Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 4149 1752164 1729363 2026-08-02T16:19:47Z Dulusima 73546 /* */ 1752164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pendhidhikan ing Indonésia}} {{multiscript|Panggulawenthah|ꦥꦁꦒꦸꦭꦮꦼꦤ꧀ꦛꦃ}} '''Panggulawenthah''' ([[Carakan]]: ꦥꦁꦒꦸꦭꦮꦼꦤ꧀ꦛꦃ, [[Pégon]]: ڤاڠڮولاوٓنڟاه), uga diarani '''pandhidhikan''' yaiku prosès kanggo peserta didik metu saka kahanan kang durung swatantra, durung diwasa, dèrèng mardika tumuju kaanan kang luwih swatantra, luwih diwasa, tanggung jawab lan berbudaya. Prosès pandhidhikan yaiku pengajaran keahlian mirunggan, pemberian lan penambahan kawruh, pertimbangan lan kebijaksanaan. [[Gambar:Classe maternelle2.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Siswa [[taman kanak-kanak]] ing senthong sinau]] == Deleng uga == * [[Pendhidhikan anak usia dini|Pandhidhikan anak usia dini]] * [[Pendhidhikan dhasar|Pandhidhikan dhasar]] * [[Pendhidhikan menengah|Pandhidhikan menengah]] * [[Pendhidhikan dhuwur|Pandhidhikan dhuwur]] {{Cabang ngèlmu sosial}} [[Kategori:Èlmu sosial]] [[Kategori:Pandhidhikan]] {{Pendhidhikan-stub}} 82livi6x6tk87iaeofx49w2brndpeqk 1752165 1752164 2026-08-02T16:21:39Z Dulusima 73546 1752165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Panggulawenthah|ꦥꦁꦒꦸꦭꦮꦼꦤ꧀ꦛꦃ}} '''Pamerdi''' utawa '''panggulawenthah''', uga diarani '''pandhidhikan''' yaiku prosès kanggo peserta didik metu saka kahanan kang durung swatantra, durung diwasa, dèrèng mardika tumuju kaanan kang luwih swatantra, luwih diwasa, tanggung jawab lan berbudaya. Prosès pandhidhikan yaiku pengajaran keahlian mirunggan, pemberian lan penambahan kawruh, pertimbangan lan kebijaksanaan. [[Gambar:Classe maternelle2.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Siswa [[taman kanak-kanak]] ing senthong sinau]] == Deleng uga == * [[Pendhidhikan anak usia dini|Pandhidhikan anak usia dini]] * [[Pendhidhikan dhasar|Pandhidhikan dhasar]] * [[Pendhidhikan menengah|Pandhidhikan menengah]] * [[Pendhidhikan dhuwur|Pandhidhikan dhuwur]] {{Cabang ngèlmu sosial}} [[Kategori:Èlmu sosial]] [[Kategori:Pandhidhikan]] {{Pendhidhikan-stub}} itadewhlo4qr6nqpssynp2ahgu72htz 0 23926 1752170 1736008 2026-08-03T11:57:11Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1752170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{IDFTable}} '''Angkatan Pertahanan Israèl''' ([[basa Ibrani]]: צבא ההגנה לישראל ''Tsva HaHagana LeYisrael'' '''''{{Audio|He-Israèli Defense Forces.ogg|rungokna}}''''', ''"[Tentara] Angkatan kanggo Pertahanan Israèl"''), kang sok dicekak nganggo cekakan basa Ibrani צה"ל '''''Ts''a''h''a''l''''', utawa '''''Tz''a''h''a''l''''', iku sebutan tumrap [[Israèl]], kang dumadi saka Angkatan Dharat Israèl, [[Angkatan Udara Israèl]] lan [[Angkatan Sagara Israèl]]. sajeroning basa Inggris, cekakan kang kondhang ya iku '''IDF''' (''Israèli Defense Forces''). == Sajarah == '''Angkatan Pertahanan Israèl''' diadegaké tanggal [[14 Mèi]] [[1948]] ya iku wektu medegé [[nagara]] [[Israèl]] "kanggo nglindungi kang ndunungi Israèl lan nglawan kabèh wangun terorisme kang ngancam kauripan sadina-dina". '''IDF''' nggantèkaké [[Haganah]] (mligi, cabang operasionalé, [[Palmach]]) minangka militèr permanen saka nagara [[Yahudi]] iki. Ing sajeroné uga gabung unsur-unsur sadurungé saka [[Brigade Yahudi]] kang perang ing sangisoré gendéra Karajan Manunggal ing mangsa [[Perang Donya II]]. Sawisé diwangun IDF, loro organisasi gerilya [[Yahudi]], [[Irgun|Etzel]] lan [[Lehi (golongan)|Lehi]] gabung karo IDF sajeroning sawijining konfederasi longgar, nanging diizinaké operasi kanthi independen ing sawenèh sèktor nganti pungkasané [[Perang Arab-Israèl 1948]]. Sawisé iku, kaloro organisasi iki dibubarké, lan anggota-anggotané disawijèkaké sajeroning IDF. IDF modhèren diwangun ing periode antara [[1949]] nganti taun [[1956]] liwat pengalaman saka konflik-konflik regional karo tangga-tanggané. <!-- Dari [[1956]] hingga [[1966]], IDF menghadapi lebih sedikit konflik dan menggunakan waktu ini untuk membeli perlengkapan baru dan berubah dari sebuah militer pemula menjadi sebuah kekuatan tempur yang profesional. Pada masa ini pula konon [[Israèl]] mengembangkan kemampuan nuklir mereka. Setelah masa damai selama satu dasawarsa, IDF menghadapi serangkaian peperangan dengan tetangga-tetangganya. == Tinjauan umum == === Dinas dan jumlah tenaga === ==== Dinas biasa ==== Laki-laki dan perempuan Yahudi dan [[Druze]] yang berusia di atas 18 tahun dikenai wajib dinas militer nasional, meskipun pengecualian dapat diberikan atas alasan-alasan agama, fisik maupun psikologis (lihat [[Profil 21]]). Laki-laki dalam komunitas [[Yudaisme Haredi|Haredi]] dapat memilih untuk dikecualikan sementara mereka belajar di [[Yeshiva]], sebuah praktik yang menjadi sumber ketegangan <ref>Rosenthal 2003:51</ref>, meskipun sebagian program yeshiva seperti [[Hesder]] menyediakan kesempatan untuk berdinas. Laki-laki berdinas di IDF selama tiga tahun, sementara perempuan dua tahun atau kadang-kadang kurang dari dua tahun. Kadang-kadang IDF dapat meminta perempuan yang menjadi relawan untuk posisi-posisi tempur untuk berdinas selama tiga tahun karena tentara-tentara tempur harus menjalani periode latihan yang lama. Perempuan dalam posisi tempur juga dituntut untuk berdinas sebagai perwira cadangan selama beberapa tahun setelah mereka diberhentikan dari dinas biasa, sebelum mereka punikah atau hamil. ==== Dinas cadangan ==== Setelah dinas biasa, kaum laki-laki dapat dipanggil untuk menjalani dinas cadangan hingga satu bulan setiap tahunnya, sampai mencapai usia 43-45 tahun (perwira cadangan dapat menjadi relawan setelah usia ini), dan dapat dipanggil untuk tugas aktif dengan segera pada saat-saat krisis. Pada umumnya, dinas cadangan dilaksanakan dalam satuan yang sama selama bertahun-tahun, dan seringkali satuan yang sama seperti pada dinas aktif dan dengan orang-orang yang sama. Banyak tentara yang telah berdinas bersama-sama dalam dinas aktif tetap bertemu dalam tugas cadangan selama bertahun-tahun setelah mereka dibebastugaskan, sehingga tugas cadangan menjadi suatu pengalaman ikatan bersama antara sesama laki-laki yang kuat dalam masyarakat Israèl. Sebuah lelucon Israèl terkenal menyebut warga sipil sebagai tentara yang sedang [[cuti]] selama 11 bulan. Meskipun tetap siap untuk dipanggil pada masa-masa krisis, kebanyakan laki-laki Israèl, dan praktis semua kaum perempuan, tidak benar-benar melakukan dinas cadangan pada suatu tahun tertentu. Satuan-satuan mereka tidak selalu memanggil semua perwira cadangan mereka setiap tahunnya, dan berbagai pengecualian dapat diberikan bila seseorang dipanggil untuk menjalani dinas cadangan biasa. Bagi para perwira cadangan yang dipanggil pada masa krisis praktis tidak ada pengecualian, namun pengalaman memperlihatkan bahwa dalam kasus-kasus demikian (yang paling mutakhir, [[Operasi Perisai Pertahanan]] pada [[2002]]) pengecualian jarang diminta atau diberikan; satuan-satuan ini biasanya mencapai tingkat rekrutmen melampaui satuan yang diawaki mereka yang berdinas penuh waktu. Baru-baru ini diusulkan sebuah rancangan undang-undang untuk memperbaiki dinas cadangan, mengurangi maksimum usia dinas hingga 40 tahun, menjadikannya semata-mata sebagai pasukan darurat, serta banyak lagi perubahan lainnya terhadap struktur yang ada sekarang (meskipun Departemen Pertahanan dapat menunda bagian manapun dari undang-undang itu setiap saat karena alasan-alasan keamanan). Namun, ambang usia bagi banyak perwira cadangan yang posisinya tidak didaftarkan, akan dipatok pada 49 tahun. Undang-undang ini akan mulai diberlakukan pada [[13 