Perang

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{{Artikel ing krama}}
'''Perang''' punika satunggiling kawontenan kakerasan ingkang ngombro ombro, konflik skala wiyar antawis kalih kelompok utawi langkung. Perang saged dipunwontenaken kanthi simultan ing satunggal utawi langkung [[médan laga]] utawi [[theater (warfare)|theaters]]. Ing satunggiling médan laga, saged kémawon wonten satunggal utawi langkung [[kampanye militèr]]. Sawenèh [[aksi militèr]] wonten ing salebetipun kampanye militèr limrahipun kasebat [[pertempuran]], sanajan terminologi punika kadhangkawis boten saged dipunterapaken wonten ing pertempuran ingkang migunaaken montor mabur, peluru kendhali utawi bom lan boten migunaaken wadyabala darat utawi seganten.

Perkawis ingkang saged ndadosaken perang limrahipun rumit lan wujud warni-warni masalah. Upami cecongkrahan tuwuh bab wigati, kados ta: [[tlatah]], [[kadhaulatan]], [[sumber daya]] utawi [[ideologi|idéologi]] kamangka perundhinganipun gagal, saged nuwuhaken perang. Wonten ing bukunipun ingkang asesirah ''War Before Civilization'', Lawrence H. Keeley, satunggiling profesor saking [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]], ngétang yèn kinten-kinten 90-95% saking komunitas tartamtu naté, utawi sakedhikipun kala-kala magepokan kaliyan perang, lan kathah ingkang terus menerus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html |title=War Before Civilization - Lawrence H. Keeley |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2008-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514081056/http://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://brneurosci.org/reviews/war.html |title=Review: War Before Civilization |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2010-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121021158/http://brneurosci.org/reviews/war.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v48/ai_18614114/pg_1 |title=War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2007-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211015108/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v48/ai_18614114 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/003424.html |title=Gene Expression: Primitive Warfare |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011085522/http://gnxp.com/MT2/archives/003424.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Satunggiling perang saged dipunwiwiti kanthi [[dheklarasi]] resmi mliginipun wonten ing [[perang internasional]]. Éwosemanten miturut sajarah lan kadadosan nyata, boten saben perang tansah dipunwiwiti déning [[dheklarasi]] makaten, kalebet wonten ing [[perang sadhèrèk]].
[[Gambar:Battle of Plataea (134601447).jpg|thumb]]
[[Gambar:Battle_of_salamis.png|thumb]]

== Caranipun Perang ==
Cara ingkang baku kanggé ngayahi perang sanget gumantung dhumateng wiyaripun sasaran, kalebet bab-bab kados déné ngrebat tlatah, nglumpuhaken nagari saingan, ngrisakaken kamampuan mengsah supados boten saged ngawontenanken aksi militèr, nguwaosi jalmi sanès utawi ngakeni kang ndunungi pribumi dados nagari ingkang misah, ngantos dumugi ''pembantaian ètnis'' ([[genocide]]). Limrahipun saben [[aksi militèr]] déning satunggiling nagari lajeng dipunlawan déning satunggal utawi langkung nagari sanèsipun. Pramila, [[sasaran]] ingkang pokok saking sawenèh nagari dados nomer kalih tinimbang sasaran ingkang langkung nyereg inggih punika ngicalaken kakuwatan mengsah. Bab punika saged dipunayahi kanthi cara [[ngepung]], ngancuraken wonten ing [[palagan]], ndamel mengsah supados mlajeng utawi [[takluk]], utawi ngancuraken mengsah kanthi cara ingkang boten langsung sepertos nyebaraken lelara utawi ''keluwèn''.

== Panyebab Perang ==

&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Penyebab utawi sumber perang ingkang paling kondhang inggih punika [[pulitik]]... perang punika namung kalajengan saking [[pulitik]], namung katambah déning cara-cara sanèsipun.&quot;''-[[Carl von Clausewitz]], ''[[Vom Kriege]] (On War)''&lt;/blockquote&gt; 
Motivasi dhasar, tangtos, inggih kasadyan ngayahi perang, nanging motivasi saged dipunpérang kanthi spesifik. Motivasi kanggé perang mbok manawi bènten kanggé pihak ingkang mréntahaken perang kaliyan ingkang ngayahi perang. Satunggiling nagari ingkang badhé ngayahi perang kedah gadhah panjurung kapemimpinan, panjurung militèr, sarta panjurung rakyat. Satunggiling conto, wonten ing [[Perang Punic ingkang kaping tiga]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.crystalinks.com/punicwars.html Punic Wars]&lt;/ref&gt; Para pemimpin [[Romawi]] ngersaaken perang dhumateng [[Carthago]] kanggé nglumpuhaken kakiatan nagari saingan punika wau; déné militèr mbokmanawi ngersaaken badhé ngginakaken kasempatan kanggé nguwaosi lan ngancuraken kitha Carthago, nanging rakyat Romawi saged mangertos lan ngidinaken perang kanthi angkah ingkang bènten inggih punika kanggé ngicalaken budaya populèr tiyang Carthago, ingkang kabaripun remen ngurbanaken laré alit. Amargi kathah tiyang ingkang ndhèrèk sarujuk, perang saged njalari pangurbanan jiwa raga, sanajan saking motivasi ingkang bènten-bènten. Rupi-rupi téyori bab jalaran perang, antawisipun:

=== Téyori Sajarah ===
Para [[ahli sajarah]] radi kirang remen dhateng alasan ingkang rèmèh tumraping perang. [[A.J.P. Taylor]] njelasaken yèn perang punika kados déné kacilakan lalu lintas. Ing ngriku tansah wonten kondhisi lan situasi ingkang njalari, nanging boten wonten cara kanggé mgramalaken wonten pundi lan mbénjang menapa badhé kadadosan. Para [[ahli ngèlmu Sosial]] ngritik andharan punika, kanthi alasan yèn sadèrèngipun perang para pemimpin kanthi sadhar sampun ndamel kaputusan, pramila boten saged dipunwastani murni kacilakan. Sawenèh tiyang mbokmanawi saged mikantukaken [[pola]] ingkang sakedhikipun gadhah [[kahandhalan]] utawi [[reliabilitas]], nanging amargi perang punika wujud maksad kolèktif saking jalmi kathah, tangtos angèl sanget kanggé ndamel [[sistem ramalan]] ingkang [[komplit]] lan [[murakabi]].

