Sri Lanka]] Barkas:Armenian Wedding at Khor Virap (1).jpg|Penganten Armenia ing Khor Virap Barkas:Armenian Wedding at Khor Virap (2).jpg|Penganten Armenia ing Khor Virap </gallery>{{Listen}} [[Barkas:Scotland_Wedding.jpg|jmpl| Ngresiki lan siji liyane ing wedding party nyandhang kilt karo Langkawi jaket lan dasi dawa.]] [[Barkas:"...Лучшее,_конечно,_впереди!"_"..._The_best,_of_course,_ahead!"_)_(3527495977).jpg|jmpl| Pernikahan putih]] [[Barkas:Hochzeit_Prinzessin_Feodora_RjL_und_Herzog_Adolf_Friedrich_zu_Mecklenburg,_Gera_1917.jpg|jmpl| Gambar kulawarga resmi Wedding Royal.]] [[Barkas:Waiting_for_the_bride_3_(5642465187).jpg|jmpl| Ngenteni penganten putri. Saka kiwa: pandhita, panganten lanang lan pengantar ing Selandia Anyar nganggo kilt Skotlandia.]] [[Barkas:Wedding of Francis James Woods (1891-1972) and Daisy Jensen (1892-1986) on 12 September 1917 in Chicago, Illinois.jpg|jmpl| Pesta pesta ing taun 1918]] == Referensi == [[Kategori:Antropologi]] [[Kategori:Manungsa]] 73kbs3yf3ounk91dahk2tmyop2z5crh 0 173945 1752113 1541183 2026-08-02T08:43:21Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babi Ngepet''' (pocapan [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indonesia]]: [babi ŋɛpɛt]) yaiku dhemit wujud babi ing mitologi Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Sunyoto | first = Agus | title = Sang pembaharu: perjuangan dan ajaran Syaikh Siti Jenar | publisher = LKiS Pelangi Aksara | year = 2004 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=b7iPOCzvDDMC | isbn = 978-979-3381-55-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Wachtel | first = Paul Spencer | title = Soul of the tiger: searching for nature's answers in exotic Southeast Asia | publisher = Doubleday | year = 1988 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/souloftiger00jeff/page/138 138] | url = https://archive.org/details/souloftiger00jeff | url-access = registration | isbn = 978-0-385-24225-7 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author = Asian Folklore Institute | author2 = Society for Asian Folklore | author3= JSTOR (Organization) | author4 = American Theological Library Association | title = Asian folklore studies, Volume 65, Issues 1-2 | publisher = Asian Folklore Institute | date = Jul 20, 2010 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XhANAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> Miturut mitos lokal, makhluk kasebut dipercaya dadi manifestasi saka wong sing nindakake pesugihan babi ilmu sihir ireng. Pesugihan asale saka tembung Jawa sugih tegese "sugih". Iki minangka jinis sihir kanggo nulungi wong supaya bisa dadi sugih kanthi cepet, nanging bisa diganti, kudu menehi korban. Ing prekara iki dheweke kudu ngorbanake kamanungsane; ngidini awake dhewe diowahi dadi babi babi sajrone sawetara wektu, utawa ngidini dheweke dikuwasani dhemit babi. Transformasi manungsa-kewan padha karo pamindhahan bentuk utawa konsep werewolf ing Kulon. Sawetara mitos nyritakake babagan wong sing ditutupi jubah ireng sadurunge mukjizat dadi makhluk iki. Sawise transformasi kasebut, babi dhemit kasebut ngubengi desa, nggaruk awake ing tembok, lawang, lemari, utawa prabotan. Ajaib barang-barang saka para warga, kayata dhuwit, emas, lan perhiasan bakal ilang lan ajaib dibawa Babi Ngepet. Yen misi kasebut sukses, nalika Babi Ngepet kanthi aman mulih lan malih dadi wujud manungsa, jubah ireng bakal diisi karo dhuwit utawa perhiasan sing dicolong. Wong sing nindakake ilmu hitam Babi Ngepet butuh pitulung saka wong liya. Tugas asisten yaiku tetep ing omah lan njaga lilin sing dinyalakan ngambang ing cekungan banyu, nalika Babi Ngepet lagi tumindak. Yen semangat lilin goyang, surem utawa meh metu, iku pratandha manawa Babi Ngepet ana ing bebaya, kejiret dening warga, utawa malih dadi wujud manungsa. Amarga kapercayan kasebut, warga masarakat Jawa asring ngoyak utawa malah mateni celeng sing ngubengi desa nalika wengi. Pandangan sing ora dipercaya yaiku bisa uga cara tradisional kanggo nerangake babagan ngilangi rejeki utawa pencurian misterius ing desa kasebut, kanthi nyalahake babi hutan ing desa kasebut ing wayah wengi. Utawa mesthine minangka alat kanggo ngontrol hama tradisional; kanggo nyingkirake celeng saka mangan lan ngrusak sawah utawa lumbung. Asosiasi celeng karo sihir babagan rejeki bisa uga diwiwiti saka kapercayan pra-Islam lan pra-Hindu-Buddha Jawa sing nggandhengake babi karo kekayaan domestik, kekayaan lan kemakmuran, padha karo hubungane karo Celengan, sing tegese piggy bank ing [[basa Jawa]]. Tembung Celengan asale saka tembung Celeng sing tegese babi babi. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} r8vnd11i0n4dwhuy6dtvltuzk3v7gho 0 174815 1752112 1653572 2026-08-02T08:43:04Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Tharoi_oksha_EATING_CHALLENGE_Manipuri_Tharoi_oksha_chaba_hanba_thuba_tanaba_-_YouTube.png|jmpl|200x200px| Babi karo keong banyu tawar]] '''Masakan Manipuri''' nuduhake masakan Manipur, sawijining negara bagian [[Indhi|India sisih lor-]] wétan. Panganan saben dinane adhedhasar nasi, kanthi lawuh lawuh sayuran, iwak lan daging. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.In_pursuit_of_that_nostalgic_taste_and_aroma_By_Samarjit_Kambam|title=In pursuit of that nostalgic taste and aroma}}</ref> Panganan biasane duwe rebusan [[Janganan|sayuran sing]] diarani ''ensaang'' utawa ''athongba'', dirasakake nganggo iwak garing utawa goreng; sayuran goreng sing diarani ''kanghou'' ; lan barang pedhes, sing bisa diarani ''morok metpa'' (tempel lombok), ''iromba'' (sayuran rebus lan tumbuk nganggo lombok lan iwak fermentasi), utawa ''singju'' (salad piquant). Kabeh sajian piquant diiringi pilihan jamu seger, kanthi kolektif diarani ''maroi'' . ''Dhasar'' lan inti saka masakan Meitei yaiku iwak fermentasi sing diarani ''ngari'' . Sawetara piring daging kalebu ''Yen thongba'', ''Nganu thongba'', ''oak thongba'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://letscookfusion.com/index.php/tag/oak-thongba/|title=Classic Manipur Pork Curry|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113224113/https://letscookfusion.com/index.php/tag/oak-thongba/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''San thongba'', lsp. Dimasak nganggo resep-resep unik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.In_pursuit_of_that_nostalgic_taste_and_aroma_By_Samarjit_Kambam|title=In pursuit of that nostalgic taste and aroma}}</ref> Sisih kukus ( ''a-ngaanba'' ) utawa sayuran sing digodhog kanthi gula ( ''cham-phut'' ) uga umum minangka pembersih langit-langit ing panganan. Wangi sing umume diawali karo godhong teluk, bawang, bawang, bawang putih, lan jahe ing minyak sawi. Sayuran liyane banjur ngetutake sawise iku. Minyak sithik digunakake kanggo ''panganan'' utama, nanging ''sisihane kanghou'' (sayuran pedhes goreng) lan ''bora'' (fritter) kanggo ngrampungake. Iwak uga dadi panganan utama, lan ditampilake ing saben panganan, uga ''ngaari'' utawa potongan panggang utawa goreng. Nalika iwak minangka bagean penting saka panganan, amarga rega saya mundhak, kari iwak mung disiyapake sok-sok, utawa sajrone pesta. Meiteis manggon ing lembah Manipur, ing endi iwak banyu tawar saka tlaga lan kali lan kolam isih akeh nganti pungkasan. Nalika bagean saka masakan duwe pengaruh saka masakan [[Asia Kidul-wétan|Asia Tenggara]], Asia Wetan, [[Asia Tengah]], Siberia, Micronesia, Polinesia uga saka Assam lan Benggala Barat, intine tetep beda karo liyane. == Referensi == 1r1h8aaa1eax99kld8ocgo69oi96vtt 0 175721 1752115 1697830 2026-08-02T08:44:27Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752115 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="5" style="width: 28em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; line-height: 1.2em" |+ class="fn" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center;" |Maman Abdurrahman ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Informasi pribadi |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Jeneng lengkap | colspan="3" class="nickname" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |Maman Abdurrahman |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Tanggal lair | colspan="3" class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |12 Mei 1982 |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Papan kelairan | colspan="3" class="birthplace" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], Indonesia |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Dhuwur | colspan="3" class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |1,74 m |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Posisi bermain | colspan="3" class="role" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |Bek |- ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Informasi klub |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Klub saiki | colspan="3" class="org" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Persija Jakarta|Persija Jakarta]] |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Nomer | colspan="3" class="org" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |56 |- ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Karir Junior |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |1996–1998 | colspan="3" class="org" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |PS PAM Jaya |- ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |1998–2000 | colspan="3" class="org" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |Persijatim |- ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Karir senior |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Tahun | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |'''Tim''' | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |'''Tampil''' | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |'''(Gol)''' |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2001–2005 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Sriwijaya FC|Persijatim Solo]] | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |23 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |3 |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2005–2008 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:PSIS Semarang|PSIS Semarang]] | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |54 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |4 |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2008–2013 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Persib Bandung|Persib Bandung]] | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |121 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |4 |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2013–2014 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Sriwijaya FC|Sriwijaya]] | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |11 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |0 |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2014–2015 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Persita Tangerang|Persita Tangerang]] | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |35 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |3 |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2016– | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |Persija Jakarta | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |92 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |2 |- style="" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Tim Nasional |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2003–2005 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Tim nasional sepak bola U-23 Indonesia|Indonesia U-23]] | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |? | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |? |- style="" ! style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |2004–2010 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline" |[[:id:Tim nasional sepak bola Indonesia|Indonesia]] | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;text-align: right" |27 | class="" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |0 |- style="" | colspan="4" class="" style="text-align:center; color:darkslategray; font-size:95%" | |} '''Maman Abdurrahman''' (lair tanggal 12 Mei 1982 ing [[Jakarta]], Indonesia) minangka pemain bal profesional saka Indonesia sing main dadi bek ing [[Liga Super Indonésia|Liga 1]] kanggo klub [[:id:Persija Jakarta|Persija Jakarta]]. == Karir == === Karir Enom === Piyambakipun damel debut ing PS PAM Jaya ing musim 1996-1998. Sawise iku, dhèwèké main ing klub [[:id:Sriwijaya FC|Persijatim]] ing musim 1998-2000. ==== Karièr Senior ==== Miwiti karir senior ing taun 2001 ing [[:id:Sriwijaya FC|Persijatim Solo FC]], dhèwèké main telung musim (2001-2004) kanggo tampil 13 kaping lan ngetung 3 gol. Ing taun 2005, dhèwèké gabung karo klub [[:id:PSIS Semarang|PSIS Semarang]], main uga telung musim ing taun 2005-2008. Lan bisa ngetung siji gol ing 34 penampilan. Ing taun 2008, dhèwèké ditapakastani Persib Bandung lan dadi regu pertama. Ing 2013, dhèwèké lumebu kontrak karo Sriwijaya FC kanggo wektu sing suwé. Lan ing 2014, dhèwèké ditapakastani déning Persita Tangerang kanggo saingan ing Liga Premier Indonesia. Pungkasane, ing 2016, dhèwèké ditapakastani dening Persija Jakarta kanggo saingan ing piala nasional sing ora resmi. Lan wiwit wiwitan Liga 1, dhèwèké dadi pemain wigati kanggo klub Persija. Ing sasi Desember 2019, Persija ora nganyari kontrak Abdurrahman<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/311969185/maman-abdurrahman-menambah-daftar-pemain-yang-dilepas-persija|title=Maman Daftar Pemain Yang Dilepas Persija|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref>. ==== Karir Tim Nasional ==== * 2003: Pra Olimpiade * 2004: [[:id:Piala Asia AFC|Piala Asia]], Pra Piala Dunia * 2005: SEA Games XXIII [[:id:Filipina|Filipina]] * 2006: Merdeka Games, Piala Internasional BV * 2007: Kejuaraan AFF, Piala Asia ===== Karièr Internasional ===== Debut internasional Abdurrahman ing skuad senior tim nasional nglawan [[:id:Malaysia|Malaysia]] tanggal 23 Agustus 2006 ing Pertandingan Merdeka; Indonesia entuk seri 1-1. Ing [[:id:Piala Asia AFC 2007|Piala Asia 2007]] dhèwèké main kaping 3; Indonesia menang 2-1 nglawan [[:id:Bahrain|Bahrain]], kalah 1-2 menyang [[:id:Arab Saudi|Arab Saudi]] lan kalah maneh 0-1 menyang [[:id:Korea Selatan|Korea Selatan]] ing pertandingan pungkasan ing Grup D. Dhèwèké dadi kapten tim Indonesia nalika pertandingan nglawan Thailand ing [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2010]]. == Prestasi == ====== Klub ====== '''Persija Jakarta''' * [[:id:Liga 1|Liga 1]] Tahun 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/d-4335587/persija-juara-liga-1-2018|title=Persija Jakarta Juara 1|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> * [[:id:Piala Presiden|Piala Presiden]] Tahun 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2018/02/17/21544538/tumbangkan-bali-united-persija-juarai-piala-presiden-2018?page=all|title=Persija Tumbangkan Bali United Di Piala Presiden 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> '''Internasional''' * [[:id:Kejuaraan AFF|Kejuaraan AFF]] Juara 2 tahun 2010 Pengharaan Individu * [[:id:Liga 2|Liga Indonesia]] Pemain Terbaik tahun 2006 == Réferènsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Lair 1982]] pg0dw45kw2aru7qe7gir0q0s94b3ael 0 176156 1752133 1551257 2026-08-02T08:53:05Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752133 wikitext text/x-wiki Little Black Sambo iku sawijining [[Animasi|filem animasi]] [[Amérika Sarékat|Amérikah Sarékat]] taun 1935 sing diprodhuksi déning Ub Iwerks lan dirilis déning Celebrity Productions. [[File:Little Black Sambo poster 1935.jpg|thumb|150px]][[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Filem 1935]] [[Kategori:Filem abasa Inggris]] cw23bodj16uqrrjwtvtbkjx3oonf57f 0 176158 1752120 1557833 2026-08-02T08:48:33Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Balloon Land''' iku sawijining [[Animasi|filem animasi]] [[Amérika Sarékat]] taun 1935 sing diprodhuksi déning Ub Iwerks lan dirilis déning Celebrity Productions. [[File:Balloonland lobby card 1935.jpg|thumb|150px]] [[File:Balloonland poster 1935.jpg|thumb|150px]] [[Kategori:Film Amérika Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Filem 1935]] [[Kategori:Filem abasa Inggris]] c3awcsj5y1k4l8bya0tgvy4hj7u3nb2 0 176167 1752080 1647299 2026-08-02T03:19:42Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Italian Tomato pie|image=TomatoPie.jpg|image_size=250px|country=United States|region=Northeastern United States|type=[[Pizza]]|main_ingredient=[[Focaccia]]-like dough, [[tomato sauce]]}}'''Pai tomat Italia''' minangka [[Manggang|roti panggang]] [[Olahan Italia-Amerika|Italia-Amerika]] lan Italia-Kanada sing arupa adonan sing kenthel, keropos, [[Focaccia|fokus]] kaya ditutupi [[Saus tomat|saos tomat]] . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID7Jg6Jevz0C|title=Away for the Weekend: New York|last=Berman|first=Eleanor|publisher=Crown|year=2000|isbn=9780609805961}}</ref> Bisa uga disiram karo keju romano utawa [[Orégano|oregano]] . Biasane ora disajikake langsung saka oven, nanging diidini adhem banjur dikonsumsi ing suhu ruangan utawa digawe panas maneh. Kaya pizza Sisilia, pie tomat dipanggang ing wajan gedhe lan disuguhake ing irisan persegi. Ing [[Rhode Island|Pulo Rhode]] dipotong nganti dawa lan asring diarani '''strip pizza''' . <ref>{{Citation|last=Beaulieu|first=Linda|title=Rhode Island Pizza Strips|date=November 1, 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcQyWqvfOkcC&pg=PA195|pages=195|periodical=The Providence and Rhode Island Cookbook: Big Recipes from the Smallest State|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7627-5182-2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.golocalprov.com/food/rhode-islands-best-pizza-strips|title=Rhode Island's Best Pizza Strips|authors=Ann & Michael Martini|date=February 16, 2012|website=GoLocalProv}}</ref> Pai tomat mudhun lan ''[[:it:sfincione|meh padha karo sfincione]]'' Italia, sanajan dudu panganan sing padha; kayata, sfincione bisa uga duwe topping, biasane disajikake kanthi panas, lan duwe kerak kaya [[brioche]] tinimbang fokus. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Krall|first=Hawk|date=February 13, 2017|title=Never tried tomato pie? Then get yourself to Utica right now|url=https://www.saveur.com/tomato-pie-roma-utica-ny|magazine=Saveur}}</ref> <ref name="Reuscher">{{Cite web|url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/tomato-pie/|title=Tomato Pie|last=Reuscher|first=J. A.|website=The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia}}</ref> <ref name="GVI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandvoyageitaly.com/piazza/philadelphias-tomato-pie-is-it-pizza-or-what|title=Philadelphia's Tomato Pie: Is it Pizza, or What?|website=Grand Voyage Italy}}</ref> Jeneng liya kanggo pie tomat kalebu pie '''kuah''' ("kuah" ing kene ngrujuk " [[Saus tomat|kuah Italia]] ", yaiku saos tomat) lan '''pie gereja''' ing Filadelfia, <ref name="GVI"/> lan '''roti abang''', '''pizza strip, pizza''' '''pesta''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlyinyourstate.com/rhode-island/best-pizza-strips-ri/|title=This Rhode Island Bakery Serves the Best Pizza Strips You’ve Ever Tasted|access-date=2021-02-20|archive-date=2018-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091411/http://www.onlyinyourstate.com/rhode-island/best-pizza-strips-ri/|url-status=dead}}</ref> lan '''pizza roti''' ing Rhode Pulo <ref name="RI2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/columnist/greatamericanbites/2019/04/03/rhode-island-bakery-pizza-red-strips/3345050002/|title=No cheese? Rhode Island's 'red strips' are an odd take on pizza|last=Olmsted|first=Larry|date=3 April 2019|work=USA Today|access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> Ing Montreal, jeneng ing basa Inggris yaiku '''pizza tomat''' utawa '''pizza adhem''' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iheartradio.ca/c100-fm/blogs/an-ode-to-montreal-cold-pizza-1.4389275|title=An Ode To Montreal Cold Pizza|last=Média|first=Bell|website=www.iheartradio.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-11-08}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Artikel ing taun 1903 ing ''[[Tribune New-York]]'' babagan panganan wong Italia-Amerika nerangake pie tomat versi wiwitan. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1903-12-06/ed-1/seq-35/|title=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|date=December 6, 1903|work=New-York Tribune|location=New York, NY}}</ref> Pai tomat wis didol dening Iannelli's Bakery ing Philadelphia wiwit taun 1910. <ref name="Barrett20142">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPCuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|title=Pizza, A Slice of American History|last=Barrett|first=Liz|date=September 2014|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-4560-3|page=36}}</ref> Ing Utica, kulawarga sing sabanjure nemokake O'Scugnizzo's Pizzeria ing taun 1914 adol pai tomat saka ruang paling ngisor sawetara taun sadurunge, wiwit taun 1910. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saveur.com/tomato-pie-roma-utica-ny/|title=Never Tried Tomato Pie? Then Get Yourself to Utica Right Now|website=Saveur|language=en|access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref> Pie tomat tetep misuwur ing Philadelphia, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2014/01/21/tomato-pie-pizza-made-with-italian-gravy-philly-staple/zyeofwljqVYR1VLzW5mssM/story.html|title=Tomato pie, pizza made with Italian gravy, is a Philly staple|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref> Utica, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorkupstate.com/utica/2017/03/its_not_pizza_uticas_tomato_pie_day_to_celebrate_iconic_upstate_ny_food.html|title='It's not pizza:' Utica's Tomato Pie Day to celebrate iconic Upstate NY food|last=Weaver|first=Teri|date=March 8, 2017|work=newyorkupstate.com}}</ref> Rhode Island, <ref name="RI20192">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/columnist/greatamericanbites/2019/04/03/rhode-island-bakery-pizza-red-strips/3345050002/|title=No cheese? Rhode Island's 'red strips' are an odd take on pizza|last=Olmsted|first=Larry|date=3 April 2019|work=USA Today|access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> lan Montreal. == Galeri == <gallery mode="packed"> Barkas:Sfincione palermitano 2.jpg|[[Palermitan|Sfincione]] ''palermitan'' khas Barkas:New Hartford NY Hannaford - Tomato Pie.jpg|Pai tomat didol ing toko kelontong cedhak Utica Barkas:Box o' strips.jpg|Strip pizza Rhode Island </gallery> == Referensi == [[Kategori:Pai]] 5ttdjrku39b9wtgcqkt1skui1hwh6c4 0 177042 1752054 1739889 2026-08-01T19:12:31Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cheese|name=Muenster|image=[[File:Block of Muenster cheese.jpg|220px]]|othernames=|country=United States|region=|town=|source=[[Cattle|Cows]]|pasteurized=|texture=Soft|fat=8.5 g / oz (30%)|protein=6.6 g / oz (23%)|dimensions=|weight=|aging=|certification=}}'''Muenster''' {{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|m|ʌ|n|s|t|ər}} <small>utawa</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|n|s|t|ər}} ) utawa '''District''' punika semi-alus [[Kèju|keju]] saka Amerika Serikat. Dikira minangka tiruan saka keju Munster sing dicuci [[Alsace|Alsatian]], sing dikenalake para imigran Jerman.<ref>[http://www.cheese.com/muenster/ Muenster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409232204/https://www.cheese.com/muenster/ |date=2021-04-09 }} at cheese.com</ref><ref>[http://ifood.tv/american/muenster-cheese/about Muenster Cheese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128065454/https://ifood.tv/american/muenster-cheese/about |date=2020-01-28 }} at ifood.tv</ref><ref>Paul Kinstedt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_HiGGcFomlUC&pg=PA210 Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization], pp. 130, 210</ref> Beda karo panganan susu olahan ''Manis Keju Sweet Manenster'' . Jeneng kasebut ora ana gandhengane karo kutha-kutha Jerman ing Münster ing Westphalia utawa ing Lower Saxony utawa provinsi Munster Irlandia, nanging kutha Munster ing Alsace, sing dadi bagean saka Jerman nalika keju kasebut dikenalake ing AS dening Jerman. imigran, nanging saiki ana ing Prancis. Mie gaya Cina uga lumebu masakan negara-negara [[Asia Wétan|Asia Wétan sing cedhak]] [[Koréa|kayata Korea]] ( ''[[jajangmyeon]]'' ) lan [[Jepang]] ( ''[[Ramèn|ramen]]'' ), uga negara-negara Asia Tenggara kayata [[Viètnam|Vietnam]], [[Kamboja]] ( ''[[kuy teav]]'' ), [[Thai]]land lan [[Filipina]] . wernane pucat lan tekstur alus kanthi kulit jeruk. Keju digawe saka susu sapi sing dipasteurisasi. Werna oranye kulit jeruk saka [[annatto]], bumbu manis lan nutty sing digunakake kanggo nambah rasa lan warna kanggo keju kayata [[Kèju cheddar|Cheddar]], [[Keju Colby|Colby]], [[Leicester Abang|Red Leicester]], lan [[Mimolette]] . Muenster biasane duwe rasa sing lembut banget lan tekstur alus lan alus. Ing sawetara kasus, yen wis tuwa, bisa tuwuh rasa sing kuwat kanthi aroma sing pedhes. Keju iki umume disajikake minangka [[Hors d'oeuvre|panganan pembuka]] . Amarga wis larut, uga asring digunakake ing sajian kayata [[sandwich]] [[Roti isi kèju|keju panggang]], [[Tuna lebur|leleh tuna]], [[quesadilla]]s, [[Burger kèju|cheeseburgers]], [[Markuni lan kèju|macaroni lan keju]], lan [[pizza]] . Ejaan "Muenster" mbedakake keju Amerika saka keju Munster, sing digawe saka susu sapi sing ora diombe ing gunung Vosges ing Alsace. Werna oranye ing kulit Munster alami kanthi alami minangka asil saka proses nggawe keju. Variasi regional uga diprodhuksi ing wilayah Franche-Comté ing Prancis. Jeneng Munster-Géromé, saiki digunakake ing Prancis, minangka AOC sing dilindhungi lan diatur kanthi ketat ing teknik produksi lan geografi sumber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://informingape.com/stories-and-tips/muenster-vs-munster-youve-likely-never-munster-cheese/|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022633/http://informingape.com/stories-and-tips/muenster-vs-munster-youve-likely-never-munster-cheese/|archive-date=2017-01-09|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> == Referensi == m5gp7mfow7egldog2a3ammlnby8yjnb 0 177068 1752051 1558741 2026-08-01T18:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food|name=Krumkake|image=1krumkake.jpg|caption=A krumkake|alternate_name=|country=[[Norway]]|region=|creator=|course=|type=[[Cookie]]|served=|main_ingredient=[[Flour]], [[butter]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]], [[sugar]], [[cream]]|variations=|calories=|other=}} '''Krumkake''' (basa {{IPA-no|ˈkrùmˌkɑːkə|lang}}, sing artine ''kue sing mlengkung'', ''krumkaker'' jamak) yaiku [[Kukis|cookie]] wafel [[Nurwègen]] <ref>Aase Strømstad: ''Mat på norsk. Tradisjonsrike retter fra hele landet'', Aschehoug forlag 1985, side 98, {{ISBN|82-03-11408-3}}</ref> digawe saka [[glepung]], [[Mertéga|mentega]], [[Endhog minangka panganan|endhog]], [[gula]], lan [[Krim (ombènan)|krim]] .