Gamelan

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    <title>Gamelan</title>
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      <text bytes="15161" sha1="ev2j0pecca5v65i4llvr06d6wtkg961" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Traditional indonesian instruments02.jpg|thumb|250 px| Saperangkat instrumen Gamelan]]
'''Gamelan''' iku [[kagunan]] [[musik]] tetabuhan [[tradhisional]] asli saka [[Indonésia]] mligi ing [[pulo]] [[Jawa]], [[Madura]], [[Bali]], lan [[Lombok]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Tembung gamelan dhéwé iku asalé saka [[basa Jawa]] yaiku &quot;gamel&quot; kang duwé makna &quot;tabuh&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Isi gamelan iku saprangkat [[piranti musik]] kang dinggo ngiringi [[tembang]], utawa ditabuh tanpa [[tembang]] minangka klenèngan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Jinis musik iki kasebar nganti [[pulo]]-[[pulo]] ing saindenging tlatah [[Nusantara]], lan saiki malah wis kasebar rata nganti [[Amérika]], [[Éropah]], lan tlatah liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Jinis musik tradhisional liya kang mèmper karo gamelan uga ana ing [[Filipina]], [[Malaysia]], lan [[Suriname]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Gamelan duwé [[melodhi|mélodhi]] kang [[magis]] utawa nduwé daya ''supranatural'', mula swarané gamelan diarani [[mélodi|mélodhi]] utawa wirama [[perkusi]] kang magis.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; [[Pagelaran]] gamelan uga ana kang ngarani [[orkestra]] gamelan Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;{{fact}}
Ing [[buku]] kang irah-irahané ''Music of Java'', [[Jaap Kunst]] nerangaké yèn gamelan iku kaya ''komparasi'' saka [[cahya]] [[rembulan]] lan iliné [[banyu]], misterius kaya [[cahya]] rembulan lan obah utawa dinamis kaya milining [[banyu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.joglosemar.co.id/gamelan.html joglosemar.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411010745/http://www.joglosemar.co.id/gamelan.html |date=2021-04-11 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 Mèi 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

Gamelan kalebu pérangan ing [[kabudayan]] [[Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing Jawa gamelan lumrahé kanggo musik pangiring [[pagelaran]] [[wayang kulit]] utawa [[ringgit]], [[jogèd]], [[uyon-uyon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jinisé [[laras]] ing gamelan ana loro yaiku laras [[pélog]] lan laras [[sléndra|sléndro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Saben sèt gamelan duwé instrumén kanggo [[laras]] [[pélog]] lan [[sléndra|sléndro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Fungsi ==
1. Ricikan/[[instrumèn]] gamelan sajeroning [[karawitan]] kanthi fungsional musikal digolongaké dadi telung golongan, yaiku &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;;
* Golongan ricikan [[balungan]], yaiku; ricikan-ricikan kang [[lagu]] dolanané iku cedhak banget karo rangka [[gendhing]] ([[balungan]] [[gendhing]])&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://www.isi-dps.ac.id/berita/fungsi-instrumen-gamelan-dalam-karawitan-jawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102133147/http://www.isi-dps.ac.id/berita/fungsi-instrumen-gamelan-dalam-karawitan-jawa |date=2011-01-02 }} (diundhuh tanggal 09 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;. Ricikan utawa instrumèn gamelan ing golongan iki, yaiku;
# [[Saron]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
# [[Demung]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
# [[Saron barung]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
# [[Saron panerus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
# [[Slenthem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
# [[Bonang panembung]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.

* Golongan ricikan/instrumèn garap, yaiku; ricikan-ricikan kang nggarapaké [[balungan]]
[[gendhing]], kang kanthi cara nafsiraké banjur nerjemahaké liwat [[vokabulèr]]-[[vokabulèr]] ([[konvensi]]) garapan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Ricikan/instrumèn kang kalebu ing golongan mau, yaiku &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;:
* [[Rebab]]
* [[Kendang]]
* [[Gendèr]] [[barung]]
* [[Gendèr penerus]]
* [[Bonang]]
* [[Bonang panerus]]
* [[Siter]]
* [[Suling]]
* [[Gambang]]
* [[Sindhèn]]
* [[Gérong]]
* Kelompok ricikan utawa instrumèn struktural, yaiku; ricikan-ricikan kang agawé raketing [[dolanan]] kanthi minangka struktur dhedhasar (nentukaké) wujud [[gendhing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Ricikan utawa instrumèn kang kalebu ing golongan mau, yaiku &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;;
* [[Kethuk]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Kempyang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Engkuk]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Kenong]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Kempul]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Gong]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Kecer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Kemanak]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Keplok alok]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.
* [[Kendhang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;.

== Instrumèn ==
* [[Kendhang]]
* [[Saron]]
* [[Bonang Barung]]
* [[Bonang panerus]]
* [[Slenthem]]
* [[Gender Barung]]
* [[Gender Penerus]]
* [[Gambang]]
* [[Gong]]
* [[Kempul]]
* [[Kenong]]
* [[Kethuk]]
* [[Clempung]]
* [[Siter]]
* [[Suling]]
* [[Rebab]]
* [[Keprak]] utawa [[Kepyak]]
* [[Bedhug]]

== Sajarah ==
Musik gamelan duwé [[sajarah]] kang tuwa saumuran karo kasebaré budaya [[Hindhu]] lan [[Buda]] ing [[Nusantara]]. Mliginé nalika kawanguné [[karajan]]-karajan gedhé kaya [[karajan Majapahit]]. Jaman [[Majapahit]] iki piranti gamelan wiwit kawangun.
Mula-mula, [[gamelan Jawa]] iku kasil saka [[budaya]] [[Hindhu]] kang banjur kagubah déning [[Sunan Bonang]].{{fact}} Kagunan perkembangané musik Jawa iki kira-kira ana pas anané [[kentongan]], [[rebab]], [[tepukan tutuk]] saka anané gèsèkan ana [[tali]] utawa pring tipis nganti nuju prakembangané piranti musik saka bahan [[logam]].

Ngrembakané musik gamelan diperkirakaké nalika anané [[kenthongan]], rebab, tepukan, banjur gèsèkan ing tali utawa pring tipis nganti tekan piranti musik kang digawé saka [[logam]].
Gamelan Jawa kalebu musik kanthi nada [[pentatonis]]. Nalika dituthuk kanggo ngiringi gendhing. Gamelan Jawa duwé rong puteran yaiku [[sléndra|sléndro]] lan [[pélog]]. Sléndro duwé limang nada saben oktaf yaiku 1 2 3 5 6 [C-D E+ G A]. Nadha slendro duwé [[interval]] kang kacèké mung sithik. Déné pélog duwé 7 nadha saben [[oktaf]] yaiku 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [C+ D E-F# G# A B] kanhti [[interval]] kang bedané utawa kacèké akèh. Komposisi musik gamelan digawé kanthi aturan-aturan kang gumahtok, yaiku gamelan ana rong puteran lan duwé [[pathet]], ana watesé sak gongan lan melodhiné digawé ing ''unit'' kang kasusun saka [[4]] [[nadha]].

Zoetmulder ngandharaken bilih tembung [[gamel]] kaliyan piranti musik perkusi yaiku piranti musik ingkang ditabuh. Miturut basa Bali[[Bali]] wonten istilah [[gambèlan]] ingkang dados gamelan. Konon, ing mitologi Jawa, gamelan dipunriptakken déning Sang hyang Guru[[Sang Hyang Guru]] ing [[warsa Saka]], déwa ingkang mandhégani sadaya Tanah Jawa, kaliyan [[pura]] ing Gunung [[Mahendra]] ing [[Medangkamulan]] (sapunika [[Gunung Lawu]]). [[Sang Hyang Guru]] punika nyiptakaken 2 Gong kanggé ngundang [[arwah]] [[déwa-déwa]], lajeng saged kasusun set gamelan.
Gamelan ing jaman rumiyin dipundamel saking watu, wit-witan, balung kéwan. Nalika ing jaman [[modhèren]] sapunika, piranti gamelan dipunriptakaken kanthi nglampahi [[prosès]] indhustri, ingkang bahanipun warni-warni. Gamelan saged dipundamel saking [[timah putih (Sn)]] lan [[tembaga (Cu)]], ugi saged dipundamel saking [[kuningan]], [[singen]], utawa [[Wesi]].

Gamelan lumrahé kanggo ngiringi [[jogèd]]an, utawa [[kagunan]] pertunjukkan kaya ta [[wayang]] [[kulit]] lan [[kethoprak]].Gamelan lumrahé kanggo ngiringi swara penyanyi Jawa.Penyanyi kang lanang diarani [[wiraswara]] déné penyanyi kang wadon jenengé [[waranggana]]. Kagunan gamelan kang kerep dipentasaké jaman saiki wujud gamelan klasik lan kontemporèr. Salah sijiné gamelan kontemporèr yaiku [[jazz]]-gamelan kang duwé campuran musik kang nadhané [[pentatonis]] lan [[diatonis]].

Salah sijiné panggonan kanggo ndeleng [[kagunan]] gamelan yaiku ing [[Kraton Yogyakarta]]. Lumrahé dianakaké ing [[Bangsal Sri Maganti]]. Déné kanggo ndeleng prangkat gamelan kang umuré wis tuwa yaiku ing panggonan [[bangsal]] liyané kang manggon rada memburi.

== Bukti Otentik ==
Nalika jaman Majapahit, instrument gamelan ngalami perkembangan kang apik banget kanthi ngraih wujud nganti saiki lan kasebar ing manéka [[laladan]], kaya ta &lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;&gt;[http://wonojoyo.com/sejarah-gamelan-jawa/] (diundhuh tanggal 09 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;:
# [[Bali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;.
# [[Sunda]] utawa [[Jawa Barat]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;.

Bukti otentik kang sepisanan babagan kaanan gamelan tinemu ing [[Candhi Borobudur]], [[Magelang]] [[Jawa Tengah]] kang ngadeg awit [[abad]] kaping [[8]]. Ing [[relief]]é katon manéka piranti kaya ta &lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;:
* suling bambu&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;.
* lonceng&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;.
* kendhang (ing manéka ukuran)&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;.
* kecapi&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;.
* instrument kang ana ''dawai'' utawa [[senar]]é kang biyasa digésék lan dipetik, kalebu sithik gambaran babagan èlemèn instrumen [[logam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;. Perkembangan sawisé iku, gamelan kanggo ngiringi pagelaran [[wayang]] lan [[jogèd]]an &lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;. Kanthi akhiré ngadheg dhéwé minangka [[musik]] dhéwé lan dijangkepi karo swara para [[sindhen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;.

== Jinis ==
Jinis gamelan warna-warna lan kapérang miturut laras lan tlatah panyebarané.
Munculé gamelan didhisiki karo [[budaya]] [[Hindhu]]-[[Buda]] kang ndominasi [[Indonèsia]] kanthi awal mangsa pencatatan sajarah, kang uga makili [[kagunan]] asli [[Indonésia]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;[http://kamusjawa.com/?p=112](diundhuh tanggal 16 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;. Instrumené dikembangaké kanthi dhapuré kaya mangkéné iki ing jaman Karajan [[Majapahit]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;. Ing pambedané karo [[musik]] [[India]], siji-sijiné dampak ke-[[India]]-an ing [[musik]] gamelan yaiku kepriyé cara nyanyikaké &lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;. Ing [[mitologi]] [[Jawa]], gamelan diciptakaké déning [[Sang Hyang Guru]] ing mangsa [[Saka]], [[déwa]] kang nguwasani kabèh [[tanah]] [[Jawa]], kanthi [[pura]] ing [[gunung]] [[Mahendra]] ing [[Medangkamulan]] (saiki [[Gunung Lawu]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;. [[Sang Hyang Guru]] pertamané nyiptakaké [[gong]] kanggo ngundhang para [[déwa]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;. Kanggo pesen kang luwih mligi banjur nyiptakaké rong [[gong]], sawisé iku dumadi set gamelan &lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;.

=== Miturut larasé ===
* Gamelan laras [[sléndro]]
* Gamelan laras [[pélog]], béda karo gamelan laras Slendralaras pélog ana angka 4 (papat) karo [[7]] (pitu). Dadi titi laras ing laras pélog duwé 7 nada pepaka yaiku 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
* Gamelan laras prawa (Pasisir)

=== Miturut tlatah sumebaré ===
Saben laladan ing Nusantara nduwé gamelan kang béda-béda miturut tlatah budayané, [[piranti gamelan]] kang dianggo uga rupa-rupa lan béda-béda.
* [[Gamelan Jawa]]
Gamelan Jawa yaiku musik kang cinipta saka paduan [[swara]] [[gong]], [[kenong]], lan piranti musik [[Jawa]] liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Irama musik kang alus nggambaraké kaselarasan urip wong [[Jawa]] kang nggawé tenang jiwa nalika dirungokaké.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/performance/gamelan-show/ yogyes.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615072935/http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta%2Dtourism%2Dobject/performance/gamelan%2Dshow/ |date=2011-06-15 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 1 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gamelan Jawa]] ngrembaka ing [[Yogyakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; [[Gamelan Jawa]] béda karo [[Gamelan Bali]] lan [[Gamelan Sunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;. [[Gamelan Jawa]] duwé nada kang luwih alus lan ''slow'', béda karo gamelan [[Bali]] kang [[rancak]] lan [[gamelan Sunda]] kang didominasi swara [[suling]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;. Gamelan-gamelan iki béda amarga [[Jawa]] duwé pandangan urip dhéwé kang béda karo [[Sunda]] utawa [[Bali]], déné pandangan urip iki digambaraké sajeroning irama [[musik]] [[gamelan Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Pandangan urip Jawa kang digambaraké sajeroning musik gamelan yaiku kaselarasan kauripan jasmani lan rohani, kaselarasan sajeroning omongan lan tumindak saéngga minangka [[toléransi]] ing sasama.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Wujud nyata ing musik [[gamelan Jawa]] yaiku tarikan [[tali]] [[rebab]] kang sedengan, paduan seimbang [[swara]] [[kenong]], [[srin]], [[kendang]] lan [[gambang]] lan [[swara]] [[gong]] kanggo nutup irama.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Gamelan lumrahé dianggo ngiringi pagelaran [[wayang]] lan [[jogèd]]-[[jogèd]]an.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;
Saliyané [[musik]], gamelan Jawa uga ana swara sindhén kang nembangaké [[lancaran]], [[ladrang]], lan [[gendhing]]-[[gendhing]] [[Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Saperangkat gamelan diisi karo akèh piranti musik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Piranti musik iki yaiku piranti usik kaya [[drum]] kang dirani [[kendang]], [[rebab]] lan [[celempung]], [[gambang]], [[gong]] lan [[suling]] [[pring]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Komponèn utama kang nyusun piranti-piranti musik gamelan yaiku [[pring]], [[logam]], lan [[kayu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;.Saben piranti musik duwé fungsi dhéwé-dhéwé ing pagelaran musik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Kaya ta gong kang duwé peran kanggo nutup irama musik kang dawa lan ménéhi kaseimbangan sawisé musik diiringi irama [[gendhing]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;.

* [[Gamelan Banyuwangen]]
* [[Gamelan Banyumasan]]
* [[Gamelan Sundha]]
* [[Gamelan Crebonan]]
* [[Gamelan Bali]]

== Pathet ==
Ing laras sléndro ana telung pathet.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
* Sléndro pathet nem
* Sléndro pathet sanga
* Sléndro pathet manyura

Ing laras pélog uga ana telung pathet.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
* Pélog pathet lima
* Pélog pathet nem
* Pélog pathet barang

Pathet iku kaya ta panggonan kanggo gendhing utawa kang ngatur [[gendhing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Ing [[wayang kulit]] yèn ditanggap ing wayah [[bengi]] uga nggunakaké pathet ing tabuhan gamelan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Pathet iki mertandaké wayah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

* Sléndro pathet nem saka jam 09.00-12.00 [[bengi]]
* Sléndro pathet sanga saka 00.00-03.00 [[ésuk]]
* Sléndro pathet manyura saka 03.00-06.00 ésuk

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Gambar:Traditional indonesian instruments.jpg|balungan
Gambar:Traditional indonesian drums.jpg|kendhang
Gambar:Traditional indonesian instruments04.jpg|gong
Gambar:Gamelan of Bali 200507-4.jpg|bonang
Gambar:Traditional indonesian stringed instrument.jpg|celempung

&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.calarts.edu/~drummond/gendhing.html Gendhing Jawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230324/http://www.calarts.edu/~drummond/gendhing.html |date=2007-02-02 }}
* [http://www.gamelan.org/ American Gamelan Institute]
* [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonésian/Budaya_Bangsa/Gamelan/Main_Page/main_page.htm Situs tentang gamelan di NIU]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.calarts.edu/~drummond/gendhing.html Gendhing Jawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230324/http://www.calarts.edu/~drummond/gendhing.html |date=2007-02-02 }}
* [http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-cultural-performance/gamelan-show/ Gamelan, Orkestra a la Jawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326082512/http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta%2Dcultural%2Dperformance/gamelan%2Dshow/ |date=2010-03-26 }}
* [http://jogjaethnic.blogspot.com/ Jogjaethnic]

{{Piranti gamelan}}

[[Kategori:Kagunan]]
[[Kategori:Gamelan]]
[[Kategori:Piranti musik]]
[[Kategori:Kabudayan]]
[[Kategori:Kabudayan Jawa]]</text>
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| name  	          = Grogol
| translit_lang2          = [[basa Indonésia]]
| translit_lang2_type     = Resmi
| translit_lang2_info     = Grogol
| settlement_type         = Kacamatan
| subdivision_type        = [[Nagara]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Indonésia]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Provinsi]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Jawa Tengah]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Kabupatèn]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Kabupatèn Sukaharja|Sukaharja]]
| coordinates             = {{Coord|-7.61319|110.81356|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map             = Indonesia Central Java#Indonesia
| pushpin_mapsize         = 300px
| blank_name              = Kodhe laladan&lt;br&gt;administrasi
| blank_info              = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getRawValue|P2588|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}
}}
'''Grogol''' iku [[kacamatan]] ing [[Kabupatèn Sukaharja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|title=Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan (Permendagri No.56-2015)|website=www.kemendagri.go.id|language=Indonésia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429140519/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|archive-date=2017-04-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kecamatan Grogol minangka salah siji kecamatan ing [[Kabupatèn Sukaharja|Kabupaten Sukoharjo]], [[Jawa Tengah|Provinsi Jawa Tengah]]. Kecamatan menika minangka bageyan saka kawasan Solo Raya lan nduwèni peran minangka wilayah campuran antawis agraris lan zona penyangga kutha (peri-urban) amarga jejere [[kutha Surakarta]]. Kantor kecamatan dumunung ing Jalan Raya Grogol Sukoharjo No. 55, [[Madeganda, Grogol, Sukaharja|Desa Madegondo]]. Data administrasi lan publikasi statistik kecamatan iki dibabar sacara rutin dening [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] (BPS) Kabupaten Sukoharjo lan PPID Kabupaten Sukoharjo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ppid.sukoharjokab.go.id/kecamatan-grogol/|title=Kecamatan Grogol – PPID Kabupaten Sukoharjo|language=en-US|access-date=2025-12-04|archive-date=2025-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205154552/http://ppid.sukoharjokab.go.id/kecamatan-grogol/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wates Wilayah ==
Kecamatan Grogol dumunung ing posisi sing strategis: ing sisih lor jejeg wates karo Kutha Surakarta, ing sisih wétan jejeg [[Palakarta, Palakarta, Sukaharja|kecamatan Polokarto]], lan wates-wates administratif liyane nggambarake posisi Grogol minangka salah siji pintu gerbang saka akses pedalaman menyang kutha. Miturut data BPS lan dokumen [[monografi]] wilayah, luas Kecamatan Grogol udakara 3.000 ha (kira-kira 30 km²), angka sing kerep kacantum ing publikasi Kecamatan Grogol saka Angka taun-taun pungkasan. Angka iki bisa diganti sethithik ing publikasi taunan adhedhasar pemutakhiran peta administrasi lan pangukuran.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Pembagian Wilayah ==
Kecamatan Grogol kapérang dados 14 desa (utawi kelurahan) sing saben-saben nduwèni karakteristik [[demografi]] lan pemanfaatan lahan sing béda. Dhaptar umum desa ing Kecamatan Grogol kalebu: [[Pandéyan, Grogol, Sukaharja|Pandeyan]], [[Telukan, Grogol, Sukaharja|Telukan]], [[Parangjara, Grogol, Sukaharja|Parangjoro]], [[Pondhok, Grogol, Sukaharja|Pondok]], [[Langenharja, Grogol, Sukaharja|Langenharjo]], [[Gedhangan, Grogol, Sukaharja|Gedangan]], [[Madeganda, Grogol, Sukaharja|Madegondo]], [[Grogol, Grogol, Sukaharja|Grogol]] (desa kutha), [[Kadokan, Grogol, Sukaharja|Kadokan]], [[Kwarasan, Grogol, Sukaharja|Kwarasan]], [[Sanggrahan, Grogol, Sukaharja|Sanggrahan]], [[Manang]], [[Banaran, Grogol, Sukaharja|Banaran]], lan [[Cemani, Grogol, Sukaharja|Cemani]]. Saben desa nduwèni kode administratif lan kodepos (umumé 57552) sing dadi identitas pos kabupaten. Data administrasi iki kacathet ing basis data kabupaten lan situs kodewilayah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kodewilayah.id/33.11.09?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title=Kode Wilayah Indonesia|website=kodewilayah.id|access-date=2025-12-04}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografi ==
Data resmi BPS nuduhake bilih Kecamatan Grogol nduwèni populasi sing substantif lan kaping pirang-pirang ngalami kenaikan amarga faktor urbanisasi saka Surakarta lan migrasi lokal. Ing publikasi BPS pungkasan, populasi total sing kacathet ngeterake angka ing kisaran puluhan ewu nganti luwih saka 100.000 gumantung taun statistik sing dipigunakaké (contone cathetan sensus lan estimasi tahunan). Populasi iki nyakup komposisi umur, kelamin, distribusi penduduk miturut desa, lan indikator sosial ekonomi liya sing dipublikasikake saben taun ing buku “Kecamatan Grogol Dalam Angka”. Kanggo angka paling anyar lan rinci (umur, tingkat pendidikan, lan sebagainya), dokumen BPS taun 2024–2025 minangka rujukan resmi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sukoharjokab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/ee1119857d22cfc5f3da0deb/kecamatan-grogol-dalam-angka-2024.html|title=Kecamatan Grogol Dalam Angka 2024|last=Sukoharjo|first=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten|website=sukoharjokab.bps.go.id|language=id|access-date=2025-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur RT/RW ==
Saka data terbuka kabupaten (open data) lan publikasi administrasi kecamatan, Kecamatan Grogol kadhaptar nduwèni atusan RT lan puluhan RW sing ngringkes struktur komunitas tingkat paling cilik. Salah siji dataset resmi nuduhake total RT sekitar 659 lan RW 146 (angka iki asal saka dataset jumlah RT/RW per desa sing kadhaptar kanggo taun-taun pungkasan), nuduhake kompleksitas organisasi lokal lan kapasitas administratif kanthi jaringan sosial sing rapet. Struktur iki penting kanggo pangaturan layanan publik, pendataan, lan kegiyatan keamanan/ketertiban ing tingkat basis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Topografi lan Hidrologi ==
Kecamatan Grogol kagolong watara dataran rendah nganti dataran agak landhep kanthi [[Tipografi|topografi]] cocok kanggo sawah lan kegiatan pertanian. Ana sumur, aliran saluran irigasi, lan sumber banyu lokal sing ndhukung sistem pertanian irigasi. Kondisi tanah sing subur njalari wilayah iki tetep dadi salah siji pangurus padi lan palawija ing skala lokal. Ing sawetara desa, lahan uga dipigunakaké kanggo [[pekarangan]], [[kebon]], lan [[pepohonan]] sambung-serep (kayu-kayuan cilik). Data panggunaan lahan per desa sing kacathet ing monografi desa utawa buku kecamatan nuduhake variasi antara desa-desa gedhe kaya [[Parangjara, Grogol, Sukaharja|Parangjoro]] (luas lahan ageng) lan desa cilik kaya Grogol (luas lahan relatif cilik nanging luwih padhet pamukiman).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Luas Desa Miturut Data 2018 ==
tabel monografi nuduhake pembagian luas menawa total kira-kira 3.000 ha; rincian sawetawis desa contonipun:

* Parangjoro: 487 ha
* Pondok: 292 ha
* Pandeyan: 364 ha
* Telukan: 325 ha
* Langenharjo, Gedangan, Madegondo, lan liya-liyane nduwèni angka antar 100–200 ha saben desa.   Rincian iki migunani kanggo rencana tata ruang desa, alokasi subsidi pertanian, lan program konservasi sumber daya alam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Ekonomi lokal ==

=== Pertanian ===
Pertanian dadi sektor panguripan utama ing pirang-pirang desa ing Kecamatan Grogol. Komoditas utama kalebu [[Pantun|padi]] sawah (irigasi lan tadah hujan), [[palawija]] (jagung, kedelai, kacang-kacangan), lan sayuran hortikultura sing disuplai menyang pasar lokal lan pasar Surakarta. Struktur usaha tani kerap ditempuh déning pekebun skala mikro nganti menengah, lan pangolahan hasil tani isih dominan berskala rumah tangga utawa UMKM. Data BPS kecamatan nyedhiyakake angka produksi panen, luas tanam (MT/P) lan produktivitas panen sing digunakake kanggo perencanaan pangan kabupaten.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sukoharjokab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/ee1119857d22cfc5f3da0deb/kecamatan-grogol-dalam-angka-2024.html|title=Kecamatan Grogol Dalam Angka 2024|last=Sukoharjo|first=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten|website=sukoharjokab.bps.go.id|language=id|access-date=2025-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Industri dan Jasa ===
Amarga cedhak kutha Surakarta, ana uga perkembangan usaha industri kecil, bengkel, konveksi, pengolahan pangan skala rumah tangga, lan usaha jasa (toserba cilik, warung makan, bengkel otomotif). Areal industri formal gedhe luwih awujud kawasan-kawasan cilik lan klaster usaha sing melu rantai pasok Solo Raya. Sektor jasa nyengkuyung kegiatan ekonomi lokal, utamane perdagangan lan transportasi antar desa-kutha. Pemerintah kecamatan ngetrapake program ngembangake UMKM lan mromosi produk lokal supaya bisa luwih kompetitif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ppid.sukoharjokab.go.id/kecamatan-grogol/|title=Kecamatan Grogol – PPID Kabupaten Sukoharjo|language=en-US|access-date=2025-12-04|archive-date=2025-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205154552/http://ppid.sukoharjokab.go.id/kecamatan-grogol/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pasar ===
Wilayah Grogol duwe akses gampang menyang pasar tradisional ing kutha Surakarta lan pasar-pasar lokal ing kabupaten, dadi jalur distribusi penting kanggo produk pertanian lan barang industri skala cilik. Jaringan transportasi darat (jalan kabupaten/provinsi) lan ketersediaan angkutan umum lokal ndhukung arus barang lan wong. Infrastruktur pasar, gudang pangan, lan fasilitas pendingin umume masih dadi area pengembangan kanggo nambah nilai tambah produksi lokal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ppid.sukoharjokab.go.id/kecamatan-grogol/|title=Kecamatan Grogol – PPID Kabupaten Sukoharjo|language=en-US|access-date=2025-12-04|archive-date=2025-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205154552/http://ppid.sukoharjokab.go.id/kecamatan-grogol/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sosial ==

=== Pendidikan ===
Kecamatan Grogol nduwèni jaringan sekolah saka tingkat [[Panggulawenthah wiwitan anak|Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini]] (PAUD), [[Sekolah Dhasar|sekolah dasar]] (SD), [[Sekolah Menengah Pertama|sekolah menengah pertama]] (SMP), lan sawetara lembaga pendidikan menengah kejuruan utawa kursus keterampilan. Kualitas lan aksesibilitas layanan pendidikan terus dibangun liwat kerjasama antara dinas pendidikan kabupaten lan pemerintah kecamatan. Statistik partisipasi sekolah, angka melek huruf, lan rasio guru–murid ana ing publikasi BPS lan pendidikan kabupaten. Program beasiswa lan kegiatan ekstra kurikuler uga diupayakake kanggo ningkatake kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia lokal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sukoharjokab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/ee1119857d22cfc5f3da0deb/kecamatan-grogol-dalam-angka-2024.html|title=Kecamatan Grogol Dalam Angka 2024|last=Sukoharjo|first=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten|website=sukoharjokab.bps.go.id|language=id|access-date=2025-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kesehatan ===
Fasilitas kesehatan tingkat kecamatan kalebu [[Puskesmas]] (Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat) sing njaga pelayanan dasar kesehatan, posyandu kanggo pemantauan kesehatan ibu dan anak, lan klinik-klinik swasta utawa praktek dokter umum. Indikator kesehatan kaya angka kematian bayi, cakupan imunisasi, lan ketersediaan tenaga kesehatan diatur lan diterbitake ing laporan tahunan kesehatan kabupaten. Program-program preventif (kesehatan lingkungan, sanitasi, dan edukasi gizi) dadi fokus utama kanggo ningkatake kesejahteraan masyarakat pedesaan lan peri-urban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sukoharjokab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/ee1119857d22cfc5f3da0deb/kecamatan-grogol-dalam-angka-2024.html|title=Kecamatan Grogol Dalam Angka 2024|last=Sukoharjo|first=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten|website=sukoharjokab.bps.go.id|language=id|access-date=2025-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kabupatèn Sukaharja}}

[[Kategori:Kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Sukaharja]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan ing Jawa Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Grogol, Sukaharja| ]]


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    <title>Ernesto Che Guevara</title>
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      <text bytes="24590" sha1="07tfjqmuyaqnyqge1tozybdpdz5u5u6" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Che_Guevara_June_2,_1959.jpg|thumb|right|Ernesto Che Guevara (1959)]]

'''Ernesto Guevara''' ([[14 Juni]], [[1928]] – [[9 Oktober]], [[1967]]), biyasa dikenal minangka '''Che Guevara,''' '''El Che''' utawa mung '''Che''' waé, yakuwi sawijining tokoh pulitik [[revolutionèr]] [[Marxist]], lan pamimpin gerilya [[Cuba]] lan [[Proletarian internationalisme|internationalist]] klairan [[Argentina|Argentine]]

Nalika isih nom dadi mahasiswa kadhokteran ([[medicine]]), Guevara lelana ing tlatah [[Amérika Kidul]], njalari dhèwèké kontak langsung karo kondhisi kemlaratan rakyat. Pengalaman lan observasiné sajeroning lelana nemu kesimpulan yèn kaanan lan kepincangan ékonomi mung bisa diowahi kanthi sosialisme liwat revolusi, saéngga dhèwèké banjur njerokaké studiné bab [[Marxism]] lan lunga menyang [[Guatemala]] kanggo sinau bab reformasi kang lagi diwujudaké déning President [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]].

== Buku Karya Guevara ==
'''Basa Inggris (pertalan)'''
* ''Back on the Road: A Journey to Central America (Harvill Panther S.)'', The Harvill Press, paperback, ISBN 0-8021-3942-6.
* ''Bolivian Diary'', Pimlico, paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6457-2
* ''Che Guevara: Radical Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and Revolution'', Filiquarian Publishing LLC, paperback, ISBN 1-59986-999-3.
* ''Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and History'', Ocean Press, paperback
* ''Che Guevara Speaks'', Pathfinder, paperback
* ''Che Guevara Talks to Young People'', Pathfinder, paperback
* ''Critical Notes on Political Economy'', Ocean Press, paperback
* ''[[Guerrilla Warfare (book)|Guerrilla Warfare]]'', Souvenir Press Ltd, paperback, ISBN 0-285-63680-4; PDF version of 1961 edition available at {{PDFlink|[http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/guwar.pdf ''Guerrilla Warfare'']|254&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 260191 bytes --&gt;}}
* ''Our America and Theirs'', Ocean Press (AU), paperback, ISBN 1-876175-81-8.
* ''[[Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria|Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War]]'', Monthly Review Press, paperback, 1998
* ''Self-Portrait: Che Guevara'', Ocean Press, 320pp, paperback, 2005
* ''Socialism and Man in Cuba: Also Fidel Castro on the Twentieth Anniversary of Guevara's Death'', Monad, paperback
* ''The African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo'', Grove Press, paperback.
* ''The Diary of Che Guevara'', Amereon Ltd,
* ''The Great Debate on Political Economy'', New York: 2006, Ocean Press, ISBN 1876175540, ISBN 978-1876175542 
* ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries]]: Notes on a Latin American Journey'', Perennial Press, ISBN 0-00-718222-8

'''Basa Spanyol'''
* {{PDF|1=[http://www.redvoluciones.org/index.php?option=com_remository&amp;Itemid=68&amp;func=select&amp;id=13 ''Cuadernos de Praga'']}} – Guevara's notebooks written during his clandestine stay in Prague in 1966 
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.literatura.org/che/diario.pdf ''Diario del Che en Bolivia'']|368&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 377151 bytes --&gt;}} – Guevara's diary of the guerrilla war in Bolivia
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-obrasescogidas%5B1%5D.pdf ''Obras Escogidas'']|1.63&amp;nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 1709772 bytes --&gt;}} – Guevara's selected works in Spanish, including his most important speeches
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-diariodelcongo%5B1%5D.pdf ''Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria: Congo'']|1.21&amp;nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 1271369 bytes --&gt;}} – Guevara's complete Congo Diary in Spanish
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/libro%2006%20Che%20Guevara.pdf ''Pensamiento y acción'']|621&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 635938 bytes --&gt;}} – A selection of Guevara's writings in Spanish, including ''El socialismo y el hombre nuevo''

== Uga delengen ==
[[Chetopics-med]]

[[Cuba-Flag of Cuba.svg]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

=== Cithakan ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel (&quot;Benigno&quot;). ''Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y Muerte de la Revolución''. Barcelona: Tusquets Editores S.A., 2002. ISBN 84-8310-014-2
* Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit &quot;Benigno&quot;. ''Le Che en Bolivie''. Éditions du Rocher, 1997. ISBN 2-268-02437-7
* Anderson, Jon Lee. ''Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life''. New York: Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8021-1600-0
* Bamford, James. ''Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency''. New York: Anchor Books, 2002 (Reprint edition). ISBN 0-385-49908-6
* Bravo, Marcos. ''La Otra Cara Del Che''. Bogota, Colombia: Editorial Solar, 2005. “I’d like to confess, papá, at that moment I discovered that I really like killing.” Guevara writing to his father.
* Castañeda, Jorge G. ''Che Guevara: Compañero''. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 0-679-75940-9
* Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). ''Revolutionary Struggle. 1947–1958''. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 1972. ISBN 0-262-02065-3
* Feldman, Allen 2003. ''Political Terror and the Technologies of Memory: Excuse, Sacrifice, Commodification, and Actuarial Moralities''. Radical History Review 85, 58–73.
* Escobar, Froilán and Félix Guerra. ''Che: Sierra adentro'' (Che: Deep in the Sierra). Havana: Editora Política, 1988.
* Fuentes, Norberto. ''La Autobiografía De Fidel Castro'' (&quot;The Autobiography of Fidel Castro&quot;). Mexico D.F: Editorial Planeta, 2004. ISBN 84-233-3604-2, ISBN 970-749-001-2
* Gálvez, William. ''Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary''. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999. ISBN 1-876175-08-7
* George, Edward. ''The Cuban Intervention In Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara To Cuito Cuanavale''. London &amp; Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers, 2005. ISBN 0-415-35015-8
* Gliejeses, Piero. ''Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965'', Journal of Latin American Studies, no. 28, London: Cambridge University Press, Spring 1996.
* Granado, Alberto. ''Travelling with Che Guevara-The Making of a Revolutionary''. New York: Newmarket Press, 2004, ISBN 1-55704-640-9 (hardcover), ISBN 1-55704-639-5 (pbk.)
* Guevara, Ernesto &quot;Che&quot;. [http://www.patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/pasajes/index.php ''Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701210018/http://patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/pasajes/index.php |date=2006-07-01 }}
* Guevara, Ernesto &quot;Che&quot; (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). ''Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara'', Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. ISBN 0-262-52016-8
* Guevara, Ernesto &quot;Che&quot; (editor Waters, Mary Alice). ''Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War 1956–1958''. New York: Pathfinder, 1996. ISBN 0-87348-824-5 (See reference to &quot;El Viscaíno&quot; on page 186).
* Guevara, Ernesto &quot;Che&quot;, translated from the Spanish by Patrick Camiller. ''The African Dream'', New York: Grove Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-8021-3834-9
* Guevara, Ernesto &quot;Che&quot;. ''The Great Debate on Political Economy'', New York: 2006, Ocean Press, ISBN 1876175540, ISBN 978-1876175542
* Guevara Lynch, Ernesto. ''Aquí va un soldado de América''. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, S.A., 2000. ISBN 84-01-01327-5
* Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein. ''The Cairo Documents''. New York: Doubleday &amp; Company, Inc., 1973. ISBN 0-385-06447-0
* Holland, Max. ''Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'État in Guatemala'' in Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp.&amp;nbsp;36–73.
* James, Daniel. ''Che Guevara: A Biography''. New York: Stein and Day, 1969. ISBN 0812813480
* James, Daniel. ''Che Guevara''. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8154-1144-8
* Kahn, David. ''The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing''. New York: Macmillan, 1967. ISBN 0684831309
* Matos, Huber. ''Como llegó la Noche'' (&quot;As night arrived&quot;). Barcelona: Tusquet Editores, SA, 2002. ISBN 84-8310-944-1
* Miná, Gianni. ''An Encounter with Fidel''. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1991. ISBN 1-875284-22-2
* Morán Arce, Lucas. ''La revolución cubana, 1953–1959: Una versión rebelde'' (&quot;The Cuban Revolution, 1953–1959: a rebel version&quot;). Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Universitaria, Universidad Católica, 1980. ISBN B0000EDAW9. &lt;!-- Despite the strange form, this is the correct ISBN according to an Amazon.co.uk entry. --&gt;
* Peña, Emilio Herasme. [http://www.listin.com.do/antes/junio04/140604/cuerpos/republica/rep10.htm ''La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959''], Listín Diario, (Dominican Republic), 14 June 2004.
* Peredo-Leigue, Guido &quot;Inti&quot;. ''Mi campaña junto al Che'', México: Ed. Siglo XXI, 1979. {{PDFlink|[http://www.willka.net/libros_archivos/INTI.pdf PDF version]|637&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 653025 bytes --&gt;}}.
* Rodriguez, Félix I. and John Weisman. ''Shadow Warrior/the CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles''. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 1989. ISBN 0-671-66721-1
* Rojo del Río, Manuel. ''La Historia Cambió En La Sierra'' (&quot;History changed in the ''Sierra''&quot;). 2a Ed. Aumentada (Augmented second edition). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Texto, 1981.
* Ros, Enrique 2003. ''Fidel Castro y El Gatillo Alegre: Sus Años Universitarios'' (Colección Cuba y Sus Jueces). Miami: Ediciones Universal. ISBN 1-59388-006-5
* Ryan, Henry Butterfield. ''The Fall of Che Guevara: A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-511879-0
* Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. ''Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che''. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1999. ISBN 84-08-02280-6
* Thomas, Hugh. ''Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom''. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, April 1998 (Updated edition). ISBN 0-306-80827-7
* Villegas, Harry &quot;Pombo&quot;. ''Pombo: un hombre de la guerrilla del Che: diario y testimonio inéditos, 1966–1968''. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Colihue S.R.L., 1996. ISBN 950-581-667-7

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Situs Web ===
&lt;!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web for an explanation of how to create references using the Cite_web system employed in this section --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* {{cite web | url = http://www.abc.es | title = ABC.es | access-date = 28 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://africanhistory.about.com/ | title = African History | access-date = 28 June 2006 | archive-date = 5 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085323/http://africanhistory.about.com/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1352650.stm | title = BBC News | access-date = 19 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.cbc.ca | title = CBC Radio One
 | access-date = 20 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.che-lives.com | title = Che-Lives (RevolutionaryLeft.com)| access-date = 26 February 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1101539 | title = chessgames.com | access-date = 27 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/8702/cia.html | title = CIA Biographic Register on Che Guevara | access-date = 12 July 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.cnctv.cubasi.cu/noticia.php?idn=1517 | title = CNC TV | access-date = 26 February 2006 | archive-date = 22 January 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100122012309/http://www.cnctv.cubasi.cu/noticia.php?idn=1517 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://i.a.cnn.net/ | title = CNN News | access-date = 26 March 2006 | archive-date = 27 November 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061127080917/http://i.a.cnn.net/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web| url = http://w1.1559.telia.com/~u155900388| title = Cuba SI| access-date = 27 June 2006| archive-date = 27 June 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060627030729/http://w1.1559.telia.com/~u155900388/| url-status = dead}}
* {{cite web | url = http://cuban-exile.com | title = Cuban Information Archives(cuban-exile.com) |access-date=27 June 2006}}
* {{cite web|url=http://espanol.geocities.com/aviacuba/Mil2-4-e.html|title=Cuban Aviation|access-date=26 February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021008113237/http://espanol.geocities.com/aviacuba/Mil2-4-e.html|archivedate=2002-10-08|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web | url = http://elnuevocojo.com | title = El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado | access-date = 28 June 2006}}
* {{cite web| url = http://ar.geocities.com/carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/che.htm| title = Ernesto Che Guevara-Ajedrez| access-date = 29 June 2006| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070607081420/http://ar.geocities.com/carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/che.htm| archivedate = 2007-06-07| url-status = dead}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXV/is_4_15/ai_n13801099 | title = Find Articles | access-date = 18 June 2006 | archive-date = 7 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071207051718/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXV/is_4_15/ai_n13801099/print | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.fiu.edu/choice.html | title = Florida International University | access-date = 28 June 2006 | archive-date = 14 March 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100314120238/http://www.fiu.edu/choice.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.frontpagemag.com | title = FrontPage Magazine
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* {{cite web | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org | title = GlobalSecurity.org| access-date = 27 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.granma.cu | title = Granma Internacional Digital
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* {{cite web | url = http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org | title = Guaracabuya | access-date = 26 February 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://hnn.us | title = History News Network
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* {{cite web | url = http://irelandsown.net | title = Ireland's OWN: History | access-date = 28 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.latinamericanstudies.org | title = Latino Studies Resources | access-date = 27 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://mondediplo.com | title = Le Monde Diplomatique
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* {{cite web | url = http://www.libcom.org | title = libertarian community and organising resource
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* {{cite web | url = http://www.listin.com.do | title = Listín Diario| access-date = 4 January 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/madmikehoare | title = MadMikeHoare.com | access-date = 27 June 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080104055740/http://www.geocities.com/madmikehoare | archivedate = 2008-01-04 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | url = http://marxists.org | title = Marxists Internet Archive | access-date = 28 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.mindfully.org/ | title = Mindfully.org | access-date = 28 June 2006 | archive-date = 16 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151116113107/http://www.mindfully.org/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.mzv.cz | title = Ministry of Foreign Affairs Czech Republic | access-date = 18 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv | title = National Security Archive at George Washington University  | access-date = 19 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.newsmax.com | title = NewsMax| access-date = 28 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.periodico26.cu | title = Periódico 26, Las Tunas, Cuba | access-date = 27 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.radiobayamo.islagrande.cu/La%20puerta%20de%20la%20victoria.htm | title = Radio Bayamo | access-date = 26 February 2006 | archive-date = 19 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070319211656/http://www.radiobayamo.islagrande.cu/La%20puerta%20de%20la%20victoria.htm | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web| url = http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu/| title = Radio Cadena Agramonte| access-date = 27 June 2006| archive-date = 13 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413163954/http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu/| url-status = dead}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.cubagob.cu | title = Sitio del Gobierno de la República de Cuba | access-date = 27 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2107100 | title = Slate
 | access-date = 18 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.sozialistische-klassiker.org/ | title = Sozialistische Klassiker | access-date = 26 June 2006 | archive-date = 20 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150120023103/http://www.sozialistische-klassiker.org/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.spectator.se/ | title = Stockholm Spectator | access-date = 28 June 2006 | archive-date = 28 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150428230232/http://spectator.se/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.independent.org | title = The Independent Institute
 | access-date = 26 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.newhumanist.com/ | title = The New Humanist | access-date = 26 February 2006 | archive-date = 1 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150801214243/http://newhumanist.com/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.nysun.com | title = The New York Sun
 | access-date = 27 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.time.com | title = TIME magazine | access-date = 26 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.uco.es | title = Universidad de Córdoba | access-date = 28 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.state.gov | title = U.S. Department of State | access-date = 26 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com | title = USA Today| access-date = 28 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.rasmussen.popx.dk/ | title = Viden er magt | access-date = 28 June 2006 | archive-date = 14 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314132103/http://www.rasmussen.popx.dk/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/farber25.htm | title = William Paterson University | access-date = 18 June 2006 | archive-date = 14 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090414095836/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/farber25.htm | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.wilsoncenter.org | title = Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars| access-date = 28 June 2006}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Wacan Terusan ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* ''Exposing the Real Che Guevara: And the Useful Idiots Who Idolize Him'', by Humberto Fontova, New York: Sentinel HC, ISBN 1-59523-027-0 (Hardcover)
* ''[[Guerrilla Warfare (book)|Guerrilla Warfare]]'', Ernesto Guevara, Brian Loveman and Thomas M. Davies Jr., Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska, June 1985, ISBN 0-8032-2116-9 and September 1997, ISBN 0-8420-2678-9
* ''Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World'', Ernesto Che Guevara, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx, New York: Ocean Press, 2004, ISBN 1-876175-98-2
* ''The Che Guevara Reader'', Collection of Guevara's works edited by David Deutschmann, New York: Ocean Press, ISBN 1-876175-69-9
* ''Special Ops'', A Brotherhood of War Novèl, 2002, Jove Fiction, ISBN 0-515-13248-9

== Pranala njaba ==

{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
;English

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7028598.stm Che: The icon and the ad] by Trisha Ziff for the BBC, 05 Oct 2007
* [http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:24256 Che Guevara's Family Tree at Rodovid]-pedigree and genealogical information about Guevara
* [http://www.russianfootage.com/history/che_guevara Che Guevara in Moscow in 1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215719/http://russianfootage.com/history/che_guevara |date=2007-10-11 }}
* [http://www.english.ecosur.org/ecosur_e-magazine/edition_%2316%2c_october_2005/monument_to_che_guevarra_.html Che Guevara Monument and Mausoleum in Santa Clara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025044422/http://www.english.ecosur.org/ecosur_e-magazine/edition_%2316%2c_october_2005/monument_to_che_guevarra_.html |date=2007-10-25 }} in EcoSur magazine, October 2005
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050425124114/http://www.geocities.com/socialistparty/socview/13-Che.htm Che Guevara - A legacy of struggle] by Daniel Waldron in Socialist View, No. 13 Winter 2004, an Irish socialist journal.
* [http://www.socialistworld.net/publications/che/index.html Che Guevara - symbol of struggle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716073520/http://www.socialistworld.net/publications/che/index.html |date=2006-07-16 }}-by Tony Saunois
* [http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/castaneda-companero.html Compañero] Che Guevara: Childhood, Youth, and Asthma in Argentina
* [http://www.oceanbooks.com.au/clibrary/about-articles/chebiblio.html Ernesto Che Guevara: Bibliography of Writings and Speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721010850/http://www.oceanbooks.com.au/clibrary/about-articles/chebiblio.html |date=2007-07-21 }}-by Ocean Books (N.B.: this list includes his ''published'' works only)
* [http://www.mkg-hamburg.de/english/ausstell/03_che/home.htm Exposition of photos by Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715205226/http://www.mkg-hamburg.de/english/ausstell/03_che/home.htm |date=2006-07-15 }}
* [http://libcom.org/history/guevara-ernesto-che- Guevara, Ernesto &quot;Che&quot;: A critical biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183024/http://libcom.org/history/guevara-ernesto-che- |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.irlandeses.org/dilab_guevarae.htm ''Guevara, Ernesto (Che) (1928–1967) physician and revolutionary''] by Edmundo Murray in ''Irish Migration Studies in Latin America'' (November-December 2005)
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/index.htm The Che Guevara internet archive] – written works, pictures, and speeches
* [http://www.theeyeopener.com/article/2832 The importance of being Ernesto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210154/http://theeyeopener.com/article/2832 |date=2007-10-11 }} by Joe Rayment.
* [http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=&amp;format=print The night Che Guevara came to Limerick] in the Scotsman newspaper, 28 December 2003
* [http://newcriterion.com:81/archive/23/oct04/che.htm The Real Che by Anthony Daniels]
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.cubaarchive.org/downloads/CA08.pdf ''216 documented victims of Che Guevara in Cuba: 1957 to 1959'']|24.8&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 25438 bytes --&gt;}}From Armando M. Lago, Ph.D.'s ''Cuba: The Human Cost of Social Revolution''

;Spanish

* [http://www.eltajamar.com.ar/cheguevara.htm Alta Gracia, Argentina – Museo Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205063045/http://www.eltajamar.com.ar/cheguevara.htm |date=2008-02-05 }}
* [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che Che] – Etimología y utilización del término ''Che'' en la Wikipedia en espaňol
* [http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/index.htm Che, Guía y Ejemplo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910062142/http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/Che/Index.htm |date=2011-09-10 }} [http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Galeria1.HTM Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520072317/http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Galeria1.HTM |date=2006-05-20 }}[http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Videos.HTM Cuban Ministry of culture: videos of Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426072003/http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/Che/Videos.HTM |date=2006-04-26 }}
* [http://che-guevara.awardspace.com/ Che: mas mito que realidad!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031070114/http://che-guevara.awardspace.com/ |date=2007-10-31 }}
* [http://www.juliocarreras.com.ar/che.html Fragmento de ''Che Guevara: el documental'' (video)]
* [http://www.cedib.org/pcedib/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=19030&amp;format=html Los libros: compañeros inseparables de Ernesto Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213085849/http://www.cedib.org/pcedib/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=19030&amp;format=html |date=2005-12-13 }}
* [http://www.cheguevara.com.ar Revista Social Che Guevara] Noticias, Fotos, Videos del Che, Documentales, Canciones, Foros de Debate, Ayuda Comunitaria, Acciones conjuntas

{{col-2}}
{{cgsister}}
{{col-end}}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --&gt;

[[Kategori:Tokoh Argèntina]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1928|Guevara, Che]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1967|Guevara, Che]]


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  <page>
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      <text bytes="16724" sha1="7d260zkcar4rm1sv2cojy615d8pal08" xml:space="preserve">{{Elementbox_header | number=35 | symbol=Br | name=bromine | left=[[selenium]] | right=[[krypton]] | above=[[chlorine|Cl]] | below=[[iodine|I]] | color1=#ffff99 | color2=blue }}
{{Elementbox_series | [[halogen]]s }}
{{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=17 | period=4 | block=p }}
{{Elementbox_appearance_img | Br,35| gas/liquid: red-brown&lt;br /&gt;solid: metallic luster }}
{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|79.904]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }}
{{Elementbox_econfig | &amp;#91;[[argon|Ar]]&amp;#93; 4s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 3d&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; 4p&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; }}
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{{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=332.0 | c=58.8 | f=137.8 }}
{{Elementbox_criticalpoint | k=588 | mpa=10.34 }}
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{{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;75.69 }}
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{{Elementbox_oxistates | 5, 4,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Br/Br1O2-21255834.html|title=Bromine: bromine(IV) oxide compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=WebElements.com|archive-date=2007-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217051137/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Br/Br1O2-21255834.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 3,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Br/Br1F3-7787715.html|title=Bromine: bromine(III) fluoride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=WebElements.com|archive-date=2007-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217051127/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Br/Br1F3-7787715.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1, -1&lt;br /&gt;(strongly [[acid]]ic oxide) }}
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{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 1139.9 | 2103 | 3470 }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|115]] }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|94]] }}
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'''Brom''' utawa ''Bromine'' ({{pronEng|ˈbroʊmiːn/, /ˈbroʊmaɪn/, /ˈbroʊmɪn}}, {{lang-el|βρῶμος, ''brómos''}}, iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Br''' lan [[nomer atom]] 35. 
&lt;!--
A [[halogen]] element, bromine is a red [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] liquid at [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard room temperature]] that is intermediate in reactivity between [[chlorine]] and [[iodine]]. Bromine vapours are [[corrosive]] and [[toxic]].  Approximately 730,000,000 kg was produced in 1993.&lt;ref name=Ullmann&gt;Jack F. Mills &quot;Bromine&quot; in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Wiley-VCH Verlag; Weinheim, 2002. DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a04_391&lt;/ref&gt;  The main applications for bromine are in [[fire retardant]]s and fine chemicals.

== History ==
{{Expand-section|date=December 2007}}
Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists [[Antoine Jerome Balard|Antoine Balard]] and [[Carl Jacob Löwig]] in 1825 and 1826.

Balard found bromide salts in the ash of sea weed from the [[salt marsh]]es of [[Montpellier]] in [[1826]]. The seaweed was used to produce iodine, but also contained bromine.

[[Carl Jacob Löwig]] working at the laboratory of [[Leopold Gmelin]] produced elemental bromine by reacting mineral salts, which contained bromides, with chlorine gas. The publication of the results was delayed and Balard published his results first.

Bromine was not produced in quantity until [[1860]]. The French chemist and physicist [[Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac]] suggested the name bromine due to the characteristic smell of the vapors. Some also suggest that it may have been discovered by [[Bernard Courtois]], the man who discovered iodine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
 | url = http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/elem/br.html 
 | title = Bromine
 | publisher = vanderkrogt.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Isotopes ==
{{main|Isotopes of bromine}}
{{Expand-section|date=December 2007}}

Bromine has 2 stable isotopes: Br-79 (50.69%) and Br-81 (49.31%).  At least another 
23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=GE Nuclear Energy | title=Chart of the Nuclides, 14th Edition | year=1989  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
isotopes are known to exist.  Many of the bromine isotopes are fission products.  Several of the heavier bromine isotopes from fission are delayed neutron emitters.  All of the radioactive bromine isotopes are relatively short lived.  The longest half life is the neutron deficient Br-77 at 2.376 days.  The longest half life on the neutron rich side is Br-82 at 1.471 days.  A number of the bromine isotopes exhibit metastable isomers.  Stable Br-79 exhibits a radioactive isomer, with a half life of 4.86 seconds.  It decays by isomeric transition to the stable ground state.

== Notable characteristics ==
Bromine is the only liquid [[nonmetal]]lic element at room temperature and one of only six elements on the periodic table that are liquid at or close to room temperature. The pure chemical element has the physical form of a [[diatomic molecule]], Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. It is a dense, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at [[standard temperature and pressure]]s to give a red vapor (its color resembles [[nitrogen dioxide]]) that has a strong disagreeable odor resembling that of [[chlorine]]. Bromine is a [[halogen]], and is less reactive than [[chlorine]] and more reactive than [[iodine]]. Bromine is slightly [[solubility|soluble]] in [[water (molecule)|water]], and highly soluble  in [[carbon disulfide]], [[aliphatic]] [[alcohol]]s (such as [[methanol]]), and [[acetic acid]]. It [[chemical bond|bonds]] easily with many elements and has a strong [[Bleach (chemical)|bleaching]] action.  Bromine, like chlorine, is also used in pool maintenance.

Certain bromine-related compounds have been evaluated to have an [[ozone depletion potential]] or bioaccumulate in living organisms. As a result many industrial bromine compounds are no longer manufactured, are being restricted, or scheduled for phasing out.

Bromine is a powerful [[oxidizing agent]].  It reacts vigorously with metals, especially in the presence of water, as well as most organic compounds, especially upon [[photochemistry|illumination]].

Bromine has no known role in human health.  Organobromine compounds do occur naturally, a famous example being [[Tyrian purple]].  Most organobromine compounds in nature arise via the action of [[vanadium bromoperoxidase]].

== Occurrence and production ==
:''See also [[:Category:Halide minerals|Halide minerals]].''
[[Image:Bromine - world production trend.svg|thumb|left|World bromine production trend]]
The diatomic element Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; does not occur naturally.  Instead, bromine exists exclusively as [[Bromide|bromide salts]] in diffuse amounts in [[crust (geology)|crustal]] rock. Due to [[leaching]], bromide salts have accumulated in sea water (85 [[part per million|ppm]]), but at a lower concentration than chloride.  Bromine may be economically recovered from bromide-rich brine wells and from the [[Dead Sea]] waters (up to 50000 ppm).

Approximately 500,000 metric tons (worth around US$350 million) of bromine are produced per year (2001) worldwide with the [[United States]] and [[Israèl]] being the primary producers. Bromine production has increased sixfold since the 1960s. The largest bromine reserve in the United States is located in [[Columbia County, Arkansas|Columbia]] and [[Union County, Arkansas]], U.S.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cals.lib.ar.us/butlercenter/lesson_plans/lesson%20plans/Lesson%20plans-retained/Bromine.pdf Bromine:An Important Arkansas Industry], Butler Center for Arkansas Studies&lt;/ref&gt; Israèl's bromine reserves are contained in the waters of the [[Dead Sea]].   The bromide-rich brines are treated  with chlorine gas, flushing through with air. In this treatment, bromide anions are oxidized to bromine by the chlorine gas.

:2 Br&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; + Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; → 2 Cl&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; + Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Because of its commercial availability and long shelf-life, bromine is not typically prepared.  Small amounts of bromine can however be generated through the reaction of solid [[sodium bromide]] with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). The first stage is formation of [[hydrogen bromide]] (HBr), which is a gas, but under the reaction conditions some of the HBr is oxidized further by the sulfuric acid to form bromine (Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and [[sulfur dioxide]] (SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).
:NaBr (s) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (aq) → HBr (aq) + NaHSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (aq)
:2 HBr (aq) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (aq) → Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (g) + SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (g) + 2 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (l)

Similar alternatives, such as the use of dilute [[hydrochloric acid]] with [[sodium hypochlorite]], are also available. The most important thing is that the [[anion]] of the [[acid]] (in the above examples, [[sulfate]] and [[chloride]], respectively) be more [[electronegative]] than bromine, allowing the [[substitution reaction]] to occur.

==Compounds==
{{Expand-section|date=December 2007}}
{{seealso|Category:Bromine compounds}}
====Organic chemistry====
Organic compounds are brominated by either [[Addition reaction|addition]] or [[Substitution (chemistry)|substitution reactions]].  Bromine undergoes electrophilic addition to the double-bonds of [[alkene]]s, via a cyclic bromonium intermediate. In non-aqueous solvents such as [[carbon disulfide]], this affords the di-bromo product. For example, reaction with [[ethylene]] will produce [[1,2-Dibromoethane|1,2-dibromoethane]].  Bromine also undergoes electrophilic addition to [[phenol]]s and [[aniline]]s. When used as bromine water, the corresponding [[halohydrin formation reaction|bromohydrin is formed]] instead.  So reliable is the reactivity or bromine that bromine water is employed as a reagent to test for the presence alkenes, phenols, and anilines.  Like the other halogens, bromine participates in [[free radical reaction]]s.  For example hydrocarbons are brominated upon treatment with bromine in the presence of light.

Bromine, sometimes with a catalytic amount of [[phosphorus]], easily brominates [[carboxylic acid]]s at the α-position. This method, the [[Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction]], is the basis of the commercial route to [[bromoacetic acid]].

[[N-Bromosuccinimide|''N''-Bromosuccinimide]] is commonly used as a substitute for elemental bromine, being easier to handle, and reacting more mildly and thus more selectively.

Organic bromides are often preferable relative to the less reactive chlorides and more expensive iodide-containing reagents. Thus, [[Grignard]] and organolithium compound are most often generated from the corresponding bromides.

====Inorganic chemistry====
Bromine is an oxidizer, and it will oxidize [[iodide]] ions to iodine, being itself reduced to [[bromide]]:
: Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;  +  2 I&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;   →  2 Br&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;  +  I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Bromine will also oxidize metals and metaloids to the corresponding bromides.  [[Anhydrous]] bromine is less reactive toward many metals than hydrated bromine, however.  Dry bromine reacts vigorously with [[aluminium]], [[titanium]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]] as well as [[alkaline earth metal|alkaline earth]]s and [[alkali metal]]s.

==Applications==
A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in [[industry]].  Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from [[hydrogen bromide]], which is obtained by burning [[hydrogen]] in bromine.&lt;ref name=Ullmann/&gt;

Illustrative of the addition reaction&lt;ref&gt;{{OrgSynth | author = N. A. Khan, F. E. Deatherage, and J. B. Brown | title = Stearolic Acid | collvol = 4 | collvolpages = 851| year = 1963 | prep = CV4P0851}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the preparation of [[1,2-Dibromoethane]], the  organobromine compound produced in the largest amounts:
:C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;  +  Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;   →  CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BrCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br

Ethylene bromide is an additive in gasolines containing lead anti-[[engine knocking]] agents.  It scavenges lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine.  This application has declined since the 1970s due to environmental regulations.  Ethylene bromide is also used as a fumigant, but again this application is declining.

[[Brominated flame retardant]]s represent a commodity of growing importance. Specific compound used produced for this purpose include [[tetrabromobisphenol A]], [[decabromodiphenyl ether]], and [[vinyl bromide]].

The bromides of calcium, sodium, and zinc account for a sizable part of the bromine market.  These salts form dense solutions in water that are used as [[drilling fluid]]s.

Miscellaneous uses:

*Several [[dye]]s, agrichemicals, and [[pharmaceutical]]s are organobromine compounds. 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane, 1-bromoethylbenzene, and 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by the [[markovnikov rule|antimarkovnikov addition]] of HBr to alkenes. [[Ethidium bromide]], EtBr, is used as a [[DNA]] stain in [[gel electrophoresis]]. 
* Bromine is also used in for the production of [[brominated vegetable oil]], which is used as an [[emulsifier]] in many [[citrus]]-flavored [[soft drinks]].
* High [[refractive index]] compounds
* [[Water purification]] compounds,  [[Disinfectants]]
* Potassium bromide is used in some photographic developers to inhibit the formation of fog (undesired reduction of silver).

== Safety ==
Elemental bromine is toxic and [[irritant|causes burns]].  As an [[oxidizing]] agent, it is incompatible with most organic and inorganic compounds. Care needs to taken when transporting bromine, it is commonly carried in steel tanks lined with lead, supported by strong metal frames.

When certain ionic compounds containing Bromine are mixed with Potassium permanganate (KMnO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;), they will form a pale brown cloud of Bromine gas. This gas smells like bleach and is very irritating to the mucus membranes. This form of Bromine will appear to diffuse slowly, but it will suddenly disappear. Upon exposure, one should move to fresh air immediately. If symptoms arise, medical attention is needed.
--&gt;
== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;
* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/35.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Bromine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206110931/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/35.html |date=2010-12-06 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Bromine}}
{{wiktionary|bromine}}
* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Br/index.html WebElements.com – Bromine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072148/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Br/index.html |date=2008-05-09 }}
* [http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/035/index.s7.html Theodoregray.com – Bromine]
* [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine USGS Minerals Information: Bromine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109055154/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine |date=2019-01-09 }}
* [http://www.bsef.com/ Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF)]
* [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Thermal.mcd Thermal Conductivity of BROMINE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113919/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Thermal.mcd |date=2007-10-13 }}
* [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Viscosity.mcd Viscisity of BROMINE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113927/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/HEDH/5-5-14-43-54/Tab-5-5-14-54-BROMINE-Viscosity.mcd |date=2007-10-13 }}

{{Èlemèndiatomik}}
{{clear}}
{{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}}

[[Kategori:Unsur kimia]]
[[Kategori:Halogen]]
[[Kategori:Bromine|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kutha Mèksiko</title>
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      <text bytes="18332" sha1="547yu8q5agu3grim1z9al4kgleuab06" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Kutha Mèksiko
| official_name                   = 
| native_name                     = {{native name|es|Ciudad de México}}
| native_name_lang                = es
| other_name                      = 
| settlement_type                 = [[Kutha krajan]]
| image_skyline                   = Montaje.Ciudad de México.jpg
| image_caption                   = Saka ndhuwur lan kiwa: [[Malaikat Kamardikan]], [[Katedral Metropolitan Kota Meksiko]], [[Paseo de la Reforma]], [[Torre Latinoamericana]], [[Istana Nasional (Meksiko)|Istana Nasional]] , Parque La Mexicana ing [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]], [[Monumento a la Revolución]], [[Kastil Chapultepec]], [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] lan [[Paseo de la Reforma]]
| image_flag                      = &lt;!--As per the consensus reached at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mexico]] (oldid: 1007177146), this article should not use a flag because none is officially recognized by the government of the state--&gt;
| flag_size                       = 
| flag_alt                        = 
| image_seal                      = 
| seal_size                       = 
| image_shield                    = Coat of arms of Mexican Federal District.svg
| image_blank_emblem              = File:Gobierno de la Ciudad de México.svg
| shield_size                     = 65px
| nickname                        = CDMX
| motto                           = {{lang|es|La Ciudad de los Palacios}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''(The City of Palaces)''&lt;/small&gt;
| image_map                       = Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg
| map_caption                     = Mexico City within Mexico
| pushpin_map                     = Mexico#North America
| pushpin_relief                  = yes
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location within [[Mexico]]
| coordinates                     = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|8|W|type:adm1st_region:MX-CMX|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint                   = 
| coordinates_footnotes           = 
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = Mexico
| subdivision_type1               = 
| subdivision_name1               = 
| subdivision_type2               = 
| subdivision_name2               = 
| established_title               = Founded
| established_date                = * {{start date and age|1325|3|13|df=y}}:&lt;br /&gt;[[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |title = Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – México |publisher = Sre.gob.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110420232605/http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |archive-date = 20 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{start date and age|1521|8|13|df=y}}:&lt;br /&gt;{{lang|es|Ciudad de México|italic=no}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |title = De la Colonia / 13 agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan |publisher = Redescolar.ilce.edu.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701210417/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{start date and age|1824|11|18|df=y}}:&lt;br /&gt;{{lang|es|Distrito Federal|italic=no}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |title = Conmemora la SecretarĂa de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de CreaciĂłn del Distrito Federal |publisher = Cultura.df.gob.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225100/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |archive-date = 22 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{start date and age|2016|1|29|df=y}}:&lt;br /&gt;Ciudad de México&lt;ref name=guardianname&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df |title = Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City |work = [[The Guardian]] |first = David |last = Agren |date = 29 January 2015 |access-date = 30 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| founder                         = * [[Tenoch]] &lt;br /&gt;(as Mexico-Tenochtitlan)
* [[Hernán Cortés]] &lt;br /&gt;(as Mexico City)
| seat_type                       = 
| seat                            = 
| government_footnotes            = 
| leader_party                    = 
| leader_title                    = [[List of mayors of Mexico City|Mayor]]
| leader_name                     = [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Clara Brugada]]
| leader_title1                   = [[Senate of Mexico|Senators]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&amp;mn=4&amp;sm=3 Senate of Mexico website: LXII &amp; LXIII legislatures, Distrito Federal] Retrieved 26 November 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_name1                    = {{Unbulleted list
|[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] [[Martí Batres]]
|[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|MORENA|link=National Regeneration Movement|25px]] Citlalli Hernández
|[[File:Logo Ind.jpg|Ind.|link=Independent Politician|15px]] [[Emilio Álvarez Icaza]]
|ul_style=margin-bottom:5px;
|li_style=margin-bottom:3px;}}
| unit_pref                       = [[Metric]]
| area_footnotes                  = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&amp;e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130091033/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&amp;e=09 |archive-date=30 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}}
| area_total_km2                  = 1,485
| area_land_km2                   = 
| area_water_km2                  = 
| area_water_percent              = 
| area_note                       = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 32nd]]
| elevation_m                     = 2,240
| elevation_min_m                 = 
| elevation_max_point             = [[Ajusco]]
| elevation_max_footnotes         = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&amp;e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302151509/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&amp;e=09 |archive-date=2 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total                = 9,209,944
| population_as_of                = 2020
| population_footnotes            = &lt;ref name=&quot;inegi_pop_2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |website=inegi.org.mx |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Geography|INEGI]] |access-date=January 27, 2021 |language=es |date=25 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_blank1_title         = Metro area
| population_blank1               = 21,804,515
| population_rank                 = [[List of Mexican states by population|2nd]]
| population_density_rank         = [[List of Mexican states by population density|1st]]
| population_demonyms             = {{Unbulleted list|Capitalino (a)|Mexiqueño (a) (archaic)|[[Chilango]] (a) (colloquial)}}
| population_note                 = 
| timezone1                       = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset1                     = −06:00
| timezone1_DST                   = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST                 = −05:00
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]]
| postal_code                     = 00–16
| area_code                       = [[Area code 55 (Mexico)|55]]/[[Area code 56 (Mexico)|56]]
| area_code_type                  = [[Area code]]
| iso_code                        = MX-CMX
| blank_name_sec1                 = [[Patron saint|Patron Saint]]
| blank_info_sec1                 = [[Philip of Jesus]] ({{lang-es|San Felipe de Jesús|links=no}})
| blank1_name_sec1                = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank1_info_sec1                = {{increase}}0.897&lt;span style=&quot;color:#090&quot;&gt; '''Very High'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/MEX/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=0&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0&amp;years=2018&amp;colour_scales=national |title=Human Development Indices (5.0): Sub-national HDI |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=15 July 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| blank_name_sec2                 = [[GDP]] (Nominal)
| blank_info_sec2                 = [[USD|$]]266&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mexicocity.com/v/economy/ |title=Economy of Mexico City |publisher=n Mexico City Guides |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823131009/https://www.mexicocity.com/v/economy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| footnotes                       = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Historic center of Mexico City]], [[Xochimilco]] and Central University City Campus of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]]
| designation1_date = 1987, 2007 &lt;small&gt;(11th, 31st [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])&lt;/small&gt;
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, v
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412 412], [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1250 1250]
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = Mexico
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
}}{{note|engfactobox}}b. Area of Mexico City that includes non-urban areas at the south
| leader_title2                   = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Deputies]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Distrito Federal |url = http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXIV_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&amp;edot=9 |publisher = Camara de Diputados |access-date = 8 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_name2                    = {{Collapsible list
|title = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Federal Deputies]]
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = 
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;padding-bottom:3px;
|1 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Armando Báez Pinal
|2 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Marco Antonio García
|3 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Cuauhtémoc Gutiérrez
|4 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
|5 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Roberto Rebollo
|6 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Leticia Robles
|7 = [[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|PRI|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party|13px]] Claudia Ruiz Massieu
|8 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Agustín Castilla
|9 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] [[Gabriela Cuevas Barron|Gabriela Cuevas]]
|10 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] César González
|11 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Paz Gutiérrez
|12 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Valdemar Gutiérrez
|13 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Kenia López
|14 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] César Nava
|15 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Rosi Orozco
|16 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Silvia Pérez Ceballos
|17 = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|link=National Action Party (Mexico)|13px]] Ezequiel Rétiz
|18 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Esthela Damián
|19 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Luis Felipe Eguía
|20 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez|Alejandro Encinas]]
|21 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Agustín Guerrero
|22 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Francisco Hernández
|23 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Héctor Hernández
|24 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Teresa Incháustegui
|25 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Ramón Jiménez
|26 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Vidal Llerenas
|27 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Avelino Méndez
|28 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Eduardo Mendoza
|29 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Nazario Norberto
|30 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Leticia Quezada
|31 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Rigoberto Salgado
|32 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Arturo Santana
|33 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Emilio Serrano
|34 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Mauricio Toledo
|35 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[Enoé Margarita Uranga Muñoz|Enoé Uranga]]
|36 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Balfre Vargas
|37 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] [[María Araceli Vázquez Camacho|Araceli Vázquez]]
|38 = [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|link=Party of the Democratic Revolution|13px]] Jesús Zambrano
|39 = Rosario Brindis
|40 = Pablo Escudero
|41 = Clara Salinas Sada
|42 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Jaime Cárdenas
|43 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Itzel Castillo
|44 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Mario di Costanzo
|45 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Gerardo Fernández
|46 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] Ifigenia Martínez
|47 = [[File:PT logo (Mexico).svg|PT|link=Labor Party (Mexico)|13px]] [[Porfirio Muñoz Ledo]]
|48 = Víctor Hugo Círigo
|49 = Laura Piña Olmedo
|50 = Gerardo Del Mazo
|51 = María Quiñones
}}
| elevation_max_m                 = 3930
| website                         = {{URL|https://www.cdmx.gob.mx/}} {{in lang|es}}
| blank_emblem_type               = Government logo
}}


[[Gambar:Coat of arms of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|thumb|right|150px|Coat of Mexico City since 1523.]]

'''Kutha Mèksiko''' utawa ([[basa Spanyol]]: ''Ciudad de México'', [[basa Inggris|Inggris]] ''Mexico City''), iku kutha krajan sisan [[kutha]] gedhé dhéwé ing [[Meksiko]]. Sing ndunungi gunggung 19.500.000 jiwa ([[wewengkon metropolitan]]).

== Sajarah ==
Kaum Aztec manggon ing lembah [[Meksiko]] sawisé ndeleng tandha kang mènhi jani ya iku ananè manuk [[élang]] kang méncok ing wit kaktus, mangan [[ula]] kang banjur dadi pérangan wigati saka gendéra [[Meksiko]]. Ana watara 100.000 kang ndunungi taun [[1519]], nalika wong [[Spanyol]], kang dibawahi [[Hernando Cortes]], teka kanggo naklukaké kuth iki. Cortes ngalahaké raja Aztec [[Montezuma]], ngratakaké [[kutha]] Aztec ing taun [[1521]] lan yasa sawijining kutha [[Spanyol]] ing saknduwuring reruntuhan. Kanggoné [[Spanyol]], Mexico City utawa ''Ciudad de México'' dadi pamukiman paling wigati ing bawana Amérika, kanthi yurisdiksi ngalor nganti tumeka apa kang saiki diarani wewengkon [[Amérika Sarékat]] lan ngidul nganti tekan [[Panama]].
&lt;!--
Banjir yang terus menerus terjadi membuat danau-danau di sekitar pusat kota dipenuhi para penduduk. Pada abad ke-18 fasade-fasade bergaya Barok Éropa dibuat dari batu-batu vulkanis yang mencirikan zaman keemasan arsitektur mereka. Dominasi [[Perancis]] muncul ketika pangeran [[Maxmillian]] dari Hasburg datang untuk memerintah setelah pasukan [[Perancis]] di bawah Napoleon merebut kota itu dari [[Benito Juarez]]. Revolusi Meksiko ([[1910]]-[[1917]]) menjadikan kota ini puing-puing, dan ketika pekerjaan umum dilakukan kembali, istana-istana [[Perancis]] digantikan dengan gedung-gedung pencakar langit dan bangunan-bangunan modern lain yang masih berfungsi hingga kini, namun beberapa warisan bersejarah masih tetap berdiri, di antaranya di bagian utara adalah Katedral Metropolitan, dan di timur, berdiri di atas reruntuhan istana kaisar Aztec, adalah Istana Nasional. Ciudad de México adalah tempat berlangsungnya Olimpiade tahun [[1968]]. Dengan ledakkan produksi minyak di tahun 70'an, kota ini terus bertumbuh secara besar-besaran sampai tahun [[1985]], ketika sebuah gempa bumi mengguncang lokasi yang sebelumnya adalah tanah bekas danau-danau, mengakibatkan korban tewas mencapai 7000 orang.
--&gt;
== Bibiliografi ==
*Beckner, Chrisanne, dan Soetrisno, Eddy. 2001. ''Buku Pintar 100 Kota Besar Bersejarah di Dunia'', Jakarta: Ladang Pustaka dan Intimedia.

== Pranala njaba ==
{{wikivoyage|Mexico City}}
{{commons|Mexico City}}

[[Kategori:Kutha krajan]]
[[Kategori:Kutha ing Mèksiko]]


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  <page>
    <title>Kahutanan</title>
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      <text bytes="5596" sha1="6syaz573h3hvo31iht7l3nlotf7thri" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb|[[Alas]] pasisir ing [[Slowén]].]]
'''Kahutanan''' iku praktèk kanggo gawé, miyara, migunakaké lan nglestarèkaké [[alas]] kanggo kapentingan [[manungsa]].
&lt;!--
=== Berdasarkan Undang-Undang ===
Undang-Undang Républik [[Indonésia]] No 41 tahun 1999 tentang kehutanan, definisi kehutanan adalah sistem pengurusan yang bersangkut paut dengan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan yang diselenggarakan secara terpadu.

== Teori Kehutanan ==
Menurut Simon (1998), perkembangan teori pengelolaan hutan dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam dua kategori, yaitu kategori kehutanan konvensional dan kategori kehutanan modern (kehutanan sosial).

=== Kehutanan Konvensional ===

Teori pengelolaan hutan yang termasuk ke dalam kehutanan konvensional adalah penambangan kayu atau timber extraction (TE) dan perkebunan kayu atau timber management (TM).

=== Kehutanan Modern ===
Kehutanan sosial adalah pengelolaan hutan sebagai sumberdaya atau forest resource management (FRM) dan pengelolaan hutan sebagai ekosistem atau forest ecosystem management (FEM). Keduanya disebut juga dengan istilah lain Sustainable Forestry Management (SFM). Ketiga teori pengelolaan hutan tersebut, secara evolutif berkembang, sejak dari mulai penambangan kayu (TE) hingga sampai pada pengelolaan ekosistem hutan (FEM).

=== Perubahan Konsep Kehutanan ===
Kehutanan merupakan aspek ekologis yang berada di atas permukaan bumi, kehutanan dari segi pembentukannya terdiri dari 2 (dua) cara, yaitu terbentuk alamiah dan buatan. Perkembangan tehnologi telah menciptakan teori yang dapat mengembalikan fungsi hutan alam, dengan dasar tersebut pengelolaan hutan lebih dititikberatkan kepentingan secara menyeluruh. Bumi dengan segala macam didalam dan di permukaan dapat dimanfaatkan sebesar-besarnya oleh manusia sebagai penghuninya. Pengelolaan hutan sebaiknya diselaraskan dengan pengelolaan sumber daya alam yang lainnya, sehingga pemanfaatan sumber daya dapat terjalin dengan baik dan menguntungkan.

== Catatan kritis pembangunan kehutanan berbasis masyarakat ==
* Pertama, dari sisi kelembagaan ekonomi masyarakat belum terbentuk.
* Kedua, dari sisi sosial-politik, dalam kebijakan pembangunan masyarakat belum memiliki posisi sebagai subyek secara utuh.
* Ketiga, keinginan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat disekitar hutan, maupun peningkatan pendapatan nagara, jelas meminimalkan semangat ekologis.

== Kehutanan yang berkelanjutan ==
Program ini harus tetap memperhatikan ketahanan dan kelestarian dari ekosistem hutan.
--&gt;
== Wacan ==

* Charles H. Stoddard ''Essentials of Forestry''. New York: Ronald Press, 1978.
* G. Tyler Miller. ''Resource Conservation and Management''. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 1990.
* Chris Maser. ''Sustainable Forestry: Philosophy, Science, and Economics''. DelRay Beach: St. Lucie Press, 1994.
* Hammish Kimmins. ''Balancing Act: Environmental Issues in Forestry''. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1992.
* Hart, C. 1994. ''Practical Forestry for the Agent and Surveyor''. Stroud. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-86299-962-6
* Herb Hammond. ''Seeing the Forest Among the Trees''. Winlaw/Vancouver: Polestar Press, 1991.
* Hibberd, B.G. (Ed). 1991. ''Forestry Practice''. Forestry Commission Handbook 6. London. HMSO. ISBN 0-11-710281-4
* &quot;Forestry&quot; in the ''Encyclopaedia Brtitannica'' 16th edition. New York: E.B., 1990.

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.dephut.go.id/ SITUS RESMI DEPARTEMEN KEHUTANAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA]
* [http://www.iufro.org/ International Union of Forest Research Organizations]
* [http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?geoId=0&amp;langId=1&amp;siteId=1180 FAO forestry education institutions database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827183904/http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?geoId=0&amp;langId=1&amp;siteId=1180 |date=2006-08-27 }}
* [http://www.istf-bethesda.org/about_istf-eng.htm International Society for Tropical Foresters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830210240/http://www.istf-bethesda.org/about_istf-eng.htm |date=2009-08-30 }}
* [http://www.cfa-international.org Commonwealth Forestry Association]
* [http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ The Forestry Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007181819/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ |date=2010-10-07 }}
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/ USDA Forest Service]
* [http://www.safnet.org/ Society of American Foresters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519111423/http://www.safnet.org/ |date=2016-05-19 }}
* [http://www.cif-ifc.org The Canadian Institute of Forestry]
* [http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/ The Canadian Forest Service]
* [http://www.woodcollectors.org International Wood Collectors Society]
* [http://www.icfre.org Forestry Research Institute, India]

[[Kategori:Kahutanan| ]]
[[Kategori:Ékologi]]


{{biologi-stub}}

[[bg:Лесовъдство]]
[[cs:Lesnictví]]
[[da:Skovbrug]]
[[de:Forstwirtschaft]]
[[el:Δασοκομία]]
[[en:Forestry]]
[[eo:Arbara mastrumado]]
[[es:Ingeniería de montes]]
[[et:Metsandus]]
[[fi:Metsätalous]]
[[fr:Sylviculture]]
[[he:יערנות]]
[[hr:Šumarstvo]]
[[id:Kehutanan]]
[[it:Silvicoltura]]
[[ja:林業]]
[[ko:임업]]
[[lt:Miškų ūkis]]
[[nl:Bosbouw]]
[[nn:Skogbruk]]
[[no:Skogbruk]]
[[pl:Leśnictwo (nauka)]]
[[pt:Engenharia florestal]]
[[ro:Silvicultură]]
[[ru:Лесоводство]]
[[sh:Šumarstvo]]
[[simple:Forestry]]
[[sv:Skogsbruk]]
[[te:వన్య శాస్త్రము]]
[[th:การป่าไม้]]
[[tr:Silvikültür]]
[[vi:Lâm nghiệp]]
[[zh:林业]]</text>
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    <title>Bedhah</title>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="cjwtywpoe1b2douvqkid6a3i7mcwvw2" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Surgeon operating, Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, circa 1990.JPEG|thumb|Ahli bedhah pinuju ngayahi pembedhahan]]

'''Bedhah''' utawa '''pambedhahan''' ([[Basa Inggris]]: ''surgery'', [[Basa Yunani]]: ''cheirourgia'' &quot;gawéan tangan&quot;) iku spesialisasi sajeroning [[kadhokteran]] kang nambani [[lelara]] utawa [[tatu]] kanthi operasi manual lan instrumen. Ahli bedhah (''surgeon'') bisa wujud [[dhokter]], [[dhokter untu]], utawa [[dhokter kéwan]] kang duwé spesialisasi sajeroning babagan èlmu bedhah.

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.surgeons.org.uk Surgeons Net Educational Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828083446/http://www.surgeons.org.uk/ |date=2017-08-28 }}
* [http://www.hand-surgeon.com Hand-Surgeon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503064616/http://www.hand-surgeon.com/ |date=2009-05-03 }}
* [http://jdc.jefferson.edu/milsurgusa/ A Manual of Military Surgery, by Samuel D. Gross, MD (1861). The manual used by doctors in the Union Army during the American Civil War.]
* [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=20&amp;sdesc=Surgery An On-Line Surgery Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417174753/http://www.journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=20&amp;sdesc=Surgery |date=2007-04-17 }}
* [http://www.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgeryskully AO Surgery Reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809121257/http://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgeryskully |date=2011-08-09 }}

{{Kedhokteran}}

[[Kategori:Bedhah| ]]
[[Kategori:Spesialisasi medhis]]


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  <page>
    <title>Dmitri Shostakovich</title>
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      <text bytes="6788" sha1="pxv9hccf1we7g377iniatqepod4zyxt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
|Name            = Dmitri Shostakovich
|Img             =
|Img_capt        = Dmitri Shostakovich  l.k. 1942
|Img_size        = 
|Background      = non_performing_personnel
|Birth_name      = Dmitri Shostakovich
|Alias           = 
|Born            = [[25 September]] [[1906]]
|Origin          = [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], [[Ruslan]]
|Died            = [[9 Agustus]] [[1975]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Moskwa, Ruslan|Moskwa]], [[Ruslan]]
|Instrument      = 
|Genre           = 
|Occupation      = [[Komponis]]
|Years_active    = 
|Label           = 
|Associated_acts = 
|URL             = 
|Notable_instruments =
}}
[[File:Dmitri Shostakovich credit Deutsche Fotothek adjusted.jpg|thumb|212px|Dmitri Shostakovich (1950)]]

'''Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich''' {{Audio|Ru-Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich.ogg|listen}} ([[basa Ruslan]]: {{lang|ru|Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович}}, ''Dmitrij Dmitrievič Šostakovič'') ({{OldStyleDate|25 September|1906|12 September}}–[[9 Agustus]] [[1975]]) punika satunggiling [[komponis]] [[Ruslan]] saking mangsa [[Uni Sovyèt|Sovyèt]]. Panjenenganipun gadhah sesambetan ingkang komplèks kaliyan pamaréntah Ruslan, amargi kaping kalih, nalika taun [[1936]] lan [[taun]] [[1948]], musikipun resmi dipunkecam déning pamaréntah lan makaping-kaping naté dipunlarang. Ing wekdal ingkang sami, panjenenganipun tetep wujud komponis Sovyèt ingkang paling populèr saking generasinipun lan nampi kathah pepuji lan bebungah nagari, lan naté lenggah ing [[Dhéwan Paling Inggil Sovyèt]].