=== Téyori Psikologi ===
[[Ahli Psikologi]] kados [[E.F.M. Durban]] lan [[John Bowlby]] mbantah yèn manungsa punika [[marisi dhasar]] kejem. Sementawis kekejeman punika dipunpendhem ing salebetipun masarakat normal, kadhangkawis kedah muncul inggih punika nalika perang. Kanyatan punika sinarengan kaliyan tandha-tandha sanèsipun kados ta [[displacement (psychology)|''displacement'']], inggih punika nalika tiyang nyaluraken keluhanipun awujud [[bias]] lan kabencèn utawi ([[hatred]]) dhumateng sukubangsa, nagari utawi ideologi sanès. Sementawis téyori punika gadhah andharan tumrap panyebabing perang, nanging boten saged nerangaken wonten pundi lan mbénjang manawa perang badhé kadadosan. Minangka tambahan, téyori punika nimbulaken pitakèn kéngin menapa kala-kala mangsa damé ingkang lami lan kala sanèsipun mangsa perang ingkang boten rampung-rampung. Ugi téyori punika boten saged nerangaken kadospundi satunggiling budaya manungsa saged ical ing salebeting perang.&lt;ref&gt;Turnbull, Colin (1987), &quot;The Forest People&quot; (Touchstonbe Books)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Toeri Antropologi ===
Sawetawis [[Ahli Antropologi]] gadhah pandhangan ingkang bènten sanget bab perang. Para ahli punika nyimpulaken manawi perang punika dhasaripun saking budaya, ingkang dipunsinaoni kanthi prabawa ''[[nurture]]'' tinimbang alami ([[nature]]). Pramila punika bilih masarakat saged dipunreformasi, perang saged ical. Miturut aliran punika katampinipun perang kanthi alasan [[agami]], [[ideologi]] lan [[Nasionalisme]].

=== Téyori Sosiologi ===
Ngèlmu [[Sosiologi]] sampun dangu migatèkaken bab asal-usulipun perang, lan pinten-pinten èwu téyori sampun tuwuh, lan kathah ugi ingkang boten sarujuk satunggal téyori lan téyori sanèsipun.Ngèlmu Sosiologi mérang bab perang dados sawatawis téyori. Sepindhah, téyori ''Primat der Innenpulitik'' (Primacy of Domestic Politics) ingkang dhedhasar karya [[Eckart Kehr]] lan [[Hans-Ulrich Wehler]], mratélaaken yèn perang punika kasil saking kondhisi domestik, kanthi sasaran agrèsi ingkang dipuntamtoaken déning kanyatan internasional. Pramila, [[Perang Donya I]] punika boten produk [[cecongkrahan internasional]], [[prajanjèn rahasia]], utawi [[kasaimbangan kekiatan]] nanging produk saking [[situasi ékonomi]], [[situasi sosial]], lan [[situasi pulitik]] salebeting saben nagari ingkang tumut perang.
Andharan punika bènten kaliyan andharan tradhisional ''Primat der Außenpulitik'' (Primacy of Foreign Politics) saking [[Carl von Clausewitz]] lan [[Leopold von Ranke]] ingkang mbantah yèn punika kaputusan saking para kepala nagari lan situasi [[geopulitik]] ingkang nuwuhaken perang.

===Téyori Dhémografi ===&lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Clash of Civilizations]] --&gt;
Téyori Dhémografi saged dipunkempalaken dhumateng kalih kelas, inggih punika téyori [[Malthusian]] lan téyori [[''youth bulge'']].

Téyori Malthusian ningal satunggiling proporsi ingkang lepat tumrap tuwuhing kang ndunungi lan kirangipun dhaharan minangka jalaran konflik ingkang kejem. Déné téyori ''Youth Bulge'' radi bènten, inggih punika bab proporsi ingkang lepat antawis cacahing pemudha ingkang gadhah pendhidhikan inggil, lan cacahing kalenggahan wonten ing masarakat minangka sumber utami rupi-rupi kakerasan sosial kalebet ugi perang. Miturut téyori punika: &quot;tiyang badhé ngemis kanggé dhaharan, naging manawi kanggé posisi utawi kalenggahan badhé némbak.&quot;

=== Téyori Ilmu Pulitik ===
Analisis [[statistik]] perang dipunwiwiti déning [[Lewis Fry Richardson]] nalka [[Perang Donya I]]. Database ingkang langkun anyar sanèsipun bab perang lan konflik senjata sampun dipunsusun déning Proyek ''Correlates of War'', [[Peter Brecke]] lan [[Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research]].

Wonten rupi-rupi andharan miturut.[[téyori gayutan internasional]]. Pedhukung téyori [[realisme]] boten sarujuk yèn motivasi nagari inggih punika madosi kaamanan kanggé ''survival'' utawi supados tetep èksis. Satunggilin andharan, kadangkawis boten sarujuk dhateng pandhangan kaum realis, bab kathahing bukyos empiris kanggé njurung ''klaim'' yèn nagari ingkang [[dhémokratis]] boten badhé perang kaliyan sesaminipun, punika satunggiling andharan ingkang katelah [[democratic peace theory]]. Faktor sanèsipun ingkang kalebet inggih punika kawontenan bènten tumrap moral lan kapercayan agami, boten sarujuk ing babagan ékonomi lan dagang, mroklamasèkaken kamardhikan lan sanès sanèsipun.
Téyori utami sanèsipun ingkang megepokan kaliyan [[Kakuasaan ing Hubungan Internasional]] lan ''[[machtpulitik]]'' inggih punika [[Téyori Transisi Kakuasaan]], ingkang mérang donya dados sawatawis hirarki lan nerangaken yèn perang punika minangka siklus destabilisasi saking hegemoni [[kakuatan ageng]].

== Jinis Perang lan Paperangan ==
=== Déning Panyebab ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
!Jinis
!Conto
|-
|Ngrebut
|[[Pechenegs|Pecheneg]] lan [[Cumans|Cuman]] ''raid'' ka [[Ruthenia|Rus]] ing abad ka 9–abad ka13 
|-
|Agresif
|Perang [[Alexander Agung]] ing [[326 BC|323]]–[[323 BC]]
|-
|Kolonial 
|[[Perang Cina-Perancis]]
|-
|Pambebasan
|[[Perang Algeria]]
|-
|Religius
|[[Crusades]] 
|-
|Dinastik 
|[[Perang Suksesi ing Spanyol]]
|-
|Dhagang
|[[Perang Candhu]]
|-
|Revolusionèr
|[[Perang Revolusi Perancis]]
|-
|Gerilya
|[[Perang Ujung]]
|-
|Perang Sedhèrèk
|[[Perang sedhèrèk ing Spanyol]]
|-
|Pamisahan Dhiri
|[[Perang sedhèrèk ing Amérika]]
|-
|}

=== Perang Lingkungan ===
Lingkungan ing satunggiling perang gadhah prabawa ingkang ageng tumrap jinins perang, kalebet jinis médhan perang. Prmila prajurit kedah dipunlatih wonten ing rupi-rupi medhan perang, ing antawisipun: 
* [[:en:Arctic warfare]], perang kutub utawi perang ing mangsa asrep. 
* [[:en:Desert warfare]], perang ing ara-ara wedhi 
* [[:en:Jungle warfare]], perang wonten ing wana
* [[:en:Mobile warfare]], perang ingkang mrayogèkaken kemampuan pindhah panggénan 
* [[:en:Naval warfare]], perang ing seganten
* [[:en:Sub-aquatic warfare]], perang ngandhap samodra
* [[:en:Mountain warfare]], perang gunung
* [[:en:Urban warfare]], perang kitha
* [[:en:Air warfare]], perang udara lan terjun payung
* [[:en:Space warfare]], perang akasa
* [[:en:Electronic warfare]], perang elèktronika
* [[:en:Border warfare]], perang tapel wates
* [[:en:Mine warfare]], perang ranjau
* [[:en:Psychological warfare]], perang urat syaraf
* [[:en:Guerilla warfare]], perang gerilya
* [[:en:Cyber warfare]], perang donya maya
* [[:en:Energy warfare]], perang enerji
* [[:en:Intellectual warfare]], perang intelèktual kalebet ugi propaganda
* [[:en:Biological warfare]], perang biologi
* [[:en:Nuclear Warfare]], perang nuklir

== Pratélan Perang miturut kurban ==
''Angangka angka kalebet kurban sipil saking [[lelara]], [[kelaparan]], lan sanèsipun ugi bala ingkang ggugur wonten [[palagan]].