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.matoppskrift.no/sider/oppskrift2856.asp |title=Krumkaker av byggmel - på matoppskrift.no |access-date=2021-03-25 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012825/http://www.matoppskrift.no/sider/oppskrift2856.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katurunan saka Italia [[pizzelle]], hiasan loro-sisi wesi khusus griddle, utawa ing [[Olahan Sicilia|Sisilia]] cannolo, utawa padha karo [[Wajan wafel|wesi waffle]], wis tradisional digunakake kanggo panggangan roti babak lancip. Wesi tuwa digunakake ing kompor, nanging setrika listrik modern nyedhiyakake lumahing nonstick, wektu otomatis, lan sawetara kue saben batch. Nalika panas, 13–20&nbsp;cm krumkaker digulung dadi kerucut cilik ing bentuk kerucut kayu utawa plastik. Krumkake bisa dipangan kosong utawa diisi krim kocok (asring multekrem ) utawa isi liyane. Cookie iki populer ora mung ing Nurwègen nanging uga kanggo turunan imigran Nurwègen ing New England lan Midwest Amerika. Krumkaker tradisional digawe kanggo nyiyapake [[Natal]], uga cookie liyane saka Nordic kalebu [[Sandbakelse]] lan [[Rosette]]s . Dheweke nawakake panganan cuci mulut sing legi sawise nedha bengi tradisional Natal. Ing Jerman, cookie umume diisi barang-barang sing enak. Iki uga digunakake minangka jinis kerucut es krim. == Referensi == 5mhpax65hu0p1jcfjymn8c6ievjg3jy 0 177357 1752124 1555084 2026-08-02T08:50:26Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752124 wikitext text/x-wiki Alice's Wonderland iku sawijining [[Animasi|filem animasi]] [[Amérika Sarékat|Amérikah Sarékat]] taun 1923 sing diprodhuksi déning Walt Disney lan dirilis déning Laugh-O-Gram Studio. [[File:Alice's Wonderland (1923).webm|thumb|150px]] [[File:Alice'sWonderland.ogv|thumb|150px]] [[File:GIF of Walt Disney's first film, Alice's Wonderland.gif|thumb|150px]][[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Filem 1923]] [[Kategori:Filem abasa Inggris]] c5oaej8jn91gnqv0e4q9up78k1uqi3b 0 178016 1752128 1561516 2026-08-02T08:51:30Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Київський_торт_без_коробки.JPG|jmpl|220x220px| Kue dibukak, cedhak.]] Kue Kyiv (basa Ukraina: торт "Київський") yaiku merek kue panganan cuci mulut, digawe ing Kyiv, Ukraina, USSR wiwit 6 Desember 1956 dening Pabrik Manas [[Karl Marx]] (saiki dadi anak perusahaan saka perusahaan Roshen).  Ora suwe banjur dadi populer ing saindenging [[Uni Sovyèt|Uni Soviet]]. Sawise confectioners lali ora nyelehake sawetara endhog-putih kanggo biskuit kasebut ing adhem. Esuke koki Kostyantyn Petrenko, kanthi asisten asisten Nadia Chornohor, 17 taun, kanggo ndhelikake kesalahan kanca-kancane, nyebar kue beku karo buttercream, dibungkus bubuk, dihiasi ornamen kembang.{{Butuh sitiran|date=October 2016}} Resep kue Kyiv wis ganti karo wektu: ing taun 1970-an, para tukang roti nyempurnakake proses nggawe campuran putih telur lan kacang, banjur wiwit nambah hazelnut ing jajan lan wiwit nyoba karo kacang lan jambu mete. Nanging, kacang sing larang iki nambah biaya jajan dadi pabrik [[bali]] nggunakake kacang kemiri. cbj7em1k7vqk465uut3ajyx6c21ynvg 0 178058 1752121 1667499 2026-08-02T08:48:56Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752121 wikitext text/x-wiki The Fox Chase iku sawijining [[Animasi|filem animasi]] [[Amérika Sarékat|Amérikah Sarékat]] taun 1928 sing diprodhuksi déning Walt Disney lan dirilis déning Universal Pictures. [[File:The Fox Chase (1928).ogv|thumb|150px]] [[File:Title card of The Fox Chase (1928).png|thumb|150px]][[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Filem 1928]] [[Kategori:Filem abasa Inggris]] 692fym3ncvk17gonlo0zog7a0u4w9ne 0 181759 1752136 1741677 2026-08-02T08:54:41Z Candramawa99 61839 /* */ 1752136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese |jurisdiction = Kabiskopan |name = Itapipoca |latin = Dioecesis Itapipocana |image = |caption = |local = Diocese de Itapipoca |country = {{flag|Brazil}} |province = [[Kabiskopan Agung Fortaleza|Fortaleza]] |metropolitan = [[Kabiskopan Agung Fortaleza|Fortaleza]] |rite = [[Ritus Latin]] |established = 13 Maret 1971 ({{age|1971|3|13}} taun kepungkur) |cathedral = Katedral Bunda Rahmat di [[Itapipoca]] |cocathedral = |area_km2 = 11,266 |population = 457,000 |population_as_of = 2006 |catholics = 412,000 |catholics_percent= 90.2 |pope = {{Incumbent pope}} |bishop = [[Antônio Roberto Cavuto]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]] |metro_archbishop = José Antônio Aparecido Tosi Marques |coadjutor = |auxiliary_bishops= |emeritus_bishops = Benedito Francisco de Albuquerque |map = |website = [http://diocesedeitapipoca.org.br/ diocesedeitapipoca.org.br] }} '''Kabiskopan Itapipoca''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Itapipocana}}) yaiku [[kabiskopan]] sing ana ing kutha [[Itapipoca]], [[provinsi grejawi]] [[Kabiskopan Agung Fortaleza|Fortaleza]], [[Brazil]]. == Riwayat == * 13 Maret 1971: Didegake minangka Kabiskopan Itapipoca saka Kabiskopan Agung Metropolitan Fortaleza == Referensi == * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/itap2.htm GCatholic.org] * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ditap.html Catholic Hierarchy] * [http://www.diocesedeitapipoca.org.br/ Diocese website (Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160952/http://www.diocesedeitapipoca.org.br/ |date=2011-07-06 }} {{kabiskopan ing Brasil}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Itapipoca}} [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Brasil]] hpil6l7jhcnp0kqabntncvik8d1e90o 0 182156 1752139 1699854 2026-08-02T08:56:22Z Candramawa99 61839 /* */ 1752139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese |jurisdiction = Kabiskopan |name = Zhengding |local = 天主教正定教区 |latin = Dioecesis Cemtimensis |country = [[Républik Rakyat Cina|Cina]] |metropolitan = [[Kabiskopan Agung Beijing|Beijing]] |province = [[Kabiskopan Agung Beijing|Beijing]] |rite = [[Ritus Latin]] |cathedral = Katedral Bunda Tak Bernoda ing [[Shijiazhuang]] |cocathedral = |area_km2 = |population = 4,000,000 |population_as_of = 1948 |catholics = 52,000 |catholics_percent= 1.3 |pope = {{Incumbent pope}} |bishop = Giulio Jia Zhiguo (ing ngisor pangawasan) |metro_archbishop = [[Joseph Li Shan]] |coadjutor = |auxiliary_bishops= }} '''Kabiskopan Zhengding/Chengting''' ({{lang-la|Cemtimen(sis)}}) yaiku [[kabiskopan]] sing ana ing kutha [[Zhengding]], [[provinsi grejawi]] [[Kabiskopan Agung Beijing|Beijing]], [[Tiongkok]].<ref name=CathHierZhengding>{{Cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|authorlink=|title=Diocese of Zhengding [Chengting] |publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|date=|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dzhen.html |accessdate=March 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name=GCathZhengding>{{Cite web|last=Chow |first=Gabriel|authorlink=|title=Diocese of Zhengding 正定 |publisher=[[GCatholic.org]]|date=|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chen1.htm |accessdate=March 25, 2018}}</ref> == Sajarah == * 2 April 1856: Didegake minangka [[Vikariat Apostolik]] Chi-Li Barat Daya 直隸西南 saka Kabiskopan Beijing 北京 * 3 Desember 1924: Ganti jeneng dadi Vikariat Apostolik Zhengdingfu 正定府 * 11 April 1946: Dipromosikake minangka Kabiskopan Zhengding 正定 == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{coord|38|08|N|114|34|E|region:CN_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}} {{Kabiskopan ing Tiongkok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zhengding}} [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Tiongkok]] 86avclsha9hbguows3jolk66qs7sgkr 0 183939 1752079 1751892 2026-08-02T03:12:42Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pageblug Covid-19 ing Ostrali | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | map1 = COVID-19 outbreak Australia per capita cases map.svg | legend1 = Total kasus terkonfirmasi per 100,000 penduduk miturut praja utawa teritorial ({{as of|2021|8|26|lc=y}}) | map2 = COVID-19 Active Cases in Australia proportional to population.svg | legend2 = Kasus aktif per 100,000 penduduk miturut praja utawa teritorial ({{as of|2021|8|26|lc=y}}) | map3 = | legend3 = | disease = [[COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[Sindrom pernapasan akut abot koronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] | location = Ostrali | first_outbreak = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], Tiongkok | first_reported = <!-- Media or historical report, (evidence of prior circulation) --> | index_case = [[Melbourne, Victoria]] | arrival_date = 25 Januari 2020<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=25|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}}) | date = {{as of|2022| 1 | 12}} | source = <!-- Animal or other reservoir --> | type = | confirmed_cases = {{COVID-19 data/Text|AU|cases}} | active_cases = 563,219 <!-- (was 30,419??) --> (estimated)<ref name="health-current-status"/> | suspected_cases = | severe_cases = | hospitalised_cases = 5,025<ref name="health-current-status"/> | critical_cases = 419<ref name="health-current-status"/> | ventilator_cases = 117<ref name="health-current-status"/> | ecmo_cases = | recovery_cases = 2,782,616 (kira-kira)<ref name="health-current-status"/> | deaths = 5,448 <ref name="health-current-status"/> | fatality_rate = {{Percentage| 5,448 | 2,782,616 |2}} <!-- deaths | recoveries (only include cases with an outcome) -->{{update inline |date=January 2022}} | test_positivity_rate = 21.75% (rerata 7 dina<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macali |first1=Anthony |title=Daily Positive Test Rate in Australia - COVID LIVE |url=https://covidlive.com.au/report/daily-positive-test-rate/aus |website=covidlive.com.au |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226084816/https://covidlive.com.au/report/daily-positive-test-rate/aus |url-status=dead }}</ref> | territories = | website = {{URL|https://www.health.gov.au/covid-19}} | vaccinations = {{ublist | {{COVID-19 data/Text|AU|total_vaccinated}} (tervaksinasi total) | {{COVID-19 data/Text|AU|fully_vaccinated}} (tervaksinasi penuh) | {{COVID-19 data/Text|AU|vaccine_doses}} (dosis terdhaptar) }} }} '''Pageblug COVID-19 ing Ostrali''' yaiku bagean saka [[pageblug Covid-19|pageblug kabeh donya]] penyakit koronavirus 2019 ({{nowrap|[[COVID-19]]}}) sing disebabke dening [[sindrom pernapasan akut abot koronavirus 2]] ({{nowrap|SARS-CoV-2}}). Kasus terkonfirmasi kapisan ing [[Ostrali]] teridentifikasi ing 25 Januari 2020, ing [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], nalika wong lanang sing bali saka [[Wuhan]], Provinsi [[Hubei]], [[Tiongkok]], dinyatake positif mengidap virus kasebut.<ref name="Case1">{{cite web |date=25 January 2020 |title=First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia |url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171557/https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|archive-date=15 February 2020|access-date=3 March 2020 |website=Australian Government Department of Health}}</ref> == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Wacaan tambahan == * [https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-australian-parliament-house-4 Press Conference by the Prime Minister of Australia on 27 February 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309075745/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-australian-parliament-house-4 |date=9 March 2020 }} Transcript of the Press Conference held on 27 February 2020 by The Hon Scott Morrison MP, the Prime Minister of Australia, from Australian Parliament House alongside Dr Paul Kelly, Deputy Chief Medical Officer and The Hon. Greg Hunt MP, Minister For Health, announcing the activation of the Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). * [https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/australian-health-sector-emergency-response-plan-for-novel-coronavirus-covid-19 Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)] The Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (the COVID-19 Plan) guides the Australian health sector response. == Pranala jaba == {{commons category|COVID-19 pandemic in Australia}} * [https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert Coronavirus (COVID-19) health alert] by the Australian Government Department of Health * [https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)] by the [[World Health Organization]] * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports] by the [[World Health Organization]] (official numbers of confirmed cases by country) * [https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 Map of global confirmed coronavirus COVID-19 cases] and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] in near real-time by the [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [https://www.wolframcloud.com/obj/examples/COVID19China COVID-19 Epidemiologic and genetic data] from the Wolfram data repository. * [https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.spg?decorator=corona_ncov 2019-nCoV Data Portal] by [https://www.viprbrc.org/ Virus Pathogen Resource] * [https://coronavirus-global.com/australia Coronavirus Australia updates and news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408085640/https://coronavirus-global.com/australia/ |date=8 April 2020 }}. Australia at the Coronavirus Global international portal. Available in 11 languages. * [https://coronatracker.com/ Coronatracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926134513/https://coronatracker.com/ |date=2020-09-26 }} – Coronavirus news aggregator and tracking portal * [https://covid-19.wileam.com/#/AUS CoVid-19 Updates – AUS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309230051/https://covid-19.wileam.com/#/AUS |date=9 March 2020 }} – Near real-time coronavirus tracker for different states and territories in Australia * [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries Coronavirus pandemic] – Near real-time coronavirus statistics for the world and Australia * [https://www.covidlive.com.au COVID Live] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309113610/https://covidlive.com.au/ |date=2022-03-09 }} – Statistics tracking of the number of coronavirus cases, tests and deaths in Australia [[Category:Ostrali ing taun 2020]] [[Category:Ostrali ing taun 2021]] [[Category:Ostrali ing taun 2022]] pnyvjuhiw99wzx6993qp41xmbjvc8um 0 193381 1752125 1750206 2026-08-02T08:50:49Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{noref}} ''Prabu Dånåråjå iku nåtå ing Lokåpålå. Ugå ajejuluk Prabu Dånåpati iyå Waisrawånå. Sang Prabu putråné Rèsi Wisråwå lan Dèwi Lokati, atmajané Prabu Lokawånå. Prabu Dånåråjå anggoné jumênêng nåtå ånå ing nêgårå Lokåpålå nggêtosi kalênggahané ingkang éyang Prabu Lokawånå. Sang Prabu Dånåråjå anggoné jumênêng nåtå ing Lokåpålå abålå bacingah, têgêsé wadyåbålåné dumadi såkå bålå manungså lan butå (rasêkså). Patihé ånå papat, yaiku Citråcåpå lan Citråryudå (wujud manungså) lan Gohmukå lan Banéndrå (wujud rasêkså). Sénåpatiné bålå manungså ånå papat , yakuwi Citråjåyå, Citråsudirgå, Citrågånå lan Citråsêkti. Déné senåpatine bålå butå (yakså) ugå ånå papat : yaiku Gormukå, Guhmukå, Rukmukå, lan Dityå Wisnungkårå. Krétå titihané Prabu Dånåråjå pinatik manik måwå rêtna apengirid kudhå wolu, jenengé wimånå (krétå) Kyai Puspåkå sing biså ngambah gêgana lan lumebu ing samudrå ora biså têlês lan yèn lumêbu ing dahånå ora kobar. Pusakané aran Kuntå Baswårå, gilingan mas lan gandhik malélå watu cani Senajan Prabu Dånåråjå wis klakon dadi ratu gung binatara, tegese ratu abålå ratu, nanging kuciwané durung kagungan garwå. Sawijining dinå sang Prabu mirêng khabar yèn Prabu Sumali ratu ing Ngalêngkå ngêdhêgaké sayêmbårå wêrna loro, kanggo målåkramakaké putrané Sêkar Kêdhaton Dèwi Sukèsi. Isiné sayêmbårå sing såpå biså mêdharaké wêrdhiné Sastråjéndrå hayuningrat pangruwating diyu, wênang nggarwå lan mboyong Dèwi Sukèsi. Kêjåbå iku Dèwi Sukèsi ugå diboboti nganggo sayêmbårå pârang déning Dityå Jambumangli, sing isine : såpå sing biså ngasoraké yudané Jambumangli bakal didhaupaké klawan Dèwi Sukèsi. Prabu Dånåråjå wis gêmblêng tékaté nêdyå nglêboni sayêmbårå Ngalêngkå, nuli dhawuh marang Patih Banéndra lan ingkang råkå råjå têlukan Prabu Kisrahwånå supåyå mâpak wadyåbålå. Sawisé samêktå ing gati, banjur nêdyå bundhalan mênyang Ngalêngkå. Durung waé jumangkah, dumadakan Sang Prabu kêrawuhan råmåné, Rèsi Wisråwå. Sareng priksa rawuhnya ingkang rama sigra mabukuh angejumaken asta angranu pada gya kadherekaken lenggah satata, sigra mangudas swaraning driya amedhar sabda nadyan dereng kawijil ing lisan. “Sesembahan kula wonten madya pada, keparenga ingkang putra nyaosaken sembah pangabekti sahandhap pepadanipun [[Kanjeng Rama|kanjeng rama]], saha asung pambagya pana krami raharja rawuhipun wonten ing negari Lokapala.” Prabu Danaraja atur pambagya marang ingkang Rama. “Ya ya kulup Danapati dak trima jeneng para caos pangabekti ora liwat puja bratanipun rama diage tampanana ya kulup. Lamun sira mundhut pirsa tedhakku ana Lokapala, ya awit saka pamujimu kasembu pengayomaning jawata tulus raharja ora ana sambekala salaku jantraku.” “Nun inggih kanjeng rama kula pundhi sabdanipun rama mugi ambabara kanugrahan ingkang putra sumarambah kawula saindenging Lokapala. Kejawi saking punika,keparega ingkang putra badhe munjuk atur wonten ngarsanipun kanjeng rama. Ingkang putra Danapati nadyan sampun mengku kawibawan wonten negari Lokapala prasasat hanyakrawati bau dhendha, ananging menggahing para kadang sentana sumrambah para kawula taksih kaanggep kirang utawi gothang. Engga ing mangke dereng wonten prameswari pangampin anggen kula ngembat parentahing praja. Mila kanjeng rama kula suwun rawuh kersoa anglamaraken ingkang putra calon garwa prameswari. Dene ingkang dados elengenging manah kula mboten wonten sanes amung putrisaking Ngalenka sesilih Dewi Sukesi. Sampun dipun mangertosi ing akathah bilih rama punika tasih pinanggih kadang kaliyan Prabu Sumaliraja nalendra ing Ngalengka. Ingkang putra pitados menawi rama kersa nyarirani pribadi nglamar tartamtu badhe pinanggih margi gampil kasembadan sedya kula mengku wanodya, makaten kangjeng rama.” “Anakku lanang wong njenthara, sagluguting kolang kaling jewawut pinara sasra, nyumepenoa ora nendra, mbareng pun rama nampa pengendikamu. Mapan kebeneran kabeh aturira yen sawijining nalendra tanpa prameswari ngibarate kaya wong lumaku tanpa pepajar.Kejaba iku mapan wis dadi jamak lumrahe aku dadi wong ngatuwa kudu bisa nuruti pamothahing anak bebasan anak polah bapa kepradhah, aja kuwatir ya ngger kabeh ingkang dadi panjalukmu bakal dak udaneni. Malah aja nganti kesuwen dina iki uga mangka dina kang becik kanggo nglamar putri daya-daya kasembadan sedyamu aku yuwun pamit predandanan bakal budhal tumuju ing Ngalengkadirja.” “Mboten saged kula gambaraken gembiraning manah kula medhanget sabdanipun kangjeng rama begawan, kula saged nemtokaken bilih badhe gampil anggen kula badhe mengku wanodya. Mangga rama kuladherekaken manjing kadhaton, badhe ingkag putra badhe manembrama kanthi pesta andrawina kembul bujana sawetawis.” “Boja krama pinanggih mburi kang baku daya-daya pun rama bisa minangkani pamundhutmu, pun rama mundhut pamit budhal dina iki.” “Inggih rama dherekaken tindakipun sembah kula ndherek tindakipun kanjeng rama begawan.” Kang kinarya sambeting carita ingkang doh ginawe cerak tunggal panggung nanging seje carita kaya bareng angkate. Lah punika warnanira siniwakan negari Ngalengkadiraja. Jejuluk Prabu Sumaliraja, ya sang Mangliawan kang pinangka suh parintahing praja, nalendra kagok gandarwa ora mokal kasinungan kadigdayan kanoragan ingkang linangkung, kathah para rajamaha raja tumungkul tan linawan ing bandayuda, nanging amung kaprabawan dhateng kasudidbyaning sang katong. Lenggah ing dhmpar kencana sineba ingkang putra Radèn Prahasthå Prahastha. Sinareng priksa pisowaning ingkang putra sigra mangudas swaraning driya nadyan dereng kawijil. “He he he ladalah, mengko ta anakku bocah bagus Prahasthå, pun rama mundhut priksa kepriye kabul kawusanane pamanmu Jambumangli anggone ngedekake sayumbara perang kanggo nanggulangi kridhane para raja sewu negara.” “Kula noknon kasinggihan rama parbu, mapan kanjeng paman sampun saged ndhepani paprangan nadyan para raja sewu negara ngetok kadigdayan kanoragan, parandene mboten wonten ingkang saged ngendhih yudanipun paman Jambumangli. Para raja sami tinggal glanggang colong plajar.” “Ya aku percaya karo kasektene Jambumangli, nanging elinga ya ngger putraku menawa ing jagad iki ora ana sing sampurna, bebasan langit kang dhuwur isih ana kang luwih dhuwur maneh. Merga sampurna iku sejatine amung ana astaning Gusti Kang Hakarya Jagadraya. Ya mung pitungkasku lawan sira lan kabeh kadang sentana aja nganti lirwa kuwajiban lan kudu kebak ing pangati-ati aja nganti ana dahuru kang dumadi ana negara Ngalengkadiraja.” “Kula noknon inggih kangjeng dewaji.” Saweg eca nggenira ginem laras ganda rasa sang Prabu Sumali, tan pantara dangu gumrojogtanpa larapan rawuhnya Bêgawan Wisråwå karya kagyat kang samya tumingal. Prabu Sumali gupuh gupuh anggone ngacarani. Sang Bègawan kaaturan lênggah ing dhampar rukmi (dhampar êmas). “Waah kaya ketiban ndaru negara Ngalengkadiraja jebul rawuhe kadangku tuwa kakang Bêgawan Wisråwå. Kadang kula sepuh kakang penembahan dereng dangu rawuh jengandika, keparengan kula asung pambagya wilujeng, lan kanthi raharja kakang penembahan.” ature Prabu Sumali. “Ya yayi oleh pamujimu miwah pengayomaning Bathara kaya ora ana sambekala laku jantraku, ora liwat puja basukine pun kakang kaonjuk ana ngersane yayi Prabu Sumaliraja.” “Waah gurawalan panampi kula kakang panembahan mugi andadosna jejimat. Kejawi saking punika keparenga kula nyuwun priksa, wonten wigatos kados pundi kakang panembahan rawuh ing Ngalengkadiraja, katingal sumengka pangawak bajra katitik riwet rebut unggul wonten ing muka mboten kober angusap kacihna ngemu wigati. Kula aturi ngicalaken raos wigih ringa-ringa lajeng paringa dhawuh kakang panembahan.” “Ya yayi prabu tuhu waspada ing paningal kaya mangerti marang mobah mosiking pun kakang. Sepisan nggonggu tedhak ana Ngalengka satuhu kepingin banget tuwi kaluhuraning yayi Prabu Sumali ngiras ngilangake rasa pangoneng yayi. Dene wosing wigati bobote aku dipothah dening yogaku kang wus jumeneng nalendra ana ing Lokapala aran si Danapati. Kepingin banget mengku sajuganing wanita kang pinangka garwa prameswari, sajagad ora ana kang dadi sarjuning ati kejaba mung putramu nini Sukesi. Mula yayi sowanku iki bakal nglamar putramu sekaring kedhaton ing Ngalengkadiraja, kanggo saya ngraketake nggonira Paseduluran karo pun kakang srana bebesanan. Mengkono yayi prabu ingkang dadi wigatining sowanku ana ngersamu.” “Adhuh kakang penembahan gumbiraning manah kula mboten saged kula gambaraken bebasan kejugrugan wukir sari keblabag samodra madu, dene kakang penembahan badhe kersa bebesanan kaliyan ingkang rayi Sumali. Nanging andadosna kawuningan bilih anak kula Nini Sukesi gadhah pitumbasaning pinanganten.” ature Prabu Sumali. “Wis jamak lumrahe sawijining wanita lamun bakal winengku dening priya darbe pamundhutan. Banjur apa panjaluke nini Sukesi yayi.?,”pitakone Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå. “Nini Sukesi kepingin sanget mangertos wedharan ngelmi Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating diyu. Babar pisan Panembahan gandheng paduka punika ingkang lebda ing reh samukawisipun, nadyan kula punika nalendra gung binathara nanging tiyang sajagad sami mangertos bilih kula apaes rakseksa ingkang sinandhang ing kula. Panembahan mugi kula ugi karuwata supados ical sipating diyu ingkang anggeleng angganipun ingkang rayi.” “Yayi Sumali, aku ora bakal suminggah yen kaya mangkono kekarepanmu bakal dak leksanani, mapan iku ngelmu kekeraning para dewa dadi ora gampang sanggane, mula kang saka iku cepakna sesaji kang bakal dak anggo sarana bengkas watak raksasa kang sumandhang ana anggamu yayi. Hayo yayi bebarengan dherekna pun kakang manjing sanggar pamujan, haywa kalepyan jroning ingsun mbabar werdining Sastra Jendra pamintaku yayi Sumali kudu tansah eling marang panembah jati.” pangajake Bêgawan Wisråwå marang Prabu Sumaliraja. ”Inggih kakang penembahan mangga kula sumanggakaken.” ature Prabu Sumali karo ndherekake tindhake Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå tumuju ing Sanggar Pamelengan. Prabu Sumaliraja ruwat dadi manungsa Om awignamastu mugi rahayu sagung dumadi, andheku anekuk jejengku nganglungake jangga liyeping netra muhung amandeng pucuking grana kusika. Parbu Sumali anggung mulat patraping ingkang raka Bêgawan Wisråwå ingkang amiwiti ambabarake werdining kang Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu. Mapan kaparanyata nalika semanten Prabu Sumali maksih angangah-angah sumongah angangkah ngakahi jagad, ora mokal kasurung dening pepaes rakseksa ingkang sumandhang dadi kodrate. Mila cukat cakut trengginas trampil Bêgawan Wisråwå wus nyamektakake sesaji sawiji tan ana kang kecicir, tumuli amiwiti matrapake wedharaning Sastråjéndrå Yuningrat Pangruwating diyu. Wedharingkang Sastråjéndrå yekti, Hayuningrat pangruwating yaksa, sarana kang pangruwate, sanggya kang sipat diyu, prapteng watak pindha rayeksi, hambeg angkara murka, candhala ing kalbu, hambeg siya sirna rasa, kamanungsan durgama ingkang sinandhing, sumongah sesongaran. Trus angangkah angakahi bumi, murih punjul mandhiri priyangga, mrih katekan sasedyane, nanging ngiwakken sujud, manembah hyang murbeng gaib, belis laknat maksiyat iku dewanipun, tan eling lamun triloka, dumadine awit parmaning Hyang Widi, cinipta hing kawasa. Megeng napas Bêgawan Wisråwå keclaping cipta wus kawewahan mobah wasesaning mangsa kala ganthening pangesthi manthenging sedya tinanggapan dening jagad saisine, sami sakala sakedheping netra wus bisa ngungak jroning guwa garba ingkang kasandhang dening Prabu Sumaliraja. Awit saking kagendam dening dayaning Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat, sirna sipating raksasa ingkang prapteng budine, Prabu Sumaliraja wenteh dadi manungsa limrah. Tan prabeda kaya panjalmaning Sanghyang Brahma dadya kagyat kang tumingal. ”Bingahing manah tanpa upami kakang penembahan, genging panuwun mboten saged kula gambaraken dupi kula mulat sedaya ingkang dumadi ing saranduning badan kula, teka sedaya sampun mboten benten kaliyan manungsa limrah. Ngantos mboten saged angucap saking sesaking raos mapinten-pinten dados setunggal kakang penembahan. Sekawint kula apaes raksasa sakmenika sampun dados manungsa limrah. Menawi makaten inggih namung paduka ingkang saged damel tentreming puraya Ngalengkadiraja. Lair batos samukawisipun kula pasrahaken dhateng kakang penembahan.” atur panuwune Sang Prabu Sumaliraja. “Lo lo lo aja kaya mangkono yayi aku tumeka ana Ngalengkadiraja ora kepingin muktekake diri kang tegese ngesur kalungguhanmu, lan ora kepingin tok gegadhang anglugguhi dhampar nyatane iku dudu mesthine lan dudu kuwajibanku. Waleh-waleh apa mbacutake rembugku ing ngarep nggonku kepingin bebesanan karo yayi Sumali, mara gage prasojowa apa ya mangkono karepe nini Sukesi nggone kepingin uga wedharan ngelmu Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat.” “We ladalah dosa menapa ingkang badhe kula sandhang menawi kula ngantos lelonyotan matur ngersanipun kakang penembahan. Mila sampun kedangon lajeng mangga kula aturi minangkani panyuwunipun anak kula Nini Sukesi, supados daya-daya enggal tentrem negari Ngalêngkå.” “Yoh yen kaya mangkono ayo enggal timbalana yogamu Nini Dewi Sukesi.” “Mangesthoaken dhawuh kakang panembahan,”. Prabu Sumali sigrå paring dhawuh marang Radèn Sukésa iyå Radèn Présthå ndhikakaké nimbali Dèwi Sukèsi. Sawisé Dèwi Sukèsi marak, Prabu Sumali ngêndhikå aris, ”Nini Sukèsi wruhanirå, idham-idhamanirå kang kêpingin uningå wêrdiné Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating diyu, bakal kalêksanan, amargå dinå iki ugå bakal winêjang bab iku déning kakang Rèsi Wisråwå ånå sajroning sanggar Pamêlêngan. Wêlinginsun marang sirå, åjå råså éwuh-pakéwuh marang Sang Rèsi. Panjênêngané anggêpên kåyå wong atuwanirå dhéwé. Wruhanirå Nini, saluguné Panjênêngan iku mung sadêrmå dadi utusané putrané, yaiku Prabu Dånåråjå (Dånåpati) ratu ing Lokåpålå. Rawuhé Sang Rèsi Wisråwå ånå ing Ngalêngkå sapêlu nglamar sirå arêp didhaupaké klawan Prabu Dånåråjå. Sang Rèsi mêngko bakal nglêksanani bêbananirå yaiku mêjang marang sirå wêrdhiné Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating diyu,” “Kawulå nuwun inggih råmå Prabu. Kawulå sêndikå mangéstoakên dhawuh pangandhikå padukå,” tumanggapé Dèwi Sukèsi. “Kadospundi, Kakang Rèsi. Badhé dipun wêjang sapunikå mênåpå mangké?,” pitakoné Prabu Sumali. “Prayogå wêktu dinå iki ugå yayi Prabu. Dadi ora ndêdåwå wanci. Ayo Nini Dèwi, tumuli munggahå ing sanggar Pamêlêngan. Takparingi wêjangan maknané Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating diyu,” “Månggå Wå Panêmbahan kulå dhèrèakên,” Rèsi Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi sigrå manjing ing sanggar Pamêlêngan. Sapungkure Rèsi Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi, Radèn Présthå sumela atur marang ingkang Rama: “Kangjêng råmå Prabu ,” “Åpå Nggèr Présthå ” “Mbok inggihå kulå dipun kêparêngakên mirêngakên wêjangan Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating diyu punikå råmå,” “Hus, clêmongan. Sirå anggêp åpå Sastråjéndrå iku ? Barang dolanan åpå priyé?,” “Bèntênipun punåpå Kakangmbok Dèwi Sukèsi dipun kêparêngakên kok kulå mbotên?,” “ Prahasthå, ingsun jarwani yå Nggèr. Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat iku dudu ngèlmu sêmbarangan. Kuwi ngèlmu panêmbah jati ugêring ngaurip kang anjalari patitising pati. Malati Nggèr, Yèn mbakyumu Sukèsi ingsun kêparêngaké nåmpå wêjangan iku amargå pancèn dhèwèké kang darbé sayêmbårå. Barêng sirå ? Sira iku rak mung anut grubyuk tå? Åjå yå Nggèr, prayogané sirå sêmingkirå åjå ngagro-agro mbakyunirå!,” Sawisé paring dhawuh mangkono, Prabu Sumali sigrå kondur anggêdhaton. Radèn Présthå kang ora dikêparêngaké mirêngké wêjangan Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat , såyå kêpingin ngêrtèni bab mau. “Hêm, Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating diyu iku ngèlmu åpå tå aku kok ora dikêparêngaké?, bathiné Radèn Prahasthå. “:Mångkå råmå mau ngêndhikå yèn iku ngèlmu panêmbah jati ugêring ngaurip, kang anjalari patitising pati. Nanging kok malati ? Ah mosok kuwalat, kuwalat åpå. Prayogané aku tak nguping ånå sajabané sanggar Pamêlêngan,” Nalikå Bêgawan Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi manjing ing sanggar Pamêlêngan, Radèn Présthå tut wuri lakuné Rêsi Wisråwå lan Sukèsi såkå kadohan. Kadêrêng kêpingin ngawuningani wêjangan Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu. Radèn Prahasthå tumuli ndhèpèl ing koriné sanggar Pamêlêngan, såkå kono kêpireng kanthi cêthå pitepungane Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå lan Dewi Sukesi sarta wêdharing Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu. “Paduka menika sinten kisanak katemben pinanggih kok sampun tuwuh raos matrenyuh kados makaten, wilujeng rawuh jengandika.” ature Dewi Sukesi. “Ya nini, kaya ature ingkang Rama ing ngarep. Mangertiya aku iki bakal maratuwamu peparabku Bêgawan Wisråwå saka Pertapan Hamulayasa. Oleh pamujimu tekaku ana kene ora ana sambekala puja astutiku genti tumrapa marang sira nini.” “Nun inggih sanget pamudhi kula. Lajeng wonten kersa kados pundi paduka rawuh wonten patenggan kula mriki.” “Luwih dhisik aku paring uninga, lamun aku iki sumitrane keng rama wiwit maksih jaka tumaruna. Dene praptaku ana Ngalengka minangkani kang dadi pamothahing anakku nalendra ing Lokapala ara Danapati ya Danaraja, kang kepingin mengku garwa prameswari, jagad ora ana kang dadi telenging atine kejaba amung sira Nini Sukesi. Mula kang saka mulunga rasaning atimu gelema dadi jatu kramane anakku lanang si Danapati nini.” “Kula nuwun inggih penembahan, kula badhe sagah angladosi saunggaling kakung sauger saged medharaken ngelmi Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating diyu, makaten panembahan.” “Yoh yen ngono nini ewang-ewangana nyenyuwun prakara iki bakal dak tindakake, mula nini majuwa kang dadi lungguhmu lan wigatekna aja nganti tumpang suh nggonira nampa wedharan Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu,”. Wedharingkang Sastråjéndrå yekti, hayuningrat pangruwating yaksa, sarana kang pangruwate, sanggya kang sipat diyu, prapteng watak pindha rayeksi, hambeg angkara murka, candhala ing kalbu, hambeg siya sirna rasa, kamanungsan durgama ingkang sinandhing, sumongah sesongaran. Wedharingkang Sastråjéndrå yekti, hayuningrat pangruwating yaksa, sarana kang pangruwate, sanggya kang sipat diyu, prapteng watak pindha rayeksi, hambeg angkara murka, candhala ing kalbu, hambeg siya sirna rasa, kamanungsan durgama ingkang sinandhing, sumongah sesongaran. Trus angangkah angakahi bumi, murih punjul mandhiri priyangga, mrih katekan sasedyane, nanging ngiwakken sujud, manembah hyang kang murbeng gaib, blis laknat maksiyat iku dewanipun, tan eling lamun triloka, dumadine awit parmaning Hyang Widi, cinipta hing kawasa. Tebih wulang tan wruh ing palupi, hadigang hadigung hadiguna, tan ngawruhi sejatine, sanggya titah satuhu, tinitahken dening dewadi, sapisan wruh ing tata, titi kalihipun, titis nenggih kaping tiga, kapat tatak lima tutuk mangka kunci, gayuhaning agesang. Yata wau Sang Wisråwå Rêsi, amedharken kanang Sastråjéndrå, amirid wuruk warahe, sastra tegese iku, kang kadulu awujud tulis, yekti dadi panuntuning kawruh, lan ngelmu sanguning gesang, ala becik agal lembat den kawruhi, bonggan yen wuta sastra. Sastra cetha iku ngurakabi, datan keweran nempuh jejibahan, nadyan abot dadi entheng, mlampah ing papan lunyu, antuk teken tekun nulungi, lamun petenging marga antuk obor sewu, mungsuh asih dadi sanak, sanak kadang saya supeketin kapti, wangsane hingayoman. Harjendrayu yuning basuki, kang mangkono mungguh werdinira, ya kenger ing panembahe, patrapna sembah catur, kang kapisan yayah lan wibi, dadi marganing tumitah, kalih nembah guru, nyata kang paring piwulang, sembah katri saisiningrat andanyani, surya candra kartika. Katri iku winastan trimurti, sesorote mujudke hyang sukma, gya dumilah pepadhange, raga dumadinipun, bumi geni banyu lan angin, lagi gatra manungsa, cinipta Hyang Agung, yen wis agung ngelingana, dene titah tumitah derma nglakoni, wit purbaning kawasa. Ningrat iku papane jroh urip, kudu bisa wruh ing tata cara, tandang tanduk sasolahe, aja handhedher bendu, lumakuwa dalan kang gasik, durgama singkirana, tingkah sarta laku, dadya tepa tulada, ing sadhengah wekasan manggih basuki, yaiku sucining gesang. Sembah catur konjuk mring Hyang Widi, kang sayekti nggelar jagad raya, sangkeb saisen- isene, dene pangruwat diyu, hangilangken candhala julig, amunah sastru murka, kang agung gumulung, hanggeleng ing angganira, sirna larut kerut kendhih tyas basuki, sesuka sukeng driya. Pra wanodya setya guru laki, ingkang priya tresna marang garwa, ing saloka mujudake, wewangsone pra luhur, panunggaling kawula gusti, lahir tumandang kaya, jroning batinipun, hangagungken hyang suksma, yen mangkono turun tumuruning benjing, dadya manungsa tama. Tatas titis tutug tledhak tledhok kaya madu pinasthika wijiling pengendika dyan Bêgawan Wisråwå, samendhang tan ana kang kacicir samukawis wus tinampi dening sang dyah ayu Dèwi Sukèsi. Kocap kacarita sinarengan lelampahan ing madya pada geder gara-gara anggung anggegirisi tumempuh kahyangan Jonggring Salaka, kaya bojat-bojata kori Sela Matangkep, pindha jomplang-jomplanga Umpak Bale Marcukundha, kinocak-kocak Kawah Cåndrådimukå, lebu letug metu sembur upas hagni sak klapa-klapa gedhene. Kejot Sanghyang Hudipati awit dhatenging, cipta wirengganira. “Hong buwånå langgêng. Sêmono dayané Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu. Mengko ta Durgå.” pandangune Bathårå Guru marang Bathari Durgå . “Nuwun wonten dhawuh pukulan Sanghyang Jagad Nata.” “Sungkawaning gara-gara kang nempuh kahyangan Suralaya kanyata merga saka polah tingkahing jalma aran Begawan Wisrawa kang tumindak sesongaran kaya lanang-lananga priyangga, wani ambabar ngelmu kekeraning dewa Sastrajendra Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu. Mokal lamun dheweke ora mangerti lamun iku dadi laranganing para dewa, jalaran sapa kang krungu wedharaning ngelmu iku, yen kutu-kutu walang antaga bakal dadi sato, sato bakal dadi buta, buta bakal dadi manungsa, yen manungsa bakal dadi dewa. Yen ngnati diuja tumindake kang mangkono bakal kaya ngapa rusaking jagad raya, kabeh ora mangerti dununge sapa kang nyembah lan saka kang kasembah. Ulun bakal paring paukuman marang manungsa kang budine candhala iki, kita manjinga ana anggane dewi Sukesi dene ulun bakal sajiwa ana anggane Wisråwå,”. “Inggih ndherek dhateng sendika pukulun mangga kula dherekaken.” tumanggape Bathari Durgå. Sigeg. Kacarita kang ana sajroning sanggar Pamêlêngan, Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå kang nembe wae medharake ngelmu Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu. “Piye Nini Sukèsi sawusa sira nampa wedharan ngelmu Sastråjéndrå Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu.” pandungune Bêgawan Wisråwå. “Nadyan namun sawanda mboten wonten ingkang karempit penembahan.” wangsulane Dèwi Sukèsi. “Ya syukur sekethi jumurung. Ayo enggal sira predandan dak boyong ana negara Lokapala, dadiya prameswari garwane anakku lanang Danaraja ya Danapati nini.” “Penembahan ing ngajeng kula sampun matur bilih kula badhe ngladosi satunggaling priya ingkang saged mbabarken werdinipun Sastråjéndrå Hayningrat Pangruwating Diyu. Mangka ingkang seged minangkani paduka, mila kula trimah mopo menawi supados angladosi ingkan putra Prabu Danapati.” “Nini Sukesi, mangertiya aku iki bakal maratuwamu, nggonku tumeka kene dadi wakile anakku lanang minangkani patembayaning bakal penganten putri. Dadi jeneng trep yen kowe manut marang aku nini.” “Wadhuh ana lelakon kisruh iki, arep didhaupke karo anakke lanang jare malah milih maratuwane. Niki mboten leres lo Penembahan, nek ajeng rabi golek sing sak barakan niki umur-umure sak anakke lo.” Petruk sumela atur. “Ya panakawan padha menenga iki tanggungjawabku.” “La ya jarene anak murid ning nonton anggone sarwa merak ati kuwi marakake lali anak bojo, ning niku calon mantu lo penembahan godha niki.” ature Bagong uga ngelingake. “Ya aku mangerti kabeh mengko ana aku. Piye Sukèsi, lakok dadi nampel katresnane anakku pilalu kowe bakal suwita karo aku kang umure ora barakan merga kowe kuwi mung sak anakku, lan kuciwa tumrap pasuryane marga keladuk yuswa. ” “Rumaos kula sami-sami barakan, miwah jagad menika sampun kecalan kebagusanipun sedaya sampun mlempak dhateng paduka penembahan. Mangga lajeng kula aturi manjing patirtan kula ladosi siram jamas amargi sawetawis nilar pertapan satemah reged salira paduka penembahan.” Ewuh aya ing pambudi dyan Wisråwå dupi priksa ingkang badhe dados sang anak mantu menggok lakuning katresnan dhateng angganira. Dayaning Bathårå Guru miwah Bathari Durgå ingkang manjalma sajiwa ing angganing kekalih, mracihnani dyan Wisråwå dalasan Dèwi Sukèsi wus winengku dening olah kridhaning asmara priya lan wanodya datan enget bilih punika calon maratuwa karo ana mantu. Satemah peteng pandulune jroning peteng datan bisa mulat pundi ingkang leres pundi ingkan lepat, kekalih datan saged ngendhaleni ubaling asmara dyan Wisråwå mandhap saking palenggahan madhak Dèwi Sukèsi manjing pagulingan remu-remu ing wadana. Bathårå Guru lan Bathari Durgå gya kondur makahyanan. Radèn Prahasthå dadi butå Kacaritå nalikå Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi manjing ing sanggar Pamêlêngan, Radèn Présthå tut wuri lakuné Rêsi Wisråwå lan Sukèsi såkå kadohan. Kadêrêng kêpingin ngawuningani wêjangan Sastråjéndrå hayuningrat pangruwating diyu. Radèn Prahasthå tumuli ndhèpèl ing koriné sanggar Pamêlêngan, såkå kono kêpireng kanthi cêthå wêdharing Sastråjéndrå hayuningrat pangruwating diyu. Tanpantara dangu kêpireng sêsambat nikmat kang kawijil såkå lathiné kang samyå makarti, sanalikå Radèn Présthå kêpingin nguningani. Sigrå nginjên ing sêlå sêlaning kori. Kathi wêwèntèhan blêgêré Rêsi Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi kang nêdhêng ulah sarêsmi. Radèn Présthå kamitênggêngên, olehe ndêlêng, anjalari awak sakojur dadi kaku, mêthênthêng, satêmah mêlar jagadê dadi gêdhé. Radèn Sukéså dadi yakså saprabåtåsutå gêdhéné. Barêng ngerti yen anggane salin wujud dadi butå, sakålå gulung koming Radèn Prahasthå yå Sukéså, nggetuni lelakone. “Adhuh mati aku ! Lha kok aku biså dadi kåyå ngéné iki priyé nalaré. Ora ngirå babar pisan, awaku dadi kråså abot. Unthuku dadi gêdhé gêdhé lan mêtu siyungé. Mataku dadi mlolo mêndhêlo. Adhuh kêtiwasan Kangjêng råmå....,” Radèn Prahasthå å sigrå sowan ånå ngarsané Prabu Sumali. Prikså ånå butå nyakêti Prabu Sumali kagèt. Sang nåtå Ngalêngkå nuli mundhut prikså. “Hé...kowé kuwi butå såkå ngêndhi lan såpå aranmu ? Têkå-têkå dlèwèran luhmu sajak susah atimu ?,” “Adhuh kêtiwasan råmå,” “Lho kowé kok nyêbut råmå marang aku, sêjatiné kowé iku såpå ?,” “Mênåpå råmå pangling kaliyan suwantên kulå ?. Kulå mênikå ingkang putrå pun Sukéså inggih Prahasthå råmå.” “Lho kowé Prahasthå ? Lha kok saiki wujudmu dadi kåyå ngono kuwi, mau-mauné kêpriyé ? “Sèwu lêpat tadhah dêdukå dhalêm råmå. Mênikå wau kulå kêpingin sangêt ndhèrèk mirêngakên wêjangan Sastråjéndrå hayuningrat pangruwating diyu. Milå kulå réncangi dhèpèl- dhèpèl korining sanggar Pamêlêngan, supados sagêt têrwåcå pamirêng kulå,” “Yå biså mirêng?,” “Inggih sagêt råmå, namung sasampunipun wêjangan Sastråjéndrå hayuningrat kawontênan salêbêting Sanghgap Pamêlêngan lajêng sêpi nyênyêt. Manah kulå adrêng kêpingin mangêrtos, lajêng kulå injên. Jêbul kakangmbok Sukèsi kaliyan Wå Rêsi Wisråwå sami nindhakakên sarêsmi, satataning tiyang jêjodhoan” “Kowé nyumurupi dhéwé ?,” “Inggih råmå. Wiwit saking glênak-glênik ngantos dumugi nindhakakên sarêsmi. Mbotên mangêrtos sangkanparaning bilahi, ngêrtos ngêrtos wujud kulå sampun dados ngatên mênikå” “Kuwi jênêngé kuwalat. Råmå mau wêling kêpriyé ?. Kowé mau rak wis takdhawuhi sêmingkir tha?. Nanging kowé ora nggugu dhawuhé råmå. Lha yå kåyå ngono kuwi oléh-oléhané wong ki nék mbêrguguk dikandhani wong tuwå.Mung jalaran nginjên wong sarêsmi, sanalikå wujudmu salin dadi butå. Iki kênå kanggo kåcå bênggålå, sing surasané mripatmu åjå diênggo ndhêlêng barang sing ora samêsthiné. Åpåmanèh kowé durung nambut silaning akråmå. Sisip sêmbiré biså mbubrahaké méntalmu. Lha saiki gandhèng kowé wis kêbacut kåyå ngono, kudu kok trima-trimakaké. Råmå yèn dikon ngruwat cêthå ora biså. Amargå kuwi dudu garapanku. Saiki sing dipikir dudu saiki sing dipikir dudu ålå bêciké råpå, nanging bêbudèn. Nadyan wujudmu ålå nanging bêbudènmu bêcik, kuwi kênå kanggo nêbus dosamu,” “Inggih Råmå,” “Sênadyan wujudmu bagus, nanging yèn kowé cluthak, ngragas, ngångså, ora ånå gunané, kuwi pådhå karo butå. Mångkå watak butå kuwi butêng, bêtah nganiyåyå. Wis wujudé èlèk têkoné ora bêcik, lha rak wis ora ånå pilihané babar pisan,” “Inggih”. “Nanging yèn kowé tansah ngrungkêbi bêbênêrê, tanmsah tumindhak bêcik, mêsthi Gusti kang akaryå jagad bakal paring pangapurå marang dosa-dosamu,” “Nanging mênåpå råmå mbotên lingsêm, kagungan putrå wujud rayêkså kados kulå?,” “Ora ngger. Wis saiki tumuli biratên susahing atimu. Pasrah sumarahå marang pêpêsthêning Gusti,” “Inggih Råmå. Mênawi mêkatên kulå nyuwun pamit. Kulå badhé mêmintå sihing Gusti, murih têntrêm manah kulå,” Radèn Sukéså yå Prahasthå banjur jumangkah kondhur ing papan dunungé ing Kasatriyan Purwådikaran. Sêmono ugå Prabu Sumali banjur kondhur angedhaton. Jroning pênggalih rumångså bêgjå kagungan mantu Rêsi Wisråwå kang kondhang sugih ngèlmu lan digdåyå sêkti måndrågunå jayèng palugon. Ing têmbéné Rêsi Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi pêputrå papat, yaiku : Dåsåmukå, Radèn Haryå Kumbåkarnå, Dèwi Sårpåkênåkå lan Radèn Kuntå Wibisånå. Jambumangli sirna Kacarita sesambetanipun dyan Wisråwå kaliyan Dewi Sukesi sampun kapriksan dening Prabu Sumaliraja, parandene mboten andadosaken dukaning penggalih, kosok wangsul sukaning driya datan kena kinaya ngapa. Pawartos Dewi Sukesi kaalap dening Bêgawan Wisråwå wus ngebaki negari Ngalengkadiraja. Gentos kang winuwus ing Kasatriyan Argulobang dyan Jambumangli mireng pawartos ingkang wonten salebeting datulaya, sigra anggempran kaya kidang, nglumba kaya ula, anggemprong kaya singa barong. ”Oo bojleng-bojleng belis laknat padha jeg-jegan, bocah prajineman, kepiye kabar kang dak tampa kadadeyan jroning kraton Ngalengka.?,” pitakone Jambumangli. “Kepareng munjuk raden, leres pekabaran ingkang sumebar saindengi negari Ngalengka bilih ingkang rayi nak ndherek sekaring kedhaton Dewi Sukesi sampun kaalap dening pendhita Hamulaya Bêgawan Wisråwå .” “Weee ladalah, ora patut kaya lanang-lananga dhewe, klakon Wisrawa nggarwa adiku Sukesi janji bisa merjaya Jambumangli, kaya ngapa wujude Wisrawa dak tadhah taramangsa.” Ditya Jambumangli sigra ninggalake Kasatriyan Argalobang saperlu ngupadi Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå . Ana satengahing marga kepapag klawan Prabu Sumali kang wis salin wewujudane dadi manungsa. “Mengko ta kulup Jambumangli, katon mangar-mangar wadanamu ana apa , kulup sarehna dhisik rasamu.” ”Hoo ho sapa kowe nrenggalai lakuku.” “Memper sira kulup kowe pangling karo aku. Aku iki pamanmu dhewe Sulamiraja kang wus rinuwat dening Begawan Wisrawa, ya mung srana iki kang bisa ngilangake sipating yaksa. Mula kulup yen ngono gelema sira diruwat supaya enggal tatag tutug uripmu ana madyapada.” ”Menungsa isa ngruwat menungsa ki nek dewa ora bakal klakon, kuwi mung apus-apus ibarate wong sulapan, ora ngandel aku lan ora sudi diruwat karo wong mbengkani. Apa kowe sing ana mburine paman Sumali kang aran Wisrawa.” “Ya dhasar kepara nyata aku kang peparab Wisrawa, kowe kang aran Jambumangli,ana apa?” “Ya aku Jambumangli, prekara nggonmu isa ngruwat iku dudu butuhku, ing ngarep sapa sing bisa ngendhih yudaku gendhene merjaya aku yaiku sing wenang dadi bojone Sukesi. Mula kowe bakal lestari dadi bojone Sukesi nek ngalahke kadigdayanku Wisrawa.” “Karepku dak gawe becik, nanging semune mbregundung kepingin njajal kasudiranku, ayo manjing payudan dak todi kadigdayanmu.” “Ayo majuwa gaglak limpamu.” Jambumangli bramantyå sigra nrajang Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå. Kêkaroné nuli tandhing yudå ing alun alun Ngalengka. Jêbul Jambumangli digdåyå tênan lan pilih tandhing. Nanging bêbasan “ing sadhuwuré langit isih ånå langit ”. Arêpå Dityå Jambumangli kuwi digdåyå sêkti måndrågunå jayèng palugon, nanging jêbul isih ånå titahé ngåbåthårå liyå sing biså ngungkuli kadigdayané. Bêgawan Wisråwå nuli nyandhak gêndhéwå sinandhangan warastrå. Gumeret swaraning gandhewa kang sinandhangan warastra dibya, kesit pindha thathit mesat kaya kilat lampahing tumama ing talingané pagas, grånå grumpung, tangané loro pisan tugêl thêl. Banjur dipanah sikilé loro pisan, ugå tatas rantas. Panah pungkasan ngênani guluné Jambumangli têmahan tugêl guluné, sirahé gumlundhung ing bantålå. Dityå Jambumangli sing wataké gumêndhug sêsongaran kuwi tumêkaning pati siyå såkå tangané Rèsi Wisråwå. Sadhurungé sukmané oncat såkå ragané, kapireng swara duméling ing talingané Sang Bêgawan Wisråwå . ”He ladhalah Wisråwå ing atasé wujudmu pandhitå, nanging sêpi ing råså kamanungsan. Matèni mungsuh waé ndadhak digawé pangéwan éwan. Titènånå hé Wisråwå ing têmbé kowé bakal ngundhuh wohing pakarti, anakmu kang wujud sartå slagané kåyå aku, patiné ugå bakal dipothèng pothèng mungsuhé, ora bédhå kåyå patiku,” ngono piwêlingé Jambumangli. Wuwusé Jambumangli kang kåyå mangkono iku ora klêbu ing atiné Bêgawan Wisråwå . Wus dadi jamak lumrahé wong pêrang patèn-pinatèn, sartå bab patiné Jambumangli wus tinêmahan karånå adhêg sayêmbårå lan mapan iku kang dadyå patêmbayané. Prabu Dånåråjå Krodhå Gantya kang cinarita, tunggal kandha seje prenahe, nenggih ingkang pinuju lenggah ing Kedhaton Lokapala. Sang Prabu Dånåråjå den adhep [[Patih Banendra]] lan sedaya wadyabala ander. “Kakang patih Banendra, kadiparan mungguh lakunira ingsung dhawuhi angawat- awati jengkare kanjeng rama Begawan Wisrawa tumuju negara Ngalengkadiraja.” “Nun inggih sinuwun sesembahan kula, sedaya wadya bala sampun kula kerigaken bebasan tebih dipun celaki celak dipun tebihi, sareng sampun cetha bilih ingkang rama lumebet tlatah Ngalengkadiraja, lajeng kula dhawuhi wangsul ing praja, sinuwun.” “Wah syukur begja sewu kakang Banendra. Nanging apa sebabe getering penggalihku kaya suka sasmita lamun kangjeng Rama kena sambekala. Nanging apa iya, ingatase Kangjeng Rama iku pandhita kang mumpuni ing ulah agal apadene alus.” Lagi wae rampung pangandikane Prabu Danaraja, kesaru praptane Patih Citracapa dalasan Ditya Tenung Gohmuka. Kekarone miyak pasamuwan, repepeh-repeph tinata trapsilane. Sawise satata lenggah, Prabu Danaraja sigra ndangu marang pisowane abdi sakarone. “Kakang Patih Citracapa lan sira Tenung Gohmuka , padha kanthi raharja sowanira ana ngarsaningsun ?,” “ Inggih, awit pangestu dalem Kangjeng Dewaji, sowanipun ingkang abdi ing Kepatihan, boten manggih sambekala. Sungkeming pangabekti mugi konjuk,” “Ya, Patih, taktampa gawe gembiraning tys ingsun,” “Semanten ugi ingkang abdi Tenung Gohmuka , awit saking pangestu dalem Kangjeng Dewaji, , boten manggih alangan setunggal punapa. Sungkeming pangabekti kula, kunjuka dsahandap pepada dalem Dewaji,” “Ya daktampa. Sumengka rasaning pamikirku, daya daya bisa mangerti paran pawartane ?,” “Matur wonten ngarsa dalem kangjeng Dewaji, sewu lepat atuur kula nyuwun gunging Samudra pangaksami,” “Ya” “Ingkang abdi kepatihan kautus memanuki tindakipun Sang Panembahan Wisrwa, sampun kalampahan dumugi ibng kukuban negari Ngalengka. Kacariyos ingkang rama sampun kalampahan medharaken maknanipun Sanstrajendra Hayuningrat pangruwating Diyu, , tuwin sampun saged ngasorake yunadinipun Senapati Ngalengka pun Arya Jambumangli,” “Aladalah, sokur begja sewu,” “Nanging ndadosna kawuningan Kangjeng Dewaji, bilih Sekaring kadhaton Ngalengka Dewi Sukesi sdinten menika sampun dipun garwa dening ingkang rama piyambak sangadi panembahan Wisrawa.” Kaya ginarit braja lungit dhadhane Danaraja dupi midhanget ature Patih Citracapa lan Tenung Gohmuka kang pungkasan. Sanalika rumaos yen piyambake digegabah ( disepelekake) dening ingkang rama. Dukane tan kena sinayudan. Wadana katon mangar mangar pindha kembang wora wari bang. Kumerot paguting waja, kumedhut obahing lathi. “Dudu karepe dhewe, ! Jare ngaku pandhita kang putus, jebul ora nyanaB mamak paningale. Wong tuwa tuwas, kakehan numur ora paedah. Calon bojone anake malah dialap dhewe, dasar keparat. Banendra lan kowe Tenung Gohmuka ketapna wadyabala Lokapala. Dina iki uga negara Ngalengka bakal takdadekke samodra geni. Sukesi bakal takrebut srana paprangan. Rawe-rawe rantas malang malang putung. Senadyan sudarma, manawa watake candhala putra kena midana.” “Inggih mangesthokaken dhawuh Kangjeng Dewaji.” Patih Banendra nuli metu ing paseban njaba ngêrigaké wadyåbålå Lokåpålå Barisan wadyabala yaksa budhal luwih dhisik, dadi cucuking baris. Tinidhihan senapati papat, Gohmuka, Rukmuka, Gurmuka lan Wisnungkara. Banjur Prabu Danaraja budhal tumuju ing negara Ngalengka kaderekake dening ingkang råkå ratu têlukan ing Panglêburgångså jejuluk Prabu Kisrahwånå. Kekarone nitih kreta perang kang tinarik kuda cacah papat. Kasambung barisaning wadyabala satriya, kang uga tinindhahan dening senapati cacah papat, yaiku Citrajaya, Citrasudirga, Citrasakti lan Citragana. Bareng lakune tekan tepis wiringing praja Ngalengka, barisaning wadyabala Lokapala, dicegat wadyabala Ngalengka. Sulayaning rembug dadi perang rame. Campouhe wadyabala Ngalengka lumawan wadyabala Lokapala rame banget. Alas sing maune gung liwang liwung, bareng katrajang wadya kang adu kadigdayan, sakala dadi bulak ngenthak enthak. Lebu nggembuleng sumundhul ing ngawiyat. Swarane gegaman gathik kumenclang, binarung swarane wadya kang sesambat pralaya. Sawise sawatara bandayuda, katon yen wadya Ngalengka unggul ing yuda. Wadyabala Lokapala akeh kang pralaya ndepani bantala. Priksa kahanan iku, Prabu Danaraja muntab penggalihe. Sigra mentahng gendhewa sinandhangan warastra Wadyabala ngalengka kang sangsaya ngangseg , diudani jemparing saka saluruhing kreta. Sanalika akeh kang palastra. Prabu Kisrahwana ora gelem keri. Sigra mijilake senjata pamungkase wujud topeng arane topeng Gasngsa. Bareng topeng Gangsa kaagem, apa wae sing kapandeng kobar dening dahana wusana dadi awu. Akeh wadyabala Nvgalengka kang tumekaning pati, kuwandane lebur dadi awu. Wadyabala Ngalengka maewu-ewu cacahe padha pating glimpung koncatan nyawa. Ana saperangan kang lebur dadi awu. Saiki genti wadyabala Lokapala kang unggul ing yuda. Sumurup rusaking wadyabala raseksa Ngalengka, Patih Mintragna lan Wilkampana sigra