== Ugi pirsani ==
* [[:Kategori:Komposisi déning Dmitri Shostakovich]]
* [[Pratélan komposisi déning Dmitri Shostakovich]]

== Pranala njawi ==
{{Commons|Dmitri Shostakovich}}
* [http://phonoarchive.org/Shostakovich phonoarchive.org/Shostakovich]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Works of Shostakovich at phonoarchive.org
* ''[http://www.shostakovich.tk Shostakovich.tk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218092517/http://shostakovich.tk/ |date=2014-12-18 }}'' Site of Shostakovich(in Spanish)
* [http://www.korschmin.com/forum/?p=29/ About Viola Sonata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222702/http://www.korschmin.com/forum/?p=29%2F |date=2007-09-27 }} &quot;Letter from Leningrad&quot; By: Boris Tishenko a former student of Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich and a head figure of the Composers’ Union in St. Petersburg. Notes and translation by: Sergei V. Korschmin
* [http://www.korschmin.com/gallery/Shostakovich/ D. Shostakovich Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303070008/http://www.korschmin.com/gallery/Shostakovich |date=2007-03-03 }}
* [http://www.scribemedia.org/2006/11/07/shostakovich/ Journey of Dmitri Shostakovich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103011523/http://www.scribemedia.org/2006/11/07/shostakovich/ |date=2007-01-03 }} An Interview with Filmmaker Helga Landauer''
* [http://shostakovich100anos.iespana.es/index.htm 100 years's special of Dmitri Shostakovich]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} download all symphonies in mp3(site in Spanish)''
* [http://www.epitonic.com/artists/dimitrishostakovich.html Epitonic.com: Dimitri Shostakovich] featuring tracks from ''Written With The Heart's Blood''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040626120249/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/audioarchive.shtml Archive of BBC's &quot;Discovering Music&quot; radio show], featuring Shostakovich's Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 10, String Quartet No. 8, and Cello Concerto No. 1.
* [http://www.classiccat.net/shostakovich_d/index.htm Classic Cat - Dimitri Shostakovich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626163318/http://www.classiccat.net/shostakovich_d/index.htm |date=2007-06-26 }}: An overview of free downloadable Shostakovich music on the internet by Classic Cat - the free classical music directory.
* [http://www.therestisnoise.com/2004/07/the_case_of_the.html Alex Ross: The Rest is Noise: Free Shostakovich!]: Alex Ross explains why he has changed his views on Testimony, and now accepts Laurel Fay's evidence that it is a forgery.
* [http://www.shostakovich-composer.info Shostakovich Information Repository] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929151705/http://www.shostakovich-composer.info/ |date=2007-09-29 }}
* [http://www.jmc.co.il/livecon2003/chamber3.html The Aviv String Quartet and Guest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030731175442/http://jmc.co.il/livecon2003/chamber3.html |date=2003-07-31 }}: String Quartet No. 8 in C minor, op. 110.
* [http://www.panufniktrio.com/sites_eng/mp3_eng.html Trio E-Minor op. 67] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120114427/http://www.panufniktrio.com/sites_eng/mp3_eng.html |date=2011-01-20 }} - streaming webcast performed by Panufnik Trio
* [http://www.classicalarchives.com/main/s.html#SHOSTAKOVICH Various pieces of him in streaming médhia by Classical Music Archives]
* [http://www.violinmp3.com/ ViolinMP3.com - Streaming webcasts of Piano Quintet Op.57 and Romances on Verses by Alexander Blok Op.127] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623141532/http://www.violinmp3.com/ |date=2007-06-23 }}
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096250/ imdb.com entry for 'Testimony']: a filem adaptation of the Solomon Volkov book, starring [[Ben Kingsley]] in the lead role of Dimitri Shostakovich
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/shostakovich/feature.shtml BBC Presenter Stephen Johnson on Shoshtakovich and Depression]
* Shostakovich at his original publisher [http://www.sikorski.de/de/frameloader.html?frame=http%3A//www.sikorski.de/composers/composer17.html Sikorski] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726224227/https://www.sikorski.de/de/frameloader.html?frame=http%253A%2F%2Fwww.sikorski.de%2Fcomposers%2Fcomposer17.html |date=2020-07-26 }} (German)
* [http://features.classicalmusic.gr/article.php?id=1150 Two Greek Conductors, Alkis Mpaltas and Byron Fidetzis are giving an interview to Paris Konstantinidis for Classicalmusic.gr about D.Shostakovich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031954/http://features.classicalmusic.gr/article.php?id=1150 |date=2007-09-27 }} In Greek
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYOpnq6h_Ms Video of the young Shostakovich playing the end of his Piano Concerto No.1]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Dmitri Shostakovich}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shostakovich, Dmitri Dmitrievich}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1906]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1975]]
[[Kategori:Komponis klasik abad angka 20]]
[[Kategori:Komponis ilustrasi filem]]
[[Kategori:Komponis opera]]
[[Kategori:Pangripta Ruslan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Musisi Ruslan]]


{{musikus-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jamu</title>
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'''Jamu''' yaiku [[obat tradhisional]] kang digawé saka [[tuwuhan]], upamané saka [[oyot]], [[godhong]], [[woh]], lan [[kulit]] [[kayu]] sawijining tuwuhan kang kena kanggo nambani warna-warna [[lelara]]. Pèrangan wit-witan mau ana sing diolah kanthi digodhog lan ana uga kang dipangan mentah.

[[Wong]] [[Indonésia]] wis ngerti jamu saka pirang-pirang abad kapungkur. Kang sepisan jamu mung ana ing kupêngan kraton utawa pura, yaiku ing [[Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta]] lan [[Kasunanan Surakarta]]. Ing jaman biyèn jamu mung dingertèni ing kalangan kraton lan ora éntuk disebarake ing masarakat njaba [[kraton]]. Nanging kanthi owah gingsiring jaman kang saya suwé saya maju, jamu bisa diajaraké ing masarakat njaba [[kraton]], saéngga masarakat njaba kraton wis akèh kang bisa ngracik jamu dhéwé. Prastawa iki kang ndadèkaké jamu ngrembaka lan digawé ora mung wong [[Indonésia]] nanging uga payu ing mancanagara. Kanggoné masarakat [[Indonésia]], jamu iku resép turunan saka para leluhur sing kudu dijaga lan dikembangaké terus.

Sawetara tuladhané jamu sing misuwur ya iku: jamu kunyit asam, [[beras kencur]], [[temulawak]], brotowali, lan [[pahitan]].

== Sajarah Jamu ==

[[Indonésia]] saka jaman biyèn wis kondhang minangka gemah ripah loh jinawi, nduwèni lemah subur lan asil bumi kang akèh. Kahanan alam kang makmur iku ndhukung masyarakaté kanggo nggunakake tuwuhan obat minangka dhasar ngembangaké jamu. Jamu banjur dadi pérangan wigati saka budaya lan urip saben dinané masyarakat Nusantara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jurnal.iain-antasari.ac.id/manfaat-jamu-kunyit-untuk-wanita-jurnal-antasari/|title=Ketahui 18 Manfaat Jamu Kunyit untuk Wanita, Atasi Nyeri Haid Tuntas! - Jurnal Antasari|date=2026-02-16|language=id|access-date=2026-02-17}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jamu inggih punika sistem pangobatan tradisional Indonesia ingkang migunakaken bahan-bahan alami, mliginipun tetuwuhan, mineral, saha pérangan kéwan tartamtu, ingkang diracik adhedhasar kawruh turun-temurun. Minangka pérangan saking warisan budaya Nusantara, jamu boten namung dipunmangertosi minangka ombèn-ombèn kesehatan, nanging ugi minangka praktik sosial, ékonomi, lan spiritual ingkang ngrembaka wonten ing masarakat. Tradhisi jamu sampun wonten atusan taun lan dados pratandha sesambetan antawis manungsa kaliyan alam ing lingkungan tropis Indonesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kusumaningrum|first=Zulfa Safitri|last2=Hanjani|first2=Vania Pramudita|date=2025-06-05|title=Jamu: An Ethnomedicine Study and Local Knowledge of Jamu Makers in Health Practices|url=https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/endogami/article/view/71463|journal=Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi|language=en|volume=8|issue=2|pages=259–270|doi=10.14710/endogami.8.2.259-270|issn=2599-1078}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sajarahipun, praktik jamu saged dipunlacak dumugi jaman karajan kuna, kados ta Kerajaan Mataram Kuno, ingkang ninggalaken relief lan cathetan ngenani panggunaan tetuwuhan obat. Ing jaman Kerajaan Majapahit, kawruh babagan ramuan herbal saya ngrembaka, mliginipun wonten ing lingkungan kraton. Ing kono, jamu diracik déning abdi dalem khusus kanggé njaga kasarasan kulawarga karajan, nambah stamina, ngrumat kaendahan, saha mulihaken kawontenan sasampunipun nglairaken.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jamu-journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/JJI|title=Jurnal Jamu Indonesia|last=Indonesia|first=Jurnal Jamu|website=jamu-journal.ipb.ac.id|language=en|access-date=2026-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bahan utama jamu limrahipun saking rimpang kados kunir (''Curcuma longa''), jahe (''Zingiber officinale''), kencur (''Kaempferia galanga''), lan temulawak (''Curcuma xanthorrhiza''). Saliyane punika, godhong, oyot, wiji, saha kulit wit ugi asring dipunginakaken. Saben bahan gadhah sipat tartamtu; kunir dipunanggep gadhah daya antiinflamasi, dene jahe gadhah sipat anget lan mbiyantu peredaran getih. Campuran bahan menika dipunracik manut kabutuhan, kados kanggé njaga daya tahan badan, ngilangaken kesel, utawi ngendhaleni gangguan pencernaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://keslan.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/499/amankah-minum-jamu-setiap-hari|title=Direktorat Jenderal Kesehatan Lanjutan|website=keslan.kemkes.go.id|access-date=2026-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing babagan panyajian, jamu gadhah manéka warna bentuk. Jamu gendong inggih punika wujud tradisional ingkang dipunjajakaken déning bakul jamu kanthi nggawa botol-botol wonten ing bakul. Tradhisi menika dados ikon budaya ing kitha-kitha kados Yogyakarta lan Surakarta. Saliyane punika, wonten jamu serbuk instan, jamu kapsul, lan tablet ingkang dipunproduksi kanthi cara modern. Pangrembakan menika nuduhaken bilih jamu saged nyelarasaken kaliyan kabutuhan jaman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehataqua.co.id/blog/manfaat-jamu/|title=11 Manfaat Jamu Tradisional dan Jenisnya untuk Kesehatan {{!}} Sehat AQUA|last=SehatAQUA.co.id|website=SehatAQUA.co.id|language=id|access-date=2026-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing abad kaping 20, industri jamu saya maju kanthi madegipun perusahaan-perusahaan nasional. Salah satunggaling ingkang kawentar inggih punika PT Industri Jamu dan Farmasi Sido Muncul Tbk, ingkang ngrembakakaken produk jamu kemasan lan nyebaraken dumugi mancanegara. Ugi wonten PT Jamu Air Mancur ingkang gadhah peran wigati ing modernisasi jamu. Kanthi standarisasi produksi lan panaliten ilmiah, jamu saya pikantuk pangakuan langkung wiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uvers.ac.id/jamu-di-indonesia-warisan-leluhur-yang-masih-bertahan/|title=Jamu di Indonesia: Warisan Leluhur yang Masih Bertahan|last=Aulia|first=Devi|date=2025-10-22|website=UNIVERSITAS UNIVERSAL|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamaréntah Indonesia lumantar Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) ngatur peredaran jamu supados aman lan trep kanggé dipunkonsumsi. Jamu kalebet golongan obat tradisional, lan sawetawis produk ingkang sampun nglampahi uji klinis saged mlebet kategori fitofarmaka. Pangaturan menika wigati kanggé njaga kapitadosan masarakat lan nglindhungi konsumen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saking segi sosial lan budaya, jamu gegandhengan kaliyan konsep kaselarasan badan lan jiwa. Ing tradhisi Jawa, wonten ramuan khusus kanggé ibu sasampunipun nglairaken, saha jamu kanggé njaga kaendahan calon penganten. Praktik menika nuduhaken pendekatan holistik, ingkang ningali kasarasan boten namung saking aspek fisik, nanging ugi mental lan spiritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ing tingkat internasional, jamu saya pikantuk kawigatosan minangka pérangan saking kekayaan biodiversitas Indonesia. Ing taun 2023, tradhisi jamu kapratélakaken minangka Warisan Budaya Takbenda déning UNESCO, ingkang nambah ajining dhiri budaya Indonesia wonten ing jagad global. Sanadyan mekaten, tantangan ugi wonten, kados prakara campuran bahan kimia ilegal lan variasi mutu bahan baku. Mila dipunbetahaken edukasi lan pengawasan ingkang ketat supados jamu tetep aman lan lestari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-7506893/8-ramuan-jamu-tradisional-dan-manfaatnya-bagi-kesehatan|title=8 Ramuan Jamu Tradisional dan Manfaatnya bagi Kesehatan|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikHealth|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-02-17}}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanthi mekaten, jamu inggih punika warisan budaya lan sistem pangobatan tradisional ingkang gadhah nilai sajarah, sosial, ékonomi, lan ilmiah. Saking racikan prasaja ing pawon dumugi industri modern ingkang ngginakaken teknologi canggih, jamu tansah ngalami évolusi manut perkembangan jaman. Kelestarian jamu gumantung dhumateng sinergi antawis pelestarian tradhisi, panaliten ilmiah, inovasi industri, lan pangayoman hukum, saéngga saged tetep dados pérangan wigati saking identitas lan kasarasan bangsa Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/ini-lho-manfaat-jamu-yang-sudah-teruji-klinis|title=Inilah Manfaat Jamu untuk Kesehatan|date=2018-08-28|website=Alodokter|access-date=2026-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
* [http://www.nyonyameeneer.com/indonesia/tentang-jamu.php (dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Maret 2011)]{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Sido Muncul Store - Tempat Belanja Produk Sido Muncul Online. [https://www.sidomunculstore.com/blog/post/13-jenis-jamu-tradisional-nusantara-dan-manfaatnya.html Dipunundhuh tanggal 5 Juni 2025 saka: https://www.sidomunculstore.com/blog/post/13-jenis-jamu-tradisional-nusantara-dan-manfaatnya.html]
* Sido Muncul Store - Tempat Belanja Produk Sido Muncul Online. [https://www.sidomunculstore.com Dibukak ing 5 Juni 2025.]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alessandro Del Piero</title>
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      <text bytes="8093" sha1="4h4kmtqca8odf0obdmjcqh89nuvsmo1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
|playername = Alessandro Del Piero
|image = [[Gambar:Alex Del Piero Sydney FC 2 cropped.jpg|220px|Alessandro Del Piero ing klub Sydney F.C.]]
|fullname = Alessandro Del Piero
|dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1974|11|9|df=y}}
|cityofbirth = [[Conegliano]], [[Veneto]]
|countryofbirth = [[Italia]]
|currentclub = [[Pensiun]]
|clubnumber = 10
|height = {{height|m=1.73}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/worldcup/2006/players/2329/ Kaca Pamain Alessandro Del Piero]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Diaksès tanggal [[1 Juni]] [[2010]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|weight = {{weight|kilogram=73}}è
|position = [[Penyerang|Penyerang kaloro]]
|youthyears = [[1981]] – [[1988]] &lt;br /&gt; [[1988]] – [[1991]]
|youthclubs = San Vendemiano &lt;br /&gt; [[Calcio Padova|Padova]]
|years = 1991 – 1993 &lt;br /&gt; 1993 – 2012 &lt;br /&gt; 2012-2015
|clubs = [[Calcio Padova|Padova]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sydney F.C.|Sydney F.C]]
|caps(goals) = 14 (1) &lt;br /&gt; 456 (197)
|nationalyears = 1993 – 1996 &lt;br /&gt; 1995 – 2008
|nationalteam = {{timnas|U-21 Italia|Italia U-21}} &lt;br /&gt; {{timnas|Italia}}
|nationalcaps(goals)= 12 (3) &lt;br /&gt; 91 (27)
|pcupdate = [[9 Mèi]] [[2010]]
|ntupdate = [[10 September]] [[2008]]
}}
'''Alèssandro Del Pièro''' ({{lahirmati|[[Conegliano]], [[Veneto]], [[Italia]]|9|11|1974}})&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.juventus.co.id/detail_pemain.php?id_ref_menu=31&amp;id_parents_menu=6&amp;id_pemain=250 Situs resmi Juventus Football Club Indonésia, Copyright ©2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809062440/http://www.juventus.co.id/detail_pemain.php?id_ref_menu=31&amp;id_parents_menu=6&amp;id_pemain=250 |date=2011-08-09 }} (Diaksès tanggal 27 Maret 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; iku juru main [[bal]]-balan saka Italia. Dhèwèké duwé bobot 73 kilo lan dhuwur 173 sentimeter.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Del Pièro duwé kangmas jenengé [[Stèfano]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;[http://www.goal.com/en/people/italy/112/alessandro-del-piero Juventus Alessandro Del Piero] (Diaksès tanggal 28 Maret 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

Alèssandro Del Pièro miwiti dadi juru main bal nalika umur 8 taun. [[Vandemmian]] dadi tim kang pisanan, nalika umur 13 taun dhèwèké pindhah menyang tim [[Padova]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Nganti saiki Alèssandro Dèl Pièro durung ana kekarepan kanggo pènsiun saka bal-balan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.bola.net/italia/del-piero-masih-belum-pikirkan-pensiun-f6a288.html Copyright © 2009 - 2011. Dèl Pièro Durung Mikir Pènsiun](Diaksès tanggal 22 Maret 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika taun 1993 Dèl Pièro pindhah menyang [[Juventus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Saiki Dèl Pièro dadi idhola para pandhukung [[Juventus]] lan dadi ''ikon'' tim [[Juventus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;
Nalikané dhebut bareng [[Juventus]] ana ing sasi September 1993 lawan Foggia, dhèwèké bisa nyithak ''[[hat-rick]]'' kang pisanan.
&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://www.alessandrodelpiero.com/en/profile/home Copyright © 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213114552/http://alessandrodelpiero.com/en/profile/home |date=2010-12-13 }} (Diaksès tanggal 28 Maret 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ing [[Juventus]] dhèwèké dadi ''striker'' lan nganggo nomer 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/12952/alessandro-del-piero?cc=4716 ESPN Internet Ventures,Copyright ©2011]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Diaksès tanggal 27 Maret 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wis akèh ''gelar'' kang dimenangké Dèl Pièro ana ing tim [[Juventus]] kaya ta jawara [[Seri-A]], [[Liga Champions]] lan [[Coppa Italia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Jawara [[Seri-A]] kang dimenangaké Dèl Pièro karo [[Juventus]] nalika taun 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005 lan 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; [[Liga Champions]] [[UEFA]] uga wis dimenangaké nalika taun 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; &lt;!-- [[Piala Interkontinental]] taun sekali 1996. (ukarané kok ra nyambung ya?)--&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Nalika mangsa 2007-2008 [[Seri-A]] Dèl Pièro dadi panyithak gol paling akèh kanthi gawé 21 gol.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

== Karir internasional ==
Del Piero miwiti karir internasional bareng tim nasional Italia nalika [[Piala Éropah]] taun [[1994]]. Ing taun 2006, Del Piero nggayuh bebungah kang paling dhuwur bareng Tim Nasional Italia yaiku bisa juwara Piala Donya 2006 ing [[Jerman]].  

== Jroning Angka ==

=== Klub ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Mangsa
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Klub
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Liga
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Piyala
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bawana
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Liyané
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gunggung
|-
!Dhivisi!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Calcio Padova|Padova]]
|[[1991–92 Serie B|1991–92]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Serie B]]
||4||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||4||0
|-
|[[1992–93 Serie B|1992–93]]
||10||1||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||10||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total||14||1||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||14||1
|-
|rowspan=&quot;20&quot;|[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
|[[1993–94 Juventus F.C. mangsa|1993–94]]
|rowspan=&quot;13&quot;|[[Serie A]]
||11||5||1||0||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||14||5
|-
|[[1994–95 Juventus F.C. mangsa|1994–95]]
||29||8||10||1||11||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||50||11
|-
|[[1995–96 Juventus F.C. mangsa|1995–96]]
||29||6||2||1||11||6||1||0||43||13
|-
|[[1996–97 Juventus F.C. mangsa|1996–97]]
||22||8||4||0||6||4||3||3||35||15
|-
|[[1997–98 Juventus F.C. mangsa|1997–98]]
||32||21||4||1||10||10||1||0||47||32
|-
|[[1998–99 Juventus F.C. mangsa|1998–99]]
||8||2||1||0||4||0||1||1||14||3
|-
|[[1999–2000 Juventus F.C. mangsa|1999–2000]]
||34||9||2||1||9||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||45||12
|-
|[[2000–01 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2000–01]]
||25||9||2||0||6||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||33||9
|-
|[[2001–02 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2001–02]]
||32||16||4||1||10||4||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||46||21
|-
|[[2002–03 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2002–03]]
||24||16||0||0||13||5||1||2||38||23
|-
|[[2003–04 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2003–04]]
||22||8||4||3||4||3||1||0||31||14
|-
|[[2004–05 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2004–05]]
||30||14||1||0||10||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||41||17
|-
|[[2005–06 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2005–06]]
||33||12||4||5||7||3||1||0||45||20
|-
|[[2006–07 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2006–07]]
|Serie B
||35||20||2||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||37||23
|-
|[[2007–08 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2007–08]]
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|Serie A
|37||21||4||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||41||24
|-
|[[2008–09 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2008–09]]
||31||13||3||2||9||6||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||43||21
|-
|[[2009–10 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2009–10]]
||23||9||1||2||5||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||29||11
|-
|[[2010–11 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2010–11]]
||33||8||2||0||10||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||45||11
|-
|[[2011–12 Juventus F.C. mangsa|2011–12]]
||23||3||5||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||28||5
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gunggung
!513||208||56||25||127||51||9||6||705||290
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Sydney FC]]
|[[2012–13 Sydney FC mangsa|2012–13]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[A-League]]
||24||14||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||24||14
|-
|[[2013–14 Sydney FC mangsa|2013–14]]
||24||10||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||24||10
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gunggung
!48||24||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||48||24
|-
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|[[2014 Delhi Dynamos FC mangsa|2014]]
|[[Liga Super Indhia]]
||10||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||10||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Gunggung karir
!585||234||56||25||127||51||9||6||777||316
|}

=== Nagara ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Italy national football team|Tim Nasional Itali]]
|-
!Taun!!Panampilan!!Gol
|-
|1995
||7||1
|-
|1996
||4||2
|-
|1997
||6||4
|-
|1998
||8||3
|-
|1999
||2||0
|-
|2000
||13||4
|-
|2001
||6||3
|-
|2002
||11||5
|-
|2003
||4||2
|-
|2004
||6||1
|-
|2005
||4||0
|-
|2006
||9||2
|-
|2007
||5||0
|-
|2008
||6||0
|-
!Gunggung
!91!!27
|}

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Itali]]
[[Kategori:Pamain njuwarani Bèker Donya FIFA]]
[[Kategori:Pamain Juventus FC]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1974]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kraton</title>
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[[Barkas:Jogja.kraton.jpg|jmpl|292x292px| ''Pendhapa'' (pendopo) ing [[Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|Kraton Yogyakarta]]]]
[[Barkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg|jmpl| Kraton [[Kesultanan Ternate|Sultan Ternate]]]]
[[Barkas:Kraton_Yogyakarta2-5.JPG|jmpl| ''Pendhapa'' (pendopo) ing Kraton Yogyakarta]]
'''Kraton''' utawa '''Keraton''' ( basa {{Lang-jv|ꦏꦿꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ or ꦏꦼꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀}}   ) iku salah siji jinis kraton ing [[Indonésia]] . Jenengé asalé saka basa Jawa ''ka-ratu-an'', tegesé panggonané ''ratu'', gelar pakurmatan tradisional kanggo ratu. Ing Jawa, kraton sawijining pangeran diarani ''pura'' utawa ''dalem'', dene tembung umum kanggo kraton yaiku ''istana'', padha karo basa [[Basa Malayu|Melayu]] .
[[Barkas:Sasana_Sewaka_Keraton_Surakarta.JPG|jmpl| Pendhapa (pendopo) ing Kraton Surakarta.]]
[[Barkas:Building_in_Keraton_Kasepuhan.jpg|jmpl| Pendhapa (pendopo) ing Kraton Kasepuhan.]]
Kraton kang fungsine minangka papan panggonan kraton kalebu:

; [[Kutha Ngayogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (Jogja).
:

* [[Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]] (Keraton Sultan Hamengkubuwono).
* [[Kadipatèn Pakualaman|Pura Pakualaman]] (Kedhaton Adipati Pakualam).

; wilayah [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]] (Solo).
:

* [[Kasunanan Surakarta|Kraton Surakarta Hadiningrat]] (Keraton Susuhunan [[Susuhunan|Pakubuwono]] ).
* [[Kadipatèn Mangkunagaran|Pura Mangkunegaran]] (Keraton Adipati Mangkunegara).

; Area [[Kutha Cirebon|Cirebon]]
:

* [[Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon|Kraton Kasepuhan]] (Keraton Sultan Sepuh).
* [[Kraton Kanoman]] (Keraton Sultan Anom).
* [[Kraton Kacirebonan]] (Keraton Sultan Cirebon).
* Kraton Kaprabonan ( [[:id:Kaprabonan|id]] ) (Keraton Sultan Prabon).

== kraton sajarah ==
Panggonan bekas ''kraton'' wis ditemtokake dening cathetan sajarah utawa upaya arkeologi. Bekas ''kraton'' kalebu:

* [[Situs Ratu Baka|Kraton Ratu Boko]], &lt;ref&gt;http://www.yogyes.com/en/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candi/ratu-boko/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022203351/http://www.yogyes.com/en/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candi/ratu-boko/ |date=2020-10-22 }} ''King Boko Palace''&lt;/ref&gt; wetan Yogyakarta ing tlatah [[Candhi Prambanan|Prambanan]] . Struktur kasebut wiwit saka abad kaping 9 lan dianggep minangka kerajaan [[Wangsa Syailéndra|Sailendra]] utawa [[Karajan Mataram Kuna|Mataram]], nanging pendhudhuk lokal menehi jeneng situs iki miturut ''Prabu Boko'', raja legendaris ing [[Rara Jonggrang|crita rakyat Loro Jongrang]] . 
* Kraton Majapait ing [[Trowulan]], Mojokerto, ibukutha bekas [[Majapait]] . Situs-situs kayata Pendopo Agung Majapahit dianggep minangka peninggalan Kraton Majapahit. &lt;ref&gt;see [[Trowulan#The Majapahit Park]] and http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Indonesian-minister-of-culture-s-public-apology-for-destruction-of-archaeological-site/17112&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing wilayah [[Banten]] ana sisa-sisa karaton [[Kasultanan Banten]] :

* Kraton Surosowan, Banten, bekas kraton Kasultanan Banten. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://arkeologi.web.id/articles/arkeologi-klasik/1161-kajian-arkeologi-keraton-surosowan |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-03-02 |archive-date=2011-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218055344/http://arkeologi.web.id/articles/arkeologi-klasik/1161-kajian-arkeologi-keraton-surosowan |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kraton Kaibon, bekas keraton ibu ratu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://navigasi.net/goart.php?a=bukaibon|title=Budaya: Istana Kaibon|access-date=2022-03-02|archive-date=2020-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928052030/http://navigasi.net/goart.php?a=bukaibon|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing tlatah Surakarta lan Ngayogyakarta, ana sisa-sisa karaton [[Kasultanan Mataram]] :

* [[Kuthagedhé, Kutha Ngayogyakarta|Kota Gede]] remains of a palace from the 16th century.
* Karta and Plered, there are remains of palaces from the 17th century.
* Kraton Kartasura on the outskirt of Surakarta, remains of palace and city wall, also dated from 17th century.

== Panganggone metonymic ==
Istilah kraton 'kraton' uga digunakake minangka cara kanggo nyebut pengadilan sing omahé.Iki utamané kasus kanggo negara asli Indonesia ngendi suksesi regejegan, menehi masalah kanggo loro utawa luwih cabang saka dinasti, utawa malah saingan dinasti, saben nyetel pengadilan alternatif, nalika saingan kanggo negara padha, nanging umume mung ngontrol bagean. saka iku.


Tuladhanipun inggih punika nagari [[Kutha Cirebon|Cirebon]] Jawa Barat, ingkang madeg taun 1478 lan wiwit taun 1662 dipunperentah saking tigang Kraton (kraton): &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Cirebon::sub::Palaces|title=Cirebon : Palaces}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kraton Kasepuhan, menggunakan gaya [[Sultan]]
* Kraton Kanoman, gaya Sultan
* Kraton Kacirebonan, gaya Sultan

== Deloken sisan ==

* Dhaptar kraton
* Istana
* [[Kutha Cirebon|Cirebon]]
* [[Kutha Ngayogyakarta|Ngayogyakarta]]
* [[Kutha Surakarta|Surakarta]]
* Permata makutha kanggo kraton saiki ing njaba Jawa nanging ing [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]
* [[Pratélaning praja ing Nusantara|Daftar raja-raja Indonésia]]
* kraton

== Cathetan ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bolu</title>
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      <text bytes="6849" sha1="qe6aqe1zmcklldkz4cmn4jblvl3rfgw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Makanan
| name             = Bolu
| image            = [[Gambar:Birthday cake-95.JPG|200px|]]
| caption          = Bolu ambal warsa
| alternate_name   = 
| country          = Inggris
| region           =
| creator          = 
| course           = 
| served           = 
| main_ingredient  = [[Glepung]]
| variations       = 
| calories         = 
| other            = 
}}

[[Gambar:Chocolate brownies.jpg|thumb|Brownies coklat]]
[[Gambar:Mango pudding by Mori Chan.jpg|thumb|puding pelem]]
'''Bolu''' utawa '''kuwé bolu''' ([[basa Inggris]]: '''''cake''''') yaiku [[kuwé]] kang bahan dasarè glepung (umumè [[glepung terigu]]), [[gula]], lan [[éndog (panganan)|ndog]]&lt;ref name=&quot;siji&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://resepsedap.com/cake-cokelat-keju/ |title=resepsedap.com |access-date=2011-06-04 |archive-date=2011-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806175737/http://resepsedap.com/cake-cokelat-keju/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuwè bolu lan cake umumè dimatangakè kanthi cara dipanggang ing [[oven]], sanajan uga ana bolu kang dikukus, contoné [[bolu kukus]] utawa [[brownies kukus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;siji&quot;/&gt;. Cake kang direngga karo lapisan (''icing'') saka krim mentega (''buttercream''), [[fondant]], utawa [[marzipan]] iku jenengè kuwe tart (kuwe tarcis)&lt;ref name=&quot;siji&quot;/&gt;.
''Cake'' kang dihias(kuwé tart) utawa ora ana rerenggan digunakakè kanggo [[makanan penutup]] utawa suguhan istimewa resepsi [[nikahan]] utawa [[pista ulang taun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;loro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://info.kue-ulang-tahun.com/a/19-Cara-Membuat-Kue-Ulang-Tahun.html |title=info.kue-ulang-tahun.com |access-date=2011-06-04 |archive-date=2011-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309001228/http://info.kue-ulang-tahun.com/a/19-Cara-Membuat-Kue-Ulang-Tahun.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ana ing resepsi nikahan ala Barat lan pista ulang taun, upacara pengirisan kuwe tart didadekakè salah sawijining acara&lt;ref name=&quot;loro&quot;/&gt;. Ing [[Indonesia]], [[nasi tumpeng]] asring nggantekakè peranè ''cake'' dadi pakanan istimewa ana ing upacara-upacara pengetan&lt;ref name=&quot;loro&quot;/&gt;.
''Cake'' kang ukuranè gedhè, bentukè segi papat utawa bunder banjur diiris-iris nalika arep didol utawa disajekakè karan kuwé bolu utawa [[bolu gulung]]&lt;ref name=&quot;telu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.untukku.com/artikel-untukku/rahasia-sukses-membuat-bolu-gulung-untukku.html |title=www.untukku.com |access-date=2011-06-04 |archive-date=2011-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406034634/http://www.untukku.com/artikel-untukku/rahasia-sukses-membuat-bolu-gulung-untukku.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Maneka warna [[puding]] uga nggunakaké bahan dhasar irisan bolu kang didokokakè ing dhasar loyang sakdurungnè disiram karo [[agar-agar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;papat&quot;&gt;[http://www.anekapuding.com/2010/06/membuat-puding-roti-keju.html www.anekapuding.com]&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Teknik Nggawé ==

Piranti pengocok kuwé (''mixer'') digunakakè kanggo ngocok [[ndog]] utawa mentega karo gula nganti ngembang. Penambahan lemak nabati utawa hewani ing wujud [[mentega]], [[margarin]], [[santen]], utawa ''[[shortening]]'' ing adonan nggawé tekstur kuwé dadi luwih lembut&lt;ref name=&quot;lima&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://islam-download.net/cara-mudah-cepat/cara-membuat-kue-bolu.html |title=islam-download.net |access-date=2011-06-04 |archive-date=2011-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824091819/http://islam-download.net/cara-mudah-cepat/cara-membuat-kue-bolu.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bahan kimia pengembang ([[soda kue]], ''[[baking powder]]''), penstabil ([[krim tartar]]), lan pengemulsi ([[ovalet]])asring ditambahakè ing jero adonan supaya asile luwih apik&lt;ref name=&quot;lima&quot;/&gt;.
== Jinis ==

Didelok saka tèhnik nggawéne, bolu (''cake'') digolongakè dadi rong kelompok.
* ''Butter cake'' utawa ''shortened'' (''cream cake'')
[[Gambar:Hazelnut brown butter cake.jpg|thumb|Butter cake kacang]]
:Nggawè kuwe diwiwiti saka ngocok mentega (margarin) lan [[gula]] dadi adonan kang bentukè krim. ''Cake'' jinis iki mbutuhake bahan pengembang kang wujud ''baking powder'' utawa soda kuwè&lt;ref name=&quot;nem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.malaysiabest.net/2008/01/31/recipe-butter-cake/ |title=www.malaysiabest.net |access-date=2011-06-04 |archive-date=2011-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154524/http://www.malaysiabest.net/2008/01/31/recipe-butter-cake/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salah sawijining tuladhané ''butter cake'' paling prasaja yaiku ''pound cake'' kang digawé saka [[mentega]], [[gula pasir]], lan glepung terigu kang takeranè 1 [[pon (ékan berat)|pon]] kabèh. Resep ''pound'' ''cake'' jaman biyèn durung nganggo bahan pengembang, lan mung ngandalakè mentega kang dikocok nganti lembut&lt;ref name=&quot;nem&quot;/&gt;.
* ''Sponge cake'' (''foam cake'')
[[Gambar:Savory sponge cake roll.jpg|thumb|sponge cake-bolu gulung]]
:Prosès nggawène diwiwiti saka ngocok endhog lan [[gula]] nganti dadi busa kang alus lan kenthel&lt;ref name=&quot;pitu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://book.store.co.id/Sponge_Cake_buku_1966.html |title=book.store.co.id |access-date=2011-06-04 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004927/http://book.store.co.id/Sponge_Cake_buku_1966.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mentega (margarin) cair utawa lenga klentik lumrahè uga ditambahakè sawisé adonan dicampur karo glepung&lt;ref name=&quot;pitu&quot;/&gt;.
:Didelok saka tèhnik ngocokè [[ndog]], ''sponge cake'' diperang dadi loro, yaiku:
:* Kuwe karo [[putih]] lan [[kuning]] endhog kang kocok dhéwé-dhéwé&lt;ref name=&quot;pitu&quot;/&gt;.
::Tekstur kuwe dadi lembut banget, tuladhané ''chiffon cake'' utawa ''angèl food cake''&lt;ref name=&quot;pitu&quot;/&gt;.
:* Kuning lan putih endhog diubleg bareng (''Genoise'')&lt;ref name=&quot;pitu&quot;/&gt;.
::Akeh resep bolu lan cake nganggo kuning lan putih endhog kang dikocok bareng&lt;ref name=&quot;pitu&quot;/&gt;.

== Pratélan kuwe bolu lan cake ==

* [[Klappertaart]]
* [[Lapis Surabaya]]
* [[Cupcake]] (cake dalam mangkuk kertas kecil)
* [[Madeleine]]
* Tiramisu cake
* Black forest
* Marmer cake
* Durèn cake
* Chiffon cake
* Angel food cake
* Carrot cake
* Cassava cake

== Pratélan pustaka ==

* Braker, Flo. ''The Simple Art of Perfect Baking'', Chronicle Books, 2003. ISBN 0-8118-4109-X.

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons category|Cakes}}
* [http://dapurkecilku.blogspot.com/ Berbagai variasi dekorasi cake]
* [http://www.joyofbaking.com/cakes.html Sejarah dan berbagai teknik pembuatan kue bolu]
* [http://allrecipes.com/Recipes/Baking/Cakes/Main.aspx Berbagai resep cake]
* [http://www.wilton.com/decorating/basic/index.cfm Teknik dasar menghias kue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625011353/http://www.wilton.com/decorating/basic/index.cfm |date=2008-06-25 }} Situs web Wilton
* [http://www.atecousa.net/ Teknik menghias kue]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Kuwé]]
[[Kategori:Panganan]]


{{panganan-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Apollo (mitologi)</title>
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{{Infobox déwa Yunani
| name = Apollo
| image = Apollo ny carlsberg glyptotek.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption =
| God of  = Déwa [[musik]], [[puisi]], [[wabah]], lan pangobatan.
| Abode   = [[Gunung Olimpus]]                         
| Symbol  = [[Lira (piranti musik)|Lira]], [[Salam|tanaman salam]], [[gagak]], busur lan anak panah
| Consort =  
| Parents = [[Zeus]] lan [[Leto]]
| Siblings= [[Artemis]]
| Children= [[Asklepios]], [[Troilos]], [[Aristaios]], [[Orfeus]].
| Mount   =  
| Roman_equivalent = Apollo
| Etruscan_equivalent = Apullu
}}
{{Déwa Dewi Yunani}}
[[File:Nicolas_Régnier_-_Apollo.jpg|thumb|Nicolas Régnier, &quot;Apollo&quot;]]

'''Apollo''' ([[basa Yunani]]: Απόλλων, Apóllōn; utawa Απελλων, Apellōn) ya iku Déwa [[cahya]], [[musik]], [[pemanah]], pangobatan, [[srengéngé]], lan penyair ana ing [[mitologi Yunani]] lan [[mitologi Romawi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://selebsexy.com/déwa-déwa-yunani-dalam-mitologi-asli-yunani/ déwa-déwa-yunani]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apollo iku putra saka [[Zeus]] lan [[Leto]] lan sadulur kembar [[Artemis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; [[Orakel Delfi|Orakelé]] ing Delphi misuwur banget.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Akèh wong saka saubengé [[Yunani]] nekani orakelé kanggo meruhi ramalan mangsa ngarepé. Sajeroning [[mitologi Etruska]], Apollo dikenal minangka ''Apullu''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Apollo disembah déning wong Yunani kuna lan déning wong Romawi kuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Apollo duwé busur kang digawé saka emas.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Wit salam, manuk gagak, lan kéwan lumba-lumba dikeramatke kanggo ngormati Apollo.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Pengobatan lan penyembuhan dikaitkan marang Apollo utawaanake marang anak-anaké, [[Asklepios]] (déwa pangobatan), amarga Apollo dianggep dadi déwa kang nggawa kaséhatan, lan tamba lelara wabah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Minangka déwa musik, Apollo ya iku pandhega saka para [[Muse]] (dewi musik lan nyanyian).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indoforum.org/t75665/ |title=www.indoforum.org |access-date=2011-06-06 |archive-date=2012-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528091536/http://www.indoforum.org/t75665/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hermes]] nyipta [[lira]] kanggo Apollo lan piranti musik mau dadi atribut kang wigati tumrap Apollo.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; [[Himne]] kang dinyanyike kanggo Apollo karan [[paian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Nalika jaman Yunani kuna, mligi ana ing abad katelu Sadurungé Masehi, Apollo digandhèngaké karo Helios (déwa srengéngé) lan dulure wadon, Artemis, dikaitaké karo Selene (dèwi wulan).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Sumber utama ===
* [[Homer]], ''Iliad'' ii.595–600 (700 SM)
* [[Sofokles]], ''Oedipus Rex''
* [[Palaephatus]], ''On Unbelievable Tales'' 46. Hyacinthus (330 SM)
* [[Apollodorus]], ''Library'' 1.3.3 (140 SM)
* [[Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 10. 162–219 (1–8 M)
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' 3.1.3, 3.19.4 (160–176 M)
* [[Philostratus the Elder]], ''Images'' i.24 Hyacinthus (170–245 M)
* [[Philostratus the Younger]], ''Images'' 14. Hyacinthus (170–245 M)
* [[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Gods'' 14 (170 M)
* [[First Vatican Mythographer]], 197. Thamyris et Musae

=== Sumber tambahan ===
* M. Bieber, 1964. ''Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art'' (Chicago)
* [[Walter Burkert]], 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Harvard University Press) III.2.5 ''passim''
* [[Robert Graves]], 1960. ''The Greek Myths'', edisi revisi (Penguin)
* Miranda J. Green, ''Dictionary of Mltic Myth and Legend'', Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1997
* [[Karl Kerenyi]], ''Apollon: Studien über Antiken Religion und Humanität'' edisi revisi 1953.
* Karl Kerenyi, 1951 ''The Gods of the Greeks''
* [[Pauly–Wissowa]], ''Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft'': II, &quot;Apollon&quot;. The best repertory of cult sites (Burkert).
* Pfeiff, K.A., 1943. ''Apollon: Wandlung seines Bildes in der griechischen Kunst''. Traces the changing iconography of Apollo.
&lt;!--* [[William Smith (lexicographer)]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', 1870, artikel mengenai Apollo,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0239.html |title=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0239.html | accessdate= |work= }}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
* N. Yalouris, 1980. ''The Search for Alexander'' (Boston) Exhibition.

== Uga delengen ==
* [[12 Déwa Olimpus]]
* [[Apollo lan Daphne]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons|Apollo}}
* [http://www.maicar.com/GML/Apollo.html Apollo di Greek Mythology Link]
* [http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Am-Ar/Apollo.html Myth Encyclopedia: Apollo]
* [http://mythweb.com/gods/Apollo.html Myth Web: Apollo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607205251/http://www.mythweb.com/gods/Apollo.html |date=2011-06-07 }}

[[Kategori:Déwa-dèwi Yunani]]
[[Kategori:Mitologi Yunani]]
[[Kategori:Déwa srengéngé]]


{{mitologi-yunani-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kincir angin</title>
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      <text bytes="2567" sha1="fr2zjmvhszr1nenn82syeg7up5svsbo" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Podersdorf Windmühle 2008 a.JPG|thumb|250 px|Kincir angin]]
'''Kincir angin''' iku sawijining [[mesin]] sing bisa ngganti tenaga angin dadi tenaga rotasi mawa suwiwi utawa layar ing suwiwiné.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kincir angin gunané kanggo ngalusaké [[wiji]] lan ngompa [[banyu]] kanggo nyirami [[sawah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kincir angin modern ya iku mesin kang minangka ngasilaké [[ènergi]] [[listrik]]. Kincir angin modern uga diarani turbin angin.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; [[Turbin angin]] akèh tinemu ing [[Éropa]] lan [[Amérika Lor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.kincirangin.info/ kincirangin.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810052305/http://www.kincirangin.info/ |date=2011-08-10 }}(diaksès tanggal 8 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Kincir angin bisa dadi ènèrgi alternatif kanggo ngasilaké listrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.energi.lipi.go.id/utama.cgi?cetakartikel&amp;1080047448 energi.lipi.go.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232306/http://www.energi.lipi.go.id/utama.cgi?cetakartikel&amp;1080047448 |date=2016-03-04 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 8 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Naskah tuwa dhéwé sing nyritaké babagan kincir angin ana ing tulisan [[Arab]] ya iku wiwit [[abad kaping 9]] [[Masehi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Naskah iki nerangaké yèn kincir angin dioprasiaké ing wates [[Iran]] lan [[Afganistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kincir angin uga diarani [[Persian windmill]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kincir angin uga digunakaké ing [[China]] ya iku kanggo nguapaké banyu sagara ing prodhuksi [[uyah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kincir angin uga digunanaké ing [[Krim]], [[Éropa]] lan [[Amérikah Sarékat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Kincir angin kang minangka pembangkit listrik dibangun karo [[P. La Cour]] saka [[Dhènemarken]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Dhèwèké lair abad [[19]]. Sawisé perang donya I, layar kang mlintang mirib sudhut [[propeler]] [[montor mabur]] saiki diarani kincir angin.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;[[Eksperimén]] kincir angin sudhut kembar dianakaké ing Amérikah Sarékat taun [[1940]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ukurané amba banget kang diarani mesin [[Smith-Putman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Diarani mesin Smith-Putman awit kang ngrancang ya iku [[Palmer Putman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Mesin iki nduwéni kapasitas 1,25 MW kang digawé [[Morgen Smith Company]] saka [[York Pensylvania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Piranti]]
[[Kategori:Mesin]]
[[Kategori:Kincir angin|*]]


{{tekno-stub}}

[[es:Molino#Molinos de viento]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Al-Bīrūnī</title>
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      <text bytes="5916" sha1="19imoqol5h56avy34ph3qjuvm3sc7gw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox scholar
| image       =
| caption    = An imaginary rendition of Al Biruni on a 1973 [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] post stamp
| name             = Al-Birunī (البیرونی)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Alberonius&lt;/small&gt;
| fullname         = Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Birunī
| birth_date       = September 5, 973
| birth_place      = [[Khwarazm]], [[Samanid dynasty|Samanid]] [[Pèrsi]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1048|12|15|973|09|05}}
| death_place      =
| era              = [[Islamic Golden Age]]
| region           = [[Pèrsi]]
| Religion         = [[Singah]] nanging kapara ngarah menyang [[Agnosticism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003|last=Janin|first=Hunt|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=2006|publisher=McFarland|location=|isbn=0786429046|page=78|page=229|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&amp;pg=PA78|accessdate=3 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| main_interests   = [[Physics]], [[anthropology]], [[comparative sociology]], [[astronomy]], [[astrology]], [[chemistry]], [[history]], [[geography]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[psychology]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]], [[Islamic theology|theology]]
| notable_ideas    = Penemu [[Indology]]
| major_works      = ''Ta'rikh al-Hind'', ''The Mas'udi Canon'', ''Understanding Astrology''
| influences       = [[Aristotle]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Aryabhata]], [[Muhammad]], [[Brahmagupta]], [[Rhazes]], [[al-Sijzi]], [[Iranshahri]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], [[Avicenna]]
| influenced       = Filsuf Islam [[Al-Sijzi]], Avicenna, [[Omar Khayyam]], [[al-Khazini]], [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]], [[Maragha observatory]], [[Islamic science]].
}}

'''Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī''', ilmuwan Islam kang misuwur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Biruni 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.gaulislam.com/al-biruni-ilmuwan-pendiri-tiga-ilmu Al Biruni Ilmuean Pendiri Tiga Ilmu&quot;] dipununduh tanggal 9 Juni 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
Panyerat atusan buku lan ngawé ''instrumen kanggo ngèlmu [[astronomi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;al biruni 2&quot;&gt;[http://www.albalagh.net/kids/history/biruni.shtml Al Biruni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623025905/http://albalagh.net/kids/history/biruni.shtml |date=2011-06-23 }} dipununduh tanggal 9 Juni 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
Ninggal yuswa nalika taun 1048 Masehi ning yuswa 75 taun&lt;ref name=&quot;al biruni 2&quot;/&gt;,
tepaté tanggal 13 Dhésèmber 1048 Masehi ning kutha [[Ghaza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Biruni 1&quot;/&gt;
Al Biruni iku ilmuwan gedhé kang ''fenomenal'', [[sajarah]] kaserat,
Al Biruni iku sarjana [[muslim]] kang kapisan njlèntrèhaké lan melajari babagan ''seluk beluk'' [[India]] lan tradisi [[Brahmanical]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Biruni 1&quot;/&gt;
piyambake ''intens'' melajari babagan [[bahasa|basa]], [[teks]], [[sajarah]] lan kabudayan [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Biruni 1&quot;/&gt;
Nyerat buku astrologi kang judhulé ''The Elements of Astrology'', lan nyerat buku kang isiné babagan ngèlmu [[kadhokteran]], [[géografi]] lan ngèlmu [[fisika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Biruni 1&quot;/&gt;
Kanggo tetep ngenang jasané, para astronom ngabdikaké jenengé (Al Biruni) ning kawah [[rembulan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Biruni 1&quot;/&gt;

== Sumbangan Ilmu ==
Sumbangan Ilmu sala Al Biruni&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Biruni 1&quot;/&gt;:
* '''[[Astronomi]]''', nyerat risalah babagan ''astrolabe'' sarta memformulasika tabel [[astronomi]] kanggo [[Sultan Mas'ud]].
Uga nyerat risalah babagan ''planisphare'' lan ''armillary sphere'', negaske manawa bumi iku bundher.
Nalika taun 1031 Masehi, piyambaké ngrampungaké [[ensiklopedia]] [[astronomi]] kang judhulé ''Al Qanun Al Mas'udi''.
* '''[[Astrologi]]''', Ilmuwan kapisan kang mbedakaké istilah [[astronomi]] lan [[astrologi]] (abad kaping 11 Masehi).
* '''[[Ilmu Bumi]]''', Nyumbang kanggo perkembangan ngèlmu bumi, mula iku piyambaké dinobatké dadi ''Bapak Geodesi'' lan
nyumbang kontribusi signifikan kanggo [[kartografi]], [[géografi]], [[géologi]] sarta babagan [[mineralogi]]
* '''[[Kartografi]]''' (ngèlmu babagan gawé [[peta]] lan [[globe]]), nalika umur 22 taun,
Al Biruni wis nulis karya wigati babagan kartografi ya iku, studi babagan proyeksi gawé peta.
* '''[[Geodesi]]''' lan '''[[Géografi]]'', nalika umur 17 taun Al Biruni wis bisa ngitung garis lintang ''Kath Khawarzmi'' nggunakaké dhuwuring [[srengéngé]]
* '''[[Géologi]]''', ngasilaké karya ning babagan [[géologi]], salah sijiné piyambaké nyérat bab [[géologi]] [[India]]
* '''[[Mineralogi]]''', ning kitab kang judhulé ''Kitab al-Jawahir'' utawa ''Book of Precious Stones'', Al Biruni njlentrehake macem-maceming [[mineral]] lan mbagi-mbagi maceme miturut warna, mambu, alote, padete lan abote.
* '''[[Metode Sains]]''', Al Biruni uga duwé peran ning pangenalan metode [[saintifik]] ning setiap babagan kang disinau,
kaya ta ning ''kitab Al Jamahir'' kagolong ilmuwan kang ''eksperimental''
* '''[[Optik]]''', ning babagan [[optik]], Al Biruni kagolong ilmuwan kang kapisan (karo Ibnu Al-Haitham) kang ngkaji lan
belajar babagan ngèlmu [[optik]], Al Biruni iku ilmuwan kang kapisan nemu kacepatan cahya luwih rikat tinimbang kacepatan suara.
* '''[[Antropologi]]''', ning ngèlmu [[ngèlmu sosial|sosial]], Al Biruni didapuk dadi [[antropolog]] kapisan ning dunya.
Piyambaké nyerat studi komparatif babagan [[antropologi]] [[manungsa]], [[agama]], [[budaya Timur Tengah]], [[Mediterania]] lan [[Asia]] pérangan kidul.
* '''[[Psikologi Eksperimental]]''', dicatet dadi pelopor [[psikologi Eksperimental]] liwat panemuné babagan konsèp reaksi wektu.
* '''[[Sajarah]]''', nalika umuré 27 taun, piyambaké nulis buku [[sajarah]] kang judhulé ''Cronology'', nanging buku iku ilang.
* '''[[Indologi]]''', piyambaké iku ilmuwan kapisan kang ngkaji babagan [[India]] amarga ana [[indologi]] (studi babagan [[India]])
* '''[[Matematika]]''', nyumbang téyori, praktik aritmatika, bilangan irasional, téyori rasio, [[geometri]] lanliyané.

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islamic alchemy and chemistry}}

[[Kategori:Penemu]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1048]]</text>
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    <title>Gōshō Aoyama</title>
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      <text bytes="3284" sha1="tl7q5tebq1owdbil3cduo2dbgefud5s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Comics creator
| name = Gosho Aoyama&lt;br /&gt;{{nihongo2|青山 剛昌}}
| image = Gosho Aoyama.jpg
| caption = Aoyama Gosho
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1963|6|21}}
|location=Prefektur [[Tottori]], [[Jepang]]
|nationality=[[Jepang]]
|area= [[mangaka|Artis lan pengarang manga]]
|alias= Bintang Pajuang Shonen Sunday&lt;!--''Striving Star of Shonen Sunday''--&gt;
|notable works=''[[Detektif Conan]]'' 
|awards= ''Shogakukan Manga Awards'' ([[Yaiba]] dan [[Detektif Conan]])
|manga=yes
}}
{{nihongo|'''Gosho Aoyama'''|青山 剛昌|Aoyama Gōshō}}, lair {{nihongo|'''Yoshimasa Aoyama'''|青山 剛昌|Aoyama Yoshimasa}} [[21 Juni]] [[1963]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.edogawaconan.com/modules/about/index.php?pagenum=2 ''EdogawaConan.com profile for Gosho Aoyama''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916220849/http://www.edogawaconan.com/modules/about/index.php?pagenum=2 |date=2008-09-16 }} dipuntingali tanggal 14 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; ing [[Hokuei, Tottori|Hokuei]],
[[Tottori Prefecture]], [[Jepang]] (formerly [[Daiei, Tottori|Daiei]], [[Tottori Prefecture]])&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-01-23/muséum-dedicated-to-case-closed-author-opens-in-march ''Museum Dedicated to Case Closed Author Opens in March (In 2005, Daiei merged with other towns in Tottori to form the new town of Hokuei''] dipunundhuh tanggal 14 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; inggih punika panyerat [[manga]] saking nagari [[Jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun misuwur amargi karyanipun ''[[Detective Conan]]'' (ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]], [[Kanada]], lan [[Inggris]] dipunmangertosi kanthi nami ''[[Case Closed]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

== Pendidikan ==
Sampun wiwit alitipun [[Aoyama]] gadhah [[talenta]] ing bab nggambar. Nalika panjenenganipun taksih sekolah dhasar, panjenenganipun naté nggambar &quot;Yukiai War&quot; lan menang ing satunggalipun kompetisi ingkang dipunwontenaken ing toserba ''[[Daimaru]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Aoyama nglajengaken sekolah ing ''Yuraikuei High School''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Salajengipun Aoyama kuliah ing [[Universitas Nihon]] satunggalipun sekolah seni ing [[jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing mangsa 1986, Aoyama ndhèrèk kontès [[komik]] lan dados juwaranipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Aoyama lajeng miwiti karièripun ing jagad manga lan dados panyerat, wiwit punika Aoyama yasa karièripun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Karièr manga ==
Aoyama damel manga ingkang pisanan kanthi irah-irahan ''Chotto Matte'' ingkang dipunpublikasèkaken ing [[kalawarti]] minggon ''[[Shōnen Sunday]]'' ing taun [[1987]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Boten dangu sasampunipun punika, Aoyama damel malih kanthi irah-iraahan ''[[Magic Kaito]]'', lan dipunpublikasèkaken ugi wonten kalawarti ingkang sami.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Ing taun [[1990]], Aoyama damel malih kanthi nami ''[[Yaiba]]'' lan dados manga kanthi rilisanipun cacah 24 volume. Salajengipun damel manga sanès malih ''([[tankōbon]])'', ''[[Third Baseman No.4]]'',''[[Gosho Aoyama's Collection of Short Stories]]'', lan ''[[Detective Conan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==

{{Detektif Conan}}

[[Kategori:Detektif Conan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Mangaka]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1963]]


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  <page>
    <title>Dewa 19</title>
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      <text bytes="3818" sha1="b3etiypb7728we2vsvewda6yum8mgl1" xml:space="preserve">{{multiscript|Dewa 19|ꦢꦺꦮ꧇꧑꧙꧇}}
{{artikel ing krama}}
{{Infobox penyanyi Indonésia
| name = {{PAGENAME}}
| image = Dewa 19.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = 
| Background = group_or_band 
| birthdate = 
| birthplace = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Surabaya]], [[Indonésia]]
| birthname = 
| deathdate = 
| deathplace = 
| genre = [[Pop]], [[Rock]], [[Jazz]]
| occupation = 
| instrument = 
| yearsactive = [[1986]]–[[2011]]
| label = Team Records (1992–1994)&lt;br /&gt;[[Aquarius Musikindo]] (1994-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[EMI]] (2006–sapunika) 
| associatedacts = [[Republik Cinta Management]]
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| spouse = 
| partner =  
| children = 
| parents = 
| website = [http://www.dewa19.com/ www.dewa19.com]
| pastmembers = [[Ahmad Dhani]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andra Junaidi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Yuke Sampurna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Agung Yudha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wawan Juniarso]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Erwin Prasetya]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wong Aksan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ari Lasso]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tyo Nugros]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Elfonda Mekel]]
}}
'''Déwa 19''' inggih punika [[grup musik]] ingkang jumeneng ing taun [[1986]] ing [[Surabaya]], [[Indonésia]]. Grup punika sampun gumantos personil lan sapunika anggotanipun inggih punika [[Ahmad Dhani]] (kibor), [[Andra Junaidi]] (gitar), [[Yuke Sampurna]] (bass) lan [[Agung Yudha]] (drum).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; sasampunipun ngrajani panggung-panggung festival ing pungkasanipun jaman [[1980-an]], [[Déwa]] 19 lajeng pindah dhateng [[Jakarta]] lan ngliris album ingkang sepisanan ing taun [[1992]] ing sangandhapipun label Team Record.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://dewa19.com/sejarah ''History of Dewa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219202627/http://dewa19.com/sejarah/ |date=2007-12-19 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 29 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
Grup punika sampun pikantuk kasuksesan sadangunipun dekade taun [[1990-an]] lan [[2000-an]] kanthi lagu-lagu ingkang gadhah genre [[pop]] lan [[rock]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Album ingkang dipunrilis tansah pikantuk ''atur sapala'' ingkang saé saking masarakat, ngantos album Déwa 19 ingkang dipunrilis ing taun 2000, ''[[Bintang Lama]]'', kalebet salah satunggalipun album paling laris ing Indonésia kanthi album ingkang dipunsade ngantos kalih juta keping.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.balipost.co.id/balipostcetak/2004/12/19/g1.html ''Dewa, Bertahan dengan Rasa Baru''] dipunundhuh tanggal 29 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
Taun [[2005]], [[kalawarti]] ''[[Hai]]'' nobtaken Déwa 19 minangka grup band paling sugih ing Indonésia kanthi ''pendapatan'' langkung saking 14 milyar sataun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://www.hai-online.com Majalah Hai] dipunundhuh tanggal 29 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Ing tengahipun kasuksesan punika, grup punika naté angsal masalah hukum, kalebet masalah pelanggaran hak cipta lan perseteruan kaliyan ormas [[Islam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://www.tembang.com/info_detail.asp?id=2334&amp;kategori=news ''Logo Laskar Cinta Dewa, Diprotes!''] dipunundhuh tanggal 29 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
Sadangunipun karier Déwa 19 sampun kathah pikantuk kanugrahan. Kanugrahan kasebat kados [[BASF Awards]] lan [[Anugerah Musik Indonésia|AMI Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Déwa 19 ugi naté pikantuk ''LibForAll Award'' ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] amargi kontribusinipun Déwa 19 dhateng perdamean lan [[toleransi]] [[agama|agami]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Album ==
* Dewa 19 (1992)
* Format Masa Depan (1994)
* Terbaik-Terbaik (1995)
* Pandawa Lima (1997)
* Bintang Lima (2000)
* Cintailah Cinta (2002)
* Laskar Cinta (2004)
* Republik Cinta (2006)
* Kerajaan Cinta (2007)

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.dewa19.com Situs resmi Dewa 19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624053041/http://www.dewa19.com/ |date=2009-06-24 }}

[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Déwa 19| ]]
[[Kategori:Grup musik Indonésia]]


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  <page>
    <title>Candhi Sambisari</title>
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{{artikel ing krama}}
[[Gambar:Candi Sambisari main temple 2013-11-28 03.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Wangunan utami Candhi Sambisari]]
[[Gambar:Yoni and Lingga at Sambisari temple.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Yoni|Lingga lan yoni]] Candhi Sambisari]]
'''Candhi Sambisari''' inggih punika salah satunggalipun [[candhi]] tilaran mangsa kajayaanipun [[agama|agami]] [[Hindhu]] ing [[Pulo Jawa]] ingkang miturut administrasinipun wonten ing wewengkon Dusun Sambisari Kalurahan Purwomartani [[Kalasan, Sléman|Kacamatan Kalasan]] [[Kabupatèn Sléman]], [[Yogyakarta|Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]] (DIY).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; [[Candhi]] punika kalebet candhi aliran [[Syiwa]]istis ingkang dipunyasa ing abad X déning [[Syailendra|Wangsa Syailendra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Candhi Sambisari nembé dipunpanggihi ing taun [[1966]] déning tiyang [[tani]] ingkang namanipun [[Karyoniangun]] ingkang nembé macul [[sawah|sabinipun]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/191/candhi-sambisari '''Candhi Sambisari''']{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Awit pamanggihan Candhi punika, Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta lajeng ngawontenaken panalitén lan ékskavasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Adhedhasar panaliten bab [[geologi|géologis]] [[watu]] candhi lan [[lemah|siti]] ingkang sampun ngurug candhi sadangunipun atusan taun, candhi kanthi inggil 7,5 méter punika kinten-kinten kaurug déning material [[Gunung Merapi]] ingkang mbledhos ing wulan [[1006]] [[Maséhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://teamtouring.net/candhi-sambisari.html '''Candhi Sambisari''']{{Pranala mati|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Salajengipun, saking asil panalitèn ingkang dipunwontenaken ing wulan [[Juli]] [[1966]], pikantuk asil bilih wewengkon kasebat panci satunggalipun [[situs]] [[candhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Nalika taksih prosès panalitèn (pangerukan) ugi kapanggih kathah piranti ingkang gadhah sajarah, kados [[tembikar]], [[emas]], lan [[prasasti]] ingkang dipundamel saking emas.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Miturut tim ingkang neliti, pamanggihan kathah piranti kasebat dados indhikasi bilih Candhi Sambisari dipunyasa déning [[Raja]] [[Rakai Garung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candhi/sambisari/ ''21 Tahun Merangkai &quot;Puzzle&quot; Candhi Sambisari'']{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Sasampunipun [[ékskavasi]] dipunwontenaken, lajeng dipunwiwiti prosés panataan (''panyusunan'') malih candhi ingkang ing wekdal samanten taksih misah-misah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Awit saking punika, situs candhi kasebat lajeng dipundadosaken minangka wewengkon [[suaka budaya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Taun [[1987]], Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta ngawontenaken pamugaran lan rekonstruksi candhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Saking prosés rekonstruksi kasebat, pikantuk asil bilih wontenipun Candhi Sambisari punika ing jero 6,5 méter saking siti sisih nginggil.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Amargi punika, déning masarakat ing mrika, candhi punika dipunsebat minangka Candhi Salebeting Siti.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala njawi ==
[http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/191/candhi-sambisari '''Candhi Sambisari''']{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Candhi ing Jawa Tengah}}
{{Kuil Hindhu  Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Candhi Sambisari| ]]
[[Kategori:Candhi ing Ngayogyakarta]]
[[Kategori:Cagar budaya ing Sléman]]


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  <page>
    <title>Candhi Ijo</title>
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{{coord|7|47|2|S|110|30|44|E|display=title}}
'''Candhi Ijo''' inggih punika salah satunggaling komplèks cecandhèn ingkang wonten ing Gumuk Ijo.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/190/candhi-ijo '''Candhi Ijo''']{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Naminipun candhi punika dipunpendhet saking namanipun panggènan dipunwangunipun candhi punika ingkang déning tiyang ing mrika dipunwastani ''Gumuk Ijo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Gumuk Ijo kalebet pagumukan paling inggil ing wewengkon [[Prambanan, Sléman|Kacamatan Prambanan]], [[Kabupatèn Sléman|Sléman]], ingkang inggilipun kinten-kinten 410 méter sanginggilipun palumahan sagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Candhi Ijo mapan ing 357,402 méter-395,481 méter ing sanginggilipun palumahan sagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Candhi punika mapan ing panggènan paling inggil ing antawisipun candhi-candhi sanèsipun ing wewengkon [[Yogyakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candhi/ijo/ ''Candhi Ijo, Candhi yang Letaknya Tertinggi di Yogyakarta'']{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Main temple at Candi Ijo, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 2014-05-31.jpg|jmpl|Candhi Ijo]]
Komplèks candhi Ijo sajatosipun taksih wonten ing satunggal pagumukan kaliyan candhi-candhi sanèsipun, kados [[Situs Ratu Baka|Candhi Ratu Baka]], [[Candhi Barong]], sarta [[Candhi Banyuniba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Candhi-candhi kasebat wonten ing sanginggilipun gunung kapur Kacamatan Prambanan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Candhi Ijo kinten-kinten dipunyasa watawis abad kaping 9 Maséhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Sakabèhé, komplèks candi iki kawangun saka teras-teras sing awujud [[undhak-undhakan]]. Pérangan paling ngisor dumunung ing sisih [[kulon]], déné pérangan sing paling dhuwur ana ing sisih [[wétan]], manut karo kontur utawa wangun gumuké lemah. Komplèks percandhèn utama mapan ana ing pucuk sisih wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt;

Ing sisih kulon katon candi sing isih ana ing proses ekskavasi lan durung ngalami pamugaran. Sawisé kapisah déning tegalan cilik, ana teras liyane sing luwih dhuwur, ing kana ditemokake pretelan candhi lumayan akèh sing diduga asalé saka kempalan candhi-candhi pamujan ukuran cilik (candhi perwara). Salah siji saka candi kasebut wis kasil dipugar ing taun 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot; /&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
[http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/190/candhi-ijo '''Candhi Ijo''']{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Candhi ing Ngayogyakarta|Ijo]]
[[Kategori:Candhi]]
[[Kategori:Cagar budaya ing Sléman]]


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  <page>
    <title>Butrint</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79510</id>
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      <text bytes="3986" sha1="h9p8p9093g5tiba1i2iwcmqqwrdaa61" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Butrint
| Image       = [[Gambar:Butrint, Albania.jpg|300px|Remains of a theatre and part of the agora (Photo by Marc Morell)]]
| State Party = {{ALB}}
| Type        = Cultural
| Criteria    = iii
| ID          = 570
| Region      = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
| Year        = 1992
| Session     = 16th
| Extension   = 1999
| Danger      = 1997-2005
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/570
}}

'''Butrint''' (Bothrota) ya iku [[kutha]] lan sawijining [[situs]] [[arkéologi]] ing Kabupatèn [[Sarandë]], [[Albania]], sakiwa-tengené 14 kilomèter kidule [[Sarandë]] lan cedhaké tapelwates [[Yunani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/570], ''UNESCO World Heritage Site'. Diundhuh tanggal 8 Juni 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Butrint minangka salah siji [[sajarah]] remukan kutha [[kuna]] kang ana ing [[donya]].&lt;ref name=Borza&gt;{{cite book | first= Eugene N. | last= Borza | title= In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon (Revised Edition) | publisher= Princeton University Press | location= Princeton, New Jersey | year= 1992}} &quot;Speakers of these various Greek dialects settled different parts of Greece at different times during the Middle Bronze Age, with one group, the 'northwest' Greeks, developing their own dialect and peopling central Epirus. This was the origin of the Molossian or Epirotic tribes.&quot; &quot;[...]a proper dialect of Greek, like the dialects spoken by Dorians and Molossians.&quot; &quot;The western mountains were peopled by the Molossians (the western Greeks of Epirus).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Kutha iki dumunung ing sawijining bukit kang ngadep [[Selat Vivari]] lan péranganing [[Taman Nasional Butrint]], kang dipanggoni kawit [[jaman prasajarah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; [[Cagar alam]] ing kiwa-tengené Butrint ya iku omah tumrap [[spésies]] langka [[kéwan]] lan [[tuwuhan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Wiwitane [[Bothrota]] minangka sawijining [[kutha]] kang ana ing wewengkon kutha kuna [[Epirus]].&lt;ref&gt;An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis by Mogens Herman,ISBN 0-19-814099-1,2004,page 343,&quot;Bouthroton (Bouthrotios)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Kutha iki ya iku pusat kutha utama saka [[suku]] lokal [[Chaonians]], kanthi [[suku]] tangga kang paling cedhak ya iku [[koloni]] [[Korintus]] lan [[suku]] [[Illyrian]] ing [[lor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; Miturut penulis [[Romawi]] kang jenenge [[Virgil]], wong kang ngadegaké kutha misuwur iki ya iku anak [[Raja Priam]] saka [[Troy]], kan wis kawin lan ngalih ing [[Andromache]] Kulon sawisé Troy rubuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; Sejarawan Yunani [[Dionysius]] saka [[Halicarnassus]], kaya penyair Latin Virgil, nulisaké yèn Eneas ana ing Bouthroton sawisé lunga saka rubuhe Troy.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.butrint.org Butrint]
* [http://www.butrinti.com Butrint from the Albanian National Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518094206/http://www.butrinti.com/ |date=2014-05-18 }}
* [http://www.butrintfoundation.co.uk The Butrint Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318203151/http://www.butrintfoundation.co.uk/ |date=2016-03-18 }}
* Photo Albums: [http://www.shqiperia.com/foto/butrinti2.php]
* [http://www.historychannel.com/classroom/unesco/butrint.html More information] on Butrint from [[The History Channel]]
* [http://www.albanian.com/information/history/roman.html Rome and Albanian history] from Albania.com
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6278418.stm Albania's Long-lost Roman City], [[BBC]]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7980174.stm In Pictures: Sights of Butrint], BBC
* [http://www.socher.org/gallery2/v/albania/butrinti/ 176 photos from the archeological site of Butrint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045040/http://www.socher.org/gallery2/v/albania/butrinti/ |date=2011-07-21 }}

{{Situs Warisan Donya ing Albania}}


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  <page>
    <title>Influenza</title>
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      <text bytes="131690" sha1="7qhtzk2bwj1rui4t3tebzcbguff6clg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Disease
|Name=Influenza
|Image=EM of influenza virus.jpg
|Caption=[[transmisi èlèktron mikroskopik|TEM]] saka [[virus]] influenza, digedhèkaké kurang luwih tikel kaping 100.000.
|Width=226
|DiseasesDB=6791
|ICD10={{ICD10|J|10||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|11||j|09}}
|ICD9={{ICD9|487}}
|MedlinePlus=000080
|eMedicineSubj=med
|eMedicineTopic=1170
|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|ped|3006}}
|MeshID=D007251
}}
'''Influenza''', kang asring ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud [[lelara nular]] kang disebabaké déning [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] saka [[famili]] [[Orthomyxoviridae]] (virus influenza), kang nyerang [[unggas]] lan [[mamalia]]. Tandha-tandha sing paling lumrah saka lelara iki yaiku ndredheg, mriyang, perih tenggorokane, perih otot, sirah abot, [[watuk]], lemes, lan [[malaise]].&lt;ref name=Merck&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html
|title=Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition
|publisher=www.merck.com
|accessdate=2008-03-15
|last=
|first=
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan asring kijolan karo lelara mèmper influenza liyané, mligi [[selesma]], influenza wujud lelara kang luwih abot tinimbang selesma lan disababaké déning jinis virus kang béda&lt;ref name=Eccles&gt;{{cite journal |last=Eccles |first=R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Influenza bisa njalari eneg, lan muntah, mligi ing bocah-bocah,&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; nanging tandha-tandha mau luwih asring ana ing lelara [[gastroenteritis]], kang babar pisan ora ana gegandhèngané, kang uga sok-sok kanthi ora trep diarani &quot;flu weteng&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074827/http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} by Kristina Duda, R.N.; Diakses 12 Maret 2007 (Website: &quot;About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company&quot;).  So-called &quot;stomach flu&quot; is sometimes also called &quot;24-hour flu.&quot;  Neither one is actually flu and are instead unrelated [[gastroenteritis]].&lt;/ref&gt; Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia  kanthi langsung uga njalari pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ballinger-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ballinger | first1 = MN. | last2 = Standiford | first2 = TJ. | title = Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: host defenses gone awry. | journal = J Interferon Cytokine Res | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 643-52 |date=Sep 2010 | doi = 10.1089/jir.2010.0049 | PMID = 20726789 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lumrahé, influenza nular saka udara utawa wahin, sing bakal njalari ''[[aerosol]]'' sing ngandhut virus. Influenza uga bisa ditularraké merga tepungan karo ndemok tai manuk utawa [[umbel]], uga bisa liwat lumahan kang wis kena kontaminasi. Aerosol kang kagawa déning udara (airborne aerosols) dinuga nimbulaké sapérangan gedhé infèksi, sanajan jalur panularan endi kang paling duwé peran sajeroning lelara iki durung cetha temenan.&lt;ref name=Brankston/&gt; Virus influenza bisa diinaktivasi déning sinar [[srengéngé]], [[disinfektan]], lan [[deterjen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suarez |first=D |author2=Spackman E, Senne D, Bulaga L, Welsch A, Froberg K |title=The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1091–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14575118 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1091}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)]: Implications for [[Disease|Human Disease]]. Physical characteristics of influenza A viruses. UMN CIDRAP.&lt;/ref&gt;  Asring ngumbah tangan bakal ngurangi risiko infèksi amarga virus bisa diinaktivasi karo sabun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jefferson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jefferson | first1 = T. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Dooley | first3 = L. | last4 = Ferroni | first4 = E. | last5 = Al-Ansary | first5 = LA. | last6 = Bawazeer | first6 = GA. | last7 = van Driel | first7 = ML. | last8 = Nair | first8 = S. | last9 = Foxlee | first9 = R. | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume =  | issue = 1 | pages = CD006207 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub3 | PMID = 20091588 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza nyebar menyang saindhenging donya sajeroning [[epidemi]] mangsan, kang nimbulaké pepati 250.000 lan 500.000 wong saben tauné,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza (Seasonal)], [[World Health Organization]], April 2009. Diaksès 13-02-2010.&lt;/ref&gt; malah nganti mayuta-yuta wong ing sapérangan taun pandemik. Rata-rata 41.400 wong mati saben tauné ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] sajeroning kurun wektu antara taun 1979 tekan 2001 amarga influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/2/181 |title=Mortality due to Influenza in the United States — An Annualized Regression Approach Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data | author=[[Jonathan Dushoff]] | journal =[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] | volume = 163| issue = 2| pages = 181–7|accessdate=2009-10-29 |quote=The regression modhèl attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979–2001. |work= |pmid=16319291 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwj024 |year=2006 |first2=JB |first3=C |first4=DJ |first5=L |last2=Plotkin |last3=Viboud |last4=Earn |last5=Simonsen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika taun 2010 [[Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] ing Amérikah Sarékat ngowahi carané nglapuraké prakiran pepati amarga influenza sajeroning 30 taun. Saiki Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara nglapuraké yèn ana kisaran angka pepati wiwit saka 3.300 nganti 49.000 pepati per tauné.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=[[Julie Steenhuysen]] |title=CDC backs away from decades-old flu death estimate |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3NA20100826 |quote=Instead of the estimated 36,000 annual flu deaths in the United States... the actual number in the past 30 years has ranged from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of nearly 49,000, the CDC said on Thursday. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Telu pandemi influenza dumadi nalika abad karongpuluh lan wis niwasaké puluhan yuta wong. Saben pandemi mau disababaké déning munculé galur anyar [[virus]] iki ing manungsa. Asring uga, [[galur]] anyar iki muncul nalika virus flu kang wis ana nyebar ing manungsa saka [[spésies]] kéwan kang liya, utawa nalika galur virus influenza manungsa kang wis ana njupuk [[gen]] anyar saka virus kang lumrahé nginfèksi unggas utawa babi. Galur unggas kang diarani [[H5N1]] wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing [[Asia]] nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung [[évolusi]] dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza (&quot;bird flu&quot;) fact sheet |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ |date=February 2006 |publisher=WHO |accessdate=2006-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu [[manungsa]], [[babi]], lan [[unggas]], kang ing awalé diarani &quot;[[flu babi]]&quot; lan uga ditepungi minangka [[Virus H1N1|influenza A/H1N1]], kang muncul ing [[Mèksiko]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], lan sapérangan nagara liya. [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Donya]] (WHO) kanthi resmi ndhéklarasikaké wabah iki minangka pandemi nalika tanggal 11 Juni 2009 (delengen [[Wabah flu babi 2009|pandemi flu 2009]]). Dhéklarasi WHO ngenani pandemi tingkat 6 wujud indhikasi panyebaran virus, dudu abot-ènthèngé lelara, galur iki sajatiné duwé tingkat mortalitas kang luwih asor tinimbang wabah virus flu biyasa.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Vaksin influenza|Vaksinasi marang influenza]] lumrahé sumadiya kanggo wong-wong ing [[nagara ngrembaka]].&lt;ref name=WHOvaccines&gt;[http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf WHO position paper: influenza vaccines] ''WHO weekly Epidemiological Record'' 19 August 2005, vol. 80, 33, hal. 277–288.&lt;/ref&gt; Kéwan ingon unggas asring divaksinasi kanggo nyegah tumpes tapisé kabèh kéwan ingon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Villegas |first=P |title=Viral diseases of the respiratory system |journal=Poult Sci |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1143–5 |year=1998 |pmid=9706079}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké yaiku vaksin influenza trivalen (''trivalent influenza vaccine'' [TIV]) kang ngandhut [[antigen]] kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. Lumrahé, vaksin jinis iki ngandhut matérial saka rong galur [[virus influenza A|virus influenza subtipe A]] lan [[virus influenza B|siji galur influenza subtipe B]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Horwood F, Macfarlane J |title=Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects |journal=Thorax |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=II24–II30 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364707 |pmc=1766003 |url=http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12364707}}&lt;/ref&gt; TIV ora duwé risiko nularaké lelara, lan duwé réaktivitas kang asor banget. Vaksin kang diformulasikaké kanggo setaun mungkin dadi ora èfèktif kanggo taun sabanjuré, amarga virus influenza ngalami évolusi kanthi rikat, lan galur anyar bakal rikat nggantèkaké galur kang sadurungé. Obat-obatan antivirus bisa dipigunakaké kanggo nambani influenza, ''[[neuraminidase inhibitor]]'' (kaya ta Tamiflu utawa Relenza).&lt;ref name=WHOmedrecDec2009&gt;World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response (GAR), [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/antivirals/definitions_use/en/index.html Antiviral drugs for pandemic (H1N1) 2009: definitions and use], 22 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--yang terutama efektif--&gt;.

== Klasifikasi ==
{{Flu}}
=== Jinis-jinis virus ===
Sajeroning [[Virus#Klasifikasi virus|klasifikasi virus]], virus influenza kalebu [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] kang wujud telu saka lima [[genera]] sajeroning famili Oethomyxoviridae:&lt;ref name=Kawaoka&gt;{{cite book |author=Kawaoka Y (juru besut). |title=Influenza Virology: Current Topics |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2006 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |isbn=978-1-904455-06-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Virus influenza A]]
* [[Virus influenza B]]
* [[Virus influenza C]]

Virus-virus mau duwé kakerabatan kang adoh karo [[virus parainfluenza manungsa]], kang wujud  virus RNA kang wujud péranganing famili [[Paramyxoviridae#Paramyxovirus|paramyxovirus]] kang wujud jalaran umum saka infèksi [[sistem ambegan|ambegan]] ing bocah, kaya ta [[croup]] (laryngotracheobronchitis),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T |title=Biology of parainfluenza viruses |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=265–75 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8055470 |pmc=358320 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8055470}}&lt;/ref&gt; nanging bisa uga nimbulaké lelara kang sarupa karo influenza ing wong diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=25 |pages=1917–28 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11419430 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&amp;pmid=11419430&amp;promo=ONFLNS19 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442507}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza A ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza A. Unggas akuatik alasan wujud inang alamiah kanggo pérangan gedhé variétas influenza A. Sok-sok, virus bisa ditularaké marang spésies liya lan bisa nimbulaké wabah kang duwé dhampak gedhé ing paternakan unggas dhomèstik utawa nimbulaké sawijining [[pandemi]] influenza manungsa.&lt;ref name=sobrino6&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|author=Klenk|display-authors=etal|year=2008|chapter=Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|access-date=2012-03-18|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus jinis A wujud patogèn manungsa paling virulen ing antarané katelu jinis influenza lan nimbulaké lelara kang paling abot. Virus influenza A bisa dipérang manèh dadi subdhivisi wujud [[serovar|serotipe-serotipe]] kang béda dhedhasar tanggepan [[antibodi]] marang virus iki.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Serotipe kang wis dikonfirmasi ing manungsa, diurutaké dhedhasar guènggung pepati pandemi ing manungsa, yaiku:
* [[H1N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Spanyol]] nalika taun 1918, lan [[Flu Babi]] nalika taun 2009
* [[H2N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Asia]] nalika taun 1957
* [[H3N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Hongkong]] nalika taun 1968
* [[H5N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Manuk]] nalika taun 2004
* [[H7N7]], kang duwé potènsi [[zoanatik]] kang ora biyasa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Fouchier |first=R |author2=Schneeberger P, Rozendaal F, Broekman J, Kemink S, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, Schutten M, Van Doornum G, Koch G, Bosman A, Koopmans M, Osterhaus A |title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/1356 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=1356–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14745020 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308352100 |last12=Bosman |first12=A |last13=Koopmans |first13=M |last14=Osterhaus |first14=AD |pmc=337057}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[H1N2]], endemik ing manungsa, babi, lan unggas
* [[H9N2]]
* [[H7N2]]
* [[H7N3]]
* [[H10N7]]

==== Virus influenza B ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, yaiku virus influenza B. Influenza B mèh kanthi èksklusif mung nyerang manungsa&lt;ref name=hay&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hay |first=A |author2=Gregory V, Douglas A, Lin Y |title=The evolution of human influenza viruses |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1861–70 |date=29 Dhésèmber 2001 |pmid=11779385 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0999 |pmc=1088562}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan luwih arang dibandhingaké karo influenza A. Kéwan liya kang dikawruhi bisa kena infèksi déning influenza B yaiku [[asu laut]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Osterhaus |first=A |author2=Rimmelzwaan G, Martina B, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R |title=Influenza B virus in seals |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5468 |pages=1051–3 |year=2000 |pmid=10807575 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.1051}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan [[garangan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jakeman KJ, Tisdale M, Russell S, Leone A, Sweet C |title=Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1864–7 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7986023 |pmc=284652 |doi=|url=http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7986023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinis influenza iki ngalami mutasi kaping 2-3 luwih alon dibandhingaké jinis A&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nobusawa |first=E |author2=Sato K |title=Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses |journal=J Virol |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=3675–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16537638 |doi=10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 |pmc=1440390}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan mula saka iku karagaman génétiké luwih sithik, mung ana siji serotipe influenza B.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Amarga ora ana karagaman [[antigen]]ik, sapérangan tingkat [[imunitas|kakebalan]] marang influenza B lumrahé dièntuki ing umur enom. Nanging, mutasi kang dumadi ing virus influenza B cukup kanggo gawé kakebalan permanèn dadi ora mungkin.&lt;ref name=webster&gt;{{cite journal |first=Webster |last=R |author2=Bean W, Gorman O, Chambers T, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |pmc=372859 |journal=Microbiol Rev |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |year=1992 |pmid=1579108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan antigèn kang alon, dikombinasikaké karo gunggung inang kang winates (ora mungkinaké [[pepindhahan antigèn]] antarspesies), agawé pandemi influenza B ora dumadi.&lt;ref name=Zambon&gt;{{cite journal |last=Zambon |first=M |title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 Suppl B |issue=|pages=3–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10877456 |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/suppl_2/3 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza C ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza C, kang nginfèksi manungsa, asu, lan babi, sok-sok nimbulaké lelara kang abot lan èpidemi lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuzaki&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Suzuki H, Nakamura K |title=Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998 |pmc=153379 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=422–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11825952 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008/&gt; Nanging, influenza C luwih arang dumadi dibandhingaké karo jinis liya lan lumrahé mung nimbulaké lelara ènthèng ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H |title=Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=193 |issue=9 |pages=1229–35 |date=1 Mèi 2006|pmid=16586359 |doi=10.1086/502973}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katagiri&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Katagiri |first=S |author2=Ohizumi A, Homma M |title=An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6309999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Struktur, sipat, lan tata jeneng subtipe ===
Virus influenza A, B, lan C sarupa banget ing struktur sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses descriptions of: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm Orthomyxoviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234624/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm |date=2006-10-02 }}, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm Influenzavirus B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034903/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm |date=2007-10-06 }} and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm Influenzavirus C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231084902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm |date=2009-12-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Partikel virus iki dhiameteré 80-120 [[nanometer]] lan lumrahé kurang-luwih wanguné kaya bal, sanadyan wangun filamèntosa mungkin waé ana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses |title=The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113220345/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lamb&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lamb RA, Choppin PW |title=The gene structure and replication of influenza virus |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=52 |issue=|pages=467–506 |year=1983 |pmid=6351727 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangun filamèntosa iki luwih asring dumadi ing influenza C, kang bisa minangka struktur kaya bolah kanthi dawa tekan 500 [[mikrometer]] ing lumahan saka sèl kang kena infèksi.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Nanging, sanadyan manéka wanguné, partikel saka kabèh virus influenza duwé komposisi kang padha.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Komposisi mau wujud [[envelope virus]] kang ngandhut loro jinis [[glikoprotein]], kang mbungkus sawijining inti punjer. Inti punjer mau ngandhut [[genom]] [[RNA]] lan protèin viral liya kang mbungkus lan ngreksa RNA. RNA ''cenderung'' kapérang saka sauntaian nanging ing kasus-kasus mirunggan bisa wujud rong untaian.&lt;ref name=Lamb/&gt; Ing virus, génom virus ora kapérang saka rerangkèn [[asem nukleat]]; nanging lumrahé kapérang saka pitu utawa wolung pérangan RNA ''[[negative-sense]]'' kang kasègmèntasi, saben pérangan RNA ngandhut siji utawa loro gèn.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Contoné, génom influenza A ngandhut 11 gèn sajeroning wolung pérangan RNA, kang ngodhe 11 [[protèin]]: [[hemagglutinin]] (HA), [[neuraminidase]] (NA), [[nukleoprotein]] (NP), [[protèin M1|M1]], [[protèin M2|M2]], [[protèin NS1 influenza|NS1]],  NS2 (NEP: ''nuclear export protéin''), PA, PB1 (''polymerase basic'' 1), PB1-F2 lan PB2.&lt;ref name=Ghedin&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ghedin |first=E | last2 = Sengamalay | first2 = NA | last3 = Shumway | first3 = M | last4 = Zaborsky | first4 = J | last5 = Feldblyum | first5 = T | last6 = Subbu | first6 = V | last7 = Spiro | first7 = DJ | last8 = Sitz | first8 = J | last9 = Koo | first9 = H |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hemagglutinin (HA) lan neuraminidase (NA) wujud loro flikoprotèin gedhé kang ana ing sanjabaning partikel virus. HA wujud [[lektin]] kang dadi mèdhiasi ikatan (binding) virus marang sèl targèt lan lumebuné génom virus ing sèl targèt, sauntara NA kalibat sajeroning uculé anak virus saka sèl kang kainfèksi, kanthi nyigar gula kang silih iket ing partikel virus diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Y |title=Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |journal=Biol Pharm Bull |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=399–408 |year=2005 |pmid=15744059 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.399 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023059/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oleh karena itu, protéin ini merupakan target bagi obat-obat antivirus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=J |author2=von Itzstein M |title=Recent strategies in the search for new anti-influenza therapies |journal=Curr Drug Targets |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=389–408 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12816348 |doi=10.2174/1389450033491019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lan manèh, kaloroné wujud antigèn, ing endi antibodi marang antigèn mau bisa diriptakaké. Virus influenza A diklasifikasikaké dadi subtipe dhedhasar rèspons antibodi marang HA lan NA. Jinis-jinis HA lan NA mau wujud pambédan H lan N sajeroning pamènèhan jeneng virus, umpamané H5N1.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Ana 16 subtipe H lan 9 subtipe N kang wis dikawruhi, nanging mung H 1, 2, lan 3, sarta N 1 lan 2 kang lumrahé tinemu ing manungsa.&lt;ref name=Lynch&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lynch JP, Walsh EE |title=Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=144–58 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17458769 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976487}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Réplikasi ===
Virus bisa nglakoni réplikasi mung ing sèl urip.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith AE, Helenius A |title=How viruses enter animal cells |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=237–42 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15073366 |doi=10.1126/science.1094823}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infèksi lan réplikasi influenza wujud prosès mawa tahap: pisanan, virus kudu gawé ikatan karo sèl lan ngleboni sèl, banjur mindhahaké genomé ing sawijining papan ing endi virus mau bisa mrodhuksi dhuplikat saka protèin virus lan RNA, banjur nyusun komponèn-komponèn mau dadi partikel virus anyar, lan pungkasan, metu saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Bouvier&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bouvier NM,  [[Peter Palese|Palese P]] |title=The biology of influenza viruses |journal=Vaccine |volume=26 Suppl 4 |pages=D49–53 |date=September 2008 |pmid=19230160 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza gawé ikatan liwat [[hemagglutinin]] karo gula [[asem sialat]] ing lumahing [[epitelium|sèl èpitèl]], lumrahé ing irung, tenggorok, lan [[paru-paru]] mamalia, lan usus unggas (tahap 1 ing gambar infèksi).&lt;ref name=Wagner&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=R |author2=Matrosovich M, Klenk H |title=Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=159–66 |date=May 2002|pmid=11987141 |doi=10.1002/rmv.352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawisé hemagglutinin [[proteolisis|dipecah]] déning [[protease]], sèl bakal nglebokaké virus liwat prosès [[endositosis]].&lt;ref name=Steinhauer&gt;{{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA |title=Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus |journal=Virology |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10329563 |doi=10.1006/viro.1999.9716}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Sawisé ana ing njero sèl, kaanan asem sajeroning [[éndosom]] bakal njalari loro kedadèn dumadi: pisanan, péranganing protèin hemagglutinin bakal nyawijikaké envelope virus karo mèmbran vakuola, banjur [[kanal ion]] M2 bakal mungkinaké [[proton]] kanggo pindhah ngliwati envelope virus lan ngasamaké inti virus, kang bakal nyababaké inti dadi kaurai lan ngeculaké RNA virus lan protèin inti.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Molekul RNA virus (vRNA), protèin aksesoris, lan RNA polymerase kang gumantung ing RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) bakal dieculaké ing sitoplasma (Tahap 2).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lakadamyali |first=M |author2=Rust M, Babcock H, Zhuang X |title=Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9280–5 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12883000 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0832269100 |pmc=170909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanal ion M2 bakal disekat (diblok) déning obat amantadine, kang bakal nyegah infèksi.&lt;ref name=Pinto&gt;{{cite journal |author=Pinto LH, Lamb RA |title=The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue=14 |pages=8997–9000 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16407184 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R500020200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16407184 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Protèin inti iki bebarengan karo vRNA bakal minangka komplèks kang bakal ditranspor menyang [[inti sèl]], ing endi polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA bakal miwiti transkripsi vRNA komplemèntèr sense positif (langkah 3a lan b).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cros |first=J |author2=Palese P |title=Trafficking of viral genomic RNA into and out of the nucleus: influenza, Thogoto and Borna disease viruses |journal=Virus Res |volume=95 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12921991 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00159-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; vRNA bisa metu nuju sitoplasma lan ngalami translasi (langkah 4) utawa tetep ''bertahan'' ing nukléus. Protèin virus kang anyar disintèsis bisa disèkrèsi liwat [[apparatus Golgi]] nuju lumahing sèl (ing neuraminidase lan hemagglutinin, langkah 5b) utawa ditranspor manèh nuju inti sèl kanggo gawé ikatan karo vRNA lan minangka partikel génom virus kang anyar (langkah 5a). Protèin virus liyané duwé makarya kang manéka ing sèl inang, kalebu ngurai [[mRNA]] sèlulèr lan migunakaké [[nukléotida]] bébas kanggo sintèsis vRNA lan uga nyandhet translasi mRNA lan uga nyandhet [[translasi (biologi)|translasi]] mRNA sèl inang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kash |first=J |author2=Goodman A, Korth M, Katze M |title=Hijacking of the host-cell response and translational control during influenza virus infection |journal=Virus Res |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=111–20 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16630668 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

vRNA ''negative-sense'' kang [[génom]] saka calon virus, RNA polimerase kang gumantung RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), lan protèin virus liya bakal disusun dadi virion. Molekul hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase bakal gawé golongan minangka sawijining tonjolan ing lumahing sèl. vRNA lan protèin [[capsid|inti virus]] bakal ninggal inti sèl lan ngeboni panonjolan mèmbran iki (langkah 6). Virus diwasa bakal nglakokaké budding off saka sèl sajeroning sawijining wangun bal kang kapérang saka mèmbran fosfolipid inang, éntuk hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase kang kakandhut sajeroning lapisan mèmbran iki (langkah 7).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=D |author2=Hui E, Barman S |title=Assembly and budding of influenza virus |journal=Virus Res |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=147–65 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15567494 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.08.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaya sadurungé, virus bakal gawé ikatan liwat hemagglutinin; virus diwasa bakal ngeculaké dhiri yèn [[neuraminidase]]é wis mecah résidhu asem sialat saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Wagner/&gt; Obat kang nyandhet neuraminidase, kaya déné [[oseltamivir]], bakal nyegah uculé virus infèksius anyar lan nyegah réplikasi virus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein/&gt; Sawisé uculé virus influenza anyar, sèl inang bakal mati.