* 60,000,000–72,000,000-[[Perang Donya II]] (1939–1945), (see [[World War II casualties]])&lt;ref&gt;Wallinsky, David: ''David Wallechinsky's Twentieth Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out'', Little Brown &amp; Co., 1996, ISBN 0-316-92056-8, ISBN 978-0-316-92056-8-cited by [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second White]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brzezinski, Zbigniew: ''Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century'', Prentice Hall &amp; IBD, 1994, ASIN B000O8PVJI-cited by [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second White]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 30,000,000–60,000,000-[[Mongol Empire|Mongol Conquests]] (13th century) (see [[Invasi Mongol]] lan [[Invasi Tatar]])&lt;ref&gt;Ping-ti Ho, &quot;An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin Cina&quot;, in ''Études Song'', Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33-53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Mongol Mongol Conquests]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1510/is_1987_Fall/ai_5151514/pg_2 |title=The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307031425/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1510/is_1987_Fall/ai_5151514/pg_2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html Battuta's Travels: Part Three - Pèrsi and Iraq]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 25,000,000-[[Manchu]] conquest of [[Ming Cina]] (1616–1662)&lt;ref&gt;McFarlane, Alan: ''The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap'', Blackwell 2003, ISBN 0-631-18117-2, 
ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0-cited by [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Manchu17c White]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 20,000,000-[[Pambrontakan Taiping]] (Cina, 1851–1864) (see [[Dungan revolt]])&lt;ref&gt;[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380148/Taiping Taiping Rebellion - Britannica Concise]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 20,000,000-[[Perang Sino-Jepang II]] (1931–1945)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15,000,000–66,000,000-[[Perang Donya I]] (1914–1918) (see [[Kurban Perang Donya I]]) ''note that the larger number includes [[Spanish flu]] deaths''
* 10,000,000-[[Warring States Era]] (Cina, 475 BC–221 BC)
* 7,000,000-20,000,000 Conquests of [[Timur|Timur the Lame]] (1360-1405) (see [[List of wars in the Muslim world]])&lt;ref&gt;[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Timur Timur Lenk (1369-1405)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Matthew's White's website (a compilation of scholarly estimates)-[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Asian Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 5,000,000–9,000,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Ruslan]] (1917–1921)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htm Russian Civil War]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 5,000,000-Penaklukan [[Menelik II ka Ethiopia]] (1882-1898)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=38659 |title=Oromo Identity |access-date=2012-09-05 |archive-date=2007-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223012929/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=38659 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/ethno/kulturanthro_afrika/glories.html |title=Glories and Agonies of the Ethiopian past |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2012-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114054523/http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/ethno/kulturanthro_afrika/glories.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 3,800,000-[[Perang Kongo II]] (1998–2004)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.theirc.org/news/latest/inside-congo-an-unspeakable.html |title=Inside Congo, An Unspeakable Toll |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2008-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220095807/http://www.theirc.org/news/latest/inside-congo-an-unspeakable.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 3,500,000–6,000,000-[[Perang Napoleon]] (1804–1815) (see [[Napoleonic Wars casualties]])
* 3,000,000–11,500,000-[[Perang Telung puluh taun]] (1618–1648)&lt;ref&gt;[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#30YrW The Thirty Years War (1618-48)]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 3,000,000–7,000,000-[[Pambrontakan Turban Kuning]] (Cina, 184–205)
* 2,500,000–3,500,000-[[Perang Koréa]] (1950–1953) (see [[Cold War]])&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3324 Cease-fire agreement marks the end of the Korean War on July 27, 1953.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2,300,000–3,800,000-[[Perang Vietnam]] (entire war 1945–1975)
** 300,000–1,300,000-[[Perang Indochina I]] (1945–1954)
** 100,000–300,000-Vietnamese Civil War (1954–1960)
** 1,750,000–2,100,000-American phase (1960–1973)
** 170,000-Final phase (1973–1975)
** 175,000–1,150,000-[[Secret War]] (1962–1975)
* 2,000,000–4,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Huguenot Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562-1598)]&lt;/ref&gt;-[[French Wars of Religion]] (1562–1598) (see [[Religious war]])
* 2,000,000-[[Shaka]]'s conquests (1816-1828)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/19_century/3032216.html?page=4&amp;c=y Shaka: Zulu Chieftain]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 300,000–3,000,000&lt;ref name=MathewWhite&gt;Matthew White's ''[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Bangladesh Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century]''&lt;/ref&gt;-[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* 1,500,000–2,000,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Afghanistan]] (1979-)
** 1,000,000–1,500,000 [[Intervensi Soviet ing Afghanistan|Soviet intervention]] (1979–1989)
* 1,300,000–6,100,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Cina]] (1928–1949) ''note that this figure excludes World War II casualties''
** 300,000–3,100,000 before 1937
** 1,000,000–3,000,000 after World War II 
* 1,000,000–1,200,000-[[Perang Pitung Taun]] (1756–1763)
* 1,000,000-[[Perang Iran-Iraq]] (1980–1988)
* 1,000,000-[[Invasi Jepang ka Koréa (1592-1598)|Japanese invasions of Koréa]] (1592-1598)&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 254&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1,000,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk II Sudan]] (1983–2002)
* 1,000,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Nigeria]] (1967–1970)
* 618,000&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050155.html The Deadliest War]&lt;/ref&gt;-970,000-[[American Civil War]] (including 350,000 from disease) (1861–1865)
* 900,000–1,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk [[Mozambique]](1976–1993)
* 868,000&lt;ref&gt;Clodfelter, cited by [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wars18c.htm#7YrW White]&lt;/ref&gt;-1,400,000&lt;ref&gt;Urlanis, cited by [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wars18c.htm#7YrW White]&lt;/ref&gt;-[[Perag Pitung Taun]] (1756-1763)
* 800,000-1,000,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Rwanda]] (1990-1994)
* 800,000-[[First Congo War|Perang Sadhèrèk ing Kongo]] (1991–1997)
* 600,000 to 1,300,000-[[Perang Yhudi-Romawi I]] (see [[List of Roman wars]])
* 580,000-[[Bar Kokhba’s revolt]] (132–135CE) 
* 570,000-[[Perang Kamardhikan Eritrean]] (1961-1991)
* 550,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Somali]] (1988-)
* 500,000-1,000,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Spanyol]] (1936–1939)
* 500,000-[[Perang sadhèrèk ing Angola]] (1975–2002)
* 500,000-[[Perang sadhèrèk ing Uganda]] (1979–1986)
* 400,000–1,000,000-[[War of the Triple Alliance]] ing [[Paraguay]] (1864–1870)
* 400,000-[[Konflik Darfur]] (2003-)
* 400,000-[[Perang Pamisahan dhiri ing Spanyol]] (1701-1714)
* 371,000-[[Continuation War]] (1941-1944)
* 350,000-[[Great Northern War]] (1700-1721)&lt;ref&gt;[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wars18c.htm#North1700 Northern War (1700-21)]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 315,000-735,000-[[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639-1651) English campaign ~40,000, Scottish 73,000, Irish 200,000-620,000
* 300,000–2,000,000-[[Revolusi Mexico]] (1910–1920)
* 300,000-[[Perang Russia-Circassian]] (1763-1864) (see [[Caucasian War]])
* 300,000-First [[Perang Sadhèrèk Burundi]] (1972)
* 270,000–300,000-[[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
* 255,000-1,120,000-[[Perang Philippine-America]] (1898-1913)
* 230,000–1,400,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Ethiopian]] (1974–1991)
* 220,000-[[Perang sadhèrèk Liberia]] (1989-)
* 214,000-655,000+-[[Perang Irak]] (2003-Present) (see [[2003 invasion of Iraq]])
* 200,000-1,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Crusades Albigensian Crusade (1208-49)]&lt;/ref&gt;-[[Albigensian Crusade]] (1208-1259)
* 200,000–800,000-[[Warlord]] era in [[Cina]] (1917–1928)
* 200,000-[[Perang Punic II]] (BC218-BC204) (see [[List of Roman battles]])
* 200,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Sierra Leone]] (1991–2000)
* 200,000-[[History of Guatemala|Perang Sadhèrèk Guatemala]] (1960–1996)
* 190,000-[[Perang Perancis-Prussia]] (1870–1871)
* 180,000-300,000-[[La Violencia]] (1948-1958)
* 170,000-[[Perang Kamardhikan Yunani]] (1821-1829)
* 150,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Libanon]] (1975–1990)
* 150,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Yemen Lèr]] (1962–1970)
* 150,000-[[Perang Ruslan-Jepang]] (1904–1905)
* 148,000-1,000,000-[[Perang Mangsa Asrep]] (1939)
* 125,000-[[Perang Eritrea-Ethiopia]] (1998–2000)
* 120,000-384,000 [[Perang Turki]] (1683-1699) (see [[Ottoman-Habsburg wars]])
* 120,000-[[Perang Bosnia]] (1992–1995)
* 120,000-[[Perang sadhèrèk Algeria]] (1991-)
* 120,000-[[Perang Servile III]] (BC73-BC71)
* 117,000-500,000-[[Revolt in the Vendée]] (1793-1796)
* 101,000-115,000-[[History of the Arab-Israèli conflict|Arab-Israèli conflict]] (1929-)
* 100,500-[[Perang Chaco]] (1932–1935)
* 100,000-1,000,000-[[War of the two brothers]] (1531–1532)
* 100,000-400,000-[[Irian Barat]] (1984-) (see [[Genocides in history#West New Guinea.2F West Papua|Genocide in West Papua]]) 
* 100,000-200,000-[[Timor Timur]] (1975-1978)
* 100,000-[[Perang Lempongan]] (1991)
* 100,000–1,000,000-[[Perang kamardhikan Algeria]] (1954–1962)
* 100,000-[[Perang Sèwu Dinten]] (1899–1901)
* 100,000-[[Peasants' War]] (1524-1525)&lt;ref&gt;[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Psnt1524 Peasants' War, Germany (1524-25)]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 80,000-[[Perang Punic III]] (BC149-BC146)
* 75,000-200,000?-Conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] (BC336-BC323)
* 75,000-[[Perang sadhèrèk El Salvador]] (1980–1992)
* 75,000-[[Perang Boer II]] (1898–1902)
* 70,000-[[Boudica]]'s uprising (AD60-AD61)
* 69,000-[[Konflik Internal ing Peru]] (1980-)
* 60,000-[[Konflik Etnis ing Sri Lanka|Konflik Sri Lanka/Tamil]] (1983-)
* 60,000-Pambrontakan Nicaragua (1972-91)
* 50,000-200,000-[[Perang Chechen I]] (1994–1996)
* 50,000-100,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Tajikistan]] (1992–1997)
* 50,000-[[Wars of the Roses]] (1455-1485) (see [[List of English wars|Wars involving England]])
* 45,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk Yunani]] (1945-1949)
* 41,00–100,000-[[Kashmir]] (1989-)
* 36,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Finlan]] (1918)
* 35,000-40,000-[[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884)
* 35,000-45,000-[[Siege of Malta (1565)|Siege of Malta]] (1565) (see [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]) 
* 31,000–100,000-[[Perang Chechen II]] (1999-)
* 30,000-[[Turkey]]/[[Konflik Kurdistan Workers Party|PKK]] (1984-)
* 30,000-[[Perang Cina-Vietnam]] (1979)
* 23,384-[[Perang India-Pakistani 1971]] (December 1971)
* 23,000-[[Perang Nagorno-Karabakh]] (1988-1994)
* 20,000-49,600 [[Perang ing Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan]] (2001 – 2002)
* 15,000–20,000-[[Perang Kamardhikan Kroasia]] (1991–1995)
* 11,053-[[Malayan Emergency]] (1948-1960)
* 10,000-[[Amadu's Jihad]] (1810-1818)
* 7,264–10,000-[[Perang India-Pakistan 1965]] (August-September 1965)
* 7,000–24,000-[[American War of 1812]] (1812-1815)
* 7,000-[[Perang Kosovo]] (1996–1999) (disputed)
* 5,000-[[Invasi Turki ka Cyprus]] (1974)
* 4,588-[[Perang Cina-India]] (1962)
* 4,000-[[Perang Waziristan]] (2004-2006)
* 4,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Irlandia]] (1922-23)
* 3,700-[[The Troubles|Northern Ireland conflict]] (1969-1998)
* 3,000-[[Perang Sadhèrèk ing Pasisir Gadhing]] (2002-)
* 2,899-[[Perang New Zealand]] (1845-1872)
* 2,604–7,000-[[Perang India-Pakistan 1947]] (October 1947-December 1948)
* 2,000-[[Perang Sepak Bola]] (1969)
* 2,000-[[Perang kamardhikan Irlandia]] (1919-21)
* 1,975–4,500+-[[Konflik Israèl-Palestina]] (2000-)
* 1,547–2,173+-[[2006 Konflik Israèl-Lebanon]]
* 1,724-[[Perang Lapland]] (1945)
* 1,500-[[Revolusi Rumania]] (December 1989)
* 1,000-[[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatista uprising]] ing [[Chiapas]] (1994)
* 907-[[Perang Malvinas]] (1982)