Maret]] [[2008]]. ==== Dinas Penjaga Perbatasan ==== Beberapa tentara IDF menjalani wajib dinas militer mereka di Mishmar Ha Gvool ([[Magav]]) atau Polisi Perbatasan Israèl. Begitu pasukan-pasukan itu menyelesaikan latihan tempur IDF mereka, mereka menjalani latihan tambahan kontra-terorisme dan Penjaga Perbatasan. Mereka kemudian ditempatkan pada salah satu dari satuan-satuan Penjaga Perbatasan di sekeliling nagara. Satuan-satuan Penjaga Perbatasan berperang berdampingan dengan satuan-satuan tempur IDF. Mereka juga bertanggung jawab atas keamanan daerah-daerah perkotaan yang padat, seperti misalnya Kota Yerusalem. Banyak perwira di Penjaga Perbatasan yang berasal dari satuan-satuan tempur IDF. Sementara Penjaga Perbatasan tetap mempertahankan struktur komando mereka, di lapangan mereka hampir tidak dapat dibedakan dari satuan-satuan IDF reguler. ==== Minoritas di IDF ==== Orang-orang [[Druze|Arab Druze]] dan [[Circassian]], seperti orang-orang Yahudi Israèl, dikenai wajib militer di IDF. Mulanya, mereka dimasukkan dalam satuan khusus yang dinamai "Satuan Minoritas", yang masih ada hingga sekarang, dalam wujud batalyon patroli Harev, namun sejak 1980-an, tentara-tentara Druze telah semakin gencar memprotes praktik ini, yang mereka anggap sebagai suatu wujud segeregasi dan tidak memberikan akses untuk berdinas di satuan-satuan yang lebih bergengsi. Militer telah semakin banyak menerima tentara Druze ke dalam satuan-satuan tempur biasa dan memberikan mereka akses ke pangkat-pangkat yang lebih tinggi, yang sebelumnya tidak diberikan kepada mereka. Pada tahun-tahun belakangan, beberapa perwira Druze telah mencapai pangkat-pangkat di IDF bahkan hingga Mayor Jenderal, dan banyak yang memperoleh bintang-bintang kehormatan. Namun, beberapa orang Druze masih mengeluhkan diskriminasi dan khususnya tidak dilibatkan dalam Angkatan Udara, meskipun pembatasan resmi dengan alasan keamanan untuk tingkat rendah bagi Druze telah cukup lama dihapuskan. Penerbang Druze pertama lulus pendidikan terbangnya pada 2005, namun namanya dirahasiakan karena ia adalah anggota Angkatan Udara, dan merupakan cucu dari seorang Druze Suriah yang membelot dari pertempuran di [[Ramat Yohanan]] pada masa perang kemerdekaan, di mana sekitar 1000 tentara dan perwira Druze membelot dan bergabung dengan Israèl. --> <!--The issue of being subject to mandatory conscription, unlike other Israèli Arab citizens, is the subject of an ongoing controversy inside the Druze community itself. Since the late 1970's the [[Druze Intiative Committee]] centered at the village of [[Beit Jan]] and linked to the [[Israèli Communist Party]] had been campaigning to abolish Druze conscription - arguing that the Druze are Arabs and Palestinians and should not be compelled to fight their brothers and sisters; that Druze conscription was instituted in [[1956]] following an appeal by the heads of the Druze community to then PM [[Ben Gurion]] which should not be considered binding on youths born many decades later; and that Druze get both ends of the stick - being conscripted like Jews (and in fact, having a higher percentage of combat casualties than Jews) while being in civilian life subjected to the same discrimination suffered by other Arabs in Israèl. {{disputed}} Such attitudes among the Israèli Druze were increased by contacts with their co-religioinists on the [[Golan Heights]], most of whom consider themselves [[Syrian]] patriots, do not recognise the Golan's annexation to Israèl and waged an prolonged [[civil disobedience]] campaign in [[1982]], when the government tried to impose on them Israèli citizenship. Also, the first [[Lebanon War]] brought Israèli Druze soldiers indirect contact with their Lebanese co-religionists which had the effect of increasing disaffection - especially in 1982-83 when the Druze regarded the government as unfairly supporting Lebanese Christian militias then conducting a bloody conflict with the Lebanese Druze at the [[Shuf Mountains]] south of [[Beirut]]. In each conscription class, dozens of Druze youths are known to either refuse to enlist or fail to show up and be declared "deserters". Druze radical activists complain that Druze [[conscientious objectors]] are consistently treated more harshly than Jewish ones and get far longer prison terms. So far, all Israèli government refused to open the policy of Druze conscription to any discussion. Regardless of the controversy on the issue of Druze recruitment, 87% of the Druze men enlist to the IDF, a ten precent higher rate than that of Jewish men. By law, all Israèli citizens are subject to conscription and it is the Defence Minister's complete discretion to grant excemption to individual citizens or classes of citizens. A long-standing policy dating to Israèl's early years extends an exemption to all other Israèli minorities (notably [[Israèli Arab]]s but also [[Black Hebrews]] and others). However, there is a long-standing governmet policy of encouraging [[Bedouin]]s to volunteer and offer them various inducements, and in some impoverished Beduin communities a military career seems one of the few means of (relative) social mobility abvailable. Similar to the above-mentioned Druze, beduin soldiers increasingly complain of being segregated in the army (escpecially in the traditonal role of [[trackers]]) and demand to be admitted to ordianry units, and volunteering to miltary service is an increasingly controversial subject in the beduin community - with opponents of military service pointing, for example, to cases where beduin soldiers returned from dangerous duty in the [[Occupied Territories]] to find their family homes in the [[Negev]] destroyed by government inspectors. From among non-beduin Arab citizens, the number of volunteers for military service - some [[Christian Arabs]] and even a few [[Muslim]] Arabs - is minute, and the government makes no special effort to increase it. Six Israèli Arabs have received orders of distinction as a part of their military service; of them the most famous is a Bedouin officer, Lieutenant Colonel Abd El-Amin Hajer (also known as [[Amos Yarkoni]]), who received the Order of Distinction. Recently, a [[Bedouin]] officer was promoted to the rank of Colonel. {{fact}} Until the second term of [[Yitzchak Rabin]] as Prime Minister, social benefits given to families in which at least one member (including a granfather, uncle or cousin) had served at some time in the armed forces were significantly higher than to "non-miltary" families, which was considered a means of blatant discrimination between Jews and Arabs. Rabin had led the abolition of the measure, in the teeth of strong opposition from the Right. At present,the only official advantage from military service is the attaining of security clearance and serving in some types of government positions (in most cases, security-related), as well as some indirect benefits. In practice, however, a large number of Israèli employers placing "wanted" ads include the requirement "after military service" even when the job is in no way security-related, which is considered as an euphemism for "no Arab need apply". The test of former military service is also frequnetly applied in addmittance to various newly-founded communities, effectively barring Arabs from living there. Also, the Israèli national airline [[El Al]] hires only pilots who had served in the Air Force, which in practice excludes Arabs from the job. Israèli Arabs claim that this puts them at a disadvantage vs. non-Arab Israèli citizens - although in theory any Israèli Arab has the opportunity to do military