Amarga ora anané ènzim [[proofreading (biologi)|proofreading]] RNA, polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA kang ngopi génom virus bakal nglakokaké kasalahan kurang luwih saben 10 éwu nukléotida, kang selaras karo rata-rata saka vRNA influenza. Mula saka iku, sapérangan gedhé saka virus influenza kang rampung dironcé iku mutan; iki bakal nimbulaké [[hanyutan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan alon ing antigèn ing lumahing virus sairing karo lumakuné wektu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=J |title=Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=4171–5 |date=1 Mèi 1993|pmid=8387212 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.9.4171 |pmc=46468}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamisahan génom dadi wolu sègmèn vRNA kang kapisah mungkinaké panyampuran utawa [[reassortment]] saka vRNA yèn punjul sajinis virus influenza nginfèksi sawijining sèl tunggal. Iki bakal nimbulaké owah-owahan rikat saka génétika virus kang bakal nimbulaké [[papindhahan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan dumadakan saka sawijining antigèn menyang antigèn liyané. Owah-owahan gedhé kang dadakan mungkinaké virus kanggo nginfèksi spésies inang anyar lan bisa kanthi rikat ngatasi kakebalan protèktif kang wis ana.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Iki wigati sajeroning mékanisme munculé pandemi, kang didhiskusikaké ing ngisor iki sajeroning pérangan [[#Epidemiologi|Epidemiologi]].

== Tandha lan tandha-tandha ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;&quot;
|+ Tandha-tandha kang paling sènsitif kanggo ndhiagnosis influenza &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt;
! Tandha-tandha: !! [[Sènsitivitas (pacoban)|Sènsitivitas]] !! [[Spésifisitas (pacoban)|Spésivisitas]]
|-
! Mriyang
|68–86% ||25–73%
|-
! Watuk
|84–98% || 7–29%
|-
! Irung mampet
|68–91% ||19–41%
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
&lt;small&gt;
* Katelu temuan mau, mligi mriyang, kurang sènsitif marang pasièn kanthi umur punjul 60 taun.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Tandha-tandha influenza bisa diwiwiti kanthi rikat, sadina nganti rong dina sawisé infèksi. Lumrahé tandha-tandha pisanan yaiku ndrodhog utawa rumangsa adhem, nanging mriyang uga asring dumadi ing awal infèksi, kanthi suhu awak watara 38-39&amp;nbsp;°C (kurang luwih 100-103&amp;nbsp;°F).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Suzuki E, Ichihara K, Johnson AM |title=Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–9 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17164515 |doi=10.1177/0009922806289588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akèh wong krasa lara banget saéngga ora bisa tangi saka papan anggoné turu suwéné pirang-pirang dina, kanthi rasa lara lan nyeri saawak, kang krasa luwih abot ing tlatah geger lan sikil.&lt;ref name=Merck /&gt; Tandha-tandha influenza bisa ngambah:

* Mriyang lan krasa adhem kang èkstrem (ndrodhog, gumeter)
* Watuk
* Irung mampet
* Nyeri awak, mligi sendhi lan tenggorok
* Kekeselen
* Nyeri sirah
* Iritasi mata, mata mbanyu
* Mata abang, kulit abang (mligi rai), sarta semu abang ing tutuk, tenggorok, lan irung
* [[Ruam petechiae]] &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10476766&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ |title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=453–4 |date=August 1999 |pmid=10476766 |doi=10.1086/520240}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ing bocah, tandha-tandha gastrointestinal kaya déné [[diare]] lan nyeri [[abdomen]],&lt;ref name=Richards/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heikkinen T |title=Influenza in children |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=778–84 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16801171 |doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}&lt;/ref&gt; (bisa dumadi parah ing bocah kanthi influenza B) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS |title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7902 |pages=291–5 |year=1975 |pmid=46444 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sok-sok angèl mbédakaké antarané [[selesma]] lan influenza ing tahap awal saka infèksi iki,&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt; nanging flu bisa diidhèntifikasi yèn ana mriyang dhuwur ndadak kanthi rasa kesel kang èkstrém. Diare lumrahé dudu tandha-tandha saka influenza bocah,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt; nanging iki bisa ditemoni ing sapérangan kasus &quot;flu manuk&quot; H5N1 ing manungsa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hui DS |title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection |journal=Respirology |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S10–3 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18366521 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;  lan bisa dadi tandha-tandha ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref name=Richards&gt;{{cite journal |author=Richards S |title=Flu blues |journal=Nurs Stand |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=26–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16295596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang paling asring ana ing influenza dituduhaké ing tabèl ing sisih tengen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W |title=Does this patient have influenza? |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=8 |pages=987–97 |year=2005 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987 |pmid=15728170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga obat-obat antivirus èfèktif sajeroning nambani influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal (deleng pérangan [[#Terapi|terapi]] ing ngisor), wigati kanggo ngidhèntifikasi kasus kanthi gasik. Saka tandha-tandha-tandha-tandha kang disebutaké ing ndhuwur, kombinasi mriyang karo watuk, nyeri tenggorok lan/utawa irung mampet bisa ngundhakaké akurasi diagnositik.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11088084&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J |title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=160 |issue=21 |pages=3243–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11088084 | doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/21/3243}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loro panalitèn analisis kaputusan&lt;ref name=&quot;pmif12361816&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith K, Roberts M |title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza |journal=Am J Med |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=300–7 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6 |pmid=12361816}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D |title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=139 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=321–9 |date=2 Sèptèmber 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/139/5_Part_1/321 |pmid=12965940 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nuduhaké yèn nalika ana wabah influenza lokal, [[prevalensi]]né punjul 70%,&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt; Mula pasièn kanthi salah siji kombinasi saka tandha-tandha mau bisa ditambani kanthi [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] tanpa pamriksan. Malah nalika ora anané wabah lokal, pangobatan bisa dibeneraké ing pasièn tuwa nalika mangsa influenza suwéné prévalènsiné punjul 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;

Kasumadyan pamriksan laboratorium kanggo influenza terus ngalami paningkatan. [[Punjer Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] (CDC) Amérikah Sarékat, ngrangkum pamriksan laboratorium paling anyar kang cumawis.&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Diaksès 1 Mèi 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Miturut CDC, pamriksan diagnostik rikat (rapid diagnostic test) duwé sènsitivitas  70-75% lan spésifisitas 90-95% dibandhingaké karo kultur virus. Pamriksan iki mligi migunani ing mangsa influenza (prévalènsi = 25%) tanpa anané wabah langsung, utawa mangsa periinfluenza (prévalènsi = 10%&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;).

== Mekanisme ==
=== Panularan ===
''Shedding'' virus influenza (wektu ing ngendi sawijining wong bisa nularaké virus marang wong liya) diwiwiti sadina sadurungé tandha-tandha muncul lan virus bakal diuculaké suwéné antara 5 tekan 7 dina, sanajan sapérangan wong mungkin ngeculaké virus suwéné périodhe kang luwih suwé. Wong kang katular influenza paling infèktif ing dina kaloro lan katelu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat&gt;{{cite journal |author=Carrat F, Luong J, Lao H, Sallé A, Lajaunie C, Wackernagel H |title=A 'small-world-like' modhèl for comparing interventions aimed at preventing and controlling influenza pandemics |pmc=1626479 |journal=BMC Med |volume=4 |issue=|page=26 |year=2006|pmid=17059593 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-4-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gunggung virus kang diculaké katoné gegandhèngan karo mriyang, gunggung virus kang diculaké luwih gedhé nalika suhuné luwih dhuwur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|title = CDC H1N1 Flu : Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009-2010 Season|url=http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah luwih infèksius tinimbang wong diwasa lan bocah mau ngeculaké virus sadurungé ngalami tandha-tandha nganti rong minggu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mitamura K, Sugaya N |title=[Diagnosis and Treatment of influenza—clinical investigation on [[viral shedding]] in children with influenza] |journal=Uirusu |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=109–16 |year=2006 |pmid=17038819 |doi=10.2222/jsv.56.109}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panularan influenza bisa [[modhèl matématis lelara nular|dimodhèlaké kanthi matématis]], kang bakal mbantu sajeroning prédhiksi kepriyé virus nyebar sajeroning populasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grassly NC, Fraser C |title=Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=477–87 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18533288 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1845}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza bisa disebaraké sajeroning telu cara utama:&lt;ref name=Weber&gt;{{cite journal |author=Weber TP, Stilianakis NI |title=Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review |journal=J. Infect. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=361–73 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18848358 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: complexities and conjectures |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=353–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17599315 |doi=10.1086/519433 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/519433}}&lt;/ref&gt; lumantar panularan langsung (nalika wong kang kainfèksi wahing, ana ilu irung kang lumebu kanthi langsung menyang mata, irung, lan tutuk saka wong liya); lumantar udara (nalika sawijining wong nyedhot aerosol (butiran cuwèran cilik sajeroning udara) kang diasilaké nalika wong kang kainfèksi watuk, wahing, utawa idu), lan lumantar panularan tangan-menyang-mata, tangan-menyang-irung, utawa tangan-menyang-tutuk, saka lumahan kang kakontaminasi utawa saka kontak personal langsung kaya déné salaman. Modhèl panularan endi kang paling wigati isih durung cetha, nanging kabèh duwé kontribusi sajeroning panyebaran virus.&lt;ref name=Brankston&gt;{{cite journal |author=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M |title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376383 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tellier R |title=Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1657–62 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17283614 |doi=|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0426.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing rute panularan udara, ukuran droplèt kang cukup cilik kanggo disedhot duwé dhiameter 0,5 nganti 5 [[Mikrometer|μm]] lan inhalasi sadroplèt mungkin cukup kanggo nimbulaké infèksi.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Sanajan sapisan wahing bisa ngeculaké nganti 40.000 droplèt,&lt;ref name=Cole_1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cole E, Cook C |title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=453–64 |year=1998 |pmid=9721404 | doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; sapérangan gedhé saka droplèt mau cukup gedhé lan bakal ilang saka udara kanthi rikat.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Pira suwéné virus influenza bisa tahan sajeroning droplèt udara katoné diprabawai déning kadhar kalembaban lan [[Ultraungu|radhiasi ultraviolèt]]: kalembaban asor lan kurangé [[cahya]] [[srengéngé]] ing [[mangsa adhem]] mbantu tahané virus iki.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;

Amarga virus influenza bisa tahan ing njaba awak, virus iki uga bisa ditularaké liwat lumahan kang kakontaminasi kaya déné lembaran [[dhuwit]],&lt;ref name=Thomas&gt;{{cite journal |author=Thomas Y, Vogel G, Wunderli W|display-authors=etal|title=Survival of influenza virus on banknotes |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=3002–7 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18359825 |pmc=2394922 |doi=10.1128/AEM.00076-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; gagang lawang, saklar lampu, lan bandha-bandha rumah tangga liyané.&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; Suwéné wektu virus bisa tahan marang sawijining lumahan manéka wektuné, virus bisa tahan suwéné sadina utawa rong dina ing lumahan kang atos lan ora duwé pori kaya déné [[plastik]] utawa métal, suwéné kurang luwih limalas menit ing [[kertas]] tissue garing, lan mung limang menit ing [[kulit]].&lt;ref name=Moore&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bean B, Moore BM, Sterner B, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Balfour HH |title=Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |date=July 1982 |pmid=6282993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, yèn virus ana sajeroning mukus/lendhir, lendhir mau bisa ngreksa virus saéngga tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang suwé (nganti 17 dina ing dhuwit kertas).&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;&lt;ref name=Thomas/&gt; Virus flu manuk bisa tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang durung dikawruhi nalika ana sajeroning kaanan beku.&lt;ref name=cfsph&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/influenza.pdf |title=Influenza Factsheet|publisher=Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University}} hal. 7&lt;/ref&gt;  Virus ngalami inaktivasi déning pamanasan nganti 56&amp;nbsp;°C (133&amp;nbsp;°F) suwéné minimun 60 menit, lan uga déning asem (ing pH &lt;2).&lt;ref name=cfsph/&gt;

=== Patofisiologi ===
Mékanisme kepriyé infèksi influenza bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha ing manungsa wis disinaoni kanthi intènsif. Salah saji mékanisme kang dipercaya yaiku kanthi inhibisi hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) kang nimbulaké pamudhunan kadhar hormon kortisol.&lt;ref name=jefferies1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jefferies WM, Turner JC, Lobo M, Gwaltney JM Jr. |title=Low plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with acute influenza. |journal=Clin Infect Dis. |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=708–10 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/514594 |year=1998 |pmid=9524849 |pmc= |doi=10.1086/514594 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngawruhi gèn endi kang sok sajeroning galur virus tinentu bisa mbiyantu mrédhiksi kepriyé virus mau bisa nular lan sepira aboté infèksi kang bakal dumadi (mrédhiksi [[patofisiologi]] saka sawijining galur virus).&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Taubenberger | first1 = JK | last2 = Morens | first2 = DM |title=The pathology of influenza virus infections |journal=Annu Rev Pathol |volume=3 |issue=|pages=499–522 |year=2008 |pmid=18039138 |pmc=2504709 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Korteweg&gt;{{cite journal |author=Korteweg C, Gu J |title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1155–70 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18403604 |pmc=2329826 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Contoné, péranganing prosès kang mungkinaké virus influenza nginvasi sawijining sèl yaiku panguraian saka protèin hemagglutinin virus déning salah saji ènzim [[protease]] manungsa.&lt;ref name=Steinhauer/&gt; Ing virus kang infèksiné asifat ringan lan avirulèn, struktur hémagglutinin kang ana mung bisa diurai déning protease kang tinemu sajeroning tenggorok lan paru, saéngga virus iki ora bisa nginfèksi jaringan liya. Nanging, ing galur kang virulèn banget, kaya ta H5N1, hémagglutinin kang kakandhut sajeroning virus bisa diurai déning variétas protease kang manéka, saéngga mungkinaké virus nyebar menyang sakabèhing awak.&lt;ref name=Korteweg/&gt;

Protèin hémagglutinin virus duwé tanggung jawab sajeroning nemtokaké spésiès endi kang bisa diinfèksi déning sawijining galur virus uga papan [[saluran ambegan]] endi kang bisa duwé ikatan karo sawijining galur virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Nicholls JM, Chan RW, Russell RJ, Air GM, Peiris JS |title=Evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=149–57 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18375125 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur kang bisa ditularaké kanthi gampang saka manungsa-marang-manungsa duwé protèin hémagglutinin kang duwé ikatan karo résèptor ing saluran ambegan pérangan ndhuwur, kaya ta ing irung, tenggorok, lan tutuk. Suwaliké, strain H5N1 kang mbebayani banget duwé ikatan karo résèptor kang paling akèh tinemu ing njero paru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5772 |page=399 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16556800 |doi=10.1126/science.1125548}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabédan ing papan infèksi iki mungkin wujud péranganing alesan ngapa galur H5N1 nimbulaké pnéumonia virus kang abot ing paru, nanging ora ditularaké kanthi gampang liwat watuk lan wahing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y |title=Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7083 |pages=435–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16554799 |doi=10.1038/440435a}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=1215–23 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17717141 |pmc=1988871 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2007.070248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tandha-tandha kang asring ana ing flu kaya ta mriyang, sirak cekot-cekot, lan kekeselen wujud asil saka sapérangan gedhé [[sitokin]] lan [[chemokin]] proinflamasi (kaya ta [[interferon]] utawa ''[[tumor necrosis factor]]'' (TNF)) kang diprodhuksi déning sèl kang kainfèksi influenza.&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Bachmann M, Kopf M |title=Interleukin-1 is responsible for acute lung immunopathology but increases survival of respiratory influenza virus infection |journal=J Virol |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=6441–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15858027 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6441-6448.2005 |pmc=1091664}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ora kaya rhinovirus kang nimbulaké selesma (common cold/masuk angin), influenza nimbulaké karusakan jaringan, saéngga tandha-tandha kang dumadi ora kabèh disebabaké déning rèspons inflamasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Winther B, Gwaltney J, Mygind N, Hendley J |title=Viral-induced rhinitis |journal=Am J Rhinol |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |year=1998|pmid=9513654 |doi=10.2500/105065898782102954}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rèspons imun kang gedhé iki bisa nimbulaké “badai sitokin” kang bisa ngancam nyawa. Kadadéan iki dinuga wujud jalaran saka pati kang ora biyasa ing flu manuk H5N1,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS|display-authors=etal|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9348 |pages=1831–7 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12480361 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan galur pandemik 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K|display-authors=etal |title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7125 |pages=319–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17230189 |doi=10.1038/nature05495 |last12=Alimonti |first12=JB |last13=Fernando |first13=L |last14=Li |first14=Y |last15=Katze |first15=MG |last16=Feldmann |first16=H |last17=Kawaoka |first17=Y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7111 |pages=578–81 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17006449 |pmc=2615558 |doi=10.1038/nature05181 |last12=Katze |first12=MG}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, kamungkinan liyané yaiku sapérangan gedhé sitokin kang diasilaké mung wujud asil saka réplikasi virus kang gedhé banget kang ditimbulaké déning galur mau, lan rèspons imun ora mènèhi kontribusi marang lelara.&lt;ref name=Beigel/&gt;

== Panyegahan ==
=== Vaksinasi ===
Vaksinasi marang influenza kanthi vaksin influenza asring dirékomendhasikaké marang golongan risiko dhuwur, kaya ta bocah-bocah lan lansia, utawa marang panandhang [[asma]], [[diabetes]], [[lelara jantung]], utawa wong-wong kang ngalami gangguan imun. Vaksin influenza bisa diprodhuksi liwat sapérangan cara; cara kang paling umum yaiku kanthi nuwuhaké virus ing endhog pitik kang wis diwohi. Sawisé dimurnèkaké, virus banjur bakal diaktivasi (upamané, mawa détergen) kanggo ngasilaké vaksin virus kang ora aktif. Minangka alternatif, virus bisa dituwuhaké ing endhog nganti kélangan virulensiné banjur virus kang avirulen diwènèhaké minangka vaksin urip.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Èfèktivitas saka vaksin influenza iku manéka rupa. Amarga tingkat mutasi virus kang dhuwur banget, vaksin influenza tinentu lumrahé mènèhaké pangreksan suwéné ora punjul sapérangan dina. Saben tauné, WHO mrédhiksikaké galur virus endi kang paling mungkin sirkulasi ing taun sabanjuré, saéngga mungkinaké perusahaan farmasi kanggo ngembangaké vaksin kang bakal nyumadyakaké kakebalan kang paling apik marang galur mau.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation/&gt; Vaksin uga wis dikembangaké kanggo ngreksa sato iwèn unggas saka flu manuk. Vaksin iki bisa èfèktif marang sapérangan galur lan minangka strategi preventif, utawa dikombinasikaké karo culling (pamuliaan) minangka usaha kanggo nyuresaké wabah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capua |first=I |author2=Alexander D |title=The challenge of avian influenza to the veterinary community |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a747651074&amp;fulltext=713240928 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=189–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16753610 |doi=10.1080/03079450600717174}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kamungkinan kena influenza sanajan wis divaksin. Vaksin bakal diformulasi ulang saben mangsa kanggo galur flu spésifik nanging ora bisa nyakup kabèh galur kang kanthi aktif nginfèksi kabèh manungsa ing mangsa mau. Merlokaké wektu suwéné enem sasi manèh manufaktur kanggo mformulasikaké lan mrodhuksi mayuta-yuta dosis kang diperlokaké kanggo ngadhepi epidemi mangsan; sok-sok, galur anyar utawa galur kang ora dinuga pinunjul ing wektu tinentu lan nginfèksi wong-wong sanajan wong-wong mau wis divaksinasi (kaya déné kang dumadi ing [[flu Fujian|Flu Fujian H3N2]] ing mungsa flu 2003-2004).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=E |author2=Ghedin E, Miller N, Taylor J, Bao Y, St George K, Grenfell B, Salzberg S, Fraser C, Lipman D, Taubenberger J |title=Whole-genome analysis of human influenza A virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent H3N2 viruses |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e300 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16026181 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030300 |pmc=1180517}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uga ana kamungkinan éntuk infèksi sadurungé vaksinasi lan dadi lara déning galur kang kuduné dicegah déning vaksinasi, amarga vaksin merlokaké wektu rong minggu sadurungé dadi èfèktif.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts/&gt;

Ing muangsa 2006-2007, CDC kaping pisanané ngrékomendasikaké bocah kang umuré kurang saka 59 sasi kanggo nampa vaksin influenza taunan.&lt;ref name=cdcreport&gt;{{cite journal
| author = Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA
| title = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
| journal = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]]
| volume = 55
| issue = RR-10
| pages = 1–42
|date=July 2006
| pmid = 16874296
| url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaksin bisa nimbulaké sistem imun kanggo réaksi nalika awak nampa infèksi kang sabeneré, lan tandha-tandha infèksi umum (akèh tandha-tandha selesma lan flu mung wujud tandha-tandha infèksi umum) bisa mijil, sanajan tandha-tandha mau lumrahé ora padha aboté utawa tahan suwéné influenza. Èfèk samping kang paling mbebayani yaiku réaksi alèrgi abot ing matérial virus uga résidu saka endhog pitik kang dipigunakaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus influenza; nanging réaksi mau arang banget.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/flushot.htm Questions &amp; Answers: Flu Shot] Publikasi CDC dianyaraké 24 Juli 2006. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Minangka tambahan saliyané vaksinasi marang influenza mangsan, paneliti ngupaya kanggo ngembangaké vaksin marang kamungkinan pandemi influenza. Perkembangan, prodhuksi, lan distribusi vaksin inluenza pandemik kang rikat bisa nylametaké nyawa mayuta-yuta wong nalika dumadi pandemi influenza. Amarga mung ana wektu kang cendhak antarané idhèntifikasi galur pandemik lan kabutuhan vaksinasi, para paneliti lagi nggolèk pilihan moda prodhuksi vaksin saliyané liwat endhog. Tèknologi vaksin urip kang diinaktivasi (kanthi basis endhog utawa kanthi basis sèl), lan tèknologi rékombinan (protèin lan partikel mèmper virus), bakal mènèhaké aksès wektu nyata (''real time'') kang luwih apik lan bisa diprodhuksi kanthi luwih kejangkau, saéngga ngundhakaké aksès kanggo wong-wong kang urip ing nagara-nagara kanthi pangasilan sedheng lan asor, ing endi dadi asal kamungkinan pandemi. Tekan Juli 2009, punjul 70 uji klinis kang dikawruhi wis ditindakaké utawa lagi ditindakaké ngenani vaksin influenza pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines. Juli 2009. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/immunogenicity/immunogenicity_table.xls&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sasi September 2009, Badan POM Amérikah Sarékat nyarujuki papat vaksin marang virus influenza H1N1 2009 (galur pandemik nalika wektu iku), lan njaluk stok vaksin mau sumadiya sajeroning sasi sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;US Food &amp; Drug Administration. FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic. 15 September 2009. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangendhalian infèksi ===
Cara kang cukup èfèktif kanggo ngedhunaké panularan influenza salah sajiné yaiku njaga kaséhatan pribadi lan kabiyasan higiénis kang becik: kaya ta ora ndumuk mata, irung lan tutuk;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCQA&quot;&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/qa.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention: &quot;QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS: Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You&quot;]. Diaksès 15 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; asring ngumbah tangan (mawa banyu lan sabun, utawa mawa cuwèran pangumbah kanthi basis alkohol);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J|display-authors=etal|title=Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=285–91 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19115974 |doi=10.1086/595845}}&lt;/ref&gt; nutup tutuk lan irung nalika watuk lan wahing, ngéndhani kontak cerak karo wong kang lara; lan tetep ana ing ngomahé dhéwé nalika lagi lara. Ora idu uga disaranaké.&lt;ref name=Aledort&gt;{{cite journal |author=Aledort JE, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette SA |title=Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7 |issue=|page=208 |year=2007 |pmid=17697389 |pmc=2040158 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-208 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan masker rai bisa mbiyantu nyegah panularan nalika ngrawat wong kang lara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE|display-authors=etal|title=Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=233–41 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19193267 |pmc=2662657 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/2/pdfs/233.pdf |doi=10.3201/eid1502.081167}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB |title=Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=1094–101 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523774 |doi=10.1086/378292}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana bukti-bukti kang matentangan ngenani mupangan babagan mau ing masarakat.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/maskguidance.htm Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Influenza Transmission] ''Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID)'' 8 Agustus 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok ngundhakaké risiko panularan influenza, lan uga nimbulaké tandha-tandha lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 16231688| volume = 72| issue = 10| pages = 916–920| last = Murin| first = Susan| author2 = Kathryn Smith Bilello| title = Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke| journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine| accessdate = 2009-10-01| year = 2005| url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916| archive-date = 2011-07-15| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112713/http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702| issn = 0028-4793| volume = 307| issue = 17| pages = 1042–1046| last = Kark| first = J D| author2 = M Lebiush, L Rannon| title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men| journal = The New England Journal of Medicine| year = 1982 | pmid = 7121513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga influenza nyebar liwat aerosol lan kontak karo lumahan kang kakontaminasi, pangresikan lumahan mau bisa mbiyantu nyegah sapérangan saka infèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hota B |title=Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1182–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15486843 | doi=10.1086/424667}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Alkohol]] wujud bahan sanitasi kang èfèktif marang virus influenza, sauntara senyawa amonium kuarterner bisa dipigunakaké bebarengan karo alkohol saéngga èfèk sanitasi mau bisa tahan luwih suwé.&lt;ref name=McDonnell&gt;{{cite journal |author=McDonnell G, Russell A |title=Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/147.pdf |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |date=1 Januari 1999|pmid=9880479 |pmc=88911}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing [[rumah sakit]], senyawa amonium kuarterner lan [[bahan pamutih]] dipigunakaké kanggo ngresiki ruwangan lan piranti kang sadurungé dipigunakaké déning pasièn kanthi tandha-tandha influenza.&lt;ref name=McDonnell/&gt; Ing ngomah, babagan mau bisa dilakokaké kanthi èfèktif kanthi migunakaké bahan pamutih chlorine kang dièncèraké.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |title=Chlorine Bleach: Helping to Manage the Flu Risk |publisher=Water Quality &amp; Health Council |date=April 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-12 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607164343/http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing pandemi kapungkur, panutupan sekolah, gréja, lan biyoskup nyandhet panyebaran virus nanging ora duwé dampak kang gedhé marang angka pepati sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M |title=Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7582.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7582–7587 |year=2007 |pmid=17416679 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0610941104 |pmc=1849867}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM |title=The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7588.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7588–7593 |year=2007 |pmid=17416677 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0611071104 |pmc=1849868}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durung bisa dipesthèkaké apa ngedhunaké patemon publik, upamané kanthi nutup sekolah lan papan makarya, bakal ngedhunaké panularan amarga wong kang nandhang influenza bisa waé isih pindhah saka sawijining papan menyang papan liyané; panyerakan kaya iki uga bakal angèl dilakokaké lan mungkin ora disenengi.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt; Yèn sapérangan cilik wong ngalami infèksi, ngisolasi wong kang lagi lara bisa ngurangi risiko panularan.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;

== Pangobatan ==
Wong kang nandhang flu disaranaké kanggo akèh istirahat, minum akèh cuwèran, ngéndhani panggunaan [[alkohol]] lan [[rokok]], lan yèn diperlokaké, ngonsumsi obat kaya ta asetaminofen ([[parasetamol]]) kanggo ngredhakaké tandha-tandha mriyang lan perih otot kang gegandhèngan karo flu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000080.htm |title=Flu: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=7 Fèbruari 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah lan nom-noman kanthi tandha-tandha flu (mligi mriyang) sabeciké ngéndhani panggunaan [[aspirin]] nalika infèksi influenza (mligi influenza jinis B), amarga bisa nimbulaké [[Sindrom Reye]], sawijining lelara [[ati]] kang langka nanging duwé potènsi nimbulaké pepati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Glasgow |first=J |author2=Middleton B |title=Reye syndrome — insights on causation and prognosis |url=http://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/351.full.pdf |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=351–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11668090 |doi=10.1136/adc.85.5.351 |pmc=1718987}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga influenza disababaké déning virus, antibiotik ora duwé prabawa marang infèksi; kajaba diwènèhaké kanggo [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kaya déné [[pneumonia]] baktérialis. Pangobatan antiviral bisa èfèktif, nanging sapérangan galur influenza bisa nuduhaké résistènsi marang obat-obat antivirus baku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hurt AC, Ho HT, Barr I |title=Resistance to anti-influenza drugs: adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors |journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=795–805 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17140356 |doi=10.1586/14787210.4.5.795}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Loro kelas obat antivirus kang dipigunakaké marang influenza yaiku inhibitor neuraminidase lan inhibitor [[protéin M2]] (derivat [[adamantane]]). Inhibitor neuraminidase saiki luwih disenengi tumrap infèksi virus amarga kurang toksik lan luwih èfèktif.&lt;ref name=Beigel&gt;{{cite journal |author=Beigel J, Bray M |title=Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18328578 |pmc=2346583 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;  CDC ngrékomendhasikaké supaya ora migunakaké inhibitor M2 ing mangsa influenza 2005-06 amarga dhuwuré tingkat [[résistènsi obat]].&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/han011406.htm CDC Recommends against the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Influenza in the United States during the 2005–06 Influenza Season.] 14 Januari 2006. Diaksès 1 Januari 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga wanita ngandhut katoné bakal kena dhampak kang luwih gedhé tinimbang populasi umum déning virus influenza H1N1 2009, pangobatan sacepeté kanthi obat-obat anti influenza wis dirékomendhasikaké.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jamieson|first=Denise J|last2=Honein|first2=Margaret A|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Sonja A|last4=Williams|first4=Jennifer L|last5=Swerdlow|first5=David L|last6=Biggerstaff|first6=Matthew S|last7=Lindstrom|first7=Stephen|last8=Louie|first8=Janice K|last9=Christ|first9=Cara M|date=Agustus 2009|title=H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609613040|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=374|issue=9688|pages=451–458|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61304-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Konferènsi Pèrs influenza H1N1 November 2009, WHO ngrékomendhasikaké wong ing golongan risiko dhuwur, kalebu wanita ngandhut, bocah umur kurang saka rong taun lan wong kanthi masalah ambegan, supaya wiwit ngonsumsi obat-obat antivirus sacepeté sawisé ngalami tandha-tandha flu.&lt;ref name=WHOpressconf12Nov2009&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009. &quot;... persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. These symptoms include difficulty breathing and a high fever that lasts beyond 3 days... [page 1]&quot; &quot;... The pandemic virus can cause severe pneumonia even in healthy young people... [page 2]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Obat anti virus kang dipigunakaké kalebu oseltamivir (Tamiflu) lan zanamivir (Relenza).

=== Inhibitor neuraminidase ===
Obat-obat antivirus kaya déné [[oseltamivir]] (mèrek dagang Tamiflu) lan [[zanamivir]] (mèrek dagang Relenza) wujud [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] kang didhesain kanggo nyandhet panyebaran virus ing awak.&lt;ref name=Neuraminidase_inhibitors&gt;{{cite journal |last=Moscona |first=A |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra050740 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1363–73 |year=2005 |pmid=16192481 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050740}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obat-obatan iki asring èfèktif marang influenza A lan B.&lt;ref name=Stephenson/&gt; ''[[Cochrane Collaboration]]'' ninjo manèh obat-obat iki lan nyimpulaké yèn obat-obat iki bisa ngurangi tandha-tandha lan komplikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16855962&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=T |author2=Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Jones M, Rivetti D |editor1-last=Jefferson |editor1-first=Tom |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue=|pages=CD001265 |year=2006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001265.pub2 |pmid=16855962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur influenza kang béda duwé drajat résistènsi kang béda marang obat antivirus iki, lan ora mungkin kanggo mpédhiksi segedhé apa résistènsi kang diduwèni galur pandemik ing mangsa ngarep.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Robert G. |title=H5N1 Influenza — Continuing Evolution and Spread |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp068205 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=21 |pages=2174–77 |year=2006 |pmid=17124014 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068205 |first2=E. A. |last2=Govorkova}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inhibitor M2 (adamantanes) ===
Obat-obat antivirus [[amantadine]] lan [[rimantadine]] bakal mblokadhe [[kanal ion]] virus (protéin M2) lan nyegah virus kanggo nginfèksi sèl.&lt;ref name=Pinto/&gt; Obat-obatan mau sok-sok èfèktif marang influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal ing infèksi nanging mesthi ora èfèktif marang influenza B amarga virus influenza B ora duwé molekul M2.&lt;ref name=Stephenson&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=I |author2=Nicholson K |title=Chemotherapeutic control of influenza |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/1/6.full.pdf |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |year=1999 |pmid=10459804 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.1.6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Résistènsi kang kaukur tumrap amantadine lan rimantadine ing isolat Amerka saka H3N2 wis ngalami paningkatan tekan 91% nalika taun 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=|title=High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents — United States, 2005–06 influenza season |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5502.pdf |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=44–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16424859 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhuwuré tingkat résistènsi iki mungkin disababaké déning sumadyané wiyar saka amantadine minangka obat kang didol tanpa [[resèp dhokter]] kanggo pangobatan selesma ing nagara-nagara kaya déné Cina lan Ruslan,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Bright | first1 = Rick A | last2 = Medina | first2 = Marie-jo | last3 = Xu | first3 = Xiyan | last4 = Perez-Oranaz | first4 = Gilda | last5 = Wallis | first5 = Teresa R | last6 = Davis | first6 = Xiaohong M | last7 = Povinelli | first7 = Laura | last8 = Cox | first8 = Nancy J | last9 = Klimov | first9 = Alexander I | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2 | title = Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern | journal = The Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1175–81 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198766 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan panggunaané kanggo nyegah wabah influenza ing kéwan ingon unggas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG |title=Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia |journal=Virology |volume=341 |issue=1 |pages=102–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16081121 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003 |url=http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Parry J |title=Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7507 |page=10 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15994677 |pmc=558527 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prognosis ==
Prabawa influenza adoh luwih abot lan tahan luwih suwé tinimbang selesma. Sapérangan gedhé wong bakal mari dhéwé ing sajeroning wektu seminggu tekan rong minggu, nanging kang liyané bakal ngalami komplikasi kang ngancam nyawa (kaya déné pneumonia). Influenza misa njalari pepati, mligi ing wong kang lemah, enom lan tuwa, utawa ngalami lelara kronis.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Wong-wong kanthi sistem imun kang lemah, kaya déné panandhang infèksi [[HIV]] tingkat lanjut utawa pasièn panampa transplan (kang sistem imuné ditekan karo obat kanggo nyegah panulakan organ transplan), nandhang lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hayden FG |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in immunocompromised patients |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=102 |issue=3A |pages=55–60; discussion 75–6 |date=March 1997 |pmid=10868144 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(97)80013-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Golongan risiko dhuwur liyané yaiku wanita ngandhut lan bocah cilik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Whitley RJ, Monto AS. |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in high-risk groups: children, pregnant women, immunocompromised hosts, and nursing home residents. |journal=J Infect Dis. |volume=194 S2 |pages=S133–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17163386 |doi=10.1086/507548 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/507548 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flu bisa nambah ala masalah kaséhatan kronis. wong-wong kanthi emfisema, bronkitis kronis utawa asma bisa ngalami [[dispnea|kangèlan ambegan]] nalika ngalami flu, lan influenza bisa nimbulaké saya alané lelara [[jantung koroner]] utawa [[gagal jantung kongestif]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Angelo SJ, Marshall PS, Chrissoheris MP, Chaves AM |title=Clinical characteristics associated with poor outcome in patients acutely infected with Influenza A |journal=Conn Med |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=199–205 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15095826}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok wujud faktor risiko liya kang gegandhèngan karo lelara kang luwih abot lan mortalitas kang luwih dhuwur kang ditimbulaké déning influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murin S, Bilello K |title=Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=916–20 |year=2005 |pmid=16231688 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miturut WHO: “Saben mangsa adhem, puluhan yuta wong kena flu. Sapérangan gedhé mung lara lan ora nyambut gawé suwéné seminggu, sauntara para lanjut usia duwé risiko pati kang luwih dhuwur amarga lelara iki. Awaké dhéwé ngawruhi yèn kurban mati ing saindhenging donya ngluwihi atusan èwu wong saben tauné, nanging malah ing nagara maju, gunggung mau ora bisa dipesthèkaké, amarha pihak mèdhis kang duwé kuwajiban lumrahé ora mvèrifikasi wong kang mati amarga influenza lan wong kang mati kanthi lelara-mèmper-flu.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Sandman | first1 = Peter M. | last2 = Lanard | first2 = Jody | year = 2005 | title = Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk  | url = http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number22_article1.htm | journal = Perspectives in Health Magazine | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Malah wong séhat bisa kena, lan masalah sérius kang ditimbulaké déning influenza bisa dumadi ing umur pira waé. Wong kanthi umur punjul 50 taun, bocah kang enom banget, lan wong saka kabèh umur kanthi kaanan mèdhis kronis luwih mungkin kanggo éntuk komplikasi influenza, kaya déné pneumonia, [[bronkitis]], infèksi sinus lan kuping.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) Vaccine] CDC publication. Published 17 October 2006. Diaksès 18 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sapérangan kasus, réspons autoimun marang influenza bisa mènèhaké kontribusi marang [[sindrom Guillain-Barré]] (GBS).&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R|display-authors=etal|title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga akèh infèksi liya kang bisa ngundhakaké risiko lelara iki, influenza wujud jalaran kang wigati mung nalika dumadi epidemi.&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG|display-authors=etal|title=The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study |journal=Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1110–5 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9781538}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sindrom iki wis dipercaya uga minangka èfèk samping kang langka saka vaksin influenza. Sanajan sawijining lapuran panalitèn mènèhaké insidensi gedhéné sakasus per sayuta vaksinasi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P |title=Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=15 |pages=2114–2120 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19356614 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125}}&lt;/ref&gt; sawijining panalitèn gedhé ing Cina, kang dilapuraké ing [[NEJM]] kang nyakup mèh 100 yuta dosis vaksin marang flu”babi” H1N1 2009 mung tinemu sewelas kasus sindrom Guillain-Barré, (0,1%) saka total insidensi ing wong kang divaksin, sabeneré luwih asor saka tingkat kedadèyan lelara ing Cina, lan ora ana èfèk samping kang tinemu; &quot;rasio risiko-mupangat, kang biyasa ditrepaké ing vaksin lan kabèh sajeroning pangobatan médhis, banget luwih condong marang panggunaan vaksin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |title=2009 H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001728/http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Éntuk infèksi influenza dhéwé ngundhakaké risiko pepati (tekan 1 saka 10.000) lan ngundhakaké risiko ngalami GBS nganti tingkat kang luwih dhuwur tinimbang kang ditimbulaké déning panggunaan vaksin (kurang luwih kaping 10 ing panggunaan prakiran saiki).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E |title=Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=382–8 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19033158 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn310 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.long}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R |display-authors=etal |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/594124 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemiologi ==
=== Variasi mangsan ===
Influenza nggayuh prévalènsi pucuk nalika [[mangsa adhem]], lan amarga [[wilahan bumi lor]] lan [[wilahan bumi kidul|kidul]] ngalami mangsa adhem ing wektu kang béda saben tauné, ana loro mangsa flu saben tauné. Mula WHO (dibantu déning National Influenza Centers) gawé rékomèndhasi kanggo loro formulasi vaksin saben tauné; siji kanggo wilahan bumi lor, lan siji kanggo kidul.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528111237/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/2007northreport.pdf Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season] WHO report 2006-02-14. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wis suwé dadi pitakonan kenapa wabah flu dumadi kanthi mangsan, ora dumadi kanthi mangsan sadawané taun. Siji wedharan kang mungkin yaiku amarga wong ana sajeroning ruwangan luwih asring ing mangsa adhem, wong-wong mau ana sajeroning kontak cerak luwih asring, lan babagan mau ngundhakaké panularan saka wong-menyang-wong. Paningkatan tingkat lelaku amarga prèinan mangsa adhem ing wilahan bumi pérangan lor mungkin uga nyekel peranan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR2003-12-17&quot;&gt;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1551913 Weather and the Flu Season] NPR Day to Day, 17 December 2003. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Faktor liyané yaiku suhu kang adhem njalari udara luwih adhem, kang bisa nggaringaké mukus/lendhir, nyegah awak kanggo ngusir partikel virus kanthi èfèktif. Virus uga tahan luwih suwé ing lumahan ing suhu kang luwih adhem lan transmisi aerosol saka virus paling dhuwur ing lingkungan kang adhem (kurang saka 5&amp;nbsp;°C) kanthi kalembaban rélatif kang asor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature | last1 = Lowen | first1 = AC | last2 = Mubareka | first2 = S | last3 = Steel | first3 = J | last4 = Palese | first4 = P | authorlink4 = Peter Palese | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | page = e151 | url = http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030151&amp;representation=PDF | format = PDF | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151 | pmc = 2034399 | pmid = 17953482 |date=October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalembaban udara kang asor ing mangsa adhem katoné wujud jalaran utama saka transmisi influenza mangsan ing iklim sedheng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Kohn M |title=Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=3243–8 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19204283 |pmc=2651255 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806852106}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M |editor1-last=Ferguson |editor1-first=Neil M. |title=Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States |journal=PLoS Biol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e1000316 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20186267 |pmc=2826374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging, owah-owahan mangsan ing tingkat infèksi uga dumadi ing wewengkon [[tropis]], lan ing sapérangan nagara pucuk infèksi katon mligi ing mangsa udan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1526-0542(03)00024-1 | last1 = Shek | first1 = LP | last2 = Lee | first2 = BW | title = Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. | journal = Paediatric respiratory reviews | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12758047 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan mangsan sajeroning tingkat kontak kang magepokan karo mangsa sekolah (semèster) wujud faktor utama sajeroning lelara anak liyané kaya déné [[campak]] lan [[pertussis]], mungkin uga nyekel peranan sajeroning kombinasi lelara flu. Kombinasi saka èfèk mangsan cilik iki bisa digedhèkaké kanthi résonansi dinamis siklus endogen lelara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dushoff | first1 = J | last2 = Plotkin | first2 = JB | last3 = Levin | first3 = SA | last4 = Earn | first4 = DJ | title = Dynamical resonance can account for seasonality of influenza epidemics. | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 48 | pages = 16915–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15557003 | pmc = 534740 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0407293101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  H5N1 nuduhaké pola mangsan ing [[manungsa]] lan unggas.&lt;ref name=WHOH5N1data&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040218103733/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en/ WHO Confirmed Human Cases of H5N1] Data published by WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). Diaksès 24 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawijining hipotèsis alternatif kang njelasaké pola mangsan ing infèksi influenza yaiku èfèk kadhar [[vitamin D]] tumrap kakebalan marang virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cannell |first=J |author2=Vieth R, Umhau J, Holick M, Grant W, Madronich S, Garland C, Giovannucci E |title=Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |journal=Epidemiol Infect |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=1129–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16959053 |doi=10.1017/S0950268806007175 |pmc=2870528 |authorlink=John Cannell}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pendhapat iki pisanan diajokaké déning [[Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson]] nalika taun 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=HOPE-SIMPSON |first=R |title=The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=58 |issue=|pages=9–20 |year=1965|pmid=14267505 |pmc=1898279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké ngajokaké yèn jalaran epidemi influenza ing mangsa adhem mungkin gegandhèngan karo fluktuasi mangsan vitamin D, kang timbul ing [[kulit]] ing sangisoré prabawa [[radhiasi UV]] [[srengéngé]] (utawa radhiasi artifisial). Iki bisa njelasaké kenapa influenza dumadi mligi nalika [[mangsa adhem]] lan ing [[mangsa udan]] ing tlatah tropis, nalika wong akèh ana sajeroning ruwangan, adoh saka sinar srengéngé, lan kadhar vitamin D-né ngalami pamudhunan.

=== Panyebaran epidemi lan pandemi ===
Amarga influenza disababaké déning manéka spésiès lan galur virus, saben tauné sapérangan galur bisa cures sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké epidemi, sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké pandemi. Lumrahé, loro mangsa flu taunan (siji sajeroning sawilahan bumi), ana telu nganti limang yuta kasus abot lan nganti 500.000 pepati ing saindhenging donya, kang nyukupi kritéria epidemi influenza taunan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza] WHO Fact sheet No. 211 revised March 2003. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan insidènsi influenza bisa banget manéka saka taun-menyang-taun, kurang luwih 36.000 pepati lan punjul 200.000 rawat inep gegandhèngan kanthi langsung karo influenza saben tauné ing Amérikah Sarékat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson L, Fukuda K |title=Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/179 |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |year=2003 |pmid=12517228 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.179}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges C, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/11/1333 |journal=JAMA |volume=292 |issue=11 |pages=1333–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15367555 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.11.1333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kurang luwih kaping telu sajeroning saabad, dumadi pandemi, kang bakal nginfèksi sapérangan gedhé populasi donya lan bisa njalari patiné mayuta-yuta wong (delengen pérangan [[#sajarah|sajarah]]). Sawijining panalitèn mrakirakaké yèn sawijining galur kanthi virulènsi kang padha karo [[pandemi flu 1918|influenza 1918]] muncul saiki, mula virus mau bisa matèni 50 nganti 80 yuta wong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH |title=Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2211–8 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17189032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza anyar ngalami [[évolusi]] spontan lumantar [[mutasi]] utawa lumantar reassortment.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt;  Mutasi bisa nimbulaké owah-owahan cilik ing [[hemagglutinin]] lan antigen [[neuraminidase]] ing lumahan virus. Iki diarani antigenic drift, kang kanthi alon-alon nimbulaké akèh variasi galur nganti salah siji bisa nginfèksi manungsa kang kebal marang galur kang wis ana sadurungé. Varian anyar iki banjur nggantèkaké galur kang luwih tuwa amarga galur mau kanthi rikat nyapu populasi manungsa – asring nimbulaké epidemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wolf, Yuri I|title=Long intervals of stasis punctuated by bursts of positive selection in the seasonal evolution of influenza A virus |journal=Biol Direct |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=34 |year=2006 |pmid=17067369|doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-34 |first2=C |first3=EC |first4=EV |first5=DJ |pmc=1647279 |last2=Viboud |last3=Holmes |last4=Koonin |last5=Lipman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga galur kang ditimbulaké déning kèlinan mau bakal cukup sarupa karo galur sadurungé, sapérangan wong bakal isih imun marang virus mau. Suwaliké, yèn virus influenza ngalami reassortment, wong-wong bakal olèh antigen kang anyar – umpamané reassortment antarané galur unggas lan galur manungsa; iki diarani [[pepindhahan antigen]]. Yèn virus influenza manungsa duwé antigen kang anyar, saben wong bisa kena infèksi, lan virus influenza anyar mau bakal nyebar kanthi ora kakontrol lan nimbulaké pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Parrish |first=C |author2=Kawaoka Y |title=The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza A viruses |journal=Annual Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=|pages=553–86 |year=2005|pmid=16153179 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Béda karo modhèl pandemi kang didhasaraké marang katutan lan pepindhahan antigen, sawijining panyerakan alternatif wis diajokaké ing endi pandemi périodik ditimbulaké déning interaksi saka sawijining rangkéyan galur virus kang tetep karo populasi manungsa kang kanthi konstan ngalami owah-owahan imunitas marang galur virus kang béda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Recker M, Pybus OG, Nee S, Gupta S |title=The generation of influenza outbreaks by a network of host immune responses against a limited set of antigenic types |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/18/7711 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7711–7716 |year=2007 |pmid=17460037 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702154104 |pmc=1855915}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
=== Ètimologi ===
Tembung influenza asalé saka [[basa Italia]] kang tegesé “prabawa”, iki ngrujuk marang jalaran lelara; awalé lelara iki disebutaké disababaké déning prabawa [[astrologi]]s kang kurang apik.&lt;ref&gt;''Influenza'', [[Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]], second edition.&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan pendhapat mèdhis njalari modhifikasi jeneng dadi influenza del freddo, kang tegesé “prabawa adhem”. Tembung influenza pisanan dipigunakaké sajeroning basa Inggris kanggo nyebut lelara kang awaké dhéwé kawruhi saiki nalika taun 1703 déning J Hugger saka Univèrsitas Edinburgh sajeroning thesisé kang judhulé &quot;''De Catarrho epidemio, vel influenza, prout in India occidentali sese ostendit''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Creighton, Charles (1965): A History Of Epidemics In Britain, With Additional Material By D.E.C. Eversley&lt;/ref&gt;

Istilah biyèn kang dipigunakaké kanggo influenza yaiku ''epidemic catarrh'', ''grippe'' (saka [[basa Prancis]], pisanan dipigunakaké déning Molyneaux nalika taun 1694&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid=11576290 | last1=Potter | first1=CW | year=2001 | title=A history of influenza. | journal=Journal of applied microbiology | volume=91 | issue=4 |pages= 572–579 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;), ''sweating sickness'', lan mriyang Spanyol (mligi ing galur flu pandemi 1918).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=P|title=Swine Flu|journal=Croatian Medical Journal|doi= 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.412|year=2009|volume=50|page=412|pmid=19673043|issue=4|pmc=2728380}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pandemi ===
Tandha-tandha influenza manungsa dijlèntrèhaké kanthi cetha déning [[Hippocrates]] kurang luwih 2.400 taun kapungkur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=Juni 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hippocrates |author2=Adams, Francis |title=Of the Epidemics |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.html |orig-date=400 BCE |accessdate=2006-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan virus katoné njalari epidemi sadawané sajarah manungsa, data historis ngenani influenza angèl kanggo diinterprétasikaké, amarga gejalané bisa sakrupa karo tandha-tandha lelara ambegan liyané.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 1724803| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 223–234| last = Beveridge| first = W I| title = The chronicle of influenza epidemics| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Lelara iki mungkin wis nyebar saka Éropah menyang Amérika nalika kolonisasi Amérika déning wong-wong Éropah; amarga mèh kabèh warga [[Antilles]] mati déning epidemi kang mèmper karo influenza kang nyebar nalika taun 1493, sawisé tekané [[Christopher Columbus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1171451|author=Guerra, Francisco |title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493 |year=1988 |journal=Social Science History |volume= 12 |issue= 3 | pages=305–325|pmid=11618144|jstor=1171451 }} (only the first page can be read for free, but that has enough information about influenza being the main disease brought by Columbus killing 90 % of the indiginous population)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 7529930| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 313–327| last = Guerra| first = F| title = The European-American exchange| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1993| doi = 10.1016/S1471-0846(02)80108-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lapuran pisanan kang nyakinaké ngenani pandemi influenza yaiku wabah nalika taun 1580, kang awalé ing Ruslan lan nyebar menyang Éropah liwat Afrika. Ing [[Roma]], punjul 8.000 wong mati, lan sapérangan kutha Spanyol mèh kabèh cures. Pandemi terus lumaku kanthi sporadis tekan abad ka 17 lan 18, kanthi pandemi 1830-1833 kang mligi nyebar kanthi wiyar; pandemi mau nginfèksi kurang luwih saprapat saka warga kang kapapar.&lt;ref name=Potter&gt;{{cite journal |author=Potter CW |title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120718156/HTMLSTART |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wabah kang paling misuwur lan paling matèkaké yaiku pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) (influenza jinis A, subtipe H1N1), kang dumadi antarané taun 1918 tekan 1919. Ora dikawruhi kanthi cetha sapira akèhé pati kang ditimbulaké, nanging prakirané watara 20 nganti 100 yuta wong.&lt;ref name=Knobler&gt;{{cite book |editor=Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) |chapter=1: The Story of Influenza |pages=60–61 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&amp;page=58 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Patterson1&gt;{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=KD |author2=Pyle GF |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |journal=Bull Hist Med. |date=Spring 1991 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |pmid=2021692}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandemi iki diarani “pambantéyan médhis gedhé dhéwé sajeroning sajarah” lan mungkin wis matèni wong padha akèhé karo [[Pepati Ireng]].&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Angka pepati kang gedhé banget iki disebabaké déning tingkat infèksi kang dhuwur banget ngancik 50% lan tingkat tandha-tandha kang abot banget, dinuga disababaké déning [[badai sitokin]].&lt;ref name=Patterson1/&gt;  Tandha-tandha flu nalika taun 1918 ora biyasa banget nganti influenza ing awalé salah didiagnosis minangka mriyang dengue, [[kolera]], utawa uga [[mriyang tifoid]]. Sawijining pangamat nulisaké, “Salah sawijining komplikasi kang paling abot yaiku panggetihan saka [[selaput lendhir]], mligi saka [[irung]], [[lambung]], lan [[usus]]. Panggetihan saka [[kuping]] lan panggetihan [[petechia]] uga dumadi.”&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;  Mayoritas pepati disababaké déning [[pneumonia bakterial]], [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kang ditimbulaké déning influenza, nanging virus uga matèni wong kanthi langsung, nimbulaké panggetihan masif lan [[edema]] paru.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite journal | author = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG | title = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus | journal = [[Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.]] | volume = 356 | issue = 1416 | pages = 1829–39 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11779381 | pmc = 1088558 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) bener-bener mandonya, malah nyebar tekan Kutub Lor lan [[Kapuloan Pasifik]] kang adoh. Lelara kang abot banget matèni watara 2 nganti 20% saka panandhang kang kainfèksi, ora kaya tingkat pepati epidemi flu kang lumrahé mung 0,1%.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taubenberger&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Taubenberger |first=J |author2=Morens D |title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16494711}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha liya saka pandemi iki yaiku kedadèyan iki sapérangan gedhé matèni wong diwasa enom, kanthi 99% pepati pandemi influenza dumadi ing wong-wong kanthi umur sangisoré 65, lan punjul setengahé umur 20 tekan 40 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Simonsen |first=L |author2=Clarke M, Schonberger L, Arden N, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |date=July 1998 |pmid=9652423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki ora biyasa amarga influenza lumrahé paling matèkaké ing umur enom banget (sangisoré umur 2 taun) lan ing umur tuwa banget (sandhuwuré 70 taun). Mortalitas total saka pandemi 1918-1919 ora dikawruhi, nanging diprakirakaké watara 2,5% nganti 5% saka kabèh populasi donya wis mati amarga flu iki. Akèhé 25 yuta mungkin wis mati sajeroning 25 minggu pisanan; minangka tetimbangan, [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] wis matèni 25 yuta panandhangé sajeroning 25 taun pisanan.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;

Pandemi flu kang dumadi sabanjuré ora duwé dampak gedhé banget. Pandemi mau yaiku [[Flu Asia]] 1957 (jinis A, galur [[H2N2]]) lan [[Flu Hongkong]] 1968 (Tipe A, galur [[H3N2]]), nanging wabah kang luwih cilik iki malah matèni mayuta-yuta wong. Ing pandemi kang dumadi ing samburiné antibiotik wis sumadiya kanggo ngendhalèkaké infèksi sékundhèr lan iku wis mbiyantu ngurangi mortalitas tinimbang Flu Spanyol 1918.&lt;ref name=Taubenberger/&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ [[Pandemi flu]] kang wis dikawruhi&lt;ref name=Hilleman&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hilleman |first=M |title=Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control |journal=Vaccine |volume=20 |issue=25–26 |pages=3068–87 |date=19 Agustus 2002 |pmid=12163258 |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TenThings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2005-10-14|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=2009-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016015026/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=2005-10-16|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Jeneng pandemi !! Wektu !!Pepati !! Tingkat pepati !! Subtipe kang duwé peran !! [[Tingkat Aboté Pandemi]]
|-
! [[Flu Ruslan|Flu (Ruslan) Asia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Boëlle PY |title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8778–81 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20421481 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1000886107 |pmc=2889325}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1889–1890 ||1 yuta ||0,15% ||kamungkinan [[H3N8]] ||NA
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 1918]]&lt;br /&gt;(Flu Spanyol)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mills CE, [[James Robins|Robins JM]], Lipsitch M |title=Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza |journal=Nature |volume=432 |issue=7019 |pages=904–6 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15602562 |doi=10.1038/nature03063 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1918–1920 ||20 nganti 100 yuta ||2%||[[H1N1]] ||5
|-
! [[Flu Asia]]
|1957–1958 ||1 nganti 1,5 yuta ||0,13%||[[H2N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Flu Hong Kong]]
|1968–1969 ||0,75 nganti 1 yuta ||&lt;0,1%||[[H3N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM|display-authors=etal |title=Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study |journal=BMJ |volume=339 |issue= |pages=b5213 |year=2009 |pmid=20007665 |pmc=2791802 |doi=10.1136/bmj.b5213}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2009–2010 ||18.000 ||0,03%||[[H1N1]] ||NA
|}
Virus influenza pisanan kang kasil diisolasi asalé saka unggas, nalika taun 1901 agèn kang nimbulaké lelara kang diarani “''fowl plague''” diliwataké lumantar [[filter Chamberland]], kang duwé pori kang ukurané cilik banget kanggo diliwati déning bakteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heinen PP |url=http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html |title=Swine influenza: a zoanasis |journal=Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow |issn=1569-0830 |date=15 Sèptèmber 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Etiologi]] influenza, famili virus Orthomyxoviridae, pisanan tinemu ing babi déning [[Richard Shope]] nalika taun 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics èand discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panemon iki banjur diumiluni déning isolasi virus saka manungsa déning saklompok panaliti kang dipanggedhèni déning [[Patrick Laidlaw]] saka [[Konsili Panalitèn Brtainia Raya]] nalika taun 1933.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, nalika taun 1935, nalika Wendell Stanley pisanan ngristalisasikaké [[tobacco mosaic virus]], sipat non sélulèr saka virus dikawruhi.

Laku signifikan pisanan sajeroning nyegah influenza yaiku dikembangaké vaksin virus mati kanggo influenza nalika taun 1944 déning [[Thomas Francis, Jr.]]. Iki wujud perkembangan saka karya [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], sawijining wong Australia, kang nuduhaké yèn virus bakal kélangan virulènsiné nalika dhèwèké dikultur sajeroning endhog pitik kang wis dibagi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot;&gt;[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Biography] The [[Nobel Foundation]]. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Aplikasi saka temon iki déning Francis mungkinaké dhèwèké lan tim panalitiné ing [[Universitas Michigan]] kanggo ngembangaké vaksin influenza pisanan, kanthi panjurung saka [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amérikah Sarékat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kendall |first=H |title=Vaccine Innovation: Lessons from World War II |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–57 |year=2006 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064 |pmid=16681187 |access-date=2012-06-28 |archive-date=2014-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004142356/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinas Katentaraan duwé katerlibatan ing panalitèn iki amarga pengalaman ing influenza nalika [[Perang Donya I]], nalika èwonan wadya mati déning virus sajeroning étungan sasi.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt; Dibandhingaké karo vaksin, perkembangan obat anti-influenza luwih alon, kanthi diwetokaké lisènsi [[amantadine]] nalika taun 1966, lan mèh telung puluh taun sabanjuré, golongan obat sabanjuré ([[inhibitor neruaminidase]]) dikembangaké.&lt;ref name=Lynch/&gt;

== Masarakat lan kabudayan ==
Influenza nimbulaké beban béya langsung amarga ilangé [[prodhuktivitas]] lan béya pangobatan mèdhis kang diakibataké, lan uga béya ora langsung wujud laku-laku prévèntif. Ing Amérikah Sarékat, influenza duwé tanggung jawab kanggo total beban gedhéné punjul 10 yuta dollar per taun, sauntara wis diprakirakaké yèn pandemi ing mangsa ngarèp bisa nimbulaké tuna atusan yuta dolar sajeroning wangun beban langsung lan ora langsung.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Statement from President George W. Bush on Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Diakses 26 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, dampak [[ékanami]] saka pandemi kang sadurungé durung disinaoni kanthi intènsif, lan sapérangan panulis wis nduga yèn influenza Spanyol sabeneré duwé èfèk jangka dawa positif ing patuwuhan ''pendapatan per-kapita'', sanajan ana pamudhunan kang gedhé ing populasi punggawa lan èfèk déprèsi jangka cendhak kang abot.&lt;ref&gt;Brainerd, E. and M. Siegler (2003), &quot;The Ecanamic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic&quot;, ''CEPR Discussion Paper'', no. 3791.&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn liya wis ngupaya kanggo mrédhiksi beban béya saka sawijining pandemi kang padha aboté karo flu Spanyol 1918 ing ékanami Amérikah Sarékat, ing endi 30% saka kabèh punggawa dadi lara, lan 2,5% ngalami pati. Angka lelara watara 30% lan suwéné lelara watara telung minggu bakal ngedhunaké [[prodhuk dhomèstik bruto]] gedhéné 5%. Beban tambahan bisa muncul saka pangobatan mèdhis saka 18 yuta nganti 45 yuta wong, lan beban ékanami kabèh bakal dadi kurang luwih 700 yuta dolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Poland G |title=Vaccines against avian influenza—a race against time |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=354 |issue=13 |pages=1411–3 |year=2006 |pmid=16571885 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe068047 |access-date=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230075940/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Béya pancegahan uga dhuwur. Pamaréntah ing saindhenging donya wis ngentèkaké mayuta-yuta dolar Amérika sajeroning persiapan lan parencanaan sajeroning ngadhepi kamungkinan pandemi flu manuk H5N1, kanthi beban béya kang magepokan karo panukonan obat lan vaksin lan uga ngembangaké latihan bencana lan strategi sajeroning ngundhakaké [[pangawasan wewatesan]].&lt;ref name=Rosenthal/&gt; Pada 1 November 2005, [[Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat]] [[George W. Bush]] mengeluarkan ''the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza'' (Strategi Nasional kanggo Ngreksa Bebaya Pandemi influenza)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Whitehouse.gov Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; kang dijurung déning panjaluk dana marang [[kongrès Amérikah Sarékat|kongrès]] gunggungé 7,1 yuta dollar kanggo miwiti implemèntasi rencana mau.&lt;ref&gt;[http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 Bush Outlines $7 Billion Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807204025/http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 |date=2007-08-07 }} US Mission to the EU, Diaksès 12 Dhésèmber 2009 {{Wayback|url=http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3|date =2007-08-07|bot=DASHBot}}{{dead link|date=August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing donya internasional, ing tanggal 18 Januari 2006, nagara-nagara danar wis janji kanggo nyumbang 2 yuta dolar kanggo merangi flu manuk ing Konferènsi Prajanjian Internasional ngenani influenza Unggas lan Manungsa ''(International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza)'' kang ditindakaké suwéné rong dina ing Cina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-18-02.asp Danar Nations Pledge $1.85 Billion to Combat Bird Flu] Newswire Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sajeroning pambijian pandemi H1N1 2009 ing nagara-nagara kapilih ing wilahan bumi pérangan kidul, data nuduhaké yèn kabèh nagara ngalami dampak sosio/ékanami sajeroning wates wektu lan/utawa géografis tartamtu lan pamudhunan sauntara sajeroning kapariwisataan kang mligi disababaké déning kewedèn bakal lelara H1N1 2009. Isih awal banget kanggo nemtokaké apa pandemi H1N1 wis nimbulaké dampak ékanami jangka dawa.&lt;ref&gt;Assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) Outbreak on Selected Countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 2009. http://flu.gov/professional/global/southhemisphere.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panalitèn ==
[[Gambar:Influenza virus research.jpg|thumb|left|upright|200px|Dr. Terrence Tumpey mriksa virus [[flu Spanyol]] 1918.]]
Panalitèn ing influenza nyakup panalitèn ing [[virologi molekulèr]], kepriyé virus nimbulaké lelara ([[patogenesis]]), [[rèspon imun]] inang, génom virus, lan kepriyé panyebaran virus ([[epidemiologi]]). Panalitèn iki mbiyantu pangembangan laku nangkal influenza; contoné, pamahaman kang luwih becik ngenani rèspons sistem imun awak mbiyantu pangembangan vaksin, lan gambaran kang dhetil ngenani kepriyé influenza nyerang sèl mbiyantu dikembangaké obat-obat antivirus. Salah siji program panalitèn dhasar kang paling wigati yaiku ''Influenza Genome Sequencing Project'' (Proyèk panemton urutan génom influenza), kang nyiptakaké pustaka (pratélan kumpulan) sékuèns (gèn) influenza; pustaka iki bisa mbiyantu nemtokaké faktor endi kang gawé sawijining galur luwih matèkaké tinimbang galur liyané, gèn endi kang paling mangaruhi [[imunogenisitas]], lan kepriyé virus évolusi saka wektu menyang wektu sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;[http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml Influenza A Virus Genome Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108045050/http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml |date=2006-11-08 }} at The Institute of Genomic Research. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Panalitèn vaksin anyar wigati banget, amarga vaksin kang sumadiya saiki alon banget lan larang kanggo diprodhuksi lan kudu diformulasi ulang saben tauné. Panemton urutan (sequencing) saka génom influenza lan tèknologi [[DNA rékombinan]] bisa nyepetaké tinemu galur vaksin anyar kanthi mungkinaké panaliti ngganti antigèn anyar ing galur vaksin kang wis dikembangaké sadurungé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Subbarao K, Katz J |title=Influenza vaccines generated by reverse genetics |journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |volume=283 |issue=|pages=313–42 |year=2004|pmid=15298174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tèknologi anyar uga nembé dikembangaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus ing kultur sèl, kang njanjèkaké angka prodhuksi kang luwih dhuwur, béya kang luwih asor, kualitas kang luwih apik lan ''surge capacity'' kang luwih apik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bardiya N, Bae J |title=Influenza vaccines: recent advances in production technologies |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |year=2005 |pmid=15660212 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1874-1 |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326073534/http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn ing vaksin influenza A universal, kang dituduhaké ing domain èksternal saka [[protéin M2]] transmémbran virus (M2e), nembé ditindakaké déning [[University of Ghent]] déning [[Walter Fiers]], [[Xavier Saelens]], lan klompoké&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Vanlandschoot P, Jou WM, Fiers W |title=A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protéin |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1157–63 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10502819 |doi=10.1038/13484 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Jou WM |title=Soluble recombinant influenza vaccines |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1961–3 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11779398 |pmc=1088575 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0980 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, De Filette M, Birkett A, Neirynck S, Min Jou W |title=A &quot;universal&quot; human influenza A vaccine |journal=Virus Res. |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=173–6 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15163506 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan saiki wis kasil ngliwati uji klinis fase 1.

Sapérangan ''[[biologic]]'', vaksin lan ''imunobiologic'' terapeutik uga nembé ditliti kanggo nambani infèksi kang disebabaké déning virus. Biologi terapeutik dirancang kanggo ngaktivasi rèspon imun tumrap virus utawa antigèn. Lumrahé ''biologic'' ora nargètaké [[jalur métabolik]] kaya déné obat-obat antivirus, nanging ngrangsang sèl imun kaya déné [[limfosit]], [[makrofag]], lan/utawa ''[[antigen presenting cells]]'' kanggo mènèhi rèspon imun tumrap èfèk [[sitotoksik]] marang virus. Modhèl influenza, kaya déné influenza mencit (''murine influenza'') wujud modhèl kang apik kanggo dipigunakaké kanggo nguji èfèk ''biologic'' profilaksis lan terapeutik. Contoné ''[[Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator]]'' nyandhet patuwuhan virus ing modhèl influenza mencit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: Review of the ImmunoPharmacology of a new Veterinary Biologic |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=61–68 | url=http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol6Iss2/Vol6Iss2Gingerich61-68.pdf |format=PDF | access-date=5 Dhésèmber 2010 |author=Gingerich, DA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infèksi ing kéwan liya ==
Influenza nginfèksi akèh spésiès [[kéwan]], lan transfer galur virus antar spésiès bisa dumadi. Unggas dinuga wujud inang kéwan utama saka virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gorman O, Bean W, Kawaoka Y, Webster R |title=Evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A virus |pmc=249282 |journal=J Virol |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1487–97 |year=1990 |pmid=2319644}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nembelas wangun [[hémagglutinin]] lan sanga wangun [[néuraminidase]] wis diidhèntifikasi. Kabèh subtipe kang wis dikawruhi (HxNy) tinemu ing unggas, nanging akèh subtipe endemik ing [[manungsa]], [[asu]], [[jaran]], lan [[babi]]; populasi [[onta]], [[garangan]], [[kucing]], [[asu laut]], cerpelai (mink) lan [[iwak lodan]] uga nuduhaké bukti-bukti infèksi utawa paparan tumrap influenza.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt; Varian saka virus flu sok-sok dijenengi miturut spésiès ing endi galur mau endemik utawa adhaptasi. Varian utama saka jeneng-jeneng kang migunakaké konvènsi iki yaiku: flu unggas, flu manungsa, flu babi, [[flu jaran]], lan [[flu asu]]. ([[Flu kucing]] lumrahé ngrujuk marang [[rhinotracheitis virus kucing]] utawa ''[[Feline calicivirus]]'' lan dudu wujud infèksi kang asalé saka virus influenza.). Ing babi, jaran, lan asu, tandha-tandha influenza sarupa karo ing manungsa, mawa watuk, mriyang, lan [[anoreksia|kéhalangan nepsu mangan]].&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;  Frékuènsi lelara iki ing kéwan ora disinaoni padha apiké ing infèksi marang manungsa, nanging wabah influenza ing asu laut pelabuhan nimbulaké kurang luwih 500 patiné asu laut ing pasisir [[New England]] nalika taun 1979-1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hinshaw V, Bean W, Webster R, Rehg J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci J, St Aubin D |title=Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? |pmc=255856 |journal=J Virol |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=863–5 |year=1984 |pmid=6471169}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing sisih liya, wabah ing babi asring dumadi lan ora nimbulaké angka pepati kang abot.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;

=== Flu unggas ===
Tandha-tandha flu ing unggas manéka lan mungkin ora spésifik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Elbers A, Koch G, Bouma A |title=Performance of clinical signs in poultry for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=181–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16191700 | doi=10.1080/03079450500096497}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang ngetutaké infèksi flu unggas kanthi patogenesitas kang asor bisa wujud wulu kang morak-marik, pamudhunan cilik sajeroning prodhuksi endhog, utawa pamudhunan bobot awak dikombinasikaké karo [[lelara ambegan]] ènthèng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Capua| first1= I |last2= Mutinelli | first2= F. |chapter=Low pathogenicity (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian inﬂuenza in turkeys and chicken | title=A Colour Atlas and Text on Avian Inﬂuenza |publisher= Papi Editore |location= Bologna |year= 2001 |pages=13–20 | isbn=88-88369-00-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S1hEAAAACAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga tandha-tandha kang ènthèng iki bisa gawé diagnosis ing lapangan dadi angèl, ngetutaké panyebaran flu unggas merlokaké uji laboratorium saka sampel kang asalé saka unggas kang kainfèksi. Sapérangan galur kaya déné [[H9N2]] Asia virulèn banget marang kéwan ingon unggas lan bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha kang luwih èkstrém lan mortalitas kang signifikan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bano S, Naeem K, Malik S |title=Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=817–22 |year=2003 |pmid=14575070 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.817}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing wangun kang paling patogenik, influenza ing [[pitik]] lan [[kalkun]] nimbulaké munculé tandha-tandha ndadak lan pepati mèh 100% sajeroning rong dina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Swayne D, Suarez D |title=Highly pathogenic avian influenza |journal=Rev Sci Tech |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=463–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10935274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga virus nyebar kanthi rikat ing kaanan kang padhet kaya déné ing paternakan intènsif pitik lan kalkun, wabah iki bisa nimbulaké dampak [[ékanami]] kang gedhé kanggo paternak unggas.

Galur H5N1 kang wis adhaptasi marang unggas lan patogèn banget (diarani HPAI A(H5N1), cekakan saka &quot;''highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1''&quot;) nimbulaké flu H5N1, kang lumrahé ditepungi minangka flu unggas, utawa &quot;flu manuk&quot;, lan endemik ing akèh populasi manuk, mligi ing [[Asia Kidul-wétan]]. Galur turunan Asia saka HPAI A (H5N1) nyebar kanthi global. Epizootik (epidemi ing makluk urip dudu manungsa) lan panzootik (lelara kang ngenani kéwan saka akèh spésiès, mligi sajeroning wewengkon kang wiyar banget), wis matèni puluhan yuta unggas lan njalari pepati disengaja atusan yuta unggas liya sajeroning upaya kanggo ngendhalèkaké panyebarané. Sapérangan gedhé réferènsi ing médhia marang “flu manuk” lan sapérangan gedhé réferènsi marang H5N1 yaiku ngenani galur spésifik iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Li K, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith G, Xu K, Duan L, Rahardjo A, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen T, Estoepangestie A, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long H, Hanh N, Webby R, Poon L, Chen H, Shortridge K, Yuen K, Webster R, Peiris J |title=Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=6996 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15241415 | doi=10.1038/nature02746}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L, Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie AT, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NT, Webby RJ, Poon LL, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS. [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/116.html &quot;The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?&quot; Workshop Summary] The National Academies Press (2005) &quot;Today's Pandemic Threat: Genesis of a Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Eastern Asia&quot;, pages 116–130&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki, HPAI A(H5N1) wujud lelara unggas, lan ora ana bukti kang nuduhaké panularan kang èfisièn manungsa-marang-manungsa saka HPAI A(H5N1). Ing mèh kabèh kasus, wong-wong kang kainfèksi wis ngalami kontak fisik kang èkstènsif karo unggas kang kainfèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Liu J |title=Avian influenza—a pandemic waiting to happen? |url=http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |year=2006 |pmid=16440117 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216094539/http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing mangsa ngarep, H5N1 bisa mutasi utawa ngalami réassortment dadi galur kang mampu ditularaké antar manungsa kanthi èfisièn. Owah-owahan kang diperlokaké nganti iki dumadi durung dikawruhi kanthi becik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Salomon R, Webster RG |title=The influenza virus enigma |journal=Cell |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=402–10 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19203576 |pmc=2971533 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.029}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nanging, amarga dhuwuré angka pepati lan virulènsi H5N1, kaanan endemiknya, lan inang réservoir biologis kang gunggungé gedhé lan tansaya tambah, virus H5N1 wujud ancaman pandemi donya ing mangsa flu taun 2006-07, lan milyaran dolar wis diklumpukaké lan dientèkaké sajeroning nliti H5N1 lan ngrencanakaké kanggo kamungkinan pandemi influenza.&lt;ref name=Rosenthal&gt;{{cite news | last1=Rosenthal |first1= E. |last2= Bradsher |first2= K. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/16/business/16bird.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin | title= Is Business Ready for a Flu Pandemic? |work= The New York Times |date=16 Maret 2006 |accessdate= 17 April 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Flu babi ===
Ing [[babi]], influenza babi nimbulaké mriyang, awak lemes, wahing, watuk, kangèlan ambegan, lan pemudhunan nepsu mangan.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kothalawala H, Toussaint MJ, Gruys E |title=An overview of swine influenza |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=46–53 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16841566}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sapérangan kasus infèksi bisa nimbulaké aborsi. Sanajan mortalitas lumrahé asor, virus bisa nimbulaké pamudhunan bobot awak lan patuwuhan kang ala, nimbulaké dampak karugèn ékanami kanggo para paternak.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala/&gt; Babi kang kainfèksi bisa ngalami kélangan bobot watara 12 pon bobot awak sajeroning jangka wektu 3 nganti 4 minggu.&lt;ref name=Myers&gt;{{cite journal |author=Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC |title=Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1084–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17366454 |pmc=1973337 |doi=10.1086/512813 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika taun 2009, galur virus [[H1N1]] kang asalé saka babi, kang asring diarani “flu babi” njalari pandemi flu 2009, nanging ora ana bukti yèn virus iki èndemik ing babi (temenan wujud flu babi) utawa bisa nular saka babi menyang manungsa, nanging virus iki nyebar saka manungsa-marang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|title=Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement|author=Maria Zampaglione|publisher=[[World Organisation for Animal Health]]|date=April 29, 2009|accessdate=April 29, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105521/http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|archivedate=April 30, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01name.html?scp=5&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=W.H.O. Gives Swine Flu a Less Loaded, More Scientific Name | work=The New York Times | first=Denise | last=Grady | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur iki wujud réassortment saka sapérangan galur H1N1 kang lumrahé tinemu kanthi kapisah, ing manungsa, unggas, lan babi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01origin.html?scp=2&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=Virus's Tangled Genes Straddle Continents, Raising a Mystery About Its Origins |format=| work=The New York Times | first=Donald G. | last=McNeil Jr. | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;!--
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
--&gt;

== Wacan terusan ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-2}}
'''Umum'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM |display-authors=etal |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=N Engl J Med. |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1374–85 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16192482 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052211 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |access-date=2012-02-09 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104920/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |url-status=dead }}
* Bernd Sebastian Kamps, Christian Hoffmann and Wolfgang Preiser (Eds.) [http://www.InfluenzaReport.com/ Influenza Report], 225 pp, PDF, free download. Flying Publisher 2006
* {{cite book |author=Levine, Arnold J. |title=Viruses |publisher=Scientific American Library |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=0-7167-5031-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Baron, Samuel |title=Medical microbiology |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |location=Galveston, Tex |year=1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |edition=4th |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed }}
* {{cite journal |author=Cox NJ, Subbarao K |title=Influenza |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9186 |pages=1277–82 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10520648 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01241-6}}
* ISBN 978-3-211-80892-4 The Influenza Viruses Hoyle L 1968 Springer Verlag
{{Refend}}

'''Sajarah'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kilbourne ED |last2=Zhang |first2=Yan B. |last3=Lin |first3=Mèi-Chen |title=Influenza pandemics of the 20th century |journal=Emerging Infect Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494710 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1254.htm }}
* {{cite book |author=Collier, Richard |title=The plague of the Spanish lady: the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1974 |isbn=0-333-13864-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Barry, John M. |title=The great influenza: the epic story of the deadliest plague in history |publisher=Viking |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |pages=|isbn=0-670-89473-7}}
{{Refend}}

'''Mikrobiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |journal=Microbiol Rev. |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |date=1 Maret 1992|pmid=1579108 |pmc=372859 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=1579108 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA, Skehel JJ |title=Genetics of influenza viruses |journal=Annu. Rev. Genet. |volume=36 |issue=|pages=305–32 |year=2002 |pmid=12429695 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052402.152757}}
{{Refend}}

{{Col-2-of-2}}

'''Patogenesis'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=García-Sastre A |title=Antiviral response in pandemic influenza viruses |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=44–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494716 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1186.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Zambon MC |title=The pathogenesis of influenza in humans |journal=Rev Med Virol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=227–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11479929 |doi=10.1002/rmv.319}}
{{Refend}}

'''Epidemiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dowdle WR |title=Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494714 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1013.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y |title=Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=129–49 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11148006 |pmc=88966 |doi=10.1128/CMR.14.1.129-149.2001}}
* [http://www.who.int/wer/wer8126.pdf Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection]
{{Refend}}

'''Pananganan lan panyegahan'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB |title=Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=54 |issue=RR-8 |pages=1–40 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16086456}}
* {{cite journal |author=Monto AS |title=Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494718 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1068.htm}}
{{Refend}}

'''Panelitèn'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Palese P |title=Making better influenza virus vaccines? |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494719 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1043.htm }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824004040/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/recommendationvaccine.pdf WHO (PDF) contains latest Evolutionary &quot;Tree of Life&quot; for H5N1] article ''Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines'' published 18 August 2006
* [http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_3C.pdf WHO's assessment of Flu Research] as of November 2006.
{{Refend}}
{{Col-end}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://www.ers-education.org/pages/default.aspx?id=331 ERS Online Course on Influenza]
* [http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx Swine and Seasonal Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105753/http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx |date=2011-07-27 }}, [http://www.goodmedicine.org/ Institute for Good Medicine] at the [http://www.pamedsoc.org/ Pennsylvania Medical Society]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ Info on influenza] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
* [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html Summary of the disease] at the [[NYTimes]].
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05virus.html 10 Genes, Furiously Evolving] [[NYTimes]] May 2009
* [http://www.outbreakalerts.com/ Outbreak Alerts] United States based communicable disease notification website
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/influenza/DS00081 Influenza (Mayo Clinic)]
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html Fact Sheet] Overview of influenza at World Health Organization
* [http://origem.info/misms/index.php The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS)] [[Fogarty International Center]]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/flubiology.html Influenza Virus Resource] from the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]
* [http://www.eiss.org/ European Influenza Surveillance Scheme]
* [http://www.google.org/flutrends/ Flu Trends] – flu activity across the U.S.
* [https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&amp;SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&amp;TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd Cold and flu advice] (NHS Direct)
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 Online video discussing influenza outbreaks and spread of other infectious diseases] (Vega Science Trust)
* [http://www.pandemicflu.gov/ Flu.gov: Know What To Do About the Flu]
* [http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/influenza.php PATH Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources]
* [http://www.fludb.org/ Influenza Research Database] – Database of influenza genomic sequences, serotypes, polymorphisms, structures, epitopes, drugs and related tools.
* [http://www.recombinomics.com/whats_new.html? Recombinomics - What's New]: Up to date details of circulating strains.
{{Refend}}
{{artikel pilihan}}

[[Kategori:Influenza| ]]
[[Kategori:Lelara nular]]
[[Kategori:Pulmanalogi]]
[[Kategori:Lelara ambegan]]</text>
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    <title>Kakaisaran Bizantin</title>
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|native_name  = {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}&lt;br /&gt;''Rhōmanía''&lt;br /&gt;Romania&lt;br /&gt;{{aut|Imperium Romanum}}
|conventional_long_name = Kamaharajan Romawi Bizantin
|common_name  = Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan
|continent    = Afrika, Éropa, Asia
|region       = Segara Tengah
|era          = Abad Kuno-Akhir Abad Pertengahan
|status       = Kamaharajan
|government_type = [[Otokrasi]]
|year_start   = 330
|event_start  = Pendirian [[Konstantinopèl]]
|date_start   = 11 Mèi
|year_end     = 1453
|event_end    = [[Lèngsèré Konstantinopèl]]
|date_end     = 29 Mèi
|event1       = Penjatuhan [[Romulus Augustulus]], Kaisar Romawi Kulon
|date_event1  = 476
|event2       = Skisma Wétan-Kulon
|date_event2  = 1054
|event3       = Lèngsèré Konstantinopèl menyang [[Wadya Salib]]
|date_event3  = 1204
|event4       = Penaklukan manèh Konstantinopèl
|date_event4  = 1261
|event_pre    = [[Diokletianus]] mecah papréntahan kamaharajan antarané kulon lan étan
|date_pre     = 285
|event_post   = Lèngsèré [[Kamaharajan Trebizond|Trebizond]]
|date_post    = 1461
|image_flag   = Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg
|flag         = Heraldri Romawi Timur
|flag_type    = Gendéra Kamaharajan ing mangsa pungkasan (abad kaping 14)
|image_coat   = Byzantine Palaiologos Eagle.svg
|symbol       =
|symbol_type  = Lambang kamaharajan ing ngisoré [[Palaiologos]]
|
|image_map    = Byzantine Empire animated.gif
|image_map_caption  = Perkembangan wewengkon Kamaharajan
|p1           = Kakaisaran Romawi
|flag_p1      = Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg
|s1           = Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
|flag_s1      = Ottoman flag.svg
|capital = [[Konstantinopèl]]
|common_languages = [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Basa Latin|Latin]]
|religion     = [[Agama Romawi Kuno|Paganisme Romawi]] nganti taun 391, [[Gréja Ortodoks Wétan|Ortodoks Wétan]] ditoléransi sawisé [[Edictum Mediolanense]] taun 313, lan dadi agama nagara sawisé taun 380
|currency     = [[Solidus (koin)|Solidus]], [[Hiperpiron]]
|
|leader1      = [[Konstantinus I|Konstantinus ingkang Agung]]
|leader2      = Konstantinus XI
|year_leader1 = 306–337
|year_leader2 = 1449–1453
|title_leader = [[Kaisar Romawi Wétan|Kaisar]]
|
|legislature  = [[Senat Romawi Wétan|Senat]]
|
|stat_year1   = Abad kaping 4
|stat_area1   =
|stat_pop1    = 34.000.000
|stat_year2   = Abad kaping 8 (780 AD)
|stat_area2   =
|stat_pop2    = 7.000.000
|stat_year3   = Abad kaping 11 (1025 AD)
|stat_area3   =
|stat_pop3    = 12.000.000
|stat_year4   = Abad kaping 12 (1143 AD)
|stat_area4   =
|stat_pop4    = 10.000.000
|stat_year5   = Abad kaping 13 (1281 AD)
|stat_area5   =
|stat_pop5    = 5.000.000
|today =
{{flag|Albania}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Aljazair}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Armenia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Bosnia dan Herzegovina}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Bulgaria}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Georgia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Gibraltar}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Israèl}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Itali}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Kroasia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Lebanon}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Libya}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Malta}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Mesir}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Montenegro}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Prancis}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Républik Makedonia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Rumeni}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|San Marino}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Serbia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Siprus}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Slowén}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Spanyol}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Suriah}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Tunisia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Turki}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Ukraina}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Vatikan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Yordania}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Yunani}}
}}

'''Kakaisaran Byzantium'''' utawi '''Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan''' (Éjaan liya: '''Bizantin''', '''Byzantin''', '''Byzantine''', '''Bizantium''') ya iku wewengkon wétané [[Kamaharajan Romawi]] ingkang mligine nganggo [[basa Yunani|berbasa Yunani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|James|2010|p=5}}: &quot;But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ing [[Abad Kuno]] lan [[Abad Pertengahan|Pertengahan]]. Warga lan tangga cedhaké Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan mènèhi jeneng nagara iki kanthi asma Kamaharajan Romawi, utawa Romania ([[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rōmanía''). Kamaharajan iki musaté ing [[Konstantinopèl]], lan dikuasani déning kaisar-kaisar panggantiné kaisar Romawi kuna sawisé lèngsèré [[Kamaharajan Romawi Kulon]]. Boten wonten konsensus ngenani tanggal wiwité kalamangsa [[Romawi Wétan]]. Pérangan wong nyebat manawi mangsa kekuasaan [[Diokletianus]] (284-305) sebab reformasi-reformasi papréntahan ingkang ditepangake marang dhèwèké, mbagi nagara mau dadi ''pars Orientis'' lan ''pars Occidentis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=847}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pihak liyané nyebat mangsa kekuasaan [[Theodosius I]] (379-395), utawa sawisé kematiané ing taun [[395]], wektu kamaharajan kepecah dadi pérangan Wétan lan Kulon. Wonten uga ingkang nyebat taun [[476]], ya iku wektu [[Roma]] dijajah kaping telu ing saabad ingkang mertandhakaken lèngsèré Kulon (Latin), lan ngakibatkaké kaisar ing Wétan (Yunani) pikantuk kekuasaan tunggal.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Benz|1963|p=176}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Upama makaten, titik ingkang wigati ing sajarah Romawi Wétan ya iku wektu [[Konstantinus ingkang Agung]] mindhah kutha krajan saka [[Nikomedia]] (ing [[Anatolia]]) menyang [[Byzantium]] (ingang arep dadi Konstantinopèl) ing taun 330.