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliografi ==
{{wikiquote}}
* Angelo Codevilla and Paul Seabury, ''War: Ends and Means'' (Potomac Books, Revised second edition by Angelo Codevilla, 2006) ISBN X
* Angelo M. Codevilla, ''No Victory, No [[Peace]]'' (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) ISBN
* Fry, Douglas P., 2005, ''The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence'', Oxford University Press.  
* Gat, Azar 2006 ''War in Human Civilization'', Oxford University Press. 
* Gunnar Heinsohn, ''Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen'' (&quot;Sons and Imperial Power: Terror and the Rise and Fall of Nations&quot;), Orell Füssli (September 2003), ISBN, available online as [http://www.pdf4ebook-verlag.de/ShneundWeltmacht.html#Zweig4  free download] (in German) 
* {{cite book | author=Fabio Maniscalco, | title=World Heritage and War-monographic series &quot;Mediterraneum&quot;, vol. VI| publisher=Massa, Naples | year=2007 | id=ISBN }}
* Kelly, Raymond C., 2000, ''Warless Societies and the Origin of War,'' University of Michigan Press.    
* {{cite book | author=Small, Melvin &amp; Singer, David J.| title=Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, | publisher=Sage Publications | year=1982 | id=ISBN}} 
* Otterbein, Keith, 2004, ''How War Began''.  Texas A&amp;M University Press. 
* Turchin, P. 2005. ''War and [[Peace]] and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations''. New York, NY: Pi Press.  ISBN
* Van Creveld, Martin ''The Art of War: War and Military Thought'' London: Cassell, Wellington House
* Fornari, Franco (1974). ''The Psychoanalysis of War.'' Tr. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Press. ISBN: 	. Reprinted (1975) Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN
* Keeley, Lawrence. ''War Before Civilization'', Oxford University Press, 1996.
* Zimmerman, L. ''The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report'', US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 1981.
* Chagnon, N. ''The Yanomamo'', Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston,1983. 
* Pauketat, Timothy.  ''North American Archaeology'' 2005.  Blackwell Publishing.
* Wade, Nicholas. ''Before the Dawn'', Penguin: New York 2006.
* Rafael Karsten, ''Blood revenge, war, and victory feasts among the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador'' (1923).
* S. A. LeBlanc, ''Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest'', University of Utah Press (1999).