lumajar nggendring manjing dhatulaya sowan Prabu Sumali. ”Adhuh kewtiwasan Kangjeng Dewaji, wadyabala Ngalengka boten wonten ingkang kuwawa nadhahi pangamukipun Prabu Danaraja lan Prabu Kisrahwana inggih Wisrahwana. Kathah wadya raseksa Ngalengka kasambut ing rananggana. Sanesipun sami mlajar sar-saran awit ajrih dhateng pangamukipun Prabu Danaraja sawadyabalanipun,” ature Patih Mintragna. ”Yen mangkono tatanen wadyabala kang isih ana. Mengko ingsun pribadi kang bakal manjing ing paprangan.,” ”Sendhika Kangjeng Dewaji. Terang terwaca dhawuh timbalan paduka. , keparengan ingkang abdi medal pasilan,” Samundure Patih Mintragna lan Ditya Wilkampana, Prabu Sumali sigra tumuju ing papan paleremane Resi Wisrawa ”Kakang Panembahan, diagung pangaksama paduka. Paripeksa kula manjing ing papan palereman paduka, awit wonten bab ba ingkang wigatos,” ”Bab apa yayi Prabu ?,” ”Ndadosna kawuningan Kakang Panembahan, . Dinten punika ingkang putra pun Danaraja sampun ndatengi negari Ngalengka. Sikep siyaganing ayuda. Lan sampun kalampahan campuh yuda kaliyan wadyabala Ngalengka kathah raselsa Ngalengka ingkang dados banten ing prang. Sanesipun sami mlajar sar-saran awit ajrih , dhateng pangamukipun Prabu Danaraja. Awit saking menika kula nyuwun lilaning penggalih paduka badhe manjing paprangan , nandhingi kridanipun Danaraja,” ”Yayi Prabu ora perlu manjing paprangan. Pangamuke Danaraja cukup aku dhewe, awit iki perkaraku karo perkarane Danaraja. Iki wis dudu perkarane wong tuwa karo anak, nanging iki perkara kapribaden,” Mireng yen Resi Wisrawa nedya manjing paprangan, Dewi Sukesi nggondheli,”Panembahan sru panyuwun kula paduka sampun ngantos jengkar. Prayogi kula aturi singidan kemawon supoados boten kedengan dhateng ingkang putra,” ”Nini Dewi Sukesi, percayoa marang pun kakang. Yen aku umpetan ora bakal rampung perkara iki,” Resi Wisrawa nuli cancut taliwanda, ngetoni jurit. Bareng priksa kledange Resi Wisrawa, dukane Prabu Danaraja kaya diububi. Prabu Dånåråjå sigrå mudhun såkå krétå titihané, nyakêti Bêgawan Wisråwå. Nêtrané mênthêlêng tanpå kêdhèp pindhå nétrané singå barong. Pangandhikané sêrêng,”Heh Bêgawan Wisråwå !. Dinå iki takjabêl basaku. Pancèné takajèni, taksêmbah-sêmbah. Nanging barêng tumindhakmu kåyå mangkono, kowé ora pantês diaji-aji. Ngakumu pandhitå jêbul tumindhakmu nébras-nébras tan wêruh ing tåtå. Pandhitå kåyå kowé kuwi pantêsé sinêbut pandhitå êndhog utåwå pandhitå kêmbang sêmbojå. Njabané putih nanging njêroné kuning. Tåtå lairé bêcik nanging batinmu rêgêd. Tumindakmu sarwå lêlamisan, pamrihé kanggo nutupi lorèking bêbudènmu. Yèn mulang kåyå énak-énakå dipangan, barêng kêpêngkoking lêlakon, kêpéncut karo gêbyaring wanitå sulistyå. Pandhitå åpå kuwi ? Aku isih déné uripku kok gêgabah. Yèn aku arêp mênêng waé ilang jêjêring lanangku. Nanging yèn aku arêp tumindhak, kowé kuwi bapakku. Yèn aku mênêng waé, disuraki wong sanêgårå Lokåpålå. Aku kudu priyé Wisråwå ?,”. Durung nganti Bêgawan Wisråwå kumêcap nanggapi panguman-umané Prabu Dånåråjå, Sang nåtå Lokåpålå iku wis ndhisiki ndhupak dhadhané Rèsi Wisråwå satêmah kontal patang dhêpå, dhawah klumah. Prabu Dånåråjå ora mêndhå dukané, kapårå sangsåyå ndadi. Sigrå nyandhak jêmparing Kyai Agniyastrå kang dåyå panguwasané yèn tumåmå ing anggané mungsuh, biså ngobar anggané. Rumångså ånå sajroning bêbåyå, Bêgawan Wisråwå sigrå nandhingi kanthi nglêpasaké Barunastrå, minångkå panulaking jêmparing dahånå. Têmpuking panah kêkaroné mahanani swårå jumêglug. Jêmparing Kyai Agniyastrå kalah pêrbåwå. Prabu Dånåråjå banjur matak aji kêmayan lan pêngabaran. Bêgawan Wisråwå nandhingi. Gêmpung tyasé Prabu Dånåråjå sigrå ngêtokaké sênjåtå pamungkasé kang aran Kuntå Baswårå. Barêng prikså ingkang putrå ngasthå jêmparing Kuntå Baswårå, Bèsi Wisråwå sigrå ngungalaké dhadhané. Gêgamané dibuang. Pênggalihé pasrah sumarah minångkå panêbusing dosané. Durung nganti Kuntå Baswårå lumêpas, Bathårå Narådå cumlorot såkå dirgantårå, nyapih påncåkåråné bapak mungsuh anak. “Prêkèncong-prêkèncong waru dhoyong lhodholo yahok, Nggèèr Dånåråjå sabar dhisik. Sakabèhing pêrkårå iku rampungé boyå kudu nganggo cårå patèn-pinatèn. Elingå nggèèr, kalamun Rèsi Wisråwå iku sudarmå kitå ingkang ngukir jiwå rågå kitå. Arêpå sudarmå kitå iku gêdhé luputé anak boyå kênå mêrjåyå. Pati uriping manungså iku wêwênangé Gusti kang gawé jagad. Upamané sudarmå kitå rilå kitå pêrjåyå, nanging sing momong jiwå ragané mêsthi bakal boyå trimå. Gusti mêsthi dukåawit wis dilangkahi wêwênangé. Wis ayo dilêrêmaké pikir kitå. Rêmbugan iku yèn muntab nêpsuné boyå prayogå. Rêmbugé boya biså golong gilig. Nanging yèn mênêp råså kitå, mêsthi énggal biså golong gilig rêmbugé,” “Inggih” “Kanthi anané lêlakon kåyå ngéné iki, cêthå yèn Sukèsi dudu jodho dhaup kitå. Lha yèn Sukèsi, wis kitå pundhut dadi garwå, dirêbut bapak kitå, kitå muring muring kåyå mangkono, kuwi ånå bênêré. Lha Sukèsi kuwi rak durung dadi bojo kitå. Pacangan baé durung. Dadi jêjêré Sukèsi karo si Wisråwå kuwi lanang karo wadhon, dudu måråtuwå karo mantu. Dadi yèn kitå nêsu marang wong atuwå sirå iku klêru utåwå boya samêsthiné,” Prabu Dånåråjå wiwit lilih dukané. Mbåkå sêthithik lêrêm pênggalihé. Bathårå Narådå mbacutaké pangandhikané, “Miturut paugêraning déwå, kitå dianggêp luput mêrgå anak wani marang sudarmå sing ngukir jiwå rågå kitå. Sênajan gêdhéné kaluputané wong tuwå kitå, anak boya kénå midånå Åpå manèh kitå mau darbé niyat mêrjåyå marang sudarmå kitå. Nadyan durung kêlakon, iku wis klêbu doså gêdhé. Cobå agåmå åpå sing ngèntukaké matèni wong tuwané ? Rak boya ånå. Kabèh agåmå mêsthi nênuntun marang kabêcikan. Éling marang sing gawé urip, bêklti marang wong tuwå, sartå tumindak bêcik marang sapådhå-pådhå. Ngåpå tå kok mangkono ? jalaran urip ing madyåpådå iku ibaraté kåyå wong nênandur. Yèn sing ditandhur iku barang kang bêcik, wohe ugå bêcik. Kosokbaliné, yèn sing ditandur ålå yå bakal ngundhuh ålå . Mulå ånå unèn unèn wong nandhur bakalé ngundhuh, wong gawé bakalé nganggo. Iku jêbul kêpårå nyåtå, mboya mung mandhêg ing kabar kabur. Makartiné wong urip iku ibaraté kåyådéné wong nglêpasaké jêmparing. Ing mångkå jagad iki bundêr. Mulå panah sing wis lumêpas bakal ngubêngi jagad., wêkasan têmancêp ing gigir kitå. Lha yèn panah kang kitå lêpasaké mau wujudé tumindhak bêcik, Ing têmbé undhuh-undhuhané bakal bêcik ugå. Nanging kosok baliné, yen kang kitå lêpasaké iku tumindhak ålå, ing têmbé undhuh-undhuhane yå boya becik. Kamangka kitå wis ndhêdhêr wiji wani marang wong tuwå. Mulå ing têmbé yèn nganthi putrané Rèsi Wisråwå kang mijil såkå putri Ngalêngkå nganti wani marang kitå, kitå åjå kagèt yå Nggèèr Dånåråjå Nêgårå Lokapålå bésuk bakal binêdah déning atmajané Si Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi.. Iku wohing pakarti kitå dinå iki,” “Inggih Pukulun,” “Wisråwå yå ngonoå. Wong tuwå kang kuduné kênå kanggo panutan anak, malah tumindhak kang boya biså tinulådhå. Ing purwå janji arep målåkramakaké Dånåråjå, ênthèk- ênthèkané mblénjani janji. Sukèsi calon mantuné malah dialap dhéwé. Kitå iku kêpriyé tå Wisråwå. Pandhitå wis buntas kawruh, lha kok jêbulé isih gampang kagirigodhå håwå nafsu iki kêpriyé ? Diéling-éling yèn anak anak kitå ing têmbéné ånå sing sênêng ngumbar håwå nafsu, kitå åjå kagèt. Iku wohing pakarti kitå dinå iki,” “”Inggih kulå sampun ngrumaosi lêpat Pukulun,” “Ngrumangsani luput boya mung cukup diucapake ing lathi. Kitå lidi nebus kaluputan kitå. Carané, sêpisan kudu njaluk pangapurå marang kang kitå blénjani. Kaping loro kudu kitå têbus srånå mbangunaké tåpå kanhi ngêndhalèni makartiné påncådriyå kanti têmên-têmên. Sajroning mbangunaké tapa, tansah nyuwuna pangaksama marang Gusti Kang Akarya Jagad,” “Kula nuwun ninggih Pukulun,” “Sêmono ugå kitå Kaki Prabu Dånåråjå. Prayogané tumuli kondur ing Lokåpålå. Ngêgungnå tåpåbråtåmu minångkå sarånå panêbusing doså kitå,” Sapungkure Prabu Danaraja, Prabu Sumaliraja banjur nyaketi Sang Begawan “Kakang Begawan Wisrawa gandheng para prajurit Lokapala sampun wangsul wonten negaripun, mangga lajeng kula dherekaken kondur majing salebeting kraton, badhe kula wiwaha dhaupipun kakang penembahan kaliyan yoga kula pun Sukèsi.”. “Yooh sinuwun aku mung kari manut kersamu ayo enggal dak dherekake manjing puraya gung Ngalengkadiraja.” Bêbrayané Bêgawan Wisråwå lan Dèwi Sukèsi pêputrå cacah papat, yaiku Prabu Dåsåmukå iyå Rahwånå, Haryå Kumbåkarnå, Dèwi Sårpåkênåkå lan Radèn Kuntå Wibisånå. Putrå papat iku nuli kadhawuhan mbangunaké tåpå lawasé sèkêt taun ånå pucuking gunung Gohkarnå murih biså dadi wong kang pinunjul. Sapurnané mêrtåpå, Dåsåmukå tumuli kasêngkakaké ngaluhur jumênêng nåtå ing Nêgårå Ngalêngkå, nglintir kêpraboné ingkang éyang, Prabu Sumali. Kang minångkå patihé, yaiku ingkang pamané, Patih Prahastå. Déné patih Mintragnå (patihé jaman Prabu Sumali), winisudhå dadi paramparaning pråjå. Bêdhahé Lokåpålå Sawisé jumênêng ratu, Prabu Dåsåmukå nêdyå ngêlar jajahan ånå nêgårå cilik-cilik sakiwå têngêné Nêgårå Ngalêngkå. Ratuné ditelukaké, putri-putri lan bandhané pada dijarah sapêrlu diboyong mênyang Nêgårå Ngalêngkå. Nêgårå nêgårå kang ora gêlêm manungkul nyang Nêgårå Ngalêngkå mêsthi bakal digêcak pêrang, ing antarané Nêgårå Lokåpålå. Prabu Dånåråjå sing isih nunggal råmå lan séjé ibu iku bandhå lan pusåkå- pusåkå Nêgårå Lokåpålå kåyåtå krétå kêncånå Kyai Puspåkå sing biså ngambah gêgånå lan lumêbu ing samudrå ora biså têlês lan yèn lumêbu ing dahånå ora kobar, pusåkå gilingan mas, gandhik malélå watu candhi, kanthil pagulingan Någåjêné, nêdyå dijaluk déning Dåsåmukå kanthi pawadhan yèn pusåkå kuwi kagungané ingkang råmå (Sang Rèsi Wisråwå) nadyan wis diparingaké marang Prabu Dånåråjå. Sêkawit Prabu Dånåråjå ora kabotan ngulungaké pusåkå- pusåkå mau marang Dåsåmukå, nanging barêng Dåsåmukå sangsåyå murang tåtå nêdyå njaluk Nêgårå Lokåpålå, Prabu Dånåråjå paring pangandhikå yèn Lokåpålå iku dudu kagungané ingkang råmå nanging kagungané ingkang ibu, Dèwi Lokati. Jalaran, Dèwi Lokati iku putrané Prabu Lokawånå, nåtå Lokåpålå, kang banjur kråmå marang Rèsi Wisråwå. Kanthi mêngkono, Rèsi Wisråwå iku mung dhapur putrå mantu kang ora darbé hak marisi lan jumênêng nåtå. Diparingi prikså mêngkono iku Dåsåmukå ora såyå mêndhå kamurkané nanging malah såyå murang tåtå. Sulayaning rêmbug dadi påncåkårå, antarané Prabu Dåsåmukå mungsuh pårå anung-anungé pråjå Lokåpålå. Prabu Dånåråjå nuli dhawuh ngetapake wadyabala Lokåpålå, methukake mungsuh kang nekani. Ora antara suwe, cucuking barisaning wadyabala Lokapala wis ketemu karo wadyabala Ngalengka. Patih Banendra kang minangka manggalaning barisan wadyabala Lokapala, sigra menehi sasmita mandheg marang kabeh prajurite. Semono uga Raden Wibisana, tetungguling wadyabala Ngalengka, uga paring sasmita mandheg marang kabeh wadyabalane. “Yen ora kleru iki kaya kakang Patih Banendra ?,” “Ya Raden, bener ucapmu,” “Ilang tata kramamu marang aku,” “Aku basa ora ana gunane, amarga iki wis ana madyaning paprangan. Kedadeyane wis ajang ajangan bandayuda,” “Ya..ya kakang Banendra bener kandhamu., nanging aku dadi pangarepe laku. , yen bisa nedya ngleremake lelakon iki, supaya aja nganthi kebacut bacut panas. Yen nganthi kebacut Kaka Prabu dasamuka lan Kaka Prabu Danaraja tanding yuda, ora wurung akeh bebanten. Aku rilakna sowan Kaka Prabu Danaraja. Yen bisa bakal taksirep. Aja nganti kedadeyan genine perang iki mangalad-alad,” ngendhikane Raden Wibisana. “Kowe mamerake dumeh bisa nata ukara ngracik basa. Kowe arep apus krama marang Patih Banendra ?. Kowe klakon pinanggih ratu gustiku Sang Prabu Danaraja, yen patih Banendra wis pecah dhadhane,” “Ora kena ginawe becik Kene merganing patimu,” saentheking pangandhikane, Raden Wibisana sigra nrajang Patih Banendra. Sanalika dadi perang tanding rame. Wadyabala Lokapala apadene wadyabala Ngalengka, bareng sumurup tetunggule wis miwiti tanding yuda. , tanpa diprentah banjur padha melu perang. Dhasar wadyabala buta mungsuh padhadene wadyabala buta, perange gelut uleng, lan cokot cokotan. Nadyan digdaya lan kasinungan kaprawiran pira pira, amarga kalah dedege, Raden Gunawan Wibisana kathon kuwalahan nandhingi kridhane Patih Banendra. Raden Wibisana sigra cinandhak lan dikipatake dening Patih Banendra, saengga tiba adoh. Priksa kadange taruna kuwalahan ngadhepi mungsuh, raden Kumbakarna sigra methukake patih Banendra. “Heh Kakang Patih Banendra. Lega pikirmu bisa ngundhurake adhiku Wibisana. Banjur wadyabala rucah kokawut awut,” ngendhikane Raden Kumbakarna. “Ora peduli. Sapa sing ana ngarepku, tegese mungsuhku. Aja mung kowe, dasamuka kon maju pisan. Nadyan wujudmu buta sagunung anakan, banendra ora gigrik,” sumbare Patih Banendra. “Sumbarmu kaya bisa mutungke wesi gligen. Ora kena digawe becik, klakon takuntal malang,” Buta loro banjur tanding yuda. Kekarone padha ngethok kadigdayan. Rehne Patih Banendra kalah gedhe wujude, ora nganthi sapanginang wis bisa dikalahake dening Raden Kumbakarna. Priksa Patih Banendra niba tangi amarga di prawasa mungsuhe, Prabu Wisrahwana, kadange sinarawedi Prabu Danaraja sigra asung pambantu. “Heh Kumbakarna !. Kondhange Kumbakarna iku satriya ambege utama. Nanging ya endah endah wujudmu buta, arepa utama, utamane buta. Buta watake buteng, betah nganiyaya. Ora wurung kowe melu kakangmu sing watake angkara murka. Yen kena takeman, kowe mundura !. Dasamuka kon maju, takjuwing juwinge bathange, “ negndhikane Prabui Wisrahwana. “Aku wis mbathin mesthi Kakang Wisrahwana muring muring. Lha rak tenan. Aku neng Ngalengka yen ora tumandang, diuring uring Kakang Prabu Dasamuka. Neng kene tumandang aku diuring urinjg Kakang Kisrahwana. Wis saiki ngene wae. Kakang Prabu Danaraja kon maju, njur kepethuk kakang Prabu Dasamuka, kareben rembugan sing apik apik , aja sida perang. Priye carane, aku manut kowe,” ngendhikane Raden Kumbakarna. “Aku dudu gedibalmu, ora sumingkir , klakon mati dening aku,”. Satelasing pangandhikane , Prabu Wisrahwana ngancap, Raden Kumbakarna. Dadi Pancakara rame. Kekarone padha dene ngetog kasudiran, numplak kadibyan. Nanging suwening suwe, katon yen Prabu Wisrahwana luwih unggul kadikdayane., Priksa kadange taruna kuwalahan ngadhepi mungsuhe, Prabu Dasamuka gage methukake pangamuke Prabu Wisrahwana. “Iki memalalaning jagad wis katon, ing ngarepku, Aku ora maido marang kadikdayanmu. Pancen kowe panten ngaku ratu gegeduginjg jagad, nanging anggonmu migunakake kadikdayan ingkang kleru. Heh Dasamuka, . Ora kelingan yen kowe kuwi putraning pandhita sing gentur tapane ?. Ora kelingan yen kowe turase pandhita sing ambege utama. Eman dene tumindakmu yak-yakan, nabrak nabrak. Prabu danaraja kuwi apamu ?. Danaraja kuwi sedulurmu tuwa. Karo kadange tuwa kok tegel, apa maneh karo wong liyan brayan, , keparat !. Yayi Danarajamarang kowe iki kepriye ?. Kowe sedulur enom tansah diugung kabeh tumindakmu, nanging tinemune jebul diwenehi ati ngrogoh rempela. Karepe kabeh kabeh arep kokkuwasani dhewe. Yayi Prabu Danaraja ngrilakake negara Lokapala sigar semangka ana ing tanganmu sarta pusaka pusaka Lokapala, nanging Yayi Prabu Danaraja darbe pamundhut, , kowe aja ngumbar angkara murka. Kowe ngrumangsanana yen kowe kuwi ratu putrane pandhita sing gentur tapane. Yayi Prabu Danaraja isin yen duwe kadang taruna salawase tansah ngumbar angkaramurkane,” ngendhikane Prabu Wisrahwana. “Heh kakang Prabu Wisrahwana. Kowe aja mejang thitik thirik kaya pandhita mulang muride. Ucapmu sing ndrewili kuwi mau , ora sudi aku ngrungoke. Aja kok kowe, [[Bathara Guru]] wani medhun mituturi aku, yen perlu taktantang takkandhani. Kowe minggata, aja nyepet nyepeti mripat !. kakang danaraja sing takanti anti,” “Klakon kowe ketemu karo Yayi Prabu Danaraja, yen wis gemlundhung mustakakeku,” “Oo klakon mati dening aku,” Prabu Dasamuka lan Prabu Wisrahwana nuli perang tandhing adu kadikdayan. Kekarone katon timbang kadigdayane. Nganthi sawatara anggone perang tandhing. Suwening suwe katon yen Prabu Dasamuka luwih unggul jurite. Prabu Wisrahwana suthik kasoran mungsuh Prabu Dasamuka. Sigra mijilake senjata pamungkase, wujud topeng jenenge topeng Gangsa. Bareng topeng Gangsa wis kaagem, apa sing kapandeng sanalika dadi dahana. Prabu Dasamuka dipandeng sanalika kobar anggane. Bawane Prabu Dasamuka kagadhuhan aji Pancasana (Pancasunya) datan kabacuting tiwas. Nanging Prabu Dasamuka bisa ngrasakake lara saka panase dahana kang mijil saka netrane Topeng Gangsa. Prabu Dasamuka kamigilan, nuli ngocati paprangan. ”Kaka Prabu mengsah kakang Prabu Wisrahwana kok boten panggah ? malah mundur semu kamigilan?,” pitakone Raden Wibisana. ”Kakang Prabu Wisrahwana ngamuki Bareng takadhepi, aku dipandeng nganthi kobar awakku. Upama dudu aku, mesthi wis tumekani Mula bng pati dadi awu. Topenge kakang Wisrahwana mbebayani banget. Aku ora bisa nyedhaki. Mula nganthi wektu iki, , aku durung klakon nugel gulune Kakang Wisrahwana. Kadigdayane Kakang Wisrahwana ora kjena disepelekake. Rehne kowe kuwi kadangku, ndyan umure tuwa aku, nanging ngelmune sempurna kower. Aku percaya karo pitututrmu. Aku percaya karo iguhmu. Priye bisane Kakang Wisrahwana tumekaning pati ?,” ”Nyuwun sewu menapa kaka Prabu kersa tumindhak culika ?,” ”Rasah toktari tumindhak culika kuwi pagaweyanku sabendinane takkandhani.,” ”Kaka Prabu Wusrahwana menika ngendhelaken dayanipun topeng Gangsa. Kaka Prabu kula aturi ngastha pedang Mentawa., njulungtungkul dumateng Kaka Prabu Wisrahwana. Sagedipun kaka Prabu Wisrahwana kuwur lan kisruh paningalipun kula badhe mateg aji Dipasanyata. Surya ingkang panjer ing akasa, badhe kula damel kembar sewu. Mangke manwi Kaka Prabu Wisrahwana sambun bingung bilulungan, Kaka Prabu dasamuka sampun mbucal wekdal, Toopeng agemipun Kaka Prabu Wisrahwana kula aturi nyukil mawi pedang saking ing ngiringan, menawi topeng saged uwal saking mukanipun Kaka Prabu Wisrahwana temtu badhe langkung gampil dipun sirnakaken.,” ”Yoh takmanjing paprangan maneh,” Raden Wibisana tumuli sedhakep salugu tunggal nutupi babahan nawa wiwira saperlu nenuwun marang Hyang Widhi Wassa. Katrima panuwune Raden Wibisana sakala paningale Prabu Kisrahwana kaya winalik. Ing ngakasa kathon ana surya kembar sewu. Prabu Wisrahwana bingung bilulungan. Nalika lena, topeng kacukil nganggo pedhang Mentawa dening Prabu Dasamuka, temahan dhawah ing bengawan kathut ilinin tirta. Ing tembe pusaka topeng Gangsa iku tinemu lan dadi pusakane Raden Bukbis Mukasura, putrane Prabu Dasamuka lan Dewi Anggasenggani kang mapan ing Guwa Tosan kang ana ing dhasaring samodra. Sawise kelangan pusakane Prabu Wisrahwana dadi ora duwe daya lan banjur kasabet pedhang Mentawa dening Dasamuka temah sirna margalayu. Sasirnane Prabu Wisrahmana, Bêgawan Wisnungkårå genti maju dadi salah sijine senåpati perang Lokåpålå kanggo ngadhepi wadyabala Ngalêngkå. Kabeh gegedhuging wadyabala Ngalêngkå padha pralaya mungsuh Bêgawan Wisnungkårå. Nanging sing jenenge wong tumitah ing alam donya iki ana watese. Nalika Bathårå Wisnu oncat saka angggane Wisnungkårå lan pindhah momong jagade Raden Arjunawijaya kang wis wiwit diwasa lan banjur kajumenengake nata ing Maèspati kanthi jejuluk Arjunasasrabahu. Temahan Dityå Kålå Wisnungkårå pepes jayane satemah bisa disirnakake dening Prabu Dåsåmukå. Semar banjur tutwuri lakune Bathara Wisnu kang manuksma ana jagade Prabu Arjunasasrabahu. Semar saanake banjur suwita ratu Maespati kang anyar iku. Sapatiné pårå agul agule Lokåpålå: Prabu Wisrahwana, Dityå Wisnungkårå, Patih Citråcåpå lan Citråryudå, Patih Banéndrå kijénan ngadhepi wadyåbålå Ngalêngkå, banjur ngunduri yuda, nedya sowan ratu gustine atur uningå marang Prabu Dånåråjå “Kepriye kabare paprangan kakang Patih Banendra,” pandangune Prabu Danaraja. “Aduh ketiwasan Dewaji. Wadyabala Ngalengka boten kenging dipun sangga entheng boboting ayuda. Tinindihan ingkang raya Prabu Dasamuka, kabantu para rayinipun. Wadyubala raseksa Lokapala kathah ingkang dados bantening paprangan. Rukmaka lan Gormkuka sirna mengsah Mintragnauka, . Ugi sinuwuh Prabu Wisrahwana inggih Kisrahwana , sampun gugur ing paprantgan dipun sedani deening Dasamuka. Plajar kula saking paprangan menika wau dipun bujung wadyabala Ngalengka,. Ingkang menika kula sumanggakaken ,” Midanget ature Patih Banendra , Prabu Danaraja duka banget. Sigra paring dhawuh marang Patih banendra,” Kakang Patih Banendra, enggal metua njaba. Tatanen kabeh wadyabala manunggsa lan buta kang isih urip. Mengko ingsun pribadi kang bakal nyenapaten,” Durung nganthui wadyabala kabudalake, wus katungka tekane wadyabala Ngalengka pindha samodra rob. Amjrah ing sadengah papan., ngepung wakul binaya mangap. Patih Banendra enggal menehi aba-aba maju ing paprangan. Dadi perang amuk amukan ing alun-alun negara Lokapala. Kurban wadyabala Lokapala apadene Ngalengka, pating glasah pindha babadan pacing. Ing madyaning palagan, Patih Banéndrå adu arêp mungsuh Prabu Dåsåmukå, Dåsåmukå ditamani gêgaman ora têdhas. Ditamani jêmparing ugå ora tatu. Wusånanê Patih Banéndrå sinabêt pêdhang Mentåwå, dadi lan tiwasé, Kuwandané banjur diuncalaké ing kruyukané wadyåbålå kang nêmbé adu kaprawiran. Saéngga pådhå bubar mawut. Prabu Dånåråjå klakon adu arêp karo Dåsåmukå. Kêkaroné pådhå digdayané. Prabu Dåsåmukå ora biså tumêkaning pati mêrgå kasinungan aji Pancasonyå Wreksaning Bhumi, Pancasonyå angin lan Pancasonyå Jêmbangan, kang dayané mênåwå Prabu Dåsåmukå matiyå sêdhinå kaping pitu janji isih kambah prêtålå /lemah, kêån sumiliré angin lan kêsiram banyu biså waluyå jati, jati têmahan waluyå. Semono ugå Prabu Dånåråjå kang ugå kagadhuhan aji Rawérontèk ugå ora biså tumêkaning pati sênajan ditamani saliré gêgaman saénggå nuwuhaké gårå-gårå sumundhul ing ngawiyat. Bathårå Narådå banjur tumurun misah kang padha pasulayan. “Ampun dipisah Pukulun, Kakang Danaraja kudu mati saka tanganku !” “Olodolo yohok, eleg..eleg eleg. Ngger Dasamuka lan kita Danaraja. Lamun kita padha nuruti hardening kanepson, jagad boya bakal tentrem. Daraja dhasare digdaya, Dasamuka sekti mandraguna. Yen diuja boya bakal ana rampunge. Kita sakloron padha dene anake Resi Wisrawa. Pandhita sing genmtur tapane., digdaya sekti mandraguna jayeng palugon. Ngger Danaraja,” “Kula wonten dhawuh Pukulun.,” “Kita apa boye kelingan, lelakon nalika kita wani marang sudarma kita,” pandhangune Bathara Narada. “Inggih kula kemutan, Pukulun,” “Ya iki undhuh undhuhane. Anggon kita wani marang bapak kita. Kita wektu iki ngundhuh wohing pakarti. Biyen kita wani marang Resi Wisrawa, mung merga perkara Sukesi. Malah meh wae kita arep tega merjaya Wisrawa. Saiki kena piwalese. Kita diwaneni adhi kita. Tegese wis trep. Mula ukum karmane kudu mangkono. Sapa gawe nganggo, sapa nandhur ngundhuh,” “Inggih,” “Ulun tumurun ing marcapada iki diutus Adhi Guru, supaya misah anggon kita padha bandayuda Perang sing tanpa wusana mung bakal gawe rengkane jagad raya lan gawe sengsarane kawula. Para kawula sing boya ngerti perkara, melu dadi banten. Ngger Danaraja, mangertiyå, lamun pakartiné Dåsåmukå iku dudu kuwajiban kithå sing ngrampungaké, sêbab bésuk bakalé ånå dhéwé sing ngrampungi. Déné ri kalênggahan iki ulun kadhawuhan dening Hyang Adhi Pramèsthi Guru kupaya paring pralampita utawa pralambang. Kita lan Dasamuka kadhawuhan supaya milih wadhah karo isi. Sapa milih wadhah lan sapa milih isi, Yèn milih isi tègèsé bakal pinulung ing déwå sapêrlu sinêngkakaké ngaluhur dadi gênêping déwå, déné yèn milih wadhah bakal diparingi bandhå donyå Nêgårå Lokåpålå. Sewalike yen milih isi, bakal sinengkake ngaluhur dadi jangkeping dewa,” Dåsåmukå kang kadhawuhan milih dhisik tanpa nganggo mikir dhawa milih wadah, mulå Nêgårå Lokåpålå saisiné dadi sapanguwasané lan dipasrahaké marang Dåsåmukå, déné Prabu Dånåråjå pinulung ing déwå sinêngkakaké aluhur dadi gênêping déwå kang kêwajibané rumêkså Kêmbang Déwårêtnå kang dadi pati uripé pårå pragoså salumahé jagad kanti bêbisik Sang Hyang Danèswårå iyå Bathårå Dånåråjå uga sinebut Bathårå Bisåwarnåpati, lênggahé ing Kahyangan Girikawêdar. Sawise Prabu Danaraja pinulung ing dewa, kabeh bandha donya klebu pusaka pusakane kayata Gandhik Malélåwati Cani, Gilingan Mas, Pagulingan Nagajene lan kereta perang Puspaka banjur kaboyong menyang negara Ngalengka 5gqlrtylvudht5clujgmi0yv7vz4pq1 0 193874 1752116 1669326 2026-08-02T08:45:10Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Srimpi Téja''' menika salah satunggaling jejogedan kang ngrembaka ing [[Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]]. Joged menika yasan dalem Sultan [[Hamengkubuwana VIII|Hamengku Buwana VIII]] (1921-1939) nalika jumeneng nata. Joged menika salah satunggaling joged kang sakral ing Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat. == Sajarah == Srimpi Téja menika wonten nalika Sultan Hamengku Buwono VIII jumeneng nata, nanging srimpi menika saget dados rembakanipun sakin Srimpi Putri Cina kang diripta nalika Sultan Hamengku Buwono VI jumeneng nata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|title=Srimpi Teja, Lahir pada jaman Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana VIII|last=ditwdb|date=2019-10-30|website=Indonesiana Platform Kebudayaan|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=2023-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221161908/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Srimpi Teja menika wonten enggalan ing seni lan budhaya, kususipun ing karawitan lan jogedan. Mula mboten gumun menawi Srimpi Téja menika dumugi sakmenika taksih saé. Srimpi Téja menika digelar dening 4 setri kang dados Dewi Renggawati lan Dewi Widaninggar uga 4 setri kang dados dhuduk. Tembung srimpi menika asring klentu dimangerteni dados joged kang digelar dening sekawan setri. Nanging sajatosipun srimpi menika gadhah arti "sekawan" kados dene pandhawa kang gadhahi arti gangsal. Srimpi menika joged wanita Kraton kang lumrahipun digelar dening sekawan setri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/02/11/200000369/tari-serimpi-tarian-klasik-yogyakarta?page=all|title=Tari Serimpi, Tarian Klasik Yogyakarta|last=Welianto|first=Ari|date=2021-02-11|website=Kompas.com|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> Joged menika biasanipun dados gambaran perang antaranipun prajurit setri. Sekawan setri menika sajatosipun dados pasangan, artosipun 2 setri dados lakon kaping pisanan, lan 2 setri liyanipun dados lakon kaping pindho. Ceritanipun joged menika kathah dados gambarang perang (menak) lan Mahabarata.