service, if he or she wants to, in practice any such volunteer needs to be vetted by the Security Service, and the drafting of Muslims other than Beduins is not encouraged and is often considered a security risk. The Israèli government claims that this arrangement provides equal opportunity for the Arab population. On the other hand, non-Arab Israèlis argue that the mandatory three-year (20 months for women) military service puts them at a disadvantage, as they effectively lose three years of their life through their service in the IDF, while the Arab Israèlis are able to start right into their jobs after school, or study at a university. In fact,the most frequently heard argument whenever the subject of the discrimination of Arabs comes up - whether on the [[Knesset]] floor, in the media or among ordinary citizens - is that the Arabs' "non fulfilment of military duty" justifies thier exclusion from some or all the benefits of citizenship. The late former general [[Rafael Eitan]], when he went into politics in the 1980's, proposed that the right to vote be linked to military service. The idea occasionally crops up again among right-wing groups and parties. According to the [[2004]] [[U.S. State Department]] [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices]] for ''Israèl and the occupied territories'', "Israèli Arabs were not required to perform mandatory military service and, in practice, only a small percentage of Israèli Arabs served in the military. Those who did not serve in the army had less access than other citizens to social and economic benefits for which military service was a prerequisite or an advantage, such as housing, new-household [[subsidies]], and employment, especially government or security-related industrial employment. Regarding the latter, for security reasons, Israèli Arabs generally were restricted from working in companies with defense contracts or in security-related fields." In recent years, there have been several initiatives to enable Israèli Arabs to volunteer for civilian [[National Service]] instead of to the IDF, completion of which would grant the same privileges as those granted to IDF veterans. However, this plan has gained strong resistance from Arab members of the parliament, and as a result, has not been implemented yet. Since 1993, gays have been allowed to openly serve in the military, including special units. ==== Women in the IDF ==== Israèl has female [[conscription]], but about a third of female conscripts (more than double the figure for men) are exempted, mainly for religious and nuptial reasons. Following their active service, women, like men, are in theory required to serve up to one month annually in reserve duty. However, in practice only some women in combat roles get called for active reserve duty, and only for a few years following their active service, with many exit points (e.g., pregnancy). Apart from the [[1948 Arab-Israèli War]], when manpower shortages saw many of them taking active part in battles on the ground, women were historically barred from battle in the IDF, serving in a variety of technical and administrative support roles. During this period however, the IDF reputedly favoured female instructors for training male soldiers in certain roles, particularly tank crews. This was on the basis that female instructors of similar age to the young conscripts were more likely to receive the full attention of their students. But after a landmark 1994 High Court appeal by Alice Miller, a Jewish immigrant from [[South Africa]], the [[Israèl Air Force|Air Force]] was instructed to open its pilots course to women (several served as transport pilots during the first Arab-Israèli War in 1948 and [[1956 Suez War|"Operation Kadesh" in 1956]], but the Air Force later closed its ranks to women fliers). Miller failed the entrance exams, but since her initiative, many additional combat roles were opened. As of 2005, women are allowed to serve in 83% of all positions in the military, including Shipboard Navy Service (except submarines), and [[Artillery]]. Combat roles are voluntary for women. As of 2002, 33% of lower rank Officers are women, 21% of Captains and Majors, but only 3% of the most senior ranks. 450 women currently serve in combat units of Israèl's security forces, primarily in the [[MAGAV|Border Police]]. The first female fighter pilot received her wings in 2001. In a controversial move, the IDF abolished its "Women's Corps" command in 2004, with a view that it has become an [[anachronism]] and a stumbling block towards integration of women in the army as regular soldiers with no special status. However, after pressures from [[feminist]] lobbies, The Chief of Staff was persuaded to keep an "advisor for women's affairs". === Expenditures and alliances === During 1950-66, Israèl spent an average of 9% of its GDP on defense. Defense expenditures increased dramatically after both the 1967 and 1973 wars. They reached a high of about 24% of GDP in the 1980s, but have since come back down to about 9%[http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/images/informationbrief.php?ID=55], following the signing of peace agreements with Jordan and Egypt. In 1983, the [[United States]] and Israèl established a [[Joint Political Military Group]], which convenes twice a year. Both the U.S. and Israèl participate in joint military planning and combined exercises, and have collaborated on military research and weapons development. Additionally the [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]] maintains two classified, pre-positioned [[War Reserve Stock]]s in Israèl valued at $493 million. [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/agency/31muns.htm] Israèl has the official distinction of being an American [[Major non-NATO ally]]. As a result of this, America shares the vast majority of its security and military technology with Israèl. Since 1976, Israèl had been the largest annual recipient of U.S. foreign assistance. In recent years, Israèl has received about $1.8 billion a year in Foreign Military Financing (FMF) grants from the Department of Defense. This amount has increased in recent years due to non-military economic aid being shifted to military aid.[http://www.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/cbj/] == High command (General Staff)== :''For a list of individual members (2005), see [[Israèli General Staff]]'' All branches of the IDF are subordinate to a single [[General Staff]]. [[Ramatkal|The Chief of the General Staff]] (Hebrew [[acronym]]: רמטכ"ל, pronounced: ''Ramatkal'') is the only serving officer having the rank of [[Lieutenant General]] (in Hebrew: רב אלוף, pronounced: "Rav [[Aluf]]"). He reports directly to the [[Defense Minister of Israèl|Defense Minister]] and indirectly to the [[Prime Minister of Israèl]] and the cabinet. Chiefs of Staff are formally appointed by the cabinet, based on the Defense Minister's recommendation, for three years, but the government can vote to extend their service to four (and in rare occasions even five) years. The current chief of staff is (Lieutenant) [[General]] (Rav-Aluf) [[Dan Halutz]], who replaced [[Moshe Ya'alon]], on June 1st, 2005. --> === Struktur militèr === IDF dumadi saka organisasi kaya kang kacetha ing ngisor iki: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ==== Kasenjataan ==== * '''[[Komando Angkatan Dharat Israèl]]''' :* Korps Infantri :* Korps Kavaleri :* Korps Zeni :* Korps Artileri :* Korps Intelijen Lapangan :* Korps Adjutant :* Korps Peralatan :* Korps Logistik :* Korps