Negera punika madek kirang luwih sampun ewunan taun. Sajeroning anané, Romawi Wétan, dumadi kekiyatan ékonomi, budaya, lan militèr ingkang rosa ing Éropa, sandyan terus ngalami kamunduran, mligi ing mangsa [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Sassaniyah|Paperangan Romawi-Pèrsi]] lan [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Arab|Romawi Wétan-Arab]]. Kamaharajan iki direstorasi ing mangsa [[Dinasti Makedonia]], bangkit dadi kekiyatan gedhé ing [[Mediterania Wétan]] ing pungkasan abad kaping 10, lan bisa nyaingi [[Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah]]. Sawisé taun 1071, sapérangan gedhé [[Asia Cilik]] direbut déning [[Turki Seljuk]]. [[Restorasi Komnenos]] kasil ngiyataken dominasi ing abad kaping 12, nanging sawisé sedanipun [[Andronikos I Komnenos]] Lan paripurnané [[Dinasti Komnenos]] ing pungkasan abad kaping 12, kamaharajan ngalami kamunduran manèh. Romawi Wétan saya kagoncang ing mangsa [[Perang Salib Kapapat]] taun 1204, wektu kamaharajan iki dibubaraké mawi peksa lan dipisah dadi nagara-nagara Yunani lan Latin ingkang satru. Kamaharajan kasil didekné malih ing taun 1261 ning ngisoré pimpinan kaisar-kaisar [[Palaiologos]], nanging perang sadulur ing abad kaping 14 terus nglemesaké kekiyatan kamaharajan. Turahan wewengkone dicaplok déning [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] ing [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Utsmaniyah]]. Pungkasané, [[lèngsèré Konstantinopel|Konstantinopel ksil direbut]] déning Utsmaniyah ing tanggal 29 Mèi 1453, pratandha paripurnané Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan.

== Tata asma ==
Kamaharajan punika wiwit diarani '''&quot;Bizantium&quot;''' ing [[Éropa Kulon]] taun 1557, wektu sejarawan Jérman [[Hieronymus Wolf]] nerbitake karyané ingkang gadhah sesirah ''Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ''. Tembung &quot;Bizantium&quot; dumadi saka tembung &quot;[[Byzantium]]&quot;, inggih punika namanipun kutha [[Konstantinopèl]] sakdèrèngé dadi kutha krajan [[Konstantinus ingkang Agung]]. Kawiwitan saka iku, jeneng tuwa iki jarang dienggo, kejawi ing konteks sajarah lan geguritan. Sakalajengipun, ''Byzantine du Louvre'' (''Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ'') taun 1648 lan ''Historia Byzantina'' karya [[Du Cange]] taun 1680 saya misuwuraké tetembungan Bizantium ing antarané pangarang-pangarang Prancis, kaya ta [[Montesquieu]].&lt;ref&gt;Fox, [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine?]&lt;/ref&gt; Istilah punika sabanjuré ngilang nganti abad kaping 19 wektu piyantun Kulon bali nganggo manèh.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|University of Chile: Center of Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies|1971|p=69}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sakdèrèngé, istilah ''Yunani'' iki ingkang diginakaken kanggé kamaharajan punika.

Negera punika dipunparingi asma dhumateng rakyaté kanthi asma '''Kamaharajan Romawi''', '''Kamaharajan Orang-orang Romawi''' ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Imperium Romanum'', ''Imperium Romanorum'', [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn'', {{Polytonic|Αρχη τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Arche tôn Rhōmaíōn''), '''Romania'''{{#tag:ref|''Romania'' (utawi ''Rhōmanía'') inggih punika asma kamaharajan ingkang misuwur&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fossier|Sondheimer|1997|p=104}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ingkang diginakaken boten resmi, ya iku &quot;nagari tiyang Romawi&quot;. Istilah punika boten sarujuk ing [[Rumeni]] modhèren.|group=&quot;n&quot;}} ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Romania'', [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rhōmanía''), '''Républik Romawi''' ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Res Publica Romana'', [[basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Πολιτεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Politeίa tôn Rhōmaíōn''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dio.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/124/47 |title=Nation and Liberty: the Byzantine Example|doi=10.1177/039219218303112403 |publisher=Dio.sagepub.com|date=|accessdate=2010-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Graikía''' (Yunani: Γραικία),&lt;ref&gt;[[Theodore the Studite]]. ''Epistulae'', 145, Line 19 (&quot;ή ταπεινή Γραικία&quot;) and 458, Line 28 (&quot;έν Αρμενία καί Γραικία&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; lan uga '''Rhōmaís''' ({{Polytonic|Ῥωμαΐς}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cinnamus|1976|p=240}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanadyan Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan duwé ciri multietnis ing sejarahipun,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ahrweiler|Laiou|1998|p=3}}; {{harvnb|Mango|2002|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta njaga tradhisi Romawi-Helenistik,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gabriel|2002|p=277}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nagara punika dipunmangertosi nagara-nagara kulon lan lor ing jamané kanthi asma '''Kamaharajan Piyantun Yunani'''{{#tag:ref|&quot;''Imperium Graecorum''&quot;, &quot;''Graecia''&quot;, &quot;''Yunastan''&quot;, ''dll'', asma kulon sanèsipun ingkang diginakaken inggih punika &quot;kamaharajan Konstantinopel&quot; (''imperium Constantinopolitanum'') lan &quot;kamaharajan Romania&quot; (''imperium Romaniae'').|group=&quot;n&quot;}} amargi rosané prabawa Yunani.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|Ahrweiler|Laiou|1998|p=vii}}; {{harvnb|Davies|1996|p=245}}; {{harvnb|Moravcsik|1970|pp=11–12}}; {{harvnb|Ostrogorsky|1969|pp=28, 146}}; {{harvnb|Lapidge|Blair|Keynes|1998|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Winnifrith|Murray|1983|p=113}}; {{harvnb|Gross|1999|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou|1973|p=331}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pangageman istilah ''Kamaharajan Piyantun Yunani'' (Latin: ''Imperium Graecorum'') ing Kulon dumadi lambang penolakan klaim Bizantium makilaké [[Kamaharajan Romawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fouracre|Gerberding|1996|p=345}}: &quot;The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims to universality; instead it was now termed the 'Empire of the Greeks'.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Klaim Romawi Wétan dhumateng warisan Romawi ditentang ing Kulon ngepasi jaman Maharani [[Irene dari Athena]] amargi pangangkatan [[Karel ingkang Agung]] dadi [[Kaisar Romawi Suci]] ing taun 800 déning [[Paus Leo III]], ingkang meruhi takhta Romawi kosong (boten wonten panguasa jaler). Paus lan panguasa saking Kulon luwih nyenengi istilah ''Imperator Romaniæ'' tinimbang ''Imperator Romanorum'', gelar ingkang diginakaken namung kanggé Karel ingkang Agung lan panerus-paneruse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helios&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawetara iku, ing peradaban [[Perseia]], [[Islam]], lan [[Slavia]], idhèntitas Romawi negera iki diakoni. Ing donya Islam, Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan dingertèni kanthi asma {{lang|ar| روم }} (''[[Rûm]]'' &quot;Roma&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Tarasov|2004|p=121}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|El-Cheikh|2004|p=22}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wonten ing atlas-atlas sajarah modhèren, kamaharajan punika lumrahé dipunparingi asma ''Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan'' ing kalamangsa antara 395 nganti 610. Ing peta-peta kang nggambaraké Kamaharajan sawisé taun 610, istilah ''Kamaharajan Bizantium'' lumrahé dienggo amargi ing taun 620 kaisar [[Heraklius]] nggantèni basa resmi kamaharajan saking [[Basa Latin|Latin]] menyang [[basa Yunani|Yunani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis p. 260&quot;&gt;[[#refDavis1990|Davis 1990]], hal. 260.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jati diri ==
'''Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan''' saged dipundefinisikaken dadi kamaharajan multi-ètnis kang njedhul dadi kamaharajan Kristen, banjur kapérang dadi kamaharajan Wétan kang wis di-Helenisasi lan mungkasi sajarah èwuan taun, ing 1453, dadi Nagara [[Ortodoks Yunani]]: Sawijining kraton kang dadi [[nagara]], ingkang mèh padha tegesé modhèren saka tembung mau&quot;.&lt;sup&gt;[[#Réferènsi|1]]&lt;/sup&gt;

Wonten ing abad-abad sawisé penjajahan [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] lan [[Langobardi]] ing [[abad kaping 7]], watek multi-etnisné (sanadyan dudu multi-bangsa) tetep ana pramila pérangan-bagiané, [[Balkan]] lan [[Asia Cilik]], duwé populasi Yunani kang gedhé. Etnis minoritas lan komunitas gedhé agama liya (contoné bangsa [[Armenia]]) manggon ing cedhak perbatesan. Rakyat Romawi Wétan nganggep dhèwèké wong Ρωμαίοι (Rhomaioi-[[Romawi]]) kang wus dadi sinonim kanggo wong Έλλην (Hellene-[[Yunani]]), lan sregep ngembangaké kesadaran diri dumadi nagara, dadi penduduk Ρωμανία (Romania, ya iku celukané kanggo Nagara Romawi Wétan lan donyané). Perkawis iki gamblang diweruhi ing karya sastra kalamangsa iku, mligi ing [[wiracarita]] kaya [[Digenes Akrites]].

Paleburan resmi nagara Romawi Wétan ing  [[abad kaping 15]] ora langsung ngancuraké masarakat Romawi Wétan. Ing mangsa pandudukan Turki, wong Yunani terus nyeluk pribadining dhèwèké kanthi asma Ρωμαίοι (bangsa Romawi) lan Έλληνες (bangsa Yunani), sawijining ciri-ciri ingkang tetep ana nganti wiwité abad kaping 21 lan isih ana ing [[Yunani]] modhèren saiki, sanadyan “Romawi” wus dadi jenengé “rakyat” saka sinonim bangsa kaya ing jaman mbiyèn.

== Sajarah ==
=== Wiwité Sajarah Kamaharajan Romawi ===
Bala wadya Romawi wayah iku kasil nguwasani panggonan kang amba ingkang nyakup sakabèhing wewengkon [[Mediterania]] lan pérangan gedhé [[Éropa Wétan]]. Wewengkon-wewengkon iki kapérang saka akèh golongan budaya, wiwit kang ijik primitif nganti kang wus nduwé peradaban maju. Kadeleng kanthi umum, provinsi-provinsi ing wewengkon Mediterania wétan luwih makmur lan maju amarga wis ngalami perkembangan kang rikat ing jaman [[Kamaharajan Makedonia]] sarta wis ngalami prosès [[hellenisasi]]. Saliyané iku, provinsi ing wewengkon Kulon akèh-akèhé mung wujud padésan kang ketinggalan jaman. Bédané antara kaloro wewengkon iki anané suwé lan dadi wigati ing taun-taun saterusé.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wells|1922}}, Chapter 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pamisahan Kamaharajan Romawi ===
Dekret [[Caracalla]] ing [[212]], ''Constitutio Antoniniana'', ngambakake [[kewarganagaraan]] ing njaba Italia kanggo kabèh wong lanang gedhé bébas ing sakabèhing Kamaharajan Romawi, kanthi èfèktif ningkatkaké populasi provinsi kanggo madhakaké status karo kutha [[Roma]] dhéwé. Pentingé dèkret iki luwih bersejarah tinimbang cara pulitik. Dekret iku ya iku dhasar kanggo integrasi. Mekanisme ékonomi lan ukum saka nagara bisa diterapkaké ing sakabèhing [[Mediterania]] kang naté dilakoké sadurungé saka [[Latium]] menyang sakabèhing Italia. Wis mesthi, integrasi ora kadadéan kanthi seragam. Masarakat kang wus nyawiji karo Roma, kaya [[Yunani]] ketulung karo dekret iki, dibandingké karo panggoné kang luwih adoh, mlarat banget utawa asing banget kang kaya [[Karajan Manunggal]], [[Palestina (wewengkon)|Palestina]] utawa [[Mesir]].

Ing taun 293, [[Diokletianus]] nyipta sistem administratif kang anyar ([[tetrarki]])&lt;ref name=&quot;B1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/1*.html#1 hal. 1]}}&lt;/ref&gt; dadi institusi kang dimaksudke kanggo ngefisienaké kontrol Kamaharajan Romawi kang amaba. Dhèwèké mbagi Kamaharajan dadi loro pérangan, kanthi loro kaisar mréntah saka Italia lan Yunani, pendhak duwé wakil-kaisar. Sabanjuré jaman kakuasaan Diokletianus lan [[Maximianus]] paripurna, tetrarki runtuh, lan [[Konstantinus I]] nggantèkaké kanthi prinsip panggantiyan turun temurun.&lt;ref name=&quot;BG&quot;&gt;Gibbon (1906), Part II Chapter 14: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625235855/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Tamanexts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol02/PDFs/0214-02_Pt06_Chap14.pdf200].&lt;/ref&gt;

Konstantinus mindhahaké punjer kamaharajan, lan nggawa owah-owahan kang wigati ing konstitusi sipil lan religius.&lt;ref name=&quot;G168&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gibbon|1906|loc=III, {{PDFlink| [http://web.archive.org/web/20080625235904/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol03/PDFs/0214-03_Pt04_Chap18.pdf 168] |2.35&amp;nbsp;MB}}}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ing taun 330, dhèwèké ngadegaké Konstantinopèl dadi Roma kapindho ing Byzantium. Posisi kutha mau strategis ing adol tinuku antarané Wétan lan Kulon. Sang kaisar ngenalaké koin ([[solidus (koin)|solidus]] emas) kang duwé rega dhuwur lan stabil,&lt;ref name=&quot;esler-1081&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Esler|2004|p=1081}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  sarta ngubah struktur angkatan prasenjata. Ing kontrolé Konstantinus, kekiyatan militèr kamaharajan wus mari. Periode kastabilan lan kasejahteran uga bisa dirasakaké.

[[Gambar:Raphael Baptism Constantine.jpg|thumb|left|''Pembaptisan Konstantinus'' yang dilukis olèh murid-murid [[Raphael]]]] (1520–1524). [[Eusebius dari Caesaria]] mencatat bahwa Konstantinus menunda [[pembaptisan]] hingga saat sebelum kematiannya, seperti yang menjadi tradisi padha mangsa itu.&lt;ref&gt;Eusebius, IV, [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iv.lxii.html lxii].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ing kakuasan Konstantinus, [[Kekristenan]] ora dadi agama eksklusif nagara, nanging dijurung karo kamaharajan, apamenèh sang kaisar ndukungé kanthi hak-hak kang akèh. Sang kaisar ngenalaké prinsip upama kaisar ora perlu ngebaraké pitakonan dhoktrin, nanging perlu nimbali dewan-dewan kagerejan kanggo tujuwan iku. [[Sinode Arles]] dinyawijikaké karo Konstantinus, lan [[Konsili Nicea Kapisan]] mameraké klaim dhèwèké kanggo dadi kepala gréja.&lt;ref name=&quot;B163&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/2*.html#5 hal. 63]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaanan kamaharajan taun 395 bisa diarani dadi asil kerjané Konstantinus. Prinsip wangsa kang diterapaké kanthi tegas saéngga kaisar kang séda ing jaman iku, [[Theodosius I]], bisa merisaké kamaharajan tumuju anak-anaké: [[Arcadius]] ing Kulon lan [[Honorius (kaisar)|Honorius]] ing Wétan. Theodosius ya iku kaisar pungkasan kang nguasani sakabèhing Romawi Kulon lan Wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Br&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamaharajan Wétan kasingkrih saka kangélan-kangélan kang diadhepi karo Kulon ing abad katelu lan kapapat, amarga Wétan duwé budaya urban kang luwih mapan lan sumber daya finansial kang luwih kuwat, saéngga bisa mandhekaké panyerangan nganggo [[upeti]] lan nyéwa wadya-wadya bayaran. [[Theodosius II]] nguatkaké [[témbok Konstantinopel]], saéngga kutha mau aman saka serangan-serangan; témbok iku ora bisa ditembus nganti taun 1204. Kanggo ngusir [[bangsa Hun|wong-wong Hun]] kang ana ing ngisoré kapemimpinan [[Attila]], Theodosius mènèhi dhèwèké subsidi (jaréné 300&amp;nbsp;kg (700&amp;nbsp;lb) emas).&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathan&quot;&gt;Nathan, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm Theodosius II (408–450&amp;nbsp;AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123203/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm |date=2020-04-13 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké uga njurung pedagang Konstantinopel kang dodolan karo wong Hun lan bangsa liyané.

[[Berkas:RomanEmpire500AD.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur taun 500 M.]]

Panerusé, [[Marcianus]], nolak nerusaké mbayar upeti iki. Untungé, Attila wus ngalihaké perhatiané tumuju Kamaharajan Romawi Kulon.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treadgold|1995|p=193}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sawisé matiné taun 453, negera Attila ancur lan Konstantinopel mbukak gayutan kang nguntungaké karo wong Hun kang jik ana. Dhèwèké akhiré tempur dadi wadya bayaran ing angkatan bala wadya Romawi Wétan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Alemany|2000|p=207}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=184}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawusé runtuhé Attila, katentreman bisa dirasakaké ing Romawi Wétan, sawatara Romawi Kulon runtuh (karuntuhané kacatet ing taun 476, wayah jenderal Romawi Jermanik [[Odoacer]] nglèngsèraké kaisar [[Romulus Augustulus]]).

Kanggo ngrebut manèh Italia, kaisar [[Zeno (kaisar)|Zeno]] mung bisa negosiasi karo [[Ostrogoth]] kang wus manggon ing [[Moesia]]. Dhèwèké ngirim ratu Ostrogoth  [[Theodoric kang Agung|Theodoric]] menyang Italia dadi ''magister militum per Italiam'' (&quot;kepala komando kanggo Italia&quot;). Sawusé kasil nglèngsèraké Odoacer ing taun 493, Theodoric nguwasani Italia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Br&quot; /&gt;

Ing taun 491, [[Anastasius I (kaisar)|Anastasius I]] dadi kaisar. Dhèwèké ya iku wong reformis energetik lan administrator kang cakap. Anastasius nyempurnakaké sistem koin Konstantinus I kanthi ngatur bobot ''[[follis]]'' perunggu, koin kang akèh dienggo ing kauripan sabendina.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Grierson|1999|p=17}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké uga ngubah sistem perpajekan, sarta ngilangaké pajeg [[chrysargyron]] kang ora disenengi. Wayah Anastasius séda ing taun 518, jumlah kas nagara kacathet gedhéné 320.000&amp;nbsp;lbs (145.150&amp;nbsp;kg) emas.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Postan|Miller|Postan|1987|p=140}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon ===
{{main|Yustinianus I}}
[[Gambar:Justinian.jpg|thumb|upright|Mosaik Yustinianus I di [[Basilika San Vitale]], [[Ravenna]].]]

[[Yustinianus I]], kang munggah singgasana ing taun 527, nglancaraké panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;BEv&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}; Evans, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm Justinian (AD&amp;nbsp;527–565)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205190521/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm |date=2020-02-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ing taun 532, putra tani [[Illyria]] iku [[Panentreman Abadi (532)|nandatangani prajanjèn damai]] karo [[Khosrau I|Khosrau I saka Pèrsi]]. Sanadyan kudu mbayar upeti taunan kang akèh, front wétan Bizantium dadi aman. Ing taun kang padha, Yustinianus slamet saka [[karusuhan Nika]] ing Konstantinopel, kang dipungkasi kanthi matiné telung puluh èwu perusuh. Kamenangan iki nguataké posisi Yustinianus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ev&quot;&gt;Evans, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm Justinian (AD&amp;nbsp;527–565)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205190521/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm |date=2020-02-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paus Agapetus I]] dikirim menyang Konstantinopel karo ratu [[Ostrogoth]] [[Theodahad]], nanging wurung tumuju prajanjèn perdamaian karo Yustinianus. Nanging, ora kasil agawé [[monofisitisme]] dicela.

Panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon diwiwiti ing taun 533. Yustinianus ngirim jendralé [[Belisarius]] lan 15.000 wadya kanggo ngrebut manèh provinsi Afrika saka [[Vandal|suku Vandal]] kang wus kuwasa saka taun 429.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gregory|2010|loc=2E, hal. 145}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Karajan Vandal kasil ditundhukaké.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ev&quot; /&gt; Sawetara iku, ing [[Italia Ostrogoth]], ratu [[Athalaric]] ninggal ing tanggal 2 Oktober 534. Ibuné, [[Amalasuntha]], dikunjara lan dipatèni [[Theodahad]] ing [[Tlaga Bolsena|pulau Martana]]. Yustinianus ndelok kanthi kesempatan kanggo nglakokaké intervensi. Ing taun 535, wadya Romawi Wétan dikirim menyang [[Sisilia]]. Kamenangan kasil karaih, nanging Ostrogoth nguataké pralawanan dhèwèké. Kamenangan anyar bener-bener kasil ing taun 540, wayah Belisarius ngrebut [[Ravenna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;B180-216&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/18C*.html 180–216]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:LocationByzantineEmpire.svg|thumb|left|Wewengkon Romawi Timur padha mangsa Yustinianus.]]

Émané, Ostrogoth kasil didakaké manèh ing ngisoré kapemimpinan [[Totila]] lan ngrebut Roma ing tanggal 17 Dhésèmber 546. Belisarius ditarik déning Yustinianus wiwit taun 549.&lt;ref name=&quot;B236-258&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19B*.html 236–258]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasim [[Narses]] nggantekaké ing pungkasan taun 551 karo nggawa bala wadya 35.000 akèhé. Totila kasil dikalahaké lan mati ing [[Paperangan Busta Gallorum]]. Panerusé, [[Teia]], kasil ditaklukaké ing [[Paperangan Mons Lactarius]] (Oktober 552). Sakbanjuré iku, suku Goth isih terus nglawan. [[Suku Franka]] lan [[Alamanni]] uga nglancaraké invasiné. Sanadyan mangkono, perang kanggo nguwasani ujung Italia wus rampung kanthi kamenangan Romawi Wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;B259-281&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19C*.html 259–281]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing taun 551, bangsawan [[Visigoth]] ing [[Hispania]], [[Athanagild]], njaluk bantuan Yustinianus ing pamberontakan nglawan ratu. Sang kaisar ngirim wadya ing ngisoré pimpinan Liberius. Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan kasil nguasani sapérangan wewengkon ing pasisir [[Spania]] nganti mangsa kakuasaan [[Heraklius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;B86-288&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19D*.html 286–288]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawetara iku, ing wétan, [[Paperangan Romawi-Pèrsi]] kadadéan nganti taun 561, wayah Yustinianus lan Khosrau nyetujoni panentreman 50 taun suwéné. Ing panengahan taun 550, Yustinianus wus éntuk kamenangan ing sakabèhing paperangan, kanthi pengecualian ing [[Balkan]], wektu kamaharajan terus diserang déning [[bangsa Slavia]]. Ing taun 559, kamaharajan diancem déning [[Kutrigur]] lan [[Bangsa Slavia|Sklavinoi]]. Yustinianus ngundang Belisarius, lan mangkono bebaya wus ilang, sang kaisar ngenggoni kakuasaan dhéwékan. Pawarta upama Yustinianus nguataké armada Donaunya agawe Kutrigur bingung, saéngga dhèwèké sarujuk kanthi traktat kang menèhi dhèwèké subsidi lan ngolèhaké dhèwèké mulih kanthi aman ngléwati kali Donau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ev&quot; /&gt;

Yustinianus uga misuwur amarga préstasiné ing babagan ukum.&lt;ref name=&quot;VJ&quot;&gt;Vasiliev, [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0832/_PC.HTM The Legislative Work of Justinian and Tribonian].&lt;/ref&gt; Ing taun 529, komisi kang cacahé sepuluh wong kang dikepalani déning [[Iohannis Orientalis]] merevisi undang-undang Romawi kuna. Sakabèhing &quot;undang-undang Yustinianus&quot; jaman saiki kaloka kanthi jeneng ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''.

Sasuwéné abad kaping 6, [[budaya Yunani-Romawi]] isih duwé prabawa kuwat ing Wétan. Filsafat lan budaya Kristen dadi saya wigati lan wiwit ndominasi budaya mbiyen. Himne-himne kang [[Romanus Melodus]] nandai pangembangan [[Liturgi Suci]]. Aristek-arsitèk lan para tukang makarya abot kanggo ngebaraké gréja anyar [[Hagia Sophia]] kang nggantèkaké gréja mbiyèn kang ancur akibat haruhara Nika. Sasuwéné abad kaenam lan kapitu, kamaharajan diguncang déning wabah [[pes]], kang matèni akèh jiwa, sarta ngakibataké kemunduran ékonomi lan lemesé kamaharajan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bray|2004|pp=19–47}}; {{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=110–111}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=196–197}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawisé Yustinianus séda ing taun 565, panggantiné, [[Yustinus II]], nolak mbayar upeti kanggo Pèrsi. Sawetara iku, [[suku Langobardi]] nyerbu Italia. Pangganti Yustinus, [[Tiberius II Konstantinus|Tiberius II]], mènèhi subsidi menyang [[Avar Eurasia|suku Avar]], sawatara nglancarake serangan tumuju Pèrsi. Subsidi wurung menangaké suku Avar. Dhèwèké ngrebut bètèng [[Sirmium]] taun 582, sinambiyan bangsa Slavia wiwit nyeberang kali Donau. [[Maurice (kaisar)|Maurice]], kang nggantèkaké Tiberius, mèlu cawé-cawé ing paperangan sadulur Pèrsi, sarta manggonaké [[Khosrau II]] bali tumuju kakuasaané lan nikahaké putriné karo dhèwèké. Traktat Maurice karo iparé kang anyar nggawa ''status quo'' anyar ing wétan, lan ngurangi biaya pertahanan sasuwéné perdamaian iki (yutanan solidi kasil dislametaké kanthi remisi upeti kanggo Pèrsi). Sawisé kamenangané ing front wétan, Maurice bisa ngalihaké perhatiané dateng Balkan, lan [ing taun 602, dhèwèké kasil ngusir suku Avar lan Slavia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Br&quot; /&gt;

=== Nyusuté wates ===
==== Dinasti Heraklius ====
Sawisé Maurice dipatèni [[Phocas]], Khosrau nyoba naklukaké provinsi [[Mesopotamia]] Romawi.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Foss|1975|p=722}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Phocas, sawijining pemimpin ora populèr kang dideskripsikaké dumadi &quot;tiran&quot; ing sumber-sumber Romawi Wétan, ya iku target konspirasi-konspirasi senat. Dhèwèké dilèngsèraké ing taun 610 déning [[Heraklius]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=41}}; {{harvnb|Speck|1984|p=178}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sawisé Heraklius kuwasa, bala wadya Pèrsi terus ndesek nganti lumebu Asia Cilik. Dhèwèké madeki [[Damaskus]] lan [[Yerusalem]], sarta mindhahaké [[Salib Sejati]] menyang [[Ctesiphon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=42–43}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Heraklius nglancaraké serangan walesan kanthi ciri perang suci. Bala wadya Romawi Wétan perang kanthi nggawa citra [[acheiropoietos]] Kristus dumadi panji militèr.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Grabar|1984|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Cameron|1979|p=23}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Bala wadya Pèrsi kasil diancuraké ing [[pertempuran Nineweh (627)|pertempuran di Ninewe]] taun 627. Ing taun 629, Heraklius mbalikaké Salib Sejati menyang Yerusalem ing upacara kang agung.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=46}}; {{harvnb|Baynes|1912}}, ''passim''; {{harvnb|Speck|1984|p=178}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Perang iki nyuda kakuwatané Romawi Wétan lan [[Kamaharajan Sassaniyah|Sassaniyah Pèrsi]], sarta nggawé kaloroné ringkih karo serangan [[penaklukan Islam|Muslim Arab]] kang lagi bangkit ing mangsa iku.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Foss|1975|pp=746–747}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Bala Wadya Arab kasil ngancuraké wadya Romawi Wétan ing [[Pertempuran Yarmuk]] taun 636, lan [[Ctesiphon]] tiba ing taun 634.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=50}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Byzantiumby650AD.JPG|thumb|left|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur padha taun 650.]]

Bala Wadya Arab, kang wus [[panaklukan Islam ing Suriah|naklukaké Suriah lan Levant]], terus nyerang Anatolia, lan antara taun 674 nganti 678 [[Pangepungan Konstantinopel (674)|ngepung Konstantinopel]]. Armada Arab kasil diusir nganggo [[geni Yunani]] lan perang senjata sasuwéné telung puluh taun disetujui antara kamaharajan karo [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=61–62}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Serangan marang Anatolia terus kalaksanan lan agawé écepet matiné budaya urban klasik. Panduduk-panduduk akèh kang mbèntèngi manèh wewengkon-wewengkon kang luwih cilik ing njero bètèng kutha lawas, utawa pindhah menyang bètèng-bètèng kang paling cedhak.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=102–114}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Agungé Konstantinopel uga nyusut, saka 500.000 penduduk dumadi 40.000-70.000 waé, kang disebabaké amarga Konstantinopel kélangan sumber gandum ing taun 618 wayah Mesir direbut déning Pèrsi (provinsi iki bisa direbut manèh taun 629, nanging akhiré dikuasani déning Arab ing taun 642).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wickham|2009|p=260}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Api Yunani]] dienggo kang kapisan karo angkatan bersenjata Romawi Wétan sasuwéné [[Peperangan Romawi Timur-Arab]].]]

Panarikan wadya ing Balkan kanggo tempur nglawan Pèrsi lan Arab ing wétan wus mbukak lawang kanggo ngambakaké wewengkon [[bangsa Slavia]]. Akibaté, kaya ing Anatolia, akèh kutha nyusut dadi pamukiman kabèntèng kang cilik.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=43–45, 66, 114–115}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pada taun 670-an, [[bangsa Bulgaria]] dhidhesek menyang kidul kali Donau karo [[bangsa Khazar]]. Wadya Romawi Wétan kang dikirim kanggo mbubaraké pemukiman-pemukiman anyar iki dikalahaké ing taun 680. [[Konstantinus IV]] sabanjuré iku nandatangani prajanjèn karo khan Bulgaria [[Asparukh saka Bulgaria|Asparukh]], lan [[Kamaharajan Bulgaria Kapisan|nagara Bulgaria anyar]] éntuk kedaulatan saka pérangan suku-suku Slavia kang sadurungé ngakoni kekuasaan Romawi Wétan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=66–67}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ing taun 687–688, kaisar [[Yustinianus II]] mimpin èkspèdhisi nglawan Slavia lan Bulgaria kang cukup kasil.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=71}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaisar Heraklius pungkasan, [[Yustinianus II]], nyoba ngancuraké kakuwatan aristokrasi prakuthon mawi perpajekan lan panunjukkan &quot;wong njaba&quot; ing kalungguhan-kalungguhan administratif. Dhèwèké dilèngserké ing taun 695, lan golèk perlindungan menyang bangsa Khazar, banjur Bulgaria. Ing taun 705, Yustinianus II bali menyang Konstantinopel bebarengan wadya khan Bulgaria, [[Tervel saka Bulgaria|Tervel]]. Dhèwèké ngrebut manèh takhta, lan madekaké rezim teror kanggo musuh-musuhé. Yustinianus II dilèsèraké menéh ing taun 711, saéngga paripurna Dinasti Heraklius.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=70–78, 169–171}}; {{harvnb|Haldon|2004|pp=216–217}}; {{harvnb|Kountoura-Galake|1996|pp=62–75}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dinasti Isauria tumeka mangsa Basil I munggah singgasana ====
[[Gambar:ByzantineEmpire717+extrainfo+themes.PNG|thumb|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur saat [[Leo III si orang Isauria|Leo III]] munggah takhta taun 717. Wewengkon bergaris ya iku laladan kang diserang déning bangsa Arab.]]

[[Leo III si orang Isauria|Leo III]] kasil ngusir serangan Muslim taun 718, lan pikantuk kamenangan kanthi bantuan saka khan Bulgaria, Tervel, kang kasil matèni 32.000 prajurit Arab karo tentarané. Panerusé, [[Konstantinus V]], éntuk kamenangan ing Suriah elor, lan nglemesaké kakuwatan Bulgaria.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cameron|2009|pp=67–68}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing taun 826, Arab ngrebut [[Kréta]] lan nyerang [[Sisilia]], nanging ing 3 September 863, jendral [[Petronas sang Patrician|Petronas]] kasil pikantuk [[Pertempuran Lalakaon|kamenangan gedhé]] ing pertempuran nglawan [[Umar al-Aqta]], [[emir]] [[Melitene]]. Ing ngisoré kapemimpinan kaisar Bulgaria [[Krum]], anceman Bulgaria njedhul manèh, nanging ing taun 814, putra Krum, [[Omortag]], rerukun karo Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}; {{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=432–433}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Clasm Chludov detail 9th century.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Ikonoklasme|Ikonoklasme Romawi Timur]] padha abad ke-9.]]
Abad kawolu lan kasanga rempeg karo kontroversi lan perpecahan religius akibat [[ikonoklasme]]. Ikon-ikon ora diéntuki karo Leo III lan Konstantinus V, ngakibataké pamberontakan kang dilancarkan déning [[ikonodul]] (pandukung ikon) ing sakabèhing kamaharajan. Saka upaya [[Maharani Irene]], [[Konsili Nicea Kaloro]] dikempulaké taun 787, lan negesaké upama ikon bisa dihormati nanging ora disembah.&lt;!--Irene diomongké wus nyoba negosiasèkaké pernikahan antarané dhèwèké karo [[Karel kang Agung]]. Ananging, miturut [[Theophanes Confessor]], rencana iki diobrak - abrik karo Aetios.&lt;ref name=&quot;G89&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Garland|1999|p=89}}.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; Pada taun 813, [[Leo V si orang Armenia|Leo V]] ngukuhaké manèh kebijakan ikonoklasme, nanging [[Theodora (abad kasanga)|Maharani Theodora]] mulihaké pamujan ikon karo bantuan [[Patriark Methodios]] ing taun 843.&lt;ref name=&quot;P11&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Parry|1996|pp=11–15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ikonoklasme ngambakaké jurang kapecahan antarané Wétan lan Kulon, kang saya èlèk ing mangsa [[skisma Photios]], wektu [[Paus Nikolas I]] nentang pangangkatan [[Patriark Photios I dari Konstantinopel|Photios]] dadi patriark.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cameron|2009|p=267}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dinasti Makedonia lan Kebangkitan ===
==== Paperangan nglawan Muslim ====
[[Gambar:ByzantineEmpire867AD4lightpurple.PNG|thumb|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur taun 867.]]

Ing taun 867, Romawi Wétan wus agawé stabil posisiné ing wétan lan kulon. Amarga efisiensi ing struktur militèr, kaisar bisa ngrencana perang panaklukan manèh ing wétan.

Prosès panaklukan manèh diwiwiti kanthi kasil kang ora tetep. [[Kreta]] kasil ditaklukaké kanggo sawatara (843), nanging sabanjuré wadya Romawi Wétan kalah ing [[Bosporus]], sawatara kaisar ora kuwasa nyegah panaklukan Muslim ing [[Sisilia]] (827–902). Kanthi nggunakaké [[Tunisia]] dumadi watu lumpatan, wadya Muslim naklukaké [[Palermo]] taun 831, [[Messina]] taun 842, [[Enna]] taun 859, [[Siracusa]] taun 878, [[Catania]] taun 900, lan bètèng Romawi Wétan pungkasan, [[Taormina]], taun 902.

[[Gambar:Paris psaulter gr139 fol1v.jpg|thumb|left|Keberhasilan militèr padha abad kesepuluh diikuti dengan kebangkitan budaya, yang ingaran [[Renaisans Makedonia]].]]

Kekurangan mau ndang diseimbangaké mawi keberhasilan èkspèdhisi tumuju [[Damietta]] ing Mesir (856), [[Pertempuran Lalakaon|dikalahké]] Emir [[Melitene]] (863), pamasthèn kakuasaan kamaharajan ing [[Dalmatia]] (867), lan serangan Basil I menyang [[Efrat]] (870s). Basil I bisa nangani situasi ing Italia kidul kanthi apik,&lt;ref name=&quot;Browning-1992-96&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Browning|1992|p=96}}.&lt;/ref&gt; pramila provinsi mau tetap ing tangané Romawi Wétan sasuwéné 200 taun salajengipun.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Karlin-Heyer|1967|p=24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing taun 904, masalah tumeka ing kamaharajan wayah kaloro kutha iku, [[Thessalopunika]], dijarah déning armada Arab kang dimandhégani déning pengkhianat Romawi Wétan [[Leo saka Tripoli]]. Wadya Romawi Wétan males kanthi ngancuraké armada Arab taun 908, sarta njarah kutha [[Laodicea]] ing Suriah rong taun sawusé. sandyan piwalesan wus kalaksanan, Romawi Wétan ora bisa nginterfensi Muslim, kang wus ngancuraké wadya kamaharajan ing Kreta taun 911.&lt;ref name=&quot;B101&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Browning|1992|p=101}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaanan ing wates karo Arab tetep cair. [[Varangia]], kang nyerang Konstantinopel [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan (860)|kanggo kapisané ing taun 860]], dadi tantangan anyar. Ing taun 941, [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan (941)|dhèwèké njedhul]] ing pasisir Bosporus pérangan Asia. Wayah iki dhèwèké kasil diancuraké, ndudohaké kuaté kekuwatan militèr Romawi Wétan sawusé taun 907, wektu [[Traktat Rus'-Romawi Wétan (907)|namung diplomasi kang bisa ngusir panyerang-panyerang mau]].

Kaisar [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] (kuasané 963–969) lan [[Yohanes I Tzimiskes]] (969–976) njembaraké wewengkon kamaharajan nganti [[Suriah]], nundukaké emir-emir ing [[Irak]] kulon laut, sarta naklukaké manèh [[Kreta]] lan [[Siprus]]. Ing papréntahan Yohanes, wadya kamaharajan sempet ngancem [[Yerusalem]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Browning-1992-113&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Browning|1992|pp=113}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Emirat [[Aleppo]] lan tangga-tanggané dadi vassal kamaharajan. Sawusé akèh nglancaraké kampanye militèr, anceman Arab kang pungkasan kanggo Romawi Wétan kasil ditaklukaké wayah Basil II kanthi rikat narik 40.000 wadya jaran kanggo mbébasaké Suriah Romawi. Kanthi surplus sumber daya alam, Basil II ngrencana èkspèdhisi menyang Sisilia kanggo ngrebut saka bangsa Arab. Sawusé matiané taun 1025, èkspèdhisi kalaksanan ing taun 1040-an, lan kasil éntuk sukses ing ngarepé, nanging suksèsé iku sabanjuré seret.

==== Paperangan nglawan Kamaharajan Bulgaria ====
{{details|Peperangan Romawi Timur-Bulgaria}}
[[Gambar:Basilios II.jpg|thumb|upright|Kaisar [[Basil II]] sang Pembantai Bulgar (976–1025).]]

Pargumulan suwé karo [[Takhta Suci]] kalaksanan; wayah iki diakibataké karo perebutan kakuasaan religius Bulgaria kang lagi dikristenaké. Akibaté, [[Tsar]] [[Simeon I dari Bulgaria|Simeon I]] nglancaraké invasi ing taun 894, nanging kasil dimandekaé mawi diplomasi Romawi Wétan, kang njaluk bantuan saka bangsa Honggari. Romawi Wétan akhiré dikalahké ing [[Pertempuran Bulgarophygon]] (896) lan diwajibké mbayar upeti marang bangsa Bulgaria. Sabanjuré (912), Simeon kasil meksa Romawi Wétan mènèhi anugrah takhta ''basileus'' (kaisar) Bulgaria lan agawé Kaisar [[Konstantinus VII]] nikahi salah siji putri Simeon. Wektu pemberontakan ing Konstantinopel nyeretaké upaya iki, Simeon nyerang Trakia lan naklukaké [[Edirne|Adrianopel]].&lt;ref name=Norwich /&gt;

Ekspedisi kamaharajan di ngisoré pimpinan [[Leo Phocas]] lan [[Romanos I|Romanos Lekapenos]] ngalami kekalahan gedhé ing [[Pertempuran Acheloos]] (917), lan ing taun saterusé Bulgaria ngleboni lan ngrampok Yunani elor nganti sadawané [[Korintus]]. Adrianopel kasil direbut manèh ing taun 923, nanging ing taun 924 wadya Bulgaria ngepung Konstantinopel. Kaanan ing Balkan dadi apik sawusé matiné Simeon taun 927. Ing taun 968, Bulgaria diserbu déning [[Rus']] ing ngisoré pimpinan [[Sviatoslav I saka Kiev]]. Telung taun sawisé, Kaisar [[Yohanes I Tzimiskes]] kasil [[Pangepungan Dorostolon|ngalahaké]] bangsa Rus' lan nglebokaké wewengkon Bulgaria wétan menyang kamaharajan.

[[Gambar:Map Byzantine Empire 1025-en.svg|thumb|left|300px|Wewengkon kamaharajan di bawah pimpinan Basil II.]]

Perlawanan Bulgaria kadadéan ing mangsa [[wangsa Cometopuli]]. Kaisar anyar [[Basil II]] (kuwasa 976–1025) ngupaya nundukaké bangsa Bulgaria. Ekspedisi kapisan Basil ngalami kawurungan ing [[Pertempuran Gerbang Trajanus|Gerbang Trajanus]]. Ing taun-taun sawusé, kaisar sibuk karo pemberontakan internal ing [[Anatolia]], sawatara Bulgaria ngambakaké kakuasaan dhèwèké ing Balkan. Perang kalangsungan suwéné mèh rong puluh taun. Kamenangan Romawi Wétan ing [[Pertempuran Spercheios|Spercheios]] lan [[Pertempuran Skopje|Skopje]] kasil nglemesaké wadya Bulgaria. Ing kampanye militèr tauné, Basil terus ngurangi jumlah bètèng Bulgaria. Akhiré, ing [[Pertempuran Kleidion]] taun 1014, Bulgaria kasil dikalahaké.&lt;ref name=&quot;Angold&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Angold|1997}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadya Bulgaria ditangkap, lan jaréné 99 saka 100 wadya diwutakaké, sauntara liyané diwènèhi siji mripat kanggo mimpin kanca sabangsané mulih. Wayah Tsar [[Samuel saka Bulgaria|Samuil]] ndeleng nasib tentarané, dhèwèké mati akibat syok. Ing taun 1018, bètèng Bulgaria pungkasan wus nyerah, lan nagarané dhèwèké dadi péranganing Romawi Wétan. Kamenangan iki ngréstorasi wates [[Donau]], kang ora dikuasani saka mangsa kaisar Heraklius.&lt;ref name=Norwich /&gt;

==== Hubungan karo Rus' Kiev ====
{{details|Perang Rus'–Romawi Timur}}
[[Gambar:Царьград.jpg|thumb|right|165px|[[Rus' Kiev]] di bawah témbok Konstantinopel (860).]]

Antarané taun 850 nganti 1100, kamaharajan mbina gayutan karo [[Rus' Kiev]]. Romawi Wétan ya iku kanca budaya lan pradagangan kanggo Kiev, nanging gayutan antarané dhèwèké ora mesthi guyub. Konflik paling serius antara kaloro nagara ya iku perang 968–971 ing Bulgaria. [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan|Serangan-serangan Rus']] tumuju kutha-kutha Romawi Wétan ing pasisir [[Laut Hitam]] lan Konstantinopel uga kacathet ing sajarah. Sanadyan serangan-serangan mau bisa ditampék, serangan iku katutup kanthi [[Traktat Rus'-Romawi Timur|traktat dagang]] kang nguntungaké Rus'.

Hubungan Rus'-Romawi Wétan dadi apik sawuse nikahé ''[[porfirogenita]]'' [[Anna Porfirogeneta|Anna]] karo [[Vladimir ingkang Agung]]. Amarga [[Kristenisasi Rus' Kiev|Kristenisasi]] uga, gayutan kaloro nagara saya raket. Pendheta, arsitèk, lan artis Romawi Wétan diundang kanggo mbiyantu pagawéan katedral lan gréja ing Rus', saéngga prabawa budaya Romawi Wétan saya amba. Pirang-pirang wadya Rus' dadi wadya bayaran ing angkatan perang Romawi Wétan, lan kang paling kaloka ya iku [[Penjaga Varangia]].

== Penjelasan ==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;n&quot;}}

==Cathetan suku==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Réferénsi ==
=== Sumber primèr ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Choniates|first=Nicetas|authorlink=Nicetas Choniates|title=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|pages=15–16|year=1912|chapter=The Sack of Constantinople (1204)}}
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* {{Cite book|author=Procopius|authorlink=Procopius|title=Secret History (translated by H. B. Dewing)|publisher=Loeb Classical Library|year=1935|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Anecdota/home.html}}
{{Refend}}

=== Sumber sèkundèr ===
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* {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Art|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}}
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* {{Cite journal|title=Reviews: ''The Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades, Volume I: The Zij al-Ala'i'' by Gregory Chioniades, David Pingree; ''An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy'' by Alexander Jones|first=David A.|last=King|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=82|issue=1|date=March 1991|pages=116–118|doi=10.1086/355661}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Kountoura-Galake|first=Eleonora|title=The Byzantine Clergy and the Society of &quot;Dark Ages&quot;|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RSFoQgAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Institute of Byzantine Research|isbn=9789607094469|language=Greek}}
* {{Cite book|last=Laiou|first=Angeliki E.|authorlink=Angeliki Laiou|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)|year=2002|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB36.pdf|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2011-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608021424/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB36.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|last=Laiou|first=Angeliki E.|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1)|year=2002|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Writing the Economic History of Byzantium|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html|access-date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218231151/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Lapidge|first1=Michael|last2=Blair|first2=John|last3=Keynes|first3=Simon|url=http://books.google.com/?id=f65VUNvxQjkC|title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England|year=1998|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=0631224920}}
* {{Cite book|last=Louth|first=Andrew|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History (Volume I)|editor=Paul Fouracre and Rosamond McKitterick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0521362911|chapter=The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century}}
* {{Cite web|title=The Seljuqs of Rum|last=Lowe|first=Steven|author2=Baker, Martin|url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm|accessdate=2007-07-09|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm&amp;date=2007-07-22+04:56:02|archivedate=2007-07-22}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|authorlink=Cyril Mango|title=Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oz1KPgAACAAJ|publisher=Phoenix Press|year=2005|isbn=1898800448}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|authorlink=Cyril Mango|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Z6-kHUyyUIsC|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0198140983}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BAzntP0lg58C|year=1990|isbn=0521398320|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Last Byzantine Renaissance|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I52YPQAACAAJ|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge, England|year=1970|isbn=0521077877}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Herbert J.|title=The College Student's Introduction to Theology|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o6lCBkY2zs4C|year=1993|isbn=0814658415|publisher=Liturgical Press|chapter=The Church in History|editors=Christopher Key Chapple and Thomas P. Rausch}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Seeck|first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berlin, Germany|publisher=Apud Weidmannos|year=1876}}
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* {{Cite journal|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=The Iranian factor in Byzantium during the reign of Heraclius|year=1972|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=26|pages=293–320|doi=10.2307/1291324|url=http://jstor.org/stable/1291324|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shopen|first=Timothy|title=Languages and Their Status|url=http://books.google.com/?id=zIJu4xAFcIwC|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1987|isbn=0812212495}}
* {{Cite book|last=Speck|first=Paul|title=Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4)|year=1984|publisher=Rudolf Halbelt|chapter=Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance|pages=175–210}}
* {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=John II Komnenos (AD 1118–1143)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-05-18|archive-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929180453/http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=Manuel I Komnenos (AD 1143–1180)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-02-05|archive-date=2003-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005080832/http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Siege of Zara|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Concise|url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9383275/Siege-of-Zara|accessdate=2007-05-18|archive-date=2007-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706062040/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9383275/Siege-of-Zara|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Tarasov|first1=Oleg|last2=Milner-Gulland|first2=R. R.|title=Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Oy_TVfi47gcC|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2004|isbn=1861891180}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=Byzantine Philosophy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lPzcOwnCgVIC|year=2003|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=0872205630}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|title=The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}}
* {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u-BrQgAACAAJ|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0804724202|chapter=The Army and the State}}
* {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=0804726302}}
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* {{Cite book|last=University of Chile: Center of Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies|title=Bizantion Nea Hellas (Issue 2)|publisher=University Press|year=1971|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=73ViAAAAMAAJ}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Versteegh|first=Cornelis H. M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-4MeAAAAIAAJ|isbn=9004048553|chapter=The First Contact with Greek Grammar|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden}}
* {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cVet6ieBFv8C|year=1993|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn=0275940349|chapter=Jerusalem 1099}}
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* {{Cite book|last1=Winnifrith|first1=Tom|last2=Murray|first2=Penelope|title=Greece Old and New|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1JgcAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0333278364}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum|year=1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|url=http://books.google.com/?id=AmoCAAAAYAAJ|isbn=1402189540}}
{{Refend}}

== Bacaan lanjut ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Helene|title=Les Europeens|publisher=Herman|location=Paris|year=2000}}
* {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era|year=2001|isbn=0752417959|publisher=Tempus Publishing|location=Stroud}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hussey|first=J. M.|title=The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV&amp;nbsp;— The Byzantine Empire Part I, Byzantium and its Neighbors|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1966}}
* {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=Byzantine Civilisation|publisher=Edward Arnold (Publishers)|year=1966|isbn=1566195748}}
* {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign|publisher=University Press (Cambridge)|year=1990|isbn=0521061644}}
* {{Cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold J.|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1972|id=ISBN 0-19-215253-X|isbn=019215253X}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Byzantine Empire|Kakaisaran Byzantium}}
=== Studi, sumber, lan bibliografi Byzantium ===
* Adena, L. &quot;[http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium The Enduring Legacy of Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122722/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium |date=2020-04-13 }}&quot;, ''Clio History Journal'', 2008.
* Ciesniewski, C. &quot;[http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement The Byzantine Achievement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122728/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement |date=2020-04-13 }}&quot;, ''Clio History Journal'', 2006.
* Fox, Clinton R. [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Ensiklopedia Kaisar-kaisar Romawi Daring)]
* [http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Cambridge/IV/Eastern-Door.html The Cambridge Medieval History (IV) The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205009/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Cambridge/IV/Eastern-Door.html |date=2010-11-27 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html Halaman studi Bizantium] di [[Dumbarton Oaks]]. Meliputi pranala ke beberapa tèks elektronik.
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ Byzantium: Byzantine Studies on the Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ |date=2014-10-08 }}. Pranala ke berbagai sumber daring.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021021181126/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html Translated Excerpts from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700-1204]. Sumber daring.
* [http://www.deremilitari.org/ De Re Militari]. Sumber-sumber untuk sajarah abad pertengahan, meliputi beberapa sumber pertalan mengenai peperangan Bizantium.
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html |date=2014-08-14 }}. Beberapa sumber primer mengenai sajarah Romawi Timur.
* [http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/ Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life]. Di''host'' olèh [[Universitas Wina]]; dalam bahasa Inggris.
* [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp Constantinople Home Page]. Pranala ke tèks, gambar, dan video tentang Bizantium.
* [http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality Bizantium di Krimea: Sejarah Politik, Seni, dan Budaya].
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/ Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences]

=== Liyané ===
* [http://www.romanemperors.org/startup.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Biografi ilmiah kaisar-kaisar Bizantium.
* [http://rutube.ru/tracks/639717.html?v=8a96fcfe7400898167971e4d057e86a2 Jatuhnya Kekaisaran. Pelajaran Bizantium (2007). (Russian: Гибель империи. Византийский урок)] Film yang menjelaskan mengapa Romawi Timur tiba dari sudut pandang pulitik dan ékonomi, difilemkan olèh Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan.
* [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Penguasa Bizantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date=2016-07-18 }} olèh Lars Brownworth dari [[The Stony Brook School]]; sesorah audio. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/education/31education.html ulasan NYTimes].
* [http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html 18 abad Kekaisaran Romawi oleh Howard Wiseman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928094312/http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html |date=2009-09-28 }} (Peta-peta Romawi/Bizantium selama keberadaannya)
{{Empires}}

[[Kategori:Kakaisaran Byzantine|*]]</text>
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[[Gambar:Candhi Kedulan.jpg|thumb|Candhi Kedulan]]

'''Candhi Kedulan''' inggih punika salah satunggaling candhi agama [[Hindhu Siwa]] ingkang dumunung ing dhusun [[Kedulan]], [[Tirtomartani]], [[Kalasan]], [[Sléman]], [[Ngayogyakarta]]. Candhi Kedulan dipunyasa ing antawisipun [[abad]] kaping 8 saha [[abad 9]] nalika jaman [[Karajan Mataram Kuno]]. Dipun sebat [[candhi]] kedulan amargi kala rumiyin ''njedhul'' saking ngandhap dhasaring [[bumi]], papanipun kapanggih kados ta [[candhi Sambisari]], inggih ing ngandhap siti tigang [[mèter]] ngantos pitung mèter.
Candhi Kedulan mapan wonten ing koordinat 07.44.33,7 LU saha 110.28.11,1 BT, mapan ing sisih [[wétan]] radi [[lor]] saking [[Cndi Prambanan]] kirang langkung tigang [[kilomèter]]. Ing sakiwa tengenipun candhi Kedulan namung wonten [[sabin]] saha ladang para warga, déné pemukiman warga mapan ing jarak kirang langkung 300 [[mèter]] saking candhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;&gt;[http://candhidiy.tripod.com/kedulan.htm]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} candhi kedulan (dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Januari 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sujarahipun ==
Candhi Kedulan kapanggih ing taun [[1993]] kanthi kaanan rusak lan kependhem [[gisik|pasir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;&gt;[http://gudeg.net/id/directory/12/1788/Candhi-Kedulan.html#.UODdHlL1CXQ]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Candhi Kedulan (dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Dhésèmber 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Prosès anggènipun kapanggih ugi boten sengaja, inggih nalika wonten masarakat ingkang nembé nambang pasir. Pasir punika manawi dipuntingali saking teksturipun inggih saking material Gunung Merapi nalika njeblug kala rumiyin. Candhi Kedulan ugi dipunanggep wonten amargi kala rumiyin sampun naté ketutup kaliyan wlaharipun [[Gunung Merapi]] nalika njeblug kanthi skala ageng sanget ing antawisipun [[abad 11]], udakara [[taun]] [[1006]] M. Praduga punika dipunandharaken ngengingi saha ningali lapisanipun siti ingkang mapan wonten ing sakiwa tengenipun candhi ingkang gadhah 13 jinising lapisan siti ingkang béda-béda. Punika ngiyataken bukti bilih candhi kedulan punika sampun kerep kependem wlahar Merapi ngantos kaping 13.Pérangan dhasar candhi mapan ing lebet siti kirang langkung pitung mèter.
Wiwit kapanggih kaping sapisan dumugi taun [[2010]], Candhi Kedulan dèrèng rampung dipunpugar. Tigang candhi perwara ingkang wonten ing sakitering candhi ugi dèrèng saged dipungali sadaya amargi candhi perwara punika mlebet ing plataranipun warga. Ambanipun Candhi Kedulan manawi dipunditeliti badhé langkung wiyar malih ngengingi pager candhi ing sisih [[wétan]] ugi dèrèng kapanggih.
Ing sadangunipun panaliten candhi Kedulan punika, ing taun [[2003]] sampun saged manggihaken [[prasasti]] Pananggaran saha Sumudul ingkang mapan wonten ing areal candhi ugi. Kalih prasasti kasebat dipunserat mawi aksara [[palawa]] ing basa [[Sansekerta]] ingkang wosipun inggih ngengingi dipunboten wontenaken malih pajeg siti ing Désa Pananggaran saha Parhyangan kanggé damel bendungan saha irigasi saha kanggé yasa satunggaling yasan suci ingkang dipunsebat Tiwaharyyan ing jaman Karajan Mataram Kuno. Déné ingkang dipunsebat yasan suci Tiwaharyyan kasebat inggih Candhi Kedulan piyambak.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 3&quot;&gt;[http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candhi/kedulan/]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Candhi Kedulan (dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Dhésèmber 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arsitèktur ==
Wujudipun Candhi Kedulan mèmpèr kados [[candhi Sambisari]] ingkang mapan ing [[dhusun]] Sambisari, Purwomartani, [[Kalasan]], [[Sléman]], [[Ngayogyakarta]]. Ingkang bedakaken candhi Kedulan lan Candhi Sambisari inggih saking seni hiasipun. Saking wujud hiasanipun, ornamèn-ornamen hias ingkang kapacak wonten ing Candhi Kedulan inggih mempèr kados rerenggan ingkang kapacak wonten ing [[Candhi Ijo]] ingkang mapan wonten ing dhusun Groyakan, Sambirejo, [[Prambanan]] saha [[Candhi Barong]] ingkang mapan ing dhusun Candhisari, Sambirejo, Prambanan. Ingkang dadosaken Candhi Kedulan langkung istimewa inggih amargi wontnipun [[relief]] Kala. Ing [[Jawa Tengah]], relief Kala boten gadhah rahang pérangan ngandhap kados relief Kala ingkang kawrat wonten ing candhi-candhi ing [[Jawa Wétan]]. Nanging Candhi Kedulan ingkang mapan ing laladan Yogyakarta punika ugi gadhah relief Kala ingkang gadhah rahang ngandhap. Pramila, wonten praduga manawi Candhi Kedulan punika dipunyasa ing pungkasaning kraton [[Hindhu]] Jawa Tengah.
Candhi Kedulan ingkang kalebet candhi Hindhu padatanipun kapérang dados kalih dumugi tigang tingkat pérangan pelataran. Ingkang sampun kapanggih buktinipun inggih nembé satunggal, inggih punika pager ing sisih [[kidul]] candhi. Déné ingkang kalih taksih dipunpadosi buktinipun.

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}
== Uga delengen ==
* [[Candhi]]
* [[Candhi Prambanan]]

{{Kuil Hindhu  Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Candhi ing Ngayogyakarta|Kedulan]]</text>
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    <title>Candhi Plaosan</title>
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      <text bytes="4165" sha1="o5u8z78o27aiztc67jwokwy1zq88iea" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Plaosan Temple.jpg|thumb|225px|Salah sawijining candhi Buda kembar utama Plaosan Lor, ing Kacamatan Prambanan, Klaten, [[Jawa Tengah]] saka dinasti [[Sailendra]] [[abad ke-9]] jaman [[Karajan Mataram Kuno]].]]
'''Candhi Plaosan''' yaiku sebutan kanggo komplèks [[candhi]] kang manggon ing [[Dukuh]] Plaosan, [[Désa]] [[Bugisan, Prambanan, Klathèn|Bugisan]], [[Kacamatan]] [[Prambanan, Klathèn|Prambanan]], [[Kabupatèn Klathèn]], [[Provinsi]] [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]]. Candhi iki kinten-kinten 1 kilomèter menyang arah timur-laut saka [[Candhi Sewu]] utawa [[Candhi Prambanan]]. Onone kemuncak stupa, arca Buda, saha candhi-candhi perwara (pendamping/kecil) kang wujudé [[stupa]] nandhakaké manawa candhi-candhi mau kalebu candhi [[Buda]]. Komplèks iki dibangun [[abad ke-9]] déning Raja [[Rakai Pikatan]] lan [[Sri Kahulunan]] ing jaman [[Karajan Medang]], utawa saha dikenal kanthi jeneng [[Karajan Mataram Kuno]], kanggo bukti katresnané Rakai Pitakan marang Pramudya Wardhani&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/1684/0 www.jogjatrip.com :CANDI PLAOSAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725071039/http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/1684/0 |date=2012-07-25 }} (diunduh tanggal 3 Oktober 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;.
.

Candhi Plaosan iki duwé kaunikan dibandingake candhi liyanè, kayata: kaloro candhi kang kembar lan dhasaran èmper kang alus. Candhi iki uga ana figur Vajrapani, Amitbha, lan Prajnaparamitha &lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;&gt;[http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candhi/plaosan/ www.yogyes.com:CANDI PLAOSAN - Candhi Kembar di Yogyakarta]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diunduh tanggal 3 Oktober 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;. saliyané iki, emper candhi Plaosan luwih alus manawa dibandingake karo candhi-candhi liya kang dibangun ing mangsa kang padha. Bab wau salajenge munculake anggapan Candhi Plaosan biyèn difungsiake kanggo papan panyimpenan naskah-naskah kanonik gone para Pendeta Buda&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 3&quot;&gt;[http://www.indonesiakaya.com/see/read/2012/12/03/1164/20009/1/Candhi-Plaosan-Candhi-Kembar-yang-Menakjubkan:Candhi Plaosan, Candhi Kembar yang Menakjubkan]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diunduh tanggal 13 februari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Candhi Plaosan Lor ==
[[Gambar:Plaosan_Lor.JPG|thumb|225px|Candhi Plaosan Lor kang dumunung ing sisih lor wétan [[Candhi Prambanan]] ]]
Candhi Plaosan Lor duwé 2 candhi utama kang dhuwur é 21 mèter. Dawané témbok sing nglilingi candhi iku 50 mèter lan wiyaripun 14 mèter. Ing témbok iku ana gambar [[Bodhisattva]], [[Kinnara]] lan dewi-dewi&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;&gt;[http://candhidiy.tripod.com/plaosan.htm www.candhidiy.tripod.com: CANDI PLAOSAN]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diunduh tanggal 3 Oktober 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Candhi Plaosan Kidul ==
[[Gambar:Candi Plaosan Lor (South Plaosan Temple) 06.jpg|thumb|225px|Candhi Plaosan Kidul kang ono ing sisih sabrang dalan Candhi Plaosan Lor ]]
Candhi Plaosan Kidul ana ing sak kidulè Candhi Plaosan Lor, kapisah saka dalan gedhè. Candhi utama ing candhi Plaosan Kidul iki namung sisa runtuhanè. sing isih ngadheg namung candhi perwara&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 5&quot;&gt;[http://candhi.pnri.go.id/jawa_tengah_yogyakarta/plaosan/plaosan.htm www.candhi.pnri.go.id :CANDI PLAOSAN]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diunduh tanggal 3 Oktober 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Candhi Sewu]]
* [[Candhi Prambanan]]

== Lokasi ==
* Nganggo Wikimapia lokasi Candhi Plaosan Lor ya iku: [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-7.740632&amp;lon=110.504522&amp;z=15&amp;l=0&amp;m=h&amp;v=2 Wikimapia],
* lokasi Candhi Plaosan Kidul ya iku: [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=-7.8878732&amp;lon=112.6638588&amp;z=18&amp;l=0&amp;m=s&amp;v=9 WIkimapia; Candhi Plaosan Kidul].

== cathetan Suku ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Candhi Buda Indonésia}}

== Pranala njaba ==
[http://teamtouring.net/candhi-plaosan.html Candhi Plaosan]{{Pranala mati|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Kategori:Candhi ing Jawa Tengah|Plaosan]]
[[Kategori:Candhi Buda|Plaosan]]


{{indo-stub}}
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  <page>
    <title>Klor</title>
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'''Klor''' ([[basa Yunani]]: ''Chloros'', &quot;hijau pucat&quot;), yaiku [[unsur kimia]] kang duwé simbol '''Cl''' lan nomer atom 17. Sajeroning [[tabel periodik]], unsur iki kagolong kelompok [[halogen]] utawa grup 17 (sistem lama: VII or VIIA). Sajeroning wujud [[ion]] klorida, unsur iki yaiku pembentuk [[uyah]] lan senyawa liya kang ana ing alam yèn cacah kang akèh banget lan diperloke kanggo panggawe ameh kabèh wujuding urip, kagolong uga [[manungsa]]. Yèn wujud gas, klorin duwé warna kuning kehijauan, lan duwé ngandhut [[racun|beracun]]. Dalam wujud cair atau padat, klor kerep dinggo kanggo oksidan, pemutih, utawa desinfektan.

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==

{{Commons|Chlorine}}
* [http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Cl2 Computational Chemistry Wiki]
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/20.html National Pollutant Inventory - Chlorine]
* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cl/index.html WebElements.com – Chlorine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103101049/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cl/index.html |date=2005-11-03 }}
* [http://www.chlorinetree.org/ Chlorine Tree]
{{clr}}

{{Compact periodic table}}

[[haw

[[Kategori:Unsur kimia]]
[[Kategori:Halogen]]


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  <page>
    <title>Daerah Istimewa</title>
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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="08v34qwgzmwas7yadqgo065fhcvujo9" xml:space="preserve">{{Laladan administrasi Indonésia}}
Nagara Kesatuan [[Républik Indonésia]] dibagi dadi laladan-laladan [[provinsi]]. Nagara ngakoni lan ngormati siji-sijining papréntahan laladan kang sifaté mirunggan utawa istiméwa kang diatur nganggo [[undang-undang]]. Kang dimaksud siji-sijining papréntahan laladan istiméwa yaiku [[Acèh|Laladan Istiméwa Acèh]] lan [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]]. Biyèn uga ana [[Laladan Istiméwa Surakarta]].

== UU Kaèstimewan ==
Laladan-laladan kang duwé status istiméwa lan diwènèhi [[otonomi]] mirunggan saliya diatur ing undang-undah Papréntahan Laladan dilakuake uga  ketentuan mirunggan yang diatur ing undang-undang liya.

# Laladan Istiméwa Acèh ([[Provinsi Acèh]]) wus diberlakuaké '''UU Nomor 44 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan Provinsi Laladan Istimewa Acèh''' lan'''UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Papréntahan Acèh'''; lan
# [[Laladan Istiméwa Surakarta]], wus wiwit Agustus 1945 tekatanggal 16 Juni 1946
# Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta wus nduwé UU kang ngatur ketentuan mirunggan kaya ta kang dimaksud ing Undang undang Républik Indonésia Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Keistimewaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ditjen-otda.depdagri.go.id/index.php/produk-hukum/uu-no-13-tahun-2012-diy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110041400/http://www.ditjen-otda.depdagri.go.id/index.php/produk-hukum/uu-no-13-tahun-2012-diy |date=2012-11-10 }} ([http://www.ditjen-otda.depdagri.go.id/images/file/uu_diy.pdf PDF]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Surakarta ===
{{utama|Sajarah Surakarta}}
'''Provinsi Surakarta''' utawa'''Laladan Istiméwa Surakarta''' ('''DIS''') yaiku &quot;provinsi&quot; kang wus pernah ana wiwit Agustus 1945 teka tanggal 16 Juni 1946.&lt;ref&gt;http://harianjoglosemar.com/berita/surakarta-jadi-laladan-istimewa-4934.html{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Provinsi iki yaiku péranganing dari Républik Indonésia (RI) kang kasusun saka Laladan Istimewa Kasunanan lan Laladan Istimewa Mangkunagaran lan diperintah kanthi bareng déning KNI Laladan Surakarta, [[Susuhunan]] dan [[Mangkunagara]].

== Cathetan suku ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Kategori:Pembagian administratif Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Papréntahan laladan di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Laladan istimewa di Indonésia| ]]

[[en:Special administrative region]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kenari</title>
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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Kenari
| image = Canarium indicum - Icica icicariba - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-171.jpg
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Burseraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Canarium]]''
| binomial = ''Canarium indicum'' L.&lt;br/&gt; ''Canarium vulgare'' Leenh.
| binomial_authority = 
| synonym = ''C. amboinense'' Hochr. &lt;br/&gt; 
''C. moluccanum'' [[Blume]] &lt;br/&gt; 
''C. zephyrinum'' [[Rumphius]]  &lt;br/&gt; 
''C. commune'' L.
}}

'''Kenari''' ''(Canarium amboinense Hoch.)'' ya iku [[tetuwuhan]] kang kalebu anggota [[suku]] [[Burseraceae]] kang ndarbèni potènsi [[ékonomi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.silvikultur.com/Karakteristik_Pohon_Kenari.html Karakteristik Pohon Kenari](diundhuh 9 Januari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Tuwuhan iki asalé saka [[Malesia]] wétan lan dijupuk wohé kanggo dipangan, mligi ing pérangan wijiné.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing [[Indonésia]], laladan kang ngasilaké kenari ya iku [[Maluku]] nganti [[Vanuatu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kenari uga ana ing [[nagara]] liya ya iku [[Afrika]], [[Nigeria]] Kidul, [[Madagaskar]], [[Cina]] kidul, [[India]], [[Filipina]], lan pérangan kidul [[Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Morfologi ==

=== Gagang ===

Gagangé jejeg kanthi warna pegagan klawu, kayuné [[putih]], sarta téras [[coklat]] tuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Yèn kulité diiris, ngetokaké tlutuh kenari kaya [[damar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Wiwitané awerna putih lan kraket, banjur dadi kaya [[lilin]] awerna [[kuning]] pucet.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Tlutuh iki diarani [[gum elemi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Gum elemi nduwni tekstur empuk, wernané rada putih, ambuné wangi kaya [[terpentin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Wit kenari ngasilaké gum mung nalika [[godhong]] wiwit thukul.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Nalika mangsa katiga, wit mau ana ing mangsa [[dorman]], tanpa godhong, lan ora ngasilak [[resin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Minyak elemi ora digunakaké kanthi akèh ing indhustri lenga wangi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Trakadhang lenga elemi minangka bahan pewangi [[sabun]] lan preparasi teknik kang regané murah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Nanging, miyak iki jumbuh digunakaké minangka bahan baku kanggo nggawé [[isolat fellandren]] kang minangka nggawé senyawa [[lenga atsiri]] tiruan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Gum elemi wis suwé minangka plaster [[farmasi]], [[salep]], lan kanggo wènèhi sipat manteb ing [[vanish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

=== Oyod ===

Sistem oyod tuwuhan kenari ya iku sistem oyod tunggang.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing sistem oyod tunggang, oyod primer siji utawa luwih ana oyod lateral kang nggantèkaké akar primer ing tahap wiwitan perkembangan [[cambah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Cambah tuwuh luwih rikat lan dadi luwih gedhé sarta kuway tinimbang oyod-oyod liyané, saéngga kawentuk siji utawa luwih oyod-oyod utama.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

=== Godhong ===

Godhongé majemuk nyirip gasal kanthi 4-5 pasang pinak godhong kang ndrojog ndawa lan permukaané lunyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Godhong kenari ora duwé godhong penumpu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

=== Kembang ===

Wujud kembangé malai, nduwé kelamin siji, zigomorf, kelopak lan mahkotané wilangan 5, godhong kelopak lan godhong makutha wilangan 5, godhong makutha bébas.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Benang kasusun ing rong bunderan kang ora jangkep.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

[[Gambar:Buahkenari.jpg|thumb|left|230px|Woh ''C. vulgare''.]]

=== Woh ===

Bakal woh nduwé ruang 2 nganti 3, saben ruang ana siji nganti loro bakal wiji kang apotrop lan epitrop.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Wohé ana wijiné, gèpèng, dawa, ana 2-3 wiji ing saben woh.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Werna woh kenari ya iku [[ijo]] lan dhapuré bunder kara endhog.

=== Wiji ===

Wiji kenari ngandhut lemak manis. Wijiné kang garing ngandhut 65% lenga lemak (= ester, asem stearine, palminine, oleine, lan lenga wijen).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Minyak lan lemak iku bahan tandhon wigati ing awak tetuwuhan kang asring tinemu ana wijiné.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Lemak lan lenga ya iku [[gliserida]] asem lemak.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Béda antarané lemak lan lenga padatan ing sipat fisiké.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing [[suhu]] normal, lemak awujud padhet lan miyak awujud cair. Lemak jarang disimpen ing godhong, gagang, lan oyod nanging akèh kang disimpen ing wijiné.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Lemak mesthi disimpen ing bagyan mirunggan ing [[sitosol]] lan asring tinemu atusan nganti éwonan ing saben sèl kang nyimpen lemak mau.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Pérangan iki diarani [[lipid sferosom]] lan [[oleosom]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Oleosom iki bosa diisolasi saka wiji kanthi wujud murni, saéngga bisa ditliti komposisi lan pérangan-pérangané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Budidaya ==

Budidaya kenari nggunakaké wijiné. Bathok wiji kuwo atos banget, mula prelu dianakaké pengikiran kanggo nggampangaké mlebuné [[banyu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/1455 Budidaya Kenari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130210045/http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/1455 |date=2010-11-30 }}(diundhuh 9 Januari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Prosès iki bisa nyepetaké perkecambahan saka 6-12 minggu dadi 3 minggu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Kanggo ngakèhi winih, apiké digawé persemaian redan sawisé dhuwuré winih 0,5&amp;nbsp;cm.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Banjur dipindhah menyang papan kang wis disedyakaké lan ditandur kanthi jarak paling cendhak 10 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Woh sapisan kudu ditunggu udakar 7-10 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;&gt;[http://daily-helper.com/in/444115 Cara Menanam kenari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028113227/http://daily-helper.com/in/444115 |date=2012-10-28 }}(diundhuh 12 Januari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Kanggo kebaké wit kenari kang subur kudu nunggu nganti 30 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt; Nanging, yèn nandur wit kenari kanthi cara nyangkok, woh kenari bakal awoh sawisé umur 2-3 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;

== Mupangat ==

Kenari dimangertèni nduwé èfèk pisitif kanggi kasarasan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;[http://www.kabarserasan.com/keséhatan/314-manfaat-buah-kenari-untuk-keséhatan.html Manfaat Kenari untuk Keséhatan]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diundhuh 12 Januari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Woh kenari bisa ngudhunaké lemak ala, kolesterol, nyegah balung kropos nganti nglawan lelara kanker.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt; Kenari iku salah sawijiné tuwuhan kang dadi sumber [[protèin]] kang apik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://health.okezone.com/read/2012/05/23/484/634210/kacang-kenari-baik-untuk-jantung-otak Kenari Baik untuk Jantung dan Otak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105075030/http://health.okezone.com/read/2012/05/23/484/634210/kacang-kenari-baik-untuk-jantung-otak |date=2013-01-05 }}(diundhuh 12 Januari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Kenari ngandhut kadhar [[polifenol]] kang dhuwur banget.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Polifenol iki minangka [[antioksidan]] kang ngayomi awak saka molekul kang bisa ngrusak jaringan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Kandhutan polifenol iki bisa ngudhunaké rèsiko kena [[lelara]] [[kanker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Sumber lemak omega-3 lan alpha linoleic acid (ALA) ana ing wiji kenari bisa ngundhakaké fungsi [[arteri]], pembuluh [[getih]] kang nggawa getih saka [[jantung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Saéngga kasarasan jantung bisa kajaga kanthi apik. Mangan kenari saben dina uga bisa nbantu nyegah kawentuké [[batu empedu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

[[Lemak]] ora jenuh kang ana ing kenari bisa mbantu ngudhunaké [[kolesterol]] ala lan senyawa [[lipoprotein]] kang bisa njalari [[aterosklerosis]] kanthi cara ngundhakaké pambekuan getih.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Kenari uga ngandhut asem amino esensial kang diarani [[L-arginine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; [[Asam amino]] iki bakal diowahi dadi oksida nitrat kang mbantu ngundhakaké iliné getih ing jero awak lan nyegah nyempité arteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Kenari asring diarani panganan [[utek]] amarga sugih [[omega-3]] lan asem lemak kang ndarbèni peran utama ing fungsi optimal saka sèl-sèl utek, saéngga bisa nggawé pinter.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Senyawa [[melatonin]] uga tinemu ing kenari.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Maletonin iki mbantu banget kanggo ngurangi [[insomnia]] lan gangguan turu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Kajaba kanggo kasarasan awak kang umum, kenari uga migunani kanggo wong lanang kang lagi ngarepaké anak. Ing woh kenari ngandhur [[asem lemak]] séhat kang bisa mbantu ngundhakaké ''kualitas'' [[sperma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://www.nutrisijiwa.com/manfaat-buah-kenari-untuk-pria/ Manfaat Kenari untuk Pria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313235236/http://www.nutrisijiwa.com/manfaat-buah-kenari-untuk-pria/ |date=2013-03-13 }}(diundhuh 12 Januari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthi cara nindakaké [[diet]] paling rikat 12 [[minggu]] ditambah mangan woh kenari kabukti bisa ngundhakaké prodhuksi gunggungé sperma lan ''kualitas'' sperma.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Tetuwuhan]]</text>
      <sha1>krrofkkwumrlk0d1odeez7tzdwnm7ww</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Candy Candy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7016" sha1="rh5d08w8r5e7mym2to7vnzok3vcevek" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Candy candy.jpg|thumb|250px]]
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| title_name      = Candy Candy
| image           = Candy c.jpg
| size            = 200px
| caption         = Candice White
| ja_name         = キャンディ・キャンディ
| ja_name_trans   = 
| genre           = [[roman]], [[sajarah]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Manga
| title           = 
| author          = [[Kyoko Mizuki]] (carita)&lt;br /&gt; [[Yumiko Igarashi]] (ilustrasi)
| publisher       = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kodansha]], [[Chuokoronsha]]
| demographic     = [[Shōjo]]
| serialized      = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Nakayoshi]]
| first_run       = April 1975
| last_run        = Maret 1979
| num_volumes     = 9
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Anime
| title           = 
| director        = [[Tetsuo Imazawa]]
| studio          = [[Toei Animation]]
| network         = {{flagicon|Jepang}} [[TV Asahi]]
| network_other   = {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Antenne 2]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Yunani}} [[Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi|ERT]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Antena Latina]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Spanyol}} [[RTVE]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Itali}} [[Mediaset]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivision]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[RCTI]] (2 Mèi 1993-1996)&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Filipina}} [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC-13]], [[Radio Philippines Network|RPN-9]], [[Southern Broadcasting Network|SBN-21]]
| first_aired     = [[1 Oktober]] [[1976]]
| last_aired      = [[2 Fèbruari]] [[1979]]
| num_episodes    = 115
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title           = Candy Candy: The Call of Spring/The May Festival
| director        = [[Noboru Shiroyama]]
| studio          = Toei Animation
| release_date    = 18 Maret 1978
| runtime         = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title           = Candy Candy's Summer Vacation
| director        = [[Yukio Kazama]]
| studio          = Toei Animation
| release_date    = 22 Juli 1978
| runtime         = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title           = Candy Candy the Movie
| director        = [[Tetsuo Imazawa]]
| studio          = [[Toei Animation]]
| release_date    = [[25 April]] [[1992]]
| runtime         = 26 menit
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{nihongo|'''Candy Candy'''|キャンディ・キャンディ|Kyandi Kyandi}} ya iku [[manga]], [[novèl]] lan [[anime]] kang asalé saka [[Jepang]]. Paraga utama carita iki ya iku '''Candice &quot;Candy&quot; White Ardlay''', bocah wadon Amérika kanti rambut pirang lan ''ikal'' kanti rai ana bintik-bintike ireng amarga panas sengenge lan mata belok (gedhi) kanti wernane ijo.
Candy Candy ana pertama kali minangka [[prosa]] novèl karangan penulis Jepang [[Kyoko Mizuki]] nalika wulan April [[1975]]. Mizuki banjur bekerja sama karo ilustrator manga [[Yumiko Igarashi]] kanggo gawé versi manga carita Candy Candy. Cerita manga iki narik perhatian kalawarta Jepang [[Nakayoshi]], kang sebanjure memuat serial manga Candy Candy minangka carita bersambung sak wene 4 taun (April 1975-Maret 1979). Serial manga iki kahasil menang penghargaan pertama [[Penghargaan Manga Kodansha]] kanggo kategori [[shōjo]] nalika taun [[1977]]. Cerita Candy candy banjur diadaptasi dadi serial anime déning [[Toei Animation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.monikatanu.com/blog/2007/07/ending-candy-candy/ Ending Komik Candy-candy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313064810/http://www.monikatanu.com/blog/2007/07/ending-candy-candy/ |date=2013-03-13 }} (Kaunduh 3/2/13).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alur carita ==
Andhedhasar carita saka serial komik Candy Candy isi carita mligi ngungkapake kisah perjalanan urip lan katresnan Candy. Cinta pertama Candy yiku paraga kang jenenge Anthony Brown. Nanging serial Candy bakal dieling-eling déning meh kabèh ''fans''e minangka kisah cinta kang tragis antarané Candy lan cinta sajati lan sigaran jiwa Candy, '''Terrence &quot;Terry&quot; Grandchester'''. Saliyané iku ana paraga kang selalu karan-sebut minangka  &quot;Pangeran ing Bukit&quot; (&quot;Prince of the Hill&quot;), pawongan enom  misterius kang pernah kemu karo Candy ing bukit Pony, nalika Candy isih umur 6 taun lan manggon ing [[panti asuhan]] Rumah Pony. Identitas Pemuda iki akhire dingerteni ing halaman terakhir komik manga lan ing episode terakhir saka serial kartun animasi Candy candy.