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/02/11/200000369/tari-serimpi-tarian-klasik-yogyakarta?page=all|title=Tari Serimpi, Tarian Klasik Yogyakarta|last=Welianto|first=Ari|date=2021-02-11|work=Kompas.com|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> Nanging mboten mesthi srimpi menika digelar migunakaken sekawan setri. Nalika Sultan [[Hamengkubuwana V|Hamengku Buwana V]] jumeneng nata, srimpi dibetakaken dening 5 setri. Cariyos ing Srimpi menika ugi mboten bab perang. Srimpi menika inggih menika Srimpi Renggawati. Srimpi menika nyariyosaken bab Raja Anglingdarma kang malih dados peksi kunthul madosi Dewi Setyawati kang sampun dados Dewi Renggawati. Tembung Téja menika artosipun wahyu utawi pitedah. Tembung menika dados sumber pikiran dening Hamengku Buwana VIII kang dados Ratu supados niti laku madosi "wahyu" kagem masyarakat inggih menika kewarasan, kesarasan, keslametan, lan makmur. Téja menika artosipun pitedah kang dados pratanda menawi ajeng kalakon prastawa. Prastawa menika inggih menika perang Puteri Jawa lan Puteri Cina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|title=Srimpi Teja, Lahir pada jaman Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana VIII|last=ditwdb|date=2019-10-30|website=Indonesiana Platform Kebudayaan|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=2023-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221161908/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Srimpi Téja menika nyariyosaken bab perang tandhing antawisipun Putri Jawi lan Putri Cina. Salah satunggalipun dados Putri Jawi (Dewi Renggawati) lan Putri Cina ( Dewi Widaninggar). Dewi Rengganis saking Argapura perang lawan Dewi Widaninggar saking Nagari Tartaripura. Dewi Widaninggar mbales pejah sedherekipun inggih menika Dewi Adaninggar. Obahing jogedan uga benten antawisipun Putri Jawi lan Putri Cina, salah satunggalipun menawi grudha nanging obahipun [[Tangan|asta]] tengen tawing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|title=Srimpi Teja, Lahir pada jaman Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana VIII|last=ditwdb|date=2019-10-30|website=Indonesiana Platform Kebudayaan|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=2023-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221161908/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cathetan Srimpi Téja ménika dimomot wonten ing ''Pratelan Beksa Srimpi Rengganis mengsah Dewi Widaninggar, Serat Kagungan Dalem Bedhaya Srimpi'' kang kodenipun BS 10 lan ''Serat Pasindhenan Bedhaya utawi Srimpi'' kodenipun BS 14. Cathetan-cathetan kasebat momot ''sindhenan'' lan ''kandha'' utawi carita. Sakmenika cathetan kasebat wonten ing Kapustakan KHP Kridhawardana Kraton Ngayogyakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kratonjogja.id/kagungan-dalem/33-srimpi-teja/|title=Srimpi Teja|date=2020-01-10|website=Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> Srimpi Téja dipagelaraken nalika Sultan Hamengku Buwono VIII Tedhak Loji ing Griya Gubernur Ngayogyakarta utawi Gedhung Agung. Srimpi Téja uga dipagelaraken ing taun 1954 lan didandhosi taun 1985 sarta taun 2011 didamel cekak. Ing 15 Agustus 2019, Srimpi Téja kacathet ing pusaka budaya dudu barang kaliyan Nayaka Pawiyatan lan Kabudayan Republik [[Indhonésia|Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kratonjogja.id/kagungan-dalem/33-srimpi-teja/|title=Srimpi Teja|date=2020-01-10|website=Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> Srimpi Téja gadhah ajaran luhur menawi budaya kang béntén menika dipun kurmati. Mboten wonten kang menang utawi kalah, kekalihipun namung milih guyub rukun. Saking joged menika Kraton Ngayogyakarta nyuwun dhumateng masyarakat supados saget wicaksana. == Tata cara == Kados srimpi umumipun, Srimpi Téja menika nyuplik saking tembung gendhing pokokipun, ''Gendhing Téja Laras Slendro Pathet Manyura''. Urut-urutan gedhing menika ''Lagon Slendra Pathet Manyura'', ''Gendhing Lipursari Laras Slendro Pathet Manyura, Ayak-ayak Laras Slendro Pathet Mayura, Lagon Laras Slendro Pathet Manyura, Gendhing Gonjangseret Laras Slendro Pathet Manyura''. Kang dados pambeda ing Srimpi Téja tinimbang srimpi liyanipun inggih menika ladrang kang dados iringan ing Srimpi Téja lan srimpi liyanipun migunakaken ''gendhing wetah.'' Srimpi Téja menika ugi migunakaken kempul kang mboten digunakaken ing srimpi liyanipun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kratonjogja.id/kagungan-dalem/33-srimpi-teja/|title=Srimpi Teja|date=2020-01-10|website=Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> Srimpi Téja digelar migunakaken urutan obah ''sembahan, pucang kanginan, nggrudha, ngenceng encot, ngendherek, ngusap suryan, kicat erek alihan nyangkol udhet, ngundhuh sekar, ulap-ulap nyathok udet, sojah, lampah sekar, lan kicat tawing.'' Joged menika miturut iringan gendhing. Srimpi Tèja ugi nggadhahi obah joged kang mboten wonten ing Srimpi liyanipun, inggih menika sojah putri Cina lan tamping njiwit sampur. Obah Sonjah menika namung obah kang dilakoni dening Dewi Widaninggar (Putri Cina) inggih menika ngangkat asta kados dene kang wonten ing sembahyang. Tawing Jimpit Sampur inggih menika obah kang diwiwiti ngangkat asta tawing tengen, banjur nalika obah ''kicat erek alihan nyangkol udhet'' '','' nyangkol udhetipun digantos ''tawing njimpit sampur.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|title=Srimpi Teja, Lahir pada jaman Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana VIII|last=ditwdb|date=2019-10-30|website=Indonesiana Platform Kebudayaan|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=2023-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221161908/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/srimpi-teja-lahir-pada-jaman-sri-sultan-hamengku-buwana-viii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Busana lan Dandanan == Wonten tiga jenis tata busana lan dandanan ing Srimpi Téja inggih menika Dewi Rengganis, Dewi Widaninggar (putri Cina), lan ''dhudhuk'' kados ing ngandhap. # Dewi Rengganis migunakaken kain corak parang gurdha lan rompi beludru kanthi sulam bordir emas. Ing sirah migunakaken jamang saking wulu peksi kasuari, sumpin ron, subang, cundhuk mentul, jungkat, lan saggul gelung sinyong kang diwenehi ceplok jebehan lan pelik. Igu migunakaken sampur cindhe, slepe, kalung sungsun, kelat pundhak, lan keris. Dandanan Dewi Rengganis inggih menika riasan tempel godheg. # Dewi Widaninggar (Putri Cina) migunakaken busana kain corak cindhé, klambi lengen dawa krah jejeg, sampur cindhé, makutha pupul arupa kain kang disulam lan diwenehi manik-manik, cundhuk mentul, lan sanggul. Uga migunakaken slempang, rimong, gelang, subang, gelang suku, cincin, cundrik, slepe, lan klat pundhak. Dandanan pasuryan didamel ayu kanthi kandhel ing mata supados sipit. # Dhuduk migunakaken kain corak parang, busana bludiran tanpa lengen, sampur gendala giri, slepe, gelang, kalung sungsun, cincin, lan kelat pundhak. Ing sirah migunakake sanggul gelung rejo kanthi tambahan godhong pandan, cundhuk mentul, jungkat, ceplok, subang, lan sumping ron. Dandanan pasuryan menika didamel kandos manten.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kratonjogja.id/kagungan-dalem/33-srimpi-teja/|title=Srimpi Teja|date=2020-01-10|website=Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiPusaka]] 6kpllnatu2gqpyvdhsqihb2z1hjy2g6 0 193895 1752114 1717367 2026-08-02T08:43:46Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bancakan bayi''' menika salah satunggiling padatan ingkang teksih dipunleksanakaken wonten ing satengahipun masarakat Jawa, mliginipun wonten ing [[Surakarta]] lan [[Yogyakarta]]. Bancakan bayi dipunleksanakaken adedhasar wontening pangajeng-ajeng lan panyuwunan supados bayi ingkang dipunbancaki dados laré ingkang miturut dhateng Gusti Pangéran, tiyang sepuh, lan bapak ibu guru sarta saged dados tiyang ingkang migunani tumrap tiyang sanes ing samangké. Kejawi menika, bancakan bayi ugi dados caos sokur lan nyuwun kamirahaning Pangeran mugi bayi menika tansah pinaringan kaslametan, kasarasan, lancar ing sedaya perkawis dumugi diwasa samangké. Bancakan menika arupi sekul kaliyan maneka werni sayuran kados ta: bayem, kacang panjang, thokolan, timun, sambel gudangan, tigan, lan pisang ingkang dipuncawisaken nganggé pincuk saking ron pisang. == Macem-maceming Bancakan Bayi == Bancakan bayi wonten ing Jawa wonten mawerni-werni. Bancakan menika dipunleksanakaken miturut tata cara utawi petung Jawi. Menika macem-maceming bancakan bayi: * Brokohan, tujuan padatan menika inggih menika nyuwun kaslametan bayi ingkang némbé mawon lair lan nyuwun berkahing Pangeran supados bayi menika dados lare ingkang saé. Ubarampè padatan kanggé golongan bangsawan: dawet, tigan mentah, jangan menir, sekul ambeng, sekul nganggé lawuh, jeroan kebo, pecel nganggé ayam, kembang setaman, sarta krambil lan beras. Uba rampè padatan kanggé golongan tiyang biyasa: sekul ambengan ingkang isinipun sekul jangan, peyek, sambel goreng, tempe, mihun, jangan menir, dan pecel ayam. Padatan menika dipunwiwiti kanthi mendhem ari-ari, nyepakaken sajèn brokohan ingkang badhe dipunbagekaken dhateng para tanggi. Brokohan menika awujud tigan ayam mentah, [[Gula jawa|gendhis jawi]] setengah tangkep, krambil setengah buah, dawet, lan kembang brokohan inggih menika mawar, melati, lan kanthil. Padatan menika dipunleksanakaken sasampunipun bayi lair, dipunrawuhi déning ibu, bapak, keluarga, [[Dhukun, Gresik|dukun]], pinisepuh lan sanak sedulur. Brokohan menika boten angsal mawi santen, tigan iwak tawar lan tigan bebek/asin. * Tedhak siten menika rerangkèn padatan tradhisi ubengan gesang masarakat Jawi ingkang wiwit dipuntilaraken. Tedhak siten asalipun saking ukara ''tedhak'' tegesipun mandhap (nepakaken suku) lan ''siten'' utawi ''siti'' tegesipun siti/lemah. Dados, tedhak siten menika tradhisi nepakaken suku dhateng siti déning laré. Miturut cariyos tiyang sepuh, Tedhak siten menika padatan nalika laré nembé sepindah nepakaken sukunipun dhateng siti. Tembung sanèsipun, mandhap siti utawi undhuhan. Padatan menika dipunleksanakaken rikala laré bayi umur pitung lapan petung Jawi (wolung wulan petung Masehi). Laré ing umur menika biyasanipun nembé ajar mlampah saengga menika dados wekdal sepindah laré menika wiwit nepakaken sukunipun dhateng siti. Tradhisi tedhak siten kejawi dados padatan kanggé nguri-nguri budaya, ugi dados rerangkèn tata cara ingkang nyimbolaken tiyang sepun ingkang nuntun putranipun ing salebeting lampahing gesang kanthi rerangkèn padatan lan ubarampè ingkang dipunginakaken. Ubarampè tedhak siten menika jadah pitung werni, andha saking tebu, kurungan (biyasanipun nganggé kurungan ayam) ingkang dipunisi kaliyan maneka werni piranti sekolah, dolanan, toya kanggé wisuh lan ngedusi laré, ayam panggang, pisang raja, udhik-udhik, [[jajan pasar]], jenang, tumpeng lengkap kaliyan gudangan lan sekul kuning. == Rerangkèn Tedhak Siten == Rerangkèn tedhak siten inggih menika: * Misuhi suku – tiyang sepuh nggendong larénipun lajeng sukunipun laré dipunwisuhi sakdèrèngipun laré menika nepakaken suku dhateng siti. Maknanipun tata cara menika inggih bilih nalika miwiti lampahing gesang kedah nggadhahi manah ingkang suci. * Mlampah miyos pitung [[jadah]] – ing padatan menika laré dipuntuntun mlampah miyos pitung jadah ingkang werninipun bènten-bènten. Pitung werni niku inggih menika abrit, pethak, ijem, kuning, biru, jambon, lan ungu. Jadah rena pitu menikaa mralambangaken pengajeng-ajeng tiyang sepuh dhateng laré supados laré menika saged mrantasi reribeding gesang lan tansah pikantuk pitulungan saking Gusti Pangeran ingkang Mahakuwaos. Jadah pitung werni nggambaraken bilih rupi-rupi pacoban lan reribeding gesang menika kathah lan mawerni-werni. Saben werni nggadhahi teges piyambak-piyambak, inggih menika: Abrit: kendel, pengajeng-ajengipun laré menika kendel ing salebeting nglampahi gesang Kuning: kekiyatan lair batin ingkang kedah dipungadhahi saben tiyang Pethak: suci Jambon: tresna dhateng tiyang sepuh, sedherek, simbah, rencang, lan sesami Biru: ayeming jiwa salebeting nglampahi gesang Ijem: kasuburan Ungu: kasampurnan Kanthi nepak wonten pitung jadah, tiyang sepuh nggadhahi pengajeng-ajeng bilih putranipun saged nglampahi gesang lan mrantasi sedaya karibedan gesang kanthi sae. [[Andha]] saking tebu – ing padatan menika tiyang sepuh ngajak larénipun minggah pitung andha saking tebu. Tebu menika saking tembung ''antebing kalbu'' ingkang tegesipun nggadhahi tekad lan raos yakin sanget. Rerankèn menika nggambaraken bilih laré menika badhe nglampahi gesangipun dinten baka dinten ngantos dugi ing pati. Ing tata cara menika tiyang sepuh mboten nilaraken laré, menika ateges tiyang sepuh badhe tansah ngamping-ampingi putranipun nglampahi gesang samangke. Pangajeng-ajengipun tiyang sepuh inggih supados larénipun tansah nggadhahi krenteg lan semangat nggayuh menapa ingkang dados gegayuhanipun. * [[Kurungan]] – ing tata cara menika laré dilebetaken ing kurungan ayam. Wonten ing saklebeting kurungan wonten mawerni-werni barang lan dolanan. Kurungan ayam menika nggambaraken pagesangan nyata ingkang badhe dipun lampahi laré. Barang-barang wonten ing saklebeting kurungan ingkang badhe dipunpendhet lare menika ggambaraken padamelan ingkang badhe dipunpiji lare sasampunipun diwasa. * Ngedusi laré – toya ingkang dipunginakaken menika dipundhut déning tiyang sepuhipun laré ing wayah dalu, kinten-kinten jam 10-12 dalu lajeng dipunsisihaken dugi enjing. Ing tata cara menika, sakderengipun toya menika dinggé ngedusi larénipun, tiyang sepuh maringi sekar dhateng toyanipun rumiyin. Maknanipun inggih menika supados laré menika saged damel bingahing manah tiyang sepuhipun lan nyebar ganda sae kanggé brayat agengipun. * Maringi udhik-udhik -- udhik-udhik menika arta rincing ingkang dipuncampur mawerni-werni sekar. Udhik-udhik menika lajeng dipunsebar lan dibagekaken dhateng laré-laré lan tiyang diwasa ingkang rawuh ing padatan menika, kanthi pangajeng-ajeng bilih laré menika samangke pikantuk rejeki cekap lan saged ngedumaken rejekinipun dhateng tiyang sekeng. == Rujukan == : [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/ Warisan Budaya Takbenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907030523/http://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2023-09-07 }} : [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/12378/1/Buku%20Panduan%20Penetapan%20Warisan%20Budaya%20Takbenda%20Indonesia%20Tahun%202014.pdf|title=Buku Panduan Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia Tahun 2014|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2014|location=Jakarta}} : [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Katalog_Warisan_Budaya_Takbenda_Indonesia_2018_%28Buku_1%29.pdf|title=Katalog Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia 2018|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2018|location=Jakarta}} : [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/24348/1/Panduan%20pencatatan%2C%20penetapan%2C%20dan%20pengusulan%20warisan%20budaya%20tak%20benda%20indonesia.pdf|title=Panduan Pencatatan, Penetapan, dan Pengusulan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2015|location=Jakarta}} : [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/34299-ID.pdf|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda dan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan|last=Mancacaritadipura|first=Gaura|last2=Wirakartakusumah|first2=Daryl Neng|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2019|location=Jakarta}} == Pranala Njawi == # [https://budaya.jogjaprov.go.id/artikel/detail/78-brokohan-kelahiran Brokohan Kelahiran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224153432/https://budaya.jogjaprov.go.id/artikel/detail/78-brokohan-kelahiran |date=2023-02-24 }} # [https://jbbudaya.jogjabelajar.org/artikel/upacara-adat-puputan-dan-salapan Upacara Adat Puputan danSalapan] # [https://www.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/anisa-rima-fadhilah/tradisi-lokal-jawa-sambut-kelahiran-bayi-c1c2 Tradisi Lokal Jawa Sambut Kelahiran Bayi] [[Kategori:WikiPusaka]] rxlvn70fycetopcxxydpdwp0omskhzc 0 196147 1752069 1751108 2026-08-02T00:48:26Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752069 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Musiyum Menara Gentala Arasy''' inggih punika [[musiyum]] ingkang nggambaraken pangrembakanipun [[Islam|agama Islam]] ing [[Jambi|Provinsi Jambi]] . Musiyum Menara Gentala Arasy inggih punika musiyum ingkang nyuguhaken pangrembakanipun agama Islam ing Jambi. Musiyum punika dipunresmikaken tanggal 28 Maret 2015 déning Wakil Présidhèn RI H. [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla]] . Menara menika minangka pralambang bilih Kutha Jambi Seberang minangka pusat pendidikan Islam. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://10.24.26.63/museum/profile/museum+menara+gentala+arasy|title=Museum Menara Gentala Arasy - Sistem Registrasi Nasional Museum|website=Sistem Registrasi Nasional Museum Kemdikbud|language=en|access-date=2024-05-18}}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Museum Menara Gentala Arasy dumadi saka [[menara]] sing nglambangake Kutha Jambi minangka pusat pendidikan agama Islam. Jeneng Gentala Arasy asale saka tembung ''gentala'' sing artine lonceng harmonis lan tembung arasy yaiku papan sing paling dhuwur [[Allah|ing Allah]] . Kajaba iku, Gentala Arasy uga nduweni teges liya minangka akronim saka Genah Tanah Lair Abdurrahman Sayoeti. Tembung " ''genah'' " ing basa Melayu Jambi nuduhake panggonan. Abdurrahman Sayoeti iku mantan gubernur Jambi sing lair ing Jambi, Kutha Seberang lan njabat taun 1989 nganti 1999. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bams.jambiprov.go.id/gentala-arasy-jambi-dan-keistimewaannya/|title=Sejarah Jembatan Gentala Arasy Jambi dan Keistimewaannya|last=Pasla|first=Bambang Niko|date=2023-03-22|website=BAMS|language=id|access-date=2024-05-18|archive-date=2024-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518171701/https://bams.jambiprov.go.id/gentala-arasy-jambi-dan-keistimewaannya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Musiyum Menara Gentala Arasy dibangun minangka kenang-kenangan kanggo [[Pariwisata|para wisatawan]] sing ngunjungi [[Kutha Jambi]] . Koleksi musiyum arupi foto-foto [[Ngulama|ulama]], tinggalan [[Kagunan|seni]] budaya Islam, tinggalan arsitektur Islam, [[Naskah|teks]] pendidikan Islam, lan teks [[Sajarah|sejarah]] Menara Gentala Arasy . Kepemilikan Musiyum Menara Gentala Arasy dipunparingaken dhateng Pemprov Jambi, dene pangurusipun dipunparingaken dhateng Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Jambi. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://rumahbelajar.id/Media/Dokumen/5cff5ee7b646044330d686cd/9d1f628b443fbe96e99a3f02a7291055.pdf|title=Katalog Museum Indonesia Jilid I|last=Rusmiyati, dkk.|date=2018|publisher=Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman|isbn=978-979-8250-67-5|location=Jakarta|pages=114}}</ref> Museum Menara Gentala Arasy dumunung ing kecamatan Arab Melayu, Pelayangan, [[Kutha Jambi]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liawisata.com/2019/09/07/keindahan-museum-gentala-arasy-di-jambi/|title=Keindahan Museum Gentala Arasy Di Jambi|last=liawisata|date=2019-09-07|website=LIAWISATA|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618111201/https://www.liawisata.com/2019/09/07/keindahan-museum-gentala-arasy-di-jambi/|archive-date=2020-06-18|dead-url=yes|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> Luwih tepaté, ing pinggir Kali Batanghari . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://wisato.id/wisata-budaya/jalan-jalan-lengkap-ke-menara-gentala-arasy/|title=Jalan-Jalan Lengkap ke Menara Gentala Arasy|last=ken|date=2019-10-03|website=Destinasi Travel Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619051326/https://wisato.id/wisata-budaya/jalan-jalan-lengkap-ke-menara-gentala-arasy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Penamaan == Jeneng Gentala Arasy asale saka telung tembung, yaiku ''genta'' sing tegese swara, ''tala'' sing tegese harmoni, lan arasy sing tegese kumandhang menyang [[langit]] . Dados tegesipun Genta Arasy inggih menika unen-unen ingkang salaras lan gumunggung ing langit. Swara iki asale saka lonceng Menara Gentala Arasy kang ndadekake swara minangka tandha wektu sholat fardhu kanggo [[Muslim|umat Islam]] ing [[Kutha Jambi]] . <ref name=":1"/> == Panggonan == Museum Menara Gentala Arasy dumunung ing Arab Melayu, Pelayangan, Kutha Jambi, Provinsi Jambi. <ref name=":0"/> Lokasi Museum Menara Gentala Arasy ana ing pinggir kali Batanghari . <ref name=":1"/> == Keunikan == Unikipun Museum Menara Gentala Arasy inggih menika ruwangan [[musiyum]] menika boten ageng sanget kanthi wujudipun kados [[Bunderan|bunder]] . Ruangan iki digunakake kanggo nampilake koleksi museum. Liyane sing unik ing Museum Menara Gentala Arasy yaiku nduweni koleksi [[Bedhug|drum]] lan [[Kuran|Al-Quran]] sing akeh banget. Kekalihipun minangka pratandha bilih [[kutha Jambi]] kalebet perangan ingkang wigati wonten ing [[Sajarah|sejarah]] pangrembakanipun [[Islam|agama Islam]] ing [[Indhonésia|Indonesia]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.koran-jakarta.com/sehat-dan-bermanfaat-di-gentala-arasy-jambi/|title=Sehat dan Bermanfaat di Gentala Arasy Jambi|last=Koran Jakarta|first=|date=18-05-2019|website=koran-jakarta.com|access-date=18-06-2020}}</ref> == Koleksi == [[Barkas:Gntl_Arsy.jpg|jmpl|293x293px| Menara Gentala Arsy]] Museum Menara Gentala Arasy nduweni koleksi paling ora 100 koleksi. Sawetara koleksi kasebut dipikolehi saka hibah, tumbas lan utangan saka institusi liyane sing bisa ditarik maneh kapan wae. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://payolebarnews.com/read/wisata/jejak-islam-di-jambi-lewat-museum-gentala-arasy|title=Jejak Islam di Jambi Lewat Museum Gentala Arasy|website=payolebarnews.com|language=en|access-date=2024-05-18|archive-date=2024-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518191604/https://payolebarnews.com/read/wisata/jejak-islam-di-jambi-lewat-museum-gentala-arasy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Koleksi musiyum punika arupi kitab-kitab suci, kain kafan, selendang, jubah kagunganipun [[Sri Sultan Mangkubumi]] . [[Mangkok|bokor]], lan [[Koin|dhuwit recehan]] kuna . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://traverse.id/modern/menara-gentala-arasy-tahta-indah-di-bantaran-sungai-batanghari/@himsaifanah|title=Menara Gentala Arasy: Tahta Indah di Bantaran Sungai Batanghari {{!}} Traverse.id|last=Traverse|first=Indonesia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> Dhuwit recehan iki biasane peninggalan mata uang saka jaman kolonial Walanda. Iki nuduhake yen Jambi minangka wilayah sing sadurunge dikuwasani [[Walanda]] . Sawetara dhuwit recehan kasebut ana tulisan Nederlandsch Indie kanthi gambar mahkota lan gandum, banjur ana uga sing gambar Pulo Inggris ing [[Sumatra]] wiwit taun 1804. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sumut/budaya/d-6707756/melihat-koleksi-peninggalan-peradaban-islam-di-museum-gentala-arasy-jambi|title=Melihat Koleksi Peninggalan Peradaban Islam di Museum Gentala Arasy Jambi|last=Sanjaya|first=Dimas|website=detiksumut|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-05-18|archive-date=2024-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518163316/https://www.detik.com/sumut/budaya/d-6707756/melihat-koleksi-peninggalan-peradaban-islam-di-museum-gentala-arasy-jambi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Koleksi museum dipajang ing ruangan bunder. Kolèksi-koleksi kang ana gegayutan karo pangrembakané agama Islam ing [[Nusantara|Nuswantara]], Melayu, lan [[Budaya|kabudayan]] [[bathik]] . Kajaba iku, uga ana kumpulan program rencana pembangunan [[Kutha Jambi]] bebarengan karo piranti-piranti kang digunakake nalika mbangun Gentala Arasy . Koleksi utama museum iki yaiku [[Kuran|Al-Quran]] lan [[Bedhug|drum]] gedhe. <ref name=":2"/> Menara Gentala Arasy minangka bagéan paling misuwur ing Museum Menara Gentala Arasy amarga gaya [[Arsitèktur|arsitektur]] sing khas budaya Arab . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realitabengkulu.co.id/2019/02/gentala-arasy-memancarkan-suara-jambi.html|title=Gentala Arasy Memancarkan Suara Jambi|website=RealitaBengkulu.co.id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618114427/https://www.realitabengkulu.co.id/2019/02/gentala-arasy-memancarkan-suara-jambi.html|archive-date=2020-06-18|dead-url=yes|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> Menara iki dibangun wiwit taun 2011 nganti 2014 déning [[Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi Jambi]] . Dhuwuré menara iki 80 [[Mèter|meter]] . <ref name=":3"/> Miturut Junaidi, Menara Gentala Arasy dhewe minangka gagasan [[Gubernur]] [[Jambi]] Hasan Basri Agus kanggo Kutha Jambi Seberang . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simpangkeris.jambikota.go.id/peta/menara-gentala-arasy-dan-taman-tanggo-rajo|title=SIMPANG KERIS {{!}} Menara Gentala Arasy dan Taman Tanggo Rajo|website=simpangkeris.jambikota.go.id|access-date=2024-05-18|archive-date=2024-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518170047/https://simpangkeris.jambikota.go.id/peta/menara-gentala-arasy-dan-taman-tanggo-rajo|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dolan maring == Regane tiket mlebu isih terjangkau, mung Rp 3 ewu saben wong, bisa njelajah warisan sejarah lan budaya Kutha Jambi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manggisnews.com/travel/61341428/museum-menara-gentala-arasy-merenungkan-jejak-islam-dan-budaya-melayu-jambi|title=Museum Menara Gentala Arasy, Merenungkan Jejak Islam dan Budaya Melayu Jambi - Manggis News|website=www.manggisnews.com|access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref> Museum iki mbukak saben dina kajaba preian nasional # Senen - Jum'at wiwit jam 07.30 - 17.00 WIB # Setu - Minggu wiwit jam 07.30 - 13.00 WIB. <ref name=":4"/> == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Kutha Jambi]] [[Kategori:Musiyum ing Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Musiyum]] pa2gapyn2mnp9jmz1ee3hmdzlgr5mp2 0 196270 1752096 1677026 2026-08-02T07:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752096 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg|jmpl|250x250px|Pusat data ARSAT (2014)]] Pusat data inggih punika satunggaling gedung, ruang ingkang dipun-khususaken wonten salebetipun satunggaling gedung, utawi kelompok gedung<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/27/technology/cloud-computing-brings-sprawling-centers-but-few-jobs-to-small-towns.html|title=Cloud Computing Brings Sprawling Centers, but Few Jobs|date=August 27, 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|quote=data center .. a giant .. facility .. 