== Ugi pirsani ==
* [[:En:War|Wiki En: War]]
* [[:Id:Perang|Wiki Id: Perang]]
{{Commons category|War}}
=== Umum ===
* [[Seni Perang]]
* [[Sun Tzu]]
* [[:en:Sun Tzu]] 
* [[:en:Casus Belli]]
* [[:en:Just War theory]]
* [[:en:Undeclared war]]
* [[:en:War cycles]]
* [[:en:Feud]]

=== Pratélan ===
* [[:en:Ongoing wars]]
* [[:en:Most lethal wars in world history]]
* [[:en:List of wars]]
* [[:en:List of battles]]
* [[:en:List of orders of battle]]
* [[:en:List of invasions]]
* [[:en:List of military commanders]]
* [[:en:List of battles and other violent events by death toll]]
* [[:en:List of revolutions and rebellions]]
* [[:en:List of riots]]

=== Dhasar Pangetahuan Militer ===
* [[:en:Military science]]
* [[:en:Military technology and equipment]]
* [[:en:Military strategy]]
* [[:en:Operational art]]
* [[:en:Military tactics]]
* [[:en:Military logistics]]
* [[:en:Philosophy of war]]
* [[:en:Weapon]]s

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.warscholar.com/Timeline.html A timeline of War and Conflict across the globe: 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1999]
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm Bloodiest Battles of the 20th Century]
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battle19.htm Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th, 17th, 18th &amp; 19th Centuries]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030430111348/http://www.geocities.com/dtmcbride/hist/disasters-war.html Death Toll from Disasters, War &amp; Accidents]
* [http://www.warcrimes.info/ Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224150610/http://www.warcrimes.info/ |date=2009-12-24 }}
* [http://www.populationaction.org/resources/publications/securitydemographic/index.html The Security Demographic - provides information about demographic theories of war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509052333/http://www.populationaction.org/resources/publications/securitydemographic/index.html |date=2007-05-09 }}
* [http://www.robertradford.com/grandes_batailles.htm Great Battles of History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092134/http://robertradford.com/grandes_batailles.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}
* [http://www.umich.edu/~cowproj/ Correlates of War Project]
* [http://cow2.la.psu.edu/ Correlates of War 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823050743/http://cow2.la.psu.edu/ |date=2007-08-23 }}
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=kzjf7CO6HKA&amp;search=vietnam%20remember Reality of war. Experience of those who seen it...]
* [http://www.antiwar.com Antiwar.com]
* [http://www.pcr.uu.se/ Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research]
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm Rough estimates of the number of deaths in various wars and conflicts]
* [http://web.tiscali.it/osservatoriobc Observatory for Protection of Cultural Heritage in Areas of Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424065813/http://web.tiscali.it/osservatoriobc/ |date=2006-04-24 }}
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
* [http://www.cred.be/cedat/index.htm Complex Emergencies Database (CE-DAT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807190016/http://www.cred.be/cedat/index.htm |date=2009-08-07 }}-A database on the human impact of conflicts and other complex emergencies.
* [http://tcrnews2.com/IntlPoliceActions.html International Police Actions as Alternative To Wars and War Crimes]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.martinauer.net/KINDER/krieg/index.htm The Strange War - Stories for a Culture of Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011085405/http://martinauer.net/KINDER/krieg/index.htm |date=2007-10-11 }} by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Auer Martin Auer]
* [http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto010520071511229900 Christopher Caldwell: Youth and War, a deadly Duo - short summary of youth bulge theory] (see section &quot;demographic theories&quot; above)
* [http://www.territorioscuola.com/tsodp/dmoz.php3?browse=/Society/Issues/Warfare_and_Conflict/ Warfare and Conflict Resources - TerritorioScuola ODP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011091556/http://territorioscuola.com/tsodp/dmoz.php3?browse=/Society/Issues/Warfare_and_Conflict/ |date=2007-10-11 }}
* [http://www.wam.umd.edu/~lindag/econ460/Lecture1.ppt Industrial Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614091700/http://www.wam.umd.edu/~lindag/econ460/Lecture1.ppt |date=2007-06-14 }}-[[economics]] lecture in which the [[Peace war game|Peace War Game]] is an example.
* [http://war.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page WarWiki]-a [[Wikia]]-hosted [[wiki]] about war
* [http://www.wzaponline.com/Page6.html Religion Causes Military Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211750/http://wzaponline.com/Page6.html |date=2007-10-11 }}
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9098739543552443717&amp;q=new+american+militarism  Books of Our Time: The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War by Andrew J. Bacevich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326132504/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9098739543552443717&amp;q=new+american+militarism |date=2007-03-26 }}(video)
* [http://www.wam.umd.edu/~lindag/econ460/Lecture1.ppt Industrial Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614091700/http://www.wam.umd.edu/~lindag/econ460/Lecture1.ppt |date=2007-06-14 }}-[[economics]] lecture in which the [[Peace war game|Peace War Game]] is an example.
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/war-list.htm Wars of the 20th Century]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307031425/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1510/is_1987_Fall/ai_5151514/pg_2/ The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review]
* [http://www.arthurhu.com/INDEX/genocide.htm War Disaster and Genocide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020727083022/http://www.arthurhu.com/index/genocide.htm |date=2002-07-27 }}
* [http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/ Killers of the 20th Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831003501/http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/ |date=2007-08-31 }}
* [http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330210330/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html |date=2008-03-30 }}
* [http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/haida/havwa01e.html Haida Warfare]
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstatv.htm Primitive War]
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172100/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en |date=2009-01-03 }}
* [http://www.head-hunter.com/warfare.html Tribal Warfare and Blood Revenge]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970430122602/http://www.usd.edu/anth/crow/crow1.html The Crow Creek Massacre]
* [http://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html War Before Civilization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514081056/http://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html |date=2008-05-14 }}
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v48/ai_18614114/pg_1 The Myth of the Peaceful Savage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211015108/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v48/ai_18614114 |date=2007-12-11 }}
* [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HG04Aa02.html The fraud of primitive authenticity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706042537/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HG04Aa02.html |date=2006-07-06 }}
* [http://brneurosci.org/reviews/war.html Warfare among tribal peoples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121021158/http://brneurosci.org/reviews/war.html |date=2010-11-21 }}
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-6Z87A2?OpenDocument Tribal warfare kills nine in Indonésia's Papua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617175331/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-6Z87A2?OpenDocument |date=2009-06-17 }}