== Versi bajakan ==
Ana akèh versi bajakan saka manga lan serial anime Candy Candy sajrone ira-pira basa.{{cn}} Meh kabèh manga utawa kartun animasi kang ora kanti basa Jepang bisa dipastikake versi bajakan.{{cn}} Sanajan mangkono, serial anime Candy Candy pernah digiyaraké sedelok kanthi legal déning TV ing US lan Canada awal taun 80-an, sajrone basa Inggris lan Perancis. Versi basa Inggrise pernah uga nyebar ing pira-pira nagara Éropah, kayat Italia, Yunani, lan Spanyol. Kaloro versi serial anime iki pernah uga nyebar sithik-sithike sak edisi sajrone wujud kaset VHS ing pertengahan taun 80-an. Ing Hong Kong, &quot;Little Candy Candy&quot; pernah digiyaraké déning [[Television Broadcasts Limited|TVB]] nalika akir taun 70-an and awal taun 80-an. Episode Candy kang digiyaraké déning TVB iki banjur akèh nyebar ing Indonesia sajrone wujud kaset Video(BETA)sewaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot;&gt;[http://mangafox.me/manga/candy_candy/ CANDY CANDY Manga], (Kaunduh 3/2/13)&lt;/ref&gt;

= Pengisi suara ==
* [[Minori Matsushima]] minangka Candice White Ardlay
* [[Makio Inoue]] minangka William Albert Ardlay
* [[Kazuhiko Inoue]] minangka Anthony Brown
* [[Kei Tomiyama]] minangka Terriuce Graham Grandchester
* [[Kaneta Kimotsuki]] minangka Alistair Cornwell
* [[Miyoko Aso]] minangka Mary Jane
* [[Yuji Mitsuya]] minangka Archibald Cornwell
* [[Mami Koyama]] minangka Annie Brighton
* [[Chiyoko Kawashima]] minangka Patricia O'Brian
* [[Taeko Nakanishi]] minangka Anii Jirarudo, Narrator
* [[Yumi Nakatani]] minangka Eliza Leagan
* [[Kiyoshi Komiyama]] minangka Neal Leagan

== Musik ==
;Lagu pembuka
* {{nihongo|&quot;Candy Candy&quot;|キャンディ・キャンディ|Kyandi Kyandi}}
** Lirikis: {{nihongo|[[Keiko Nagita]]|名木田 恵子|Nagita Keiko}}
** Komponis: {{nihongo|[[Takeo Watanabe]]|渡辺 岳夫|Watanabe Takeo}}
** Aransemen: {{nihongo|[[Yushi Matsuyama]]|松山 祐士|Matsuyama Yūshi}}
** Penyanyi: {{nihongo|[[Mitsuko Horie]]|堀江 美都子|Horie Mitsuko}} dan [[The Chirps]]

;Lagu penutup
* {{nihongo|&quot;Ashita ga suki&quot;|あしたがすき|}}
** Lirikis: Keiko Nagita
** Komponis: Takeo Watanabe
** Aransemen: Yushi Matsuyama
** Penyanyi: Mitsuko Horie dan The Chirps

== Cathetan sikil ==
* Candy candy di Internet Movie Data Base: [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0270761/ Candy-candy (IMDB)]
* Mays, Jonathan. [http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2003-09-13 Anime News Network ]

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{ja}} [http://lakewood.srv7.biz Candy Candy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222181735/http://lakewood.srv7.biz/ |date=2022-12-22 }} Misaki's Candy Candy, situs penggemar resmi

==Cathetan sikil==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Manga]]
[[Kategori:Anime]]
[[Kategori:Serial anime taun 1976]]
[[Kategori:Serial televisi Jepang taun 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>rh5d08w8r5e7mym2to7vnzok3vcevek</sha1>
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      <text bytes="15951" sha1="4n4mg0pm5987w6oxnioj2g2bsulxw12" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox animanga/Header
| title_name      = Candy Candy
| image           = Candy candy.jpg
| size            = 200px
| caption         = Karakter &quot;Candy&quot;
| ja_name         = キャンディ・キャンディ
| ja_name_trans   = 
| genre           = [[roman]], [[sajarah]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Manga
| title           = 
| author          = [[Kyoko Mizuki]] (carita)&lt;br /&gt; [[Yumiko Igarashi]] (ilustrasi)
| publisher       = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kodansha]], [[Chuokoronsha]]
| demographic     = [[Shōjo]]
| serialized      = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Nakayoshi]]
| first_run       = April 1975
| last_run        = Maret 1979
| num_volumes     = 9
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Anime
| title           = 
| director        = [[Tetsuo Imazawa]]
| studio          = [[Toei Animation]]
| network         = {{flagicon|Jepang}} [[TV Asahi]]
| network_other   = {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Antenne 2]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Yunani}} [[Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi|ERT]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Antena Latina]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Spanyol}} [[RTVE]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Itali}} [[Mediaset]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivision]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[RCTI]] (2 Mèi 1993-1996)&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|Filipina}} [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC-13]], [[Radio Philippines Network|RPN-9]], [[Southern Broadcasting Network|SBN-21]]
| first_aired     = [[1 Oktober]] [[1976]]
| last_aired      = [[2 Fèbruari]] [[1979]]
| num_episodes    = 115
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title           = Candy Candy: The Call of Spring/The May Festival
| director        = [[Noboru Shiroyama]]
| studio          = Toei Animation
| release_date    = 18 Maret 1978
| runtime         = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title           = Candy Candy's Summer Vacation
| director        = [[Yukio Kazama]]
| studio          = Toei Animation
| release_date    = 22 Juli 1978
| runtime         = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = film
| title           = Candy Candy the Movie
| director        = [[Tetsuo Imazawa]]
| studio          = [[Toei Animation]]
| release_date    = [[25 April]] [[1992]]
| runtime         = 26 menit
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{nihongo|'''Candy Candy'''|キャンディ・キャンディ|Kyandi Kyandi}} ya iku [[manga]], [[novèl]] lan [[anime]] kang asalé saka [[Jepang]]. Paraga utama carita iki ya iku '''Candice &quot;Candy&quot; White Ardlay''', bocah wadon Amérika kanti rambut pirang lan ''ikal'' kanti rai ana bintik-bintike ireng amarga panas sengenge lan mata belok (gedhi) kanti wernane ijo.
Candy Candy ana pertama kali minangka [[prosa]] novèl karangan penulis Jepang [[Kyoko Mizuki]] nalika wulan April [[1975]]. Mizuki banjur bekerja sama karo ilustrator manga [[Yumiko Igarashi]] kanggo gawé versi manga carita Candy Candy. Cerita manga iki narik perhatian kalawarta Jepang [[Nakayoshi]], kang sebanjure memuat serial manga Candy Candy minangka carita bersambung sak wene 4 taun (April 1975-Maret 1979). Serial manga iki kahasil menang penghargaan pertama [[Penghargaan Manga Kodansha]] kanggo kategori [[shōjo]] nalika taun [[1977]]. Cerita Candy candy banjur diadaptasi dadi serial anime déning [[Toei Animation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.monikatanu.com/blog/2007/07/ending-candy-candy/ Ending Komik Candy-candy] (Kaunduh 3/2/13).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kanggo nggawe crita Candy Candy, penulis Keiko Nagita utamane diilhami dening novel Jean Webster Daddy-Long-Legs, ing ngendi para protagonis Jerusha Abbott lan Jervis Pendleton jatuh cinta sanajan hubungane karo wali. Dheweke wis dikonfirmasi ing macem-macem wawancara yen karakter Albert minangka katresnan sejati lan takdir Candy, saiki ing kabeh fase urip: kepungkur (pangeran), saiki (kanca / wali), lan mangsa (bojo).&lt;ref&gt;[https://elportadesakura.wordpress.com/2025/04/21/candy-y-sus-tres-amores-entrevista-a-keiko-nagita/ &quot;Candy and her three loves. Interview with Keiko Nagita&quot;] - April 21, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ing wawancara kanggo Ensiklopedia Keizensha: 'Rahasia Candy dicethakaké!' Nagita ngandika: &quot;Aku mutusaké kanggo nulis crita sing ora mung manga gaib, utawa crita conventional bab cah wadon yatim piatu nggoleki ibune, nanging urip saka cah wadon sing urip looking nerusake, lan ing urip sing aku wanted kanggo kalebu telung tresna. Kapisan iku katresnan dhisikan karo Anthony, katresnan fleeting. A katresnan digawe mung saka tenderness karo cah lanang saka katresnan khusus karo Terry lan Terry kudu kapisah. malah nalika isih tresna Lan pungkasane, aku nulis katresnan sing tenang, diwasa, lan wis ditakdirake karo Albert.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ZJI3_QgyNRc &quot;CANDY CANDY: Who does she end up with?&quot;] - February 1, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://elportadesakura.wordpress.com/2025/04/21/candy-y-sus-tres-amores-entrevista-a-keiko-nagita/ &quot;Candy and her three loves. Interview with Keiko Nagita&quot;] - April 21, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alur carita ==
Manga &quot;Candy Candy&quot; nyritakake crita sing ditujokake kanggo pamirsa shōjo, sing dumadi saka bocah-bocah wadon enom ing taun-taun sadurunge remaja. Candy minangka bocah yatim piatu sing ditinggalake ing Pony's Home, panti asuhan ing cedhak Lake Michigan ing awal abad kaping 20.

Dheweke nglampahi taun pisanan urip ing panti asuhan, ing ngendi dheweke kerep bali ngaso lan mutusake uripe. Nalika Candy umur enem taun, Annie, kanca paling apik saka panti asuhan, diadopsi. Tanpa kancane, Candy mlayu nangis menyang Pony's Hill. Ing kana dheweke sedhela ketemu karo bocah lanang pirang sing misterius lan apik banget kanthi mripat biru langit lan swarane manis, nganggo kilt lan muter bagpipe, sing ngandhani yen dheweke luwih ayu nalika ngguyu tinimbang nalika nangis. Candy kepincut karo wong enom sing nengsemake iki lan menehi kembang (daffodil) lan nyebut dheweke &quot;Pangeran Bukit,&quot; nanging wong enom dumadakan ilang. Sawise ilang, Candy nemokake badge sing ilang &quot;Pangeran&quot; nalika lunga; Iki dadi jimat kebahagiaan dheweke lan minangka bukti yen &quot;pangeran dheweke&quot; dudu ngimpi.

Nalika dheweke umur rolas, Candy dijupuk dening kulawarga Leagan minangka kanca kanggo putri Eliza. The Leagans nambani dheweke ala lan pungkasanipun dados abdi. Ing kana, Candy ketemu bocah lanang telu: Anthony Brown, sing meh padha karo &quot;Pangeran Bukit,&quot; lan sedulur Cornwell, Alistair sing cerdas lan Archibald sing eksentrik (Stair lan Archie). Kabeh padha tresna karo Candy lan dadi kanca. Candy ngrasa soko khusus kanggo Anthony, lan dheweke &quot;tresna pisanan, katresnan resik saka kanak-kanak.&quot; Iki ora digatekake dening Eliza, sing uga kepengin weruh Anthony lan kepengin banget ninggalake Candy. Loro-lorone dheweke lan sadulure Neil ngganggu dheweke kapan wae duwe kesempatan. Ing sawijining kesempatan, sedulur loro kasebut bersekongkol nglawan Candy, lan dheweke pungkasane dituduh nyolong, meksa dheweke mlayu. Dheweke kepengin bali menyang Pony Hill, nanging dheweke keturon ing prau cilik lan ana bebaya tiba ing grojogan. Nanging dheweke ditulungi dening wong misterius kanthi jenggot sing kandel sing Candy disalahake minangka bajak laut amarga kaca tingal peteng. Wong iki manggon ing kabin karo kéwan lan pirso piyambak minangka Albert. Candy ngrasakake kebecikan wong lanang kasebut lan kesengsem banget karo dheweke. Dheweke bali menyang Leagans, lan minangka paukuman kanggo &quot;nyolong,&quot; dheweke dikirim kanggo bisa ing farm kulawarga ing Meksiko. Sawise ngerti maksud Leagans, Candy nekat njaluk bantuan marang kancane Albert, ninggalake cathetan ing botol sing dilebokake ing kali. Sauntara iku, kanca-kancane nulis layang marang Paman William sing sugih banget, kepala Klan Ardley. Candy pungkasane diluwari nalika Paman William ngadopsi dheweke menyang Klan Ardley, dadi wali sah kanggo nglindhungi dheweke. Identitas sejatine tetep dadi rahasia nganti pungkasane crita.

Sajrone pesta prabawa Candy menyang kulawarga Ardley minangka bagéan saka Klan, Anthony tilar donya amarga kacilakan mburu sawise tiba saka jarane. Candy pancen lara ati lan mutusake bali menyang Omah Pony. Sawijining dina, George, asisten pribadine Paman William, muncul lan njaluk Candy ngancani dheweke. Paman William minangka wali Candy lan mutusake kanggo ngirim dheweke, bebarengan karo Archie, Stair, lan sedulur Leagan, menyang London kanggo sinau ing Universitas St. Paul sing bergengsi. Ing kana dheweke ketemu Terrence Granchester, putra ora sah saka adipati Inggris lan aktris Broadway Amerika Eleanor Baker. Terry minangka bocah enom kanthi pribadine mbledhos lan kasar, lan uga duwe masalah karo alkohol. Candy pisanan ndeleng dheweke, nangis, ing Eve Taun Anyar, nalika lagi lelungan nganggo prau menyang London. Senajan iku ora katresnan ing kawitan ngarsane amarga prilaku agresif lan kasar Terry kang, liwat wektu kang dadi &quot;Cinta kapindho Candy, katresnan badai saka remaja pinasthi gagal.&quot;

Kahanan misahake pasangan nalika Eliza Leagan conspires supaya Candy diusir saka St. Dipuntedahaken skandal, Terry ninggalake St. Paul kanggo nguber ngimpi kang dadi aktor panggung, prioritas sawijine, ninggalake Candy konco. Nalika Candy sinau babagan iki, dheweke uga mutusake ninggalake sekolah kanggo golek dalan uripe dhewe. Nasib reuni Candy karo kanca Albert, sing katon beda saiki, tanpa jenggot kandel, lan katon luwih nggantheng lan enom.

Candy lagi latihan dadi perawat ing Chicago nalika Perang Donya I, nalika Terry ngupayakake karir minangka aktor munggah-lan-teka ing New York. Padha nyambung maneh lan ngarep-arep kanggo rekindle sesambetan, sanajan mung adoh liwat huruf. Ing wektu sing padha, Terry banget kepincut karo Susanna, aktris lan anggota saka perusahaan teater. Terry flirts karo Susanna, lan dheweke pungkasanipun tiba ing katresnan karo wong, malah ngakoni raos dheweke ing sawijining wengi ing téater. Sanajan akeh kesempatan, Terry ora nate nyebutake Candy marang dheweke. Nanging, Terry ngakoni awake dhewe yen dheweke uga kepincut karo Susanna. Gosip babagan hubungan intim wis muncul, amarga Terry lan Susanna nglampahi wektu bebarengan sajrone latihan kanggo &quot;Romeo lan Juliet.&quot; Sajrone siji gladhen, lampu panggung dadi ngeculke, lan Susanna narik wong metu saka dalan sadurunge bisa tiba ing Terry, nanging dheweke tatu ing proses lan pungkasanipun kelangan wentis. Ibu Susanna nyalahake Terry amarga pungkasane karir akting putrine. Sauntara kuwi, Susanna ngalami depresi sing jero lan nyoba bunuh diri, rumangsa yen dheweke isih urip dheweke bakal dadi beban kanggo Candy lan Terry. Candy nyimpen dheweke saka tiba saka gendheng rumah sakit, lan Terry banjur dipeksa kanggo milih antarane katresnan kanggo Candy lan tetep karo Susanna. Terry milih Susanna, lan Candy bali menyang Chicago kanggo nerusake uripe. Nanging, Terry ora mungkasi Candy ninggalake; tinimbang, dheweke langsung bali menyang Susanna, kang banget kepincut. Terry wis mutusake kanggo tetep karo Susanna, lan Candy pungkasane ngerti maksude.

Sadurunge Candy lan Terry nyuwil munggah, Candy wis dadi perawat lan caregiver kanggo kanca nggantheng Albert, sing, dening corak saka nasib, digawa menyang rumah sakit Chicago karo amnesia sawise bom mbledhos ing Sepur ing Italia sak Perang Donya I. Sawise sawetara wektu ing rumah sakit, Candy mutusaké kanggo njupuk Albert menyang apartemen dheweke ing Magnolia House kanggo Care kanggo wong lan mbantu wong waras memori. Sajrone telung taun urip bebarengan, Candy lan Albert kudu nyamar dadi sedulur ing ngarepe masyarakat, amarga urip bebarengan (mung wong loro), malah turu ing amben padha ora nikah. Candy lan Albert ngembangake hubungan sing jero, intim, lan ramah. Albert nylametake nyawa Candy ing sawetara kesempatan, kayata saka cakar singa, lan ngadhepi sawetara preman sing pengin cilaka dheweke. Albert minangka wong sing nglipur Candy nalika bali menyang omah kanthi depresi sawise putus karo Terry. Sawise mbalekake memori, Albert ilang sedhela, mimpin Candy nekat nelusuri dheweke nang endi wae, sadhar carane penting lan indispensable kang urip. Sajrone panelusuran, dheweke ketemu Terry, sing banget nyemplungaken ing alkoholisme lan tampil ing téater lelungan ing Rockstown. Candy bali menyang omah sawise ndeleng Terry entuk semangat sing sadurunge, mesthine sawise ndeleng dheweke ing pamirsa. Sauntara iku, Terry mulih karo Susanna, sing wis dadi tunangane. Candy terus nggoleki Albert, nanging ora sukses. Mbalik ing Pony's Home, Neal Leagan, sing wis tresna karo dheweke, nyoba meksa Candy dadi pertunangan. Albert muncul maneh lan pungkasane nuduhake identitas asline kanggo Candy: dheweke yaiku &quot;Pakdhe William&quot;, wali hukum misterius sing durung nate dideleng, sesambungan karo dheweke mung liwat surat. Dheweke ngilangi pertunangan karo Neil, lan ing pungkasan crita, Albert uga ngandhani Candy yen dheweke dadi bocah lanang pitulas taun ing gunung sing ditutupi daffodil nalika dheweke nangis; mula dheweke &quot;Pangeran Bukit.&quot; Candy mlaku karo nangis ing mripate menyang tangan mbukak, Albert kang &quot;katresnan katelu dheweke, siji saka diwasa, dheweke bener, predestined, lan katresnan pungkasan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com/entretenimiento/40388/albert-el-amor-definitivo-de-candy-la-chica-huerfana|title=Albert, the ultimate love of Candy, the orphan girl|website=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]}} - May 19, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Versi bajakan ==
Ana akèh versi bajakan saka manga lan serial anime Candy Candy sajrone ira-pira basa.{{cn}} Meh kabèh manga utawa kartun animasi kang ora kanti basa Jepang bisa dipastikake versi bajakan.{{cn}} Sanajan mangkono, serial anime Candy Candy pernah digiyaraké sedelok kanthi legal déning TV ing US lan Canada awal taun 80-an, sajrone basa Inggris lan Perancis. Versi basa Inggrise pernah uga nyebar ing pira-pira nagara Éropah, kayat Italia, Yunani, lan Spanyol. Kaloro versi serial anime iki pernah uga nyebar sithik-sithike sak edisi sajrone wujud kaset VHS ing pertengahan taun 80-an. Ing Hong Kong, &quot;Little Candy Candy&quot; pernah digiyaraké déning [[Television Broadcasts Limited|TVB]] nalika akir taun 70-an and awal taun 80-an. Episode Candy kang digiyaraké déning TVB iki banjur akèh nyebar ing Indonesia sajrone wujud kaset Video(BETA)sewaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot;&gt;[http://mangafox.me/manga/candy_candy/ CANDY CANDY Manga], (Kaunduh 3/2/13)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pengisi suara ==
* [[Minori Matsushima]] minangka Candice White Ardlay
* [[Makio Inoue]] minangka William Albert Ardlay
* [[Kazuhiko Inoue]] minangka Anthony Brown
* [[Kei Tomiyama]] minangka Terriuce Graham Grandchester
* [[Kaneta Kimotsuki]] minangka Alistair Cornwell
* [[Miyoko Aso]] minangka Mary Jane
* [[Yuji Mitsuya]] minangka Archibald Cornwell
* [[Mami Koyama]] minangka Annie Brighton
* [[Chiyoko Kawashima]] minangka Patricia O'Brian
* [[Taeko Nakanishi]] minangka Anii Jirarudo, Narrator
* [[Yumi Nakatani]] minangka Eliza Leagan
* [[Kiyoshi Komiyama]] minangka Neal Leagan

== Musik ==
;Lagu pembuka
* {{nihongo|&quot;Candy Candy&quot;|キャンディ・キャンディ|Kyandi Kyandi}}
** Lirikis: {{nihongo|[[Keiko Nagita]]|名木田 恵子|Nagita Keiko}}
** Komponis: {{nihongo|[[Takeo Watanabe]]|渡辺 岳夫|Watanabe Takeo}}
** Aransemen: {{nihongo|[[Yushi Matsuyama]]|松山 祐士|Matsuyama Yūshi}}
** Penyanyi: {{nihongo|[[Mitsuko Horie]]|堀江 美都子|Horie Mitsuko}} dan [[The Chirps]]

;Lagu penutup
* {{nihongo|&quot;Ashita ga suki&quot;|あしたがすき|}}
** Lirikis: Keiko Nagita
** Komponis: Takeo Watanabe
** Aransemen: Yushi Matsuyama
** Penyanyi: Mitsuko Horie dan The Chirps

== Cathetan sikil ==
* Candy candy di Internet Movie Data Base: [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0270761/ Candy-candy (IMDB)]
* Mays, Jonathan. [http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2003-09-13 Anime News Network ]

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{ja}} [http://lakewood.srv7.biz Candy Candy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222181735/http://lakewood.srv7.biz/ |date=2022-12-22 }} Misaki's Candy Candy, situs penggemar resmi

==Cathetan sikil==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Manga]]
[[Kategori:Anime]]
[[Kategori:Serial anime taun 1976]]
[[Kategori:Serial televisi Jepang taun 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>4n4mg0pm5987w6oxnioj2g2bsulxw12</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aldo Moro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99030</id>
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      <text bytes="5493" sha1="97qv04c209rxs3ng7lz1go248xudmu4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name = Aldo Moro
| image = Aldo_Moro_br.jpg
| order = [[Pratélan Mahamantri Italia|38]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Mahamantri Italia]]
| president2 = [[Giovanni Leone]]
| deputy2 = [[Ugo La Malfa]]
| term_start2 = 23 November 1974
| term_end2 = 29 Juli 1976
| predecessor2 = [[Mariano Rumor]]
| successor2 = [[Giulio Andreotti]]
| president = [[Antonio Segni]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Giuseppe Saragat]]
| deputy = [[Pietro Nenni]]
| term_start = 4 Dhésèmber 1963
| term_end = 24 Juni 1968
| predecessor = [[Giovanni Leone]]
| successor = [[Giovanni Leone]]
| order5 = [[Mantri Manca Nagara Italia]]
| order3 = [[Mantri Kahakiman Italia]]
| primeminister3 = [[Antonio Segni]]
| term_start3 = 6 Juli 1955
| term_end3 = 15 Mèi 1957
| predecessor3 = [[Michele De Pietro]]
| successor3 = [[Guido Gonella]]
| order4 = [[Mantri Pendhidhikan Italia]]
| primeminister4 = [[Adone Zoli]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Amintore Fanfani]]
| term_start4 = 19 Mèi 1957
| term_end4 = 15 Fèbruari 1959
| predecessor4 = [[Paolo Rossi (pulitisi)|Paolo Rossi]]
| successor4 = [[Giuseppe Medici]]
| term_start7 = 7 Juli 1973
| term_end7 = 23 November 1974
| predecessor7 = [[Giuseppe Medici]]
| successor7 = [[Mariano Rumor]]
| primeminister7 = [[Mariano Rumor]]
| term_start6 = 5 Agustus 1969
| term_end6 = 26 Juni 1972
| predecessor6 = [[Pietro Nenni]]
| successor6 = [[Giuseppe Medici]]
| primeminister6 = [[Mariano Rumor]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Emilio Colombo]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Giulio Andreotti]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Mariano Rumor]]
| term_start6 = 5 Mèi 1969
| term_end6 = 29 Juli 1972
| predecessor6 = [[Pietro Nenni]]
| successor6 = [[Giuseppe Medici]]
| primeminister6 = [[Mariano Rumor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Emilio Colombo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Giulio Andreotti]]
| term_start5 = 28 Dhésèmber 1964
| term_end5 = 5 Maret 1965
| predecessor5 = [[Giuseppe Saragat]]
| successor5 = [[Amintore Fanfani]]
| primeminister5 = ''Dhèwèké dhéwé''
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|9|23}}
| nationality = [[Wong Italia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|5|9|1916|9|23}}
| birth_place = [[Maglie]], [[Apulia]], [[Karajan Italia (1861–1946)|Italia]]
| death_place = [[Roma]], [[Latium]], [[Italia]]
| party = [[Dhémokrasi Kristen (Italia)|Dhémokrasi Kristen]]
| religion = [[Katulik Roma]]
}}

'''Aldo Moro''' ({{lahirmati||23|9|1916||9|5|1978}}) iku pulitikus lan [[Mahamantri Italia]] suwéné kaping pindho, antara taun [[1963]] tekan taun [[1968]], lan banjur saka taun [[1974]] tekan taun [[1976]]. Dhèwèké iku mahamantri sing njabat paling suwé ing [[Italia]], total mangsa kakuwasané ngluwihi enem taun.

Sawijining pamimpin paling wigati saka parté [[Democrazia Cristiana]] (DC, tegesé ''Dhémokrat Kristen''), Moro dianggep sawijining intelèktual lan médhiator sing sabar banget, kususé kanggo masalah-masalah sajeroning parténé.

Nalika tanggal [[16 Maret]] [[1978]] Moro diculik ing ''via Fani'' ([[Roma]]) déning para [[téroris]] anggota [[Brigate Rosse|Brigade Abang]]. Sawisé disandra suwéné 55 dina, Moro dipatèni ing utawa cerak Roma nalika tanggal [[9 Mèi]]. Dhisiné tinemu ing dina sing padha ing sawijining montor.

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.macchianera.net/rubriche/banca_dati_della_memoria/ ''Banca dati della memoria'': Moro's letters and +] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206200902/https://www.macchianera.net/rubriche/banca_dati_della_memoria/ |date=2022-12-06 }}
* [http://www.radioradicale.it/speciale_br/link/Memoriale%20Moro.html Memorial Moro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023225402/http://www.radioradicale.it/speciale_br/link/Memoriale%20Moro.html |date=2005-10-23 }} on [[strategy of tension]]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0377569/ Buongiorno, notte], 2003 filem about the kidnapping
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0366900/ Piazza Delle Cinque Lune], 2003 filem about the kidnapping
* [http://www.centrostudimonetari.org/moro2marzo.jpg Italian document March 2, 1987] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206081321/http://www.centrostudimonetari.org/moro2marzo.jpg |date=February 6, 2009 }}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mantri Kahakiman Italia]]|before=[[Michele De Pietro]]|after=[[Guido Gonella]]|years=1955–1957}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mantri Pendhidhikan Umum Italia]]|before=[[Paolo Rossi (politician)|Paolo Rossi]]|after=[[Giuseppe Medici]]|years=1957–1959}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mahamantri Italia]]|before=[[Giovanni Leone]]|after=[[Giovanni Leone]]|years=1963–1968}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mantri Manca Nagara Italia]]|before=[[Giuseppe Saragat]]|after=[[Amintore Fanfani]]|years=1964–1965}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mantri Manca Nagara Italia]]|before=[[Amintore Fanfani]]|after=[[Amintore Fanfani]]|years=1965–1966}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mantri Manca Nagara Italia]]|before=[[Pietro Nenni]]|after=[[Giuseppe Medici]]|years=1969–1972}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mantri Manca Nagara Italia]]|before=[[Giuseppe Medici]]|after=[[Mariano Rumor]]|years=1973–1974}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mahamantri Italia]]|before=[[Mariano Rumor]]|after=[[Giulio Andreotti]]|years=1974–1976}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mantri Dalam Negeri Italia]]|before=[[Luigi Gui]]|after=[[Francesco Cossiga]]|years=1976}}
{{succession box|title=[[Sekretaris Dhémokrasi Kristen Italia]]|before=[[Amintore Fanfani]]|after=[[Mariano Rumor]]|years=1959-1964}}
{{end}}

{{clr}}
{{ItalianPrimeMinisters}}

[[Kategori:Lair 1916]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1978]]
[[Kategori:Pulitikus Itali]]
[[Kategori:Mahamantri Itali]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh sing dipatèni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grossmünster</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99170</id>
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      <text bytes="3523" sha1="7bemqlosr3bf1gaw3420ys15tqjtql3" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Grossmunster church.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Grossmünster]]
'''Grossmünster''' (&quot;great minster&quot;) iku sawijining gréja protèstan kanthi gaya Roman sing dumunung ing [[Zurich]], [[Switzerland]]. Gréja iki minangka salah siji telung gréja utama ing kutha Zurich, liyané ya iku gréja [[Fraumünster]] lan [[St. Peter, Zürich|St. Peterskirche]]).

==Galeri==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Heinrich Bullinger Grossmunster Zurich.jpg|Statuary relief of [[Heinrich Bullinger]] on the southern exterior wall
File:Switzerland Zürich Grossmünster Charlemagne Münch 1935.jpg|[[Charlemagne]] on the bronze doors by Münch (1935)
File:Grossmuenster Kirche Fassade.jpeg|Facade of the monastery building, now housing the theological faculty of the [[University of Zurich]]
File:Zürich - Grossmünster - Sicht vom Grossmünster Karlsturm IMG 6398.JPG|Same building as seen from ''Karlstower''
File:Grossmünster stained glass.jpg|Stained Glass from inside the church by Switserlan artist Augusto Giacometti added in 1932
File:Zürich - Grossmünster IMG 0237.jpg|Grossmünster as seen from [[Münsterhof (Zürich)|Münsterhof]]
File:Zürich - Grossmünster Karl der Grosse IMG 0236.jpg|[[Charlemagne]] 'sitting' at the southern tower, the so-called ''Karlsturm''
File:Zürich - Grossmünster Krypta Karl IMG 1303.JPG|[[Crypt]] with original Charlemagne statue (15tch century)
File:Zürich - Grossmünster Krypta Decke IMG 1305.jpg|Crypt, heraldry
File:Grossmünster - Innenansicht IMG 6436 ShiftN.jpg|[[Nave]] and stained glass windows by Augusto Giacometti
File:Grossmünster - Innenansicht IMG 6435.jpg|Stained glass windows created by [[Sigmar Polke]] in 2009
File:Grossmünster - Innenansicht IMG 6430 ShiftN.jpg|Nave, sight to the Chorus
File:Zürich - Grossmünster Portal IMG 1296.JPG|Portal
File:Zürich - Grossmünster Detail IMG 1298.JPG|Reliefs (portal, left side)
File:Zürich - Grossmünster IMG 0232.jpg|Details at the northern wall
File:Zürich - Grossmünster - Kapelle Helferei IMG 1312.JPG|Chapel, fountain and so-called 'Helferei' building
File:Zürich - Grossmünster - Wasserkirche IMG 1154 ShiftN.jpg|The towers and [[Wasserkirche]] with a view of the Limmat river
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

==Cathetan==
{{Reflist}}
*Daniel Gutscher, ''Das Grossmünster in Zürich. Eine baugeschichtliche Monographie'' (1983).

==Pranala njaba==

* [http://www.grossmuenster.ch Official website]
* [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/switzerland/zurich-grossmunster.htm Grossmünster, Zürich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918123437/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/switzerland/zurich-grossmunster.htm |date=2009-09-18 }} - Sacred Destinations (includes [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/switzerland/zurich-grossmunster-pictures/index.htm photo gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425181727/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/switzerland/zurich-grossmunster-pictures/index.htm |date=2009-04-25 }})
* [http://www.gms-reisen.ch/images/Heft%2053/Zurich-6f.jpg Old City Plan of Church depicting original spires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827163935/http://www.gms-reisen.ch/images/Heft%2053/Zurich-6f.jpg |date=2019-08-27 }}
* [http://www.halo-photographs.com/2004-Grossmunster-Zurich/ City Panorama of Zürich, shot in Winter 2004 from the tower of Grossmünster]

{{coord|47|22|12|N|8|32|39|E|region:CH-ZH_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grossmunster}}
[[Kategori:Sajarah Zurich]]
[[Kategori:Gréja Protèstan]]
[[Kategori:Gréja ing Zurich]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brie</title>
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      <text bytes="9173" sha1="a61bkrajtf4a95ab98xe4grdajhh9ra" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Brie 01.jpg|thumb|300 px|Kèju Brie]]
{{Infobox Cheese
| name = Brie
| image = Brie 01.jpg
| othernames = 
| country = [[Prancis]]
| regiontown = 
| region = [[Ile-de-France]]
| town = 
| source = [[Sapi]]
| pasteurised = Ya
| texture = Lembut
| fat = 30-60%
| protein = 
| dimensions = 
| weight = 
| aging = 4 minggu
| certification = AOC: 1980 untuk Brie de Meaux dan Brie de Melun &lt;ref name=&quot;Lexicon of Cheese&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Iburg, Anne | title=Dumont's Lexicon of Cheese | publisher= Rebo International b.v., Lisse, The Netherlands. | year=2004 | id=ISBN 978-90-366-1689-8}} Page 66-69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Harbutt, Juliet | title=The World Encyclopedia of Cheese | publisher= Anness Publishing Ltd | year=2006 | id=ISBN 978-1-84309-960-4}} Page 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Brie''' inggih punika [[kèju]] mawi tèkstur ingkang lunak saking [[susu]] [[sapi]] ingkang dipun''[[pasteurisasi]]'' ingkang asalipun saking [[Prancis]]. Brie punika dipun''produksi'' ing laladan [[Ile-de-France]] ingkang manggèn wonten ing sisih [[wétan]] kutha [[Paris]]. Sadèrèngipun transportasi ing [[Prancis]] mekar, kèju punika boten saged dipunkintun dhateng laladan sanès kejawi kutha [[Paris]], saéngga tiyang-tiyang asring nyebat &quot;kèju Paris&quot;. Kéju Brie Prancis asli ngginakaken susu sapi ingkang boten dipun''pasteurisasi'' saéngga raosipun langkung komplèks.&lt;ref name=&quot;cheese&quot;&gt;[http://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=brie Brie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200150/https://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=Brie |date=2022-12-07 }}, ''Cheese.com''. Diakses tanggal 27 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;[http://homecooking.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/faqbriecheese.htm What is Brie Cheese?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314021250/http://homecooking.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/faqbriecheese.htm |date=2009-03-14 }}, ''About.com''. Diakses tanggal 27 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Déné kèju Brie ingkang dipun''ekspor'' dhateng nagara sanès punika ngginakaken susu sapi ingkang dipun''pasteurisasi'' saéngga saged tahan langkung dangu lan boten gampil kénging infeksi saking [[baktèri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cheese&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Brie ingkang dipunsebat minangka &quot;ratu&quot; utawi &quot;ratu&quot; keju punika sampun dipunmangertosi saking abad kaping 8.&lt;ref name=&quot;cheese&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ile de france&quot;&gt;[http://www.iledefrancecheese.com/index.php/Ile-de-France-Brie-Cheese/brie.html Brie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328051318/http://iledefrancecheese.com/index.php/Ile-de-France-Brie-Cheese/brie.html |date=2013-03-28 }}, ''Ile de France''. Diakses tanggal 27 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geek&quot;&gt;[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-brie.htm What is Brie?], ''Wise Geek''. Diakses tanggal 27 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Atusan taun kepengker, kèju Brie dipuncaosaken minangka [[upeti]] dhumateng ratu-ratu Prancis ing jaman mau.&lt;ref name=&quot;cheese&quot;/&gt; Bukti sinerat ingkang tuwa dhéwé babagan kèju punika kapanggihaken wonten ing taun 774 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;[http://worldvillage.com/the-history-of-brie-cheese The History of Brie Cheese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205082851/http://www.worldvillage.com/the-history-of-brie-cheese |date=2010-02-05 }}, ''World Village''. Diakses tanggal 27 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Charlemagne]], panguwaos Prancis kala punika nyobi kèju Brie lajeng paring dhawuh supados kalih tumpuk kèju mau dipunkintun marang piyambakipun saben taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt; [[Raja Louis XVI]] ugi remen kaliyan kèju punika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ile de france&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt; Miturut cariyosipun, nalika piyambakipun nembé sekarat punika nyuwun dipunsajèkaken kèju Brie minangka sajèan ingkang pungkasan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ile de france&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt; Amargi kondhangipun ing kalangan kraton, kèju Brie pikantuk ajejuluk &quot;Raja Kèju lan Kèju Raja-ratu&quot; (''Roi de Fromages et Fromage de Rois'') déning [[Androuet]] lan [[Chabot]] ing taun [[1985]].&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Davidson, Alan | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=2006 | id=ISBN 978-0-19-280681-9}} Page 106,161.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wujud lan tèkstur ==
Keju punika gadhah wujud bunder kados kuwé mawi 25&amp;nbsp;cm dumugi 40&amp;nbsp;cm. Kèju mawi diameter 15&amp;nbsp;cm dumugi 22&amp;nbsp;cm ugi kénging kanggé sesadéan. Bobot saking kèju Brie punika kirang langkung antawisipun 1&amp;nbsp;kg dumugi 2&amp;nbsp;kg.&lt;ref name=&quot;cheese&quot;/&gt; Kèju Brie saged kapanggih dipunsadé wonten ing wungkusan kotak kayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cheese&quot;/&gt;

== Prosès damel Kèju Brie ==
Kanggé damel kèju Brie punika dipun-ginakaken susu sapi ingkang dipunpanasaken dumugi boten langkung saking 37&amp;nbsp;°C lan [[rennet]] ugi dipuntambahaken.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford&quot;/&gt; [[Dadih]] lajeng dipuncithak kanthi ngginakaken [[séndhok]] ageng ingkang wonten bolonganipun ingkang dipunwastani ''pelle à brie''.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cfr&quot;&gt;[http://www.cheese-france.com/cheese/brie.htm Brie], ''Cheese-France''. Dipunakses tanggal 27 Maret 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Lajeng dadih mau dipunsukaken ing cithakan lan dipungaringaken satunggal dinten.&lt;ref name=&quot;ile de france&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geek&quot;/&gt; Lajeng dipuntambah malih kaliyan [[uyah|sarem]] kanggé ngimbangi rasa legi saking susu ingkang dipun-ginakaken.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt; Sadèrèngipun dipunmatengaken, jamur ''Penicillium camemberti'' kaginakaken saéngga kadhapuk kulit kanthi warna putih ing pérangan njawi kèju.&lt;ref name=&quot;geek&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford&quot;/&gt; Prosès ingkang pungkasan punika pematengan wonten ing gudhang ngandhaping lemah utawi [[guwa]] ingkang nelasaken wekdal paling sakedhik sekawan minggu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ile de france&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geek&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt;

== Jinis ==
[[Gambar:Brie de Melun.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Keju]] Brie de Melun.]]

Wonten manéka variasi saking kèju Brie asli ingkang saged kapanggih, nanging naming kalih jinis kèju Brie ingkang pikantuk sertifikasi AOC.

=== Kèju Brie AOC ===

==== Brie de Meaux ====
Kèju kanthi bobot 2.5 - 3 kilogram punika wiwitanipun dipundamel wonten ing [[Meaux]], ing laladan Brie.&lt;ref name=&quot;meaux&quot;&gt;[http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/products/cheese-eggs-milk-products/brie-de-meaux/ Brie de Meaux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902102300/http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/products/cheese-eggs-milk-products/brie-de-meaux/ |date=2010-09-02 }}, ''The World Wide Gourmet''. Dipunakses tanggal 27 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Brie de Meaux dipundamel saking susu sapi mentah nalika wulan [[Juli]] dumugi [[Maret]].&lt;ref name=&quot;meaux&quot;/&gt; Tèkstur saking kèju punika lembut kanthi warna ingkang éwah dados kuning pucet nalika mateng.&lt;ref name=&quot;meaux&quot;/&gt; Permukaan saking kèju punika warninipun putih mawi bintik-bintik warna jingga.&lt;ref name=&quot;meaux&quot;/&gt;

==== Brie de Melun ====
Brie de Melun punika gadhah raos ingkang langkung landhep lan ugi langkung asin tinimbang Brie de Meaux. Saking ukuranipun, Brie de Melun gadhah diameter ingkang langkung alit saéngga dipunwastani minangka &quot;adhi&quot; saking Brie de Meaux. Benten kaliyan Brie de Meaux, Brie de Melun boten ngginakaken [[rennet]] nalika prosès koagulasi wonten ing susu nanging ngginakaken [[bakteria]] [[asem laktat]] lan mbetahaken wekdal ingkang langkung dangu. Wekdal paling sakedhik ingkang dipunbetahaken nalika prosès koagulasi wonten ing Brie de Melun punika 18 jam, déné wonten ing Brie de Meaux namung 30 menit.

=== Keju Brie sanèsipun ===
==== Coulommiers ====
Asalipun punika saking kutha ingkang sami kaliyan kèju mau inggih punika [[Coulommiers]] ing [[Ile-de-France]]. Kèju punika ngginakaken prosès pematengan kalih minggu. Ukuran saking kèju punika 1/3 saking ukuran kèju Brie paling ageng mawi rasa ingkang alus. Amargi dipunproduksi déning indhustri lajeng kèju punika saged kapanggih wonten ing pundi kemawon lan wayah menapa kemawon.

==== Fougeru ====
Kèju punika sakedhik bènten kaliyan kèju Brie sanèsipun amargi ing lumah kèju punika dipuncaosi [[godhong pakis]]. Rasa lan métodhe anggènipun damel kèju punika wonten miripipun kaliyan Coulommiers.

==== Brie Jerman ====
Brie [[Jerman]] punika kalebet tiruan saking Brie Prancis. Bobot saking Brie Jerman punika kirang langkung 1&amp;nbsp;kg dumugi 3&amp;nbsp;kg ingkang dipunmatengaken kanthi maksimal 4 minggu. Kèju punika ugi wonten ingkang dipuncaosi [[bumbon crakèn]] ingkang dipuntambahaken dhateng kèju sadèrèngipun dipunmatengaken.

==== Brie saking susu [[wedhus|menda]] ====
Kèju punika boten ngginakaken susu sapi, nanging susu [[wedhus|menda]]. Werna saking kèju punika langkung enem tinimbang kèju Brie ingkang kadamel saking susu sapi.

== Ugi pirsani ==
* [[Kèju]]
* [[Kèju Prancis]]
* [[Camembert]]
* [[Comté]]
* [[Cantal (kèju)]]
* [[Livarot]]
* [[Kèju Munster]]
* [[Kèju Neufchâtel]]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
{{Commons category|Brie}}
* [http://homecooking.about.com/od/cheeseinformation/a/brietips.htm Tips Memasak Keju Brie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831105647/http://homecooking.about.com/od/cheeseinformation/a/brietips.htm |date=2010-08-31 }}

[[Kategori:Keju]]
[[Kategori:Keju Prancis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edvard Grieg</title>
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      <text bytes="6591" sha1="2s4lmz76zxs0nywfpul4qlfdk623xg2" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Edvard Grieg (1888) by Elliot and Fry - 02.jpg|jmpl]]
'''Edvard Hagerup Grieg''' ([[basa Nurwègen|Nurwègen]] [ˈɛdʋɑɖ ˈhɑːɡərʉp ˈɡrɪɡ]; lair [[15 Juni]] [[1843]] - surut [[4 September]] [[1907]], nalika surut umuré 64 taun) iku sawijining juru main piyano lan komponis kawentar Nurwègen. Dhèwèké dianggep salah sawijining komponis utama [[Musik Romantik|éra Romantik]], lan musik anggitané iku pérangan baku répertowar klasik saindhenging jagat. Olèhé nganggo lan ngembangaké musik rakyat Nurwègen sajeroning komposisiné, bisa ndokok Nurwègen ing posisi wigati sajeroning Donya musik internasiyonal. Saliyané iku, karyané mèlu ngréwangi yasa idhèntitas nasiyonal Nurwègen kaya déné sing digayuh déning [[Jean Sibelius]] lan [[Antonín Dvořák]] ing [[Finlan]] lan [[Bohémia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-84383-210-0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Daniel M. Grimley |authorlink= |pambesut= |others= |title=Grieg: Music, Landscape and Nurwègenn Identity |edition= |language= |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Ipswich |year=2006 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=1-84383-210-0 |oclc= |doi= |url= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba==
{{commons category}}
{{wikisource author|Edvard Hagerup Grieg}}
*[http://www.grieg07.no Grieg 2007. Official Site for 100th year commemoration of Edvard Grieg ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212030409/http://www.grieg07.no/ |date=2008-02-12 }}
*[http://www.edvardgrieg.no The Grieg archives at Bergen Public Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413060030/http://www.edvardgrieg.no/ |date=2009-04-13 }}
*[http://www.troldhaugen.no Troldhaugen Museum, Grieg's home]
*[http://www.mnc.net/norway/GRIEG.HTM Biography of Grieg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214011056/http://www.mnc.net/norway/GRIEG.HTM |date=2005-12-14 }} by prof. Harald Herresthal
*{{OL author|OL38111A}}
*[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11839 Edvard Grieg statue by [[Sigvald Asbjornsen]] [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)]]]
*Films about Grieg's life: [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303955/ ''What Price Immortality?'' (1999)], [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066393/ ''Song of Norway'' (1970)]
*[https://secure.flickr.com/photos/bergen_public_library/collections/72157617382486774/ Edvard Grieg picture collection at flickr commons]
*[http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/edvardgrieg.html Edvard and Nina Grieg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314160425/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/edvardgrieg.html |date=2008-03-14 }}, Dictionary of [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] &amp; [[Universalist]] Biography

===Rekaman déning Edvard Grieg===
*[http://www.pianolist.org/music/papillon.mp3 Papillon – Lyric Piece, Op. 43, no. 1] as recorded by Grieg on piyano roll, 17 April 1906, Leipzig ([http://www.pianola.org/reproducing/reproducing.cfm Info])
*''Legendary Piano Recordings: The Complete Grieg, Saint-Saëns, Pugno, and Diémer'' ([http://www.marstonrecords.com/legendary-piano/legendary_piano_tracks.htm Marston Records])
*''Edvard Grieg: The Piano Music In Historic Interpretations'' ([http://www.simax.musiconline.no/shop/displayAlbumExtended.asp?id=16520 SIMAX Classics – PSC1809] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130223083237/http://www.simax.musiconline.no/shop/displayAlbumExtended.asp?id=16520 |date=2013-02-23 }})
*''Grieg and his Circle'' ([http://www.pavilionrecords.co.uk Pearl, GEMM 9933 CD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225094817/http://www.pavilionrecords.co.uk/ |date=2011-12-25 }})
*''[http://www.kunstmuseene.no/Default.asp?enhet=troldhaugen&amp;art=212&amp;kat=178&amp;sp=1 Grieg spiller Grieg]'' (Edvard Grieg Musiyum Troldhaugen)
*[http://www.rprf.org/Rollography.html Piano Rolls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306063111/http://www.rprf.org/Rollography.html |date=2005-03-06 }} ([http://www.rprf.org/ The Reproducing Piano Roll Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301032625/http://www.rprf.org/ |date=2010-03-01 }})

===Rekaman karya Edvard Grieg===
* [http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata1-1.mp3 Edvard Grieg, Sonata No. 1 in F major, I. Allegro con brio - Gregory Maytan (violin), Nicole Lee (piano)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030204402/http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata1-1.mp3 |date=2016-10-30 }}
* [http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata1-2.mp3 Edvard Grieg, Sonata No. 1 in F major, II. Allegretto quasi Andantino - Gregory Maytan (violin), Nicole Lee (piano)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030205903/http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata1-2.mp3 |date=2016-10-30 }}
* [http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata1-3.mp3 Edvard Grieg, Sonata No. 1 in F major, III. Allegro molto vivace - Gregory Maytan (violin), Nicole Lee (piano)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030205718/http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata1-3.mp3 |date=2016-10-30 }}
* [http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata3-1.mp3 Edvard Grieg, Sonata No. 3 in C minor, I. Allegro molto ed appasionato - Gregory Maytan (violin), Nicole Lee (piano)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031023605/http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata3-1.mp3 |date=2016-10-31 }}
* [http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata3-2.mp3 Edvard Grieg, Sonata No. 3 in C minor, II. Allegretto espressivo all Ramanza - Gregory Maytan (violin), Nicole Lee (piano)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202457/http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata3-2.mp3 |date=2016-10-30 }}
* [http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata3-3.mp3 Edvard Grieg, Sonata No. 3 in C minor, III. Allegro animato - Gregory Maytan (violin), Nicole Lee (piano)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030205017/http://www.lunanova.org/MaytanCD/GriegSonata3-3.mp3 |date=2016-10-30 }}

===Notasi musik===
*{{IMSLP|id=Grieg, Edvard}}
*{{ChoralWiki|Edvard Grieg}}
*[http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=GriegE Free scores] ing [[Mutopia Project]]

===Fèstival===
*[http://www.peergynt.no/english/ Peer Gynt Festival]
*[http://www.oslogriegfestival.no/ Oslo Grieg Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106003348/http://oslogriegfestival.no/ |date=2014-01-06 }}
*[http://www.griegfestival.no/ Grieg International Choir Festival]
*[http://www.grieginbergen.com/ Grieg in Bergen]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grieg, Edvard}}
[[Kategori:Paraga Nurwègen]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1843]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1907]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Madilog</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-07T11:36:27Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3482" sha1="b1mrr0rb87056n4xxniwn08sgd5an3c" xml:space="preserve">'''Madilog''' ya iku buku kang dianggit déning [[Tan Malaka]] ing taun 1942-1943.{{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}}{{sfn|Malaka|p=7}} Madilog ngemot èsènsi pemikirané [[Tan Malaka]] ngenani bangsa lan lemah tumpah-rah-é.{{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}} &lt;br /&gt;
Perkara kang diangkat ing Madilog, ya iku:{{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}} &lt;br /&gt;
1. Ngapa bangsa [[Indonésia]] nganti kejajah semana suwéné? {{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}} &lt;br /&gt;
2. Piyé apiké, utawa apa sing prelu dilakokaké bangsané, dudu mung kanggo nyingkiraké penjajah, nanging uga supaya ora dijajah manèh?{{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}} &lt;br /&gt;
Kanthi analisané iku mau, [[Tan Malaka]] nemu jawaban prakara kang diadhepi bangsané.{{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}} Kanggo [[Tan Malaka]], kunciné ya iku ana ing méntal manungsa utawa bangsa [[Indonésia]] dhéwé.{{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}} Gampangé, kang digagas kanthi cara lan pola pikir madilog, ya iku cara lan pola pikir kang [[aktif]] ([[réalistis]]), [[dinamis]] ([[dialèktis]]), lan [[logis]] ([[masuk akal]]).{{sfn|Poeze|p=xxv-xxviii}}

Buku iki cukup populèr taun [[1990]]-an ana kalangane para aktivis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madilog&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dakwatuna.com/2016/07/14/81415/tan-malaka-madilog-dan-filsafatnya/#ixzz4H5KE8GHI|title=Tan Malaka, Madilog, dan Filsafatnya|last=Arifan|first=Fadh Ahmad|date=14 July 2016|publisher=Dakwatuna|accessdate=12 August 2016}}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Popularitasé kurang luwih padha karo buku karangane [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]], [[Ivan Illich]], lan [[Paolo Freire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Madilog&quot;/&gt;

Ana Madilog, Tan Malaka nulis, &quot;nalika nyinaoni filsafat, kudu dipilah-pilah ndhisik pikiran-pikiran ahli filsafat, nèk ora ngono bisa bingung. Tuladha: antarané Idealisme lan Materialime&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madilog&quot;/&gt;

==Isi==
Madilog ngemot bab-bab:{{sfn|Malaka|p=}} &lt;br /&gt;
1. [[Logika Mistik]]; &lt;br /&gt;
2. [[Filsafat]]; &lt;br /&gt;
3. [[Ngèlmu alam]], [[Science]]; &lt;br /&gt;
4. [[Science]]; &lt;br /&gt;
5. [[Dhialèktika]]; &lt;br /&gt;
6. [[Logika]]; lan &lt;br /&gt;
7. [[Pandhangan Madilog]].

==Rujukan==
===Cathetan sikil===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliografi===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book 
| last = Poeze
| first = Harry A.
| title = Tan Malaka: Pergulatan Menuju Republik
| year = 1988
| publisher = Pustaka Utama Grafiti
| location = Jakarta
| isbn = 979-444-045-0  }}

* {{Cite book
| last = Malaka
| first = Tan
| title = Madilog
| year = 2014
| publisher = Narasi
| location = Yogyakarta
| isbn = 978-979-168-331-9 }}

{{refend}}

===Pranala njaba===
*[http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/tan-malaka-komunisme-dan-islam-dalam-madilog.html Laman web Merdeka.com]
*[http://www.dakwatuna.com/2016/07/14/81415/tan-malaka-madilog-dan-filsafatnya/#axzz4H26cabnm Laman web Dakwatuna]{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.santrijagad.org/2015/08/diskusi-santrijagad-jalan-sunyi-madilog.html Laman web Santrijagad]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://jejakislam.net/?p=713 Laman web JIB]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://elsaonline.com/?p=2305Laman web Elsaonline]
*[http://www.kabar.tobucil.net/2010/06/jangan-baca-madilog.html Laman web Tobucil.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307145903/http://www.kabar.tobucil.net/2010/06/jangan-baca-madilog.html |date=2013-03-07 }}

[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]]
[[Kategori:Filsafat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Guwa Jepang Parangtritis</title>
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      <text bytes="1324" sha1="fueimfgf7gd4j1g3qa631zhxhmgfrmp" xml:space="preserve">'''Guwa Jepang Parangtritis''' utawa '''Guwa Jepang Parangtritis''' ngrupakne salah siji paninggalan bala Jepang ana ing masa [[Perang Donya II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;yogyes&quot;&gt;https://www.yogyes.com/id/places/929/{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Guwa iki sabenere dudu duwé wujud kaya [[guwa]] ana ing umumnya ning guwa iki duwé wujud kaya ''bunker'' panggon berlindung para bala saka tempuhan mungsuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;yogyes&quot;/&gt; Saiki guwa iki mung turah beberapa baé turahe sesudah dadi puing-puing lan Guwa jepang iki dadi objek wisata anyar ing [[Yogyakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;yogyes&quot;/&gt;

== Lokasi ==
Guwa iki manggon ora adoh saka Kutha Ngayogyakarta luwih tepatnya guwa iki manggon ing daerah [[Pundong, Bantul, Yogyakarta]] sing bisa ditempuh sajrone 40 menit saka Kutha Ngayogyakarta , sawisé nganti di dhuwur kana awake dhéwé bisa ndelok [[Samodra Hindia]] lan daerah kutha [[Bantul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;yogyes&quot;/&gt;

== Dalan Kekana ==
Nek pengen tilik menyang situs Guwa Jepang iki bisa ngliwati Jl. Parangtritis nuli ngliwati wot [[Kretek]] sawisé kuwi belok menyang arah wétan (kiwa) sawisé kuwi arep ana plakat sing nunjukan [[Guwa Sunan]] mas sawisé kuwi meloni dalan lan arep nganti ing Guwa Jepang.&lt;ref name=&quot;yogyes&quot;/&gt;

== Pranala njaba ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Guwa]]


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  <page>
    <title>Atek Soedharmo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3218" sha1="6h2qnopp2isnteoesj33aj7bgi8fvzw" xml:space="preserve">'''Atek Soedharmo''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kutha Salatiga]], [[Jawa Tengah]]|30|1|1949}}) inggih punika salah satunggalipun atlit lan juru paraga [[film|filem]] saking [[Indonesia|Indonésia]] ing [[dasawarsa]] 1970-an. Namanipun sampun misuwur nalika maragakaken filem ''Joanna'' sesarengan [[Lidya Kandouw]] (1983) ingkang dipunsutradarani [[Wim Umboh]]. Sadèrèngipun nglebeti kancah perfileman, Atek Soedharmo punika atlit ing cabang [[bina raga]] lan gadhah sasana gladhèn kanggé génerasi mudha. Piyambakipun tetirah saking donyane filem ing taun 1992 awit saking ketaman cidera wekdal dados juru paraga sesarengan kaliyan [[Cynthia Rothrock|Cindy Rothrock]]. Pungkasanipun, [[Advent Bangun]] nggantosi minangka paraga ing filem punika.&lt;ref&gt;Harian Semarang: [http://hariansemarangbanget.blogspot.co.id/2012/06/atek-dharmo-mantan-bintang-film-laga.html Atek Dharmo Mantan, Bintang Film Laga, Kini Tekuni Binaraga], dijupuk 30 Maret 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harian7: [http://www.harian7.com/2015/05/mantan-bintang-film-laga-kini-tekuni.html Mantan Bintang Film Laga, Kini Tekuni Binaraga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128171757/https://www.harian7.com/2015/05/mantan-bintang-film-laga-kini-tekuni.html |date=2022-11-28 }}, dijupuk 30 Maret 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;WN: [https://wn.com/lydia_perawan_perawan Joanna (1983) Lydya Kandow-Atek Soedharmo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112084421/https://wn.com/lydia_perawan_perawan |date=2021-11-12 }}, dijupuk 30 Maret 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat ==
Atek Soedharmo lair ing [[Kutha Salatiga]], [[Jawa Tengah]], tanggal 30 [[Januari]] [[1949]]. Awit taksih nem, piyambakipun sampun ngraketi donyanipun [[olahraga|ulahraga]], utamanipun cabang bina raga. Ing griyanipun, kepara piyambakipun gadhah sasana gladhèn ''fitness'' lan angkat wesi Raga Sampurna. Ing taun 1972, Atek ngyasa klub bina raga Pancanaka ingkang wiwit kiprahipun taun 1974. Klub mau disengkuyung déning manten Wali [[Kutha Salatiga]], [[John Manuel Manoppo]] minangka katua umum. Kajawi punika, piyambakipun ugi kiprah ing kancah perfileman, dipunpracaya maragakaken ing filem ''Joanna'', ingkang dipunsutradarani [[Wim Umboh]]. Nalika samanten, piyambakipun dipunpacangaken kaliyan paraga wanita, [[Lidya Kandouw]]. Filem ingang mundhut gambar wonten saindhengipun [[Air Terjun Sekar Langit]] punika, nyariyosaken satunggalipun nem-neman ingkang nylametaken satungalipun kenya peranakan [[Walanda]] ingkang nyobi &quot;minggat&quot; saking tiyang sepuhipun. Kajawi nylametaken Joanna, Atek ugi ugi nyengkuyung para warga nglawan centheng-centheng Walanda miyos kaprigelan silatipun. Sasampunipun filem ''Joanna'', ing taun 1985 Atek kadhapuk dados juru paraga kaliyan [[Lia Waroka]] ing filem ''Rambo''. Taun 1992, piyambakipun tetirah saking kancah perfileman amargi ketaman cidera nalika main sesarengan [[Cynthia Rothrock|Cindy Rothrock]]. Pungkasanipun [[Advent Bangun]] ingkang nggantosi.

== Filem ==
* ''Yohana''
* ''Pembalasan Rambu''
* ''Djago''
* ''Suromenggolo
* ''Tiada Titik Balik ''

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Ingkang maragani Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh dari Salatiga]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]]


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  <page>
    <title>Naraguna:Meursault2004/1000wikidays</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>143515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752342</id>
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        <username>Meursault2004</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pratélan artikel 401 - 500 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="72669" sha1="rsdxrxr0oin8c856ua1k40y5l9mxn3o" xml:space="preserve">* '''(jv)''' '''[[:m:100wikidays|1000wikidays]] (1000 dina Wiki), wiwit ing tanggal 31 Oktober 2017'''. Sawisé aku wis bisa nglaksanakaké 100wikidays nganti putus in tanggal 7 Oktober 2016, aku golèk ''tantangan'' anyar. Mula sataun sawisé iku aku kaul manèh. Aku nyoba nulis 1000 artikel sajroning sèwu dina. Nanging amerga cacahé artikel akèh, aku luwih supel olèhku nulis lan wektuné luwih longgar. Dadi ora saben dina sinambung tanpa pedhot, nanging saka tanggal 31 Oktober 2017 nganti tanggal 31 Desember 2020. Dadi pituwasé yaiku: 

: 2017: 62 dina
: 2018: 365 dina
: 2019: 365 dina
: 2020: 366 dina
:       --------- +       
: Total: 1158 dina

: Dadi aku olèh 158 dina èkstra supaya kaulku bisa sidayatra, tegesé ya saben sasi olèh patang dina èkstra kanggo kalonggaran menawa ana perkara liya sing luwih wigati lan uga supaya aku ora gugur. Mangga dipirsani nganti tekan ngendi aku bisa tahan :-) Paling ora aku ngarep-arep bisa nulis 1000 artikel anyar sadurungé tutup taun 2020, awit taun 2021 Wikipedia bakal 20 taun yuswané.   

* '''(en)''' '''1000wikidays beginning on October 31st, 2017'''. After having succesfully completed the #100wikidays challenge on October 5th, 2016, I was looking for a new challenge. Therefore I am doing the 1000wikidays.  I try to write 1000 articles during 1000 days on the Javanese Wikipedia. However because we are dealing with a great number of articles, I will impose myself a more relaxed rule. I allow myself not to write 1000 articles continuously in 1000 days, but it is from October 31, 2017 to December 31, 2020. So the number of the days is like this:

: 2017: 62 days
: 2018: 365 days
: 2019: 365 days
: 2020: 366 days
:       --------- +       
: Total: 1158 days

: Therefore I get 158 days extra in order for my pledge to be finished, this means that I get four extra days each month whenever there will be more pressing issues and so I won't fail in this endeavour. Well, let's see how far I'll come :-) At the very least, I want to write 1000 new articles before the end of 2020, as Wikipedia would be 20 years in 2021. 

== Pratélan artikel ==
=== Pratélan artikel 401 - 500 ===
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| 468 || [[Mutiara Sentosa II]] || 6 Agustus 2026  || Mutiara Sentosa II, an Indonesian ship, which burned and sank on August 2, 2026 || 526 || [[:d:Q24862978|Q24862978]]
|-
| 467 || [[Dawnn Lewis]] || 5 Agustus 2026  || [[:en:Dawnn Lewis|Dawnn Lewis]] || 525 || [[:d:Q3019260|Q3019260]]
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| 466 || [[Fnideq]] || 4 Agustus 2026  || [[:en:Fnideq|Fnideq]], a Moroccan town || 524 || [[:d:Q513678|Q513678]]
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| 465 || [[Vaughn Armstrong]] || 3 Agustus 2026  || [[:en:Vaughn Armstrong|Vaughn Armstrong]] || 523 || [[:d:Q713810|Q713810]]
|-
| 464 || [[Insidhèn wates antara Maroko–Spanyol taun 2021]] || 2 Agustus 2026  || [[:en:2021 Morocco–Spain border incident|2021 Morocco–Spain border incident]] || 522 || [[:d:...]]
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| 463 || [[Insidhèn wates antara Maroko–Spanyol taun 2026]] || 1 Agustus 2026  || [[:en:2026 Morocco–Spain border incident|2026 Morocco–Spain border incident]] || 521 || [[:d:...]]
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| 462 || [[James Darren]] || 31 Juli 2026  || [[:en:James Darren|James Darren]] || 520 || [[:d:...]]
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| 461 || [[Salome Jens]] || 30 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Salome Jens|Salome Jens]] || 519 || [[:d:...]]
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| 460 || [[Richard Poe]] || 29 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Richard Poe|Richard Poe]] || 518 || [[:d:...]]
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| 459 || [[Evan Evagora]] || 28 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Evan Evagora|Evan Evagora]] || 517 || [[:d:...]]
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| 458 || [[Kenneth Marshall]] || 27 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Kenneth Marshall|Kenneth Marshall]] || 516 || [[:d:Q1738645|Q1738645]]
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| 457 || [[Marc Alaimo]] || 26 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Marc Alaimo|Marc Alaimo]] || 515 || [[:d:Q926194|Q926194]]
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| 456 || [[Scott MacDonald (aktor)]] || 25 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Scott MacDonald (aktor)|Scott MacDonald]] || 514 || [[:d:...]]
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| 455 || [[Robert Picardo]] || 24 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Robert Picardo|Robert Picardo]] || 513 || [[:d:...]]
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| 454 || [[Emily Coutts]] || 23 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Emily Coutts|Emily Coutts]] || 512 || [[:d:...]]
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| 453 || [[Randy Oglesby]] || 22 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Randy Oglesby|Randy Oglesby]] || 511 || [[:d:...]]
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| 452 || [[Andy Burnham]] || 21 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Andy Burnham|Andy Burnham]], a British prime minister || 510 || [[:d:...]]
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| 451 || [[Theresa Farrell]] || 20 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Terry Farrell (actress)|Terry Farrell]] || 509 || [[:d:...]]
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| 450 || [[Nicole de Boer]] || 19 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Nicole de Boer|Nicole de Boer]] || 508 || [[:d:...]]
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| 449 || [[Matt Winston]] || 18 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Matt Winston|Matt Winston]] || 507 || [[:d:...]]
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| 448 || [[David Cronenberg]] || 17 Juli 2026  || [[:en:David Cronenberg|David Cronenberg]] || 506 || [[:d:...]]
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| 447 || [[Casey Biggs]] || 16 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Casey Biggs|Casey Biggs]] || 505 || [[:d:...]]
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| 446 || [[John Rhys-Davies]] || 15 Juli 2026  || [[:en:John Rhys-Davies|John Rhys-Davies]] || 504 || [[:d:...]]
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| 445 || [[Kellie Waymire]] || 14 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Kellie Waymire|Kellie Waymire]] || 503 || [[:d:...]]
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| 444 || [[ Anthony De Longis]] || 13 Juli 2026|| [[:en: Anthony De Longis| Anthony De Longis]] || 502 || [[:d:...]]
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| 443 || [[Wilson Cruz]] || 12 Juli 2026 || [[:en:Wilson Cruz|Wilson Cruz]] || 501 || [[:d:...]]
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| 442 || [[Wil Wheaton]] || 11 Juli 2026 || [[:en:Wil Wheaton|Wil Wheaton]] || 500 || [[:d:...]]
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| 441 || [[Gates McFadden]] || 10 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Gates McFadden|Gates McFadden]] || 499 || [[:d:Q253764|Q253764]]
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| 440 || [[Adrienne Barbeau]] || 9 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Adrienne Barbeau|Adrienne Barbeau]] || 498 || [[:d:Q253561|Q253561]]
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| 439 || [[Jayne Brook]] || 8 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Jayne Brook|Jayne Brook]] || 497 || [[:d:Q449561|Q449561]]
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| 438 || [[Laurel Goodwin]] || 7 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Laurel Goodwin|Laurel Goodwin]] || 496 || [[:d:Q3218819|Q3218819]]
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| 437 || [[Rebecca Romijn]] || 6 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Rebecca Romijn|Rebecca Romijn]] || 495 || [[:d:Q202792|Q202792]]
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| 436 || [[Walter Koenig]] || 5 Juli 2026  || [[:en:Walter Koenig|Walter Koenig]] || 494 || [[:d:Q376176|Q376176]]
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| 435 || [[Keiko Fujimori]] || 4 Juli 2026 || [[:en:Keiko Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] || 493 || [[:d:Q235137|Q235137]]
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| 434 || [[Jess Bush]] || 3 Juli 2026 || [[:en:Jess Bush|Jess Bush]] || 492 || [[:d:Q111024535|Q111024535]]
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| 433 || [[Majel Barrett]] || 2 Juli 2026 || [[:en:Majel Barrett|Majel Barrett]] || 491 || [[:d:Q232917|Q232917]]
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| 432 || [[Robert Beltran]] || 1 Juli 2026 || [[:en:Robert Beltran|Robert Beltran]] || 490 || [[:d:Q367549|Q367549]]
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| 431 || [[Josh Clark (aktor)]] || 30 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Josh Clark (actor)|Josh Clark]] || 489 || [[:d:Q6288759|Q6288759]]
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| 430 || [[Sonequa Martin-Green]] || 29 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Sonequa Martin-Green]] || 488 || [[:d:Q7560935|Q7560935]]
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| 429 || [[Sonja Sohn]] || 28 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Sonja Sohn]] || 487 || [[:d:Q441836|Q441836]]
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| 428 || [[Jeffrey Combs]] || 27 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Jeffrey Combs]] || 486 || [[:d:Q452288|Q452288]]
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| 427 || [[John Hoyt]] || 26 Juni 2026  || [[:en:John Hoyt|John Hoyt]] || 485 || [[:d:Q1700513|Q1700513]]
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| 426 || [[Annie Wersching]] || 25 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Annie Wersching|Annie Wersching]] || 484 || [[:d:Q239093|Q239093]]
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| 425 || [[Susanna Thompson]] || 24 Juni 2026 || [[:en:Susanna Thompson|Susanna Thompson]] || 483 || [[:d:Q442661|Q442661]]
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| 424 || [[Alice Krige]] || 23 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Alice Krige|Alice Krige]] || 482 || [[:d:Q236479|Q236479]]
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| 423 || [[Ray Walston]] || 22 Juni 2026   || [[:en:Ray Walston|Ray Walston]] || 481 || [[:d:Q692800|Q692800]]
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| 422 || [[Muhadi Suyono]] || 21 Juni 2026   || [[:en:Muhadi Suyono|Muhadi Suyono]] || 480 || [[:d:Q139741801|Q139741801]]
|-
| 421 || [[David Ajala]] || 20 Juni 2026  || [[:en:David Ajala|David Ajala]] || 479 || [[:d:Q28113147|Q28113147]]
|-
| 420 || [[Jack Quaid]] || 19 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Jack Quaid|Jack Quaid]] || 478 || [[:d:Q1139078|Q1139078]]
|-
| 419 || [[Gwynyth Walsh]] || 18 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Gwynyth Walsh|Gwynyth Walsh]] || 477 || [[:d:Q3122597|Q3122597]]
|-
| 418 || [[Melanie Scrofano]] || 17 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Melanie Scrofano|Melanie Scrofano]] || 476 || [[:d:Q6811348|Q6811348]]
|-
| 417 || [[Alexander Siddig]] || 16 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Alexander Siddig|Alexander Siddig]] || 475 || [[:d:Q311165|Q311165]]
|-
| 416 || [[Philip Anglim]] || 15 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Philip Anglim|Philip Anglim]] || 474 || [[:d:Q2086035|Q2086035]]
|-
| 415 || [[Dwight Schultz]] || 14 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Dwight Schultz|Dwight Schultz]] || 476 || [[:d:Q355344|Q355344]]
|-
| 414 || [[Tarik Ergin]] || 13 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Tarik Ergin|Tarik Ergin]] || 475 || [[:d:Q7686064|Q7686064]]
|-
| 413 || [[Scott Bakula]] || 12 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Scott Bakula|Scott Bakula]] || 474 || [[:d:Q311699|Q311699]]
|-
| 412 || [[Hannah Cheesman]] || 11 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Hannah Cheesman|Hannah Cheesman]] || 473 || [[:d:Q24963319|Q24963319]]
|-
| 411 || [[Jaycee Dugard]] || 10 Juni 2026   || [[:en:Kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard|Kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard]] || 472 || [[:d:Q1344861|Q1344861]]
|-
| 410 || [[Hamilton, Ontario]] || 9 Juni 2026   || [[:en:Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] || 471 || [[:d:Q133116|Q133116]]
|-
| 409 || [[Julian Fellowes]] || 8 Juni 2026   || [[:en:Julian Fellowes|Julian Fellowes]] || 470 || [[:d:Q336018|Q336018]]
|-
| 408 || [[Alex Macqueen]] || 7 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Alex Macqueen|Alex Macqueen]] || 469 || [[:d:Q4717408|Q4717408]]
|-
| 407 || [[Perry Fitzpatrick]] || 6 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Perry Fitzpatrick|Perry Fitzpatrick]] || 468 || [[:d:Q22087168|Q22087168]]
|-
| 406 || [[Susan Lynch]] || 5 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Susan Lynch|Susan Lynch]] || 467 || [[:d:Q259816|Q259816]]
|-
| 405 || [[David Haig]] || 4 Juni 2026  || [[:en:David Haig|David Haig]] || 466 || [[:d:Q1985868|Q1985868]]
|-
| 404 || [[Richenda Carey]] || 3 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Richenda Carey|Richenda Carey]] || 465 || [[:d:Q7330402|Q7330402]]
|-
| 403 || [[Stephen Campbell Moore]] || 2 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Stephen Campbell Moore|Stephen Campbell Moore]] || 464 || [[:d:Q924821|Q924821]]
|-
| 402 || [[Max Brown (aktor Britani Agung)]] || 1 Juni 2026  || [[:en:Max Brown (British actor)|Max Brown]] || 463 || [[:d:Q2468792|Q2468792]]
|-
| 401 || [[Mark Addy]] || 31 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Mark Addy|Mark Addy]] || 462 || [[:d:Q342430|Q342430]]
|-
|}

=== Pratélan artikel 301 - 400 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Dina &lt;br&gt; (''Day'') !! Artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Article'') !! Tanggal&lt;br&gt;(''Date'') !! Ringkesan ing basa Inggris&lt;br&gt;(''Summary in English'') !! Nomer lan cacahé artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Number of articles'') !! Wikidata
|-
| 400 || [[Lisa Dillon]] || 30 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Lisa Dillon|Lisa Dillon]] || 461 || [[:d:Q6557935|Q6557935]]
|-
| 399 || [[Andrew Havill]] || 29 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Andrew Havill|Andrew Havill]] || 460 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 398 || [[Kate Phillips]] || 28 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Kate Phillips|Kate Phillips]] || 459 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 397 || [[Geraldine James ]] || 27 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Geraldine James|Geraldine James]] || 458 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 396.2 || [[Talyllyn Railway]] || 26 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Talyllyn Railway|Talyllyn Railway]] || 457 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 396.1 || [[Simon Jones (aktor)]] || 26 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Simon Jones (actor)|Simon Jones]] || 456 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 395 || [[Patricia Hodge]] || 25 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Patricia Hodge|Patricia Hodge]] || 455 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 394 || [[James Greene (aktor Irlan Lor)|James Greene]] || 24 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:James Greene (Northern Irish actor)|James Greene]] || 454 || [[:d:Q11910476|Q11910476]]
|-
| 393 || [[Rachel Pickup]] || 23 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Rachel Pickup|Rachel Pickup]] || 453 ||[[:d:Q5362042|Q5362042]]
|-
| 392 || [[Ronald Pickup]] || 22 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Ronald Pickup|Ronald Pickup]] || 452 || [[:d:Q4356744|Q4356744]]
|-
| 391 || [[Frederick Lukis]] || 21 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Frederick Lukis|Frederick Lukis]] || 451 || [[:d:Q15994597|Q15994597]]
|-
| 390 || [[Adrian Lukis]] || 20 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Adrian Lukis|Adrian Lukis]] || 450 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 389 || [[Rupert Frazer]] || 19 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Rupert Frazer |Rupert Frazer ]] || 449 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 388 || [[Trevor Cooper]] || 18 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Trevor Cooper|Trevor Cooper]] || 448 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 387 || [[Nichola Burley]] || 17 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Nichola Burley|Nichola Burley]] || 447 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 386 || [[ Alice Patten]] || 16 Mèi 2026  || [[:en: Alice Patten]] || 446 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 385 || [[Jane Lapotaire]] || 15 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Jane Lapotaire|Jane Lapotaire]] || 445 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 384.2 || [[Tywyn]] || 14 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Tywyn|Tywyn]] || 444 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 384.1 || [[Alun Armstrong]] || 14 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Alun Armstrong|Alun Armstrong]] || 443 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 383 || [[Naomi Radcliffe]] || 13 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Naomi Radcliffe|Naomi Radcliffe]] || 442 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 382 || [[Jon Glover]] || 12 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Jon Glover|Jon Glover]] || 441 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 381.2 || [[Amanda Coulson]] || 11 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Amanda Coulson|Amanda Coulson]] || 440 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 381.1 || [[Ed Cooper Clarke]] || 11 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Ed Cooper Clarke|Ed Cooper Clarke]] || 439 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 380 || [[Anna Chancellor]] || 10 Mèi 2026   || [[:en:Anna Chancellor|Anna Chancellor]] || 438 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 379.2 || [[Manon Bannerman]] || 9 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Manon Bannerman|Manon Bannerman]] || 437 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 379.1 || [[Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery]] || 9 Mèi 2026 || [[:en:Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery|Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery]] || 436 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 378 || [[Fanny Cochrane Smith]] || 8 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Fanny Cochrane Smith|Fanny Cochrane Smith]] || 435 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 377 || [[Truganini]] || 7 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Truganini|Truganini]] || 434 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 376 || [[Kika Markham]] || 6 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Kika Markham|Kika Markham]] || 433 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 375 || [[Freda Dudley Ward]] || 5 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Freda Dudley Ward|Freda Dudley Ward]], an English socialite || 432 || [[:d:Q531153]]
|-
| 374 || [[Janet Montgomery]] || 4 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Janet Montgomery|Janet Montgomery]] || 431 || [[:d:Q271121|Q271121]]
|-
| 373 || [[James Fox]] || 3 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:James Fox|James Fox]], a British actor || 430 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 372 || [[Poppy Drayton]] || 2 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Poppy Drayton|Poppy Drayton]], a British actor || 429 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 371 || [[Oliver Dimsdale]] || 1 Mèi 2026  || [[:en:Oliver Dimsdale|Oliver Dimsdale]], a British actor || 428 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 370 || [[ Alastair Bruce]] || 30 April 2026  || [[:en: Alastair Bruce| Alastair Bruce]], a British actor || 427 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 369 || [[Michael Benz ]] || 29 April 2026  || [[:en:Michael Benz|Michael Benz]], a British actor || 426 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 368 || [[Kiri Te Kanawa ]] || 28 April 2026  || [[:en:Kiri Te Kanawa|Kiri Te Kanawa]] || 425 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 367 || [[Jonathan Howard (aktor)]] || 27 April 2026 || [[:en:Jonathan Howard (actor)]], a British actor || 424 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 366.2 || ''[[Michael (film 2026)]]'' || 26 April 2026  || ''[[:en:Michael (2026 film)|Michael (2026)]]'' || 423 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 366.1 || [[Stephen Critchlow]] || 26 April 2026  || [[:en:Stephen Critchlow|Stephen Critchlow]] || 422 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 365 || [[ Di Botcher]] || 25 April 2026  || [[:en: Di Botcher| Di Botcher]] || 421 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 364 || [[Phoebe Nicholls]] || 24 April 2026  || [[:en:Phoebe Nicholls|Phoebe Nicholls]] || 420 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 363 || [[Simone Lahbib]] || 23 April 2026  || [[:en:Simone Lahbib|Simone Lahbib]] || 419 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 362 || [[John Henshaw]] || 22 April 2026  || [[:en:John Henshaw|John Henshaw]] || 418 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 361 || [[Ron Donachie]] || 21 April 2026  || [[:en:Ron Donachie|Ron Donachie]] || 417 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 360 || [[Tim Pigott-Smith]] || 20 April 2026 || [[:en:Tim Pigott-Smith|Tim Pigott-Smith]] || 416 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 359.2 || [[Omah Voorlezer]] || 19 April 2026  || [[:en:Voorlezer's House|Voorlezer's House]] || 415 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 359.1 || [[Terence Harvey]] || 19 April 2026  || [[:en:Terence Harvey|Terence Harvey]], a British actor || 414 || [[:d:Q19560708|Q19560708]]
|-
| 358 || [[Downton Abbey: The Grand Finale]] || 18 April 2026  || [[:en:Downton Abbey: The Grand Finale]], a British-American historical drama movie || 413 || [[:d:Q126164193|Q126164193]]
|-
| 357 || [[Downton Abbey: A New Era]] || 17 April 2026  || [[:en:Downton Abbey: A New Era|Downton Abbey: A New Era]], a British-American historical drama movie || 412 || [[:d:Q106577763|Q106577763]]
|-
| 356 || [[Edward Baker-Duly]] || 16 April 2026  || [[:en:Edward Baker-Duly|Edward Baker-Duly]], a British actor || 411 || [[:d:Q5341720|Q5341720]]
|-
| 355 || [[Sharon Small]] || 15 April 2026  || [[:en:Sharon Small|Sharon Small]] || 410 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 354 || [[Nigel Havers]] || 14 April 2026  || [[:en:Nigel Havers|Nigel Havers]] || 409 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 353 || [[Trevor White (aktor)|Trevor White]] || 13 April 2026  || [[:en:Trevor White (actor)|Trevor White]] || 408 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 352 || [[Julian Wadham]] || 12 April 2026  || [[:en:Julian Wadham|Julian Wadham]], a British actor || 407 || [[:d:Q1354565|Q1354565]]
|-
| 351 || [[Lachlan Nieboer]] || 11 April 2026  || [[:en:Lachlan Nieboer]], an Australian actor || 406 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 350 || [[Jeremy Clyde]] || 10 April 2026  || [[:en:Jeremy Clyde|Jeremy Clyde]], an English actor || 405 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 349 || [[Ann Jane Wenham Figgins]] || 9 April 2026  || [[:en:Jane Wenham (actress)|Jane Wenham]], an English actress || 404 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 348 || [[Bernard Gallagher]] || 8 April 2026  || [[:en:Bernard Gallagher|Bernard Gallagher]], a British actor || 403 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 347 || [[Charlie Cox]] || 7 April 2026  || [[:en:Charlie Cox|Charlie Cox]], a British actor || 402 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 346 || [[Paul Putner]] || 6 April 2026  || [[:en:Paul Putner|Paul Putner]], a British actor || 401 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 345 || [[Victoria Emslie]] || 5 April 2026  || [[:en:Victoria Emslie|Victoria Emslie]], a British actress || 400 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 344 || [[Antonia Bernath]] || 4 April 2026  || [[:en:Antonia Bernath|Antonia Bernath]], a British actress || 399 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 345 || [[Harriet Walter]] || 3 April 2026  || [[:en:Harriet Walter]], an English actress || 398 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 344 || [[Catherine Steadman]] || 2 April 2026  || [[:en:Catherine Steadman|Catherine Steadman]] || 397 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 343 || [[Rade Šerbedžija]] || 1 April 2026  || [[:en:Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Šerbedžija]], a Yugoslav/Croatian actor of Serbian descent || 396 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 342 || [[Emma Lowndes]] || 31 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Emma Lowndes|Emma Lowndes]], a British actress || 395 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 341 || [[Sue Johnston]] || 30 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Sue Johnston|Sue Johnston]], a British actress || 394 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 340 || [[James Sebastian Faulkner]] || 29 Maret 2026  || [[:en:...]] || 393 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 339 || [[Penny Downie]] || 28 Maret 2026  || [[:en:...]] || 392 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 338 || [[Matthew Barber]] || 27 Maret 2026  || [[:en:...]] || 391 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 337 || [[Peter Egan]] || 26 Maret 2026  || [[:en:...]] || 390 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 336 || [[Jeremy Swift]] || 25 Maret 2026  || [[:en:...]] || 389 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 335 || [[Andrew Scarborough]] || 24 Maret 2026 || [[:en:...]] || 388 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 334 || [[Daisy Lewis]] || 23 Maret 2026  || [[:en:...]] || 387 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 333.2 || [[Gunung Bazardüzü]] || 22 Maret 2026   || [[:en:...]] || 386 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 333.1 || [[Patrick Kennedy (aktor)|Patrick Kennedy]] || 22 Maret 2026   || [[:en:Patrick Kennedy (actor)|Patrick Kennedy]] || 385 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 332 || [[Nigel Harman]] || 21 Maret 2026   || [[:en:Nigel Harman|Nigel Harman]] || 384 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 331 || [[Joanna David]] || 20 Maret 2026 || [[:en:Joanna David|Joanna David]], an English actress || 383 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 330 || [[Gary Carr (aktor)]] || 19 Maret 2026 || [[:en:...]] || 382 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 329 || [[Andrew Alexander (aktor)]] || 18 Maret 2026  || [[:en:...]] || 381 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 328 || [[Douglas Reith]] || 17 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Douglas Reith|Douglas Reith]] || 380 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 327 || [[MyAnna Buring]] || 16 Maret 2026  || [[:en:MyAnna Buring|MyAnna Buring]] || 379 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 326 || [[Nicky Henson]] || 15 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Nicky Henson|Nicky Henson]] || 378 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 325 || [[Ged Simmons]] || 14 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Ged Simmons|Ged Simmons]] || 377 || [[:d:Q2662699|Q2662699]]
|-
| 324 || [[Shirley MacLaine]] || 13 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Shirley MacLaine|Shirley MacLaine]] || 376 || [[:d:Q95026|Q95026]]
|-
| 323 || [[Clare Higgins]] || 12 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Clare Higgins|Clare Higgins]] || 375 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 322 || [[Charles Peter Keep Edwards]] || 11 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Charles Edwards (actor)|Charles Edwards]] || 374 || [[:d:Q5077317|Q5077317]]
|-
| 321 || [[Michael Culkin]] || 10 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Michael Culkin|Michael Culkin]] || 373 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 320 || [[Neil Bell]] || 9 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Neil Bell (actor)|Neil Bell]] || 372 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 319 || [[Jonathan Coy]] || 8 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Jonathan Coy|Jonathan Coy]] || 371 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 318 || [[Kevin McNally]] || 7 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Kevin McNally|Kevin R. McNally]] || 370 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 317 || [[Cal MacAninch]] || 6 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Cal MacAninch|Cal MacAninch]] || 369 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 316 || [[Iain Glen]] || 5 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Iain Glen|Iain Glen]] || 368 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 315 || [[Maria Doyle Kennedy]] || 4 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Maria Doyle Kennedy|Maria Doyle Kennedy]] || 367 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 314 || [[Paul Copley]] || 3 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Paul Copley|Paul Copley]] || 366 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 313 || [[Michael Cochrane]] || 2 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Michael Cochrane|Michael Cochrane]] || 365 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 312 || [[Clare Calbraith]] || 1 Maret 2026  || [[:en:Clare Calbraith|Clare Calbraith]], an English actress || 364 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 311 || [[Zoe Boyle]] || 28 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Zoe Boyle|Zoe Boyle]] || 363 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 310 || [[Samantha Bond]] || 27 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Samantha Bond|Samantha Bond]] || 362 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 309 || [[Brendan Patricks]] || 26 Fèbruari 2026 || [[:en:Brendan Patricks|Brendan Patricks]] || 361 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 308 || [[Robert Bathurst]] || 25 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Robert Bathurst|Robert Bathurst]], a British actor || 360 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 307 || [[Joely Richardson]] || 24 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Joely Richardson|Joely Richardson]], an English actress || 359 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 306 || [[Alessandro Nivola]] || 23 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Alessandro Nivola|Alessandro Nivola]] || 358 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 305 || [[Arty Froushan]] || 22 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Arty Froushan|Arty Froushan]] || 357 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 304 || [[Simon Russell Beale]] || 21 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Simon Russell Beale|Simon Russell Beale]] || 356 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 303 || [[Paul Giamatti]] || 20 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Paul Giamatti|Paul Giamatti]], an American actor || 355 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 302 || [[Jonathan Zaccaï]] || 19 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Jonathan Zaccaï|Jonathan Zaccaï]] || 354 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 301 || [[Dominic West]] || 18 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Dominic West|Dominic West]], a British actor || 353 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|}