15 of these buildings, and six more .. under construction}}</ref> ingkang dipun-ginakaken kangge nyimpen sistem komputer lan komponenipun, kados ta sistem [[telekomunikasi]] lan [[panyimpenan komputer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/20/realestate/postings-from-manhattan-to-montvale.html|title=From Manhattan to Montvale|date=April 20, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/dell-sees-double-with-data-center-in-a-container/|title=Dell Sees Double With Data Center in a Container|author=Ashlee Vance|author-link=Ashlee Vance|date=December 8, 2008|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Amargi operasi [[Tèknologi informasi|TI]] wigati sanget kangge kalajenganing bisnis, pusat data lumrahipun ngandhut komponen lan infrastruktur cadangan utawi pendukung kangge [[pawontening listrik]], sambungan komunikasi [[data]], kontrol lingkungan (contohipun, [[air conditioner]], pemadam kebakaran), lan maneka piranti keamanan. Satunggaling pusat data ageng inggih punika operasi skala industri ingkang ngginakaken [[listrik]] semanten kathahipun kaliyan satunggaling kitha alit.<ref name="NYT92212">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html|title=Power, Pollution and the Internet|author=James Glanz|date=September 22, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2012-09-25}}</ref> Konsumsi listrik pusat data global ingkang diestimasi ing taun 2022 inggih punika 240-340 [[TWh]], utawi kirang langkung 1-1.3% saking permintaan listrik global. Angka punika boten kalebet energi ingkang dipun-ginakaken kangge nambang [[mata uang kripto]], ingkang diestimasi kirang langkung 110 TWh ing taun 2022, utawi tambahan 0.4% saking permintaan listrik global.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/data-centres-and-data-transmission-networks|title=Data centres & networks|website=IEA|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-10-07}}</ref> Standar Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi kangge Pusat Data<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tia-942.org/|title=TIA-942 Certified Data Centers - Consultants - Auditors - TIA-942.org|website=www.tia-942.org|access-date=2024-06-15|archive-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103114509/http://www.tia-942.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> saking ''Telecommunications Industry Associatio''n netepaken syarat minimal kangge infrastruktur telekomunikasi pusat data lan ruang komputer kalebet pusat data perusahaan panyewa tunggal lan pusat data hosting Internet panyewa kathah. Topologi ingkang dipunkajengaken ing dokumen punika dipunangkah saged ditrapaken kangge pusat data mawi ukuran menapa kemawon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tiaonline.org/standards|title=Telecommunications Standards Development|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106042758/http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|access-date=November 7, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Telcordia GR-3160, NEBS Requirements for ''Telecommunications Data Center Equipment and Spaces'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-3160&|title=GR-3160 - Telecommunications Data Center - Telcordia|website=telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net}}</ref> nyukani panduan kangge ruang pusat data ing salebeting jaringan telekomunikasi, lan syarat lingkungan kangge peralatan ingkang badhe dipunpasang ing ruang-ruang punika. Kriteria punika dipunrembag sesarengan dening Telcordia lan wakil industri. Kriteria punika saged ditrapaken ing ruang pusat data ingkang nyimpen peralatan pemrosesan data utawi teknologi informasi. Peralatan punika saged dipun-ginakaken kangge: * Ngoperasikaken lan ngelola jaringan telekomunikasi operator * Nyukani aplikasi adhedhasar pusat data langsung dhateng para pelanggan operator * Nyukani aplikasi ingkang di-host kangge pihak katiga kangge nyukani layanan dhateng para pelanggane * Nyukani kombinasi saking aplikasi pusat data punika lan sanesipun ingkang sami == Sitiran == 2i21bi6vey0o726iwzlc2ss0w8s06k5 0 198672 1752122 1729639 2026-08-02T08:49:37Z Ris00l may00 65151 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 1752122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''َMusiyum Gunung Mrapi''' (Carakan: ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦩꦿꦥꦶ) minangka salah sawijining papan ''edukasi'' lan wisata géologi sing mapan ing Kaliurang, [[Kabupatèn Sléman]], [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|Daérah Istimewa Yogyakarta]]. Musiyum iki nglumpukaké ''informasi'' babagan gunung ''api'', utamané ''aktivitas'' Gunung Mrapi, lan dirancang kanggo nambah ''kesadaran'' masarakat babagan anceman bencana ''vulkanik'' lan upaya mitigasiné.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hiburan/museum-gunungapi-merapi-buka-lagi-setelah-selesai-renovasi-bisa-lihat-apa-saja--1186913|title=Museum Gunungapi Merapi Buka Lagi setelah Selesai Renovasi, Bisa Lihat Apa Saja?|date=28 Desember 2024 {{!}} 08.45 WIB|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref>[[File:Museum Gunungapi Merapi (1).jpg|thumb|Museum Gunungapi Merapi ]]Musiyum iki dirésmèkaké tanggal 1 Oktober [[2009]] lan diadegaké minangka bagèan saka upaya èdukasi lan mitigasi bencana ''vulkanik''. Pembangunan musiyum iki digagas sawisé letusan Gunung Merapi ing taun 2006 sing nyebabaké karusakan lan korban jiwa, minangka pangéling-éling lan pangajaran kanggo générasi sabanjuré. == Arsitektur lan Tata Ruang == [[Musiyum]] Gunung Mrapi nduwèni ''desain'' ''arsitektur'' sing adhédhasar ''filosofi'' budaya lokal''.'' Bangunané kegambar kaya bentuk kerucut sing nggambaraké gunung lan makili struktur tradisional Jawa-Hindu; sirah, awak, lan sikil. ''Tata letak'' wangunan kasebut dirancang manut garis imajinèr saka "Gunung Merapi" nganti "Segara Kidul", sing nuduhaké konsep kosmologi Jawa. Ruang pamèran diperang dadi sawetara ''zona'', kalebu ''zona'' sejarah ''letusan'', ''zona edukasi kegunungapian'', lan ''zona dokumenter''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya.jogjaprov.go.id/berita/detail/1027-implementasi-budaya-lokal-pada-arsitektur-museum-gunungapi-merapi|title=IMPLEMENTASI BUDAYA LOKAL PADA ARSITEKTUR MUSEUM GUNUNGAPI MERAPI|website=budaya.jogjaprov.go.id|language=id|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref> ''Arsitektur'' iki uga dipengaruhi déning ''filosofi'' Tri Mandala, yaiku pambagian ruang utama, madya, lan nista, sing nggambaraké hamoni antarané alam, manungsa, lan ''spiritualitas''. ''Arsitektur'' iki ora mung ngandhut nilai ''estetika'' nanging uga nyampuraké ''fungsi'' lan ''spiritual'', amarga tata ruangé diarahaké supaya pengunjung éling marang posisi alam lan budaya. ''Konsep'' wangunan iki uga nggabungaké ''nilai simbolis'' supaya bisa narik kawigatèn pengunjung saka latar budaya lan umur sing béda. == Koleksi lan Fasilitas == Musiyum iki nyedhiyakaké pirang-pirang kolèksi, kalebu ''foto'' lan ''video'' ''dokumentasi'' ''letusan'' "[[Gunung Merapi]]", ''model mini'' gunung ''berapi'', ''alat peraga simulasi erupsi'', lan ''perlengkapan mitigasi bencana''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/seputar-yogyakarta/museum-gunung-merapi-daya-tarik-jam-buka-harga-tiket-dan-info-lainnya-21diCN5tuUv|title=Museum Gunung Merapi: Daya Tarik, Jam Buka, Harga Tiket, dan Info Lainnya|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref>. Ana uga ''mini teater'' sing nyedhiyakaké ''tontonan dokumenter edukatif''. ''Renovasi'' sing ditindakaké ngasilaké tampilan anyar lan nambah ''daya tarik visual'' kanggo pangunjung.<ref name=":0" /> Salah sawijining ''fasilitas'' anyar yaiku ''film'' "Cerita Langit" sing bisa ditonton ''pengunjung'' ing ''zona audiovisual''. ''Film'' iki nampilaké ''kombinasi informasi ilmiah'' lan ''elemen'' budaya lokal<ref name=":0" />. Musiyum uga dijangkepi ''fasilitas umum'' kayata mushola, kamar mandi, papan istirahat, lan ''area'' parkir.<ref name=":1" /> Kejaba saka fasilitas kasebut, musiyum uga nawakaké ruang ''informasi interaktif'' lan ''galeri foto'' lawas sing nuduhaké ''transformasi'' Gunung Merapi saka jaman ning jaman. Saben taun, musiyum iki kerep ''dikunjungi'' siswa-siswa saka [[Sekolah dhasar|sekolah dasar]] nganthi perguruan tinggi kanggo nampa panjelasan langsung saka pemandhu musiyum lan ''nonton film edukatif''. Kegiyatan ''edukasi'' kasebut kerep digandhèngaké karo sekolah lan komunitas lokal. == Informasi Akses == Musiyum Gunung Mrapi buka saben dina kecuali dina Senin. Jam operasional musiyum iki yaiku saka jam 08.00 nganti 15.30 WIB saben dina Selasa nganti Kemis lan dina Sebtu lan Minggu, déné khusus dina [[Jumuwah|Jumat]] mung nganti jam 14.30 WIB. Kanggo tarif mlebu, wisatawan domèstik dikenani biaya Rp. 5.000, déné wisatawan mancanegara Rp. 10.000. Kanthi lokasi sing cedhak karo kawasan wisata Kaliurang, musiyum iki dadi salah siji titik mampir ''favorit'' kanggo wisatawan lokal lan nasiyonal. Keberadaané nyengkuyung pariwisata ''edukatif'' lan ''ekonomi'' ''warga sekitar''. Musiyum iki gampang digayuh saka pusat kutha Yogyakarta, kira-kira 25 KM arah lor, lan bisa ''ditempuh'' nganggo ''kendaraan pribadi'' utawa ''angkutan umum''. Lokasi sing ''strategis'' iki ndadekaké musiyum gampang ''diakses'' déning wisatawan lokal lan mancanegara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Musiyum ing Yogyakarta]] [[Kategori:Gunung Merapi]] [[Kategori:Kabupaten Sleman]] k4hvwnljl9z01sjoql52tdys13m1u3v 0 199004 1752095 1747975 2026-08-02T07:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa | honorific-suffix = | image = Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa, Menteri Keuangan (2025).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Purbaya ing taun 2025 | office = Pratélan Mantri Artakarya Indonésia{{!}}Mantri Kauangan Indonésia | order = kaping 30 | term_start = 8 September 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Sri Mulyani]] | president = [[Prabowo Subianto]] | lieutenant = [[Suahasil Nazara]]<br>[[Thomas Djiwandono]]<br>[[Anggito Abimanyu]] | office1 = Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan{{!}}Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan | order1 = kaping 4 | term_start1 = 3 September 2020 | term_end1 = 8 September 2025 | president1 = [[Joko Widodo]]<br>Prabowo Subianto | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = Halim Alamsyah | successor1 = [[Didik Madiyono]] (Plt.) | office2 = [[PT Danareksa|Dirèktur Utama PT Danareksa Sekuritas]] | order2 = | term_start2 = April 2006 | term_end2 = Oktober 2008 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|7|7}} | birth_place = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Kutha Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], Indonesia | birthname = | occupation = {{hlist|Ékonom|Insinyur}} | spouse = Ida Yulidina | children = 2 | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (Ir.)|[[Universitas Purdue]] (M.Sc. & Ph.D)}} | parents = | father = drh. J. Soegiri | mother = Prof. Dr. drh. Nawangsari Soegiri | party = | otherparty = | signature = Signature Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa.png | website = }} '''Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kutha Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]]|7|7|1964}}) inggih punika satunggaling ékonom lan insinyur Indonésia ingkang sapunika njabat minangka Mantri Kauangan Républik Indonésia wiwit 8 Sèptèmber 2025 ing sangandhapipun Présidhèn Prabowo Subianto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/972137/prabowo-lantik-lima-menteri-baru-purbaya-gantikan-sri-mulyani|title=Prabowo lantik lima menteri baru, Purbaya gantikan Sri Mulyani|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=ANTARA News Jawa Timur|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Sadèrèngipun, panjenenganipun njabat minangka Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan saking 2020–2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1742157/purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-resmi-jadi-ketua-dewan-komisioner-lps|title=Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa resmi jadi Ketua Dewan Komisioner LPS|last=antaranews.com|date=2020-09-23|website=Antara News|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> == Pendhidhikan == Panjenenganipun pikantuk gelar Sarjana saking Jurusan Tèknik Èlèktro, Institut Tèknologi Bandung (ITB). Déné gelar Master of Science (MSc) lan gelar Dhoktor ing widang Ilmu Ékonomi dipunpikantuk saking Univèrsitas Purdue, Indiana, Amérika Sarékat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/plain-speaking-economist-purbaya-takes-helm-indonesias-finance-minister-2025-09-09/|title=Plain speaking economist, Purbaya, takes helm as Indonesia's finance minister|last=Suroyo|first=Gayatri|date=2025-09-09|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-09-13|last2=Sulaiman|first2=Stefanno|language=en}}</ref> == Pengalaman == === Karir Profésional === [[Gambar:Purbaya Yudhi KSSK.jpg|thumb|Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa nalika ngrawuhi Rapat Komite Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan (KSSK)]] Sadèrèngipun tumut ing papréntahan, panjenenganipun miwiti karir minangka ''Field Engineer'' ing Schlumberger Overseas SA (1989–1994). Lajeng ing wulan Oktober 2000 dumugi Juli 2005, panjenenganipun dipuntunjuk minangka Ékonom Senior ing Danareksa Research Institute. Salajengipun, panjenenganipun dados Dirèktur Utama PT Danareksa Securities saking April 2006 dumugi Oktober 2008. Panjenenganipun ugi dados ''Chief Economist'' Danareksa Research Institute ing Juli 2005 – Maret 2013, lan minangka Anggota Dhéwan Dirèksi PT Danareksa (Persero) saking Maret 2013 dumugi April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/danareksa-incar-kelola-dana-rp-23-triliun|title=Danareksa incar kelola dana Rp 23 triliun|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2015-01-14|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> === Karir ing Papréntahan === [[Gambar:Ketua DK LPS St Regis.jpg|thumb|Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr LPS Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa nalika Konferènsi Pèrs]] Panjenenganipun miwiti karir papréntahanipun ing Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian. Panjenenganipun dados Staf Khusus Widang Ékonomi Mantri Koordinator Widang Perekonomian, Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian salebetipun 4 taun (2010–2014) kajawi punika panjenenganipun ugi dados Anggota Komite Ékonomi Nasional (2010–2014), lembaga nonstruktural ingkang dipunpandhégani déning Chairul Tandjung.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/41265/perpres-no-22-tahun-2012|title=PERPRES No. 22 Tahun 2012|work=Database Peraturan {{!}} JDIH BPK|access-date=2025-09-13|language=id-ID}}</ref> Ing wulan Maret 2015, panjenenganipun dipuntunjuk minangka Dhéputi III Widang Pangemunah Isu Stratègis, Kantor Staf Présidhèn Républik Indonésia déning Kepala Staf Kaprésidhènan Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kbr.id/nasional/03-2015/luhut_panjaitan_tunjuk_lima_deputi_/69287.html|title=Luhut Panjaitan Tunjuk Lima Deputi - kbr.id|last=Radio|first=Kantor Berita|work=Kantor Berita Radio|access-date=2025-09-13|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627091222/https://kbr.id/nasional/03-2015/luhut_panjaitan_tunjuk_lima_deputi_/69287.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Panjenenganipun namung njabat dumugi Sèptèmber 2015. Lajeng ing Novèmber 2015, Purbaya dipuntunjuk minangka Staf Khusus Widang Ékonomi Mantri Koordinator Widang Pulitik, Hukum lan Kaamanan, Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum dan Keamanan, jabatan punika dipunemban dumugi Juli 2016. Ing taun 2016, panjenenganipun wangsul dhateng Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pereknomian. Panjenenganipun dados Wakil Ketua Satgas Pananganan lan Panyelesaian Kasus (''Debottlenecking''), ingkang langkung misuwur kanthi nama “Pokja IV”, ing sangandhapipun Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian (Juni 2016-2020). Salajengipun, panjenenganipun dipunpindhah dhateng Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman minangka Staf Khusus Widang Ékonomi (Juli 2016–Mèi 2018). Jabatanipun dipunindhakaken dados Dhéputi Widang Koordinasi Kedaulatan Maritim lan Ènèrgi, Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi saking Mèi 2018 dumugi Juni 2020. Salajengipun dipungèsèr dados Dhéputi Widang Koordinasi Kedaulatan Maritim lan Ènèrgi ing wulan Juni 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maritim.go.id/detail/menko-luhut-pimpin-pelantikan-pejabat-pimpinan-tinggi-madya|title=Kemenko Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi|last=abdillah|website=Kemenko Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi|language=en|access-date=2025-09-13|archive-date=2025-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923173214/https://maritim.go.id/detail/menko-luhut-pimpin-pelantikan-pejabat-pimpinan-tinggi-madya|url-status=dead}}</ref> Purbaya dipunlantik minangka Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan saking 2020–2025 ing tanggal 23 Sèptèmber 2020,<ref name=":0" /> panjenenganipun lajeng dipuntunjuk minangka Mantri Kauangan Républik Indonésia nggantosaken Sri Mulyani ing tanggal 8 Sèptèmber 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bisnis.com/read/20250909/638/1909522/perbandingan-rekam-jejak-karier-sri-mulyani-dan-menkeu-baru-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa|title=Perbandingan Rekam Jejak Karier Sri Mulyani dan Menkeu Baru Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa|last=Lestari|first=Hesti Puji|date=2025-09-09|website=Bisnis.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> === Organisasi === Panjenenganipun dados Anggota Dhéwan Pertimbangan Kamar Dhagang lan Industri (2016–2020) lan Anggota Indonesia Economic Forum (2015–). Ing wulan Oktober 2016, panjenenganipun dipuntunjuk minangka Gubernur ''Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries'' (OPEC) saking Indonésia nggantosaken Widhyawan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/berita/nasional/5e9a56c1484ed/luhut-tunjuk-purbaya-gantikan-widhyawan-sebagai-gubernur-opec|title=Luhut Tunjuk Purbaya Sebagai Gubernur OPEC Gantikan Widhyawan - Katadata.co.id|last=Sirait|first=Arnold|date=2016-10-13|website=katadata.co.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> == Kontrovèrsi == Kirang saking 24 jam sasampunipun dipunlantik, Purbaya ngadhepi paling mboten kalih kontrovèrsi ingkang dados sorotan médhia lan masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2025/09/09/154335/3-kontroversi-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-di-tengah-jabatan-baru-sebagai-menteri|title=3 Kontroversi Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa di Tengah Jabatan Baru sebagai Menteri|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> === Pranyatan gegayutan "17+8 Tuntutan Rakyat" === Ing dinten palantikanipun, Purbaya nanggapi gerakan "17+8 Tuntutan Rakyat" ingkang dipunsuwantenaken déning élémèn masarakat sipil. Panjenenganipun mratélakaken bilih tuntutan kasebat inggih punika "swantenipun sakedhik rakyat kita" ingkang mungkin rumaos gesangipun kaganggu utawi taksih kirang. Panjenenganipun gadhah pamanggih bilih tuntutan kasebat badhé ical kanthi otomatis menawi panjenenganipun kasil nyiptakaken pertumbuhan ékonomi 6 dumugi 7 persèn, amargi masarakat badhé "sibuk pados pedamelan lan nedha éca katimbang médhémo”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5096717/menkeu-purbaya-jelaskan-ucapan-yang-tuai-kontroversi-publik|title=Menkeu Purbaya jelaskan ucapan yang tuai kontroversi publik|last=antaranews.com|date=2025-09-09|website=Antara News|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Pranyatan punika nuwuhaken kritik ingkang wiyar saking publik amargi dipunanggep ngremèhaken aspirasi masarakat. Nanggepi prakawis kasebat, Purbaya ngaturaken panyuwunan pangapunten nalika konferènsi pers serah trima jabatan. Panjenenganipun ngakeni taksih adhaptasi kaliyan posisi enggalipun lan nyebat dhirinipun minangka "mantri kagètan" kanthi gaya wicanten ingkang "koboi". Panjenenganipun janji badhé langkung ngatos-atos anggènipun maringi pranyatan ing wekdal salajengipun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.republika.co.id/berita/t2b78v409/permintaan-maaf-menteri-kagetan-purbaya-usai-responsnya-atas-tuntutan-178-tuai-kontroversi|title=Permintaan Maaf 'Menteri Kagetan' Purbaya Usai Responsnya Atas Tuntutan 17+8 Tuai Kontroversi|last=Saubani|first=Andri|date=2025-09-09|website=Republika|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Wonten ing klarifikasi salajengipun, Purbaya nerangaken bilih pranyatanipun dipundhasaraken ing konsèp ékonomi lan pengalamanipun. Miturut panjenenganipun, percepatan pertumbuhan ékonomi mboten badhé langsung njalari inflasi amargi kapasitas ékonomi Indonésia taksih gadhah papan kanggé tuwuh.<ref name=":1" /> === Unggahan Médhia Sosial Putranipun === Kontrovèrsi kaping kalih dugi saking putranipun, Yudo Achilles Sadewa. Setunggal tangkapan layar ingkang dipunkinten asalipun saking akun Instagram Yudo (@yvdos4dewa) viral ing médhia sosial. Wonten ing unggahan kasebat, kaserat ukara ingkang dipunanggep nyindir Sri Mulyani: "Alhamdulillah, bapak kula nglengsèraken agèn CIA Amérika ingkang nyamar dados mantri”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radartv.disway.id/read/28135/anak-menkeu-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-diduga-sindir-sri-mulyani-sebagai-agen-cia-amerika-kontroversi-memanas|title=Anak Menkeu Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa Diduga Sindir Sri Mulyani Sebagai Agen CIA Amerika, Kontroversi Memanas|last=radartvnews.com|website=radartvnews.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Unggahan kasebat sumebar wiyar lan nuwuhaken rembagan publik. Mboten dangu sasampunipun viral, akun Instagram kagunganipun Yudo Sadewa mboten saged dipanggihaken malih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suryamalang.tribunnews.com/news/273654/2-kontroversi-purbaya-baru-dilantik-menkeu-anaknya-sindir-sri-mulyani-agen-cia-ucapan-nirempati|title=2 Kontroversi Purbaya Baru Dilantik Menkeu: Anaknya Sindir Sri Mulyani Agen CIA, Ucapan Nirempati|website=Suryamalang.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> == Réaksi publik lan pasar kauangan == Pranyatan awal Purbaya minangka mantri pikantuk tanggepan saking kathah kalangan. Ékonom lan Pakar Kabijakan Publik UPN Veteran Jakarta, Achmad Nur Hidayat, ngritik sikap Purbaya ingkang dipunanggep kegedhèn rasa pitados dhiri (''overconfidence'') lan ngremèhaken kritik publik. Miturut panjenenganipun, pranyatan kasebat saged maringi sinyal ingkang mbebayani kanggé stabilitas pasar lan nedahaken panyederhanaan prakawis ingkang komplèks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indoposco.id/ekonomi/2025/09/09/overconfident-purbaya-tuai-kontroversi-ekonom-publik-butuhkan-peta-jalan-bukan-retorika|title=Overconfident Purbaya Tuai Kontroversi, Ekonom: Publik Butuhkan Peta Jalan Bukan Retorika|last=Dami|first=Laurens|date=2025-09-09|website=indoposco.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Saking sisih pasar kauangan, analis ngira-ira bilih pelaku pasar badhé mendhet sikap ngentosi (''wait and see'') dhateng kabijakan ingkang badhé dipuntrepaken déning Purbaya. Kahanan mboten mesthi amargi gantosipun pejabat lan pranyatan ingkang kontrovèrsial gadhah potènsi njalari apesipun Indèks Rega Saham Gabungan (IHSG) ing jangka cendhak.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://lombokpost.jawapos.com/ekonomi-bisnis/1506567787/ekonom-ugm-ungkap-hal-yang-harus-diwaspadai-di-balik-strategi-rp200-triliun-menkeu-purbaya|title=Ekonom UGM Ungkap Hal Yang Harus Diwaspadai di Balik Strategi Rp200 Triliun Menkeu Purbaya - Lombok Post|last=Hidayati|first=Nurul|website=Ekonom UGM Ungkap Hal Yang Harus Diwaspadai di Balik Strategi Rp200 Triliun Menkeu Purbaya - Lombok Post|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> == Purbaya Effect (Èfèk Purbaya) == '''''Purbaya Effect''''' inggih punika istilah ingkang dipun-ginakaken déning médhia lan analis kauangan kanggé ngrujuk dhateng réaksi pasar lan éwah-éwahan èkspèktasi kabijakan ékonomi sasampunipun Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa njabat minangka Mantri Kauangan Indonésia ing Sèptèmber 2025. Fénoména punika sacara mirunggan dipungayutaken kaliyan pendekatan kabijakan fiskalipun ingkang dipunanggep langkung agrésif lan fokus ing stimulus pertumbuhan lumantar intervènsi likuiditas, bènten kaliyan kabijakan saderengipun ingkang langkung konservatif.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jurnalzone.id/bedah-purbaya-effect-dampak-dana-rp200-t-bagi-ekonomi/|title=Bedah Purbaya Effect: Dampak Dana Rp200 T bagi Ekonomi|date=2025-09-12|website=Jurnalzone.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13|archive-date=2025-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008205050/https://www.jurnalzone.id/bedah-purbaya-effect-dampak-dana-rp200-t-bagi-ekonomi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katalis utami saking ''Purbaya Effect'' inggih punika kabijakan kapisanipun kanggé ngrélokasi dana Saldo Anggaran Langkung (SAL) kathahipun Rp200 triliun saking Bank Indonésia dhateng bank-bank kagunganipun negari.<ref name=":2" /> Ancas ingkang dipunpratélakaken inggih punika kanggé nambah likuiditas perbankan supados saged nyurung panyaluran krédit. Pendekatan punika konsistèn kaliyan saran kabijakan ingkang naté panjenenganipun aturaken nalika pandemi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergtechnoz.com/detail-news/83736/purbaya-effect-ini-arah-saham-bank-himbara|title=Purbaya Effect: Ini Arah Saham Bank Himbara - Market|website=www.bloombergtechnoz.com|language=en|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Wujud awal saking èfèk punika katingal ing réaksi pasar ingkang manéka warni. Ing dinten kapisan Purbaya njabat, Indèks Rega Saham Gabungan (IHSG) ditutup apes 1,78%, ingkang dipun-atribusikaken déning para analis minangka gambaran kahanan mboten pastinipun invèstor. Sawangsulipun, nilai tukar Rupiah nèdahaken stabilitas rélatif ing périodhe ingkang sami.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20250912123157-17-666450/ihsg-melesat-1-lebih-purbaya-effect-masih-lanjut|title=IHSG Melesat 1% Lebih, Purbaya Effect Masih Lanjut?|last=fsd|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Kabijakan punika nuwuhaken analisis ingkang bènten saking kalangan ékonom. Sapérangan pihak nganggep punika minangka stimulus positip ingkang saged ngandhapaken suku bunga silihan lan ngobahaken sèktor riil. Sawetawis punika, pihak sanès nyuwantenaken kaatos-atosan, kanthi alesan bilih prakawis utaminipun mungkin sanès amargi kirangipun likuiditas, nanging amargi apesipun panyuwunan krédit. Risiko kados potènsi inflasi lan ''moral hazard'' ing sèktor perbankan ugi dados poin ingkang dipunsorot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/bisnis/1848481-dpr-minta-publik-beri-kesempatan-buktikan-purbaya-effect|title=DPR Minta Publik Beri Kesempatan Buktikan Purbaya Effect|last=Nugraha|first=Bayu|date=2025-09-13|website=www.viva.co.