K4I * Angkatan Udara :* '''[[Angkatan Udara Israèl]]''' ::* [[Jaringan Pertahanan Udara Israèl]] * Angkatan Sagara * ''[[Korps Sagara Israèl]]''' ==== Cawang ==== * '''Staf Umum''' :* '''Direktorat Operasi''' ::* '''Humas''' :* '''Direktorat Intelijen Aman (IDF)''' ::* Korps Intelijen Israèl] ::* Sensor Militer Israèl] {{col-2}} :* '''Direktorat Personil Israèl''' ::* Pulisi Militer Israèl ::* Pendhidhikan lan Korps Pemuda ::* Korps Umum ::* Rohani ::* Urusan Wanita :* '''Direktorat Penrencanaan''' :* '''Direktorat Jasa Komputer''' :* '''Direktorat Teknoogi lan Logistik''' ::* Korps Kasesehatan ==== Komando regional ==== * '''Komando Lor''' * '''Komando Tengah''' * '''Komando Kidul''' * '''Komando Dalam Negri''' ==== Organisasi liyané ==== * '''Odituriat Jendral''' * '''Pengadilan Militer''' * '''Penasihat Kauangan''' * '''Koordinator aktivitas papréntahan ing wewengkon''' * '''Akademi Militer''' * Kepala Perwira Cadangan * '''Sekretaris Militer saka Nayakotama''' {{col-end}} === Organ kagandhèng === Organisasi ing ngisor iki makarya bebarengan karo IDF, nanging ora (utawa mung sapérangan) ana sajeroné struktur IDF. {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ==== [[Israèl Security Forces|Pasukan Keamanan]] ==== * [[Komunitas Intelijen Israèl]] :* [[Shabak]] :* [[Mossad]] :* [[Dewan Keamanan Nasional Israèl]] * [[Pulisi Israèl]] :* [[Pulisi Tapel Wates Israèl]] * [[Pengamanan Penjara Israèl]] * [[Pengamanan Knesset]] {{col-2}} ==== Pengembangan ==== * [[Industri Militer Israèl]] * [[Industri Pesawat israel]] * [[Otoritas Pengembangan Persenjataan RAFAEL]] * '''Administrasi Pengembangan Senjata lan Teknologi Industri''' ==== Pengawas ==== * '''Comtroller Pertahanan''' * '''Direktur Jendral saka Mantri Pertahanan''' {{col-end}} <!-- == Israèli military technology == The IDF possesses top-of-the-line weapons and computer systems; some of it American-made or indigenously modified (such as the [[M4 Carbine|M4A1]] assault rifle, [[F-15 Eagle]] and [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] jets and [[Apache helicopter]]). Israèl receives more than US$2 billion per year in military aid from the United States, and much of it requires that American equipment be purchased with it. In spite of this however, Israèl also has developed its own independent weapons industry. Weapons such as the [[Merkava]] battle tank, [[Kfir]] jet series, and various small arms such as the [[Galil]] assault rifle and [[Uzi]] submachine gun have all proven to be very successful. The IDF also has several large internal [[research and development]] departments, and it purchases many technologies produced by the Israèli security industries including [[Israèl Aircraft Industries|IAI]], [[Israèl Military Industries|IMI]], [[Elbit]], [[El-Op]], [[Rafael]], [[Soltam]] and dozens of smaller firms. Many of these developments have been battle-tested in Israèl's numerous military engagements, making the relationship mutually beneficial, the IDF getting tailor-made solutions and the industries a very high repute. ===Main Israèli developments=== [[Image:Merkava-mkIII-LIC-pic06.jpg|thumb|An Israèli [[Merkava]] main battle tank.]] Israèl's military technology is most famous for its guns, [[armored fighting vehicles]] ([[tank]]s, tank-converted [[Armored personnel carrier|APC]]s, armoured [[bulldozer]]s etc) and rocketry (missiles and rockets). Israèl also designs and in some cases it has manufactured aircraft ([[IAI Kfir|Kfir]], [[Lavi]]; both discontinued) and naval systems (patrol and missile ships). Much of the IDF's electronic systems (intelligence, communication, command and control, navigation etc.) are Israèli-developed, including many systems installed on foreign platforms (esp. aircraft, tanks and submarines). So are many of its [[precision-guided munition]]s. Israèl and the United States are the only countries in the world with an anti-ballistic missile defense system ("[[Arrow missile|Hetz]]", Arrow, or Patriot (U.S.) developed with funding and technology from the United States), though an operational system is in place protecting the Moscow area. Israèl has also worked with the U.S. on development of a tactical high energy [[laser]] system against medium range rockets (called [[Nautilus THEL]]). Israèl has the independent capability of launching [[reconnaissance satellites]] into orbit (a capability which only [[Russia]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], the [[People's Republic of China]], [[India]] and [[Japan]] hold). Both the satellites ([[Ofeq]]) and the launchers ([[Shavit]]) were developed by the Israèli security industries. Israèl is also said to have developed an [[Israèl and weapons of mass destruction|indigenous nuclear capability]], although no official details or acknowledgements have ever been publicized. On the issue of this nuclear weapons program, Israèl chooses to follow a [[policy of deliberate ambiguity]]. --> === Sistem senjata === {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * Senjata ènthèng ** [[M16]] senapan serbu ** [[M4 Carbine]] ** [[Tavor TAR-21]] [[bullpup]] senapan serbu *** "Refaim" pelontar granat ** [[Galil]] senapan serbu ** [[Uzi]] senapan mesin ènthèng *** Micro Uzi *** Para Micro Uzi *** Mini Uzi *** Uzi pistol ** [[IMI Negev]] light [[senapan mesin]] ** [[Jericho 941]] "Baby Eagle" handgun ** [[T.C.I.]] [[M89-SR]] semi-auto bullpup [[sniper]] rifle (based on a [[M-36 Sardius]] rifle) ** [[SR-99]] senapan rundhuk ** RCWS-''remote control weapon station'' ** OWS-''overhead weapon station'' (uga dikenal minangka "Mag Refael") ** [[Corner Shot]] (Joint U.S-Israèli) * Lapis waja ** [[Merkava]]-Tank utama *** Mk 1 *** Mk 2 *** Mk 3 *** Mk 3 Baz *** Mk 3 LIC *** Mk 4 *** [[Nammer]] ARV-Merkava ** [[Magah]] (upgraded [[M60 Patton]])-Tank Utama ** Multi purpose tank-chassis based [[IFV]] *** Puma-[[Combat engineering]] lapis waja *** [[Achzarit]]-APC *** NagmaShot-APC saka [[Tank Centurion]] *** [[Nagmachon]] *** Nakpadon ** [[Caterpillar D9]] ** [[Machbet]]-artileri ** Self-propelled, artileri * Montor ** Abir ** Sufa ** Desert Raider {{col-2}} * Rokèt lan Misil ** Gil/Spike-[[ATGM]] (peluru kendhali anti-tank) ** Shifon-ATGM ** [[Jericho missile]]-misil balistik ** [[Shavit]]-misil satelit ** [[Python missile#Python 4|Rafael Python 4]] lan [[Rafael Python 5]]-misil udara-udara ** Popeye ([[AGM-142 Have Nap|AGM-142]])-misil udara-dharat ** [[Gabriel (missile)|Gabriel]] (misil anti kapal) ** Hetz ([[Arrow missile]])-péranganing sistem pertahanan (misil balistik) * Electronik lan Teknologi dhuwur ** Oren Yarok ([[Green Pine]])-sistem radar ** [[Phalcon]]-sistem pengintai intelijen ** Satelit *** [[Ofeq]]-(satelit pengintai) *** [[Amos (Satelit Komunikasi)]]-(sipil, dianggo IDF) ** Katbam-prau tanpa awak ** [[LITENING targeting pod]]-jet pemburu tempur ** Pesawat pemburu McDonnell Douglas [[F-4 Phantom]], McDonnell Douglas [[F-15 Eagle]] lan General Dynamics [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] ** Barak Zoher-senjata anti tank ** [[Dolphin class submarine]] sistem Perang Elektronika * Montor mabur ** [[Nesher]] jet tempur (upgraded Mirage V) ** [[Kfir]] fighter jet (upgraded and improved Mirage V) ** [[Dassault Mirage III|Nammer]] fighter jet (Mirage III) ** [[Lavi]] fighter jet (original design, prototype flown but project cancelled due to cost) ** [[Arava]] [[STOL]] pesawat transport medium ** [[Mazlat]] (pesawat pengintai tanpa awak) * Senjata Angkatan Sagara ** Dabur/Dvora/Tsir'a/Yatush pesawat patroli ** Sa'ar-class kapal misil *** Kapal misil klas Saar 2 *** Kapal misil klas Saar 3 *** Kapal misil klas Saar 4 *** Kapal misil klas Saar 4.5 *** Kapal misil klas Saar 5 {{col-end}} <!