=== Pratélan artikel 201 - 300 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Dina &lt;br&gt; (''Day'') !! Artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Article'') !! Tanggal&lt;br&gt;(''Date'') !! Ringkesan ing basa Inggris&lt;br&gt;(''Summary in English'') !! Nomer lan cacahé artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Number of articles'') !! Wikidata
|-
| 300 || [[Laura Haddock]] || 17 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Laura Haddock|Laura Haddock]], a British actress || 352 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 299 || [[Hugh Dancy]] || 16 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Hugh Dancy|Hugh Dancy]] || 351 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 298 || [[Nathalie Baye]] || 15 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Nathalie Baye|Nathalie Baye]] ||350 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 297 || [[Julian Ovenden]] || 14 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Julian Ovenden|Julian Ovenden]] || 349 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 296.2 || [[Jemuwah tanggal 13]] || 13 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Friday the 13|Friday the 13]] || 348 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 296.1 || [[Tom Cullen]] || 13 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Tom Cullen|Tom Cullen]] || 347 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 295 || [[Cara Theobold]] || 12 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Cara Theobold|Cara Theobold]] || 346 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 294 || [[David Robb]] || 11 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:David Robb|David Robb]] || 345 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 293 || [[Ed Speleers]] || 10 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Ed Speleers|Ed Speleers]] || 344 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 292.2 || [[Sandwich Bombay]] || 9 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Bombay sandwich|Bombay sandwich]] || 343 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 291.1 || [[Dan Stevens]] || 9 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Dan Stevens|Dan Stevens]] || 342 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 290.2 || [[Brad Arnold]] || 8 Fèbruari 2026 || [[:en:Brad Arnold|Brad Arnold]], an American singer, song writer, and musician || 341 || [[:d:Q896746|Q896746]]
|-
| 290.1 || [[Matt Milne]] || 8 Fébruari 2026 || [[:en:Matt Milne|Matt Milne]], a British actor || 340 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 289 || [[Amy Nuttall]] || 7 Fébruari 2026  || [[:en:Amy Nuttall|Amy Nuttall]], a British actress || 339 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 288 || [[Siobhan Finneran]] || 6 Fébruari 2026  || [[:en:Siobhan Finneran|Siobhan Finneran]], a British actress || 338 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 287.2 || [[Sara Bareilles]] || 5 Fébruari 2026  || [[:en:Sara Bareilles|Sara Bareilles]], an American singer || 337 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 287.1 || [[Rose Leslie]] || 5 Fébruari 2026  || [[:en:Rose Leslie|Rose Leslie]], a British actress || 336 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 286 || [[Jessica Brown Findlay]] || 4 Fèbruari 2026 || [[:en:Jessica Brown Findlay|Jessica Brown Findlay]], a British actress || 335 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 285 || [[Penelope Wilton]] || 3 Fèbruari 2026 || [[:en:Penelope Wilton|Penelope Wilton]], a British actress || 334 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 284 || [[Thomas Howes (aktor)]] || 2 Fèbruari 2026 || [[:en:Thomas Howes (aktor)|Thomas Howes]], a British actor || 333 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 283 || [[Maggie Smith]] || 1 Fèbruari 2026  || [[:en:Maggie Smith|Maggie Smith]], a British actress || 332 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 282 || [[Imelda Staunton]] || 31 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Imelda Staunton|Imelda Staunton]], a British actress || 331 || [[:d:Q172653|Q172653]]
|-
| 281 || [[Tuppence Middleton]] || 30 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Tuppence Middleton|Tuppence Middleton]], a British actress || 330 || [[:d:Q2460289|Q2460289]]
|-
| 280 || [[Lesley Nicol (aktris)]] || 29 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]], a British actress || 329 || [[:d:Q704443|Q704443]]
|-
| 279 || [[Sophie McShera]] || 28 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Sophie McShera|Sophie McShera]], a British actress || 328 || [[:d:Q3491002|Q3491002]]
|-
| 278 || [[Elizabeth McGovern]] || 27 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Elizabeth McGovern|Elizabeth McGovern]], an American actress || 327 || [[:d:Q233868|Q233868]]
|-
| 277 || [[Phyllis Logan]] || 26 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Phyllis Logan|Phyllis Logan]], a British actress || 326 || [[:d:Q117995|Q117995]]
|-
| 276 || [[Allen Leech]] || 25 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Allen Leech|Allen Leech]], an Irish actor || 325 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 275 || [[Robert James-Collier]] || 24 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Robert James-Collier|Robert James-Collier]], a British actor || 324 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 274 || [[Harry Hadden-Paton]] || 23 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Harry Hadden-Paton|Harry Hadden-Paton]], a British actor || 323 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 273 || [[Matthew Goode]] || 22 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Matthew Goode|Matthew Goode]], a British actor || 322 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 272 || [[Joanne Froggatt]] || 21 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Joanne Froggatt|Joanne Froggatt]], a British actress || 321 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 271.2 || [[Sepur anjlog ing Adamuz 2026]] || 20 Januari 2026 || [[:en: 2026 Adamuz train derailments| 2026 Adamuz train derailments]] || 320 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 271.1 || [[Kevin Doyle (aktor)|Kevin Doyle]] || 20 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Kevin Doyle (actor)|Kevin Doyle]] || 319 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 270 || [[Michelle Dockery]] || 19 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Michelle Dockery|Michelle Dockery]], a British actress || 318 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|269|| [[Brendan Coyle]] ||18 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Brendan Coyle|Brendan Coyle]], a British actor || 317 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|268|| [[Raquel Cassidy]] ||17 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Raquel Cassidy|Raquel Cassidy]], a British actress || 316 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|267|| [[James Edward Carter]] ||16 Januari 2026 || [[:en:James Edward Carter|James Edward Carter]] || 315 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 266 || [[Michael Colin Fox]] ||15 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Michael Fox (British actor)|Michael Fox]], a British actor || 314 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 265 || [[Laura Carmichael]] || 14 Januari 2026 || [[:en: Laura Carmichael| Laura Carmichael]], a British actress || 313 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 264.2 || [[Erich von Däniken]] || 13 Januari 2026  || [[:en: Erich von Däniken| Erich von Däniken]], one of The most well known author about ancient austronauts || 312 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 264.1 || [[Hugh Bonneville]] || 13 Januari 2026  || [[:en: Hugh Bonneville| Hugh Bonneville]], a British actor  || 311 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|263 || [[Kastil Highclere]] || 12 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Highclere castle|Highclere castle]], a castle in Hampshire, England, UK || 310 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|262|| [[Downton Abbey (film)]] ||11 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Downton Abbey (film)|Downton Abbey]], the movie || 309 || [[:d:Q55647759|Q55647759]]
|-
| 261.2|| [[Soeria Atmadja]] || 10 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Soeria Atmadja|Soeria Atmadja]], a Sundanese nobleman from the 19th and 20th century || 308 || [[:d:Q120203954|Q120203954]]
|-
| 261.1|| [[Downton Abbey]] || 10 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Downton Abbey|Downton Abbey]], a British historic drama serial || 307 || [[:d:Q83071|Q83071]]
|-
|260 || [[Kanal Inggris]] ||9 Januari 2026 || [[:en:English Channel|English Channel]] || 306 || [[:d:Q34640|Q34640]]
|-
| 259 || [[Selat Dover]] ||8 Januari 2026 || [[:en:Strait of Dover|Strait of Dover]] || 305 || [[:d:Q159898|Q159898]]
|-
| 258 || [[Salt Bae]] || 7 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Salt Bae|Salt Bae]], original name Nusret Gökçe, a Turkish influencer and steakhouse owner || 304 || [[:d:Q28778443|Q28778443]]
|-
| 257|| [[Young Woman and the Sea]] || 6 Januari 2026  || ''[[:en:Young Woman and the Sea|Young Woman and the Sea]]'', a movie starring Daisy Ridley as Gertrude Ederle || 303 || [[:d:Q111982520|Q111982520]]
|-
| 256 || [[Daisy Ridley]] || 5 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Daisy Ridley|Daisy Ridley]], an English actress || 302 || [[:d:Q16738674|Q16738674]]
|-
| 255 || [[Gertrude Ederle]] || 4 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Gertrude Ederle|Gertrude Ederle]], an American swimmer || 301 || [[:d:Q263287|Q263287]]
|-
| 254 || [[&quot;Weird Al&quot; Yankovic]] || 3 Januari 2026  || [[:en:&quot;Weird Al&quot; Yankovic|&quot;Weird Al&quot; Yankovic]], an American singer, comedian, and actor || 300 || [[:d:Q8349|Q8349]]
|-
| 253.2 || [[Neel Sethi]] || 2 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Neel Sethi|Neel Sethi]], an Indian American actor || 299 || [[:d:Q19631217|Q19631217]]
|-
| 253.1 || [[Bob Denver]] || 2 Januari 2026  || [[:en:Bob Denver|Bob Denver]], an American actor || 298 || [[:d:Q747723|Q747723]]
|-
| 252 || [[Sepur anjlog ing Oaxaca 2025]] || 1 Januari 2026 || [[:en:2025 Oaxaca train derailment|2025 Oaxaca train derailment]], a train crash in Mexico || 297 || [[:d:Q137611217|Q137611217]]
|-
| || || 27-31 Dhésèmber 2025  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 251 || [[Sivert Guttorm Bakken]] || 26 Dhésèmber 2025 || [[:en:Sivert Guttorm Bakken|Sivert Guttorm Bakken]], a Norwegian biathlete || 296 || [[:d:Q24262643]]
|-
| || || 22-25 Dhésèmber 2025  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 250.3 || [[Odekoek]] || 21 Désèmber 2025 || [[:nl:Jodenkoek|Jodenkoek]] || 295 || [[:d:Q3125478|Q3125478]]
|-
| 250.2 || [[Team pursuit]] || 21 Désèmber 2025 || [[:en:Team Pursuit|Team Pursuit]] || 294 || [[:d:Q1820070|Q1820070]]
|-
| 250.1 || [[Laura Kenny]] || 21 Désèmber 2025 || [[:en:Laura Kenny|Laura Kenny]], a British cyclist || 293 || [[:d:Q272598]]
|-
| 249 || [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky]] || 20 Désèmber 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 292 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| || || 10 Mèi - 19 Dhésèmber 2025  ||  ||  || 
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 248 || [[Paus Leo XIV]] || 9 Mèi 2025 || [[:en:Pope Leo XIV|Pope Leo XIV]] || 291 || [[:d:Q6109517]]
|-
| || || 18 April - 9 Mèi 2025  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 247.6 || [[Shkodër]] || 17 April 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 290 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 247.5 || [[Lezhë]] || 17 April 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 289 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 247.4 || [[Kukës]] || 17 April 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 288 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 247.3 || [[Gjirokastër]] || 17 April 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 287 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 247.2 || [[Peshkopi]] || 17 April 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 286 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 247.1 || [[Berat]] || 17 April 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 285 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| || || 14 - 16 April 2025  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 246.3 || [[Elbasan]] || 13 April 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 284 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 246.2 || [[Korçë]] || 13 April 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 283 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 246.1 || [[Fier]] || 13 April 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 282 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| || || 12 April 2025  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 245 || [[Vlorë]] || 11 April 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 281 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| || || 9 - 10 April 2025  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 244 || [[Durrës]] || 8 April 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 280 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 243 || [[Sherly Tjoanda]] || 1 Maret 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 279 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 242.3 || [[Plabuhan Giurgiulești]] || 25 Fébruari 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 278 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 242.2 || [[Hevearita Gunaryanti Rahayu]] || 25 Fébruari 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 277 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 242.1 || [[Agustina Wilujeng Pramestuti]] || 25 Fébruari 2025|| [[:en:...]] || 276 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 241 || [[Kapustakan Nasional Polen]] || 24 Fébruari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 275 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 240 || [[Diana Vicezar]] || 24 Fébruari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 274 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 239 || [[Æthelflæd]] || 8 Fébruari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 273 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 238 || [[Bossche bol]] || 7 Fébruari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 272 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 237 || [[Fatima Payman]] || 5 Fébruari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 271 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 236 || [[Shannen Doherty]] || 3 Fébruari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 270 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 235.2 || [[Sinagoge LGBT]] || 30 Januari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 269 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 235.1 || [[LGBT]] || 30 Januari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 268 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 234 || [[Jonna Adlerteg]] || 29 Januari 2025 || [[:en:...]] || 267 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 233 || [[The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim]] || 1 Januari 2025  || [[:en:...]] || 266 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 232.2 || [[Java-eiland]] || 29 Dhésèmber 2024 || [[:en:...]] || 265 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 232.1 || [[HMS Java (1811)]] || 29 Dhésèmber 2024 || [[:en:...]] || 264 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 231 || [[Para Satriya Bundheran Emas]] || 23 Novèmber 2024 || [[:en:...]] || 263 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 230 || [[Cokoran]] || 10 Novèmber 2024 || [[:en:...]] || 262 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 229 || [[Titik Pudjiastuti]] || 29 Oktober 2024 || [[:en:...]] || 261 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 228 || [[Rebecca Ferguson]] || 22 Oktober  2024 || [[:en:...]] || 260 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 227 || [[Benny Laos]] || 13 Oktober 2024  || [[:en:...]] || 259 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 226 || [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] || 7 Oktober 2024 || [[:en:...]] || 258 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 225 || [[MacGyver (sérial TV 1985)]] || 1 Oktober 2024 || [[:en:...]] || 257 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 224 || [[Richard Dean Anderson]] || 5 Sèptèmber 2024|| [[:en:...]] || 256 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
|  ||   || 1 Maret 2024-4 Sèptèmber 2024  ||  ||  || 
|-
|  ||  || -  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 223 || [[Brent Spiner]] || '''29 Fébruari 2024''' || [[:en:Brent Spiner|Brent Spiner]], an American actor, well known for playing Data on the Star Trek franchise  ||  255 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||   || 2 Sèptèmber 2023-28 Fébruari 2024  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 222 || [[Jann Mardenborough]] || 1 Sèptèmber 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 254 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 221 || [[Kristine Froseth]] || 31 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 253 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 220 || [[Hotel Moskva]] || 23 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 252 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 219 || [[Dōin]] || 19 Agustus 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 251 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 218 || [[Georgetown]] || 18 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 250 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 217 || [[Lukisan karyané Adolf Hitler]] || 16 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 249 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 216 || [[Stone Mountain]] || 15 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 248  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 215 || [[Atlanta]] || 14 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 247 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 214 || [[Kudzu]] || 12 Agustus 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 246 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 213.3 || [[Kucing Savannah]] || 11 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 245 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 213.2 || [[Alcatraz]] || 11 Agustus 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 244 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 213.1 || [[Pulo Alcatraz]] || 11 Agustus 2023|| [[:en:...]] || 243 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 212 || [[Creme Puff]] || 10 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 242 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 211 || [[Ringo Starr]] || 9 Agustus 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 241 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 210 || [[Abbey Road, London]] || 8 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 240 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 209|| [[Pakicetus]] || 7 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:Pakicetus|Pakicetus]], a prehistoric mammal from modern day Pakistan || 239 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 208 || [[Perucetus]] || 6 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:Perucetus|Perucetus]] || 238 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 207 || [[Tampere]] || 5 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:Tampere|Tampere]], a place in Finland || 237 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 206 || [[Ving Rhames]] || 4 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:Ving Rhames|Ving Rhames]], an American actor || 236 || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  ||  ||  - ||  ||  || 
|-
| 205 || [[Muséum Kagunan Turku]] || 2 Agustus 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 235 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 204 || [[Karin Månsdotter]] || 1 Agustus 2023  || [[:en:Karin Månsdotter|Karin Månsdotter]] || 234 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 203 || [[Sagara Saaristomeri]] || 31 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 233 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 202|| [[Kali Aura, Finlan]] || 30 Juli 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 232 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 201|| [[Kobongan Gedhé Turku]] || 29 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 231  || [[:d:...]]
|-
|}

=== Pratélan artikel 101 - 200 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Dina &lt;br&gt; (''Day'') !! Artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Article'') !! Tanggal&lt;br&gt;(''Date'') !! Ringkesan ing basa Inggris&lt;br&gt;(''Summary in English'') !! Nomer lan cacahé artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Number of articles'') !! Wikidata 
|-
| 200 || [[Baita votif]] || 28 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 230  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 199|| [[Katédral Turku]] || 27 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 229  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 198|| [[Kastil Turku]] || 26 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 228  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 197|| [[Turku]] || 25 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 227  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 196 || [[Wes Anderson]] || 24 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 226  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 195 || [[Asteroid City]] || 23 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 225  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 194 || [[Katédral Aleksander Nevski, Tallinn]] || 22 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 224  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 193 || [[Oppenheimer (filem)]] || 21 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 223 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 192 || [[Birgitta Ohlsson]] || 20 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 222  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 191 || [[Suomenlinna]] || 19 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 221 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 190 || [[Balenciaga]] || 18 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 220  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 189 || [[Katédral Uspenski]] || 17 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 219 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 188 || [[Katédral Helsinki]] || 16 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 218  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 187 || [[Seurasaari]] || 15 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 217  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 186 || [[Kebon Raja Korkeasaari Helsinki]] || 14 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 216  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 185 || [[Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg]] || 13 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 215  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 184 || [[Stuart Scott]] || 12 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 214  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 183 || [[Erin Heatherton]] || 11 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 213  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 182 || [[Arne Duncan]] || 10  Juli 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 212  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 181 || [[Michael B. Jordan]] || 9 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 211  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 180 || [[Skylar Diggins-Smith]] || 8 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 210  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 179 || [[Haley Cavinder]] || 7 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 209  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 178.3 || [[Hanna_Cavinder]] || 6 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 208  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 178.2 || [[Gréja Finja]] || 6 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 207  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 178.1 || [[Ives Roqueta]] || 6 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 206  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 177.2 || [[Hank Peters]] || 5 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 205  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 177.1 || [[Natalino Pescarolo]] || 5 Juli 2023   || [[:en:...]] || 204  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 176 || [[Jack Parr (basketball)]] || 4 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 203  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 175 || [[Hasan Hazer Moshar]] || 2 Juli 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 202  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 1 Juli 2023  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 174 || [[Nutella]] || 30 Juni 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 201  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 29 Juni 2023  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 173 || [[OceanGate]] || 28 Juni 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 200  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 172 || [[Stockton Rush]] || 27 Juni 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 199  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 171 || [[Insidhèn prau silem Titan]] || 26 Juni 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 198  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 170 || [[	Juan Isidro Moreno]] || 25 Juni . 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 197  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 169 || [[Stu Miller]] || 24 Juni  2023  || [[:en:...]] || 196  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 168 || [[Lidia Patty]] || 23 Juni 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 195  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 5-22 Juni 2023  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 167 || [[Amanda Lee (pilot)]] || 4 Juni  2023  || [[:en:...]] || 194  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 10 Mèi-3 Juni 2023  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 166 || [[Sara Gadalla Gubara]] || 9 Mèi 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 193  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 1-8 Mèi 2023  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 165 || [[Ding Liren]] || 30 April 2023   || [[:en:...]] || 192  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 1 Fèbruari - 29 April 2023  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 164 || [[Leah LaBelle]] || 31 Januari 2023 || [[:en:...]] || 191  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 163 || [[Kampung Boy]] || 23 Januari 2023  || [[:en:...]] || 190  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 162 || [[Rishi Sunak]] || 26 Oktober 2022  || [[:en:...]] || 189  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 161 || [[Proklamasi Kamardikan Amérika Sarékat]] || 4 Oktober 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 188  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 160 || [[Gréja Grötlingbo]] || 30 Sèptèmber 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 187  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 159 || [[Gréja Grönby]] || 23 Sèptèmber 2020 || [[:en:...]] || 186  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 158 || [[Gréja Gothem]] || 21 Sèptèmber 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 185  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 157 || [[Gréja Gökhem]] || 15 Sèptèmber 2020 || [[:en:...]] || 184  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 156 || [[Kerkop]] || 13 Sèptèmber 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 183  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 2-12 Sèptèmber 2020  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 155 || [[Tilik (filem)]] || 1 Sèptèmber 2020 || [[:en:...]] || 182  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 16-31 Agustus 2020  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 154 || [[Gréja Garde]] || 15 Agustus 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 181 || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 153 || [[Gréja Ganthem]] || 14 Agustus 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 180  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 152 || [[Gréja Fulltofta]] || 12 Agustus 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 179  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 151 || [[Gréja Fröjel]] || 11 Agustus 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 178  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| ||   || 6-10 Agustus 2020  ||  ||  || 
|-
| 150 || [[Gréja Fjälkinge]] || 5 Agustus 2020  || [[:en:...]] || 177  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 149 || [[Gréja Farstorp]] || 4 Agustus 2020   || [[:en:...]] || 176  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 148 || [[Gréja Färlöv]] || 3 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Färlöv Church|Färlöv Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 175  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.12 || [[Gréja Everlöv]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Everlöv Church|Everlöv Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 174  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.11 || [[Gréja Etelhem]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Etelhem Church|Etelhem Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 173  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.10 || [[Gréja Enåker]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Enåker Church|Enåker Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 172  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.9 || [[Gréja Ekeby]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Ekeby Church|Ekeby Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 171  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.8 || [[Gréja Eke]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Eke Church|Eke Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 170  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.7 || [[Gréja Dalhem]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Dalhem Church|Dalhem Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 169  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.6 || [[Gréja Danmark]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Danmark Church|Danmark Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 168  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.5 || [[Gréja Buttle]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Buttle Church|Buttle Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 167  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.4 || [[Gréja Bunge]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Bunge Church|Bunge Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 166  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.3 || [[Gréja Brunnby]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Brunnby Church|Brunnby Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 165  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.2 || [[Gréja Bromma]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Bromma Church|Bromma Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 164  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 147.1 || [[Gréja Bro, Gotland]] || 2 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Bro Church, Gotland|Bro Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 163  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 146.2 || [[Gréja Bjäresjö]] || 1 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Bjäresjö Church|Bjäresjö Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 162  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 146.1 || [[Gréja Bollerup]] || 1 Agustus 2020 || [[:en:Bollerup Church|Bollerup Church]], a medieval church in Sweden  || 161  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 145 || [[Gréja Boge]] || 31 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Boge Church|Boge Church]], a medieval church in Sweden  || 160  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 144 || [[Gréja Barlingbo]] || 30 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Barlingbo Church|Barlingbo Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 159  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 143 || [[Gréja Bäl]] || 29 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Bäl Church|Bäl Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 158  || [[:d:...]]
|-
|  || || 28 Juli 2020 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 142 || [[Gréja Anga]] || 27 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Anga Church|Anga Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 157  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 141 || [[Gréja Alva]] || 26 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Alva Church|Alva Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 156  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 140 || [[Gréja Anderslöv]] || 25 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Anderslöv Church|Anderslöv Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 155  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 139.2 || [[Gréja Almunge]] || 24 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Almunge Church|Almunge Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 154  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 139.1 || [[Gréja Ala]] || 24 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Ala Church|Ala Church]], a medieval church in Sweden || 153  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 138.2 || [[Pratélan lukisan témbok gréja ing Swèdhen]] || 23 Juli 2020 || [[:en:List of church murals in Sweden|List of church murals in Sweden]] || 152  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 138.1 || [[Omah cilik dhéwé ing Amsterdam]] || 23 Juli 2020 || [[:nl:Kleinste huis in Amsterdam|Kleinste huis in Amsterdam]], the smallest house in Amsterdam || 151  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 137 || [[Séri BR 344]] || 22 Juli 2020 || A serie 344 East German diesel shunting locomotive || 150  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 136.4 || [[Setatsiyun Solok]] || 21 Juli 2020 || A (former) station in Solok, West Sumatra, Indonesia || 149  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 136.3 || [[Setatsiyun Sala Kutha]] || 21 Juli 2020 || A station in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia || 148  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 136.2 || [[Richard von Weizsäcker]] || 21 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Richard von Weizsäcker|Richard von Weizsäcker]], a former president of Germany || 147  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 136.1 || [[Jens Juel (juru lukis)]] || 21 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Jens Juel (painter)|Jens Juel]], a Danish painter || 146  || [[:d:Q581361|Q581361]]
|-
| 135 || [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Neuchâtel)]] || 20 Juli 2020 22.08 (UTC) || [[:en:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Neuchâtel)|Musée d'Art et d'Histoire]], a museum of art and history in Neuchâtel  || 145  ||
|-
| 134 || [[Témbok ula-ula]] || 19 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Crinkle crankle wall|Crinkle crankle wall]] || 144  || [[:d:...]]
|-
| 133.5  || [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Jenéwa)]] || 18 Juli 2020 21.10 (UTC) || [[:en:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva)|Musée d'Art et d'Histoire]]  || 143 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 133.4  || [[Wisata Agung]] || 18 Juli 2020 21.01 (UTC) || [[:en:Grand Tour|Grand Tour]]  || 142 || [[:d:Q6682302|Q6682302]]
|-
| 133.3  || [[Kastil Zuylen]] || 18 Juli 2020 19.25 (UTC) || [[:nl:Slot Zuylen|Slot Zuylen]]  || 141 || [[:d:Q2131198|Q2131198]]
|-
| 133.2  || [[ Colombier, Neuchâtel]] || 18 Juli 2020 || [[:en: Colombier, Neuchâtel| Colombier]], a village in Switzerland  || 140 ||
|-
| 133.1  || [[Niccolò Zingarelli]] || 18 Juli 2020 || [[:en:Niccolò Zingarelli|Niccolò Zingarelli]]  || 139 ||
|-
|  || || 1 Juli - 17 Juli 2020 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 132  || [[Isabelle de Charrière]] || 30 Juni 2020 || [[:en:Isabelle de Charrière|Isabelle de Charrière]]  || 138 ||
|-
|  || || 23 Juni - 29 Juni 2020 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 131 || [[Het Schielandhuis]] || 22 Juni 2020 || [[:nl:Het Schielandhuis|Het Schielandhuis]], a monumental building in Rotterdam  || 137 ||
|-
|  || || 1 Juni - 21 Juni 2020 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 130 || [[Lukisan témbok gréja ing Swèdhen]] ||  31 Mei 2020 || [[:en:Church murals in Sweden|Church murals in Sweden]] || 136  || [[:d:Q21279202|Q21279202]]
|-
|  || || - ||  ||  ||
|-
|  || || 1 Maret 2020 - 30 Mei 2020 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  || || - ||  ||  ||
|-
| 129 || [[Minesweeper]] ||  '''29 Februari 2020''' || [[:en:Minesweeper (video game)|Minesweeper]], a famous computer or video game, bundle, which used to be bundled with Microsoft Windows || 135  || [[:d:Q126194|...]]
|-
|  || || - ||  ||  ||
|-
|  || || 1 Juli 2019 - 28 Februari 2020 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  || || - ||  ||  ||
|-
| 128 || [[Omah kuru]] ||  30 Juni 2019 || [[:en:Skinny House|Skinny House]] || 134  || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|  || || - ||  ||  ||
|-
|  || || 2 Mei 2018 - 29 Juni 2019 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  || || - ||  ||  ||
|-
| 127 || [[Mahamantri Azerbaijan]] || 1 Mei 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 133 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|  || || 10 April - 30 April 2018 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 126 || [[The Look of Silence]] || 9 April 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 132 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 125 || [[The Act of Killing]] || 8 April 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 131 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|  || || 5 April - 7 April 2018 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 124 || [[Watchmen]] || 4 April 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 130 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 123 || [[Quora]] || 3 April 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 129 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 122 || [[Tetris]] || 2 April 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 128 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 121 || [[Ahmet Ali Çelikten]] || 1 April 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 127 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 120.2 || [[Solenodon]] || 30 Maret 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 126 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 120.1 || [[Solenodon Kuba]] || 30 Maret 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 125 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|  || || 14 Maret - 29 Maret 2018 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 119 || [[Norah Schuster]] || 13 Maret 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 124 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|  || || 10 Maret - 12 Maret 2018 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 118 || [[Mary Magdalene (filem taun 2018)]] || 10 Maret 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 123 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 117 || [[Rasim Ojagov]] || 4 Maret 2018 || [[:en:...|...]] || 122 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
| 116 || [[Basa Ubykh]] || 3 Maret 2018 || [[:en:Ubykh language|Ubykh language]] || 121 || [[:d:Q36931|Q36931]]
|-
| 115 || [[Tevfik Esenç]] || 2 Maret 2018 || [[:en:Tevfik Esenç|Tevfik Esenç]], the last speaker of the Ubykh language || 120 || [[:d:Q469566|Q469566]]
|-
| 114 || [[Kushari]] || 1 Maret 2018 || [[:en:Kushari|Kushari]] || 119 || [[:d:Q1197104|Q1197104]]
|-
| 113 || [[Billy Graham]] || 28 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Billy Graham|Billy Graham]] || 118 || [[:d:Q213550|Q213550]]
|-
| 112 || [[Lord Jim]] || 27 Fèbruari 2018 || ''[[:en:Lord Jim|Lord Jim]]'', a literary work || 117 ||
|-
| 111 || [[Joseph Conrad]] || 26 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Joseph Conrad|Joseph Conrad]] || 116 ||
|-
| 110 || [[Sully (filem)|Sully]] || 25 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:|en:]] || 115 ||
|-
|  || || 24 Fèbruari 2018 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 109 || [[Elchin Musaoglu]] || 23 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Elchin Musaoglu|Elchin Musaoglu]] || 114 ||
|-
| 108 || [[Farman Karimzade ]] || 22 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Farman Karimzade|Farman Karimzade]] || 113 ||
|-
| 107 || [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]] || 21 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Rustam Ibragimbekov|Rustam Ibragimbekov]] || 112 ||
|-
| 106 || [[Arif Babayev]] || 20 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Arif Babayev|Arif Babayev]] || 111 ||
|-
| 105 || [[Iran Aseman Airlines Pamaburan 3704]] || 19 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704|Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704]] || 110 || [[:d:Q49098663|Q49098663]]
|-
| 104 || [[Pratélan sutradara Azerbaijan]] || 18 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:List of Azerbaijani film directors|List of Azerbaijani film directors]] || 109 ||
|-
| 103 || [[Arsitèktur Azerbaijan]] || 17 Fèbruari 2018 || [[:en:Architecture of Azerbaijan|Architecture of Azerbaijan]] || 108 ||
|-
| 102 || [[Ma'ruf Suroto]] || 16 Fèbruari 2018 23.47 (UTC) || A famous Indonesian border policeman || 107 ||  
|-
| 101 || [[Pura Maospahit]] || 15 Fèbruari 2018 9.08 (UTC) || [[:en:Pura Maospahit|Pura Maospahit]], a Hindu temple in Bali || 106 || [[:d:Q48730124|Q48730124]] 
|-
|}

=== Pratélan artikel 1-100 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Dina &lt;br&gt; (''Day'') !! Artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Article'') !! Tanggal&lt;br&gt;(''Date'') !! Ringkesan ing basa Inggris&lt;br&gt;(''Summary in English'') !! Nomer lan cacahé artikel&lt;br&gt;(''Number of articles'') !! Wikidata 
|-
|100 || [[Antonov An-148]]  || 14 Fèbruari 2018 10.28 (UTC)  || [[:en:Antonov An-148|Antonov An-148]]  || 105 || [[:d:Q607355|Q607355]]
|-
|99 || [[Saratov Airlines Pamaburan 703]] || 13 Fèbruari 2018 0.01 (UTC) || [[:en:Saratov Airlines Flight 703|Saratov Airlines Flight 703]] || 104 || [[:d:Q48425813|Q48425813]] 
|-
|98 || [[Jason Rogel]] || 12 Fèbruari 2018 0.32 (UTC) || [[:en:Jason Rogel|Jason Rogel]], an American actor  || 103 || [[:d:Q6163370|Q6163370]]
|-
|97 || ''[[Swamp Shark]]''  || 11 Fèbruari 2018 23.59 (UTC)  || ''[[:en:Swamp Shark|Swamp Shark]]'', a film || 102  || [[:d:Q1587717|Q1587717]]
|-
|96 || [[Kristy Swanson]] || 10 Fèbruari 2018  || [[:en:Kristy Swanson|Kristy Swanson]], an American actress  || 101 || [[:d:Q238394|Q238394]]
|-
|95 || [[Guadalcanal, Sevilla]]  || 9 Fèbruari Januari 2018  || [[:en:Guadalcanal, Seville|Guadalcanal]] || 100 || [[:d:Q943977|Q943977]]
|-
|94 || ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' || 8 Fèbruari 2018 16.44 (UTC) || ''[[:en:The Birth of a Nation|The Birth of a Nation]]'', a 1915 American movie || 99|| [[:d:Q220394|Q220394]]
|-
|93 || [[Sumbilang]] || 7 Fèbruari 2018 23.37 (UTC)  || [[:en:Eeltail catfish|Eeltail catfish]] || 98  || [[:d:Q642626|Q642626]]
|-
|92 || [[Olga Aleksandrovna Romanova]] || 6 Fèbruari 2018 0.14 (UTC)  || [[:en:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia|Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia]] || 97  || [[:d:Q163176|Q163176]]
|-
|91 || ''[[Sitta carolinensis]]'' || 5 Fèbruari 2018 23.52 (UTC) || [[:en:White-breasted nuthatch|White-breasted nuthatch]] || 96 || [[:d:Q379240|Q379240]]
|-
|90 || [[TDU-12/B Skydart]] || 4 Fèbruari 2018  || [[:en:TDU-12/B Skydart|TDU-12/B Skydart]] || 95 || [[:d:Q47657281|Q47657281]]
|-
|89 || [[Plunketts Creek (anak kali Loyalsock Creek)]] || 3 Fèbruari 2018  ||  || 94 ||
|-
|88 || [[Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin, BWV 125]] || 2 Fèbruari 2018  ||  || 93  ||
|-
|87 || [[Sangkan paraning asu]] || 1 Fèbruari 2018  ||  || 92 || 
|-
|86 || [[Downsizing]] || 31 Januari 2018  ||  || 91 || 
|-
|85 || [[Matt Damon]] || 30 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Matt Damon|Matt Damon]] || 90 || 
|-
|84 || [[Sèlèksi gawéan]] || 29 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Artificial breeding]] || 89 || [[:d:Q995745|Q995745]]
|-
| ||  || 28 Januari 2018  ||  || || 
|-
|83 || [[Pamiyara]] || 27 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Animal husbandry|Animal husbandry]] || 88 || [[:d:Q80962|Q80962]]
|-
| ||  || 26 Januari 2018  ||  ||  || 
|-
| ||  || 25 Januari 2018  ||  ||  || 
|-
| ||  || 24 Januari 2018  ||  ||  || 
|-
|82 || [[Neville Chamberlain]] || 23 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Neville Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]] || 87  || [[:d:Q10664|Q10664]]
|-
|81 || [[Lily James]] || 22 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Lily James|Lily James]] || 86  || [[:d:Q13217306|Q13217306]]
|-
|80 || [[Bayeux]] || 21 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Bayeux|Bayeux]] || 85  || [[:d:Q183910|Q183910]]
|-
|79 || [[Gary Oldman]] || 20 Januari 2018 23.34 (UTC) || [[:en:Gary Oldman|Gary Oldman]], a British actor || 84 || [[:d:Q83492|Q83492]]
|-
|78 || [[Dèwangga Bayeux]]  || 19 Januari 2018 22.47 (UTC) || [[:en:Bayeux Tapestry|Bayeux Tapestry]] || 83 || [[:d:Q187483|Q187483]]
|-
|77 || [[Kasèt]] || 18 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Compact Cassette|Compact Cassette]]  || 82 || [[:d:Q149757|Q149757]]
|-
|76 || [[Wong Mapuche]] || 17 Januari 2018 22.10 (UTC)  || [[:en:Mapuche|The Mapuches]], an indigenous people in Southern America || 81 || [[:d:Q178484|Q178484]]
|-
|75 || [[Safaripark Beekse Bergen]] || 16 Januari 2018 0.00 (UTC)&lt;ref&gt;Nalika nggarap artikel iki isih tanggal 15 Januari 2018, nanging déné sambungan internèt ala, dadi suwé lan lagi kasimpen ing tabuh 0.00, tanggal 16 Januari 2018, dadi persis pas wates antara dina lawas lan anyar.&lt;/ref&gt; || Beekse Bergen Safaripark in the Netherlands || 80 || [[:d:Q2183630|Q2183630]]
|-
| ||  || 15 Januari 2018  ||  ||  || 
|-
| ||  || 14 Januari 2018  ||  ||  || 
|-
|74 || [[Sea Life Scheveningen]] || 13 Januari 2018 0.37 (UTC) || Sea Life in Scheveningen, the Netherlands || 79 || [[:d:Q2199049|Q2199049]]
|-
|73 || [[Vlinderparadijs Papiliorama]] || 12 Januari 2018 0.28 (UTC) || A [[:en:butterfly house|butterfly house]] in the Netherlands || 78 || [[:d:Q2104064|Q2104064]]
|-
|72 || [[Vogelpark Avifauna]] || 11 Januari 2018 13.09 (UTC) || [[:en:Vogelpark Avifauna|Vogelpark Avifauna]], Avifauna Birdpark in the Netherlands || 77 || [[:d:Q840700|Q840700]]
|-
|71|| [[Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte]] || 10 Januari 2018 22.42 (UTC) || [[:en:Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte|Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte]], Dutch politician and a former Minister of Colonial Affairs|| 76 || [[:d:Q2408779|Q2408779]]
|-
|70|| [[Hercule Poirot]] || 9 Januari 2018  || [[:en:Hercule Poirot|Hercule Poirot]], a famous character made by the British author Agatha Christie || 75 || [[:d:Q170534|Q170534]]
|-
|69 || [[Ariadne Oliver]] || 8 Januari 2018 21.52 (UTC) || [[:en:Ariadne Oliver|Ariadne Oliver]], a character made by the British author Agatha Christie || 74 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|68 || [[Zoë Wanamaker]] || 7 Januari 2018 21.31 (UTC) || [[:en:Zoë Wanamaker|Zoë Wanamaker]], a British actress || 73 || [[:d:Q227142|Q227142]]
|-
|67 || [[David Suchet]] || 6 Januari 2018 18.00 (UTC) || [[:en:David Suchet|David Suchet]], a British actor || 72 || [[:d:Q211831|Q211831]]
|-
|66 || [[Hugh Fraser]] || 5 Januari 2018 23.31 (UTC)  || [[:en:Hugh Fraser (actor)|Hugh Fraser]], a British actor || 71 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|65 || [[Pauline Moran]] || 4 Januari 2018 23.50 (UTC) || [[:en:Pauline Moran|Pauline Moran]], a British actress || 70 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|64 || [[Philip Jackson (aktor)|Philip Jackson]] || 3 Januari 2018 23.39 (UTC)  || [[:en:Philip Jackson (actor)|Philip Jackson]], a British actor || 69 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|63 || [[Agatha Christie's Poirot ]] || 2 Januari 2018 23.44 (UTC)  || [[:en:Agatha Christie's Poirot |Agatha Christie's Poirot ]] || 68 || [[:d:...|...]]
|-
|62 || [[Pulo Bouvet]] || 1 Januari 2018 20.05 (UTC) || [[:en:Bouvet Island|Bouvet Island]] || 67 || [[:d:Q23408|Q23408]]
|-
|61|| [[Douglas Booth]] || 31 Désèmber 2017 23.11 (UTC) || [[:en:Douglas Booth|Douglas Booth]], a British actor || 66 || [[:d:Q554412|Q554412]]
|-
|60 || [[Eleanor Tomlinson]] || 30 Désèmber 2017 23.37 (UTC) || [[:en:Eleanor Tomlinson|Eleanor Tomlinson]], a British actress || 65 || [[:d:Q1582005|Q1582005]]
|-
|59 || [[Chris O'Dowd]] || 29 Désèmber 2017 0.34 (UTC) || [[:en:Chris O'Dowd|Chris O'Dowd]], an Irish actor || 64 || [[:d:]]
|-
|58 || [[Koninklijke Burgers' Zoo]] || 28 Désèmber 2017 || [[:en:Royal Burgers' Zoo|Royal Burgers' Zoo]], a zoo in the Netherlands || 63 || [[:d:]]
|-
|57 || [[Loving Vincent]] || 27 Désèmber 2017 || [[:en:Loving Vincent|Loving Vincent]], an animation film || 62 || [[:d:Q23013713|Q23013713]]
|-
|56 || [[Patiné Vincent van Gogh]] || 26 Désèmber 2017 00.49  (UTC) || [[:en:Death of Vincent van Gogh|Death of Vincent van Gogh]] || 61 || [[:d:Q5247546|Q5247546]]
|-
|55 || [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] || 25 Désèmber 2017  11.33 (UTC) || [[:en:Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], leader of Pakistan || 60 || [[:d:]]
|-
|54 || [[Apenheul]] || 24 Désèmber 2017 23.37 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Apenheul|Apenheul]]'', a zoo in the Netherlands || 59 || [[:d:]]
|-
|53 || [[Diergaarde Blijdorp]] || 23 Désèmber 2017  23.58 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Diergaarde Blijdorp|Diergaarde Blijdorp]]'', , a zoo in the Netherlands|| 58 || [[:d:]]
|-
|52 || [[Ouwehands Dierenpark]] || 22 Désèmber 2017 23.38 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Ouwehands Dierenpark|Ouwehands Dierenpark]]'', , a zoo in the Netherlands || 57 || [[:d:]]
|-
|51 || [[Dolfinarium Harderwijk]] || 21 Désèmber 2017 22.33 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Dolfinarium Harderwijk|Dolfinarium Harderwijk]]'', , a zoo in the Netherlands || 56 || [[:d:]]
|-
|50 || [[Taman Indonesia]] || 20 Désèmber 2017  22.03 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Taman Indonesia|Taman Indonesia]]'', , a zoo in the Netherlands || 55 || [[:d:Q2102096|Q2102096]]
|-
|49 || [[Kampong Gelam]] || 19 Désèmber 2017 08.21 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Kampong Glam|Kampong Glam]]'', a neighbourhood in Singapore || 54 || [[:d:Q4251481|Q4251481]]
|-
|48 || [[Taman Warisan Melayu]] || 18 Désèmber 2017 17.07 (UTC) || [[:en:Malay Heritage Centre|Malay Heritage Centre]] in Singapore || 53 || [[:d:Q6741538|Q6741538]]
|-
|47 || [[Farinheira]] || 17 Désèmber 2017 18.42 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Farinheira|Farinheira]]'', a Portuguese sausage || 52 || [[:d:Q5435337|Q5435337]]
|-
|46.3 || [[Chorizo]] || 16 Désèmber 2017 14.23 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Chorizo|Chorizo]]'', a Spanish sausage || 51 || [[:d:Q23374|Q23374]]
|-
|46.2 || [[Museu Calouste Gulbenkian]] || 16 Désèmber 2017 09.01 (UTC) || [[:en:Calouste Gulbenkian Museum|Calouste Gulbenkian Museum]], a museum in Portugal || 50 || [[:d:Q211262|Q211262]]
|-
|46.1 || [[Alheira]] || 16 Désèmber 2017 08.47 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Alheira|Alheira]]'', a Portuguese sausage || 49 || [[:d:Q2563471|Q2563471]]
|-
|45 || [[Kubisme]] || 15 Désèmber 2017 20.52 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Cubism|Cubism]]'' || 48 || [[:d:Q42934|Q42934]]
|-
|44 || [[René Lalique]] || 14 Désèmber 2017 22.14 (UTC) || [[:en:René Lalique|René Lalique]], a French Art Deco artist || 47 || [[:d:Q451400|Q451400]]
|-
|43 || [[Art Deco]] || 13 Désèmber 2017 1.16 (UTC) || [[:en:Art Deco|Art Deco]] || 46 || [[:d:Q173782|Q173782]]
|-
|42.2 || [[Edwin Lutyens]] || 12 Désèmber 2017 1.23 (UTC) || [[:en:Edwin Lutyens|Edwin Lutyens]], the great British architect || 45 || [[:d:Q378157|Q378157]]
|-
|42.1 || [[Florin Court]] || 12 Désèmber 2017 0.45 (UTC) || [[:en:Florin Court|Florin Court]], a building in London || 44 || [[:d:Q5461830|Q5461830]]
|-
| ||  || 11 Désèmber 2017  ||  ||  || 
|-
|41 || [[Johnny Hallyday]] || 10 Désèmber 2017 0.42 (UTC) || [[:en:Johnny Hallyday|Johnny Hallyday]], a French singer || 43 || [[:d:Q212015|Q212015]]
|-
|40 || [[Tove Lo]] || 9 Désèmber 2017 23.51 (UTC) || [[:en:Tove Lo|Tove Lo]], a Swedish singer || 42 || [[:d:Q15948790|Q15948790]]
|-
|39 || [[Grand Theft Auto V]] || 8 Désèmber 2017 23.55 (UTC) || [[:en:Grand Theft Auto V|Grand Theft Auto V]], a computer game || 41 || [[:d:Q17452|Q17452]]
|-
|38 || [[Wawancara telung langkah]] || 7 Désèmber 2017 04.24 (UTC) || Three steps interview  || 40 || [[:d:Q1256862|Q1256862]]
|-
|37 || [[Knecht Ruprecht]] || 6 Désèmber 2017 20.26 (UTC) || [[:en:Knecht Ruprecht|Knecht Ruprecht]] || 39 || [[:d:Q1402637|Q1402637]]
|-
|36 || [[Oligocottus snyderi]] || 5 Désèmber 2017 23.57 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Fluffy sculpin|Fluffy sculpin]]'' || 38 || [[:d:Q2030033|Q2030033]]
|-
|35 || [[Mahjong]] || 4 Désèmber 2017 19.12 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Mahjong|Mahjong]]'' || 37 || [[:d:Q12263|Q12263]]
|- 
|34 || [[Organ Weber]] || 3 Désèmber 2017 12.21 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Weberian ossicles|Weberian apparatus]]'' || 36 || [[:d:Q1650032|Q1650032]]
|- 
|33 || [[Kelantan]] || 2 Désèmber 2017 23.07 (UTC) || [[:en:Kelantan|Kelantan]] || 35 || [[:d:Q185944|Q185944]]
|- 
|32 || [[Čapljina]] || 1 Désèmber 2017 21.51 (UTC) || [[:en:Čapljina|Čapljina]] || 34 || [[:d:Q337683|Q337683]]
|- 
|31 || [[Slobodan Praljak]] || 30 Novèmber 2017 05.19 (UTC) || [[:en:Slobodan Praljak|Slobodan Praljak]] || 33 || [[:d:Q1270169|Q1270169]]
|- style=&quot;background: lightgreen; color: black&quot;
|30 || [[Bopomofo]] || 29 Novèmber 2017 08.31 (UTC) || [[:en:Bopomofo|Bopomofo]] || 32 || [[:d:Q198269|Q198269]] 
|- 
|29 || [[Pinyin]] || 28 Novèmber 2017 04.26 (UTC) || The Chinese Pinyin spelling, a redirect page. &lt;br/&gt;As it turned out there was already an article with a different name || - || 
|- style=&quot;background: lightgreen; color: black&quot;
|28 || [[Wong Amis]] || 27 Novèmber 2017 13.20 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Amis people|Amis people]]'', entry for &lt;br/&gt;(Wikipedia Asian Month 2017) || 31 || [[:d:Q205006|Q205006]]
|- style=&quot;background: lightgreen; color: black&quot;
|27 || [[Wong Atayal]] || 26 Novèmber 2017 11.24 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Atayal people|Atayal people]]'', entry for &lt;br/&gt;(Wikipedia Asian Month 2017) || 30 || [[:d:Q701676|Q701676]]
|- style=&quot;background: lightgreen; color: black&quot;
|26 || [[Vivian Hsu]] || 25 Novèmber 2017 11.32 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Vivian Hsu|Vivian Hsu]]'', entry for &lt;br/&gt;(Wikipedia Asian Month 2017)|| 29 || [[:d:Q253420|Q253420]]
|- style=&quot;background: lightgreen; color: black&quot;
|25 || [[Wong Taiwan]] || 24 Novèmber 2017 23.06 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Taiwanese people|Taiwanese people]]'', entry for &lt;br/&gt;(Wikipedia Asian Month 2017)|| 28 || [[:d:Q707133|Q707133]]
|- style=&quot;background: lightgreen; color: black&quot;
|24 || [[Wong Puyuma]] || 23 Novèmber 2017 16.25 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Puyuma people|Puyuma people]]'', entry for &lt;br/&gt;(Wikipedia Asian Month 2017)|| 27 || [[:d:Q706500|Q706500]]
|-
|23 || [[Alessandra Ambrosio]] || 22 Novèmber 2017 14.07 (UTC) || [[:en:Alessandra Ambrosio|Alessandra Ambrosio]] || 26 || [[:d:Q151859|Q151859]]
|-
|22 || [[Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)]] || 21 Novèmber 2017 13.39 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)|Salvator Mundi]]'' || 25|| [[:d:Q1892745|Q1892745]]
|-
|21 || [[Allegiant]] || 20 Novèmber 2017  || ''[[:en:Allegiant (novel)|Allegiant]]'' || 24|| [[:d:Q15238761|Q15238761]]
|-
|20 || [[Insurgent]] || 19 Novèmber 2017 09.14 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Insurgent (novel)|Insurgent]]'' || 23|| [[:d:Q5918512|Q5918512]]
|-
|19 || [[Divergent]] || 18 Novèmber 2017 23.28 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Divergent (novel)|Divergent]]'' || 22|| [[:d:Q627192|Q627192]]
|-
|18 || [[Sop buntut]] || 17 Novèmber 2017 || ''[[:en:Oxtail soup|Oxtail soup]]'' || 21|| [[:d:Q564557|Q564557]]
|-
|17 || [[Daging gajah]] || 16 Novèmber 2017 || ''[[:en:Elephant meat|Elephant meat]]'' || 20||  [[:d:Q17444380|Q17444380]]
|-
|16 || [[Varanus bitatawa]] || 15 Novèmber 2017 23.45 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor|Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor]]'' || 19 || [[:d:Q132394|Q132394]]
|-
|15 || [[Jaran nil cébol]] || 14 Novèmber 2017  || ''[[:en:Pygmy_hippopotamus|Pygmy_hippopotamus]]'' || 18 || [[:d:Q202241|Q202241]]
|-
|14 || [[Daging alas]] || 13 Novèmber 2017 23.28 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Bushmeat|Bushmeat]]'' || 17 || [[:d:Q649978|Q649978]]
|-
|13 || [[Gorila]] || 12 Novèmber 2017 19.11 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Gorilla|Gorilla]]'' || 16 || [[:d:Q36611|Q36611]]
|-
|12 || [[Township]] || 11 Novèmber 2017 05.39 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Township|Township]]'' || 15 || [[:d:Q19610511|Q19610511]]
|-
|11 || [[Bonobo]] || 10 Novèmber 2017 05.39 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Bonobo|Bonobo]]'' || 14 || [[:d:Q19537|Q19537]]
|-
|10 || [[Simpansé]] || 9 Novèmber 2017 06.21 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Chimpanzee|Chimpanzee]]'' || 13 || [[:d:Q80174|Q80174]]
|-
|9 || [[Déforestasi]] || 8 Novèmber 2017 22.39 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Deforestation|Deforestation]]'' || 12 || [[:d:Q169940|Q169940]]
|-
|8 || [[Museum Zoologi Bogor]] || 7 Novèmber 2017 12.01 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Zoological Museum of Bogor|Zoological Museum of Bogor]]'' || 11 || [[:d:Q25053433|Q25053433]]
|- style=&quot;background: lightgreen; color: black&quot;
| 7.2 || [[A-mei]] || 6 Novèmber 2017 21.55 (UTC) || [[:en:|A-mei]], entry for &lt;br/&gt;(Wikipedia Asian Month 2017) || 10 || [[:d:Q713461|Q713461]]
|-
|7.1 || [[Uwa-uwa]] || 6 Novèmber 2017 21.38 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Gibbon|Gibbon]]'' ||9|| [[:d:Q185939|Q185939]]
|-
|6.3 || [[Holofèrnes]] || 5 Novèmber 2017 22.06 (UTC) || [[:en:Holofernes|Holofernes]] ||8|| [[:d:Q625748|Q625748]]
|-
|6.2 || [[Spectrum Holobyte]] || 5 Novèmber 2017 14.44 (UTC)|| [[:en:Spectrum Holobyte|Spectrum Holobyte]] ||7||  [[:d:Q1418015|Q1418015]]
|-
|6.1 || [[Holotipe]] || 5 Novèmber 2017 08.43 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Holotype|Holotype]]'' ||6||  [[:d:Q1061403|Q1061403]]
|-
|5 || [[Urangutan Tapanuli]] || 4 Novèmber 2017 10.16 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Tapanuli orangutan|Tapanuli orangutan]]'' || 5||  [[:d:Q309256|Q309256]]
|-
|4 || [[Dina Pati]] || 3 Novèmber 2017 23.01 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Day of the Dead|Day of the Dead]]'' || 4||  [[:d:Q309256|Q309256]]
|-
|3 || [[Iwak karper]] || 2 Novèmber 2017 14.29 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Carp|Carp]]'' || 3 || [[:d:Q2751223|Q2751223]]
|-
|2 || [[95 dalil]] || 1 Novèmber 2017 05.59 (UTC) || ''[[:en:Ninety-five Theses|Ninety-five Theses]]'' || 2 || [[:d:Q157506|Q157506]]
|-
|1 || [[Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov]] || 31 Oktober 2017 19.17 (UTC) || [[:en:Stanislav Petrov|Stanislav Petrov]] || 1 || [[:d:Q52412|Q52412]]
|-
|}

== Cathetan sikil / footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>John Davis</title>
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|name              = John Davis
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|birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1938|9|9|df=y}}
|birth_place       = [[London]], [[Inggris]]
|death_date        = 
|death_place       =
|residence         =
|citizenship       =
|nationality       = [[Karajan Manunggal]]
|ethnicity         =
|fields            = [[Antropologi sosial]]
|workplaces        =
|alma_mater        = [[London School of Economics]]
|doctoral_advisor  =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students  =
|known_for         =
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'''John Davis''' ya iku ahli [[antropologi]] saka [[London]], [[Karajan Manunggal]], kalairan taun 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/obituaries/john-davis|title=John Davis|website=therai.org.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436848672|title=Biographical Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology|last=Amit|first=Vered|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=020364459X|location=London|pages=158-159|oclc=436848672}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing tingkat pawiyatan luhur, John Davis naté kuliah BA University College ana ing University of Oxford taun 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/141|title=All Souls College Oxford|website=www.asc.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-28|archive-date=2018-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113111549/http://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/141|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanjuré ing London School of Economics lan olèh gelar Ph.D. taun 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Panlitian lapangan kang dilakoni déning dhèwèké iku ana ing Pisticci, [[Itali]] (1963) lan Adjabia lan Kufra, [[Libya]] (1975). Karya-karya antropologis kang tinulis déning dhèwèké iku antarané ''Land and Family in Pisticci'' (1973), ''People of the Mediterranean'' (1977), ''Libyan Politics: Tribe and Revolution'' (1987), lan ''Exchange'' (1992).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britac.ac.uk/users/dr-john-davis|title=Dr John Davis {{!}} British Academy|website=British Academy|language=en|access-date=2017-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; John iki kawentar amarga duwé pakaryan lan spésialis ing bab antropologi Mediterania&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ing tlatah antropologi Inggris, dhèwèké dadi antropolog kang paling apik nganut tradisi antropologi Inggris (''British Anthropology'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Uga karya-karyané masih dadi acuan penting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Rujukan==

[[Kategori:Antropolog]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Esther Goody</title>
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      <text bytes="2795" sha1="t1fgcpd1xk59axwh8q1shm4iptb4091" xml:space="preserve">'''Esther Goody''' ya iku ahli [[antropologi]] lan [[sosiologi]] wanita saka Cleveland, Ohio, [[Amérikah Sarékat]], kalairan tanggal 09 Agustus 1932&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436848672|title=Biographical dictionary of social and cultural anthropology|last=Amit|first=Vered|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=020364459X|location=London|pages=286|oclc=436848672}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Esther olèh pandhidhikan pawiyatan luhur ana ing Antioch College (BA) ing taun 1954. Sabanjuré ana ing [[University of Cambridge]] (Ph.D.) ing taun 1961 lan Sc.D. ing taun 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.socanth.cam.ac.uk/directory/dr-esther-goody|title=Dr  Esther  Goody — Department of Social Anthropology|last=dcs43@cam.ac.uk|website=www.socanth.cam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-date=2016-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026190912/http://www.socanth.cam.ac.uk/directory/dr-esther-goody|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dhèwèké uga nglakoni panlitian lapangan antropologi ana ing [[Ghana]], wewengkon Gonja awit taun 1956 nganti 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Panlitiané iku fokus ing negara Ghana. Karya-karya akademis kang sinerat déning Esther ya iku antarané ''Contexts of Kinship: An Essay in the Family Sociology of the Gonja of Northern Ghana'' (1973), ''Social Reproduction: Fostering and Occupational Roles in West Africa'' (1982), ''Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence'', minangka èditor (1995), lan ‘Social intelligence and the emergence of roles and rules’ ana ing buku ''Proceedings of the British Academy 97'' (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Grimshaw|first=Allen D.|date=1979/04|title=Goody Esther N. (ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction. Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology No. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. Pp. v+324.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/goody-esther-n-ed-questions-and-politeness-strategies-in-social-interaction-cambridge-papers-in-social-anthropology-no-8-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1978-pp-v324/483B26F626F9659873CE7BEAD77B3330|journal=Language in Society|volume=8|issue=1|pages=112–120|doi=10.1017/S0047404500006047|issn=1469-8013}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Awité Esther iki sinau èlmu sosiologi ing Antioch lan banjur sinau antropologi sosial ana ing Cambridge&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Dhèwèké iki duwé pisumbangan ing bab sosiologi kulawarga&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://savageminds.org/2015/09/15/jack-goody-1919-2015-an-oral-history/|title=Jack Goody (1919-2015): an oral history {{!}} Savage Minds|website=savageminds.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Rujukan==

[[Kategori:Antropolog]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Denny Solang</title>
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'''Denny Solang''' (lair ing [[Jakarta]], 12 Desember 1970; yuswa 49 taun) inggih punika tiyang ingkang mbangun salah satunggaling papan panggènan kagem tiyang ingkang gadhah gerah utawi sakit jiwa. Papan panggènan punika gadhah nama &quot;Panti Réhabilitasi Méntal Aura Welas Asih&quot; ingkang kawangun ing taun 2014. Panti punika dumunung wonten ing pinggiripun Gisik [[Pelabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi|Pelabuhan Ratu]], Kabupatèn [[Sukabumi]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=|title=Denny Solang Bekerja untuk Jiwa-Jiwa yang Hilang|last=Ritonga|first=Wahyudi|date=2018-07-21|work=Kompas|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pendhidhikan ==
Denny ing jaman kapungkur gadhah riwayat pendhidhikan inggih punika lulusan saking SMA Negeri 31 Jakarta (1986), banjur piyambakipun nglajengaken pendhidhikan S1 Hukum Univèrsitas Krisnadwipayana (1995).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Panti Aura Welas Asih ==
Saking pandamelanipun minangka ''éksportir'' manéka asil alam, Denny sejatinipun gadhah pagesangan ingkang sampun saé utawi mapan. Ananging, piyambakipun boten nampi menawi mirsani kathah tiyang ingkang ngalami sakit jiwa ing Gisik Pelabuhan Ratu. Satemah, piyambakipun ndamel panti ''réhabilitasi'' ''méntal'' punika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Panti Aura Welas Asih samenika dumunung ing satunggaling wangunan wekas sekolah ing Pelabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tatarsukabumi.id/2018/08/denny-solang-meradang-rubah-stigma.html|title=Denny Solang Meradang, Rubah Stigma Negatif ODGJ dengan Kata dan Julukan yang Lebih Manusiawi|last=Pasi|first=Dian Syahputra|date=2018-08-03|work=Portal Berita Sukabumi|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512063955/https://www.tatarsukabumi.id/2018/08/denny-solang-meradang-rubah-stigma.html|archive-date=2019-05-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wiwitipun, Denny mamang menawi badhé ndamel panti ''réhabilitasi'' ''méntal'' punika. Ananging saking panyengkuyungan para kaluwarga ugi, piyambakipun dados langkung kukuh lan mantep. Boten gampil anggénipun ndamel panti punika amargi inggih tamtu wonten alangan ingkang abentuk napa kémawon. Salah satunggaling alangan inggih menika panyuwunan pitulungan panyandhingan lan obat saking [[pamaréntah]] dhaérah ingkang dangu boten dipuntanggapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sesampunipun dangu anggénipun ngentosi, pitulungan dugi saking griya-sakit jiwa Dr. Marzoeki Mahdi, [[Bogor]]. Denny nampi obat-obatan gratis ugi rawat inap dhumateng para pasièn sakit jiwa Panti Aura Welas Asih. Pitulungan saking warga celak dalemipun inggih saged anggampilaken padamelan sosialipun Denny punika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Denny mbangun sapinten-pinten panggenan perawatan ing lahan sewiyar 1.600 meter pesagi menika, atusan tiyang ingkang gadhah sakit jiwa ngisi papan panggenan ingkang dipundamel wiwit saking semi permanen dumugi permanen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ing nginggilipun siti menika jumeneng tigang wangunan, wangunan ingkang kaping setunggal inggih punika papan panggenan pengajian lan rukiah, lajeng wangunan panjaga panti lan pawon, sarta setunggal wangunan kaisi tigang papan panggenan ingkang kaisi tiyang sakit jiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-3695717/bantu-orang-gila-deni-solang-bangun-sendiri-panti-rehabilitasi?_ga=2.264579791.1926472022.1513569939-217471834.1504841961|title=Bantu Orang Gila, Deni Solang Bangun Sendiri Panti Rehabilitasi|last=Alamsyah|first=Syahdan|date=2017-10-23|work=Detiknews|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Piyambakipun nate nindakaken aksi amargi wangunan lan lahan panggenanipun ingkang wonten ing Kampung Cangehgar RT 02/RW 02, Kelurahan/Kecamatan Palabuhan Ratu dipunremukaken sedangunipun mbangun ''Ruang Terbuka Hijau'' (RTH) Pamaréntah Kabupatèn Sukabumi. Sedangunipun proses mbangun ''Ruang Terbuka Hijau'' (RTH), Denny lan atusan tiyang ingkang gadhah sakit jiwa manggèni wangunan wekas sekolah pelayaran ing Cipatuguran. Siti lan wangunan punika dipunbangun kanthi cara dipuncicil lan kanthi tahap-tahap saking taun 2010 dumugi taun 2016, menawi saking materi telas kinten-kinten Rp250 yuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4142187/unjuk-rasa-penderita-gangguan-jiwa-di-sukabumi-tagih-janji-relokasi/komentar|title=Unjuk Rasa, Penderita Gangguan Jiwa di Sukabumi Tagih Janji Relokasi|last=Alamsyah|first=Syahdan|date=2018-07-31|work=Detiknews|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Panti punika boten tebih saking padesan, namung kaletan kinten-kinten setunggal kilometer. Para warga boten ngraos keganggu sinaosa wonten tiyang ingkang gadhah gangguan jiwa asring dugi dhateng padesan punika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Wonten tigang tahap tiyang sakit ingkang wonten ing panti, panggènan kaping setunggal mliginipun kagem tiyang wadon, lajeng mligi kagem ingkang nembé kemawon dugi lan pungkasan ingkang tahap badhé mantun utawi saras. Menawi tahap ingkang badhé mantun punika dipunkaryakaken dening Denny, supados makebon wonten njawi panggènan panti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ideal Home (filem)</title>
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{{Infobox film|name=Ideal Home|image=Ideal Home.png|alt=|caption=Theatrical release poster|director=[[Andrew Fleming]]|producer=Aaron Ryder &lt;br&gt; [[Gabrielle Tana]] &lt;br&gt; Maria Teresa Arida &lt;br&gt; [[Clark Peterson]] &lt;br&gt; [[Maxime Rémillard]]|writer=Andrew Fleming|starring={{Plainlist|
* [[Steve Coogan]] 
* [[Paul Rudd]] 
* [[Alison Pill]]
* [[Jake McDorman]]
* [[Jack Gore (actor)|Jack Gore]]
}}&lt;!--PER POSTER BILLING BLOCK--&gt;|music=[[Martin Simpson]]|cinematography=[[Alexander Gruszynski]]|editing=[[Jeffrey M. Werner]]|studio={{Plainlist|
* [[Remstar|Remstar Studios]]
* [[Baby Cow Productions]] 
* Lucky Monkey Pictures
* Mustard &amp; Co
}}|distributor=[[Brainstorm Media]]|released={{film date|2018|2|15|[[Mardi Gras Film Festival|Mardi Gras]]|2018|6|29|United States}}|runtime=91 minutes|country=United States|language=English|budget=|gross=&lt;!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. &quot;£11.6 million&quot; not &quot;£11,586,221&quot;)--&gt;}}
'''''Ideal Home''''' ya iku minangka film [[ Komedi-drama |drama drama komedi]] saka negara Amerika Sarekat , kang ditulis lan diarahake dening [[ Andrew Fleming |Andrew Fleming]] lan dibintangi [[ Steve Coogan |Steve Coogan]], [[ Paul Rudd |Paul Rudd]], [[ Alison Pill |Alison Pill]], [[ Jake McDorman |Jake McDorman]], lan uga Jack Gore. 

Film iki Minangka perdana ana ing [[ Festival Film Mardi Gras |Festival Film Mardi Gras]] ana ing tanggal 15 Februari taun 2018 lan dirilis ing Amerika Serikat tanggal 29 Juni taun 2018 kapungkur. 

== Plot ==
wong lanang kanthi jeneng Erasmus (Coogan) lan Paul (Rudd) yaiku pasangan homo kang uripe ora kepenak nalika ana bocah umur sepuluh taun teka ing omahe kanthi jeneng Bill, njedhul ing lawang sing ngakoni minangka dheweks putune Erasmus. Erasmus kaget minangka dadi tukang masak sing misuwur lan Paulus minangka produsen pertunjukan masak ing tv, lan manggon ing omah pameran sing gedhe ing New Mexico. Bapake Bill, kang jenenge Beau, minangka asil pertemuan heteroseksual, lan Erasmus durung nate nemoni dhèwèké utawa Bill. Beau dikunjara babagan perkara narkoba lan dhawuh marang Bill supaya nemoni simbahe. 

Erasmus lan Paulus banjur dadi pangasuh utawa wong tuwa, sanajan Paulus nganakake punggawa kang abot. Beau nyoba supaya sedhilit ing kunjara, lan ujar Erasmus lan Paulus manawa dhèwèké ngilangi Bill metu saka negara menawa dhèwèké wis dibebasake. Nalika Bill ujar manawa dhèwèké luwih seneng karo pasangan kasebut, Erasmus njaluk pengacara. Dhèwèké dikandhani manawa ora bakal entuk hak penjagaan kajaba Bill mbebayani langsung saka bapakne. Erasmus lan Paulus nyoba seneng piknik nalika preinan karo Bill uga wektu kang ditinggal. 

hubungan Erasmus lan Paulus wis gonjang-ganjing, lan Paulus ngandhani marang Erasmus manawa dhèwèké ngrancang njupuk tugas karo pertunjukan karo  Rachael Ray ing New York. Erasmus katon ora peduli ing kawitan nanging dhèwèké banjur  mlumpat ing ngarep mobile Paul lan njaluk supaya dhèwèké tetep nang omah. Paul pindhah menyang papan anggegana, nanging mbalik lan mbalekno maneh amarga kelingan Erasmus. Beau ngalami kacilakan amarga mabuk karo Bill ing  jero mobil. sakbubare prastawa iku, Erasmus lan Paul diwenehi hak asuh Bill saka pengadilan. 

== Cast ==

* Steve Coogan &lt;ref name=&quot;May2016V&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/steve-coogan-paul-rudd-an-ideal-home-cannes-1201769622/|title=Why Steve Coogan and Paul Rudd’s New Movie Proved an ‘Ideal’ Film for Banker’s Backing|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=May 10, 2016|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=September 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; minangka Erasmus Brumble, kakek Bill lan koki TV 
* Paul Rudd &lt;ref name=&quot;May2016V&quot; /&gt; minangka Paul Morgan, sutradara Erasmus lan mitra jangka panjang 
* Jack Gore minangka Angel / Bill Brumble, putu lanang Errangen 
* Alison Pill minangka Melissa saka Layanan Perlindhungan Anak 
* Jake McDorman &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://deadline.com/2016/06/jake-mcdorman-cast-ideal-home-paul-rudd-steve-coogan-1201776688/|title=Jake McDorman Moves Into ‘Ideal Home’ With Paul Rudd And Steve Coogan|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=June 21, 2016|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=September 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; dadi Beau 
* Jesse Luken minangka Direktur 
* Eric Womack minangka Officer Forrest 
* Jenny Gabrielle minangka Betty 
* Lora Martinez-Cunningham Ms. Garcia 
* Monique Candelaria minangka Pegawai Guttierez 
* Frances Lee McCain minangka Doris 

== Produksi ==
Andrew Fleming kang ngarahake film kasebut saka skrip dhewe karo maneka prodhuser ing film kasebut yaiku Aaron Ryder, Gabrielle Tana, Maria Teresa Arida, Clark Peterson, uga Maxime Rémillard . &lt;ref name=&quot;May2016THR&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ideal-home-first-look-steve-894228|title=First Look: Steve Coogan, Paul Rudd Are a Bickering Gay Couple in 'Ideal Home'|last=Ford|first=Rebecca|date=May 15, 2016|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=September 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Fotografi utama ing film kasebut diwiwiti nalika tanggal 11 Mei taun 2016 ing [[ Santa Fe, New Mexico |Santa Fe, New Mexico]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;May2016THR&quot;/&gt; 

== Babaran ==
Ing wulan Mei taun 2016, Remstar Films entuk hak distribusi Kanada menyang film kasebut. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/markets-festivals/cannes-remstar-buys-canada-on-ideal-home-with-paul-rudd-steve-coogan-exclusive-1201773853/|title=Cannes: Remstar Buys Canada on ‘Ideal Home’ With Paul Rudd, Steve Coogan (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=May 14, 2016|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=September 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film iki dadi premiere jagad ing [[ Festival Film Mardi Gras |Festival Film Mardi Gras]] tanggal 15 Februari 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/national-news/new-south-wales-news/mardi-gras-film-festival-2018-full-program/165163|title=Mardi Gras Film Festival launches 25th anniversary program|last=Barber|first=Laurence|date=January 10, 2018|work=[[Star Observer]]|access-date=March 28, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ora suwe, [[ Media Bormstorm |Brainstorm Media]] entuk hak distribusi AS menyang film kasebut lan netepake tanggal 29 Juni 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/brainstorm-media-nabs-paul-rudds-ideal-home-1107600|title=Paul Rudd's Dramedy 'Ideal Home' Finds Distribution|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=May 1, 2018|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=May 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Resepsi ==
Ing [[ Agregator maneh |review situs]] web [[ Tomat Konyol |agregator Rotten Tomato]], film kasebut duwe peringkat persetujuan 65%, adhedhasar 46 ulasan, lan rata - rata rata - rata 5.4 / 10. Kesepakatan kritis maca: &quot; ''Omah sing apik'' entuk manfaat saka kimia ing antarane pemilihan sing dipilih kanthi apik, sing pakaryan mbantu tip timbangan marang skrip sing ora konsisten - lan sok-sok retrograde - humor.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ideal_home_2018|title=Ideal Home (2018)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=July 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Metacritic, film kasebut ana rata-rata bobot rata-rata 62 saka 100, adhedhasar 10 kritik, nuduhake &quot;ulasan umume&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/ideal-home|title=Ideal Home Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=June 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zac Platt saka ScreenRealm menehi film 3/5 bintang, kanthi nulis manawa &quot;sanajan ora ''kudu'' dipikirake, nada sing anget lan cetho lan karakter sing menang nggawe ''Ideal Home'' minangka rekomendasi sing gampang.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://screenrealm.com/ideal-home-movie-review/|title=‘Ideal Home’ MOVIE REVIEW: Paul Rudd &amp; Steve Coogan Bicker in Love in Too-Comfy Dramedy|last=Platt|first=Zac|date=June 28, 2018|website=ScreenRealm|access-date=June 28, 2018|archive-date=July 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705211200/https://screenrealm.com/ideal-home-movie-review/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Cathetan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Link njaba ==

* {{IMDb title|5460880}}
[[Kategori:Film Amérika Sarékat]]
[[Kategori:Filem abasa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Film diwasa]]
[[Kategori:Kulawarga]]
[[Kategori:Lelucon]]
[[Kategori:Film taun 2018]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kedhung Cinèt</title>
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      <text bytes="4988" sha1="o7xct6axgdysq8qql6ap419jejv5ogd" xml:space="preserve">'''Kedhung Cinèt''' yaiku pariwisata alami ingkang awujud kali sajeroning tengah alas. Ing sapinggir kali ana tebing-tebing saka watu kapur sing ndadèkaké kali luwih éndah. Kedhung Cinèt mapan ing Dusun Pojok Klithih, Désa [[Klitih, Plandaan, Jombang|Klithih]], Kecamatan [[Plandhakan, Jombang|Plandhakan]], [[Kabupatèn Jombang]]. Wisata alam iki asring diarani minangka vérsi mini [[Grand Canyon]] sing ana ing Kali Colorado, [[Amérikah Sarékat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.liputan6.com/regional/read/3636369/pagi-menyusuri-kedung-cinet-grand-canyon-ala-jombang|title=Pagi Menyusuri Kedung Cinet Grand Canyon Ala Jombang|last=|first=|date=2018-09-05|website=Liputan 6|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Upside of Green Canyon or Kedung Cinet Jombang.jpg|jmpl|Kedhung Cinèt ing Jombang]]
Saiki Kedhung Cinèt dadi salah sawijining ikon wisata ing Kabupatèn Jombang amarga kaéndahané pemandangan sing unik. Situs wisata Kedhung Cinèt sing ditrapaké yaiku bagian kang ana ing ngisor banyu terjun. Rong dalan lumebu ing Kedhung Cinèt wis ditutup lan ora olèh diparani pengunjung amarga wis kaping pirang-pirang pengunjung lemut ing kana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radarjombang.jawapos.com/read/2018/12/26/110308/libur-panjang-wisata-kedungcinet-plandaan-dipadati-pengunjung|title=Libur Panjang, Wisata Kedungcinet Plandaan Dipadati Pengunjung|last=Van Zuma|first=Ricky|date=2018-12-26|website=Radar Jombang Jawa Pos|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-11-18}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalan ==
Kanggo mara ing Kedhung Cinèt dibutuhaké perjalanan udakara 10 kilomèter saka jembatan Brantas, [[Plasa, Jombang|Plasa]]. Sadawané dalan, bakal ngliwati pemandangan ijo saka alas jati, sawah, lan keboné para warga. Saka Jombang langsung anuju jembatan Ploso banjur ngiwa menyang Plandhakan (arah [[Nganjuk, Nganjuk|Nganjuk]] lan [[Kertasana, Nganjuk|Kertasana)]].

Satekaning ing Polsèk Plandhakan, nyisih ngiwa manèh banjur nututi dalan lumebu Désa Klithih. Yèn wis lumebu wilayah wisata Kedhung Cinèt, bakal disambut déning papan tandha ingkang katulis &quot;Welcome to Cinet Adventure Forest&quot;.

== Poténsi ==
Kedhung Cinèt sejatiné duwé poténsi, kekuwatan lan kaunggulan sing ora diduwéni karo papan wisata liyané. Salajengé, perlu ditindaklanjuti lan diberdayakaké déning pamréntah babagan nggawé kabijakan, saéngga dadi stratégi kanggo ngembangaké poténsi lan daya tarik sing cocog, èfèktif lan èfisièn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Novaria|first=Rachmawati|last2=Istijanto|first2=Suko|date=|title=Optimizing the Potentional Places and Attractions of Tourist Destination|url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2018/1349-1354.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjxj5T9jvblAhXWILcAHUxsC4o4FBAWMAV6BAgCEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw29HVajHFeQErYHaAsfclCb|journal=Social Sciences|volume=13|pages=1349-1354}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahanan ==
Sadurungé lumebu ing Kedhung Cinèt, ana jembatan goyang sing kudu diliwati luwih dhisik. Jembatan iku diarani jembatan goyang amarga jembatan kasebut bakal obah-obah nalika disabrangi utawa kena angin.

Sawisé ngliwati jembatan goyang, pengunjung bakal bisa ndeleng aliran kali kang warnané ijo bening. Ing sapinggir kali diubengi déning tebing-tebing apik kang kabentuk amarga prosès alami. Iki sing ndadèkaké Kedhung Cinèt mèh padha kaya Grand Canyon.

Kahanan alam ing Kedhung Cinèt isih alami. Udharané lumayan seger amarga adoh saka polusi asap kendaraan utawa polusi pabrik kaya ing wilayah kutha. Akèh wit-witan réndang sing ngubengi kali. Miturut mitos, ing jaman biyèn Kedhung Cinèt asring digunakaké minangka padusan kanggo warga kerajaan nalika jaman [[Majapait]].

== Fasilitas ==
Sawisé diresmikaké minangka papan wisata, sawetara fasilitas disediakaké ing Kedhung Cinèt. Fasilitas kasebut kalebu prau dayung, spot kanggo foto-foto, lan gazébo. Prau dayung digunakaké kanggo ngiteri kali kaliyan ndeleng kaéndahan Kedhung Cinèt. Spot foto bisa digunakake kanggo njupuk gambar supaya luwih menarik lan katon apik. Déné gazébo bisa digunakaké déning pengunjung kanggo santai-santai.

== Wektu mara ==
Wektu paling apik kanggo mara menyang Kedhung Cinèt yaiku nalika [[mangsa panas]]. Saliyané amarga akses menyang lokasi luwih aman lan luwih gampang, kahanan banyu ing kali uga luwih bening. Luwih becik para pengunjung ora mara nalika [[mangsa udan]] supaya bisa éntuk tampilan sing paling apik saka Kedhung Cinèt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/amp/859190/kedung-cinet-grand-canyon-tersembunyi-di-jombang|title=Kedung Cinet, Grand Canyon Tersembunyi di Jombang|last=|first=|date=2017-03-24|website=Tempo.co|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Pariwisata]]
[[Kategori:Pariwisata ing Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bahan bakar hayati</title>
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      <text bytes="12121" sha1="ezeex70ql529xvftmzio5iky089v7xr" xml:space="preserve">{{Sustainable energy}}
'''Bahan bakar hayati''' yaiku sawijiing bahan bakar kang asalé saka biomassa, kaya ta kèwan lan tetuwuhan. Tèknologi kanggo ngasilaké bahan bakar iki luwih modhérn saka bahan bakar lenga bumi. Mulané biomassa yaiku saka kayu waé, nanging amarga ngrembakané élmu, biomassa yaiku bahan biologis kang bisa ngasilaké bahan bakar. Rembakané biomassa kanggo ngasilaké ènergi rikat lan kondhang, lan bahan bakar kang diasilaké kalebu ing ènergi kang bisa dianyari.

== Jinis ==
Ing perangan iki diwedharaké sawenèh jinisé bahan bakar hayati, kaya ta:

=== Biodiesel ===
[[Gambar:Biodiesel-3.png|kiri|jmpl|Biodiesel kang disimpen ing Èrlenmèyer]]
Biodiesel yaiku bahan bakar kang awujud alkil èster kang saka réaksi asem lemak ranté dawa. Biyasané biodiesel iki digawé saka lenga nabati utawa lemak kéwan. Cara gawé biodiesel iki yaiku nganggo prosès rèaksi transèsterifikasi saka metanol lan asem lemak bébas. Bates dhuwur asem lemak bébas (FFA, ''free fatty acid)'' ing lenga kang kang digunakaké yaiku kurang saka 5&amp;nbsp;mg KOH/g bahan. Menawa luwih saka batesan iku bisa nyebabaké réaksi liyané kaya ta saponifikasi (réaksi kang asilé awujud sabun), kang bisa ganggu prosès.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biodiesel Bahan Baku, Proses, dan Teknologi|last=Budiman|first=Arief|publisher=UGM Press|year=2017|isbn=979-420-959-7|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diesel alam ===
Diesel alam sacara kimiya duwéni anasir kang arep padha karo diesel saklumrahé. Diesel alam béda karo biodiesel amarga diesel alam ora duwéni kandhutan mono-alkil èster, lan sakloroné duwéni sipat fisik lan ciri-ciri kang béda (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214). Diesel alam diproduksi kanthi prosès gasifikasi, pirolisis, ''hydrotreating'', lan bioprosès. Bahan kang ngasilaké diesel alam bisa saka lemak lan biomassa sèlulosa (kaya ta uwuh tetuwuhan, biomassa kayu, lan tetuwuhan palawija). Biodiesel alam iki cocok kanggo bahan bakar kendharaan lan mesin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_hydrocarbon.html|title=Alternative Fuels Data Center: Renewable Hydrocarbon Biofuels|website=afdc.energy.gov|access-date=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bioèter ===
Bioèter yaiku sawijining zat kang diasilaké réaksi antara bioétanol lan olefin. Bioéter yaiku bahan bakar kang duwéni angka oktan kang dhuwur. Kaunggulan bahan bakar iki yaiku ngunggahké unjuk kerja mesin lan ngurangi émisi gas. Bahan kang bisa gawé bioéter yaiku buwah bit lan gandum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000210,Bioethers_impact_on_the_gasoline_pool.html#.Xnd6GeozbIU|title=Bioethers impact on the gasoline pool|website=www.digitalrefining.com|access-date=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lenga gorèng ===
Bahan bakar saka lenga goreng diolah kanthi cara hidrogènasi lan wujudé memper kaya diesel. Asil saka proès iki ngasilaké bahan bakar kang duwéni hidrokarbon ranté lurus, mula angka sètané dhuwur, zat aromatiké lan sulfuré sithik, lan kandhutan oksigèné uga sithik. Asil saka prosès iku banjur dicampu ing disel. Kaunggulan bahan bakar iki yaiku duwéni kerja kang apik ing suhu ing asor, ora ana masalah stabilitas panyimpenan, lan ora ana susceptibilttas marang mikroba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl?id=6597;isa=DBRow;op=show;dbview_id=2457|title=National Non-Food Crops Centre - NNFCC 08-017 International Biofuels Strategy Project. Liquid Transport Biofuels - Technology Status Report|date=2008-06-11|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=2008-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611062858/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl?id=6597;isa=DBRow;op=show;dbview_id=2457|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Syngas ===
Syngas utawa disebut ''synthetic natural gas'' yaiku gas bahan bakar kang kandhutané gas hidrogèn, karbonmonoksida, lan kadhangkala karbondiokasida lan mètana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beychok&quot;&gt;Beychok, M.R., ''Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels'', U.S. EPA report EPA-660/2-75-011, May 1975&lt;/ref&gt; Prosès kanggo ngasilaké gas iki kanthi cara gasifikasi, pirolisis, lan oksidasi. Bahan kanggo ngasilaké syngas yaiku bisa saka batu bara, biomassa, lan gas alam. Prosès gasifikasi biomassa nganggo katalis bisa ngasilaké syngas ping 10 nganti 100 luwih cepet saka prosès syngas kang tanpa katalis. Prosès dhékomposisi  biomassa kang ngandut karbon lan hidrogèn dipecah dadi gas karbokmonoksida lan gas hidrogèn kanthi konvèrsi 99% tanpa anané panas kang dilebokaké. Prosès kasebut disebut okasidasi pérangan katalitik, kang wèktu ninggal ing réaktor kang rikat, udakara milidhétik lan ora ngasilaké char (karbon kang padhét) ing katalis. Bahan kang dilebokaké kanggo prosès gasifikasi bisa garing utawa teles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://license.umn.edu/technologies/z07080_syngas-production-using-a-biomass-gasification-process|title=Syngas Production Using a Biomass Gasification Process - z07080 - University of Minnesota Office for Technology Commercialization|website=license.umn.edu|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=2020-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322101311/http://license.umn.edu/technologies/z07080_syngas-production-using-a-biomass-gasification-process|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://migas.esdm.go.id/post/read/Mengenal-Synthetic-Natural-Gas-(Syngas)|title=Mengenal Synthetic Natural Gas (Syngas)|website=migas.esdm.go.id|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biogas ===
Biogas yaiku gas kang diasilaké saka fèrmentasi telèk ternak, contoné sapi, kebo, babi, wedhus, pitik ing jeroné ruwangan kang disebu digèster. Komponèn baku biogas yaiku gas mètana. Prosès biogas bisa aérob lan anaérob.
Wiwitané telèk dikumpulaké ing tangki kang katutup (tanpa hawa). Ing tangki telèk mau dipangan lan diolah karo baktèri dadi gas mètana lan liya-liyané. Asil gas mau disimpen ana ing digèster, banjur disalurké nganggo pipa dinggo nyukupi ènergi ing bebrayan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kuduskab.go.id/p/79/biogas|title=Biogas Pemerintah Kabupaten Kudus|last=|first=|date=|website=www.kuduskab.go.id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322152233/http://www.kuduskab.go.id/p/79/biogas|archive-date=2020-03-22|url-status=dead|access-date=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
=== Bioétanol ===
Bioétanol yaiku étanol utawa jinis alkohol kang diasilaké kanthi cara fèrmentasi biomassa kang dibiyantu nganggo mikroorganisme. Bioétanol bisa diasilaké kanthi manéka kandhutan, menawa kandhutané 90-94% bisa disebut bioétanol tataran indhustri lan menawa kandhutané 94-99,5% bisa disebut bioétanol tataran nétral. Lumrahé bioétanol dinggo campuran ombèn-ombèn, nanging kang duwé kandhutan bioétanol kang dhuwur kanggo gawé bahan bakar. Dhéwan Standharisasi Nasional (DSN) netepaké Standhar Nasional Indonésia (SNI) kanggo bioétanol yaiku SNI DT 27-0001-2006 kanggo bioétanol dhénaturasi lan SNI-06-3565-1994 kanggo alkohol teknis kang dumadi saka Alkohol Prima Super, Alkohol Prima I lan Alkohol Prima II. Alkohol Prima Super duwéni kandhutan akèh dhéwé yaiku 96,8% lan sithik dhéwé 96,3%, nanging Prima I lan Prima II duwéni sithik dhéwé 96,1% dan 95,0%. Prosès ngolah biomassa dadi bioétanol lumantar sawenèh langkah yaiku prosès hidrolisis pati dadi glukosa, prosès fèrmentasi kanggo ngolah gula dadi bioétanol lan karbondiokasida, prosès suling kanggo misahké bioétanol lan banyu, lan prosès déshidrasi kanggo ngilangké banyu. Biomassa kang bisa dadi sumber bioétanol yaiku samubarang kang ngandhut kabohidrat utawa pathi kang akèh, kaya ta pohung, téla, jagung, lan tebu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pse.ugm.ac.id/bioetanol-sekala-umkm-dan-home-industry/|title=BIOETANOL SEKALA UMKM DAN HOME INDUSTRY – Pusat Studi Energi|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bahan bakar padhet ===
Bahan bakar padhet iku awujud areng, kayu, lan sakpadhané.

== Generasi ==
Tèknologi bahan bakar hayati, saya suwé saya ngrembaka. Mula para panaliti ngupaya supaya bahan bakar iki bisa dinggo ing sawenèh babagan ing kauripan. Tèknologi-tèknologi iku kaperang ing sawwenèh generasi. Generasi-generasi iku kaya ta:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2010/05/18/3g-4g-a-taxonomy-for-far-out-%E2%80%94-but-not-far-away-%E2%80%94-biofuels/|title=What are – and who’s making – 2G, 3G and 4G biofuels? : Biofuels Digest - biofuels, biodiesel, ethanol, algae, jatropha, green gasoline, green diesel, and biocrude daily news|date=2010-05-21|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-03-09|archive-date=2010-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521143237/http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2010/05/18/3g-4g-a-taxonomy-for-far-out-%E2%80%94-but-not-far-away-%E2%80%94-biofuels/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Generasi kapisan ===
Bahan bakar hayati generasi kapisan yaiku bahan bakar kang asalé saka wit-witan panganan kang ditandur ana lemah garapan. Tanduran-tanduran iku banjur diolah lan dijupuk sariné kanggo gawé étanol. Prosès kang digunakaké yaiku transesterifikasi, fermentasi nganggo jamur utawa ragi, lenga saka tanduran dicampur nganggo lenga saka fosil, lan nganggo lenga saka tanduran iku.

=== Generasi kaloro ===
Generasi kaloro yaiku bahan bakar hayati digawé saka tanduran kang dudu bahan pangan utawa sisa saka tanduran ing lemah dudu garapan. Tanduran kang didadekaké sumber bahan bakar iki lumrahe [[Jarak pager|jarak]]. Tèknologi kang digunakaké ing generasi iki yaiku gasifikasi. Perusahaan kang gunakaké tèknologi kaya ta Fischer-Tropsch, Coskata, Rentech, Lignol, POET, BP Biofuels, DuPont Danisco, Verenium, Mascoma, Gevo, KL Energy, Virent, Qteros, Cobalt Technologies, Range Fuels, ZeaChem lan BlueFire ethanol. Kaunggulan saka generasi iki yaiku akèh daérah kang bisa ngecaké, sumber biomassa luwih akèh, lan kontrovèrsi luwih sithik. Karugian saka generasi iki yaiku gedhéné beaya kanggo modhal lan proses ngembangaké wit jarak kang ora gampang.

=== Generasi katelu ===
Generaasi katelu bahan bakar digawé tanduran saka lemah kang ora subur. Kanggo ngasilaké bahan bakar nganggo tèknologi kang sinambungan marang tèknologi liyané. Ing prosès iki dibutuhaké langkah ngremukaké boimassa. Salah siji sumber bahan bakar kang kagawé yaiku saka ganggang (''[[alga]]e''). Perusahaan kang gawé bahan bakar saka ganggang kaya ta Solazyme, Solix, Sapphire Energy. Kaunggulan saka generasi iki yaiku ganggang bisa tansah ditandur nanging kudu ana karbondioksida lan banyu. Saliyané iku kontrovèrsi cara iki luwih sithik. Nanging, karugian saka generasi iki yaiku anané béaya modhal kang gedhé, prosès ngembangaké alga kang ora gampang (cyanobacteria), lan isih angèl tèknologi iki ditrepaké nalika wiwitan.

=== Generasi kapapat ===
Generasi kapapat yaiku bahan bakar hayati kang saka tetanduran saka lemah kang ora subur, nanging ora butuh langkah kanggo ngremukaké biomassa. Perusahaan kang nggunakaké generasi iki yaiku Amyris, LS9, Joule Unlimited, Algenol, lan Naturally Scientific. Sakliyané iku, bahan bakar iki bisa kanggo listrik. Sumber tanduran bahan bakar iki bisa ditandur nalika cukup banyu lan karbondioksida. Kaunggulan iki luwih ora kontroversial lan nyengkuyung anggoné lingkungan. Béaya modhal kanggo prosès iki gedhé, lan supaya ngasilaké bahan bakar kanthi kandhutan kang gedhé nganggo mikroba.