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> == Kagesangan pribadi == Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa krama kaliyan Ida Yulidina, ingkang minangka pamenang ajang Wajah Femina ing taun 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/100002470588124/posts/6233572440068380/?mibextid=rS40aB7S9Ucbxw6v|title=me and husband|date=2023-05-31|website=facebook.com|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Saking palakrami punika, kekalihipun dipunpeputra kalih putra, inggih punika Yuda Purboyo Sunu lan Yudo Achilles Sadewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6157367/purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-dari-insinyur-itb-hingga-sepak-terjangnya-sebagai-menteri-keuangan|title=Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa: Dari Insinyur ITB hingga Sepak Terjangnya Sebagai Menteri Keuangan|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-09-12|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Putranipun, Yudo Achilles Sadewa, misuwur minangka satunggaling ''trader'' lan kreator kontèn. Purbaya piyambak naté nyebat Yudo minangka "si bocah trader" wonten ing setunggal unggahan médhia sosial ing taun 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/news/1146143/sosok-yudo-sadewa-anak-menteri-keuangan-baru-main-trading-sejak-smp-kini-sudah-berpenghasilan|title=Sosok Yudo Sadewa Anak Menteri Keuangan Baru, Main Trading Sejak SMP Kini Sudah Berpenghasilan|website=Tribunjabar.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> == Bandha kakayaan == Adhedhasar Lapuran Bandha Kakayaan Panyelenggara Negari (LHKPN) ingkang dipunaturaken dhateng Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) ing tanggal 11 Maret 2025 kanggé périodhe 2024, total bandha kakayaanipun Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa kacathet gunggungipun Rp39.210.000.000. Wonten ing lapuran kasebat, Purbaya kacathet mboten gadhah utang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/business/economy/harta-kekayaan-menkeu-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-mencapai-rp39-2-m-00-4zd95-yfmw2y|title=Harta Kekayaan Menkeu Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa Mencapai Rp39,2 M|last=Pranasdita|first=Indira|date=2025-09-09|website=IDN Times|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Ing ngandhap punika rincian saking bandha kakayaan kasebat: * '''Siti lan Wangunan''' Total regi asèt siti lan wangunan kagunganipun Purbaya dumugi Rp30.500.000.000. Sedaya asèt properti punika mapan ing Kitha Jakarta Kidul lan dipunlapuraken minangka asil piyambak. Rincianipun inggih punika: ** Siti lan Wangunan wiyaripun 2.152 m²/400 m² reginipun Rp13.000.000.000. ** Siti lan Wangunan wiyaripun 120 m²/100 m² reginipun Rp1.500.000.000. ** Siti wiyaripun 1.787 m² reginipun Rp16.000.000.000. * '''Piranti Transportasi lan Mesin''' Purbaya nglapuraken bilih panjenenganipun gadhah enem unit tetunggangan (kendaraan) kanthi total regi Rp3.606.000.000. Sedaya tetunggangan punika ugi dipunlapuraken minangka asil piyambak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insertlive.com/lifestyle/20250910071704-210-379592/adu-isi-garasi-menkeu-baru-purbaya-yudhi-vs-mantan-menkeu-sri-mulyani|title=Adu Isi Garasi Menkeu Baru Purbaya Yudhi vs Mantan Menkeu Sri Mulyani|last=ARM|website=lifestyle|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref> Rincianipun inggih punika: ** Mobil Mercedes-Benz Sedan taun 2008, reginipun Rp200.000.000. ** Mobil BMW Jeep taun 2019, reginipun Rp1.600.000.000. ** Mobil Toyota Alphard Minibus taun 2019, reginipun Rp1.000.000.000. ** Mobil Peugeot Jeep New 5008 taun 2019, reginipun Rp730.000.000. ** Motor Yamaha XMAX BG6 AT taun 2018, reginipun Rp55.000.000. ** Motor Honda Vario 125 taun 2021, reginipun Rp21.000.000. * '''Asèt Sanèsipun''' ** Bandha Obah Sanèsipun: reginipun Rp684.000.000. ** Kas lan Setara Kas: reginipun Rp4.200.000.000. ** Surat Berharga: reginipun Rp220.000.000. == Pirsani uga == * [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati|Sri Mulyani]] * [[Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commonscat|Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadewa, Purbaya Yudhi}} [[Kategori:Mantri Ardana Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Bogor]] {{indo-bio-stub}} h8s1qwga7ygcdb9oeadlbn4rcxcdgaq 0 199071 1752160 1737958 2026-08-02T11:50:46Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincenzo Pasquale Angelo Petrocelli''' (Cervaro, 6 Juli 1823 – Napoli, 2 Februari 1896) iku sawijining pelukis Italia. Dadi profesor kehormatan ing [[Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli|Akademi Seni Rupa Napoli]] lan sawetara akademi manca, lan nampa patronase saka [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II saka Rong Sisilia]]. == Biografi == Vincenzo Pasquale Angelo Petrocelli, kadhangkala ditulis minangka ‘‘Petroccelli’’{{cita libro|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/L_Accademia_di_belle_arti_di_Napoli_1752/HrVtAAAAIAAJ|título=L’Accademia di belle arti di Napoli (1752-1952)|taun=1953|pangripta=Costanza Lorenzetti|penerbit=F. Le Monnier|kaca=267}}, lair ing [[Cervaro (munisipalitas)|Cervaro]] ing [[Karajan Rong Sisilia]]. Dheweke dadi yatim enom, lan nalika umur 18 mlebu [[Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli]], sinau karo [[Domenico Morelli (pelukis)|Domenico Morelli]][https://archive.org/stream/domenicomorellin00levi#page/105/mode/1up P. Levi, ‘‘Domenico Morelli, nella vita e nell’arte’’, Roma-Torino, Roux e Viarengo, 1906, k. 105]. Debut ing ‘‘Esposizione Borbonica’’ taun 1839 lan melu maneh ing 1841, 1848 lan 1851 (’’Ginevra genuflessa…’’, ‘‘Morte di Galeazzo Sforza’’, ‘‘Isabella di Firenze’’, ‘‘Una famiglia di neofiti sorpresa dalle guardie pretoriane’’). Sawisé 1850 tekan kematangan artistik; ing 1851 nggambar ’’[[Potreté dhuk N.B. Yusupov enom]]’’ (saiki ana ing [[Musiyum Ermitage]]). Dheweke mèlu ‘‘Esposizione Nazionale d’arte di Napoli’’ (1877){{cita web|url=http://www.istitutomatteucci.it/dizionario-degli-artisti/petrocelli-vincenzo|título=Dizionario degli artisti: Vincenzo Petrocelli|situs=Istituto Matteucci|akses=12 Juli 2018}}, lan bareng Morelli dipilih kanggo fresko ing [[Candhi San Francesco (Gaeta)|Candhi San Francesco]] ing Gaeta. Dheweke seda ing [[Napoli]] taun 1896. Anake loro, [[Achille Petrocelli|Achille]] lan [[Arturo Petrocelli|Arturo]], uga dadi pelukis.[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Bibliografia_per_la_storia_delle_arti_fi/mMAnTy1usikC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Arturo+Petrocelli&pg=PA464&printsec=frontcover G. Ceci, ‘‘Bibliografia per la storia delle arti figurative nell’Italia’’, 1937, k. 464] Karyane utamané nggambar adegan sajarah, potret lan [[lukisan genre]][http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/benezit/B00140020 ‘‘Benezit Dictionary of Artists’’, entri: Petrocelli, Vincenzo Pasquale Angelo, Oxford Art Online]. [[Vincenzo Gemito]] ing taun 1869 nggawé potret terracotta saka dheweke.[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vincenzo-gemito_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ E. Bianchi, ‘‘Gemito, Vincenzo’’, ing ‘‘Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani’’, jilid 53, Roma, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 2000] [[Barkas:Vincenzo_Petrocelli,_Hermitage_Museum,_Portrait_of_Young_Duke_N.B._Yusupov.jpg|jmpl|’’Potret [[Nikolaj Borisovič Yusupov|Nikolaj Yusupov]]’’, [[Musiyum Ermitage]], [[St. Petersburg]]]] == Karya ing musiyum == * Koleksi Kraton saka Casa Savoia. * [[Musiyum Ermitage]], [[St. Petersburg]][https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/128699/?lng=enu ‘‘Portrait of Young Duke N.B. Yusupov’’, 1851, Hermitage Museum]. * [[Reggia di Caserta]][https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1500088906 ‘‘Bice nel Castello di Rosato’’, 1860, Catalogo ICCD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212150240/https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1500088906 |date=2023-02-12 }}. * [[Musiyum Nasional Capodimonte]][https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1500325020 ‘‘Devoti in preghiera’’, 1849, Catalogo ICCD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126180216/https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1500325020 |date=2025-01-26 }}. == Panghargaan == {{Onorificenze|immagine=Cavaliere OCI BAR.svg|nama_penghargaan=Ksatria Ordo Mahkota Italia|collegamento_onorificenza=Ordo Mahkota Italia|motivazione=amarga jasa seni}} 3qum83gi5spjz19o9gpicy7ue5ewfx3 0 199357 1752118 1739031 2026-08-02T08:46:41Z Candramawa99 61839 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1752118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gréja Katedral Semarang''' utawa Gréja Katedral Santa Perawan Maria Ratu Rosario Suci iku salah siji gréja [[Katulik]] sing ana ing Semarang. Gréja Katedral iki wis dadi panggonan sembahyang wong-wong Katulik wiwit 86 taun kepungkur tekan saiki. [[Barkas:Gereja Katedral Santa Perawan Maria Ratu Rosario Suci.jpg|ka|267x267px]] Gréja Katedral iki mapan ana ing dalan Pandanaran No. 9, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Gréja iki ana ing sacedhake Tugu Muda ing kalurahan Randusari, [[Semarang]]. Ora adoh saka gréja iki ana [[Lawang Sewu|gedhong Lawang Sewu]], Museum Mandala Bhakti, lan Pasar Bulu. Gréja Katedral nganakake pangibadah saben Setu lan Minggu. Ing dina Setu ambal ping pindho ing wayah sore, wanci 16.30 WIIK lan 18.30 WIIK; dene ing dina Minggu ampal ping papat, wanci 06.00 WIIK, 08.00 WIIK, 16.30 WIIK, 18.30 WIIK. Kajaba gedhong gréja sing dinggo ngibadah, ana sawetara panggonan tunggal pekarangan karo Gréja Katedral kaya ta, taman pandonga Bunda Maria, taman jiarah, kantor gréja, lan papan panggonan romo. Gréja iki duwe papan kanggo tunggangan para umat lan pangurus paroki sing amba ana ing pekarangan kiwa gedhong lan ana uga ing pekarangan tengen gréja. Papan kanggo tunggangane umat ana ing sakiwane gedhong gréja, dene papan kanggo tunggangane para uskup lan paroki ana ing tengen gedhong gréja kang wis ditata kanthi trapsila. Ing pinggir pekarangan sakiwane regol ana maneka warna papan kanggo ngumumake katrangan sesambungan karo kegiyatan gréja. Kabeh katata kanthi pèni lan resik. == Sajarah == [[Barkas:Pintu_Utama_Gereja_Katedral_Semarang.jpg|al=|ka|251x251px|Lawang ngarep mlebu Gréja Katedral]] Nalika tanggal 28 Dhésèmber 1808 salah siji rama saka [[Walanda]], Rama Lambertus Prinsen, Pr, teka ing Semarang. Tanggal 20 September 1843 Batavia ditetepake minangka Vicariat Apostolic dening Tahta Suci lan Mgr. Jacobus Grooff Suriname dikukuhake dadi Vicaris Apostolic. Ing wektu iku Vicariat Apostolic Batavia duwe telung paroki gedhé, yaiku Batavia, Semarang lan Surabaya. Paroki Semarang pusate ana ing Gedangan sing mayungi telung gréja stasi, yaiku Candi (1915), Randusari (1927) dan Bangkong (1932). Ing taun 1920 pasamuwan Katulik sangsaya ngrembaka mulane paroki Semarang tuku lemah lan gedhong ing Randusari tanggal 26 Januari 1927. Gedhong sing dhisike digunakake kanggo gedhong kesehatan “Dienst voor Volkgezondheid” pungkasane digunakake kanggo ngibadah pasamuwan Katulik. Sawise didandani tanggal 9 Oktober 1927 gedhong gréja iki diberkahi dening Mgr. Antonius van Velsen, Vicaris Apostolic Batavia ing wetu iku, kaya kang kasebut ing Cronologisch Overzicht Missie van N.O.I sing disusun dening Rama Antonius van Aernsbergen, SJ. Gedhong gréja iki dadi panandha wiwitane jiarah iman ing Stasi Randusari. Wiwit iku, 9 Oktober diarani tanggal lair gréja Katedral Semarang. Sawise ana telung wong sing dibaptis tanggal 15 Januari 1928 dening Rama Josephus Hoeberechts, SJ lan wali baptis Henricus Makiban, pasamuwan Katulik ing greja iki sangsaya tuwuh lan ngrembaka. Tanggal 1 Mei 1930 Stasi Randusari katetepake dadi paroki bareng karo dikukuhake “Het R.K. Kerk en Armbestuur van de Kerk van O. L. Vrouw v.d. Allerheilingsten Rozenkrans” (Pengurus Gréja dan Pengurus Dana Sekeng). Paroki Randusari iki diladeni dening para rama Jesuit lan Rama Josephus Hoeberechts, SJ diangkat minangka Voorzitter lan Penningmeester (Rama Kepala dan Bendahara) dan Rama Josephus Dieben SJ minangka juru tulis. Tanggal 25 Juni 1940 Semarang dadi Vikariat Apostolik lan dadi gréja diwasa, pisah saka Vikariat Batavia. Gréja Santa Perawan Maria Ratu Rosario Suci dipilih dadi Gréja Uskup (Katedral). Tanggal 4 Agustus 1940 [[Mgr. Albertus Soegijapranata]], S.J diangkat dadi Uskup Semarang kapisan lan ditahbisake minangka Uskup tanggal 6 Oktober 1940 lan manggon ing omah rama ing Gedangan. Gréja Katedral iki ura mung dadi gréja paling tua ing Semarang, nanging uga ngemu sajarah lan migunani nalika wong-wong Semarang ngupaya kamardikan lan nglawan prajurit Walanda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2024/12/25/104219778/sejarah-gereja-katedral-semarang-saksi-perjuangan-kemerdekaan-ri|title=Sejarah Gereja Katedral Semarang, Saksi Perjuangan Kemerdekaan RI|last=Dafi Yusuf|first=Muchamad|date=2024-12-24|work=Kompas.com|access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Salah sijining panggedhe ing gréja iki nyengkuyung perjuangan bangsa Indonesia, jenenge Mgr. [[Albertus Soegijapranata]], SJ. Mulane Soegijapranata, uskup kaping pisan ing Gréja Katedral, misuwur minangka pahlawan nasional. Nalika iku, [[Jepang]] ngupaya ngrebut gréja iki lan arep ndadekake gréja iki minangka markas prajurit perang Jepang. Albertus Soegijapranata kadhapuk ayahan penting sajroning paprangan gedhé ing Semarang sing kondhang kasebut "paprangan limang dina Semarang". Ing wektu iku dhèwèke ndhelikaké prajurit Indonesia ing Gréja Katedral iki cikben slamet saka uber-uberaning penjajah. Gréja Katedral uga dadi panggon ndelehake logistik kanggo wong-wong Semarang. Ing sajroning upayaning Soegijapranata kanggo njaga lan nggondhèli gréja supaya ora direbut dening Jepang nganthi direwangi toh nyawa. Kahanan politik sing ora mesthi ing mangsa iku, keuskupan sing dipimpin Soegijapranata kepeksa pindah menyang Ngayogyakarta minangka penyengkuyunging paguyuban Katulik lan keuskupan marang pemerintah Indonesia. [[Barkas:Taman sembahyang ing Gréja Katedral Semarang.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Taman sembahyang Maria ing Gréja Katedral]] Gréja Katedral sangsaya suwe sangsaya maju lan ngrembaka. Taun 1955 ladosan marang pasamuwan uga sangsaya nengsemake. Akeh kegiyatan kanggo para mudha kang dianakake. Sawetara para mudha uga wani ngethok, kaya ta Al. Suyono, Thomas Sabar Adiutomo, Sudrajat dan Ch. Wiyono. Semono uga pakumpulaning pasamuwan Maria lan pakumpulan guru-guru Katolik, kabeh sangsaya gumregah anggone leladi. Taun 1956 Rama Bernardus Schouten, SJ mungkasi leladine lan diganteni dening Rama Johannes Baptista Dijkstra, SJ. Supaya pasamuwan bisa diladeni kanthi luwih prayoga Rama Dijkstra karo para rama liane nggawe tugas kang diperang-perang, contone Rama Dijkstra ngurusi kabutuhaning paroki lan kahanan sosial ekonomi, Rama Everardus Wiegers, SJ ngurusi babagan liturgi lan administrasi paroki, lan Rama Widjajasuparta, Pr ngrembakakake organisasi kamasarakatan, kaya ta para mudha lan para wadon Katulik. Dene Rama Fredericus Pranata Widjaja, SJ nggawe tatanan anyar ing perangan seni swara ing Katedral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katedralsemarang.or.id/sejarah-singkat/|title=Sejarah Singkat|website=Gereja Santa Perawan Maria Ratu Rosario Suci - Paroki Randusari - Katedral Semarang|language=id|access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> == Dhaptar Rama == Rama sing wis leladi ing Gréja Katedral saka taun 1928 tekan 2025 cacahe ana 94. Dhaptare bisa kawaca ing ngisor: {| class="wikitable" |- |1. Jos Hoebreechts, SJ (1928 - 1930)||17. J. Diederich, SJ (1947 - 1948)||33. J. Darmajuwana, Pr (1962 - 1963)||39. P. Sosanto Prawirowardoyo, Pr (1983 - 1985)||65. St. Koko Pujiwahyulistyono, Pr (1998 - 2001)||81. Rm. Yoseph Aris Triyanto MSF (2012 - 2013) |- |2. Jos Dieben, SJ (1928-1929; 1935 - 1936)||18. H. Loeff, SJ (1948)||34. A. Somaatmadja, Pr (1962 - 1966)||50. J. Harjoyo, Pr (1985 - 1987)||66. J. Sukardi, Pr (1998 - 2008)||82. Yohanes Riyanto, Pr (2014 - 2017) |- |3. P. Hoevenaars, SJ (1930)||19. N. Christen, SJ (1948 - 1950)||35. Tjokrowardaja, Pr. (1964 - 1966)||51. I. Nanady Winarta, Pr (10985 - 1987)||67. Ign. Sukawalyana, Pr (1999 - 2004)||83. A.A. Kurnia Andianto, Pr (2014 - 2016) |- |4. A. Spekle, SJ (1931)||20. W.E. Wiegers, SJ (1949 - 1962; 1966)||36. P. Van Weert, SJ (1965 - 1966)||52. St. Santoseputro, Pr (1986 - 1987)||68. A.G. Luhur Prihadi, Pr (2000 - 2004; 2012 - 2018)||81. Antonius Hadi Cahyono (2015 - 2016) |- |5. Joanes Van Beckhoven, SJ (1931 - 1934; 1940 - 1941)||21. Thom Verhoeven, SJ (1950 - 1951)||37. S. Bratasuganda, SJ (1967)||53. L. Wiryadarmaja, Pr (1987 - 1993)||69. St. Eko Riyadi, Pr (2002 - 2003)||85. |- |6. Jack Huygens, SJ (1932 - 1934; 1936 - 1940)||22. C. Rommens, SJ (1951 - 1954)||38. N.G.J. Lengers, MSF (1968 - 1972)||54.Al. Hantara, Pr (1987 - 1993; 2016 - 2019)||70. H. Subiyanta Dwijawardaya, Pr (2002 - 2007)||86. Ambrosius Heri Krismawanto, Pr (2017 - 2019) |} == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSemawis]] [[Kategori:Dana Wiki GSF25 Wikimedia Yogyakarta]] 6b1su5rifhspwwy3ouj77fbj2p3343y 3 200573 1752046 1751201 2026-08-01T17:29:41Z Meursault2004 3 /* Torsten Haß */ 1752046 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="width: 99%; color: #111; {{box-shadow|0|1px|3px|rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35)}} {{border-radius|2px}}"> <div style="overflow:hidden; height:auto; background: #fff; width: 100%; padding-bottom:18px;"> <div style="font-size: 36px; margin-top: 24px;margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height: 1.2em;">Sugeng rawuh, A09!</div> <div style="font-size: 24px; padding-top: 0px; margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; color: #666; "> ꧌ꦱꦸꦒꦼꦁꦫꦮꦸꦃꦲꦶꦁꦮꦶꦏꦶꦥꦺꦝꦶꦪꦃꦗꦮ꧍[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan sing mlebu ing wulan Juli 2026]] </div></div> <div style="vertical-align:middle; color: black; background-color:#fff"> <div style="display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; background-color:#e7e7e7; padding: 10px; padding-left: 20px; "> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"> <div style="font-size: 18px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[File:HelpPage IconPack-03.png|51px|alt=|link=]] Miwiti</div> <div style="padding-left: 51px; margin-top: -15px;"> * Wacanana kaca <u>'''[[Wikipedia:Prakawis|Pambukané Wikipédia]]'''</u> dhisik. * Wacanana uga '''[[Pitulung:Isi|katerangan bab carané urun ing Wikipédia]]'''.{{#ifexist:Naraguna:A09|| * Isènana uga profilé panjenengan ing [{{fullurl:Naraguna:A09|action=edit&preload=Cithakan:Sugeng-rawuh}}&editintro=Cithakan:Sugeng-rawuh Naraguna:A09], minangka kaca kang nepungaké panjenengan supaya kita bisa tepung panjenengan.}} * Wacanana uga [[Wikipedia:Aturan sing diringkes|aturan kang karingkes iki]] sadurungé mbacutaké. </div> </div> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"> <div style="font-size: 18px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[File:HelpPage IconPack-05.png|51px|alt=|link=]] Pituduh</div> <div style="padding-left: 51px; margin-top: -15px;"> * [[Pitulung:Tapak tangan|Tansah tandha-tangani]] pitakoné panjenengan manawa nulis ing [[Wikipedia:Angkringan|Angkringan]] utawa ing [[Wikipedia:Kaca parembugan|parembugan]] kanthi ngetik <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> ing pungkasané ukarané panjenengan. * [[Wikipedia:Aja kasusahan déning aturan|'''''Aja wedi!''''']] Panjenengan ora perlu wedi salah nalika mbesut utawa nggawé kaca anyar, nambah utawa nyuda ukara. </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 10px; padding-left: 20px; "> <div> '''Mangga jajal-jajalana''', kita ngantu-antu pasumbang kawruhé panjenengan ing Wikipédia Jawa iki! </div> <div style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%"> '''Welcome!''' If you do not understand Javanese, you may want to visit [[Wikipedia:Kacarakan|the embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/jv-0|find users who speak your language]]. Happy editing! </div> [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]^{[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]} 5 Juli 2026 20.09 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> == Torsten Haß == Hello A09. You just deleted [[Torsten Haß]]. But we were still discussing it. I noticed this article still exists in German and Dutch Wikipedias. How come? [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]^{[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]} 5 Juli 2026 20.11 (UTC) :@[[Naraguna:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]: I apologise, thought it was a speedy template. Of course I didn’t mean to interfere with the community process so thank you for restoring it (which I would do as well). Dewiki has kept it after their AfD while nlwiki still has an ongoing discussion. I advise to not look too much into their decisions since communities are independent so following your local practices is IMHO best. Thanks for letting me know! Best regards, [[Naraguna:A09|A09]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:A09|rembugan]]) 5 Juli 2026 21.47 (UTC) ::A09. Thank you for your reply. I've seen it is deleted now on the nlwiki. But not on the dewiki, while dewiki is usually the strictest. I think we can delete it. You may delete it (again) if you want to 😅. [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]^{[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]} 1 Agustus 2026 17.29 (UTC) e4jojzx35h9izt1r4lrlho59prk4uef 0 200602 1752041 1751529 2026-08-01T15:27:29Z 1kutipedia 73666 nambah karya anyar 1752041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=R. A. Mahéng|birth_name=Rahmat Ali|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1996|5|18}}|birth_place=Paya Baro, Woyla Wétan, Acèh Kulon, Acèh, Indonésia|nationality=Indonésia|education=[[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]]|occupation=Panulis, esais, storyteller|image=Maheng_at_Air_Mata_Permai_Beach_Ketapang_2026.jpg|notable works=RUNDUMA: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi}} '''R. A. Mahéng''' ya iku panulis, esais, lan storyteller Indonésia. Dhèwèké dikenal lumantar karya fiksi, esai, cathetan lelungan, lan jurnalisme sastrawi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/maheng|title=Profil Mahéng|website=Goodreads.com|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> ==Kauripan pribadi lan Wiyata== Mahéng (jeneng lair '''Rahmat Ali'''; lair 18 Mèi 1996 ing Gampông Paya Baro, Kacamatan Woyla Wétan, Kabupatèn Acèh Kulon, Acèh) ngerampungné mangsa pendidikan Sarjana Sosiologi Agama ing [[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]] taun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/profil/44620/r-a-maheng |title=Profil Mahéng |website=Indonesiana |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref> == Karir == Nalika dadi mahasiswa, Mahéng aktif ing organisasi pers mahasiswa. Dhèwèké tau njabat minangka Sekretaris Jenderal Perhimpunan Pers Mahasiswa Indonesia (PPMI) Dewan Kutha Yogyakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekspresionline.com/mempertanyakan-eksistensi-ppmi/|title=Mempertanyakan Eksistensi PPMI|website=Ekspresi Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> Ing Kongres Nasional PPMI XIV ing taun 2018, Mahéng kapilih dadi Sekretaris Jenderal PPMI Nasional kanggo masa bakti 2018–2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmahonline.id/berita/lika-liku-kongres-nasional-ppmi-xiv/|title=Lika-liku Kongres Nasional PPMI XIV|website=Himmah Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> Minangka Sekretaris Jenderal PPMI Nasional, Mahéng aktif nyuarakaké kabébasan pers mahasiswa lan advokasi tumrap kasus-kasus kekerasan marang pers kampus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jogja.idntimes.com/news/jogja/pers-mahasiswa-dibungkam-apa-yang-harus-dilakukan-00-9zppy-spmf31|title=Pers Mahasiswa Dibungkam, Apa yang Harus Dilakukan?|work=IDN Times|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/251155/ppmi-masih-banyak-perlakuan-kekerasan-terhadap-pers-kampus|title=PPMI: Masih Banyak Perlakuan Kekerasan terhadap Pers Kampus|work=Times Indonesia|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmahonline.id/berita/aksi-solidaritas-pembebasan-dua-mahasiswa-lpm-bom-itm/|title=Aksi Solidaritas Pembebasan Dua Mahasiswa LPM BOM ITM|website=Himmah Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> Saliyané aktif ing organisasi pers mahasiswa, Mahéng melu ing Rumah Gerakan Rode 610 ing Yogyakarta. Ing kono dhèwèké mèlu diskusi, kagiyatan literasi, lan jejaring gerakan sipil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maheng.net/2026/07/belajar-di-rumah-rode-610.html |title=Rumah Gerakan Rode 610: Tempat Saya Belajar Bertanya |website=Maheng.net |author=R. A. Mahéng |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref> Saliyané iku, Mahéng melu ing Komunitas GUSDURian Yogyakarta. Dhèwèké nulis babagan agama, pluralisme, kabudayan, lan prakara sosial.