-- === Nuclear capability === :''See also: [[Israèl and weapons of mass destruction]]'' It is generally believed that Israèl has [[nuclear weapon]]s. The weapons are thought to have been developed at the [[Negev Nuclear Research Center]]'s nuclear reactor since the 1960's. The first two nuclear bombs were probably operational before the [[Six-Day War]] and [[Prime Minister of Israèl|Prime Minister]] [[Levi Eshkol]] ordered them armed in Israèl's first nuclear alert during that war. It is also believed that, fearing defeat in the October [[1973]] [[Yom Kippur War]], the Israèlis assembled thirteen twenty-kilo[[ton]] nuclear bombs. The current size and composition of Israèl's nuclear stockpile is uncertain, and is the subject of various estimates and reports. FAS estimates that Israèl probably has 100-200 nuclear warheads, which can be delivered by airplanes ([[A-4 Skyhawk]] or converted [[F-4 Phantom II]]), or [[ballistic missile]]s (Lance, [[Jericho missile|Jericho or Jericho II]] missiles). The Jericho II is reported to have a range between 1,500 and 4,000 km, meaning that it can target sites as far away as central [[Russia]], [[Iran]] and [[Libya]]. It has also been speculated that the Israèli Navy's three [[Dolphin class submarine]]s may be capable of carrying nuclear-armed specially-modified Popeye Turbo [[cruise missile]]s. These missiles are purported to have a 1,500 km range and are supposedly fired out of what are suspected to be unusually-sized additional torpedo tubes that were allegedly installed on the Dolphin submarine and are otherwise larger than what is required to accommodate any currently known western torpedo design in existence. A test of such a missile is alleged to have taken place off the coast of [[Sri Lanka]] in May [[2000]]. Nevertheless, some military analysts have labeled such rumors to be highly unlikely and impossible given the logistics of the submarines. Furthermore, there is no factual basis for the origins of the alleged test firing. The Israèli government has neither acknowledged nor denied that it possesses nuclear weapons, an official policy referred to as "[[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|ambiguity]]". However, details of Israèl's nuclear program were revealed in 1986 to the British press by [[Mordechai Vanunu]], a former nuclear technician. Following these revelations, Mordechai Vanunu was abducted by the [[Mossad]] and convicted of treason in his country. Released in 2004 under specific conditions, he lives today under surveillance in Israèl. == Ranks and insignia == {{main|Israèl Defense Forces ranks|Israèl Defense Forces insignia}} The Israèl Defense Forces has four enlisted ranks, as well as: * 3 Supreme or General Officers: [[Ramatkal|Rav Aluf]] (Ra'al), Aluf, Tat aluf (Ta'al) * 3 Field or Senior Officers: Aluf mishne (Alam), Sgan aluf (Sa'al), Rav seren (Rasan) * 3 Company Grade or Junior Officers: Seren, Segen and Segen mishne (Sagam) * 2 academic officers: Katsin akademai bakhir (Ka'ab), Katsin miktsoi akademai (Kama) * 5 non-commissioned officer ranks: Rav nagad (Ranag), Rav samal bakhír (Rasab), Rav samal mitkadem (Rasam), Rav samal rishon (Rasar), Rav samal (Rasal) Non-officer enlisted ranks include: Samal rishon (Samar), Samal, Rav turai (Rabat), Turai Unlike most world armies, these ranks are common for all corps in the IDF, including the air force and navy. Enlisted personnel sew their ranks to their sleeves, while officers and NCOs wear them on their shoulders. == Code of Conduct == In 1992, the IDF drafted a ''Code of Conduct'' that is a combination of international law, Israèli law, [[Jew]]ish heritage and the IDF's own traditional ethical code - ''Ruach Tzahal'' רוח צה"ל ("[http://www1.idf.il/DOVER/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=32 The Spirit of the IDF]"). ===The Values of the IDF=== Tenacity of Purpose in Performing Missions and Drive to Victory - "The IDF servicemen and women will fight and conduct themselves with courage in the face of all dangers and obstacles; They will persevere in their missions resolutely and thoughtfully even to the point of endangering their lives." Responsibility - "The IDF serviceman or woman will see themselves as active participants in the defense of the state, its citizens and residents. They will carry out their duties at all times with initiative, involvement and diligence with common sense and within the framework of their authority, while prepared to bear responsibility for their conduct." Credibility - "The IDF servicemen and women shall present things objectively, completely and precisely, in planning, performing and reporting. They will act in such a manner that their peers and commanders can rely upon them in performing their tasks." Personal Example - "The IDF servicemen and women will comport themselves as required of them, and will demand of themselves as they demand of others, out of recognition of their ability and responsibility within the military and without to serve as a deserving role model." Human Life - "The IDF servicemen and women will act in a judicious and safe manner in all they do, out of recognition of the supreme value of human life. During combat they will endanger themselves and their comrades only to the extent required to carry out their mission." [[Purity of Arms]] - "The IDF servicemen and women will use their weapons and force only for the purpose of their mission, only to the necessary extent and will maintain their humanity even during combat. IDF soldiers will not use their weapons and force to harm human beings who are not combatants or prisoners of war, and will do all in their power to avoid causing harm to their lives, bodies, dignity and property." Professionalism - "The IDF servicemen and women will acquire the professional knowledge and skills required to perform their tasks, and will implement them while striving continuously to perfect their personal and collective achievements." Discipline - "The IDF servicemen and women will strive to the best of their ability to fully and successfully complete all that is required of them according to orders and their spirit. IDF soldiers will be meticulous in giving only lawful orders, and shall refrain from obeying blatantly illegal orders." Comradeship - "The IDF servicemen and women will act out of fraternity and devotion to their comrades, and will always go to their assistance when they need their help or depend on them, despite any danger or difficulty, even to the point of risking their lives." Sense of Mission - "The IDF soldiers view their service in the IDF as a mission; They will be ready to give their all in order to defend the state, its citizens and residents. This is due to the fact that they are representatives of the IDF who act on the basis and in the framework of the authority given to them in accordance with IDF orders." ===Code of Conduct against terrorists=== Recently, a team of professors, commanders and former judges, led by [[Tel Aviv University]] the holder of the [[Ethics]] chair, Professor [[Assa Kasher]], developed a code of conduct which emphasizes the right behavior in [[low-intensity operations|low intensity warfare]] against terrorists, where soldiers must operate within a civilian population. Reserve units and regular units alike are taught the following eleven rules of conduct, which are an addition to the more general ''IDF Spirit'': # Military action can only be taken against military targets. # The use of force must be proportional. # Soldiers may only use weaponry they were issued by the IDF. # Anyone who surrenders cannot be attacked. # Only those who are properly trained can interrogate prisoners. # Soldiers must accord dignity and respect to the Palestinian population and those arrested. # Soldiers must give appropriate medical care, when conditions allow, to oneself and one's enemy. # Pillaging is absolutely and totally illegal. # Soldiers must show proper respect for religious and cultural sites and artifacts. # Soldiers must protect international aid workers, including their property and vehicles. # Soldiers must report all violations of this code. == Criticism == Critics, including [[B'Tselem]] and [[Amnesty International]] accuse Israèl of frequently violating their own [[Purity of Arms]] and code of ethics, and protecting soldiers who do. IDF has warned both senior and junior military officers alike of possible arrest and charges of war crimes if they set foot in [[Europe]] based on their conduct in the [[2006 Israèl-Lebanon War]].