== Panalitèn kang tembé ditindakaké ==
Panalitèn ing bahan bakar hayati akèh banget. Salah sijiné yaiku ngembangaké bahan bakar saka jarak (''Jathropa curcas''). Wiji saka jarak dijupuk banjur diolah dadi lenga kang bisa dadi bahan bakar. Panalitèn iki bahas kaya ta carané ngunggahké asilé minyak, ngrembakaké élmu lemah kanggo nandur, carané nandur, lan gènètika jarak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oar.icrisat.org/174/1/nset10.pdf|title=Biology and genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas L.: A review|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Lingkungan]]
[[Kategori:Bahan bakar]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kèju gulung</title>
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{{Infobox food|name=Cheese roll|image=Cheese rolls, Otago, New Zealand.jpg|caption=Cheese rolls at a Café in Milton, Otago, New Zealand}}Gulung '''keju''' (sok-sok dikenal kanthi jeneng ''roll-up keju'' ) minangka [[Nyamikan|panganan cemilan sing]] padha karo Welsh rarebit, nanging digawe kanthi nutupi irisan [[roti]] ing isi sing wis disiyapake, umume kalebu [[Kèju|keju]] parut utawa irisan, banjur digulung dadi bentuk tabung sadurunge dipanggang. Gulung keju minangka panganan sing misuwur banget ing Otago lan Southland New Zealand, sing umume ditemokake minangka menu ing kantin lan toko panganan sing padha, lan umume diarani sushi kidul.  Iki minangka salah sawijining resep-resep sing sithik banget lan khusus kanggo siji saka loro pulau utama Selandia Baru.

Sajian kasebut gampang banget disiyapake, paling ora kalebu irisan roti lan keju. Sing luwih asring, bahan sing ditambahake dilebokake ing campuran sing wis disiyapake sadurunge. Bahan-bahan kasebut biasane kalebu [[Bawang bombay|bawang]], [[Kécap inggris|saus Worcestershire]], lan campuran sup bawang bombay sanajan isi liyane, kayata [[nanas]] remuk utawa [[jagung manis]] uga wis dingerteni.  Faktor penting kanggo nyiyapake gulung keju yaiku campuran ngisi iki disiyapake kanthi kapisah sadurunge ditambahake ing roti, lan ora mung isine irisan keju sing ditutupi bahan liyane.

Peneliti panganan, utamane Profesor [[Helen Leach]] saka [[Universitas Otago]], wis ngidhentifikasi telung gaya tradisional kanggo ngisi, kanthi kabeh resep sing dikepengini katon beda-beda saka telu kasebut. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hardcheese2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/food-wine/32821/a-case-hard-cheese|title=A case of hard cheese|last=Smith, Charmian|date=22 November 2008|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|access-date=23 September 2011|page=47|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325004140/http://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/food-wine/32821/a-case-hard-cheese|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Resep sing pertama dikembangake nalika nyebar ing taun 1920-an, sadurunge nggawe keju, nggunakake keju pedhes khusus Australia, [[Rex Keju|Rex Cheese]] . Varian ing gaya ngisi iki kalebu nggunakake keju pedhes utawa kuwat nganggo sawi, saus Worcestershire, lan uga minuman keras kayata [[Kahlúa]] . Resep dhasar sing nomer loro maneh nggunakake keju pedhes, nanging wektu iki dicampur karo bahan gurih kayata bawang, sing dimasak ing butter utawa susu, dicampur karo keju, banjur kenthel karo glepung utawa tepung jagung. Versi katelu padha karo sing nomer loro, nanging nggunakake panganan sing wis diproses minangka bahan utama, campuran sup bawang bombay garing lan susu sing diuap.


== Referensi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Malt</title>
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[[Barkas:Grünmalz.jpg|jmpl| Glepung gandum malt sakepel, sprouts putih katon]]
'''Malt''' [[Séréalia|ditanduri]] gandum [[Séréalia|séréal]] sing wis garing ing proses sing dikenal kanthi jeneng &quot; malting &quot;. Gandum kasebut digawe [[Thukul|germin]] kanthi direndhem ing banyu banjur diendhegake maneh saka germinasi kanthi garing kanthi hawa panas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter3.html|title=''How to brew manually'' by John Palmer|publisher=|access-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/css/330/five/BarleyOverview.htm#BarleyMaltingQuality|title=Quality Factors for Malting, Brewing and other End-uses|date=|work=|access-date=13 April 2007|publisher=Oregon State University|pages=|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004195239/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/css/330/five/BarleyOverview.htm#BarleyMaltingQuality|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.howtobrew.com/section2/chapter12.html|title=What is malting?|publisher=|access-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f--1V1ftgtsC&amp;pg=PT116|title=Kirk-Othmer Food and Feed Technology|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|year=2007|isbn=978-0-470-17448-7|location=New York|pages=116–120|access-date=7 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gandum malting ngasilake [[Ènzim|enzim]] (α-amylase, β-amylase) sing dibutuhake kanggo ngowahi [[Pathi|pati]] gandum dadi macem-macem jinis [[gula]], kalebu [[glukosa]] [[monosakarida]], [[maltosa]] [[disakarida]], [[maltotriose]] trisakarida, lan gula sing luwih dhuwur sing diarani [[Maltodextrin|maltodextrines]] . Iki uga ngasilake [[Ènzim|enzim]] liyane, kayata [[protease]], sing nyuda [[Protéin|protein]] ing [[gandum]] dadi bentuk sing bisa digunakake [[Khamir|ragi]] . Titik proses malting dihentikan nyebabake rasio [[Pathi|pati]] - karo enzim lan pati sebagian dikonversi dadi gula sing difermentasi.


[[Barkas:Malt_en_grain.JPG|jmpl| Gandum malt kanggo produksi [[bir]]]]
[[Barkas:Malt_syrup.jpg|ka|jmpl| Sirup malt barley kanthi alon ditambahake ing glepung ing resep [[bagel]]]]

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Serealia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gondola angkat</title>
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      <text bytes="2700" sha1="nwivdr2zfepyd59kzmzc24o9zdq9wze" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox product|title=Gondola lift|image=Expo2000 seilbahn1.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=Gondola lift at the [[Expo 2000]] in [[Hanover]], [[Germany]]|type=Cable transport|inventor=|launch year=|company=|available=|current supplier=|last production=|models=|website=|notes=}}
[[Barkas:Patriatta.jpg|jmpl|Patriatta ngangkat gondola pulsa ing Murree, Pakistan]]
[[Barkas:Emirates_Air_Line_towers_24_May_2012.jpg|ka|jmpl| Jalur Udara [[London]] liwat [[Kali Thames]]]]
[[Barkas:Línea_Roja_de_Mi_Teleférico_en_La_Paz,_Bolivia.jpg|ka|jmpl| Sistem mobil kabel Mi Teleférico ing La Paz, [[Bolivia]], digunakake kanggo tujuan transportasi massal, minangka jaringan mobil kabel kutha paling dawa lan paling dhuwur ing saindenging jagad.]]
[[Barkas:Valfréjus_-_Télécabine_d'arrondaz.jpg|jmpl| La télécabine d'Arrondaz ing Valfréjus, [[Prancis]]]]
[[Barkas:Skyeship_Gondola.jpg|jmpl| Interioré gondola ing Resor Ski Killington, [[Vermont]]]]
[[Barkas:Gondola_lift_lucerne_2006.03.18.jpg|jmpl| Angkat gondola monocable 4-kursi klasik 1960-an ing Emmetten, [[Switserlan]], dibangun dening GMD Müller .]]
'''Angkat gondola''' minangka salah sawijining jinis piranti transportasi kabel lan jinis angkat udara sing didhukung lan didorong dening kabel saka ndhuwur. Iki kalebu puteran kabel [[Waja|baja]] sing dipasang ing antarane rong stasiun, kadang liwat menara penopang penengah. Kabel kasebut didhukung nganggo bulwheel ing terminal, sing biasane disambungake karo [[Motor|mesin]] utawa motor listrik . Dheweke asring dianggep minangka '''sistem sing terus-terusan''' amarga duwe tali pengangkut sing terus-terusan obah lan sirkulasi ngubengi rong stasiun terminal.  Bentenipun, tremway udara mung beroperasi nganggo genggeman tetep lan mung antar jemput bolak-balik antarane rong terminal pungkasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/play/worlds-5-most-thrilling-cable-cars-285325|title=5 challenging cable car rides|date=July 5, 2012|publisher=Daisy Liu|access-date=2014-03-25|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027123536/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/play/worlds-5-most-thrilling-cable-cars-285325|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gumantung saka kombinasi kabel sing digunakake kanggo dhukungan lan / utawa ngangkut lan jinis genggeman (genggeman sing bisa dicopot vs. genggeman tetep), kapasitas, biaya, lan fungsi angkat gondola bakal beda banget. Amarga akeh sistem kasebut ing wilayah [[Alpen|Alpine]] ing [[Éropa|Eropa]], '''Cabinovia''' ( [[Basa Itali|Italia]] ) utawa jeneng [[Basa Prancis|Prancis]] '''Télécabine''' uga digunakake ing teks [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]] . Sistem kasebut asring diarani '''mobil kabel''' .

== Rujukan    ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Makgeolli</title>
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[[Barkas:Makgeolri.jpg|jmpl| ''Makgeolli'' ing mangkuk kanthi sendhok]]
{{Infobox beverage|name=''Makgeolli''|discontinued=|website=|related=''[[Cheongju (beverage)|Cheongju]]'', ''[[nigori]]'', ''[[choujiu]]''|variants=|ingredients=[[Rice]], ''[[nuruk]]''|flavor=|color=Milky, off-white|introduced=|image=Makgeolli 4.jpg|origin=[[Korea]]|distributor=|manufacturer=|proof=|abv=6–9%|type=[[Rice wine]]|caption=A bowl of ''makgeolli''|region=[[East Asia]]}}
'''''Makgeolli''' (basa {{Lang-ko|막걸리}}   , anggur sega mentah{{IPA-ko|mak.k͈ʌl.li|}} ), kadhangkala anglicized kanggo '''makkoli''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|k|ə|l|i}}, &lt;ref name=&quot;ODE2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/makkoli|title=makkoli|website=[[Oxford Dictionaries]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143730/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/makkoli|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Respell|MAK|ə|lee}} ), punika [[Minuman alkohol Korea|wedang alkohol Korean]] . [[Anggur pari|Anggur beras sing]] putih lan putih lan putih sing padhang duwe viskositas sing rasane legi, sithik, pait, lan astringen. Endhepan chalky menehi tampilan mendhung. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hirsch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://torontosun.com/2015/07/20/the-next-sparkling-wine-to-try-is-korean-makgeolli/wcm/86d9fbf3-0a17-4699-b170-26b555b0da06/|title=The next sparkling wine to try is Korean makgeolli|last=Hirsch|first=J.M.|date=20 July 2015|work=[[Toronto Sun]]|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712091436/https://torontosun.com/2015/07/20/the-next-sparkling-wine-to-try-is-korean-makgeolli/wcm/86d9fbf3-0a17-4699-b170-26b555b0da06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Son2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/makgeolli-south-korea-seoul-milky-liquor-alcohol-probiotic-bars-brewery-tours-festivals-a7881366.html|title=Makgeolli in Seoul: Why this speciality liquor is only at its best in the South Korean capital|last=Son|first=Angela|date=8 August 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=13 March 2018|last2=MacDonald|first2=Joan Vos}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jung2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-korean-drinks/index.html|title=Best Korean drinks -- from banana milk to hangover juice|last=Jung|first=Alex|date=12 July 2017|work=[[CNN Travel]]|access-date=13 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka omben-omben bukti paling murah, yaiku enem nganti sangang persen [[alkohol kanthi volume]], asring dianggep minangka minuman umum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schamberg2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archive.jsonline.com/features/makgeolli-a-korean-rice-wine-is-an-unfiltered-joy-b99549751z1-321808781.html|title=Makgeolli, a Korean rice wine, is an unfiltered joy|last=Schamberg|first=Anne|date=14 August 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909200457/http://archive.jsonline.com/features/makgeolli-a-korean-rice-wine-is-an-unfiltered-joy-b99549751z1-321808781.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Korea, makgeolli asring ora diombe, lan anggur tetep diwasa ing botol kasebut. &lt;ref name=&quot;Callaghan2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.eater.com/drinks/2017/2/20/14645442/makgeolli-korean-rice-wine|title=Should You Be Drinking Makgeolli?|last=Callaghan|first=Adam H.|date=20 February 2017|work=[[Eater.com|Eater]]|access-date=13 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga [[Umur rak|umur]] cekak saka &quot;draft&quot; makgeolli sing durung dipasteurisasi, akeh makgeolli sing diekspor ngalami [[pasteurisasi]], sing nyuda minuman enzim kompleks lan senyawa rasa.'' 

''Makgeolli'' biasane ''disajeni adhem'', ing botol utawa ing wadhah tembikar kanthi sendhok. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schamberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archive.jsonline.com/features/makgeolli-a-korean-rice-wine-is-an-unfiltered-joy-b99549751z1-321808781.html|title=Makgeolli, a Korean rice wine, is an unfiltered joy|last=Schamberg|first=Anne|date=14 August 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909200457/http://archive.jsonline.com/features/makgeolli-a-korean-rice-wine-is-an-unfiltered-joy-b99549751z1-321808781.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sadurunge ngombe, diaduk nganggo sendok, utawa botol alon-alon dibalik kaping pirang-pirang kanthi tutup, kanggo nyampur sedimen sing wis dienggoni.  Banjur diiseni utawa diwutahake menyang cacah cilik saben individu, tinimbang cangkir, kanggo ngombe.  Iki amarga kecenderungan ''makgeolli'' dipérang dadi fraksi putih sing mendhung sing mudhun ing sisih ngisor lan cairan kuning pucat sing katon pucuk.

== Referensi ==</text>
      <sha1>gqg2vcms0adnp0jscpswgypfk0htbrg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kashkaval</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752395</id>
      <parentid>1550652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-07T07:14:36Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1995" sha1="fmbk0fy05jgzs88dj18ufrfb64neqbo" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Kashkaval-Galichki-Republik_of_Macedonia.jpg|jmpl| Kashkaval diwasa saka [[Républik Makédonia Lor|Makedonia Lor]]]]'''Kashkaval''' minangka jinis [[Kèju|keju sing]] digawe saka [[Susu|susu sapi]] (kashkaval vitosha), [[Susu domba|susu wedhus]] (kashkaval balkan), utawa kalorone (preshav kashkaval). &lt;ref name=&quot;cheese.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheese.com/kashkaval/|title=Kashkaval|website=cheese.com|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226002634/https://cheese.com/kashkaval/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeneng iki dijupuk saka caciocavallo Italia (basa {{Lang-ro|cașcaval}}   ; {{Lang-bg|кашкавал}}   , pronounced [kɐʃkɐˈvɑɫ] ; {{Lang-mk|кашкавал}}   , pronounced [kaʃkaˈval] ; {{Lang-sr|качкаваљ}}   utawa ''kačkavalj'' ; {{Lang-sq|Kaçkavalli}}   ; {{Lang-ru|Кашкавал}}   ; {{Lang-tr|kaşkaval/kaşar}}   ; {{Lang-ar|قشقوان}}   / ''qashqawān'' ). Ing [[Albani|Albania]], [[Bulgari|Bulgaria]], [[Républik Makédonia Lor|Makedonia Lor]], [[Sèrbi|Serbia]] lan [[Rumeni|Rumania]], istilah kasebut asring digunakake kanggo nyebut kabeh keju oranye (utawa uga keju kajaba [[sirene]] ). Ing menu berbahasa Inggris ing Bulgaria, &quot;кашкавал&quot; diterjemahake minangka &quot;keju jeruk&quot; (dene ''sirene'' biasane diterjemahake minangka &quot;keju putih&quot; utawa mung &quot;keju&quot;).
[[Barkas:Vacuum_packed_KASHKAVAL.jpg|jmpl| Vacuum dikemas kashkaval]]


Ing Bulgaria, ''kashkaval'' (basa {{Lang-bg|кашкавал}}   ) digawe saka susu sapi lan dikenal minangka ''kashkaval vitosha'', dene variasi sing digawe saka susu ''wedhus wedhus'' diarani ''kashkaval balkan'' . ''Kashkaval preslav'' minangka jeneng sing diwenehi keju sing digawe saka campuran kaloro susu kasebut. &lt;ref name=&quot;cheese.com&quot;/&gt;￼

Kashkaval minangka salah sawijining jinis keju sing paling populer ing Israel, amarga akeh wong [[Yahudi|Yahudi sing]] asale Eropa wetan lan kidul wetan.

== Cathetan lan referensi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jajanan pinggir dalan ing Indonesia</title>
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    <id>176457</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-07T02:38:33Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="7300" sha1="j0is4ovcydqrr064th8ru43pz40zh6v" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Kakilima_street_vendors_in_Jakarta.jpg|ka|jmpl|300x300px| ''Kranjang'' [[Grobak panganan|panganan gerobak]] tradisional sing [[Jakarta|ndhapuk dalan Jakarta]], adol macem-macem [[Panganan pinggir dalan|panganan lurung-lurung ing]] [[Masakan Indonésia|Indonesia]] .]]
'''Panganan jalanan Indonesia''' minangka koleksi panganan sing siap-siap, panganan [[Nyamikan|cemilan]], woh-wohan lan omben-omben sing didol karo [[Bakul pinggir dalan|penjual]] utawa [[Bakul pinggir dalan|vendor]] ing ''[[warung]]'' panganan utawa [[Grobak panganan|kranjang panganan]] . [[Panganan pinggir dalan|Panganan jalanan]] ing [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] minangka campuran pengaruh [[Masakan Indonésia|lokal Indonesia]], Tionghoa, lan [[Masakan Walanda|Walanda.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theculturetrip.com/asia/indonesia/articles/the-best-street-food-in-jakarta-indonesia/|title=The Best Street Food in Jakarta, Indonesia|last=Jing Xuan Teng|date=28 April 2016|website=The Culture Trip|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027121432/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/indonesia/articles/the-best-street-food-in-jakarta-indonesia/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panganan jalanan ing Indonesia biasane murah, nawakake macem-macem panganan kanthi macem-macem rasa, lan bisa ditemokake ing saben pojok kutha. &lt;ref name=&quot;JP-kakilima&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/06/18/most-popular-kaki-lima-in-jakarta.html|title=Most popular 'kaki lima' in Jakarta|date=18 June 2016|work=The Jakarta Post|location=Jakarta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Panganan ing jalanan Indonesia asring rasane kuwat lan pedhes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetoptens.com/countries-with-the-best-food/indonesia-70167.asp|title=Countries with the Best Food: Indonesia|website=Top Tens}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akeh panganan jalanan ing Indonesia [[Gorèng kungkum|digoreng]], kayata macem-macem ''[[Gorèng celup|gorengan]]'' (fritter), uga ''[[Sega gorèng|nasi goreng]]'' (nasi goreng), ''[[Mi gorèng|mie goreng]]'' (mie goreng) lan ''[[Iwak pitik gorèng|ayam goreng]]'' (ayam goreng), dene ''[[Bakso|sup bakso]]'' bakso, &lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-402&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106/|title=40 of Indonesia's best dishes|last=Sara Schonhardt (text)|date=15 August 2011|work=CNN.com|last2=Melanie Wood (images)|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414094813/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; sup ''[[soto]]'' tradisional lan ''[[rujak]]'' buah uga populer. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodandtravel.com.au/indonesia/indonesian-street-food|title=Indonesian Street food|website=Food &amp; Travel.com.au|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-date=2022-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714113251/http://www.foodandtravel.com.au/indonesia/indonesian-street-food|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umume panganan jalanan Indonesia ana gandhengane karo [[Sambel kacang|saus kacang]] ; ''[[Somay|pangsit iwak siomay]]'' kukus [[Saté|, sate]] ayam panggang lan panggang, ''[[asinan]], [[Ketoprak (panganan)|ketoprak]]'' lan ''[[Gadho-gadho (Panganan saka Indonésia)|salad sayuran gado-gado]]'' kabeh disajekake ing saus kacang favorit Indonesia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Indochili2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indochili.com/top-10-indonesian-food-that-you-must-try/|title=Top 10 Indonesian Food that you must try|last=Noah S|date=26 January 2015|website=IndoChili}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawetara panganan jalanan ing Indonesia asring dianggep ora sehat amarga akeh nggunakake teknik [[Gorèng kungkum|gorengan.]] Tuladha pangobatan berminyak kayata ''gorengan'' fritters, ''endhog gulung'' (endhog goreng jero), ''ayam goreng'' lan ''lele pecel'' . Nanging, pangembangan anyar ing dalan panganan ing Jakarta pungkasan, ana sawetara upaya para vendor supaya nawakake pilihan panganan panganan sing luwih sehat kanggo nyedhiyakake klien sing luwih sadar kesehatan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/11/12/dear-jakartans-here-are-some-healthier-street-food-options.html|title=Dear Jakartans, here are some healthier street food options|last=Maulana|first=Audrie Safira|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Barkas:Indonesian_travelling_meatball_vendor_on_bike.jpg|ka|jmpl| ''Bakso'' (bakso) bakul becak ing [[Kutha Bandhung|Bandung]]]]
[[Barkas:Jakarta_Indonesia_Hawkers-in-Kota-Jakarta-01.jpg|ka|jmpl| ''Bakso'' vendor nggunakake ''pikulan'']]
[[Barkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_verkoper_van_saté_met_zijn_pikolan_en_klanten_TMnr_60027242.jpg|ka|jmpl| [[Saté|Bakul]] sate ing Jawa, c. 1870, nggunakake ''pikulan'' utawa nggawa kranjang nganggo rod.]]
[[Barkas:Soto_Mie_Bogor_Cart_2.JPG|ka|jmpl| [[Bakul pinggir dalan|Bakul dalan]] ''[[Soto mi|Soto mie]]'']]
[[Barkas:Cendol_Vendor.JPG|jmpl| Penjual ''[[Cèndhol|cendol]]'' pinggir dalan ing [[Jakarta]] .]]

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Indonesian Street Food&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Barkas:Asinan seller 1.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Asinan]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Bakso urat asli solo.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Bakso]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Batagor vendor 2.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Batagor]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Bubur Ayam Travelling Vendor 1.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Bubur ayam]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Es Durian Cart.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Durian|Es durian]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Mall culture jakarta25.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Es campur]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Es Air Tebu (Sugarcane juice) seller.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Sugarcane juice|Es tebu]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Indonesia bike45.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Getuk]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Penjual Gorengan.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Gorengan]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Jakarta Indonesia Hawkers-in- Glodok-03.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Corn cob|Rebus Jagung]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Jakarta Indonesia Hawkers-in- Glodok-08.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Peanut|Kacang rebus]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Kerak Telor Betawi Vendor.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Kerak telor]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Tukang ketoprak.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Ketoprak (food)|Ketoprak]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Kue Samir 1.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Kamir|Kue samir]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Lahang.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Lahang]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Laksa Bogor 1.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Laksa|Laksa Bogor]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Nasi Goreng Travelling Vendor in Jakarta.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Nasi goreng]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Jakarta Indonesia Hawkers-in-Kota-Jakarta-02.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Martabak]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Bread hawker.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Bread|Roti]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Rujak Vendor.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Rojak|Rujak buah]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Sate ayam-Jakarta.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Satay|Sate Ayam]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Sate seller in Puruih beach.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Satay|Sate Padang]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Seblak street vendor 1.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Seblak|[en→jv]Seblak]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Pedagang srabi Solo di Pasar Pon.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Serabi|[en→jv]Serabi]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Gerobak siomay.jpeg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Siomay|[en→jv]Siomay]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Jakarta Indonesia-Hawkers-in-Glodok-09.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Sup kambing|[en→jv]Sop kaki kambing]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Soto Mie Bogor Cart 1.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Soto mie|[en→jv]Soto mie]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Tauge Goreng 2.JPG|&lt;small&gt;''[[Tauge goreng|[en→jv]Tauge goreng]]''&lt;/small&gt;
Barkas:Tongseng Seller.jpg|&lt;small&gt;''[[Tongseng|[en→jv]Tongseng]]''&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Olah-olahan Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Colby-Jack</title>
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{{Infobox cheese|name=Colby-Jack|image=CoJack.jpg|othernames=Marble jack, Co-Jack, Cojack Jack daniels|country=United States|regiontown=|region=[[Wisconsin]]|town=|source=[[Cow]]s|pasteurised=Yes|texture=Semi-hard|fat=15|protein=|dimensions=|weight=-|aging=30 days|certification=}}'''Colby-Jack''', utawa '''Co-jack''' / '''Cojack''',  minangka [[Kèju|keju]] Amerika sing diproses kanthi artifisial nggunakake keju Colby lan Monterey Jack sing digabung dadi siji liyane. Klasifikasine minangka tekstur semi-keras lan entheng amarga proses penuaan 2 minggu. Umume didol kanthi bentuk purnama utawa bentuk rembulan nalika isih enom &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mex-recipes.com/cheese-type.html|title=Cheese Type|publisher=Mex-recipes.com|access-date=2010-05-14|archive-date=2010-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524042504/http://www.mex-recipes.com/cheese-type.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rasane Colby-Jack lembut lan lembut. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--35928/colby-jack-cheese.asp Colby Jack Cheese]. Retrieved November 12, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Keju Colby-Jack umume diproduksi ing negara bagian Wisconsin lan California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cheesemarketnews.com/articlearch/cheese/07jul17.html|title=Cheese of the Month - July 2017|date=July 2017|publisher=cheesemarketnews.com|access-date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki digunakake ing macem-macem piring utawa minangka topping sing bakal dilebur. Piring kasebut kalebu burger, panggang pasta, [[Markuni lan kèju|Macaroni lan Keju]], [[Casserole]] lan liya-liyane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tasteofhome.com/collection/colby-cheese-recipes/|title=Colby Cheese Recipes|date=December 2018|publisher=tasteofhome.com|access-date=2020-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umume digunakake ing Amerika amarga keju Amerika. Internasional, Colby-Jack ora gampang kasedhiya.

Colby-Jack minangka [[Kèju marmer|keju marmer]] yaiku campuran keju Colby lan Monterey Jack. Colby-Jack minangka keju Amerika semi-lembut sing digawe saka [[Pasteurisasi|susu pasteurisasi]] . Kajaba iku, keju ngemot budaya keju, uyah, enzim lan annatto. [[Annatto]] yaiku sing menehi komponen Colby Colby-Jack warna oranye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cheese.com/colby-jack/|title=Colby Jack|date=2020|publisher=cheese.com|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118135548/https://www.cheese.com/colby-jack/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bareng Colby-Jack katon marmer kanthi warna putih lan oranye. Rasa keju individu sing digunakake ing campuran bakal nemtokake sepira kuwat rasa Colby-Jack pungkasan.

== Referensi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Endhog wesi</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3515" sha1="kozij8s1teznypzmf3i4nc6hor2slar" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Iron_Eggs_clone_compared_to_a_5_minutes_coocked_and_peeled_chicken_egg_IMG_0263.jpg|jmpl|Telung endhog wesi ireng, dibandhingake karo endhog pitik sing wis mateng lan dikupas]]
'''Endhog wesi''' ( Chinese    ) minangka versi khusus [[Endhog kècap|endhog kedele]], cemilan saka [[Républik Cina|Taiwan]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://al02.blogspot.com/2011/04/taiwan-iron-eggs.html|title=Taiwan Iron Eggs|date=15 April 2011|website=Fondue of Life|publisher=[[Blogspot]]|access-date=June 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dheweke dianggep minangka panganan enak lan asale ing Distrik Tamsui Kutha New Taipei .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://recenteats.blogspot.com/2010/09/taiwanese-iron-eggs.html|title=Taiwanese Iron Eggs|date=23 September 2010|website=Sku's Recent Eats|publisher=[[Blogspot]]|access-date=June 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iki kalebu endhog cilik sing wis bola-bali diresiki ing campuran rempah-rempah lan garing ing udara. Endhog sing diasilake coklat tuwa ing njaba, tekstur kenyel, lan rasane enak banget dibandhingake karo [[Endhog godhog|endhog rebus]] standar. Dikandhani yen ngrasakake &quot;legi, pedhes lan rada asin karo rasa endhog konsentrat - cemilan sing apik kanggo omben-omben&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/food-wine/195433/dipping-taiwanese-bowl|title=Dipping into the Taiwanese bowl|last=Smith|first=Charmian|date=Jan 25, 2012|access-date=October 10, 2014|publisher=[[Allied Press|Allied Press Limited]]|archive-date=May 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527090304/http://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/food-wine/195433/dipping-taiwanese-bowl|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Endhog kasebut mesthine digawe dening restaurator Chang-nian Huang (黃 張 哖) sing nyedhiyakake cemilan menyang tangan dermaga ing kutha sisih sagara.  &lt;sup&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ing sawijining dina udan kanthi usahane kurang saka biasane, Huang Zhangnian kudu terus golek [[Endhog kècap|endhog kecap]] (滷蛋) supaya tetep anget sawise digawa metu saka kaldu [[Kécap|kecap.]] Proses recooking lan pangatusan pungkasane nyebabake endhog nyusut sing peteng, rasa lan kenyal, sing disenengi masarakat lokal. Huang pungkasane nggawe bisnis anyar adhedhasar resep endhog wesi, ''didol kanthi'' merek Apotiedan (阿婆鐵蛋; 'Endhog wesi Eyang' ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=林明峪|publisher=聯經|year=1983|pages=21–5|language=zh|script-title=zh:大快朵頤}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mung bisa digawe kanthi nggunakake &quot;endhog pitik, merpati utawa puyuh&quot; nanging dudu saka [[Endhog minangka panganan|endhog bebek]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;isacc20062&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Jacqueline|year=2006|title=Iron Eggs|url=http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=546|journal=Flavor and Fortune|publisher=Institute for the Advancement of the Science and Art of Chinese Cuisine|volume=13|issue=1|pages=5, 8|access-date=2021-03-14|archive-date=2015-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527143734/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=546|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Endhog puyuh misuwur banget.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/40-taiwan-food/index.html|title=40 of the best Taiwanese foods and drinks|last=Hiufu Wong|first=Maggie|website=edition.cnn.com|publisher=CNN|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popularitas endhog wesi mundhak lan bisa ditemokake ing wilayah liyane kajaba Taiwan, kayata ing [[Afrika]] lan [[Wétan Tengah|Timur Tengah]] .

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Artikel ngandhut tulisan abasa Cina]]
[[Kategori:Artikel ngandhut tulisan abasa Cina padatan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kalsium karbonat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="14813" sha1="1rr0x32m913b6p16a50y89v2wmlcq2c" xml:space="preserve">{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477003420
| Name = Calcium carbonate
| ImageFileL1 = calcium carbonate.png
| ImageFileR1 = Calcium-carbonate-xtal-3D-SF.png
| ImageFile2 = Calcium carbonate.jpg
| IUPACName = Calcium carbonate
| OtherNames = [[calcite]]; [[aragonite]]; [[chalk]]; [[Lime (material)]]; [[Limestone]]; [[marble]]; [[oyster]]; [[pearl]]; 
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = H0G9379FGK
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1200539
| DrugBank = DB06724
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00932
| InChI = 1/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 3311
| SMILES = [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O
| InChIKey = VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-NUQVWONBAS
| SMILES1 = C(=O)([O-])[O-].[Ca+2]
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L
| CASNo = 471-34-1
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 9708
| EINECS = 207-439-9
| PubChem = 10112
| RTECS = FF9335000
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
| MolarMass = 100.0869 g/mol
| Appearance = Fine white powder; chalky taste
| Odor = odorless
| Density = 2.711 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ([[calcite]])&lt;br /&gt;2.83 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ([[aragonite]])
| Solubility = 0.013 g/L (25 °C)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=SI Chemical Data Book |edition=4th |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons Australia |last1=Aylward |first1=Gordon |last2=Findlay |first2=Tristan |isbn=978-0-470-81638-7|year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Calcium Carbonate: From the Cretaceous Period Into the 21st Century|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbkKGa19k5QC&amp;pg=RA1-PR2|last1=Rohleder |first1=J. |last2=Kroker |first2=E. |isbn=978-3-7643-6425-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| SolubilityProduct = {{val|3.3e-9}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last =Benjamin|first=Mark M.|year=2002|title=Water Chemistry |publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn =978-0-07-238390-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67anQgAACAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Solvent = dilute acids
| SolubleOther = soluble
| MeltingPtC = 1339
| MeltingPt_notes = (calcite) &lt;br&gt; {{cvt|825|°C|°F K}} (aragonite)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0090.pdf|title=Occupational safety and health guideline for calcium carbonate|publisher=US Dept. of Health and Human Services|access-date=31 Maret 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://diyhpl.us/~nmz787/mems/unorganized/CRC%20Handbook%20of%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%2085th%20edition.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029195852/http://diyhpl.us/~nmz787/mems/unorganized/CRC%20Handbook%20of%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%2085th%20edition.pdf |archive-date=29 Oktober 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| BoilingPt = [[Chemical decomposition|decomposes]]
| RefractIndex = 1.59
| pKa = 9.0
| pKb =
| MagSus = {{val|-3.82e-5|u=cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/mol}}
}}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = Trigonal
| SpaceGroup = &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: overline&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;2/m
}}
|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −1207&amp;nbsp;kJ·mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=b1&gt;{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Entropy = 93&amp;nbsp;J·mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;·K&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=b1 /&gt;
 }}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = A02
| ATCCode_suffix = AC01
| ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|A12|AA04}}
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1193.htm ICSC 1193]
| MainHazards =
| NFPA-H = 0
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-S =
| RPhrases =
| SPhrases =
| LD50 = 6450 mg/kg (oral, rat)
| PEL = TWA 15 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (total) TWA 5 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (resp)&lt;ref&gt;{{PGCH|0090}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[Calcium bicarbonate]]
| OtherCations = [[Beryllium carbonate]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Magnesium carbonate]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Strontium carbonate]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Barium carbonate]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Radium carbonate]]
| OtherCompounds = [[Calcium sulfate]]
}}
}}
[[Barkas:Calcium-carbonate-3D-balls-ionic.png|jmpl|Struktur kalsium karbonat]]
'''Kalsium karbonat''' minangka [[Senyawa Kimia|senyawa kimia]] kanthi [[Rumus kimia|rumus]] [[Kalsiyum|Ca]]CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. Iki minangka zat umum sing ditemokaké ing [[watu]] minangka kalsit [[mineral]] lan aragonit (utamané minangka watu gamping, yaiku salah sawijining jinis watu sedimén sing biasané kalebu kalsit) lan minangka komponén utama [[kulit endhog]], cangkang [[bekicot]], cangkang kéwan sagara lan [[Mutyara|mutiara]]. Kalsium karbonat minangka bahan aktif ing pertanian lan digawé nalika ion kalsium ing banyu keras reaksi karo ion karbonat kanggo nggawé kerak. Kasedhiya panggunaan medis minangka suplemen [[Kalsiyum|kalsium]] utawa antasida, nanging konsumsi sing kaluwihan bisa mbebayani lan nyebabaké hiperkalskemia lan masalah pencernaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Strumińska-Parulska|first=DI|date=2015|title=Determination of &lt;sup&gt;210&lt;/sup&gt;Po in calcium supplements and the possible related dose assessment to the consumers|journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity|volume=150|pages=121–125|doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.08.006|pmid=26318774}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pengolahan kalsium karbonat ==
Akèh-akèhé kalsium karbonat sing digunakaké ing indhustri dièkstrak kanthi pertambangan utawa penggalian. Kalsium karbonat murni (kayata kanggo panganan utawa panggunaan [[farmasi]]), bisa diprodhuksi saka sumber galian murni (biasané marmer). Alternatif liyané, kalsium karbonat disiapaké saka kalsium oksida . Banyu ditambahaké kanggo menehi kalsium hidroksida banjur [[karbon dioksida]] dilewati liwat solusi iki kanggo nyepetaké kalsium karbonat sing dipengini, diarani ing indhustri kasebut minangka kalsium karbonat endapan (PCC):&lt;ref name=&quot;PCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lime.org/uses_of_lime/other_uses/precip_cc.asp|title=Precipitated Calcium Carbonate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111165543/http://www.lime.org/uses_of_lime/other_uses/precip_cc.asp|archive-date=11 Januari 2014|access-date=11 Januari 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: CaO + H &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; O → Ca (OH) &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

: Ca (OH) &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; → CaCO &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ↓ + H &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; O

== Struktur kalsium karbonat ==
Struktur CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; kanthi termodinamika kanthi kahanan normal yaiku heksagonal β-CaCO &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (kalsit mineral).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ropp&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds|last=Ropp|first=R. C.|date=2013-03-06|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444595508|pages=359–370}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangun liyané bisa disiyapaké, luwih padhet (2,83&amp;nbsp;g / cm &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) ''orthorhombic'' λ-CaCO &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (mineral aragonit ) lan heksagonal μ-CaCO &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, kedadeyan minangka vaterit mineral.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ropp&quot; /&gt; Wangun aragonit bisa disiyapaké kanthi presipitasi ing suhu ndhuwur 85&amp;nbsp;°C, bentuk vaterit bisa disiyapaké kanthi presipitasi udakara 60&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ropp&quot; /&gt; Kalsit ngemot atom kalsium sing dikoordinasi karo enem atom [[Oksigèn|oksigen]], ing aragonit dikoordinasi karo sangang atom oksigen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ropp&quot; /&gt; Struktur vaterit durung dingerteni kanthi jangkep.&lt;ref name=&quot;DemichelisRaiteri2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Demichelis|first=Raffaella|last2=Raiteri|first2=Paolo|last3=Gale|first3=Julian D.|last4=Dovesi|first4=Roberto|year=2013|title=The Multiple Structures of Vaterite|journal=Crystal Growth &amp; Design|volume=13|issue=6|pages=2247–2251|doi=10.1021/cg4002972|issn=1528-7483}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magnesium karbonat (MgCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) nduwéni struktur kalsit, déné strontium karbonat lan barium karbonat (SrCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; lan BaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) nggunakaké struktur aragonit, nuduhaké radiasi ionik sing luwih gedhé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ropp&quot; /&gt;

== Kedadéyan kalsium karbonat ==
[[Barkas:Calcium_carbonate_rocks.jpg|jmpl|Watu kalsium karbonat]]
[[Kulit endhog]], cangkang bekicot lan kéwan sagara ngandung akéh kalsium karbonat lan bisa digunakaké minangka sumber indhustri kimia kasebut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-are-seashells-created|title=How are seashells created?|last=Horne|first=Francis|date=23 Oktober 2006|website=Scientific American|access-date=25 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tiram]] mawa pangenalan anyar minangka sumber kalsium, nanging uga sumber indhustri praktis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-16642-Natural+Oyster+Shell+Calcium+Oral.aspx?drugid=16642&amp;drugname=Natural+Oyster+Shell+Calcium+Oral|title=Oyster shell calcium|website=WebMD|access-date=25 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://caltronclays.in/Oyster_CC.html|title=Oyster Shell Calcium Carbonate|publisher=Caltron Clays &amp; Chemicals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910033017/http://caltronclays.in/Oyster_CC.html|archive-date=10 Sèptèmber 2013|access-date=25 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Janganan godhong|Jejanganan ijo]] sig peteng kayata [[brokoli]] lan [[Kalé|kale]] ngemot kalsium karbonat sing akéh, nanging ora praktis minangka sumber industri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mangels|first=Ann Reed|date=June 4, 2014|title=Bone nutrients for vegetarians|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=100|issue=1|pages=469S–475S|doi=10.3945/ajcn.113.071423|pmid=24898231|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngluwihi [[Bumi]], bukti sing kuat nuduhaké ana kalsium karbonat ing [[Mars]]. Tandha-tandha kalsium karbonat wis didetèksi ing luwih saka siji lokasi (utamané ing kawah ''Gusev'' lan ''Huygens''). Iki nyedhiyakaké sawetara bukti yèn ana banyu cair sing kepungkur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Boynton|first=W. V.|last2=Ming|first2=D. W.|last3=Kounaves|first3=S. P.|last4=Young|first4=S. M.|last5=Arvidson|first5=R. E.|last6=Hecht|first6=M. H.|last7=Hoffman|first7=J.|last8=Niles|first8=P. B.|last9=Hamara|first9=D. K.|display-authors=3|year=2009|title=Evidence for Calcium Carbonate at the Mars Phoenix Landing Site|url=http://planetary.chem.tufts.edu/Boynton%20etal%20Science%202009v325p61.pdf|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5936|pages=61–64|bibcode=2009Sci...325...61B|doi=10.1126/science.1172768|pmid=19574384}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=B. C., III|last2=Arvidson|first2=R. E.|last3=Gellert|first3=R.|last4=Morris|first4=R. V.|last5=Ming|first5=D. W.|last6=Richter|first6=L.|last7=Ruff|first7=S. W.|last8=Michalski|first8=J. R.|last9=Farrand|first9=W. H.|display-authors=3|year=2007|title=Evidence for montmorillonite or its compositional equivalent in Columbia Hills, Mars|url=http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/17119/1/Clark2007_Evidence_for_montmorillonite_or_its_compositional_equivalent_in_Columbia_Hills_Mars.pdf|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]|volume=112|issue=E6|pages=E06S01|bibcode=2007JGRE..112.6S01C|doi=10.1029/2006JE002756|access-date=2021-04-27|archive-date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729112107/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/17119/1/Clark2007_Evidence_for_montmorillonite_or_its_compositional_equivalent_in_Columbia_Hills_Mars.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guna kalsium karbonat ==

=== Aplikasi industri ===
Panggunaan utama kalsium karbonat yaiku ing indhustri konstruksi, minangka bahan bangunan, utawa agregat watu gamping kanggo pambangun dalan, minangka bahan [[Semèn|semen]]. Nanging, amarga iklim sing kadang bisa njedhulaké udan asam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/materials.html|title=Effects of Acid Rain|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=14 Maret 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalsium karbonat (ing bentuk watu gamping) ora digunakaké manéh. Kalsium karbonat uga digunakaké ing pemurnian [[Wesi|zat besi]] saka bijih besi ing tungku. Karbohidrat dikalsinasi ''ing situ'' kanggo menehi kalsium oksida, sing mbentuk terak kanthi macem-macem regetan sing ana, lan misahaké saka zat besi sing wis dimurnekaké.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/industrial/blastfurnace.html|title=Blast Furnace|publisher=Science Aid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217143213/http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/industrial/blastfurnace.html|archive-date=17 Dhésèmber 2007|access-date=30 Dhésèmber 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kasarasan ===
Kalsium karbonat digunakaké kanthi akéh obat minangka suplemen kalsium diet murah kanggo antasida lambung.&lt;ref name=&quot;medline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601032.html|title=Calcium Carbonate|date=1 Oktober 2005|website=Medline Plus|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017031324/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601032.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt;|archive-date=17 Oktober 2007|access-date=30 Dhésèmber 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki bisa digunakaké minangka pengikat fosfat kanggo perawatan hiperfosfatemia (utamané kanggo pasien gagal ginjel kronis). Iki digunakaké ing indhustri farmasi minangka pangisi ''iners'' kanggo tablet lan obat-obatan liyané.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pharmaceuticaldo03lach|title=Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets|last=Lieberman|first=Herbert A.|last2=Lachman|first2=Leon|last3=Schwartz|first3=Joseph B.|publisher=Dekker|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8247-8044-9|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/pharmaceuticaldo03lach/page/n171 153]|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalsium karbonat digunakaké ing produksi kalsium oksida uga pasta gigi lan wis naté muncul manéh minangka pengawet panganan lan punggawa warna, nalika digunakaké ing utawa nganggo produk kayata [[apel]] organik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chemistry.about.com/od/foodcookingchemistry/a/cadditives.htm|title=Food Additives – Names Starting with C|date=10 April 2012|website=Chemistry.about.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016112555/http://chemistry.about.com/od/foodcookingchemistry/a/cadditives.htm|archive-date=16 Oktober 2006|access-date=2012-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pertanian lan akuakultur ===
Ana ing pertanian, watu gamping, kapur bubuk utawa watu gamping, digunakaké minangka metode murah kanggo netralaké [[lemah]] sing asam, saengga cocok kanggo pertanian, uga digunakake ing indhustri akuakultur kanggo regulasi [[PH|ph]] lemah kolam sadurungé miwiti budidaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oates2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVoEMNI5Vb0C&amp;pg=PA111|title=Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses|last=Oates|first=J. A. H.|date=11 Juli 2008|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-3-527-61201-7|pages=111–113}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paripustaka ==

[[Kategori:Kimiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gréja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih</title>
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      <text bytes="12773" sha1="j16y3l30elhlollyxu6xr8a03i3n3cr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox cagar budaya
| Name        = Gréja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih&lt;br&gt;{{nobold|{{small|ꦒꦿꦺꦗꦱꦭꦶꦧ꧀ꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃꦱꦭꦠꦶꦒ}}}}
| Image       = [[Gambar:Gereja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih (1).jpg|250px]]
| caption     = 
| Type        = 
| Criteria    = Wewangunan
| ID          = Belum ada 
| Location    = Dalan Hasanudin km. 4 (Kutha Salatiga–Kopeng), Kalurahan Kumpulreja, Kacamatan Argamulya, Kutha Salatiga, Propinsi Jawa Tengah
| Year        = 
| ownership   = Yeyasan Sosial Kristen Salib Putih
| management  = Yeyasan Sosial Kristen Salib Putih
| Link        = https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbjateng/gereja-salib-putih-bukti-sejarah-penyebaran-agama-kristen-di-kawasan-semarang-dan-salatiga/
| embedded    =
|border=infobox
|| label      = 
| link        = 
| coordinates = 
}}
[[Gambar:Gereja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih.jpg|jmpl|260x260px|Gréja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih.]]
'''Gréja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih''' ({{lang-jv|ꦒꦿꦺꦗꦱꦭꦶꦧ꧀ꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃꦱꦭꦠꦶꦒ|Gréja Salib Putih Salatiga}}; [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indhonésia]]: ''Gereja Salib Putih Salatiga'') ya iku sawijining wewangunan [[gréja Kristen]] kang terinventarisasi kanggo didadèkake salah siji cagar budaya, kang ana ing Dalan Hasanudin km. 4 (Kutha Salatiga–Kopeng), [[Kumpulreja, Argamulya, Salatiga|Kalurahan Kumpulreja, Kacamatan Argamulya, Kutha Salatiga]], [[Jawa Tengah|Propinsi Jawa Tengah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.suaramerdeka.com/news/baca/211993/gereja-salib-putih-sejarah-perjalanan-agama-kristen-di-salatiga|title=Gereja Salib Putih, Sejarah Perjalanan Agama Kristen di Salatiga|last=Setiawan|first=Hendra|date=2019-12-29|website=Suara Merdeka|access-date=2020-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=yoh&amp;chapter=3&amp;verse=16|title=Yohanes 3:16 (Versi Paralel)|last=Yayasan Lembaga Sabda (YLSA)|first=|date=2020-05-21|website=Alkitab Sabda|access-date=2020-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbjateng/gereja-salib-putih-bukti-sejarah-penyebaran-agama-kristen-di-kawasan-semarang-dan-salatiga/|title=Gereja Salib Putih, Bukti Sejarah Penyebaran Agama Kristen di Kawasan Semarang dan Salatiga|last=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jawa Tengah|first=|date=2018-04-02|website=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jawa Tengah, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716095444/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbjateng/gereja-salib-putih-bukti-sejarah-penyebaran-agama-kristen-di-kawasan-semarang-dan-salatiga/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nitroburner.nl/salatiga/tempo_doeloe-2/witte-kruis-kolonie/index.htm|title=Witte Kruis Kolonie (Salib Putih)|last=Salatiga.nl|first=|date=2020-05-21|website=Salatiga.nl|access-date=2020-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nitroburner.nl/salatiga/tempo_doeloe-2/witte-kruis-kolonie/emmerik.htm|title=Uit de Indische Bladen. De Heer Van Emmerik en het Leger des Heils|last=Salatiga.nl|first=|date=2020-05-21|website=Salatiga.nl|access-date=2020-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinodegkj.or.id/2020/01/29/doa-untuk-salib-putih/|title=Doa untuk Salib Putih|last=Sinode Gereja Kristen Jawa|first=|date=2020-01-29|website=Sinode Gereja Kristen Jawa|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=2020-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725132727/https://www.sinodegkj.or.id/2020/01/29/doa-untuk-salib-putih/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Gréja Kristen Jawa Tengah Lor Salatiga]]
* [[Gréja Pentakosta Isa Almasih Indonésia Efata Salatiga]]
* [[Gréja Protèstan Indonésia Bagean Kulon Tamansari Salatiga]]
* [[Gréja Yesus Sajati Salatiga]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Kapustakan ==
{{refbegin|2}}
'''Buku'''

* {{Cite book|title=Zamrud di Khatulistiwa: Sejarah Gereja Bala Keselamatan di Indonesia Jilid I|last=Brouwer|first=Melattie Margaretha|publisher=Bala Keselamatan Indonesia|year=1950|isbn=|location=Semarang|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Brouwer|1950}}|page=|url=|date=|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|url=|title=Entangled Pieties: Muslim–Christian Relations and Gendered Sociality in Java, Indonesia (Contemporary Anthropology of Religion)|last=Chao|first=En-Chieh|date=|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2017|isbn=|location=New York|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Chao|2017}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|url=|title=Ilmu Konstruksi Struktur Bangunan (Cara Membangun Kerangka Gedung Ilmu Konstruksi Bangunan 1)|last=Frick|first=Heinz|date=|publisher=Kanisius|year=2001|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Frick|Setiawan|2001}}|url-status=live|last2=Setiawan|first2=Puja L.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hatmadji, Tri, dkk|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Jawa Tengah|location=Klaten|first=|date=|year=2009|orig-year=|title=Kajian dan Hasil Identifikasi Bangunan Bersejarah di Kota Salatiga|url=https://www.academia.edu/31840491/Cagar_budaya_salatiga|ref={{sfnref|Hatmadji, dkk|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Zamrud di Khatulistiwa: Sejarah Gereja Bala Keselamatan di Indonesia Jilid II|last=Ismael|first=Dina|publisher=Bala Keselamatan Indonesia|year=1954|isbn=|location=Semarang|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Ismael|1954}}|page=|url=|date=|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|url=|title=Ikrar dan Ikhtiar dalam Hidup Pendeta Basoeki Probowinoto|last=Kana|first=Nico L.|date=|publisher=BPK Gunung Mulia|year=1987|isbn=|location=Jakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Kana|Daldjoeni|1987}}|url-status=live|last2=Daldjoeni|first2=N.}}
* {{Cite book|url=|title=Ventilasi Atap|last=Kindangen|first=Jefrey I.|date=|publisher=Deepublish|year=2019|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Kindangen|2019}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|url=|title=Religious Diversity in Muslim–Majority States in Southeast Asia (Areas of Toleration and Conflict)|last=Platzdasch|first=Bernhard|date=|publisher=Markono Print Media|year=2014|isbn=|location=Singapura|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Platzdasch|2014}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Gereja-Gereja Kristen Jawa, GKJ: Benih yang Tumbuh dan Berkembang di Tanah Jawa|last=Purnomo|first=Hadi|date=|publisher=Taman Pustaka Kristen (TPK), Gunung Mulia untuk Sinode Gereja-Gereja Kristen Jawa|year=1988|isbn=|location=Jakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Purnomo|Sastrosupono|1988}}|url=|url-status=live|last2=Sastrosupono|first2=M. Suprihadi}}
* {{Cite book|title=Sejarah Bangunan Cagar Budaya Kota Salatiga|last=Rahardjo, Slamet, dkk|first=|publisher=Pemerintah Daerah Kota Salatiga|year=2013|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Rahardjo, dkk|2013}}}}
* {{Cite book|url=|title=State Management of Religion in Indonesia|last=Seo|first=Myengkyo|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=|location=New York|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Seo|2013}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Komunitas Kristen di Jawa Tengah (Sepenggal Sejarah Gereja Kristen Jawa)|last=Sumartana|first=|publisher=BPK Gunung Mulia|year=2012|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Sumartana|2012}}|date=|url-status=live|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-uEaHB6Vum-aEVnRW16Snl3NXM/view}}

'''Jurnal'''

* {{Cite journal|last=Bangngu|first=Harvian Charisma|last2=Puspita|first2=Dhanang|last3=Gasong|first3=David Nakka|date=|year=2018|title=Evaluasi Keamanan Lingkungan bagi Lansia yang Tinggal di Panti Wreda Salib Putih Salatiga|url=http://prosiding.unimus.ac.id/index.php/mahasiswa/article/view/104|journal=Prosiding Seminar Nasional Mahasiswa Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang|volume=1|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2654-7767|ref={{sfnref|Bangngu|Puspita|Gasong|2018}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Damayanti|first=Theresia Woro|last2=Franksisca|first2=Rosaly|last3=Priyanto|first3=Sony Heru|date=|year=2019|title=Peningkatan Nilai Usaha Kopi pada Panti Karya Salib Putih Salatiga|url=http://jurnal.umsu.ac.id/index.php/ekawan/article/view/3822|journal=Ekonomikawan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan|volume=19|issue=2|pages=|doi=|issn=2598-0157|ref={{sfnref|Damayanti|Franksisca|Priyanto|2019}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Dese|first=Dennys Christovel|last2=Wibowo|first2=Cahyo|date=|year=2019|title=Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Fungsi Kognitif Lansia di Panti Wreda Yayasan Sosial Salib Putih Salatiga|url=http://jurnal.ukh.ac.id/index.php/JK/article/view/389|journal=Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada|volume=10|issue=2|pages=|doi=|issn=2087-5002|ref={{sfnref|Dese|Wibowo|2019}}|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027121840/http://jurnal.ukh.ac.id/index.php/JK/article/view/389|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Donalia|first=Betra|last2=Sanubari|first2=Theresia Pratiwi Elingsetyo|date=|year=2020|title=The Quality of Life in Panti Wreda Sosial Salib Putih (PWSSP): A Study of Social and Nutritional Aspects Among Elderly Women|url=https://www.balimedicaljournal.org/index.php/bmj/article/view/1642|journal=Bali Medical Journal|volume=9|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2089-1180|ref={{sfnref|Donalia|Sanubari|2020}}|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324100641/https://www.balimedicaljournal.org/index.php/bmj/article/view/1642|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mulyati|first=|date=|year=2020|title=Dinamika Yayasan Sosial Kristen Salib Putih (YSKSP) di Kota Salatiga Tahun 1901–1977|url=https://jurnalpangadereng.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/pangadereng/article/view/151|journal=Jurnal Pangadereng|volume=6|issue=2|pages=|doi=|issn=2686-4355|ref={{sfnref|Mulyati|2020}}|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121142437/https://jurnalpangadereng.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/pangadereng/article/view/151|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Raharjo|first=Santosa Budi|year=2019|title=Pengaruh “Nota Prabowinoto” terhadap Perubahan Strategi Pekabaran Injil di Gereja-Gereja Kristen Jawa|url=http://www.sttbaptisjkt.ac.id/e-journal/index.php/graciadeo/article/view/16|journal=Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo|volume=1|issue=2|pages=|doi=|issn=2654-7759|ref={{sfnref|Raharjo|2019}}|date=|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2022-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028004844/http://www.sttbaptisjkt.ac.id/e-journal/index.php/graciadeo/article/view/16|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Rohman|first=Fandy Aprianto|year=2020|title=Administrasi Pemerintahan ''Gemeente'' di Salatiga 1917–1942|url=https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/64|journal=Jurnal Walasuji|volume=11|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2502-2229|ref={{sfnref|Rohman|2020}}|date=|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2020-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618142759/https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/64|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Wikarsa|first=Casius Ajang|last2=Ambarsari|first2=Arum|last3=Kurniawati|first3=Fitri|date=|year=2017|title=Prospek Pengembangan Agrowisata Salatiga|url=http://36.82.106.238:8885/jurnal/index.php/JMI/article/view/536|journal=Jurnal Masepi|volume=2|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2715-5897|ref={{sfnref|Wikarsa|Ambarsari|Kurniawati|2017}}}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

'''Wacan bacutan'''

* {{Cite book|url=|title=Sedjarah Ringkas dan Perkembangannja|last=Bala Keselamatan Indonesia|first=|publisher=Bala Keselamatan Indonesia|date=|year=1971|isbn=|location=Semarang|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Bala Keselamatan Indonesia|1971}}|url-status=live|page=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Salatiga dalam Lintasan Sejarah|last=Harnoko|first=Darto, dkk|publisher=Dinas Pariwisata, Seni, Budaya, dan Olah Raga Kota Salatiga|year=2008|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Harnoko, dkk|2008}}|page=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Ikrar dan Ikhtiar dalam Hidup Pendeta Basoeki Probowinoto|last=Probowinoto|first=Basuki|publisher=Gunung Mulia|year=1995|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Probowinoto|1995}}|page=|url=|date=|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== Pranala jaba ==
{{commons category|Gereja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih}}
* [https://www.sinodegkj.or.id/gkj-salib-putih/ Gréja Kristen Jawa Salib Putih ing Situs Sinode Gréja Kristen Jawa]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925222549/https://www.sinodegkj.or.id/gkj-salib-putih/ |date=2020-09-25 }}
* [https://www.sinodegkj.or.id/sejarah-sinode-gkj/ Sajarah Gréja Kristen Jawa]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210051216/https://www.sinodegkj.or.id/sejarah-sinode-gkj |date=2022-12-10 }}

[[Kategori:Kristen]]
[[Kategori:Kutha Salatiga]]
[[Kategori:Gréja]]
[[Kategori:Gréja ing Kutha Salatiga]]
[[Kategori:Wewangunan ing Kutha Salatiga]]
[[Kategori:Cagar budaya ing Indhonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amaretto</title>
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      <text bytes="1974" sha1="lul63dja0nm5w6y177acgp6sq5i8uk5" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Amaretto_Bottles_4.JPG|jmpl| Botol minuman keras amaretto]]
'''Amaretto''' (basa Italia kanggo &quot;rada pait&quot;) yaiku [[Liqueur|minuman keras]] Italia sing asale saka Saronno . Gumantung saka merek, bisa digawe saka kerik aprikot, [[Almond|almond pahit]], [[Persik|watu persik]], utawa [[almond]], kabeh kasebut minangka sumber alami benzaldehida sing nyedhiyakake rasa minuman keras kaya minuman keras. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art306.htm|title=Best of Sicily Magazine|website=Amaretto|publisher=Roberta Gangi|access-date=17 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;franciacorta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahardyusa.com/italian_liqueurs/GOZIO_Amaretto.aspx|title=GOZIO Amaretto Almond Liqueur|publisher=AHardy USA Ltd.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062645/http://www.ahardyusa.com/italian_liqueurs/GOZIO_Amaretto.aspx|archive-date=July 12, 2012|access-date=October 18, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umume ngemot alkohol 21 nganti 28 persen kanthi volume . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-amaretto-liqueur-760248|title=What Is Amaretto Liqueur?|last=Graham|first=Colleen|website=The Spruce Eats|language=en|access-date=2020-09-25|archive-date=2025-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416062754/https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-amaretto-liqueur-760248|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://culinarylore.com/drinks:amaretto/|title=Amaretto Liqueur|last=Troy|first=Eric|date=September 6, 2012|website=Culinary Lore|access-date=May 8, 2021|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124441/https://culinarylore.com/drinks:amaretto/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yen disedhiyakake minangka omben-omben, amaretto bisa diombe dhewe, digunakake kanggo bahan kanggo nggawe sawetara [[Koktail|minuman campuran]] populer, utawa ditambahake ing [[kopi]] . Amaretto uga umume digunakake ing aplikasi kuliner.

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Pranala wayback cithakan webarchive]]</text>
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    <title>Fransiskus Hong Yong-ho</title>
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{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = 
| honorific-prefix = [[Pelayan Tuhan]]
| name = Francis Hong Yong-ho
| honorific-suffix = 
| native_name = {{lang|ko|홍용호 프란치스코}} ([[Hangul|Korea]])
| native_name_lang = Hangul Korea
| title = [[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Biskop Pyongyang]]
| image = Francis Hong Yong-ho.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| church = [[Greja Katulik|Greja Katulik Roma]]
| province = [[Kabiskopan Agung Seoul|Seoul]]
| diocese = [[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Pyongyang]]
| term = 1962–2013
| predecessor = &lt;!-- inaugural appointment --&gt;
| successor = 
| other_post = 
&lt;!---------- Orders ----------&gt;
| ordination = 25 Mei 1933
| ordained_by = 
| consecration = 29 Juni 1944
| consecrated_by = [[Kabiskopan Hamhung|Bonifatius Sauer]], [[Ordo Santo Benediktus|O.S.B.]]
&lt;!---------- Personal details ----------&gt;
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 12 Oktober 1906
| birth_place = [[Pyongyang]], [[kakaisaran Korea]]
| death_date = tanggal sabenere ora dingerteni, nanging dinyatakake sampun seda ing Juni 2013
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| nationality = 
| religion = [[Greja Katulik|Katulik Roma]]
| parents = 
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Vikar Apostolik Heijo]]|[[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Vikar Apostolik Pyongyang]]}}
| motto = Surgite eamus
&lt;!---------- Sainthood ----------&gt;
| feast_day = 
| venerated = 
| saint_title = 
| beatified_date = 
| beatified_place = 
| beatified_by = 
| canonized_date = 
| canonized_place = 
| canonized_by = 
| attributes = 
| patronage = 
| shrine = 
| suppressed_date = 
}}
{{Ordination
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained deacon by =
| date of priestly ordination = 25 Mei 1933
| place of priestly ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of consecration = 29 Juni 1944
| place of consecration = 
| consecrated by = [[Kabiskopan Hamhung|Bonifatius Sauer]], [[Ordo Santo Benediktus|O.S.B.]]
| co-consecrator1 = [[Kabiskopan Agung Daegu|Irenaeus Hayasaka]] 
| co-consecrator2 = [[Kabiskopan Agung Seoul|Paul Roh Ki-nam]]
}}

'''Francis Hong Yong-ho''' ([[Hangul|Korea]]: {{lang|ko|홍용호 프란치스코}}) (lair ing 12 Oktober 1906 – tanggal seda ora dingerteni, nanging dinyatakake sampun seda ing Juni 2013) yaiku [[prelatus]] [[Greja Katulik|Katulik Roma]] sing ditahan dening [[nagara komunis|rezim komunis]] [[Kim Il-sung]] ing 1949 lan banjur kuwi ilang. Saise ilang, ia sakwetoro taun dileboke minangka [[Biskop]] [[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Pyongyang]], [[Korea Lor]].

== Biografi ==
Lair ing [[Pyongyang]] ing 12 Oktober 1906, Francis Hong Yong-ho diangkat dadi [[pandhita]] ing [[Mékrad Dalem Yésus Kristus|25 Mei]] 1933.&lt;ref name=cathhierbhong&gt;{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bhong|Bishop Francis Hong Yong-ho|7 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=gigabhong&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/pyon0.htm#2745 |title=Diocese of Pyong-yang 평양, North Korea |work=GCatholic.org |accessdate=27 Oktober 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sewelas taun banjur kuwi, ia dipilih dadi [[Vikar Apostolik]] [[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Heijō]] lan [[Biskop Tituler]] ''Auzia'' dening [[Paus Pius XII]] ing 24 Maret 1944.&lt;ref name=cathhierbhong/&gt;&lt;ref name=gigabhong/&gt; [[Konsekrasi|Pangangkatan episkopal]]e dianakake ing 29 Juni 1944, [[konsekrator]] utamine yaiku [[Kabiskopan Hamhung|Biskop Bonifatius Sauer]], [[Ordo Santo Benediktus|O.S.B.]], karo Biskop [[Kabiskopan Agung Daegu|Irenaeus Hayasaka]] lan [[Kabiskopan Agung Seoul|Paul Roh Ki-nam]] minangka wakil konsekratore.&lt;ref name=cathhierbhong/&gt;&lt;ref name=gigabhong/&gt;

Ia ditahan dening [[nagara komunis|rezim komunis]] [[Kim Il-sung]] ing 1949 lan banjur kuwi ilang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=8507&amp;geo=6&amp;theme=2&amp;size=A |title=Pope writes letter to North Korean Catholics |author=Joseph Yun Li-sun |date=16 Fèbruari 2007 |work=AsiaNews.it |accessdate=27 Oktober 2007 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516193442/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=8507&amp;geo=6&amp;theme=2&amp;size=A |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/114501?&amp;eng=y |title=Mission Asia: The Laboratory is South Korea |author=Sandro Magister |date=26 Januari 2007 |work=Chiesa |accessdate=27 Oktober 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ncronline.org/node/4553 |title=Catholicism in North Korea survives in catacombs |author=John L Allen Jr |date=19 Oktober 2006 |work=National Catholic Reporter |publisher= |access-date=27 Oktober 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miturut [[Kardinal]] [[Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk]], sing pidhato ing 2006:

{{cquote|Ora ana kabar babagan [[pandhita]] sing slamet saka [[panganiayaan keagamaan|panganiayaan]] sing dateng ing pungkasan 1940an, nalika 166 [[pandhita]] lan tokoh kaagamaan dipateni utawa diculik. ''[[Annuario Pontificio|Buku Taunan Pontifikal]]'' nyatakeke nek wong sing &quot;ngilang&quot; menika [[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|biskop Pyong-yang]] ing wektu iku, [[Monsinyur]] Francis Hong Yong-ho, sing saiki sampun berusia satus taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_10278_l3.htm?id=10278 |title=Korea, for a reconciliation between North and South |author=Interview with Cardinal Nicholas Cheong Jinsuk by Gianni Cardinale |date=Maret 2006 |work=30Days |accessdate=6 Januari 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Kevikaran Apostolik Heijō ngubah jenenge dadi Pyongyang ing 12 Juli 1950, sing ditingkatke statuse dadi [[Kabiskopan Pyongyang]] dening [[Paus Yohanes XXIII]] ing 10 Maret 1962, karo Francis Hong Yong-ho didadikake minangka [[biskop]] pertami saka [[kabiskopan]] anyar kasebut.&lt;ref name=dpyon&gt;{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dpyon|Diocese of P'yong-yang|7 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hong Yong-ho akhire dinyatakake sampun seda dening [[Tahta Suci]] ing Juni 2013, nanging tanggal lan panggonan sedane sing sabenere ora dingerteni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/libretti/2013/20131104-libretto-suffragio-card-vesc-defunti.pdf |title=Cappella Papale Santa Messa In Suffragio Dei Cardinali E Vescovi Defunti Nel Corso Dell'Anno Celebrata Dal Santo Padre Francesco |language=Italian |date=4 Novèmber 2013 |website=vatican.va |access-date=14 Dhésèmber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William O'Shea (uskup)|William F. O'Shea]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Vikar Apostolik Heijo]] |years=1944–1950}}
{{s-non|reason=Gelar diganti}}
{{s-new|title}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Vikar Apostolik Pyongyang]] |years=1950–1962}}
{{s-non|reason=Gelar dinaikake}}
{{s-new|title}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kabiskopan Pyongyang|Biskop Pyongyang]] |years=1962–2013}}
{{s-non|reason=[[Sede vacante]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata &lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --&gt;
| NAME = Hong, Yong-ho, Francis
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Biskop Katulik
| DATE OF BIRTH = 12 Oktober 1906
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pyongyang, Korea
| DATE OF DEATH = ora dingerteni
| PLACE OF DEATH = ora dingerteni
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong, Yong-ho, Francis}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1906]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Lahore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183739</id>
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      <text bytes="4384" sha1="a64e43437rgyxgi17h8xeo2lf8depr4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction     = Kabiskopan
|name             = Lahore
|latin            = Archidioecesis Lahorensis
|local            = لاہور کے میٹروپولیٹن
| image             =
| image_size        = 230px
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral Ati Suci ing [[Lahore]]
|country          = [[Pakistan]]
|metropolitan     = 
|province         = Lahore
|rite             = [[Ritus Latin]]
|cathedral        = [[Katedral Ati Suci, Lahore]]
|area_km2         = 23,069 
|population       = 25,000,000
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics        = 570,000
|catholics_percent= 2.3
|suffragans       = [[Kabiskopan Faisalabad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Islamabad-Rawalpindi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Multan]]
|pope             = {{Incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = [[Sebastian Francis Shaw]] OFM
| bishop_title     = Biskop Agung
|website          = [http://www.archdiocese-lahore.20m.com/ Situs web kabiskopan agung kasebut] 
}}
'''[[Kabiskopan Agung]] [[Katulik Roma]] [[Lahore]]''' yaiku kabiskopan agung ing [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].

== Sajarah ==
Kabiskopan Agung kasebut didegake minangka kabiskopan ing 1 September 1886,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dlaho.html|title=Lahore|publisher=catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; sing sadurunge dadi [[Vikariat Apostolik|Vikariat]] [[Punjab (India Britania)|Punjab]]. Ing 23 April 1994, [[kabiskopan]] kasebut dimunggahke statuse dadi [[kabiskopan agung]]. Romo [[Lawrence Saldanha]] dimunggahke dadi Biskop Agung Lahore dening [[Paus (Katulik Roma)|Paus]] [[Yohanes Paulus II]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsaldanha.html|title=Archbishiop of Lahore|publisher=catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C01%5C23%5Cstory_23-1-2006_pg7_16|title=Exclusive interview with Archbishop Lawrence Saldanha: Archbishop expresses concern at civilian casualties in Balochistan|publisher= Daily Times|date= January 23, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.fides.org/eng/news/2004/0405/14_2361.html|title= Agenzia Fides|date= 14 Mèi 2004|access-date= 2015-10-17|archive-date= 2007-09-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155042/http://www.fides.org/eng/news/2004/0405/14_2361.html|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6110204.stm|title=Charles urges inter-faith respect |publisher= BBC News|date= 2 Novèmber 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabiskopan Agung Lahore nduweni 511,226 panganut Katulik, 30 [[projo|imam diosesan]], lan 214 [[biarawati]], miturut Annuario Pontificio 2001, sebuah buku taunan Vatikan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher= UCANews.com |date = May 14, 2001| url= http://www.ucanews.com/2001/05/14/pope-names-former-communications-head-new-archbishop-of-lahore/?key=islamabad|title=Pope Names Former Communications Head New Archbishop of Lahore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabiskopan Agung Katulik paling gedhe ing Pakistan kasebut terbagi ing 26 [[paroki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = United Nations tasks Faisalabad Caritas with repatriating Afghan refugees living in local diocese |publisher = AsiaNews.it |date = 29 Oktober 2009 |url = http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=1492 |access-date = 2022-03-06 |archive-date = 2022-10-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124719/https://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=1492 |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabiskopan Agung kasebut uga menika panggonan saka [[Seminari St. Fransiskus Xaverius]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.sfxs-pk.urbaniana.edu/pages/present.htm|title= Pontificia Universitàs Urbaniana|publisher= sfxs-pk.urbaniana.edu|access-date= 2015-10-17|archive-date= 2011-10-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111007044018/http://www.sfxs-pk.urbaniana.edu/pages/present.htm|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.archdioceselahore.org/ Situs web resmi keuskupan tersebut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429032658/http://www.archdioceselahore.org/ |date=2011-04-29 }} (dalam bahasa Inggris)

{{coord|31|32|N|74|20|E|type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Pakistan|Lahore]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi Kristen sing didegaké taun 1886|Lahore]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan lan prelatur sing didegaké ing abad ka-19|Lahore]]
[[Kategori:Panyiapan taun 1886 ing Indih]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Townsville</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184879</id>
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      <text bytes="2491" sha1="4fo49fbmcu28yzi1ouyikwrzn988pjz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Townsville
| latin             = Dioecesis Tovnsvillensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = StateLibQld 1 65191 Sacred Heart Cathedral in Townsville, 1903.jpg
| image_size        = frameless
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral Ati Suci, [[Townsville]],&lt;br&gt;dijupuk ing 1903 sawise [[Siklon Leonta]]
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Ostrali]]
| metropolitan      = [[Brisbane]]
| territory         = [[Queensland Lor]]
| province          = Provinsi Brisbane
| coordinates       = {{coord|19|15|32|S|146|48|42|E|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=inline}}
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 435,200
| population        = {{profit}} 252,289
| population_as_of  = 2004
| catholics         = {{profit}} 74,084
| catholics_percent = {{profit}} 29.4%
| parishes          = {{loss}} 27
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Latin]]
| established       = 12 Februari 1930
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Ati Suci, Townsville]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = 
| priests           = 
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{incumbent pope}}
| bishop            = [[Tim Harris (biskop)|Tim Harris]]
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops =
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = 
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.tsv.catholic.org.au/ Kabiskopan Townsville]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Townsville''' yaiku kabiskopan [[Ritus Latin]] sufragan saka [[Kabiskopan Agung Brisbane]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 1930 lan ngeliputi [[Queensland Lor]], Ostrali.

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.tsv.catholic.org.au/ Kabiskopan Townsville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402111639/https://www.tsv.catholic.org.au/ |date=2022-04-02 }}

{{Kabiskopan ing Ostrali}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Ostrali|Townsville, Kabiskopan]]
[[Kategori:Townsville]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Armidale (Katulik Roma)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Armidale
| latin             = Dioecesis Armidalensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = Cathedral Armidale.jpg
| image_size        = frameless
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = [http://www.cathedralparisharmidale.org.au Cathedral of St Mary and St Joseph, Armidale]
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Ostrali}}
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Sydney]]
| territory         = [[New England, New South Wales|New England]] lan [[Barwon River (New South Wales)|Barwon River]], [[New South Wales]]
| province          = 
| coordinates       = {{coord|30|30|58|S|151|39|50|E|source:kolossus-plwiki}}
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 91,500&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt;
| population        = {{loss}} 146,769 
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = {{loss}} 43,223 &lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = {{steady}} 29.4
| parishes          = {{steady}} 25 &lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Latin]]
| established       = 28 November 1869
| cathedral         = Katedral Santa Maria lan Santo Yosef, Armidale
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = 
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop            = [[Michael Kennedy (biskop)|Michael Kennedy]]
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| metro_archbishop  = {{Incumbent Syd Abp}}
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Luc Matthys (biskop)|Luc Julian Matthys]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://armidale.catholic.org.au/ Catholic Diocese of Armidale]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Armidale''' yaiku [[kabiskopan sufragan]] [[Ritus Latin]] saka [[Kabiskopan Agung Sydney]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 1869 lan ngeliputi wilayah [[New England, New South Wales|New England]] lan [[Barwon River (New South Wales)|Barwon River]], [[New South Wales]], [[Ostrali]].

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://armidale.catholic.org.au/ Catholic Diocese of Armidale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511061045/http://armidale.catholic.org.au/ |date=2017-05-11 }}
* [http://www.acbc.catholic.org.au/dio/nswact.asp?id=arm Australian Catholic Bishops Conference: Diocese of Armidale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206054241/http://www.acbc.catholic.org.au/dio/nswact.asp?id=arm |date=2006-12-06 }}

{{kabiskopan ing Ostrali}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Ostrali|Armidale]]
[[Kategori:New England (New South Wales)|Armidale]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi agami sing didegaké taun 1869]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Prince George</title>
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      <text bytes="4282" sha1="qraycde2dh27ng4o4be9ogyx3int3tg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan &lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Prince George
| latin             = Dioecesis Principis Georgensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = 
| image_size        = frameless 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = Kanadha
| metropolitan      = 
| territory         = Lor British Columbia
| province          = Kabiskopan Agung Vancouver
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 345,600&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt; 
| population        = 
| population_as_of  = 
| catholics         = 51,200 (ing 2004)&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 21.8
| parishes          = &lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = Ritus Roma
| established       = 13 Juli 1967
| cathedral         = Katedral Ati Suci
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = 
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| bishop            = [[Stephen Jensen]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&amp;a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30267.php%3Findex%3D30267%26lang%3Den%23NOMINA+DI+AUSILIARE+DI+ATLANTA+%28U.S.A.%29 Catholica Press]&lt;/ref&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = 
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Gerald William Wiesner]], O.M.I. 
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.pgdiocese.bc.ca/ pgdiocese.bc.ca]&lt;!-- [http://example.com example.com] --&gt; 
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Prince George''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Principis Georgensis}}) didegake minangka Vikariat Apostolik Prince Rupert ing 14 Januari 1944, nalika Vikariat Apostolik Yukon-Prince Rupert diparo. Kabiskopan kasebut menika sufragan saka [[Kabiskopan Agung Vancouver]]. Wilayah grejawi kasebut ditingkatke ing 13 Juli 1967.

== Pimpinan ==
* [[Emile-Marie Bunoz]], O.M.I. (1944–1945)
* [[Anthony Jordan (biskop)|Anthony Jordan]], O.M.I. (1945–1955)
* [[John Fergus O'Grady]], O.M.I. (1955–1986)
* [[Hubert Patrick O'Connor]], O.M.I. (1986–1991)
* [[Gerald William Wiesner]], O.M.I. (1992-2013) - Biskop Emeritus
* [[Stephen Jensen]] (2013–saiki)


==Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.pgdiocese.bc.ca/ Diocese of Prince George site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206234925/http://www.pgdiocese.bc.ca/ |date=2012-02-06 }}
* [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2008/10/16/bc-rose-prince-grave.html Grave of B.C. First Nations woman draws pilgrims seeking miracles] from [[CBC News]] retrieved Oct. 16, 2008
* Diocese of Prince George - [http://www.pgdiocese.bc.ca/our-ministries/first-nations-ministry/lejac-pilgrimage/ Annual Lejac Pilgrimage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514121240/https://www.pgdiocese.bc.ca/our-ministries/first-nations-ministry/lejac-pilgrimage/ |date=2022-05-14 }}
* {{cite web|title = Diocese of Prince George|work=Catholic-Hierarchy|url =http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dprge.html|accessdate=2007-03-14}}
* [http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/tbird-park/html/present/stann/sb2/sbook.pdf Sisters of St. Ann's scrapbook]
* [http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/tbird-park/html/present/expand.htm St. Ann's establishments]
* {{cite web|title = Diocese of Victoria|work=Catholic-Hierarchy|url =http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvicb.html|accessdate=2007-03-15}}

{{kabiskopan ing Kanadha}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Kanadha|Prince George]]</text>
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    <title>Grojogan Rara Kuning</title>
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      <text bytes="10231" sha1="pwdd4r6lvbrs433pu0lgk35qimc60uk" xml:space="preserve">Rara Kuning iku salah sawijining grojogan kang mapan ana ing Kabupatèn Nganjuk. Grojogan iki mapan tepaké ing Désa Bajulan, Kecamatan Locèrèt. Grojogan iki dadi salah siji papan wisata kang uga kuncara ing tlatah Nganjuk saliyané Grojogan Seduda. Grojogan loro iku padha-padha mapan ing Gunung Wilis. Saka Kutha Nganjuk jaraké kira-kira ana 20 km utawa 1 jam perjalanan. Banyu ing grojogan iki mili saka telung tuk (mata air) ing Gunung Wilis. Grojogan Rara Kuning uga sinebut kanthi Grojogan Mrambat Rara Kuning jalaran banyu kang tumurun saka tuk-tuk ing dhuwur mau ora langsung mudhun jleg nganti ngisor nanging mili kanthi alon-alon angliwati wewaton grojogan iku. Grojogan iki mapan ana ing kadhuwuran 600 msls (mèter saka lumahing sagara) lan duwèni dhuwur 10-15 m (mèter) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2862|title=Air Terjun Merambat Roro Kuning|last=Sukamto|first=Imam|website=Pesona Indonesia|access-date=2023-09-28|archive-date=2023-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928081801/http://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2862|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedia Kabupaten Nganjuk|last=R|first=Sutrisno|last2=Eko S|first2=Bambang|publisher=Wahana Ilmu|year=2019|isbn=978-602-19525-9-7|location=Surabaya|pages=122}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimologi ==
Jeneng Rara Kuning kajupuk saka jeneng pawujudan Dèwi Sekartaji utawa Dèwi Kilisuci ing crita rakyat Rara Kuning kang ngrembaka ing tlatah Bajulan, Loceret, Nganjuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maghfiroh|first=Naila Rahma Alvi|last2=Lodra|first2=I Nyoman|date=2023-07-17|title=Roro Kuning Manifestasi Dewi Sekartaji dalam Masyarakat Nganjuk sebagai Ide Penciptaan Karya Seni Lukis Dekoratif|url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/sakala/article/view/55199|journal=Sakala Jurnal Seni Rupa Murni|volume=4|pages=35-46|access-date=2023-09-30|archive-date=2025-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215024350/https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/sakala/article/view/55199|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yunaidah|first=Fitria Nurul|date=2023-10-01|title=Nilai Pengembaraan pada Cerita Rakyat Roro Kuning di Desa Bajulan Kecamatan Loceret Kabupaten Nganjuk.|url=http://simki.unpkediri.ac.id/detail/13.1.01.07.0060|journal=Jurnal Simki Pedagogia|volume=02|pages=1-12}}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Legendha ==
Ana crita legendha utawa crita rakyat kang ngrembaka ing tlatah sakiwa tengené Grojogan Rara Kuning utawa tepaké ing Désa Bajulan. Crita iku kondhang kanthi jeneng Legendha Rara Kuning. Ana kang ngarani manawa Rara Kuning iku Dèwi Sekartaji, ana uga kang ngarani yèn slirané iku Dèwi Kilisuci. Legendha iku intiné nyeritakaké ana putri-putri kang mlayu saka Karajan Kediri utawa Daha jalaran karajan iku wus katelukaké déning karajan sabrang lan raja nagara sabrang iku kepéngin anggarwa putri iku. Para putri iku mlayu menyang alas, sajroning playon ing alas iku para putri iku ana kang anemoni lara, para putri iku banjur sowan marang sawijining resi kanggo anyuwun tamba. Resi iku banjur paring dhawuh manawa kepéngin waras slirané bisa adus ing sawijining grojogan kang mapan ing Desa Bajulan. Miturut crita iku, sawuse waras, ing pungkasan grojogan iku kajenengaké kanthi jeneng jejuluké sawijining putri kang naté adus ing kono.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Nganjuk dan Sejarahnya|first=Harimintadji|publisher=Keluarga|year=1995|location=Nganjuk|pages=196-197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/05/11/090000679/cerita-rakyat-roro-kuning?page=all|title=Cerita Rakyat Roro Kuning|last=Adryamarthanino|first=Verelladevanka|date=2022-05-11|website=Kompas.com|access-date=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tinggalan Sajarah ==

=== Cecandhèn ===
Ing tlatah sakiwa tengené Grojogan Rara Kuning katemokaké ana situs sajarah kayata cecandhèn. Cecandhèn iku cacahé ana telu, manawa dideleng saka grabah, bentuk, lan wewateké bisa dikira-kira manawa tinggalan sajarah iku asalé saka jaman Kediri nganti Majapahit. Cecandhèn iku bahané saka watu kali. Situs iku bisa diperkirakaké minangka papan kanggo pasembahyangan utawa patapane para brahmana utawa resi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/travelling/01348508/legenda-putri-kadiri-jadi-daya-pikat-tersendiri-di-roro-kuning-nganjuk|title=Legenda Putri Kadiri jadi Daya Pikat Tersendiri di Roro Kuning Nganjuk|last=Ginanjar|first=Dhimas|date=2021-10-10|website=Jawa Pos|access-date=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Patilasan Jéndral Sudirman ===
Ora adoh saka grojogan, mapan sawijining patilasan pajuang bangsa yaiku patilasaning Jéndral Sudirman utawa Pak Dirman. Patilasan iki manggon tepak sawisé gapura mlebu papan wisata Grojogan Rara Kuning, papan iku wis sapakèt sajroning papan wisata grojogan iku lan saka grojogan jaraké amung 600 mèter. Ing papan patilasan iku ana telung panggon kang wigati, yaiku, ndalem, papan rembugan, lan papan sembahyang. Patilasan iki biyèné dianggo déning Jéndral Sudirman kanggo ndhelik lan nyusun strategi perang kang amungsuh Walanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pwmu.co/222430/01/02/petilasan-jenderal-soedirman-jadi-saksi-raker-majelis-dikdasmen-pdm-gresik/|title=Petilasan Jenderal Soedirman Jadi Saksi Raker Majelis Dikdasmen PDM Gresik|last=Faizun|first=Mardliyatul|date=2022-01-02|website=PWMU|access-date=2023-09-30|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922011112/https://pwmu.co/222430/01/02/petilasan-jenderal-soedirman-jadi-saksi-raker-majelis-dikdasmen-pdm-gresik/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panjenengané anganggo ndalem iku kanggo kabutuhan perang ing 9 dina suwéné, papan rembugan ing kono kayasa kanthi wewaton kang kasusun mbunder kanthi meja watu ing tengah-tengahé. Déné papan sembahyangé uga kayasa kanthi wewaton sapinggir-pinggiré, ing cedhake ana kali kang banyuné asumber saka Grojogan Rara Kuning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sman3nganjuk.sch.id/pak-dirman/|title=Pesona Anjuk Ladang: Petilasan Jendral Sudirman|last=Perpustakaan|first=Penulis|website=SMAN 3 Nganjuk|access-date=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tradhisi ==
Ana sawijing tradhisi kang biasa kalampahaké ing papan wisata iki yaiku tradhisi Melasti. Tradhisi iku kalampahaké déning umat Hindu saka Desa Bajulan lan salah siji kekarangan ritual kang ana ing Dina Agung Nyepi. Tradhisi iku kawitan saka Pura Kerta Bhuwana Giri Wilis banjur diterusaké kanthi upacara Mecaru yaiku upacara kanggo misungsung Gunung Wilis. Banjur diterusaké kanthi upacara Mendak Tirta yaiku pangalapan banyu suci saka Grojogan Rara Kuning. Banyu suci kang nyimbolaké reresik iku banjur ginawa menyang Pura Kerta Bhuwana Giri Wilis lan sinambut déning tetarèn kang ginawa déning para taruni lan wanita diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bacaini.id/upacara-melasti-di-nganjuk-disambut-antusias-masyarakat/|title=Upacara Melasti di Nganjuk Disambut Antusias Masyarakat|date=2023-03-20|access-date=2023-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pariwisata ==

=== Ikon wisata ===
Ing sisih ngarep panggon wisata grojogan iku pinaès kanthi patung wong wadon utawa sawijining putri karajan kang gedhé awarna kuning kang mujudakè Sang Dewi Rara Kuning. Yeyasaning patung ing sisih ngareping papan wisata iku jalaran nalika ing taun 2004 naté katemokaké reca logam kang dhuwuré 24,5 cm saka kuningan kang mujudaké salah sawijining rani. Patung iku katemokaké déning Jaswadi, salah sawijining petugas jaga kolam renang wisata Grojogan Rara Kuning. Banjur saka iku dadi inspirasi kanggo yeyasaning patung Rara Kuning kang diyasa ing sisih ngarep papan wisata iku.

Patung iku kayasa déning pamatung kang paring asma Sasono Nugroho, patung iku kayasa kanthi tèknik cithak abahan fiber kanthi cithakan negatif abahan gipsum. Patung iku mèmper kaya déné bentuk manungsa wanita diwasa kanthi warna emas. Patung iku diyasa ing papan ing endi biyèné naté ditemokaké reca kuningan. Patung Rara Kuning duwèni karakteristik wanita putri karajan kang anganggo busana Jawa pepak kanthi makutha, sumping, anting, kelat bahu, gelang, slémpang, pending, uga jarit.