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gusdurian.net/author/maheng/ |title=Mahéng |website=Kampung GUSDURian |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://islami.co/author/maheng/ |title=Mahéng |website=Islami.co |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref> == Karya == * ''RUNDUMA: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi'' (Travelogue, 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kubuku.id/detail/runduma--surga-kecil-di-wakatobi/96231|title=Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi|website=Kubuku.id|access-date=17 Juli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubadalah.id/runduma-surga-kecil-di-wakatobi-makna-lain-dari-pengabdian/|title=Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi, Makna Lain dari Pengabdian|website=Mubadalah.id|date=7 Maret 2024|access-date=17 Juli 2026}}</ref> * ''Nayanika'' (Roman Spiritual, 2025) * ''Mencari Indonesia Menuai Kegelisahan Gus Dur dan Rm. Mangun'' (Antologi, 2025) * ''Masalembu: Safarnama Membekas di Jantung Nusantara'' (Travelogue, 2026) == Acuan == {{Reflist}} 8htvqapwnmlfp3xao1qrpe9b8mqfzv2 0 200653 1752047 1752031 2026-08-01T17:31:32Z Meursault2004 3 tambah sithik 1752047 wikitext text/x-wiki Ing pungkasan sasi Juli 2026, kira-kira ana 60.000 manungsa, umumé wong lanang enom, sing nyabrang tapel wates saka Maroko menyang kutha [[Ceuta]], sawijining kutha otonomi Spanyol ing Afrika Lor. Sawatara uga nyoba nyabrang menyang [[Melilla]], sing ngebaki fasilitas tampung lokal lan marahi pamréntah Ceuta njaluk kahanan dharurat nasional saka Spanyol. Umumé waong-wong kuwi olèhé mlebu kanthi nglangi ing sakiwatengené pamecah umbak Tarajal lan Benzú utawa kanthi nyebrang kanthi mlaku ing sadawané pasisir. Ing tanggal 31 Juli, para pamangku Spanyol ujar manawa udakara satengah saka wong-wong sing mlebu wis bali menyang Maroko kanthi sukalila, déné cacahé korban jiwa amarga klelep lan kadadéyan liyane olèhé nyabrang sagara wis mundhak dadi paling ora 67 jiwa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/1/spain-says-migrants-leaving-ceuta-after-mass-influx-in-which-67-died|title=Spain says migrants leaving Ceuta after mass influx in which 67 died|work=Al Jazeera|date=1 August 2026}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:2026]] 16knnxqol9c3vmtt7a6z45umeuexf52 1752063 1752047 2026-08-01T22:37:22Z Meursault2004 3 + gambar 1752063 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ceuta en.png|thumb|Ceuta]] Ing pungkasan sasi Juli 2026, kira-kira ana 60.000 manungsa, umumé wong lanang enom, sing nyabrang tapel wates saka Maroko menyang kutha [[Ceuta]], sawijining kutha otonomi Spanyol ing Afrika Lor. Sawatara uga nyoba nyabrang menyang [[Melilla]], sing ngebaki fasilitas tampung lokal lan marahi pamréntah Ceuta njaluk kahanan dharurat nasional saka Spanyol. Umumé waong-wong kuwi olèhé mlebu kanthi nglangi ing sakiwatengené pamecah umbak Tarajal lan Benzú utawa kanthi nyebrang kanthi mlaku ing sadawané pasisir. Ing tanggal 31 Juli, para pamangku Spanyol ujar manawa udakara satengah saka wong-wong sing mlebu wis bali menyang Maroko kanthi sukalila, déné cacahé korban jiwa amarga klelep lan kadadéyan liyane olèhé nyabrang sagara wis mundhak dadi paling ora 67 jiwa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/1/spain-says-migrants-leaving-ceuta-after-mass-influx-in-which-67-died|title=Spain says migrants leaving Ceuta after mass influx in which 67 died|work=Al Jazeera|date=1 August 2026}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:2026]] 2k69tl3dc7ed4sub2pl2m7158isa36y 1752088 1752063 2026-08-02T06:03:47Z Meursault2004 3 sithik 1752088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ceuta en.png|thumb|Ceuta]] Ing pungkasan sasi Juli 2026, kira-kira ana 60.000 manungsa, umumé wong lanang enom, sing nyabrang tapel wates saka Maroko menyang kutha [[Ceuta]], sawijining kutha otonomi Spanyol ing Afrika Lor. Sawatara uga nyoba nyabrang menyang [[Melilla]], sing ngebaki fasilitas tampung lokal lan marahi pamréntah Ceuta njaluk kahanan dharurat nasional saka Spanyol. Umumé waong-wong kuwi olèhé mlebu kanthi nglangi ing sakiwatengené pamecah umbak Tarajal lan Benzú utawa kanthi nyebrang kanthi mlaku ing sadawané pasisir. Ing tanggal 31 Juli, para pamangku Spanyol ujar manawa udakara satengah saka wong-wong sing mlebu wis bali menyang Maroko kanthi sukalila, déné cacahé korban jiwa amarga klelep lan kadadéyan liyane olèhé nyabrang sagara wis mundhak dadi paling ora 67 jiwa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/1/spain-says-migrants-leaving-ceuta-after-mass-influx-in-which-67-died|title=Spain says migrants leaving Ceuta after mass influx in which 67 died|work=Al Jazeera|date=1 August 2026}}</ref> ==Tanggepan Spanyol== *S panyol ngirim unit polisi lan militer tambahan menyang Ceuta, nguatake keamanan tapel wates, lan banjur masang alangan laut sing ngambang kanggo nyegah penyeberangan luwih lanjut. * Bali menyang Maroko: Sajrone rong dina, luwih saka 48.000 migran bali menyang Maroko, kanthi sukarela utawa liwat bali sing terkoordinasi. Amarga Ceuta duwe kontrol tapel wates khusus, migran ora bisa terus mlebu ing daratan Spanyol utawa wilayah Schengen liyane. * Sebab: Spanyol mbantah manawa lonjakan kasebut didorong dening informasi sing salah sing disebarake dening jaringan penyelundupan manungsa, kalebu klaim palsu manawa migran bisa kanthi gampang tekan Eropa sawise putusan pengadilan Spanyol anyar. Sawetara analis lan tokoh oposisi uga menehi saran supaya Maroko sengaja ngendhokke kontrol tapel wates kanggo meksa Spanyol sacara politik, kaya krisis tapel wates 2021. Maroko durung nampa interpretasi kasebut. * Reaksi Eropa: Krisis kasebut nyebabake diskusi darurat ing EU. Sawetara negara ngencengi pamriksan tapel wates, lan Italia sementara nundha aspek gerakan bebas karo Spanyol, kanthi alesan manawa langkah-langkah sing luar biasa dibutuhake. == Kontèks sajarah == Kedadeyan iki meh padha karo kedadean tapel wates Maroko-Spanyol taun 2021, nalika udakara 8.000 migran mlebu Ceuta sawise Maroko dituduh ngendhokke penegakan tapel wates sajrone perselisihan diplomatik babagan Sahara Kulon. Kedadeyan taun 2026 luwih gedhe lan nyebabake luwih akeh korban jiwa. Sakabèhé, kedadean iki ora mung dadi darurat kamanungsan nanging uga dadi tes diplomatik utama kanggo Spanyol, Maroko, lan Uni Eropa, sing nuwuhake pitakonan babagan kabijakan migrasi, keamanan tapel wates, lan pengaruh politik sing bisa diwenehake migrasi ing hubungan internasional. == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:2026]] ggzzqhmhjegf2nx6dzjq6no1jf42z8p 1752093 1752088 2026-08-02T06:48:30Z Meursault2004 3 /* Tanggepan Spanyol */ 1752093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ceuta en.png|thumb|Ceuta]] Ing pungkasan sasi Juli 2026, kira-kira ana 60.000 manungsa, umumé wong lanang enom, sing nyabrang tapel wates saka Maroko menyang kutha [[Ceuta]], sawijining kutha otonomi Spanyol ing Afrika Lor. Sawatara uga nyoba nyabrang menyang [[Melilla]], sing ngebaki fasilitas tampung lokal lan marahi pamréntah Ceuta njaluk kahanan dharurat nasional saka Spanyol. Umumé waong-wong kuwi olèhé mlebu kanthi nglangi ing sakiwatengené pamecah umbak Tarajal lan Benzú utawa kanthi nyebrang kanthi mlaku ing sadawané pasisir. Ing tanggal 31 Juli, para pamangku Spanyol ujar manawa udakara satengah saka wong-wong sing mlebu wis bali menyang Maroko kanthi sukalila, déné cacahé korban jiwa amarga klelep lan kadadéyan liyane olèhé nyabrang sagara wis mundhak dadi paling ora 67 jiwa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/1/spain-says-migrants-leaving-ceuta-after-mass-influx-in-which-67-died|title=Spain says migrants leaving Ceuta after mass influx in which 67 died|work=Al Jazeera|date=1 August 2026}}</ref> ==Tanggepan Spanyol== *Spanyol ngirim unit polisi lan militer tambahan menyang Ceuta, nambali kakuwatan aman tapel wates, lan banjur masang alangan sagara sing ngambang kanggo nyegah panyabrangan sabanjuré. * Bali menyang Maroko: Sajroné rong dina, luwih saka 48.000 migran bali menyang Maroko, kanthi sukalila utawa diuliahaké. Amarga Ceuta ndarbèni kontrol tapel wates kusus, migran ora bisa terus mlebu ing dharatan Spanyol utawa laladan Schengen liyané. * Apa sing marahi: Spanyol mbantah manawa lonjakan kasebut didorong dening informasi sing salah sing disebarake dening jaringan penyelundupan manungsa, kalebu klaim palsu manawa migran bisa kanthi gampang tekan Eropa sawise putusan pengadilan Spanyol anyar. Sawetara analis lan tokoh oposisi uga menehi saran supaya Maroko sengaja ngendhokke kontrol tapel wates kanggo meksa Spanyol kanthi pulitik, kaya [[krisis tapel wates 2021]]. Maroko durung nampa interpretasi kasebut. * Réaksi Eropa: Krisis kasebut nyebabake diskusi darurat ing EU. Sawetara negara ngencengi pamriksan tapel wates, lan Italia sementara nundha aspek gerakan bebas karo Spanyol, kanthi alesan manawa langkah-langkah sing luar biasa dibutuhaké. == Kontèks sajarah == Kedadeyan iki meh padha karo kedadean tapel wates Maroko-Spanyol taun 2021, nalika udakara 8.000 migran mlebu Ceuta sawise Maroko dituduh ngendhokke penegakan tapel wates sajrone perselisihan diplomatik babagan Sahara Kulon. Kedadeyan taun 2026 luwih gedhe lan nyebabake luwih akeh korban jiwa. Sakabèhé, kedadean iki ora mung dadi darurat kamanungsan nanging uga dadi tes diplomatik utama kanggo Spanyol, Maroko, lan Uni Eropa, sing nuwuhake pitakonan babagan kabijakan migrasi, keamanan tapel wates, lan pengaruh politik sing bisa diwenehake migrasi ing hubungan internasional. == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:2026]] 1xp2pkuvrfzzk4uy824h0w5w19d9qr3 1752100 1752093 2026-08-02T07:57:04Z Meursault2004 3 /* Réferènsi */ 1752100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ceuta en.png|thumb|Ceuta]] Ing pungkasan sasi Juli 2026, kira-kira ana 60.000 manungsa, umumé wong lanang enom, sing nyabrang tapel wates saka Maroko menyang kutha [[Ceuta]], sawijining kutha otonomi Spanyol ing Afrika Lor. Sawatara uga nyoba nyabrang menyang [[Melilla]], sing ngebaki fasilitas tampung lokal lan marahi pamréntah Ceuta njaluk kahanan dharurat nasional saka Spanyol. Umumé waong-wong kuwi olèhé mlebu kanthi nglangi ing sakiwatengené pamecah umbak Tarajal lan Benzú utawa kanthi nyebrang kanthi mlaku ing sadawané pasisir. Ing tanggal 31 Juli, para pamangku Spanyol ujar manawa udakara satengah saka wong-wong sing mlebu wis bali menyang Maroko kanthi sukalila, déné cacahé korban jiwa amarga klelep lan kadadéyan liyane olèhé nyabrang sagara wis mundhak dadi paling ora 67 jiwa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/1/spain-says-migrants-leaving-ceuta-after-mass-influx-in-which-67-died|title=Spain says migrants leaving Ceuta after mass influx in which 67 died|work=Al Jazeera|date=1 August 2026}}</ref> ==Tanggepan Spanyol== *Spanyol ngirim unit polisi lan militer tambahan menyang Ceuta, nambali kakuwatan aman tapel wates, lan banjur masang alangan sagara sing ngambang kanggo nyegah panyabrangan sabanjuré. * Bali menyang Maroko: Sajroné rong dina, luwih saka 48.000 migran bali menyang Maroko, kanthi sukalila utawa diuliahaké. Amarga Ceuta ndarbèni kontrol tapel wates kusus, migran ora bisa terus mlebu ing dharatan Spanyol utawa laladan Schengen liyané. * Apa sing marahi: Spanyol mbantah manawa lonjakan kasebut didorong dening informasi sing salah sing disebarake dening jaringan penyelundupan manungsa, kalebu klaim palsu manawa migran bisa kanthi gampang tekan Eropa sawise putusan pengadilan Spanyol anyar. Sawetara analis lan tokoh oposisi uga menehi saran supaya Maroko sengaja ngendhokke kontrol tapel wates kanggo meksa Spanyol kanthi pulitik, kaya [[krisis tapel wates 2021]]. Maroko durung nampa interpretasi kasebut. * Réaksi Eropa: Krisis kasebut nyebabake diskusi darurat ing EU. Sawetara negara ngencengi pamriksan tapel wates, lan Italia sementara nundha aspek gerakan bebas karo Spanyol, kanthi alesan manawa langkah-langkah sing luar biasa dibutuhaké. == Kontèks sajarah == Kedadeyan iki meh padha karo kedadean tapel wates Maroko-Spanyol taun 2021, nalika udakara 8.000 migran mlebu Ceuta sawise Maroko dituduh ngendhokke penegakan tapel wates sajrone perselisihan diplomatik babagan Sahara Kulon. Kedadeyan taun 2026 luwih gedhe lan nyebabake luwih akeh korban jiwa. Sakabèhé, kedadean iki ora mung dadi darurat kamanungsan nanging uga dadi tes diplomatik utama kanggo Spanyol, Maroko, lan Uni Eropa, sing nuwuhake pitakonan babagan kabijakan migrasi, keamanan tapel wates, lan pengaruh politik sing bisa diwenehake migrasi ing hubungan internasional. == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} == Deleng uga == * [[Insidhèn wates antara Maroko–Spanyol taun 2021]] [[Kategori:2026]] drqwky8opzjos7ks1elgdrgg316g13e 3 200655 1752059 2026-08-01T21:08:21Z MBq 30282 MBq ngalih kaca [[Parembugan Naraguna:Wildtierreservat]] menyang [[Parembugan Naraguna:Izamela]]: Otomatis ngalih kaca nalika ngganti jeneng naraguna "[[Special:CentralAuth/Wildtierreservat|Wildtierreservat]]" dadi "[[Special:CentralAuth/Izamela|Izamela]]" 1752059 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Parembugan Naraguna:Izamela]] iqfll6ft8s63ctjr429hd18s8mzyn69 0 200656 1752081 2026-08-02T03:34:24Z ~2026-28075-19 72577 nggawe kaca anyar 1752081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prabu Nagaprasanta''' iku narendra yaksa ing Kraton Ngrenggabumi. Wujude buta rai [[ula]]. Tokoh iki mung metu ing [[wayang purwa]] lakon [[Kakrasana]] [[Baladéwa|Jumeneng Ratu]]. Prabu Nagaprasanta digdaya sekti mandraguna. Bisa malih wujud dadi ula naga sing gedhene sabongkoting tal. Patihe Prabu Nagaprasanta wujud [[gajah]], jenenge [[Arya Yudakethi]] kang isih kaprenah rayine. Prabu Nagaprasanta kepengin kagungan garwa widadari. Banjur munggah menyang kahyangan nedya nglamar [[Dewi Supraba]] (Bathari Supraba). Tekan sukuning [[Gunung Tengguru]], wis dipethukake wadyabala dewa kang aran prajurit dorandara kang dipandhegani [[Brahma|Bathara Brama]]. Para dewa wis ngawuningani karepe Prabu Nagaprasanta, mula banjur dipethukake ing sukuning Gunung Tengguru. Terus terang lamarane Prabu Nagaprasanta ditampik awit ora samesthine raseksa nggayuh widadari. Wis kinodrat yen jodhone raseksa iku raseksi (buta wadon). Prabu Nagaprasanta ora trima nuli mbarang amuk. Para dewa ora ana sing bisa nandhingi kridhane ratu buta iku. Kabeh dewa padha kasoran (kalah) perange banjur padha lumayu manjing kahyangan sarta nutup lawang (kori) [[Selamatangkep]]. [[Bathara Guru]] banjur utusan marang [[Bathara Narada]] supaya tumurun ing marcapada ngupadi Raden Kakrasana kinarya jagone para dewa. Manut pangandikane Bathara Guru, ya mung Raden Kakrasana sing bisa nyirnakake Prabu Nagaprasanta sawadyabalane. Raden Kakrasana saguh dadi jagone para dewa, mula banjur dijujugake ing pakuwone Prabu Nagaprasanta. Dumadi perang amuk-amukan. Prajurit dorandara mungsuh wadyabala Ngrenggabumi, dene Raden Kakrasana mungsuh Prabu Nagaprasanta. Prabu Nagaprasanta suthik kasoran mungsuh Raden Kakrasana. Sigra matak aji silih warna sanalika ilang wujude ratu buta dadi naga sabongkoting tal. Nggubet Raden Kakrasana. Kakrasana enget yen darbe pusaka kang sumimpen ing epek-epek astane tengen. Epek-epek tangan loro nuli digosok-gosokake, sanalika mijil pusaka memper cis aran Senjata Nenggala. Sigra ditamakake ing gulune naga malihane Prabu Nagaprasanta. Gulu pedhot, Prabu Nagaprasanta sirna margalayu. == Kapethik saking == Mulyantara.n.d.''Majalah Jaka Lodhang''.Yogyakarta: Jaka Lodhang Press. [[Kategori: Paraga Mahabharata]] [[Kategori: Paraga wayang]] [[Kategori: Paraga Wayang]] g2fbyj884zx09uyqo9n579urw10j3dh 0 200657 1752104 2026-08-02T08:15:32Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:2021 Morocco–Spain border incident|]] 1752104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Insidhèn tapel wates Maroko-Spanyol taun 2021''' iku krisis migrasi lan diplomatik sing kadadeyan antara tanggal 17 Mei lan 23 Agustus 2021, utamane ing wilayah Spanyol Ceuta ing Afrika Lor. Iki nandhani penyeberangan tapel wates ora resmi paling gedhe menyang Spanyol nganti wektu kasebut. ==Ringkesan== * Pemicu langsung: Krisis kasebut diwiwiti sawise Spanyol ngidini Brahim Ghali, sing lara parah amarga COVID-19, nampa perawatan medis ing rumah sakit Spanyol. Maroko ndeleng iki minangka dhukungan kanggo Front Polisario, sing ngupaya kamardikan kanggo Sahara Kulon, lan hubungan antarane Madrid lan Rabat saya rusak banget. * Penyeberangan tapel wates: Tanggal 17-18 Mei 2021, pasukan tapel wates Maroko dilaporake ngendhokke kontrol ing sekitar Ceuta. Kira-kira 8.000 wong, kalebu kira-kira 1.500 bocah cilik sing ora dikancani, nyebrang menyang Ceuta, akeh sing nglangi ing sekitar pemecah ombak tapel wates. * Tanggepan Spanyol: Spanyol ngirim ewonan polisi lan tentara kanggo mulihake ketertiban. Sebagéan gedhé migran cepet dibalekake menyang Maroko miturut perjanjian bilateral sing wis ana, dene bocah cilik dilebokaké ing perawatan sementara amarga ora bisa langsung dideportasi. * Dampak kamanungsan: Arus mlebu dadakan iki ngebaki layanan lokal lan nyiptakaké darurat kamanungsan. Paling ora ana rong wong sing tiwas nalika nyebrang. * Reaksi politik: Spanyol nuduh Maroko nggunakake migrasi minangka tekanan politik. Maroko mbantah sengaja ngatur krisis kasebut nanging nerangake manawa perselisihan babagan Brahim Ghali lan Sahara Kulon wis ngrusak kepercayaan bilateral. Uni Eropa ndhukung Spanyol, nandheske manawa tapel wates njaba Spanyol uga minangka tapel wates njaba EU. * Dhé-èskalasi: Ing tanggal 19 Mèi, Maroko nguatake kontrol tapel watese, nyuda pendatang anyar kanthi cetha. Hubungan diplomatik mboko sithik saya apik ing taun 2021 sawise negosiasi tingkat dhuwur. == Deleng uga == * [[Insidhèn wates antara Maroko–Spanyol taun 2026]] [[Kategori:2021]] sqfjrff5918t5daqlsi1d88mgyefkib 0 200658 1752140 2026-08-02T08:58:49Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 Kaca anyar: '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning aksara Jawa: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar. 1752140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning aksara Jawa: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar. 1loy5alcvb6fwvsc9z16uey38jlc67g 1752141 1752140 2026-08-02T08:59:33Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar. 6exsu7p045no91w9pb82m7mis8el3je 1752142 1752141 2026-08-02T09:01:53Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. 6nny4kcnnz88xqxjn4453a56reafuga 1752144 1752142 2026-08-02T09:04:12Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. Naskah puniki diserat ngagem aksara Jawa, basa Jawa, lan nagger ''metrum'' tembang macapat. esyxh1mnghtppsrgjo8t74rjasj6h90 1752145 1752144 2026-08-02T09:05:44Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. Naskah puniki diserat ngagem aksara Jawa, basa Jawa, lan nagger ''metrum'' tembang macapat. Serat Darmakandha disimpen ana ing ''Perpustakaan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia'' ngagem kode simpen CI.19-NR/170 konten ing Rol 117.02. 9ytpznvlsqgefflpobjr2ujny80c86z 1752147 1752145 2026-08-02T09:11:45Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. Naskah puniki diserat ngagem aksara Jawa, basa Jawa, lan nagger ''metrum'' tembang macapat. Serat Darmakandha disimpen ana ing ''Perpustakaan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia'' ngagem kode simpen CI.19-NR/170 konten ing Rol 117.02. == Isinpun naskah == Serat Darmakandha isinipun nyariosaken pitung carita babagan winarah supaya dados manungsa utama lan nggayuh ridhonipun Gusti Allah, punk isinipun serat: # Cariyos Raden Mukjijat, Istrijat, lan Keramat # Cariyos Pengulu lan Serat Wasiyat # Cariyos Jaka Kusnun # Cariyos Jaka Wasis lan Jaka Bodho # Cariyos Pak Beja lan Pak Cilaka # Cariyos Ki Jaka Sidik Iman # Cariyos Jaka Sakbar n0qx6ynh3mnvh5zedysc8rwlzb2lzwu 1752148 1752147 2026-08-02T09:16:44Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. Naskah puniki diserat ngagem aksara Jawa, basa Jawa, lan nagger ''metrum'' tembang macapat. Serat Darmakandha disimpen ana ing ''Perpustakaan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia'' ngagem kode simpen CI.19-NR/170 konten ing Rol 117.02. == Isinpun naskah == Serat Darmakandha isinipun nyariosaken pitung carita babagan winarah supaya dados manungsa utama lan nggayuh ridhonipun Gusti Allah, punk isinipun serat: # Cariyos Raden Mukjijat, Istrijat, lan Keramat # Cariyos Pengulu lan Serat Wasiyat # Cariyos Jaka Kusnun # Cariyos Jaka Wasis lan Jaka Bodho # Cariyos Pak Beja lan Pak Cilaka # Cariyos Ki Jaka Sidik Iman # Cariyos Jaka Sakbar == Teks tembang == '''Manggala''': ''Ri Rěbo Pon duk wiwit tinulis, wulan Mulud Be tanggal Sekawan Wuku Talu sěngkalane, nir catur ngesthi ratu, kang pinurwa jejering kawi'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 1) '''Kolofon''': ''Titi injing ri sělasa pahing, tanggal wolulikor wulan Sapar Wawu sěngkalane, Tunggal Catur Angěsti Sawiji, langkir windu adi, pan mangsa kawolu.'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 278) f4tel74x6w2nghnbeananycsqppq4gp 1752152 1752148 2026-08-02T09:19:09Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. Naskah puniki diserat ngagem aksara Jawa, basa Jawa, lan nagger ''metrum'' tembang macapat. Serat Darmakandha disimpen ana ing ''Perpustakaan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia'' ngagem kode simpen CI.19-NR/170 konten ing Rol 117.02. == Isinpun naskah == Serat Darmakandha isinipun nyariosaken pitung carita babagan winarah supaya dados manungsa utama lan nggayuh ridhonipun Gusti Allah, punk isinipun serat: # Cariyos Raden Mukjijat, Istrijat, lan Keramat # Cariyos Pengulu lan Serat Wasiyat # Cariyos Jaka Kusnun # Cariyos Jaka Wasis lan Jaka Bodho # Cariyos Pak Beja lan Pak Cilaka # Cariyos Ki Jaka Sidik Iman # Cariyos Jaka Sakbar == Sengkalan panyerat naskah == '''Manggala''': ''Ri Rěbo Pon duk wiwit tinulis, wulan Mulud Be tanggal Sekawan Wuku Talu sěngkalane, nir catur ngesthi ratu, kang pinurwa jejering kawi'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 1) '''Kolofon''': ''Titi injing ri sělasa pahing, tanggal wolulikor wulan Sapar Wawu sěngkalane, Tunggal Catur Angěsti Sawiji, langkir windu adi, pan mangsa kawolu.'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 278) == Teks Tembang == '''Pupuh I (Dahndhanggula)''' # Murweng sastra kang karsa muryani, Dara Raden Ayu Pujaning Dyah, garwa paminggir kang sinom, sinatriyeng Měntarum, Gusti Pangran Purubayadi, Putra Dalěm sang nata, Ngayugya ping pitu, rayi jěng sang raja putra, kang ginadhang gumanti sudarma yěkti, tunggal sayayah rena. # Něnggih Raden Ayu kang sěsiwi, Raden Tuměnggung Sasradipura, Bupati Nayakeng Kraton, Lulurah Siti Sewu, Jawi kiwaha mědanani, tuhu trahing narindra, darah dalěm buyut, santana delěs toyamas, karsa mangun srat carita mancawarni, tiněngran Darmakandha. # Ri Rěbo Pon duk wiwit tinulis, wulan Mulud Be tanggal Sekawan Wuku Tolu sěngkalane, nir catur ngesthi ratu, kang pinurwa jejering kawi, cariyos jaman kina, wontěn jalma luhung, pěparas Sidik Sěsminta, gěntur tapa dhědhepok pucaking wukir, ingaran Candhi Sěkar. tqn64yf7z38vvfnrhuj6tf3gzcmkig3 1752153 1752152 2026-08-02T09:27:03Z Muhamad Fahrizal Leo Pratama 67790 1752153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. Naskah puniki diserat ngagem aksara Jawa, basa Jawa, lan nagger ''metrum'' tembang macapat. Serat Darmakandha disimpen ana ing ''Perpustakaan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia'' ngagem kode simpen CI.19-NR/170 konten ing Rol 117.02. == Salinan naskah == # Naskah ''Kempalan Dongeng'' St. 35/PP/2762 (1877) koleksinipun Perpustakaan Widyapustaka Puro Pakualaman Yogyakarta # Naskah berjudul ''Jaka Kusnun'' PB A.250 (1910 M) koleksinipun Museum Sonobudoyo Yogyakarta # ''Serat Darmakandha'' PB C.21 (1887 M) koleksinipun Museum Sonobudoyo Yogyakarta # ''Serat Darmakandha'' 959.8 (1887) koleksinipun Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta == Isinpun naskah<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jangkah.id/2023/12/14/dongeng-jaka-sakbar-memahami-bahasa-burung-hingga-selamat-dari-maut-berkat-belajar-tasawuf/|title=Dongeng Jaka Sakbar: Memahami Bahasa Burung hingga Selamat dari Maut Berkat Belajar Tasawuf - Jangkah|date=2023-12-14|language=id|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Serat Darmakandha isinipun nyariosaken pitung carita babagan winarah supaya dados manungsa utama lan nggayuh ridhonipun Gusti Allah, punk isinipun serat: # Cariyos Raden Mukjijat, Istrijat, lan Keramat # Cariyos Pengulu lan Serat Wasiyat # Cariyos Jaka Kusnun # Cariyos Jaka Wasis lan Jaka Bodho # Cariyos Pak Beja lan Pak Cilaka # Cariyos Ki Jaka Sidik Iman # Cariyos Jaka Sakbar == Sengkalan panyerat naskah == '''Manggala''': ''Ri Rěbo Pon duk wiwit tinulis, wulan Mulud Be tanggal Sekawan Wuku Talu sěngkalane, nir catur ngesthi ratu, kang pinurwa jejering kawi'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 1) '''Kolofon''': ''Titi injing ri sělasa pahing, tanggal wolulikor wulan Sapar Wawu sěngkalane, Tunggal Catur Angěsti Sawiji, langkir windu adi, pan mangsa kawolu.'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 278) == Teks Tembang == '''Pupuh I (Dahndhanggula)''' # Murweng sastra kang karsa muryani, Dara Raden Ayu Pujaning Dyah, garwa paminggir kang sinom, sinatriyeng Měntarum, Gusti Pangran Purubayadi, Putra Dalěm sang nata, Ngayugya ping pitu, rayi jěng sang raja putra, kang ginadhang gumanti sudarma yěkti, tunggal sayayah rena. # Něnggih Raden Ayu kang sěsiwi, Raden Tuměnggung Sasradipura, Bupati Nayakeng Kraton, Lulurah Siti Sewu, Jawi kiwaha mědanani, tuhu trahing narindra, darah dalěm buyut, santana delěs toyamas, karsa mangun srat carita mancawarni, tiněngran Darmakandha. # Ri Rěbo Pon duk wiwit tinulis, wulan Mulud Be tanggal Sekawan Wuku Tolu sěngkalane, nir catur ngesthi ratu, kang pinurwa jejering kawi, cariyos jaman kina, wontěn jalma luhung, pěparas Sidik Sěsminta, gěntur tapa dhědhepok pucaking wukir, ingaran Candhi Sěkar. 0klebo3f2w4dd9z2r4ggw19qp544ups 0 200659 1752150 2026-08-02T09:17:10Z Anthony Wisnu 71404 Kaca anyar: '''Serat Jalma Laksita''' (ꦗꦭ꧀ꦩꦭꦏ꧀ꦱꦶꦠ) menika salah sawijining buku utawa naskah sastra jawi ingkang isinipun ajaran filsafat, etika, lan tuntunan moral manungsa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://pujangga.perpus.jatengprov.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=180&keywords=|title=Serat Jalmalaksita|last=Dwista;|first=Sang Mangungsed|date=1924|publisher=M. Tanojo|language=Jawa}}</ref> 1752150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serat Jalma Laksita''' (ꦗꦭ꧀ꦩꦭꦏ꧀ꦱꦶꦠ) menika salah sawijining buku utawa naskah sastra jawi ingkang isinipun ajaran filsafat, etika, lan tuntunan moral manungsa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://pujangga.perpus.jatengprov.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=180&keywords=|title=Serat Jalmalaksita|last=Dwista;|first=Sang Mangungsed|date=1924|publisher=M. Tanojo|language=Jawa}}</ref> 8tyall8x1dsed04bbl7xjl8bg84x04c 0 200660 1752154 2026-08-02T09:29:29Z Nasudi 68472 Nggawe artikel anyar 1752154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tetuwuhan wewiji''' ([[spermatophyta]]) yaiku saklompok tetuwuhan sing nduweni ciri wiji minangka bagean sing asale saka bakal wiji, ing ngendi ngandhut potènsi kanggo individu anyar, yaiku [[Embrio|èmbrio]]. Èmbrio kasebut dhewe bakal ngasilaké woh sawise panyerbukan Utawa pembuahan kadadeyan sing banjir diterusake karo pembuahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/spermatophyta/#PENGERTIAN_SPERMATOPHYTA|title=Spermatophyta: Pengertian, Ciri, Reproduksi, dan Klasifikasi|first=Nandy|website=Gramedia Blog|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Rujukan == 12d9tamue66g7466x9xcc0j1qhwvgv5