[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=111341] Israèl has been accused of committing [[war crimes]] in [[2006 Israèl-Lebanon War]] by the non-governmental organisations [[Amnesty International]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5276626.stm] and [[Human Rights Watch]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5232434.stm]. == Counterterrorism tactics == Owing to the ongoing [[Israèli-Palestinian conflict]], the tactics of the IDF have been adapted for [[low intensity warfare]] primarily against [[Palestinian]] militants operating from within densely-populated Israèli occupied territory. ===Targeted killing=== {{main|Targeted killing}} The IDF employs a controversial strategy of "focused foiling" (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: סיכול ממוקד ''sikul memukad''), termed "extra-judicial executions" by human rights organizations, <ref>http://www.btselem.org/Download/200101_Extrajudicial_Killings_Eng.doc</ref> of presumed Palestinian terrorist leaders, aimed at preventing future acts of violence by killing a person related to anticipated future violence (such as terrorist at the stages of planning or executing a [[terror|terrorist attack]]). This policy has been widely condemned by the United Nations and many other countries as it said to be violating The International Humanitarian Law (Hague Convention IV of 1907). Among prominent figures assassinated by Israèl are [[Abu Jihad]], [[Abbas al-Musawi]], and [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]]. ===House demolitions=== The IDF has historically used a strategy of demolishing houses of family members of suicide bombers, originally claiming that this was a very effective prevention tactic: Would-be bombers' families sometimes prevent the bomber, sometimes even going as far as informing to the IDF, in the hope of preventing their family-member's death as well as their house being demolished. Some would-be bombers even relented at the last moment, fearing their parent's home would be demolished. Critics, including human right organizations <ref name=hrw-house-demolitions>[http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza/ Human Rights Watch - Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip]</ref>, contend that effectiveness does not legitimize excessive force. They also contend that the demolitions carried out by the IDF disproportionately affect civilians. However, many Israèlis accept this tactic as necessary. During the recent conflict, the number of houses demolished has increased significantly, both as the result of an increase in the number of suicide bombers, as well as due to more lenient criteria for house demolition. The IDF now routinely demolishes houses from which shots were fired at nearby traffic or settlements, houses harboring concealed [[Smuggling tunnels#Smuggling tunnels in Rafah.2C Gaza Strip|Smuggling tunnel]] entrances in the [[Gaza strip]], and for other security reasons. Another main source for house demolition is in the course of fighting. After several IDF soldiers were killed early in the conflict while searching houses containing militants, the IDF started employing a tactic of surrounding such houses, calling on the occupants (civilian and militant) to exit, and demolishing the house on top of the militants within in case they do not surrender. This tactic is now used whenever feasible (i.e., non multi-rise building that's separated from other houses). Palestinians claim several cases in which houses were demolished on top of incapacitated or deaf civilian occupants. However, the IDF claims that in the vast majority of cases the occupants were militants. In some heavy fighting incidents, esp. in the [[Battle of Jenin 2002]] and [[Operation Rainbow]] in [[Rafah]] [[2004]], heavily-[[armored]] [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[bulldozers]] were used to demolish houses to widen alleyways or to secure locations for IDF troops. Palestinians and international organizations say the use of bulldozers by the IDF is illegal. In one well-known incident, [[International Solidarity Movement]] activist [[Rachel Corrie]] was killed while trying to stop a bulldozer in Rafah. In summer 2005, after numerous houses had been destroyed, the Israèli army itself came to the conclusion that these demolitions do not contribute to Israèl's security and announced putting an end to this policy. This does however not mean that, as part of its "[[low intensity warfare]]", the IDF would not destroy civilian homes during combat. {{seealso|urban warfare|counter terror|CQB}} -->== Uga delengen == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} === Artikel bab IDF === * [[Sajarah Angkatan Pertahanan Israèl]] * [[:Kategori:Anggota militèr Israèl|Pratélan tokoh militèr lan pahlawan perang Israèl]] * [[Pratélan sesanti ékan militèr miturut nagara#Israèl|Sesanti ékan IDF]] * [[Pratélan brigade sajeroning Angkatan Pertahanan Israèl]] * [[Pratélan basis Angkatan Pertahanan Israèl]] * [[Pasukan Keamanan Israèl]] * [[Pangkat sajeroning Angkatan Pertahanan Israèl]] * [[Close to Home (filem)-2005]] * [[Tank Sherman Pasca-perang]] * [[Qana|Penembakan atas Qana]] (1996) * [[Operasi Orchard]] (2007) {{col-2}} === Artikel kagandhèng === * [[Teknologi lan perlengkapan militèr]] * [[Konflik Arab-Israèl]] * [[Lehi (kelompok)]] * [[Proliferasi nuklir]] * [[Pembangkang militèr Israèl]] * [[Profil 21]] (פרופיל 21) * [[MK 22]] {{col-end}} == Rujukan lan cathetan == {{Reflist}} * Rosenthal, Donna. ''The Israèlis''. Free Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7432-7035-5 == Wacan == {{Commons category|Israèl Defense Forces}} * {{he}} [http://www.idf.il/ The IDF Official Website] * [http://www.isayeret.com/ isayeret.com]-The Israèli Special Forces Database * [http://www1.idf.il/DOVER/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=32 The IDF Spirit - the ethical code of the IDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430031938/http://www1.idf.il/dover/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=32 |date=2006-04-30 }} * [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/584/14inv.htm Civil society under attack(detailing IDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622225501/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/584/14inv.htm |date=2006-06-22 }} * [http://www.magavjerusalem.com Jerusalem volunteer Border Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208051713/http://magavjerusalem.com/ |date=2011-02-08 }} * [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief3-8.htm IDF Code of Conduct] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720171758/http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief3-8.htm |date=2006-07-20 }} * [http://www.fotw.net/flags/il%5E.html Israèli Armed Forces at Flags of the World] * ''The Sword and the Olive'', Martin Van Creveld, ISBN 1-891620-05-3. A thorough and critical history of the IDF from the early defence leagues, and up to the late 1990s. * [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/ FAS's page about Israèl's nuclear capability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821024534/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/ |date=2021-08-21 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/1820862.stm BBC: Israèl undercover] * [http://www.israeli-weapons.com Israèli Weapons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930120959/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/ |date=2018-09-30 }} * [http://www.isayeret.com/ Isayeret.com]: The Israèli Special Forces Database * [http://www.idf.il/daily_statistics/english/5.doc Statistics about IDF ratio of thwarting suicide bombing attacks] (link to DOC file) * [http://www.defense-update.com Defense-Update Online Magazine] * [[Haaretz]] report: "From 40 attacks per quarter to 5 attacks per quarter":[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/413396.html English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040420160442/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/413396.html |date=2004-04-20 }}-[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=413586&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0 Hebrew]-[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/images/printed/P080404/zza.jpg Graph 1: Thwarted attacks (yellow) vs successful attacks (red)]-[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/images/printed/P080404/a.0.0804.10.2.9.jpg Graph 2: Suicide bombing within the "green line" per quarter]. * [http://www.waronline.org/ War Online]-military analysis and military history of the Middle East, especially IDF (Russian, English) * [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks47.html The Israèli Military and Israèl's Palestinian Policy: From Oslo to the Al Aqsa Intifada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814201910/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks47.html |date=2006-08-14 }} [[U.S. Institute of Peace]], Dhésèmber 2002 <!--[[Category:1948 establishments]]--> [[Kategori:Militer Israèl|*]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Israèl]] [[Kategori:Wajib militèr]] [[Kategori:Pertahanan]] [[Kategori:Militèr]] ka4it66fd2zg8v7rfgn2inllambpby0 3 101498 1752161 1752064 2026-08-02T14:22:37Z Pathoschild 700 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 1752161 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] '''<span style="color:red"> BEFORE YOU BLOCK MY ACCOUNT: IF MY EDIT SUMMARY INCLUDE PREFIX </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, DON'T BLOCK ME, JUST TELL ME TO SLOW DOWN AT COMMONS' TALK PAGE. 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Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> 5b8qtz4dnjnrhc9ts3mku14m3gujbq8 3 197376 1752163 1701275 2026-08-02T15:36:00Z Pathoschild 700 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 1752163 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o 2 197377 1752162 1701276 2026-08-02T14:59:28Z Pathoschild 700 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 1752162 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Revi C.]] 88g0cv17whfgb1wkeh281mptujwtlut 0 200602 1752169 1752041 2026-08-03T06:30:44Z 1kutipedia 73666 /* Karya */ 1752169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=R. A. Mahéng|birth_name=Rahmat Ali|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1996|5|18}}|birth_place=Paya Baro, Woyla Wétan, Acèh Kulon, Acèh, Indonésia|nationality=Indonésia|education=[[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]]|occupation=Panulis, esais, storyteller|image=Maheng_at_Air_Mata_Permai_Beach_Ketapang_2026.jpg|notable works=RUNDUMA: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi}} '''R. A. Mahéng''' ya iku panulis, esais, lan storyteller Indonésia. Dhèwèké dikenal lumantar karya fiksi, esai, cathetan lelungan, lan jurnalisme sastrawi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/maheng|title=Profil Mahéng|website=Goodreads.com|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> ==Kauripan pribadi lan Wiyata== Mahéng (jeneng lair '''Rahmat Ali'''; lair 18 Mèi 1996 ing Gampông Paya Baro, Kacamatan Woyla Wétan, Kabupatèn Acèh Kulon, Acèh) ngerampungné mangsa pendidikan Sarjana Sosiologi Agama ing [[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]] taun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/profil/44620/r-a-maheng |title=Profil Mahéng |website=Indonesiana |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref> == Karir == Nalika dadi mahasiswa, Mahéng aktif ing organisasi pers mahasiswa. Dhèwèké tau njabat minangka Sekretaris Jenderal Perhimpunan Pers Mahasiswa Indonesia (PPMI) Dewan Kutha Yogyakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekspresionline.com/mempertanyakan-eksistensi-ppmi/|title=Mempertanyakan Eksistensi PPMI|website=Ekspresi Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> Ing Kongres Nasional PPMI XIV ing taun 2018, Mahéng kapilih dadi Sekretaris Jenderal PPMI Nasional kanggo masa bakti 2018–2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmahonline.id/berita/lika-liku-kongres-nasional-ppmi-xiv/|title=Lika-liku Kongres Nasional PPMI XIV|website=Himmah Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> Minangka Sekretaris Jenderal PPMI Nasional, Mahéng aktif nyuarakaké kabébasan pers mahasiswa lan advokasi tumrap kasus-kasus kekerasan marang pers kampus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jogja.idntimes.com/news/jogja/pers-mahasiswa-dibungkam-apa-yang-harus-dilakukan-00-9zppy-spmf31|title=Pers Mahasiswa Dibungkam, Apa yang Harus Dilakukan?|work=IDN Times|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/251155/ppmi-masih-banyak-perlakuan-kekerasan-terhadap-pers-kampus|title=PPMI: Masih Banyak Perlakuan Kekerasan terhadap Pers Kampus|work=Times Indonesia|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmahonline.id/berita/aksi-solidaritas-pembebasan-dua-mahasiswa-lpm-bom-itm/|title=Aksi Solidaritas Pembebasan Dua Mahasiswa LPM BOM ITM|website=Himmah Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}</ref> Saliyané aktif ing organisasi pers mahasiswa, Mahéng melu ing Rumah Gerakan Rode 610 ing Yogyakarta. Ing kono dhèwèké mèlu diskusi, kagiyatan literasi, lan jejaring gerakan sipil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maheng.net/2026/07/belajar-di-rumah-rode-610.html |title=Rumah Gerakan Rode 610: Tempat Saya Belajar Bertanya |website=Maheng.net |author=R. A. Mahéng |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref> Saliyané iku, Mahéng melu ing Komunitas GUSDURian Yogyakarta. Dhèwèké nulis babagan agama, pluralisme, kabudayan, lan prakara sosial.