Patung Rara Kuning duwèni makna minangka sawijining putri karajan utawa Dewi Sekartaji kang lagi anglampahi lelungan, kanthi pasuryaning kang madhep ing pèrènging Gunung Wilis. Patung Rara Kuning kang awarna emas iku duwèni makna kaagungan, kajayan, kamenangan, uga kamakmuran. Dumadining patung iku banjur ndadèkaké ikon papan wisata Grojogan Rara Kuning lan uga salah sawijining ikon Kutha Nganjuk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Prasetyo|first=Rendy Widi|last2=Hidayatno|first2=Nur Wakhid|date=2017-05-05|title=Analisis Visual Patung Roro Kuning di Tempat Wisata Air Terjun Roro Kuning Kabupaten Nganjuk|url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/va/article/view/19030|journal=Jurnal Seni Rupa|volume=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wayah operasional ===
Wayah operasional papan wisata iki saben dina, bukak wiwit jam 08.00 nganti 16.00. Rega karcis mlebu papan wisata iki kanggo bocah cilik Rp.12.000, déné wong diwasa Rp.15.000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://suryamalang.tribunnews.com/2023/01/22/tiket-wisata-roro-kuning-di-nganjuk-rp-15000-banyak-wisatawan-putar-balik|title=Tiket Wisata Roro Kuning di Nganjuk Rp 15.000, Banyak Wisatawan Putar Balik|last=Muiz|first=Achmad Amru|date=2023-01-22|website=Surya Malang|access-date=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pendhakian ===
Tlatah Rara Kuning kono iku uga dumadi salah sawijining jalur pendhakian menyang puncak Gunung Wilis. Puncak Gunung Wilis kang ana ing jalur pendhakian sinebut kanthi jeneng Puncak Limas kang duwé kadhuwuran 2349 msls. Kanggo tumeka ing puncak iku mbutuhaké wektu kira-kira 8-9 jam, saka Pos Perijinan menyang ing Pos Sekartaji ana 5 jam, déné saka Pos Sekartaji menyang ing puncak ana 4 jam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.selingkarwilis.com/travel/8509988146/pendakian-gunung-wilis-jalur-roro-kuning-nganjuk-puncak-limas-yang-terpencil-tak-punya-akses|title=Pendakian Gunung Wilis Jalur Roro Kuning Nganjuk, Puncak Limas yang Terpencil Tak Punya Akses|last=Jr|first=Toto|date=2023-08-30|website=Selingkar Wilis|access-date=2023-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==

[[Kategori:Papan wisata ing Jawa Wétan]]
[[Kategori:WikiPlesir]]</text>
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    <title>Alas Mangrove Pasisir Alam Indah Tegal</title>
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      <text bytes="11512" sha1="ao3gnp2kosycl0qql9i3a24a84fqvn3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox tempat wisata 
|image   =        
|caption =       Pantai Alam Indah yaiku objek wisata pantai sing ana ing Kota Tegal, Jawa Tengah. Tempat rekreasi iki dikelola déning Pemerintah Kota Tegal.
|name    =      {{PAGENAME}}
|lokasi  =    Pantai Alam Indah iki ana ing Mintragen, kecamatan Tegal Timur, Kota Tegal, Jwa Tengah 52121 
|negara  = {{flag|Indonesia}}
|arsitek = 
|pengelola =
|pembuat =
|mulai_dibangun = 
|selesai_dibangun = 
|ditutup =
|biaya = gratis
|jenis_wisata =[[Alam|Alam]], [[Pasisir|Pasisir]], [[Mangrove| Mangrove ]]
|gaya = Wisata Alam Mangrove
|luas =   
|fasilitas =  {{*}}Parkir&lt;br&gt;{{*}}Monumen Bahar&lt;br&gt; {{*}}Toilet&lt;br&gt;{{*}}Area Parkir&lt;br&gt;{{*}}Mushola&lt;br&gt;{{*}}Spot Foto
}}

'''{{PAGENAME}}'''  yaiku kawasan wisata mangrove kang ana ing sisih kulon Pantai Alam Indah, Kota Tegal. Ana rerencangan lan dempetan pohon sing ditanam ngendi, kalebu bakau, cemara laut, api-api, nangka, sawo, lan beberapa jenis tumbuhan liyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2017/12/01/hutan-mangrove-di-kota-tegal-ini-tersedia-spot-spot-foto-keren-bagi-pasangan-prewedding|title=Hutan Mangrove di Kota Tegal Ini Tersedia Spot-Spot Foto Keren Bagi Pasangan Prewedding|website=Tribunjateng.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2021/06/29/wali-kota-tegal-dedy-yon-jaga-dan-lestarikan-hutan-mangrove-kita|title=Wali Kota Tegal Dedy Yon: Jaga dan Lestarikan Hutan Mangrove Kita|website=Tribunjateng.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hutan mangrove ing Tegal bisa jadi pilihan destinasi kang apik kanggo pengalaman penyembuhan (healing). Suasanaé sing adem lan tentrem cocok banget kanggo manggon. Hutan mangrove iki ana ing kawasan Pantai Alam Indah Tegal, ana ing Desa Mintaragen, Kecamatan Tegal Timur, Kota Tegal, Jawa Tengah, karo kode pos 52121.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radartegal.disway.id/read/658699/indah-dan-tenangnya-hutan-mangrove-di-tegal-gratis-tiket-masuk|title=Indah dan Tenangnya Hutan Mangrove di Tegal, Gratis Tiket Masuk|last=radartegal.com|website=radartegal.com|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radartegal.disway.id/read/655598/spot-wisata-terbaik-di-tegal-selain-guci-cocok-banget-buat-chilling-saat-akhir-pekan|title=Spot Wisata Terbaik di Tegal Selain Guci, Cocok Banget Buat Chilling Saat Akhir Pekan|last=radartegal.com|website=radartegal.com|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dikelilingi déning hutan bakau sing kokoh, para pengunjung bisa menikmati suasana alam sing menenangkan. Ana jalur setapak sing nuntun sampeyan menyang hutan bakau, nglarani sampeyan bisa merasakaké kasedhiyan alam sing disediakaké déning hutan iki. Sing apik lagi, ana fasilitas kang mendukung pengalaman penyembuhan, kaya bangku, ronggonan, lan area piknik sing ngijini pengunjung kang meluwehi kasenangan sambil menikmati keindahan alam sing apik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/tag/hutan-mangrove-pantai-alam-indah|title=Kumpulan Berita Hutan Mangrove Pantai Alam Indah Terbaru Dan Terkini|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hutan Mangrove sing ana ing sisih wetan Pantai Alam Indah utawa PAI kini wis mlebeti keindahan saka PA'I dhewe. Kaya tanaman mangrove sing kalebu cemara laut, bakau, api-api, tanjung, lamtoro, glodogan, mangga, widara laut, waru, lan mahoni, bisa manjani wong sing mampir menyang ana. Apalagi lorong sing ana dadi werna-werni nganggo paving block, nganti ora perlu khawatir kaluarane becek utawa meledhak akar pepohonan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wisatategal.com/wisata-1605276-hutan_mangrove_kota_tegal.html|title=Wisata Tegal - Hutan Mangrove Kota Tegal|website=wisatategal.com|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1716979/15-tempat-wisata-di-tegal-cocok-untuk-liburan-keluarga|title=15 Tempat Wisata di Tegal, Cocok untuk Liburan Keluarga|last=Lestari|first=Nia Heppy|date=2023-04-19|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Konservasi ==
Alas Mangrove Pasisir Alam Indah iku dheweke kang ngomah ana macem-macem jenis tanaman, manuk, iwak, lan binatang liyane. Pengunjung bisa ngelihat kahanané ekosistem mangrove sing banyune lan njaluk wawasan babagan pentingé kanggo nguri-urié. Iki pangertian kang apik kanggo ngerti luwih dalem babagan ekosistem ing daérah pesisir lan mangertos upaya pelestarian lingkungan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/documents/detail/3329785|title=Optimalisasi Destinasi Pariwisata dengan Pemberdayaan Potensi Alam Pesisir Pantai Utara sebagai Daya Tarik Kota Tegal: Analisis Swot - Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital|website=garuda.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2023-10-14}}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:gdwfbEUF-hUJ:scholar.google.com/+ANALISIS+POTENSI+KAWASAN+OBYEK+WISATA+PANTAI+ALAM+INDAH+DAN+PANTAI+PURWAHAMBA+INDAH+DI+KOTA+TEGAL+JAWA+TENGAH&amp;hl=id&amp;as_sdt=0,5|title=ANALISIS POTENSI KAWASAN OBYEK WISATA PANTAI ALAM INDAH DAN PANTAI PURWAHAMBA INDAH DI KOTA TEGAL JAWA TENGAH Oleh : PROGRAM STU|website=scholar.googleusercontent.com|access-date=2023-10-14}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sebayufm.tegalkota.go.id/tanam-300-bibit-mangrove-uptd-spf-smp-n-12-tegal-smk-n-1-adiwerna-disporapar-kota-tegal-dan-warga-mintaragen-bersinergi-lestarikan-hutan/|title=Tanam 300 Bibit Mangrove, UPTD SPF SMP N 12 TEGAL , SMK N 1 Adiwerna, Disporapar Kota Tegal dan Warga Mintaragen Bersinergi Lestarikan Hutan|last=Setiawan|first=Galih|date=2021-03-22|website=Sebayu FM|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2022-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807195823/https://sebayufm.tegalkota.go.id/tanam-300-bibit-mangrove-uptd-spf-smp-n-12-tegal-smk-n-1-adiwerna-disporapar-kota-tegal-dan-warga-mintaragen-bersinergi-lestarikan-hutan/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging ora mung minangka pusat pembelajaran, Hutan Mangrove Pantai Alam Indah uga dadi pitu kang apik kanggo mlayani bebrayan macem-macem jenis manuk sing nglewati utawa ngomah ana ing hutan bakau iki. Pengunjung bisa menikmati suguhan ngomah manuk lan ngabadikan momèn kang apik karo fotografi manuk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blog.unnes.ac.id/sekararumngarasati/2015/11/05/perilaku-masyarakat-di-sekitar-hutan-mangrove-pantai-alam-indah/|title=PERILAKU MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR HUTAN MANGROVE PANTAI ALAM INDAH KOTA TEGAL|last=NGARASATI|first=SEKAR ARUM|date=2015-11-05|website=unnes.ac.id|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407162522/http://blog.unnes.ac.id/sekararumngarasati/2015/11/05/perilaku-masyarakat-di-sekitar-hutan-mangrove-pantai-alam-indah/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Utami|first=DM|date=2017|title=Analisis Potensi Kawasan Obyek Wisata Pantai Alam Indah Dan Pantai Purwahamba Indah Di Kota Tegal Jawa Tengah|url=https://eprints.ums.ac.id/51751/16/-2.pdf|journal=eprints.ums.ac.id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ulwiyah|first=Ulwiyah|date=2021|title=IDENTIFIKASI KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN MANFAAT EKOLOGIS FUNGI TANAH DI HUTAN MANGROVE PANTAI ALAM INDAHKOTA TEGAL|url=https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/13445/1/1708016025_Ulwiyah_Full%20Skripsi%20-%20Ulwiyah_.pdf|journal=eprints.walisongo.ac.id|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2024-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622183050/https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/13445/1/1708016025_Ulwiyah_Full%20Skripsi%20-%20Ulwiyah_.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasilitas ==

Hutan mangrove ing Pantai Alam Indah Tegal ana ing wilayah sing sami karo Pantai Alam Indah Tegal, artine para pengunjung bisa nggunakaké berbagai fasilitas sing adi ing Pantai Alam Indah Tegal. Ing nduwé iki, para pengunjung bisa nemu fasilitas kaya toilet, mushola, tempat sampah, lan fasilitas umum liyane sing mbesut kenyamanan lan keperluan para pengunjung. Kita bisa terasaké kangge para pengunjung bisa nemokaké pengalaman sing nyaman nalika muter-muter ing hutan mangrove lan menikmati suasana pantai sing apik ing sekitaré.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/destinasi-wisata/pantai-alam-indah|title=Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Tengah {{!}} Destinasi Wisata {{!}} PANTAI ALAM INDAH|last=digsa.id|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2022-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808034432/https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/destinasi-wisata/pantai-alam-indah|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.anekawisata.com/pai-tegal.html|title=Pantai Alam Indah (PAI) Tegal : Tiket Masuk, Fasilitas, Aktivitas Seru, Sunset, Dermaga Apung, Monumen Bahari, Hutan Mangrove, Dan Festival Of Light|last=Wisata|first=Aneka|date=2022-09-25|website=Aneka Wisata|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14}}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akses lan lokasi ==
Hutan mangrove iki ana ing pesisir lor Kota Tegal, kurang lewih 4 kilometer saka pusat kutha utawa mung perlu sekitar 10 menit tumrap saka pusat kutha. Nalika wonten dhisik karo posisi sing cukup cedhak ing pusat kutha, hutan mangrove iki dadi tempat sing gampang banget diakses kanggo para pengunjung sing pengin menikmati keindahan alam lan keanekaragaman hayati sing dikarepake. Ing waktu sing cepet, para pengunjung bisa kabèh saka keramaian kutha lan ngalami kaweruh lan kawis tanah sing ditemokaké ing hutan mangrove sing ana ing sepanjang pesisir lor kutha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.id/travel/unsupported?ucpp=ClZodHRwczovL3d3dy5nb29nbGUuY28uaWQvdHJhdmVsL2hvdGVscy9lbnRpdHkvQ2hvSTJfS2szcmJOLWNucEFSb05MMmN2TVRGak5UQTVOM00yTnhBRQ|title=Hutan Mangrove Pantai Alam Indah Tegal - Google Travel|website=www.google.co.id|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yanacircle.com/pantai-alam-indah-tegal-lokasi-rute-dan-harga-tiket|title=Pantai Alam Indah Tegal: Lokasi, Rute, dan Harga Tiket {{!}} YanaCircle|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001225518/https://yanacircle.com/pantai-alam-indah-tegal-lokasi-rute-dan-harga-tiket|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.waze.com/id/live-map/directions/id/jawa-tengah/hutan-mangrove-pantai-alam-indah-tegal?to=place.ChIJh5vgxpi3by4RWznJa2vmk-k|title=Petunjuk arah berkendara ke Hutan Mangrove Pantai Alam Indah Tegal|website=Waze|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugi delok ==
* [[Pasisir Alam Indah Tegal | Pasisir Alam Indah Tegal]]

== Daftar pustaka ==

* Utami, Ditya Mita. ''Analisis Potensi Kawasan Obyek Wisata Pantai Alam Indah Dan Pantai Purwahamba Indah Di Kota Tegal Jawa Tengah''. Diss. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, 2017.

* Wiyanti, Sari. &quot;Optimalisasi Destinasi Pariwisata dengan Pemberdayaan Potensi Alam Pesisir Pantai Utara sebagai Daya Tarik Kota Tegal: Analisis Swot.&quot; Permana: Jurnal Perpajakan, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi 13.2 (2021): 217-232.

*KETUT, PERIHARTINI. &quot;STUDI KEMELIMPAHAN FUNGI RHIZOSFER BERBASIS POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN 4 VARIETAS KEDELAI (Glycine max (L.) Merill) DI LAHAN MARGINAL.&quot; (2023).

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist| 000000000000000000003}}

[[Kategori:Papan wisata ing Jawa Tengah]]
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      <text bytes="11419" sha1="ojnii3zu92d90n8q0n03h2zpx8jfsqb" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Kebun Teh Toyomarto Singosari Malang Jawa Timur - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|352x352px|Kebon Tèh Wanasari Malang]]
'''Kebon Tèh Wanasari''' yaiku salah sawijining agrowisata kang kuncara ing Kabupatèn Malang, mapan tepak ing Désa Toyamarta, Kacamatan Singasari lan ing Désa Wanareja, Kacamatan Lawang. Kebon tèh iki sacara geografis ana ing pèrènging Gunung Arjuna ing kadhuwuran 950-1250 mèter saka lumahing sagara kanthi suhu rata-rata 19-26 °C, ing sisih kuloné watesan karo Gunung Kawi. Déné jinising tèh kang ditandur ing kebon iki yaiku ''Thea Sinensis'' lan ''Thea Assamica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tugumalang.id/kebun-teh-wonosari-lawang-wisata-keluarga-dan-petik-teh-yang-menyejukkan/|title=Kebun Teh Wonosari Lawang, Wisata Keluarga dan Petik Teh yang Menyejukkan|date=2022-10-28|website=Tugu Malang|access-date=2023-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Lawang Kota Kenangan|last=Kurniawan|first=Redite|publisher=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa|year=2018|isbn=978-602-437-419-8|location=Jakarta Timur|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kebon tèh kang ditindakaké déning PT. Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) XII iki, minangka kebon tèh wisata saliyané kang ana ing Jember, Lumajang, lan Blitar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvonenews.com/daerah/jatim/151481-sejuknya-udara-di-kebun-teh-wonosari-lawang-pikat-turis-asing-dan-pengunjung-dalam-negeri|title=Sejuknya Udara di Kebun Teh Wonosari Lawang, Pikat Turis Asing dan Pengunjung dalam Negeri|last=Cahyono|first=Edi|date=2023-10-10|website=TV One News|access-date=2023-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lan minangka kebon tèh sapisanan ing Jawa Wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ptpn12.com/2021/12/27/mengenal-sejarah-kebun-teh-wonosari-wisata-puncak-jawa-timur/|title=Mengenal Sejarah Kebun Teh Wonosari, Wisata Puncak Jawa Timur|first=PTPN12|date=2021-12-27|website=PT Perkebunan Nusantara XII|access-date=2023-10-14}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kebon tèh iki uga wus nganthongi pirang-pirang sèrtipikat produksi kayata Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), Ethical Tea Partnership (ETP), Rainforest Alliance (RA), lan sèrtipikat halal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Ismail|last2=Prasetijowati|first2=Tri|last3=Azizah|first3=Anisa Kurniatul|last4=Setiawati|first4=Maharani Ika|date=2022-11-21|title=Strategi Pengembangan Ekowisata Kebun Teh Wonosari, Malang|url=http://ejurnal.uwp.ac.id/lppm/index.php/prosiding/article/view/142|journal=Prosiding Seminar Nasional &amp; Call for Paper PSGESI UWP, September 2022|volume=9|pages=241-249}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Péranganing papan ==
Kebon Tèh Wanasari ambané ana 1.144 héktar (Ha) lan kapérang dadi 3 kebon, yaiku, Kebon Wanasari, Kebon Radèn Agung, lan Kebon Gubug Lor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dakatour.com/lokasi-dan-harga-tiket-masuk-kebun-teh-wonosari-lawang-malang-serunya-ngeteh-di-padang-hijau.html|title=Lokasi dan Harga Tiket Masuk Kebun Teh Wonosari Lawang Malang, Serunya Ngeteh di Padang Hijau|website=Daka Tour|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Déné Kebon Wanasari dhéwé ambané ana 370,3 Ha, kang tinandur tanduran tèh ana 316,24 Ha (85,4%), tanduran mahoni 8,7 Ha (2,35%), tanduran apel 0,75 Ha (0,2%), kebon utama 1 Ha (0,27%), émplasemén 9,24 Ha (2,5%), papan pangembangan wisata agro 0,86 Ha (0,23%), lan sapinunggalané (9,05%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baskara|first=Medha|first2=Sitawati|title=Konsep Pengembangan Wisata Agro Kebun Teh Wonosari: Usaha Diversifikasi Dalam Meningkatkan Nilai Tambah Pengelolaan Perkebunan Teh|url=https://docplayer.info/35993993-Konsep-pengembangan-wisata-agro-kebun-teh-wonosari-usaha-diversifikasi-dalam-meningkatkan-nilai-tambah-pengelolaan-perkebunan-teh.html|journal=Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia (PERAGI)
“Tanggung Jawab Agronomi dalam Revitalisasi Pertanian” Malang, 27-28 September 2005|pages=1-12}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==

=== Jaman kolonial ===
Kebon Tèh Wanasari binukak kanggo sapisanan ing jaman kolonial Walanda. Nalika iku kang mbukak yaiku parusahaan anama NV Cultur Maatschappij ing taun 1875-1919, nanging kang dadi pangembang kebon iki wong Jérman. GM Verhey minangka diréktur sapisanan ing parusahaan iku, nalika Verhey séda katerusaké déning bojoné, Carlota Teodota. Banjur ing taun 1910, anaké kang jenengé Cornelis wiwit nyekel parusahaan warisané wong tuwané iku. Wiwit jaman samana kebon iki wis jinangkepi kanthi mesin kanggo nggawé tèh lan uga wis bisa ngékspor produk menyang manca. Nalika jaman Jepang, kebon tèh iki mandheg oprasiné jalaran Pamarèntah Jepang ngganti produk tèh kanthi produk-produk liya kayata katéla, uwi, lan kentang. Nanging pabrik iku ora dirusak lan diajurké. Mangka, nalika jaman sawusé kamardikan, wong Indhonésia isih bisa nerusaké kebon tinggalané Walanda iku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kartika|first=Ratna|date=2023-10-13|title=Perkembangan Agrowisata Perkebunan Teh Wonosari Tahun 1994-2010|url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/8443|journal=Avatara|volume=2|pages=61-74}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rejogja.republika.co.id/berita/r1kqg6399/mengenal-kebun-teh-wonosari-yang-ada-sejak-zaman-belanda|title=Mengenal Kebun Teh Wonosari yang Ada Sejak Zaman Belanda|last=Assidiq|first=Yusuf|last2=Fizriyan|first2=Wilda|date=2021-10-26|website=Rejogja|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jaman sawusé kamardikan ===
Sawusé kamardikan kebon tèh iku ditindakaké déning Pusat Perkebunan Negara. Ing taun 1950 tanduran kebon kang sadurungé tinandur kanthi tanduran-tanduran pangan déning Jepang, banjur ginanti kanthi tanduran tèh manèh. Ing taun 1957 jeneng pakebonan ginanti kanthi jeneng Pusat Perkebunan Negara (PPN) Kesatuan Jawa Timur, ing taun 1963 jeneng pakebonan ganti manèh Pusat Perkebunan Negara (PPN) Aneka Tanaman lan terus ana sapirang-pirang pagantian jeneng nganti pungkasan ing taun 1996, PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) XII.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marisa|first=Rizky Hanivia|date=2022-05-31|title=Proses Produksi Teh Hitam Crushing Tearing Curling (Ctc) di Pt. Perkebunan Nusantara Xii Kebun Wonosari|url=http://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/6374/|journal=Skripsi|location=Surabaya|publisher=Fakultas Teknik|publication-place=UPN Veteran Jawa Timur|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2024-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416105430/https://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/6374/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kebon iki dibukak minangka papan wisata wiwit jamané Présidhèn Suharta ing taun 1994. Ing jaman semana Présidhèn Suharta kepéngin pariwisata bisa dumadi alat kanggo ngasilaké dévisa nagara nomer 3 utawa nomer 4 ing Indhonésia. Déné PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) XII kang dadi panindak Kebon Tèh Wanasari iku asliné gabungan saka PTPN XXIII, PTPN XXVI, lan PTPN XXIX ing taun 1996. Déné PTPN XII papan oprasiné ana 34 kebon kang sumebar ing 11 kabupatèn ing Jawa Wétan, awit saka Ngawi nganti Banyuwangi kanthi amba tumeka 80.928 héktar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
Ing papan wisata iki saliyané nyumadyakaké éndahing tanduran tèh uga ana jinis-jinising kéwan, kayata, kutilang (Pynonotus aurigaster), drekuku (Streptopelia chinensis), jalak gunung (Sturnus sp), elang jawa (Spizactus bartelsii), pitik alas (Gallus gallus), darès (Tyto sp), budheng (Resbytis cristata), landak (Hystrix branchyura), kidang (Muntiacus muntjak), lan ula (Serpentes).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Parékonomèn ==

=== Tenaga kerja ===
Binukaké papan wisata iki nggawa berkah kanggo masarakat sacedhaké kebon tèh iki, kebon tèh iki wus jinasa akèh sajroning nyerep tenaga kerja saka masarakat lan ngedunké angka pangangguran. Umur wong kang bisa kerja ing papan wisata iki sathithiké 17 taun lan saakèhé 50 taun. Ana rong jinis karyawan kang ana ing kebon iki, yaiku karyawan tetep lan karyawan usuman. Karyawan tetep yaiku karyawan kang manggon ing kebon iki, déné karyawan usuman yaiku karyawan kang asalé saka panggon kang adoh saka désa mapané kebon tèh iku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radarjombang.jawapos.com/opini/661014951/kualitas-hidup-masyarakat-sekitar-perkebunan-teh-wonosari|title=Kualitas Hidup Masyarakat Sekitar Perkebunan Teh Wonosari|last=RW|first=Achmad|date=2022-07-12|website=Jawa Pos Radar Jombang|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Ékspor ===
Watara 90% produk Kebon Tèh Wanasari ngisi pasar manca, jinis tèh saka kebon iki sinaing kanthi produk-produk saka Kénya, India, lan Cina. Produk tèh iku dipasaraké menyang Malaysia, India, Singapura, Pakistan, lan Éropa. Saben tauné kebon iki masok tèh kira-kira 800-900 ton menyang pirang-pirang nagara kanthi rega Rp.29.000,- saben kiloné, amung 2-3% saka 800 ton iku kang diproduksi ing jero nagara kanthi mèrek Teh Rollas. Déné produk tèh Wanasari kang dipasarake ing manca diwènèhi cap SAR, tèh iku biasané dumadi salah siji bahan kanggo nggawé tèh seduh utawa tèh celup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://health.kompas.com/read/2012/01/15/21483479/teh-wonosari-isi-pasar-luar-negeri|title=Teh Wonosari Isi Pasar Luar Negeri|last=Cahyaningrum|first=Siwi Yunita|date=2012-01-15|website=Kompas.com|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritajatim.com/ekbis/kebun-teh-wonosari-lawang-hasilkan-800-ton-teh-siap-ekspor/|title=Kebun Teh Wonosari Lawang Hasilkan 800 Ton Teh Siap Ekspor|last=Wijoto|first=Ribut|date=2019-04-25|website=Berita Jatim|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wayah operasional lan karcis mlebu ==
Wayah operasional papan wisata iki yaiku bukak wiwit tabuh 06.00 tumeka tabuh 17.00 WIB (Waktu Indonesia Barat). Kanthi béya retribusi ing dina Senèn tumeka Jemuwah Rp.8000,-, déné Setu lan Minggu Rp.12.000,-. Sauntara béya parkiré yaiku Rp.3000,- kanggo pit montor, lan Rp.5000,- kanggo mobil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.idntimes.com/travel/destination/alvi-nur-jannah/informasi-wisata-kebun-teh-wonosari-c1c2?page=all|title=Informasi Wisata Kebun Teh Wonosari: Rute, Tiket, Daya Tarik dan Tips|last=Jannah|first=Alvi Nur|date=2023-02-04|website=IDN Times Jatim|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarana lan wahana ==
Ana pirang-pirang sarana kang bisa dipigunakaké ing papan wisata iki kayata, papan parkir, kakus umum, langgar, omah mangan, toko sovenir, lan panginepan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dolanyok.com/kebun-teh-wonosari/|title=Wisata Petik Teh Di Kebun Teh Wonosari Malang Jawa Timur|date=2023-10-12|website=Dolan Yok|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2023-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171326/https://dolanyok.com/kebun-teh-wonosari/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyané iku uga ana pirang-pirang sarana lan wahana jejangkepan kang bisa dinikmati para wisatawan kayata pamandu wisata (Rp.60.000,-), kolam renang (dina kerja Rp.10.000,-, pungkasaning minggu Rp.12.000,-), sepur kelinci (Rp.10.000,-), mobil ATV utawa skuter (Rp.50.000,-), sepédhah gunung, jaran wisata, ''flying fox,'' lan mobil rémot (Rp25.000,-).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yoursay.suara.com/ulasan/2023/04/05/150155/mengunjungi-wisata-agro-wonosari-kebun-teh-nge-hits-di-malang|title=Mengunjungi Wisata Agro Wonosari, Kebun Teh Nge-Hits di Malang!|last=Ningrum|first=Oktavia|date=2023-04-05|website=Yoursay|access-date=2023-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==

[[Kategori:Papan wisata ing Jawa Wétan]]
[[Kategori:WikiPlesir]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afaratu</title>
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      <text bytes="2266" sha1="fxd90e3pxu77fnxvtkrc2zsn9zsd6wl" xml:space="preserve">'''Afaratu''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.malukuterkini.com/2023/03/21/tokoh-pemekaran-sebut-sosok-pemimpin-yang-dibutuhkan-tanimbar/|title=Tokoh Pemekaran Sebut Sosok Yang Dibutuhkan Tanimbar|website=malukuterkini.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spektrumonline.com/afaratu-ingatkan-generasi-muda-kkt-lestarikan-kemerdekan/|title=Afaratu ingatkan Generasi Muda KKT lestarikan kemerdekaan|website=spektrumonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ngopibareng.id/read/kpla-fk-unair-gelar-bakti-sosial-pemeriksaan-kesehatan-gratis/amp|title=KPLA FK UNAIR Gelar Bakti Sosial Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Gratis|website=ngopibareng.id|access-date=2024-03-16|archive-date=2023-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510053215/https://www.ngopibareng.id/read/kpla-fk-unair-gelar-bakti-sosial-pemeriksaan-kesehatan-gratis/amp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritajatim.com/pendidikan-kesehatan/pecinta-alam-fk-unair-lakukan-tes-iva-katarak-dan-pengobatan-gratis-ke-masyarakat-keputih-surabaya/|title=Pecinta Alam FK UNAIR Lakukan Tes IVA, Katarak dan Pengobatan Gratis ke Masyarakat Keputih Surabaya|website=beritajatim.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rri.co.id/anti-korupsi/439395/singgung-kekecewaan-rakyat-mantan-anggota-dprd-bahas-anti-kkn Singgung Kekecewaan Rakyat Mantan Anggota DPRD Bahas Anti KKN] . Radio Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; iku salah siji [[:id:Fam Maluku|jeneng kulawarga Maluku]] saka Kapuloan Tanimbar .

'''== Bibliografi =='''

• &lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book|author=Johan Adrian Jacobsen |date=1896 |title=Jacobsen, Reise in die Inselwelt des Banda-Meeres. |url=https://archive.org/details/jacobsenreiseind00jaco |publication-place=Berlin |publisher=Mitscher &amp; Röstell |lccn=03004553 |oclc=2163195 |ol=6924529M}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''*''' ‪&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite journal |‬authors‪= ‬Difinubun, Muhammad &amp; Yamin, Ade &amp; Sihombing, Adison &amp; Renngiwur, Gazali‪|title= ‬Negosiasi Pewarisan Marga “Anak Matarumah”:: Strategi dan Solusi Konflik untuk Harmoni Keluarga‪ |journal= ‬Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya‪ |volume= Volume 25 no 2|date=2023|publisher=‬Pusat Riset Masyarakat dan Budaya - Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional‪ |doi=10.55981/jmb.2023.2413|issn=2502-1966}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;‬

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Angga Dermawan</title>
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      <text bytes="5918" sha1="3eva3m592t2fiebpuork360s2i9mcpv" xml:space="preserve">Angga Dermawan (lair 6 Oktober 1998) ya iku penyanyi, panulis lagu lan beatboxer asal Ternate, Maluku Utara. Dhèwèké kondhang amarga karyané sing nggabungake basa-basa dhaérah Maluku Lor ing musik kontemporer. Ing taun 2024, dhèwèké menang Award AMI ing kategori Award AMI for Best Regional Language Production Work, Best Regional Language Production Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=JagoDangdut.com|title=Biodata Lengkap, Profil Angga Dermawan Terbaru Artis Dangdut|url=https://www.jagodangdut.com/biduan/276-angga-dermawan|website=www.jagodangdut.com|language=id|access-date=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biografi Awal == 
Dermawan lair ing Ternate, Maluku Utara. Dheweke wiwit ngupayakake musik nalika umur 12 taun kanthi sinau beatbox kanthi otomatis liwat video YouTube sing diakses ing kafe internet nalika istirahat sekolah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sari|first=Ai Purnama|title=Profil Angga Dermawan, Penyanyi Lagu Dola yang Viral di TikTok, Biodata Terbaru: Umur, Keluarga, Instagram - Warna Nusa - Halaman 2|url=https://www.warnanusa.com/hiburan/83512891012/profil-angga-dermawan-penyanyi-lagu-dola-yang-viral-di-tiktok-biodata-terbaru-umur-keluarga-instagram?page=2|website=Profil Angga Dermawan, Penyanyi Lagu Dola yang Viral di TikTok, Biodata Terbaru: Umur, Keluarga, Instagram - Warna Nusa - Halaman 2|language=id|access-date=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Karir == 
=== Karir Beatbox === 
Dermawan miwiti karir ing donya beatbox kanthi menang ing kompetisi beatbox ing Ternate ing taun 2014. Prestasi pinunjul ing beatbox dumadi ing taun 2016 nalika kasil nggayuh 8 saka 500 peserta ing Java Beatbox Festival, Yogyakarta. Sajrone periode kasebut, dheweke nyengkuyung awake dhewe kanthi tampil ing macem-macem acara beatbox. Ing taun 2019, dhèwèké makili Indonésia ing Kompetisi Beatbox Asia sing dianakaké ing [[Taiwan]].

=== Karir Musik === 
Nalika isih SMA, dheweke nekad melu lomba Java Beatbox Festival ing Yogyakarta ing taun 2016. Dheweke lunga menyang Ngayogyakarta kanthi modal mung tuku karcis saka tabungan dhuwit saku. Saka 500 peserta, Angga kasil mlebu babak 8 besar. Nalika melu sayembara dheweke manggon ing Yogyakarta kurang luwih telung sasi, lan mung turu ing pojok Indomaret. Kanggo manggon ing kana, dheweke uga melu macem-macem acara Beatbox ing Ngayogyakarta sawise menang, dhuwit kasebut digunakake kanggo biaya saben dina, lan malah bisa tuku ponsel dhewe. Ora mung kuwi, Angga uga wis akeh pengalaman melu maneka acara Beatbox ing Jakarta lan tlatah Jawa Timur. Malah, dheweke tau dadi wakil Indonesia ing Asia Beatbox Competition sing dianakake ing Taiwan ing taun 2019. Minangka penyanyi, saliyane lagu Dola Angga, dheweke uga merakyatake tembang Faja Skali, Cafarune, lan Pulang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=!nsertlive|title=Di Balik ‘Dola’ Trending di TikTok, Angga Dermawan: Rekaman Pakai Baskom|url=https://www.insertlive.com/hot-gossip/20240621214334-9-340535/di-balik-dola-trending-di-tiktok-angga-dermawan-rekaman-pakai-baskom/amp|website=hot-gossip|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-02-05|archive-date=2025-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208095849/https://www.insertlive.com/hot-gossip/20240621214334-9-340535/di-balik-dola-trending-di-tiktok-angga-dermawan-rekaman-pakai-baskom/amp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Gaya Musik == 
Musike Dermawan nduweni ciri khas campuran aransemen modern karo unsur musik Indonesia Timur. Dheweke kondhang nggunakake dialek Maluku Utara ing lirik-lirik, nyumbang kanggo nglestarekake lan promosi basa daerah ing musik Indonesia kontemporer.


== urip pribadi == 
Dermawan nikah karo Vira Mahwi lan duwe anak jenenge Akza Anggiasta Dermawan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=viv.co.id|title=Biodata Tampang Angga Dermawan, Penyanyi Lagu Dola yang Viral di TikTok, Lengkap dari Umur, Agama, Pasangan dan Akun Instagram|url=https://www.viv.co.id/read/53910/biodata-tampang-angga-dermawan-penyanyi-lagu-dola-yang-viral-di-tiktok-lengkap-dari-umur-agama-pasangan-dan-akun-instagram|website=www.viv.co.id|language=id|access-date=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Diskografi ==

Single
* &quot;Dola&quot;
* &quot;Faja Skali&quot;
* &quot;Tatongka&quot;
* &quot;Cafarune&quot;
* &quot;Pulang&quot;

== Penghargaan dan nominasi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; Width=24%| Penghargaan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; Width=4%| Tahun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kategori
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Karya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:8%;&quot;| Hasil
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|Anugerah Musik Indonesia
|2024
|Karya Produksi Lagu Berbahasa Daerah Terbaik
|''Dola''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Daftar Lengkap Pemenang AMI Awards 2024|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20241204162536-227-1173751/daftar-lengkap-pemenang-ami-awards-2024/amp|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2024-10-15|title=Daftar Lengkap 62 Kategori dan Nominasi AMI Awards 2024|url=https://www.kompas.com/hype/read/2024/10/16/060000766/daftar-lengkap-62-kategori-dan-nominasi-ami-awards-2024-|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=antaranews.com|title=AMI Awards 2024 terselenggara meriah, berikut daftar pemenangnya|url=https://www.m.antaranews.com/amp/berita/4512929/ami-awards-2024-terselenggara-meriah-berikut-daftar-pemenangnya|website=Antara News|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-02-05|archive-date=2025-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203015843/https://m.antaranews.com/amp/berita/4512929/ami-awards-2024-terselenggara-meriah-berikut-daftar-pemenangnya|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==

* [https://www.ami-awards.com/2024/12/07/daftar-lengkap-penerima-piala-27th-ami-awards-2024/ Daftar Pemenang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117181045/https://www.ami-awards.com/2024/12/07/daftar-lengkap-penerima-piala-27th-ami-awards-2024/ |date=2025-01-17 }} AMI Awards 2024

[[Kategori:Lair 1998]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hannah Cheesman</title>
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      <text bytes="3858" sha1="ai37nrb4nby90mbuaiy97x5vpde5nxp" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Hannah Cheesman 2024.jpg|thumb|Hannah Cheesman (2024)]]
'''Hannah Cheesman''' (lair taun 1984) yaiku aktris lan sutradara film Kanada. Minangka aktris, Cheesman ditepungi amarga maragakaké Lètnan Kumendhan Airiam ing musim kapindho séri télévisi ''[[Star Trek: Discovery]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Deb|first=Sopan|date=2019-03-14|title='Star Trek: Discovery' Season 2, Episode 9: Angry, Illogical Spock|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/arts/television/star-trek-discovery-recap.html|access-date=2019-03-17|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka sutradara, Cheesman wis nulis lan nyutradarani film cekak Succor, sing dibintangi Deragh Campbell lan Michaela Kurimsky, sing dibabar kapisan ing Festival Film Internasional Toronto 2020. Dhèwèké menang sawatara pamemulé kanggo olèhé main film utawa sérial TV lan karyané nulis lan ngasilaké sérial wèb ''Whatever, Linda'' ing taun 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ipf.ca/blog/series/whatever-linda/|title=Whatever, Linda|website=Independent Production Fund|access-date=2016-06-01|archive-date=2016-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508030352/http://ipf.ca/blog/series/whatever-linda/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmografi ==
===Film===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Taun
! Irah-irahan
! Paraga
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Cathetan
|-
|2010
|''Daylight Savings''
|Diana
|Film cekak
|-
|2013
|''[[Mama (film 2013)|Mama]]''
|Beautiful Mama / Skinny Woman
|
|-
|2013
|''{{sortname|The|Animal Project}}''
|Alice
|
|-
|2015
|''Boxing''
|Becca
|Film cekak
|-
|2015
|''Star Princess''
|Operator
|Film cekak
|-
|2017
|data-sort-value=&quot;Definites, The&quot; | ''The Definites''
|Anna
|Also co-director, writer, producer
|-
|2018
|''Emmy''
|n/a
|Short film; director, writer, producer
|-
|2020
|''Succor''
|n/a
|Short film; director, writer, producer
|-
|2021
|data-sort-value=&quot;Boathouse, The&quot; | ''The Boathouse''
|
|sutradara
|-
|2023
|''[[Hey, Viktor!]]'' 
|Kate
|
|-
|2025
|''Marriaginalia''
|
|sutradara
|-
|2026
|''[[I Come Home]]''
|Christine
|
|}

===Télévisi===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Taun
! Irah-irahan
! Paraga
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Cathetan
|-
|2009
|''[[Flashpoint (TV series)|Flashpoint]]''
|Uniformed Officer
|&quot;The Farm&quot;
|-
|2011
|''[[Papillon (TV series)|Papillon]]''
|Eva
|Main role (15 episodes)
|-
|2011
|''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]''
|Air Traffic Controller
|&quot;Cockpit Failure&quot;
|-
|2011
|''Originals''
|Carina
| Main role (7 episodes)
|-
|2011
|''Stay with Me''
|Crystal Meth
|TV film
|-
|2014
|''[[Defiance (TV series)|Defiance]]''
|Lev
|&quot;Putting the Damage On&quot;, &quot;Doll Parts&quot;, &quot;I Almost Prayed&quot;
|-
|2014–2016
|''[[Max &amp; Shred]]''
|Kaylee Carpenter
|Recurring role (21 episodes)
|-
|2014
|''[[Whatever, Linda]]''
|Linda Thoroughbred
|Web series; also co-creator and writer
|-
|2016
|''[[L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables]]''
|Mrs. Carlyle
|TV film
|-
|2016
|''[[Murdoch Mysteries]]''
|Mrs. Sachs
|&quot;From Buffalo with Love&quot;
|-
| 2019–2020, 2024
| ''[[Star Trek: Discovery]]''
| Lieutenant Commander Airiam
| Season 2: Recurring co-star (10 episodes)&lt;br&gt;Season 3: Guest (2 episodes)&lt;br&gt;Season 5: Guest (1 episode)
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Schitt's Creek]]''
| Tina Holdbridge
| &quot;A Whisper of Desire&quot;
|-
| 2021
| data-sort-value=&quot;Hot Zone, The&quot; | ''[[The Hot Zone (American TV series)|The Hot Zone: Anthrax]]''
| Stephanie Dailey
| &quot;Noble Eagle&quot;
|-
| 2025
| ''[[SurrealEstate]]''
| Madison/Death
| &quot;Death Does a Refi&quot;
|}

===Dolanan vidéo===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Taun
! Irah-irahan
! Paraga
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Cathetan
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Shaun White Skateboarding]]''
| Lily
| Voice
|}

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheesman, Hannah}}

[[Kategori:Lair 1984]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Wong Kanada]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutiara Sentosa II</title>
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[[File:Ferryosaka.jpg|thumb|Minangka fèri Osaka (2004)]]
KMP '''Mutiara Sentosa II''' (uga katulis Mutiara Sentosa 2) yaiku baita fèri sing digarap déning firma pelayaran Indonesia Mutiara Ferindo Internusa (City Line), sing wiwitané diluncuraké ing taun 1992 minangka Ferry Osaka. Kapal iki wis operasi nganggo jeneng iku wiwit taun 2015. Tanggal 2 Agustus 2026, ana kobongan ing kapal iku ing pasisir lor Madura. Limang wong tiwas. Kapal fèri iku banjur klelep sawatara dina sabanjure.

Mutiara Sentosa II ditugasaké ing taun 1992 minangka Ferry Osaka lan dioperasèkaké nganggo jeneng iku wiwit taun 2015. 

== Sajarah ==

[[File:1clw2p FerryOsaka 20120122.jpg|thumb|left|Kabin interior ing kapal minangka ''Ferry Osaka'' (2012)]]
''Ferry Osaka'' dibangun nganggo nomer lambung 1016 ing galangan kapal Saiki Jukogyo ing [[Saiki]] lan diluncurake tanggal 26 September 1991. Sawise dikirim menyang perusahaan pelayaran Jepang Meimon Taiyō Ferry tanggal 16 Januari 1992, kapal iki miwiti layanan feri saka Osaka menyang Kitakyūshū tanggal 22 Januari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |penulis=Reinhard Hannemann |url=https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1016230 |title=MUTIARA SENTOSA II |work=Ship-DB |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iku ngganti kapal lawas saka perusahaan pelayaran saka taun 1970-an, kayata Ferry Hakozaki. Ing April 1992, dheweke digabung karo kapal sadulure, Mutiara Sentosa III (Ferry Kitakyushu).&lt;ref name=&quot;SDB&quot;&gt;{{cite web  |penulis=Reinhard Hannemann |url=https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1017230E |title=MUTIARA SENTOSA III |work=Ship-DB |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawise 23 taun layanan ing Jepang, Ferry Osaka diganti karo Ferry Osaka II sing mentas dibangun ing taun 2015 lan dinonaktifake.&lt;ref&gt;Raoul Fiebig, Frank Heine, Frank Lose: ''Kapal penumpang gedhe ing donya: Kapal penumpang gedhe ing donya''. [[Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft]], Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-7822-1245-8, kaca 256.&lt;/ref&gt; Sing nduwèni kapal anyar iki wiwitané nduwèni kapal sing manggon ing [[Mongolia]], sing ngganti jenengé dadi &quot;Golden Bird 5&quot; lan nransfer menyang Indonesia kanggo didol manèh. Mengko ing taun sing padha, kapal iki didol minangka &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II&quot; menyang perusahaan Indonesia Mutiara Ferry Internusa, uga dikenal minangka City Line (aja bingung karo jeneng sing padha sing digunakaké déning perusahaan pelayaran Jepang Meimon Taiyō Ferry kanggo kapal-kapalé). &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II&quot; nerusake layanan ing kana, meh ora owah ing warna lambung asliné, antarane Jawa lan Kalimantan. Kapal sadulure, &quot;Mutiara Sentosa III,&quot; uga gabung karo armada City Line.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDB&quot;/&gt;

=== Kobongan 2026 ===

Tanggal 2 Agustus 2026, &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II,&quot; sing nggawa 238 penumpang lan kru, lagi lelungan saka [[Surabaya]] menyang [[Makassar]] nalika ana geni ing kapal antara jam 6:00 lan 7:00 ésuk wektu lokal lan cepet nyebar ing saindenging kapal. Kapten kapal wis ngandhani perusahaan pelayaran babagan geni kasebut sadurunge kontak radio ilang. City Line dhewe ora menehi kabar marang layanan penyelamatan nganti sejam sabanjure. Kapal-kapal sing cepet-cepet menyang lokasi wiwit ngevakuasi para korban sing slamet jam 10:00 esuk wektu lokal. Saliyane 233 penumpang lan kru sing dislametake, limang mayit uga ditemokake. 41 wong wiwitane dilaporake ilang amarga nomer penumpang sing salah (cacah awal yaiku 271).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/indonesia-passenger-ferry-fire-mutiara-sentosa-2/ |title=5 tiwas, puluhan ilang sawise kebakaran ing kapal feri penumpang Indonesia |werk=[[CBS News]] |date=2026-08-02 |accessed=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/2/at-least-five-dead-41-missing-after-ferry-catches-fire-off-indonesia |title=Paling ora ana lima tiwas, 41 ilang sawise kapal feri kobong ing lepas pantai Indonesia |werk=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/2/at-least-five-dead-41-missing-after-ferry-catches-fire-off-indonesia |title=Paling ora ana limang wong sing tiwas, 41 wong ilang sawise kapal feri kobong ing lepas pantai Indonesia |werk=[[Al Jazeera]] |tanggal=2026-08-02 |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saliyane kapal sipil, limang kapal saka Penjaga Pantai Indonesia uga melu operasi penyelamatan. Nalika tim penyelamat teka, geni wis ngobong kabeh kapal feri. Sawetara wong sing isih ana ing kapal mlayu menyang haluan utawa jembatan (sadurunge kobong). Laporan nuduhake yen sawetara wong mlumpat saka kapal sing kobong menyang segara. Durung ana informasi babagan kemungkinan penyebab kebakaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mattia Jutzeler |url=https://www.blick.ch/ausland/riesige-rauchsaeule-mindestens-fuenf-tote-bei-schiffs-brand-in-indonesien-id22152560.html |work=[[Blick (koran)|Blick]] |date=2026-08-02 |accessed=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.stern.de/news/mindestens-fuenf-tote-und-mehr-als-40-vermisste-nach-brand-auf-faehre-in-indonesien-38047628.html |title=Paling ora limang wong mati lan luwih saka 40 wong ilang sawise kobongan ing feri ing Indonesia |werk=[[Stern (majalah)|Stern]] |datum=2026-08-02 |abruf=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba==
{{Commonscat|IMO 9021382}}
* [https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1016230 Informasi babagan baita] ing Ship-DB


[[Kategori:2026]]</text>
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[[File:Ferryosaka.jpg|thumb|Minangka fèri Osaka (2004)]]
KMP '''Mutiara Sentosa II''' (uga katulis Mutiara Sentosa 2) yaiku baita fèri sing digarap déning firma pelayaran Indonesia Mutiara Ferindo Internusa (City Line), sing wiwitané diluncuraké ing taun 1992 minangka Ferry Osaka. Kapal iki wis operasi nganggo jeneng iku wiwit taun 2015. Tanggal 2 Agustus 2026, ana kobongan ing kapal iku ing pasisir lor Madura. Limang wong tiwas. Kapal fèri iku banjur klelep sawatara dina sabanjure.

Mutiara Sentosa II ditugasaké ing taun 1992 minangka Ferry Osaka lan dioperasèkaké nganggo jeneng iku wiwit taun 2015. 

== Sajarah ==

[[File:1clw2p FerryOsaka 20120122.jpg|thumb|left|Kabin interior ing kapal minangka ''Ferry Osaka'' (2012)]]
''Ferry Osaka'' dibangun nganggo nomer lambung 1016 ing galangan kapal Saiki Jukogyo ing [[Saiki]] lan diluncurake tanggal 26 September 1991. Sawise dikirim menyang perusahaan pelayaran Jepang Meimon Taiyō Ferry tanggal 16 Januari 1992, kapal iki miwiti layanan feri saka Osaka menyang Kitakyūshū tanggal 22 Januari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |penulis=Reinhard Hannemann |url=https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1016230 |title=MUTIARA SENTOSA II |work=Ship-DB |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iku ngganti kapal lawas saka perusahaan pelayaran saka taun 1970-an, kayata Ferry Hakozaki. Ing April 1992, dheweke digabung karo kapal sadulure, Mutiara Sentosa III (Ferry Kitakyushu).&lt;ref name=&quot;SDB&quot;&gt;{{cite web  |penulis=Reinhard Hannemann |url=https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1017230E |title=MUTIARA SENTOSA III |work=Ship-DB |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawise 23 taun layanan ing Jepang, Ferry Osaka diganti karo Ferry Osaka II sing mentas dibangun ing taun 2015 lan dinonaktifake.&lt;ref&gt;Raoul Fiebig, Frank Heine, Frank Lose: ''Kapal penumpang gedhe ing donya: Kapal penumpang gedhe ing donya''. [[Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft]], Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-7822-1245-8, kaca 256.&lt;/ref&gt; Sing nduwèni kapal anyar iki wiwitané nduwèni kapal sing manggon ing [[Mongolia]], sing ngganti jenengé dadi &quot;Golden Bird 5&quot; lan nransfer menyang Indonesia kanggo didol manèh. Mengko ing taun sing padha, kapal iki didol minangka &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II&quot; menyang perusahaan Indonesia Mutiara Ferry Internusa, uga dikenal minangka City Line (aja bingung karo jeneng sing padha sing digunakaké déning perusahaan pelayaran Jepang Meimon Taiyō Ferry kanggo kapal-kapalé). &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II&quot; nerusake layanan ing kana, meh ora owah ing warna lambung asliné, antarane Jawa lan Kalimantan. Kapal sadulure, &quot;Mutiara Sentosa III,&quot; uga gabung karo armada City Line.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDB&quot;/&gt;

=== Kobongan 2026 ===

Tanggal 2 Agustus 2026, &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II,&quot; sing nggawa 238 penumpang lan kru, lagi lelungan saka [[Surabaya]] menyang [[Makassar]] nalika ana geni ing kapal antara jam 6:00 lan 7:00 ésuk wektu lokal lan cepet nyebar ing saindenging kapal. Kapten kapal wis ngandhani perusahaan pelayaran babagan geni kasebut sadurunge kontak radio ilang. City Line dhewe ora menehi kabar marang layanan penyelamatan nganti sejam sabanjure. Kapal-kapal sing cepet-cepet menyang lokasi wiwit ngevakuasi para korban sing slamet jam 10:00 esuk wektu lokal. Saliyane 233 penumpang lan kru sing dislametake, limang mayit uga ditemokake. 41 wong wiwitane dilaporake ilang amarga nomer penumpang sing salah (cacah awal yaiku 271).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/indonesia-passenger-ferry-fire-mutiara-sentosa-2/ |title=5 tiwas, puluhan ilang sawise kebakaran ing kapal feri penumpang Indonesia |werk=[[CBS News]] |date=2026-08-02 |accessed=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/2/at-least-five-dead-41-missing-after-ferry-catches-fire-off-indonesia |title=Paling ora ana lima tiwas, 41 ilang sawise kapal feri kobong ing lepas pantai Indonesia |werk=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/2/at-least-five-dead-41-missing-after-ferry-catches-fire-off-indonesia |title=Paling ora ana limang wong sing tiwas, 41 wong ilang sawise kapal feri kobong ing lepas pantai Indonesia |werk=[[Al Jazeera]] |tanggal=2026-08-02 |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saliyané kapal sipil, limang kapal saka ''Penjaga Pantai Indonesia'' uga mèlu operasi pitulung. Nalika tim pitulung teka, geni wis ngobong sakabèhé baita feri. Sawatara wong sing isih ana ing kapal mlayu menyang dèk utawa kamar komandho (sadurungé kobong). Lapuran nuduhaké yen sawatara wong mlumpat saka kapal sing kobong menyang segara. Durung ana informasi babagan kamungkinan karananing kobongan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mattia Jutzeler |url=https://www.blick.ch/ausland/riesige-rauchsaeule-mindestens-fuenf-tote-bei-schiffs-brand-in-indonesien-id22152560.html |work=[[Blick (koran)|Blick]] |date=2026-08-02 |accessed=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.stern.de/news/mindestens-fuenf-tote-und-mehr-als-40-vermisste-nach-brand-auf-faehre-in-indonesien-38047628.html |title=Paling ora limang wong mati lan luwih saka 40 wong ilang sawise kobongan ing feri ing Indonesia |werk=[[Stern (majalah)|Stern]] |datum=2026-08-02 |abruf=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba==
{{Commonscat|IMO 9021382}}
* [https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1016230 Informasi babagan baita] ing Ship-DB


[[Kategori:2026]]</text>
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[[File:Ferryosaka.jpg|thumb|Minangka fèri Osaka (2004)]]
KMP '''Mutiara Sentosa II''' (uga katulis Mutiara Sentosa 2) yaiku baita fèri sing digarap déning firma pelayaran Indonesia Mutiara Ferindo Internusa (City Line), sing wiwitané diluncuraké ing taun 1992 minangka Ferry Osaka. Kapal iki wis operasi nganggo jeneng iku wiwit taun 2015. Tanggal 2 Agustus 2026, ana kobongan ing kapal iku ing pasisir lor Madura. Limang wong tiwas. Kapal fèri iku banjur klelep sawatara dina sabanjure.

Mutiara Sentosa II ditugasaké ing taun 1992 minangka Ferry Osaka lan dioperasèkaké nganggo jeneng iku wiwit taun 2015. 

== Sajarah ==

[[File:1clw2p FerryOsaka 20120122.jpg|thumb|left|Kabin interior ing kapal minangka ''Ferry Osaka'' (2012)]]
''Ferry Osaka'' dibangun nganggo nomer lambung 1016 ing galangan kapal Saiki Jukogyo ing [[Saiki]] lan diluncurake tanggal 26 September 1991. Sawise dikirim menyang perusahaan pelayaran Jepang Meimon Taiyō Ferry tanggal 16 Januari 1992, kapal iki miwiti layanan feri saka Osaka menyang Kitakyūshū tanggal 22 Januari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |penulis=Reinhard Hannemann |url=https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1016230 |title=MUTIARA SENTOSA II |work=Ship-DB |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iku ngganti kapal lawas saka perusahaan pelayaran saka taun 1970-an, kayata Ferry Hakozaki. Ing April 1992, dheweke digabung karo kapal sadulure, Mutiara Sentosa III (Ferry Kitakyushu).&lt;ref name=&quot;SDB&quot;&gt;{{cite web  |penulis=Reinhard Hannemann |url=https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1017230E |title=MUTIARA SENTOSA III |work=Ship-DB |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawise 23 taun layanan ing Jepang, Ferry Osaka diganti karo Ferry Osaka II sing mentas dibangun ing taun 2015 lan dinonaktifake.&lt;ref&gt;Raoul Fiebig, Frank Heine, Frank Lose: ''Kapal penumpang gedhe ing donya: Kapal penumpang gedhe ing donya''. [[Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft]], Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-7822-1245-8, kaca 256.&lt;/ref&gt; Sing nduwèni kapal anyar iki wiwitané nduwèni kapal sing manggon ing [[Mongolia]], sing ngganti jenengé dadi &quot;Golden Bird 5&quot; lan nransfer menyang Indonesia kanggo didol manèh. Mengko ing taun sing padha, kapal iki didol minangka &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II&quot; menyang perusahaan Indonesia Mutiara Ferry Internusa, uga dikenal minangka City Line (aja bingung karo jeneng sing padha sing digunakaké déning perusahaan pelayaran Jepang Meimon Taiyō Ferry kanggo kapal-kapalé). &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II&quot; nerusake layanan ing kana, meh ora owah ing warna lambung asliné, antarane Jawa lan Kalimantan. Kapal sadulure, &quot;Mutiara Sentosa III,&quot; uga gabung karo armada City Line.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDB&quot;/&gt;

=== Kobongan 2026 ===

Tanggal 2 Agustus 2026, &quot;Mutiara Sentosa II,&quot; sing nggawa 238 penumpang lan kru, lagi lelungan saka [[Surabaya]] menyang [[Makassar]] nalika ana geni ing kapal antara jam 6:00 lan 7:00 ésuk wektu lokal lan cepet nyebar ing saindenging kapal. Kapten kapal wis ngandhani perusahaan pelayaran babagan geni kasebut sadurunge kontak radio ilang. City Line dhewe ora menehi kabar marang layanan penyelamatan nganti sejam sabanjure. Kapal-kapal sing cepet-cepet menyang lokasi wiwit ngevakuasi para korban sing slamet jam 10:00 esuk wektu lokal. Saliyane 233 penumpang lan kru sing dislametake, limang mayit uga ditemokake. 41 wong wiwitane dilaporake ilang amarga nomer penumpang sing salah (cacah awal yaiku 271).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/indonesia-passenger-ferry-fire-mutiara-sentosa-2/ |title=5 tiwas, puluhan ilang sawise kebakaran ing kapal feri penumpang Indonesia |werk=[[CBS News]] |date=2026-08-02 |accessed=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/2/at-least-five-dead-41-missing-after-ferry-catches-fire-off-indonesia |title=Paling ora ana lima tiwas, 41 ilang sawise kapal feri kobong ing lepas pantai Indonesia |werk=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/2/at-least-five-dead-41-missing-after-ferry-catches-fire-off-indonesia |title=Paling ora ana limang wong sing tiwas, 41 wong ilang sawise kapal feri kobong ing lepas pantai Indonesia |werk=[[Al Jazeera]] |tanggal=2026-08-02 |diakses=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saliyané kapal sipil, limang kapal saka ''Penjaga Pantai Indonesia'' uga mèlu operasi pitulung. Nalika tim pitulung teka, geni wis ngobong sakabèhé baita feri. Sawatara wong sing isih ana ing kapal mlayu menyang dèk utawa kamar komandho (sadurungé kobong). Lapuran nuduhaké yen sawatara wong mlumpat saka kapal sing kobong menyang segara. Durung ana informasi babagan kamungkinan karananing kobongan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mattia Jutzeler |url=https://www.blick.ch/ausland/riesige-rauchsaeule-mindestens-fuenf-tote-bei-schiffs-brand-in-indonesien-id22152560.html |work=[[Blick (koran)|Blick]] |date=2026-08-02 |accessed=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |url=https://www.stern.de/news/mindestens-fuenf-tote-und-mehr-als-40-vermisste-nach-brand-auf-faehre-in-indonesien-38047628.html |title=Paling ora limang wong mati lan luwih saka 40 wong ilang sawise kobongan ing feri ing Indonesia |werk=[[Stern (majalah)|Stern]] |datum=2026-08-02 |abruf=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 4 Agustus, ing konferensi pers sing dianakake dening Badan SAR Nasional, jumlah wong ing kapal direvisi dadi 238, nuduhake yen kabeh wong sing slamet lan mayit wis ditemokake. Uga dilapurake yen kontak visual karo kapal kasebut wis ilang lan kemungkinan kapal kasebut klelep ora suwe sawise operasi penyelamatan rampung tanggal 2 utawa 3 Agustus.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kmp-mutiara-sentosa-ii-no-longer-visible&lt;/ref&gt;

Bencana Mutiara Sentosa II dudu kedadeyan pertama ing ngendi kapal feri City Line rusak amarga kobongan. Ing taun 2022, Mutiara Timur I klelep sawise kobongan. Setaun sabanjure, Mutiara Berkah I kobong ing pelabuhan Cilegon. Jeneng kapal kasebut, Mutiara Sentosa I, uga klelep ing taun 2017 sawise kobongan.

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba==
{{Commonscat|IMO 9021382}}
* [https://www.ship-db.de/nawbn.php?wbn_nr=SJUS1016230 Informasi babagan baita] ing Ship-DB


[[Kategori:2026]]</text>
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      <comment>Digawé kanthi mertal kaca &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367231256|Media franchise]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Waralaba medhia''', ([[basa Inggris]]: ''franchise media)'' utawa asring mung karan waralaba, yaiku klumpukaning karya-karya sing padha gegayutan ing maneka [[medhia]], ing ngendi ing jeroné ana karya-karya turunan saka karya kreatif rekan asli, tuladhané [[Film|filem]], [[sastra]], [[acara tivi]], utawa [[gim vidéo]]. [[Bob Iger]], tilas kapala eksekutif [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Company]], ngandharaké tegesé waralaba yaiku “apa-apa sing menehi nilai marang maneka bisnis lan maneka laladan ing wektu sing suwé.” &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20221201&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/magazine/avatar-franchise.html|title='Avatar' and the Mystery of the Vanishing Blockbuster - It was the highest-grossing film in history, but for years it was remembered mainly for having been forgotten. Why?|last=Keiles|first=Jamie Lauren|date=December 1, 2022|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|access-date=December 3, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Kategori:Indhustri médhia]]
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      <text bytes="5410" sha1="sx3gkcclf4bq5jjp3f7wstzydjv6ld2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company|name=Lucasfilm Ltd. LLC|logo=[[File:Lucasfilm 2015.svg|250px|class=skin-invert]]|logo_size=|image=Letterman Digital Arts Center, Building B (side view).jpg|image_size=250px|image_caption=Kantor punjer Lucasfilm ing [[Letterman Digital Arts Center]]|former_name={{Unbulleted list|Lucasfilm (1971–1977)|Lucasfilm Ltd. (1977–2012)}}|trade_name=Lucasfilm Ltd|type=[[Subsidiary]]|industry={{hlist|Film|Television|Animation}}|founded={{start date and age|1971|12|10}}, in [[Marin County, California]], US|founder=[[George Lucas]]|hq_location=Letterman Digital Arts Center|hq_location_city=[[San Francisco, California]]|hq_location_country=US|num_locations=6|area_served=Worldwide|key_people={{plainlist|
* {{ubl|[[Dave Filoni]]  ([[President (corporate title)|president]] &amp; [[Chief creative officer|CCO]])}}
* {{ubl|[[Lynwen Brennan]] (co-president)}}
* {{ubl|[[Carrie Beck]] ([[Executive Vice President|EVP]], production &amp; development)}}
* {{ubl|Momita SenGupta (EVP, physical production)}}
}}|brands={{hlist|''[[Star Wars]]''|''[[Indiana Jones]]''}}|num_employees=2,000 (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Michal|last=Lev-Ram|title=How Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy went from secretary to boss| url=https://fortune.com/2015/09/10/kathleen-kennedy-lucasfilm-star-wars/|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107232937/http://fortune.com/2015/09/10/kathleen-kennedy-lucasfilm-star-wars/|url-status=live |access-date= December 30, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;|parent=[[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] (2012–present)|divisions={{Plainlist |
* [[Industrial Light &amp; Magic]]
* [[Skywalker Sound]]
* [[Pixar]] (1974–1986)
* [[THX]] (1983–2002)
}}|website={{official URL}}}}

'''Lucasfilm Ltd. LLC''' yaiku [[parusahan panggarap]] filem lan tivi Amerika sing diadegaké dening juru filem (''filmmaker'') [[George Lucas]] ing 10 Desember 1971, ing [[Marin, California|county Marin, California]], kutha [[San Rafael]], banjur ngalih marang [[San Francisco|San Fransisco]] ing 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilm.com/|title=Industrial Light &amp; Film|website=ilm.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331053254/https://www.ilm.com/|archive-date=March 31, 2018|access-date=November 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parusahan iki kondang amarga nggarap waralaba [[Star Wars]] lan [[Indiana Jones]], saha amarga umuk ing babagan pangrembakan efek mirunggan, swara, lan [[animasi komputer]] kanggo filem. Kawit 2012, Lucasfilm minangka anak parusahan [[The Walt Disney Studios]], sing uga ndarbèni tilas anak parusahan Lucasfilm [[Pixar Animation Studios|Pixar]].

Filem-filem parusahan iki kaya [[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace|Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace]] (1999), [[Star Wars: Episode VII — The Force Awakens]] (2015), [[Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]] (2016), [[Star Wars: Episode VIII — The Last Jedi]] (2017), lan [[Star Wars: Episode IX — The Rise of Skywalker]] (2019) antarané [[Pratélan filem palinh dhuwur pangasilan kasaré|50 filem paling dhuwur pangasilan kasaré]] sakabeh mangsa, kanthi The Force Awakens minangka [[Pratélan filem kanthi pangasilan kasaré paling dhuwur ing Amérika Sarékat lan Kanada|filem kanthi pangasilan kasaré paling dhuwur ing Amérika Sarékat lan Kanada]]. Ing 30 Oktober 2012 Disney nulih (''mengakuisisi'') Lucasfilm kanthi nilai $4.05 milyar awujud kontan tur saham (padha karo udakara $ {{Inflation|US|4.05|2012}}&amp;nbsp;milyar dina iki  ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Walt-Disney-Company-Oct-2012-8-K&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2355/119312512441509/filing-main.htm|title=Walt Disney Company, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 30, 2012|website=secdatabase.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107110628/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2355/119312512441509/filing-main.htm|archive-date=January 7, 2020|access-date=May 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Walt-Disney-Company-May-2013-10-Q&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2445/100103913000080/filing-main.htm|title=Walt Disney Company, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 7, 2013|website=secdatabase.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216120732/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2445/100103913000080/filing-main.htm|archive-date=February 16, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schou&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Schou|first=Solvej|date=December 21, 2012|title=Mickey + 'Star Wars' = Disney completes Lucasfilm acquisition|url=https://ew.com/article/2012/12/21/walt-disney-completes-lucasfilm-acquisition/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809035048/https://ew.com/article/2012/12/21/walt-disney-completes-lucasfilm-acquisition/|archive-date=August 9, 2022|access-date=December 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Disney Brands&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/companies-disney-owns|title=14 companies you didn't realize Disney owns|last=Lakritz|first=Talia|date=January 28, 2020|website=Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311010738/https://www.insider.com/companies-disney-owns|archive-date=March 11, 2023|access-date=September 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucasfilm sapréné minangka siji saka limang sanggar (''studio'') filem lakon nyata (''live-action'') jroning Walt Disney Studios, bebarengan karo [[Walt Disney Pictures]] lan [[Marvel Studios]].</text>
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      <text bytes="5430" sha1="0dxnhk164gufdj5f0kn2qod1ooie35a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company|name=Lucasfilm Ltd. LLC|logo=[[File:Lucasfilm 2015.svg|250px|class=skin-invert]]|logo_size=|image=Letterman Digital Arts Center, Building B (side view).jpg|image_size=250px|image_caption=Kantor punjer Lucasfilm ing [[Letterman Digital Arts Center]]|former_name={{Unbulleted list|Lucasfilm (1971–1977)|Lucasfilm Ltd. (1977–2012)}}|trade_name=Lucasfilm Ltd|type=[[Subsidiary]]|industry={{hlist|Film|Television|Animation}}|founded={{start date and age|1971|12|10}}, in [[Marin County, California]], US|founder=[[George Lucas]]|hq_location=Letterman Digital Arts Center|hq_location_city=[[San Francisco, California]]|hq_location_country=US|num_locations=6|area_served=Worldwide|key_people={{plainlist|
* {{ubl|[[Dave Filoni]]  ([[President (corporate title)|president]] &amp; [[Chief creative officer|CCO]])}}
* {{ubl|[[Lynwen Brennan]] (co-president)}}
* {{ubl|[[Carrie Beck]] ([[Executive Vice President|EVP]], production &amp; development)}}
* {{ubl|Momita SenGupta (EVP, physical production)}}
}}|brands={{hlist|''[[Star Wars]]''|''[[Indiana Jones]]''}}|num_employees=2,000 (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Michal|last=Lev-Ram|title=How Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy went from secretary to boss| url=https://fortune.com/2015/09/10/kathleen-kennedy-lucasfilm-star-wars/|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107232937/http://fortune.com/2015/09/10/kathleen-kennedy-lucasfilm-star-wars/|url-status=live |access-date= December 30, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;|parent=[[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] (2012–present)|divisions={{Plainlist |
* [[Industrial Light &amp; Magic]]
* [[Skywalker Sound]]
* [[Pixar]] (1974–1986)
* [[THX]] (1983–2002)
}}|website={{official URL}}}}

'''Lucasfilm Ltd. LLC''' yaiku [[parusahan panggarap]] filem lan tivi Amerika sing diadegaké dening juru filem (''filmmaker'') [[George Lucas]] ing 10 Desember 1971, ing [[Marin, California|county Marin, California]], kutha [[San Rafael]], banjur ngalih marang [[San Francisco|San Fransisco]] ing 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilm.com/|title=Industrial Light &amp; Film|website=ilm.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331053254/https://www.ilm.com/|archive-date=March 31, 2018|access-date=November 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parusahan iki kondang amarga nggarap waralaba [[Star Wars]] lan [[Indiana Jones]], saha amarga umuk ing babagan pangrembakan efek mirunggan, swara, lan [[animasi komputer]] kanggo filem. Kawit 2012, Lucasfilm minangka anak parusahan [[Walt Disney Studios|The Walt Disney Studios]], sing uga ndarbèni tilas anak parusahan Lucasfilm [[Pixar Animation Studios|Pixar]].

Filem-filem parusahan iki kaya [[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace|Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace]] (1999), [[Star Wars: Episode VII — The Force Awakens]] (2015), [[Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]] (2016), [[Star Wars: Episode VIII — The Last Jedi]] (2017), lan [[Star Wars: Episode IX — The Rise of Skywalker]] (2019) antarané [[Pratélan filem palinh dhuwur pangasilan kasaré|50 filem paling dhuwur pangasilan kasaré]] sakabeh mangsa, kanthi The Force Awakens minangka [[Pratélan filem kanthi pangasilan kasaré paling dhuwur ing Amérika Sarékat lan Kanada|filem kanthi pangasilan kasaré paling dhuwur ing Amérika Sarékat lan Kanada]]. Ing 30 Oktober 2012 Disney nulih (''mengakuisisi'') Lucasfilm kanthi nilai $4.05 milyar awujud kontan tur saham (padha karo udakara $ {{Inflation|US|4.05|2012}}&amp;nbsp;milyar dina iki  ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Walt-Disney-Company-Oct-2012-8-K&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2355/119312512441509/filing-main.htm|title=Walt Disney Company, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 30, 2012|website=secdatabase.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107110628/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2355/119312512441509/filing-main.htm|archive-date=January 7, 2020|access-date=May 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Walt-Disney-Company-May-2013-10-Q&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2445/100103913000080/filing-main.htm|title=Walt Disney Company, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 7, 2013|website=secdatabase.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216120732/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2445/100103913000080/filing-main.htm|archive-date=February 16, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schou&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Schou|first=Solvej|date=December 21, 2012|title=Mickey + 'Star Wars' = Disney completes Lucasfilm acquisition|url=https://ew.com/article/2012/12/21/walt-disney-completes-lucasfilm-acquisition/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809035048/https://ew.com/article/2012/12/21/walt-disney-completes-lucasfilm-acquisition/|archive-date=August 9, 2022|access-date=December 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Disney Brands&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/companies-disney-owns|title=14 companies you didn't realize Disney owns|last=Lakritz|first=Talia|date=January 28, 2020|website=Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311010738/https://www.insider.com/companies-disney-owns|archive-date=March 11, 2023|access-date=September 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucasfilm sapréné minangka siji saka limang sanggar (''studio'') filem lakon nyata (''live-action'') jroning Walt Disney Studios, bebarengan karo [[Walt Disney Pictures]] lan [[Marvel Studios]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disney Entertainment</title>
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      <text bytes="1906" sha1="3ir0ahokaxfmaoqv6t21rnhxj640g48" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company|name=Disney Entertainment|logo=[[File:Disney Entertainment logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]|type=[[Division (business)|Division]]|predecessor=[[Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution]]|founded={{Start date and age|2023|02|08}}|hq_location=[[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]]|hq_location_city=[[Burbank, California]]|hq_location_country=U.S.|area_served=Worldwide|key_people={{plainlist|
* [[Dana Walden]], [[President (corporate title)|President]] and [[Chief creative officer|CCO]]
* Alan Bergman ([[Chair (officer)|Chairman]], Disney Entertainment, [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Studios]])
* Debra OConnell ([[Chair (officer)|Chairman]], [[Disney Entertainment Television]])
}}|parent=[[The Walt Disney Company]]|divisions={{Plainlist|
*[[Disney–ABC Domestic Television]]
*[[Disney Entertainment Television]]
*[[Disney Platform Distribution]]
*[[Disney Streaming]]
*[[The Walt Disney Company Latin America]]
*[[Disney India]]
*[[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]]
*[[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]
}}}}
'''Disney Entertainment''' yaiku siji saka telung taningan (''divisi'') utama [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Company]] sing diadegaké ing 8 Februari 2023. Taningan iki dumadi saka medhia langen (''hiburan'') parusahan lan bisnis momotan dhigital, kayata sanggar (''studio'') filem gambar mobah (''motion picture''), taningan tivi, uga leladi wilenan (''streaming service''). Disney ngemunah sanggar filem lan tivi paling gedhé ing [[Hollywood]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/18/business/media/disney-abc-jimmy-kimmel.html|title=Disney Pulled Jimmy Kimmel as Pressure Built on Multiple Fronts|last=Koblin|first=John|date=September 18, 2025|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=September 22, 2025|last2=Barnes|first2=Brooks|last3=Mullin|first3=Benjamin|last4=Grynbaum|first4=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Sarékat dagang</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361570379|Trade association]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3786" sha1="23tmfmsoetu3oflb8jsebi1et6tcamp" xml:space="preserve">{{Distinguish|Trade union}}'''Sarékat dagang''' yaiku bebadan sing diadegaké uga didanani dening parusahan-parusahan sing lumaku ing [[indhustri]] tartamtu. Kanthi tembayatan antarané parusahan-parusahan ing sawijiné [[Widang usaha|widang]], sarekat dagang nglarasgawé (''mengkoordinasi'') babagan [[ubungan masarakat]]. Tuladhané [[pariwara]], panggulawenthah, pambabaran, lan utamané [[rerimuk]] (''lobi'') uga [[tumindak rajaniti]] (''political action''). Sarekat bisa nyawisaké leladi liya, misalé nyepakaké parepatan (''konferensi''), ngrantam bebakuning indhustri, ngrantam [[swauger indhustri]] (''industry self-regulation''), nganakaké jejaringan (''networking'') utawa acara-acara amal. Sarekat uga bisa nawakaké kelas utawa bahan-bahan panggulawenthah. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lockley|first=Lawrence|date=1943|title=Trade Associations as Advertisers|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1245317|journal=Journal of Marketing|volume=8|issue=2|pages=189–193|doi=10.2307/1245317|jstor=1245317|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1245317|archive-date=5 June 2023|access-date=5 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sapérangan gedhé sarekat iku arupa [[paguyuban nirlaba]] sing diatur dening [[pakanata]] (''bylaws'') lan dipanggedhéni pangurus sing uga anggota.

Sarékat dagang lan paguyuban-paguyuban indhustri liya ndarbé prabawa rajaniti sing gedhé ing [[Amérika Sarékat]], [[Karajan Manunggal]], saha nagara-nagara liya. Bebadan iki ngrererimuk pangrèh lan juru rajaniti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ukandeu.ac.uk/uk-business-lobbying-in-the-eu-after-brexit/|title=UK business lobbying in the EU after Brexit|date=July 13, 2022|website=UK in a Changing Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722121142/https://ukandeu.ac.uk/uk-business-lobbying-in-the-eu-after-brexit/|archive-date=July 22, 2025|access-date=July 25, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké uga mènèhi modhal akèh ing pambabaran, pariwara, uga wujud-wujud [[nadukara]] (''advocacy'') isu liya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://atra.org/white-paper-and-repo/legal-services-ads-2020-2024/|title=Legal Services Advertising in the United States – 2020-2024 - American Tort Reform Association|website=atra.org|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717160904/https://atra.org/white-paper-and-repo/legal-services-ads-2020-2024/|archive-date=2025-07-17|access-date=2025-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/big-oils-trade-group-allies-outspent-clean-energy-groups-by-a-whopping-27x-with-billions-in-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-198286|title=Big Oil's trade group allies outspent clean energy groups by a whopping 27x, with billions in ads and lobbying to keep fossil fuels flowing|last=Downie|first=Christian|last2=Brulle|first2=Robert|date=2023-02-13|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726141627/https://theconversation.com/big-oils-trade-group-allies-outspent-clean-energy-groups-by-a-whopping-27x-with-billions-in-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-198286|archive-date=2025-07-26|access-date=2025-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://penncapital-star.com/commentary/big-oils-allies-spend-big-money-on-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-analysis/|title=Big Oil's allies spend big money on ads and lobbying to keep fossil fuels flowing {{!}} Analysis • Pennsylvania Capital-Star|last=|first=|date=2023-02-14|website=Pennsylvania Capital-Star|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803180553/https://penncapital-star.com/commentary/big-oils-allies-spend-big-money-on-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-analysis/|archive-date=2025-08-03|access-date=2025-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3788" sha1="b8rbbtk8728kxx3qe9xortw7x822rzt" xml:space="preserve">{{Distinguish|Trade union}}'''Sarékat dagang''' yaiku bebadan sing diadegaké uga dibandhani dening parusahan-parusahan sing lumaku ing [[indhustri]] tartamtu. Kanthi tembayatan antarané parusahan-parusahan ing sawijiné [[Widang usaha|widang]], sarekat dagang nglarasgawé (''mengkoordinasi'') babagan [[ubungan masarakat]]. Tuladhané [[pariwara]], panggulawenthah, pambabaran, lan utamané [[rerimuk]] (''lobi'') uga [[tumindak rajaniti]] (''political action''). Sarekat bisa nyawisaké leladi liya, misalé nyepakaké parepatan (''konferensi''), ngrantam bebakuning indhustri, ngrantam [[swauger indhustri]] (''industry self-regulation''), nganakaké jejaringan (''networking'') utawa acara-acara amal. Sarekat uga bisa nawakaké kelas utawa bahan-bahan panggulawenthah. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lockley|first=Lawrence|date=1943|title=Trade Associations as Advertisers|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1245317|journal=Journal of Marketing|volume=8|issue=2|pages=189–193|doi=10.2307/1245317|jstor=1245317|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1245317|archive-date=5 June 2023|access-date=5 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sapérangan gedhé sarekat iku arupa [[paguyuban nirlaba]] sing diatur dening [[pakanata]] (''bylaws'') lan dipanggedhéni pangurus sing uga anggota.

Sarékat dagang lan paguyuban-paguyuban indhustri liya ndarbé prabawa rajaniti sing gedhé ing [[Amérika Sarékat]], [[Karajan Manunggal]], saha nagara-nagara liya. Bebadan iki ngrererimuk pangrèh lan juru rajaniti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ukandeu.ac.uk/uk-business-lobbying-in-the-eu-after-brexit/|title=UK business lobbying in the EU after Brexit|date=July 13, 2022|website=UK in a Changing Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722121142/https://ukandeu.ac.uk/uk-business-lobbying-in-the-eu-after-brexit/|archive-date=July 22, 2025|access-date=July 25, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké uga mènèhi modhal akèh ing pambabaran, pariwara, uga wujud-wujud [[nadukara]] (''advocacy'') isu liya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://atra.org/white-paper-and-repo/legal-services-ads-2020-2024/|title=Legal Services Advertising in the United States – 2020-2024 - American Tort Reform Association|website=atra.org|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717160904/https://atra.org/white-paper-and-repo/legal-services-ads-2020-2024/|archive-date=2025-07-17|access-date=2025-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/big-oils-trade-group-allies-outspent-clean-energy-groups-by-a-whopping-27x-with-billions-in-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-198286|title=Big Oil's trade group allies outspent clean energy groups by a whopping 27x, with billions in ads and lobbying to keep fossil fuels flowing|last=Downie|first=Christian|last2=Brulle|first2=Robert|date=2023-02-13|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726141627/https://theconversation.com/big-oils-trade-group-allies-outspent-clean-energy-groups-by-a-whopping-27x-with-billions-in-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-198286|archive-date=2025-07-26|access-date=2025-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://penncapital-star.com/commentary/big-oils-allies-spend-big-money-on-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-analysis/|title=Big Oil's allies spend big money on ads and lobbying to keep fossil fuels flowing {{!}} Analysis • Pennsylvania Capital-Star|last=|first=|date=2023-02-14|website=Pennsylvania Capital-Star|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803180553/https://penncapital-star.com/commentary/big-oils-allies-spend-big-money-on-ads-and-lobbying-to-keep-fossil-fuels-flowing-analysis/|archive-date=2025-08-03|access-date=2025-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marvel Comics</title>
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      <text bytes="5737" sha1="98u3e60rq3xw7xrqb6lkrpncynh7a3e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox publisher|image=Marvel Comics 2024 logo.svg|image_caption=Logo diguna kawit 2024|parent={{Indented plainlist|
* [[Magazine Management]] (1951–1973)
* [[Marvel Comics Group]] (1973–1986)
* [[Marvel Entertainment Group]] (1986–1998)
* [[Marvel Entertainment]] (1998–2023)
* [[Disney Publishing Worldwide]] (2023–present)
}}|status=Aktif|founded={{Indented plainlist|
* {{Start date and age|1939}}&lt;br /&gt;(as [[Timely Comics]])
* {{Start date and age|1951}}&lt;br /&gt;(as [[Atlas Comics (1950s)|Atlas Comics]])
* {{Start date and age|1961}}&lt;br /&gt;(as Marvel Comics)
}}|founder=[[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]]|successor=|country=Amérika Sarékat|headquarters=135 [[50th Street (Manhattan)|W. 50th Street]], [[Manhattan]], New York City|distribution={{Indented plainlist|
*[[Penguin Random House#Penguin Random House Publisher Services|Penguin Random House Publisher Services]] (direct market starting October 2021)&lt;ref name = Penguin&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schedeen |first=Jesse |date=March 25, 2021 |title=Marvel Comics Shifts to New Distributor in Industry-Rattling Move – IGN |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/marvel-comics-penguin-random-house-distributor-diamond |access-date=March 25, 2021 |website=[[IGN]] |language=en |archive-date=March 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325201915/https://www.ign.com/articles/marvel-comics-penguin-random-house-distributor-diamond |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Diamond Comic Distributors]] ([[wholesaling|sub-distributor]] through Penguin Random House starting October 2021, [[direct market]] until October 2021)
*[[Hachette Book Group]] Client Services ([[trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]]s and [[graphic novel]]s)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url = https://www.hachettebookgroup.biz/client-publishers/our-clients/ |title=Hachette – Our Clients |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205034/https://www.hachettebookgroup.biz/client-publishers/our-clients/ |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}|keypeople={{unbulleted list|[[Brad Winderbaum]] (Head of Marvel Television, Animation, Comics &amp; Franchise)&lt;ref name=&quot;WinderbaumComics&quot; /&gt;|David Abdo ([[General Manager]], Comics &amp; Franchise)&lt;ref name=&quot;WinderbaumComics&quot; /&gt;|[[Stephen Wacker]] ([[editor-in-chief|EIC]])}}|publications=[[List of Marvel Comics publications (A)|List of publications]]|topics=|genre={{hlist
|[[Superhero fiction|Superhero]]
|[[Science fiction]]
|[[Fantasy]]
|[[Action fiction|Action]]
|[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
}}|imprints=[[#Imprints|imprint list]]|numemployees=|nasdaq=|website={{URL|https:www.marvel.com/comics|marvel.com}}}}

'''Marvel Comics''' yaiku [[pambabar]] [[komik]] Amerika, sawijiné rajadarbé (''properti'') duwèké [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Company]] kawit 31 Desember 2009, lan uga minangka anak parusahan [[Disney Publishing Wordwide]] kawit Maret 2023. Marvel diadegaké ing 1939 dening [[Martin Goodman (pambabar)|Martin Goodman]] kanthi aran [[Timely Comics]], &lt;ref name=&quot;daniels27&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics|last=Daniels|first=Les|publisher=[[Abrams Books|Harry N. Abrams]]|year=1991|isbn=0-8109-3821-9|location=New York|pages=27 &amp; 32–33|quote=Timely Publications became the name under which Goodman first published a comic book line. He eventually created a number of companies to publish comics ... but Timely was the name by which Goodman's Golden Age comics were known... Marvel wasn't always Marvel; in the early 1940s the company was known as Timely Comics, and some covers bore this shield.|author-link=Les Daniels}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan ing 1951 ditepungi kanthi jeneng [[Atlas Comics]]. Jamané Marvel wiwit ing Agustus 1961 kanthi dibabaré [[The Fantastic Four (komik)|The Fantastic Four]] lan irah-irah adiwira liya anggitané [[Stan Lee]], [[Jack Kirby]], [[Steve Ditko]], lan sawetara panganggit liya. Mèrek Marvel, sing wis diguna mataun-taun banjur diteguhaké minangka mèrek utama parusahan. Pambesut komik [[Stephen Wacker]] sapréné minangka [[Kapala redhaksi|kapala redhaksiné]], sing njabat kawit Juli 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;WackerBurbankRelocate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/marvel-comics-new-york-la-1236650120/|title=Marvel Comics to Leave New York and Move Staffers to L.A. as Part of Major Overhaul (Exclusive)|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 16, 2026|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716162654/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/marvel-comics-new-york-la-1236650120/|archive-date=July 16, 2026|access-date=July 16, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marvel ndarbé wetara adiwira kondhang ing antarané jèjèran [[Pratelan paraga-paraga adiwira Marvel Comics|paragané]], kayata [[Spider-Man]], [[Wolverine]], [[Hulk]], [[Captain America]], [[Iron Man]], [[Thor]], [[Daredevil]], [[Black Panther]], [[Doctor Strange]], lan [[Captain Marvel]]. Samana uga [[Pratelan pantha lan bebadan ing Marvel Comics|pantha-pantha]] (''tim-tim'') misuwur tuladhané [[Avengers]], [[X-Men]], [[Fantastic Four]], lan [[Guardians of the Galaxy]]. Marvel uga ndarbé [[adidurja]] (''supervillain'') sing tansah misuwur misalé [[Doctor Doom]], [[Magneto]], [[Green Goblin]], [[Kingpin]], [[Red Skull]], [[Loki]], [[Ultron]], [[Thanos]], [[Apocalypse]], lan [[Galactus]]. Akèh-akèh paraga rekan Marvel urip ing jagad tunggal karan [[Marvel Universe]], ing ngendi akèh papan diturun saka papan asli ing donya nyata; sapérangan gedhé paraga utama urip ing kutha New York.  Kajaba kuwi, Marvel uga mbabar sawetara rajadarbé kalisensi parusahan liya. Kaya [[komik Star Wars]] kaping pindho ing 1977 nganti 1987, lan manèh kawit 2015.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andrew Robinson (aktor)</title>
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      <comment>Rintisan saka [[:en:Andrew Robinson (actor)|]]</comment>
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'''Andrew Jordt Robinson''' (lair 14 Fèbruari 1942) iku aktor Amérika Sarékat.

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://dramaticarts.usc.edu/andrew-j-robinson/ Andrew J. Robinson], kaca ing USC faculty
* {{IMDb name|id=0732367|name=Andrew Robinson}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, Andrew}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1942]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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