-
== Gladri ==
[[Gambar:&quot;Batavians defeating Romans on the Rhine&quot; by Otto van Veen.jpg|thumb]]

{{Artikel Dhasar}}
{{Commons category|Warfare}}

[[Kategori:Artikel Dhasar]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Pulitik]]
[[Kategori:Kakerasan]]
[[Kategori:Perang]]


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    <title>Alpen</title>
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| name=Alps|native_name=
| image=
| image_caption=Mont Blanc
| country=Ostenrik|country1=France|country2=Germany|country3=Switzerland
| country4=Italy|country5=Slowén|country6=Liechtenstein
| state_type=Region
| region=
| unit=|border=| border1=Alps
| geology=| period= | orogeny=
| area= | length=| length_orientation=
| width= | width_orientation=
| highest=Mont Blanc or Monte Bianco
| highest_elevation=4808
| highest_lat_d=45|highest_lat_m=50|highest_lat_s=01|highest_lat_NS=N
| highest_long_d=06|highest_long_m=51|highest_long_s=54|highest_long_EW=E
| map=Alpenrelief 01.jpg | map_caption=Digital relief of the Alps
}}
'''Alpen''' ([[basa Jerman|Jerman]] ''Alpen''; [[basa Italia|Italia]] ''Alpi''; [[basa Prancis|Prancis]] ''Alpes''; [[basa Rhéto-Roman|Rhéto-Roman]] ''Alps''; [[basa Slowén|Slowén]] ''Alpe'') iku jenengé [[pagunungan]] gedhé ing [[Éropa]], mujur wiwit saka [[Ostenrik]] lan [[Slowén]] ing sisih wétan, nganti tekan [[Italia]], [[Switserlan]], [[Liechtenstein]] lan [[Jerman]] nganti [[Prancis]] ing sisih kulon. Tembung &quot;Alpen&quot; dijupuk dadi [[basa Prancis]] saka [[basa Latin]] ''Alpes'' (tegesé &quot;the Alps&quot;), kang kadayan déning tembung Latin ''albus'' (putih) utawa ''altus'' (dhuwur) utawa luwih mèmper tembung Latin kang asliné saka [[Celtic languages|basa Celtic]] utawa [[Ligurian language|basa Ligurian]].

Pucuk kang paling dhuwur ing Alpen ya iku [[Mont Blanc]], dhuwuré watara 4808 m, ing tapel wates Prancis-Italia. Kabèh pucuk ing Alpen bisa tinemu ing [[pratélan gunung ing Alpen]] lan [[pratélan pucuk Alpen miturut kaunggulan]].

== Géografi ==
=== Pamérangan ===
[[Gambar:Alps in the Chamonix Valley, near the Mer de Glace.jpg|thumb|right|The west face of the [[Aiguille du Dru|Petit Dru]] above the [[Chamonix]] valley near the [[Mer de Glace]].]]
[[Gambar:Alpenrelief 02.jpg|thumb|The Alps with international borders marked]]
[[Gambar:Grossglockner from SW.jpg|thumb|right| [[Großglockner]], sKidul Salzburg, Ostenrik]]
Alpen lumrahé dipérang dadi loro, ya iku [[Alpen Kulon]] lan [[Alpen Wétan]]. Pamérangané miturut garis wiwit [[Tlaga Constance]] lan [[Tlaga Como]], nurut Kali [[Rhine]]. Alpen Kulon luwih dhuwur, nanging luwih ujuré cendhak lan menggak-menggok; dumunung ing [[Italia]], [[Prancis]] lan [[Switserlan]]. Alpen Wétan (pagunungan utama) manggon ing tlatah [[Ostenrik]], [[Jerman]], [[Italia]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Slowén]] lan [[Switserlan]]. Pucuk-pucuk paling dhuwur ing Alpen Kulon ya iku [[Mont Blanc]], 4808 m, [[Mont Blanc de Courmayeur]] 4748 m, [[Dufourspitze]] 4634 m lan pucuk liyané ing golongan [[Monte Rosa]], lan [[Dom (mountain)|Dom]], 4545 m. Pucuk paling dhuwur ing Alpen Wétan ya iku [[Piz Bernina]], 4049 m.

Alpen Wétan lumrahé dipérang miturut béda ''[[lithology]]'' (komposisi watu) saka pérangan kang luwih tengah lan golongan ing pinggiran lor lan kidul:
* [[Flysch|Flysch zone]] (saka [[Wienerwald]] nganti [[Bregenzerwald]]). Sacara géografis, [[Pegunungan Jura]] ora kalebu Alpen; nanging kanthi geopolitik kalebu tlatah Alpen.
* [[Northern Limestone Alps]], pucuké nganti 3000 m
* [[Central Eastern Alps]] (Ostenrik, Switzerland), pucuké nganti 4050 m
* [[Southern Limestone Alps]].
Wates antara Alpen Tengah karo Alpen Kidul ya iku tlatah ''[[Periadriatic Seam]]'', déné Alpen Kapur Lor dipisahaké saka Alpen Tengah Wétan ing tlatah [[Graywacke zone|Grauwacken Zone]].