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gusdurian.net/author/maheng/ |title=Mahéng |website=Kampung GUSDURian |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://islami.co/author/maheng/ |title=Mahéng |website=Islami.co |access-date=16 Juli 2026 }}</ref> == Karya == * ''RUNDUMA: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi'' (Travelogue, 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kubuku.id/detail/runduma--surga-kecil-di-wakatobi/96231|title=Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi|website=Kubuku.id|access-date=17 Juli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubadalah.id/runduma-surga-kecil-di-wakatobi-makna-lain-dari-pengabdian/|title=Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi, Makna Lain dari Pengabdian|website=Mubadalah.id|date=7 Maret 2024|access-date=17 Juli 2026}}</ref> * ''Nayanika'' (Roman Spiritual, 2025) * ''Mencari Indonesia Menuai Kegelisahan Gus Dur dan Rm. Mangun'' (Antologi, 2025) * ''Masalembu: Suara dari Laut Seberang'' (Travelogue, 2026)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/255857613-masalembu |title=Masalembu: Suara dari Laut Seberang |website=Goodreads.com |access-date=3 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> == Acuan == {{Reflist}} 65uavk4rzf8gqwobtrft1fkmfw4vsh4 0 200658 1752167 1752153 2026-08-03T05:17:45Z Meursault2004 3 + kategori 1752167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serat Darmakndha''''' (sajeroning [[Aksara Carakan|aksara Jawa]]: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀​ꦢꦂꦩꦏ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝ) haiku salah sawiji naskah saking kabudayan Sastra Jawa Anyar ingkang sinerat ing abad kaping 19. Naskah puniki diserat ngagem aksara Jawa, basa Jawa, lan nagger ''metrum'' tembang macapat. Serat Darmakandha disimpen ana ing ''Perpustakaan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia'' ngagem kode simpen CI.19-NR/170 konten ing Rol 117.02. == Salinan naskah == # Naskah ''Kempalan Dongeng'' St. 35/PP/2762 (1877) koleksinipun Perpustakaan Widyapustaka Puro Pakualaman Yogyakarta # Naskah berjudul ''Jaka Kusnun'' PB A.250 (1910 M) koleksinipun Museum Sonobudoyo Yogyakarta # ''Serat Darmakandha'' PB C.21 (1887 M) koleksinipun Museum Sonobudoyo Yogyakarta # ''Serat Darmakandha'' 959.8 (1887) koleksinipun Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta == Isinpun naskah<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jangkah.id/2023/12/14/dongeng-jaka-sakbar-memahami-bahasa-burung-hingga-selamat-dari-maut-berkat-belajar-tasawuf/|title=Dongeng Jaka Sakbar: Memahami Bahasa Burung hingga Selamat dari Maut Berkat Belajar Tasawuf - Jangkah|date=2023-12-14|language=id|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Serat Darmakandha isinipun nyariosaken pitung carita babagan winarah supaya dados manungsa utama lan nggayuh ridhonipun Gusti Allah, punk isinipun serat: # Cariyos Raden Mukjijat, Istrijat, lan Keramat # Cariyos Pengulu lan Serat Wasiyat # Cariyos Jaka Kusnun # Cariyos Jaka Wasis lan Jaka Bodho # Cariyos Pak Beja lan Pak Cilaka # Cariyos Ki Jaka Sidik Iman # Cariyos Jaka Sakbar == Sengkalan panyerat naskah == '''Manggala''': ''Ri Rěbo Pon duk wiwit tinulis, wulan Mulud Be tanggal Sekawan Wuku Talu sěngkalane, nir catur ngesthi ratu, kang pinurwa jejering kawi'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 1) '''Kolofon''': ''Titi injing ri sělasa pahing, tanggal wolulikor wulan Sapar Wawu sěngkalane, Tunggal Catur Angěsti Sawiji, langkir windu adi, pan mangsa kawolu.'' (Serat Darmakandha hlm 278) == Teks Tembang == '''Pupuh I (Dahndhanggula)''' # Murweng sastra kang karsa muryani, Dara Raden Ayu Pujaning Dyah, garwa paminggir kang sinom, sinatriyeng Měntarum, Gusti Pangran Purubayadi, Putra Dalěm sang nata, Ngayugya ping pitu, rayi jěng sang raja putra, kang ginadhang gumanti sudarma yěkti, tunggal sayayah rena. # Něnggih Raden Ayu kang sěsiwi, Raden Tuměnggung Sasradipura, Bupati Nayakeng Kraton, Lulurah Siti Sewu, Jawi kiwaha mědanani, tuhu trahing narindra, darah dalěm buyut, santana delěs toyamas, karsa mangun srat carita mancawarni, tiněngran Darmakandha. # Ri Rěbo Pon duk wiwit tinulis, wulan Mulud Be tanggal Sekawan Wuku Tolu sěngkalane, nir catur ngesthi ratu, kang pinurwa jejering kawi, cariyos jaman kina, wontěn jalma luhung, pěparas Sidik Sěsminta, gěntur tapa dhědhepok pucaking wukir, ingaran Candhi Sěkar. [[Kategori:Sastra Jawa Anyar|Darmakandha, Serat]] 3xrip8opm8xfh5dcear8jlweqvabqoj 3 200661 1752166 2026-08-03T05:16:51Z Meursault2004 3 Sugeng rawuh 1752166 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="width: 99%; color: #111; {{box-shadow|0|1px|3px|rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35)}} {{border-radius|2px}}"> <div style="overflow:hidden; height:auto; background: #fff; width: 100%; padding-bottom:18px;"> <div style="font-size: 36px; margin-top: 24px;margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height: 1.2em;">Sugeng rawuh, Shiana1!</div> <div style="font-size: 24px; padding-top: 0px; margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; color: #666; "> ꧌ꦱꦸꦒꦼꦁꦫꦮꦸꦃꦲꦶꦁꦮꦶꦏꦶꦥꦺꦝꦶꦪꦃꦗꦮ꧍[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan sing mlebu ing wulan Agustus 2026]] </div></div> <div style="vertical-align:middle; color: black; background-color:#fff"> <div style="display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; background-color:#e7e7e7; padding: 10px; padding-left: 20px; "> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"> <div style="font-size: 18px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[File:HelpPage IconPack-03.png|51px|alt=|link=]] Miwiti</div> <div style="padding-left: 51px; margin-top: -15px;"> * Wacanana kaca <u>'''[[Wikipedia:Prakawis|Pambukané Wikipédia]]'''</u> dhisik. * Wacanana uga '''[[Pitulung:Isi|katerangan bab carané urun ing Wikipédia]]'''.{{#ifexist:Naraguna:Shiana1|| * Isènana uga profilé panjenengan ing [{{fullurl:Naraguna:Shiana1|action=edit&preload=Cithakan:Sugeng-rawuh}}&editintro=Cithakan:Sugeng-rawuh Naraguna:Shiana1], minangka kaca kang nepungaké panjenengan supaya kita bisa tepung panjenengan.}} * Wacanana uga [[Wikipedia:Aturan sing diringkes|aturan kang karingkes iki]] sadurungé mbacutaké. </div> </div> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"> <div style="font-size: 18px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[File:HelpPage IconPack-05.png|51px|alt=|link=]] Pituduh</div> <div style="padding-left: 51px; margin-top: -15px;"> * [[Pitulung:Tapak tangan|Tansah tandha-tangani]] pitakoné panjenengan manawa nulis ing [[Wikipedia:Angkringan|Angkringan]] utawa ing [[Wikipedia:Kaca parembugan|parembugan]] kanthi ngetik <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> ing pungkasané ukarané panjenengan. * [[Wikipedia:Aja kasusahan déning aturan|'''''Aja wedi!''''']] Panjenengan ora perlu wedi salah nalika mbesut utawa nggawé kaca anyar, nambah utawa nyuda ukara. </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 10px; padding-left: 20px; "> <div> '''Mangga jajal-jajalana''', kita ngantu-antu pasumbang kawruhé panjenengan ing Wikipédia Jawa iki! </div> <div style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%"> '''Welcome!''' If you do not understand Javanese, you may want to visit [[Wikipedia:Kacarakan|the embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/jv-0|find users who speak your language]]. Happy editing! </div> [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]^{[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]} 3 Agustus 2026 05.16 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> 5wy568imzia7bdnn7ojxm9pgqp59b4r 0 200662 1752168 2026-08-03T05:20:06Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Vaughn Armstrong|]] 1752168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vaughn Armstrong''' (lair 1950) iku sawijiné aktor Amérika Sarékat. [[Kategori:Lair 1950]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] qu3465prh7a7upxxd7l2hb48gz8pyoz