'''Alpen Kulon''' lumrahé dipérang miturut géografi dadi:
* [[Alpen Ligurian]]
* [[Alpen Maritime]]
* [[Alpen Cottian]]
* [[Alpen Dauphiné]]
* [[Alpen Graian]]
* [[Alpen Pennine]]
* [[Alpen Bernese]]
* [[Alpen Lepontine]]
* [[Alpen Glarus]]
* [[Alpen Switserlan Lor-wétan]].
Jèjèran pagunungan kang luwih cendhèk mujur sajajar karo Alpen, kalebu pagunungan [[Prealpen Prancis]]. &lt;!--(See [[Geography of the Alps|Alpine geography]].)--&gt;

Pamérangan géologi béda manèh, lan ora mbédaaké antara Alpen Kulon lan Wétan: ''[[helvetic nappes|Helveticum]]'' ing sisih lor, ''[[Penninic nappes|Penninicum]]'' lan ''[[Austroalpine nappes|Austroalpine system]]'' ing tengah lan kidulé ''Periadriatic seam'' [[Southern Alps (geology)|Southern Alpine system]] lan péranganing [[Dinarides]]. &lt;!-- (see [[Geology of the Alps|Alpine Geology]]).--&gt;

&lt;!--===Main chain===
{{main|Main chain of the Alps}}

[[Image:Alps from space.png|thumb|right|The European Alps from space in 2002.]]
The &quot;main chain of the Alps&quot; follows the watershed from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the [[Wienerwald]], passing over many of the highest and most famous peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to [[Col de Tende]] it runs westwards, before turning to the north-west and then, near the [[Colle della Maddalena]], to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-north-east, a heading it follows until its end near [[Vienna]].

===Principal passes===
{{main|Principal passes of the Alps}}

The Alps do not form an impassable barrier; they have been traversed for [[war]] and [[commerce]], and later by [[pilgrim]]s, students and tourists. Crossing places by road, train or foot are called passes. These are depressions in the mountains to which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones.

==Climate==
{{main|Climate of the Alps}}

The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher elevation terrain. Elevations around the world which have cold climates similar to those found in [[polar region|polar]] areas have been called [[Alpine climate|alpine]]. A rise from [[sea level]] into the upper regions of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] causes the [[temperature]] [[adiabatic lapse rate|to decrease]]. The effect of [[mountain]] chains on prevailing [[wind]]s is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in [[volume]] at the cost of a proportionate loss of [[heat]], often accompanied by the [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] of moisture in the form of [[snow]] or [[rain]].

==Geology==
{{main|Geology of the Alps}}

The Alps arose as a result of the pressure exerted on [[sediment]]s of the [[Tethys Ocean]] basin as its [[Mesozoic]] and early [[Cenozoic]] [[Stratum|strata]] were pushed against the stable [[Eurasia]]n landmass by the northward-moving [[Africa]]n landmass. Most of this occurred during the [[Oligocene]] and [[Miocene]] epochs. The pressure formed great recumbent folds, or ''nappes'', that rose out of what had become the Tethys Sea and pushed northward, often breaking and sliding one over the other to form gigantic thrust [[Géologic fault|fault]]s. [[Basement (geology)|Crystalline rocks]], which are exposed in the higher central regions, are the rocks forming [[Mont Blanc]], the [[Matterhorn]], and high peaks in the Pennine Alps and Hohe Tauern.

The [[landscape]] seen today is mostly formed by [[glaciation]] during the past two million years. At least five [[ice age]]s have done much to change the region, scooping out the lakes and rounding off the limestone hills along the northern border. [[Glacier]]s have been retreating during the past 10,000 years, leaving large granite [[Glacial erratic|erratics]] scattered in the forests in the region.  As the last ice age ended, it is believed that the [[climate]] changed so rapidly that the glaciers retreated back into the mountains in a span of about 200 to 300 years.

==Political and cultural history==
{{main|History of the Alps}}

Little is known of the early dwellers in the Alps, save from the scanty accounts preserved  by [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[historian]]s and [[geographer]]s.  A few details have come down to us of the conquest of many of the Alpine tribes by [[Augustus]].

The successive emigration and occupation of the Alpine region by various [[Germanic peoples|Teutonic tribes]] from the [[5th century|5th]] to the [[6th century|6th centuries]] are known only in outline, because to them, as to the [[Frankish]] kings and emperors, the Alps offered a route to other places rather than a permanent residence.

It is not until the final breakup of the [[Carolingian Empire]] in the [[10th century|10th]] and [[11th century|11th centuries]] that it becomes possible to trace out the local history of the Alps.

==Exploration==
{{main|Exploration of the High Alps}}

The higher regions of the Alps were long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys, even when Alpine travellers (as distinguished from Alpine climbers) began to visit these valleys. The two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were H.B. de Saussure (1740-1799) in the [[Pennine Alps]], and the Benedictine monk of [[Disentis]], Placidus a Spescha (1752-1833), most of whose ascents were made before 1806, in the valleys at the sources of the [[Rhine]].

==Flora==
A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s — [[oak]], [[beech]], [[Ash tree|ash]] and [[sycamore maple]].  These do not reach exactly to the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the wild [[herb]]aceous vegetation.  This limit usually lies about {{convert|1200|m|ft|-1}} above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to {{convert|1500|m|ft|-1}}, sometimes even to {{convert|1700|m|ft|-1}}.

This region is not always marked by the presence of the characteristic trees. Human interference has nearly exterminated them in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the [[Austria]]n Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found. In many districts where such woods once existed, they have been replaced by the [[Scots pine]] and [[Norway spruce]], which are less sensitive to the ravages of goats, who are the worst enemies of such trees. The mean annual temperature of this region differs little from that of the [[British Islands]]; but climatic conditions are widely different. In the Alps, snow usually stays for several months, until spring and summer, which are considerably warmer on average than those seasons in Britain.

Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (''[[Pinus mugo]]''), which is in turn superseded by dwarf [[shrub]]s, typically ''[[Rhododendron ferrugineum]]'' (on acid soils) or ''[[Rhododendron hirsutum]]'' (on basic soils). Above this is the [[alpine meadow]], and even higher, the vegetation becomes more and more sparse. At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above {{convert|4000|m|ft|-1}}, including ''[[Ranunculus glacialis]]'', ''[[Androsace alpina]]'' and ''[[Saxifraga biflora]]''.48+3
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Kosodrzewina (Sosna górska) Pinus mugo mugo.jpg|mountain pine&lt;br /&gt;(''[[Mountain Pine|Pinus mugo]]'')
Image:Rhododendron ferrugineum.JPG|rusty-leaved Alpenrose&lt;br /&gt;(''[[Rhododendron ferrugineum]]'')
Image:Leontopodium alpinum1.jpg|Edelweiss&lt;br /&gt;(''[[Edelweiss|Leontopodium alpinum]]'')
Image:Gentiana acaulis.jpg|stemless gentian&lt;br /&gt;(''[[Gentiana acaulis]]'')
Image:Chamorchis_alpina_230705b.jpg|Alpine dwarf orchid&lt;br /&gt;(''[[Chamorchis alpina]]'')
Image:Pulsatilla_alpina_schneebergensis.jpg|Alpine pasque-flower&lt;br /&gt;(''[[Pulsatilla alpina]]'')
Image:Androsace alpina02.jpg|Alpine rock-jasmine (''[[Androsace alpina]]'')
Image:Ranunculus_glacialis.jpg|glacier buttercup&lt;br /&gt;(''[[Ranunculus glacialis]]'')
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

==Fauna==
{{cleanup-gallery}}
Species common to the Alps. These are most numerously found in the 15% of the [[List of national parks of the Alps|Alps protected in parks and reserves]].{{fact|date=June 2007}}--&gt;

== Uga delengen ==
{{Commons category|Alps}}
{{Artikel Dhasar}}
* [[Alpinism]]
* [[Almabtrieb]]
* [[List of mountains of the Alps]]
* [[List of natural parks in the Alps]]
* [[Paganism in the Eastern Alps]]

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2005-09-17 Satellite photo of the Alps], taken on [[August 31]], [[2005]] by [[MODIS]] aboard [[Terra (satellite)|Terra]]
* [http://photos-of-france.site.voila.fr/sudest1en.html Photos of the Alps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903121830/http://photos-of-france.site.voila.fr/sudest1en.html |date=2007-09-03 }}
* {{it}} [http://www.alpinfoto.it Images from the Alps] Many images from Alps, landscape, flowers and wildlife.
* [http://www.hribi.net/panorama.asp?lng=1 360° Panoramic Views in Alps]
* [http://www.diealpen.at A online picture collection of the Alps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103152206/http://diealpen.at/ |date=2014-01-03 }} More than 2000 pictures of climbing, backcountry skiing, hiking, landscape
* [http://www.nill.cz/index.php?set=alp Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233032/http://www.nill.cz/index.php?set=alp |date=2016-03-04 }}-Italian Alps-Santa Catarina

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Parnassius_phoebus2.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Alpine Apollo Butterfly]]
Image:Salamandra atra.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Alpine Salamander]]

Image:Plochacz 3001xx.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Alpine Accentor]]
Image:Alpenkauw2.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Alpine Chough]]
Image:Auerhahn mg-k.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Capercaillie]]
Image:Aquila chrysaetos large drawing.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Golden Eagle]]
Image:Ptarmigan9.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Ptarmigan]]
Image:Aegolius-funereus-001.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Tengmalm's Owl]]&lt;/center&gt;

Image:Iiiiibed.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Alpine Ibex]]
Image:Marmota marmota Alpes2.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Alpine Marmot]]
Image:Rupicapra rupicapra 0.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Chamois]]
Image:Arctic Hare.jpg|&lt;center&gt;[[Mountain Hare]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kategori:Artikel Dhasar]]
[[Kategori:Alpen| ]]
[[Kategori:Gunung]]
[[Kategori:Gunung ing Éropa]]


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    <title>Madeira</title>
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      <text bytes="1940" sha1="4cnmj8ms03wt9ed4dgvvytwrzn6880l" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Madeira topographic map-fr.svg|thumb|300px|Peta Madeira]]
'''Madeira''' iku pulo lepas pasisir kidul-kulon [[Portugal]] lan duwèké nagara iki.

Kapuloan Madeira, wiwitané dikenal minangka ''Pulo Ungu'' déning wong [[Roma]], tinemu manèh (kanthi ora sengaja) déning pelayar [[Portugis]] lan dipanggoni déning [[Portugal]] ing taun [[1418]]. Saiki tlatah iki minangka wewengkon otonom / ''[[region autonomous]]''.

Dumunung ing [[Samodra Atlantik]], watara 360 mil kuloné [[Maroko]], lan 540 mil kidul-kulon [[Lisbon]]. Madeira lan [[Porto Santo]] minangka pulo-pulo kang dipanggoni.

Kapuloan iki minangka siji [[resort]] kang populèr sepanjang taun, misuwur bab [[anggur Madeira]], bordiran utawa ''embroidery artisan'', sesawangan lan kembang kang éndah.

== Pulo-pulo ==
* [[Pulo Madeira]]
* [[Pulo Porto Santo]]
* [[Pulo Deserta Grande]]
* [[Pulo Selvagem Grande]] ([[Pulo-pulo Savage]])
* [[Pulo Bugio]]
* [[Pulo Selvagem Pequena]] ([[Pulo-pulo Savage]])
* [[Pulo Cilik Selvagens]], [[Fora Islet]]
* [[Pulo Cilik Desertas]], [[Chão Islet]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Madeira}}
* [http://www.madeiraarchipelago.com Photos of Madeira archipelago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029062530/http://www.madeiraarchipelago.com/ |date=2011-10-29 }}
* [http://www.madeiratourism.org/ Madeira's Official Tourism Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614211053/http://www.madeiratourism.org/ |date=2011-06-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050428020444/http://www.latino1.freeserve.co.uk/History.htm Information, Genealogy &amp; History of Madeira &amp; Portugal]
* [http://www.pnm.pt Natural Park of Madeira]
* [http://www.marcelklee.de/madeira/en/ Madeira Trip Report: information on more than just tourist topics]
* [http://www.madeirahelp.com/ Madeira Hotèl &amp; Travel Guide]
* [http://madeira-rent-a-car.blogspot.com/ Madeira Guide]

{{Afrika}}

[[Kategori:Madéira]]


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    <title>Kolombia</title>
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      <text bytes="3141" sha1="1pevz39g21em9af1txg0btd4uivdx37" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = República de Colombia
|common_name = Kolombia
|image_flag = Flag of Colombia.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg
|image_map = LocationColombia.svg
|national_motto = Libertad y Orden &lt;br /&gt;([[Bahasa Sepanyol|Sepanyol]]: &quot;Kabebasan lan Katertiban&quot;) 
|national_anthem = [[Lagu Kabangsan Kolombia]] 
|official_languages = [[Basa Sepanyol|Sepanyol]] 
|capital = [[Bogotá]] 
|capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=4_35_N_74_04_W_ 4°35' LU 74°04' BT]  
|largest_city = [[Bogotá]] 
|government_type = [[Républik]]
|leader_titles = [[Présidhèn Kolombia|Présidhèn]]
|leader_names = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]]
|area_rank = 26
|area_magnitude = 
|area = 1.138.910
|percent_water = 8,8%
|population_estimate = 41.523.931
|population_estimate_year = 2006 
|population_estimate_rank = 28
|population_census =-
|population_census_year =-
|population_density = 37
|population_density_rank = 134
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005 
|GDP_PPP = US$315,5 miliar 
|GDP_PPP_rank = 28
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$6.962 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 83
|sovereignty_type = [[Kamardikan]] 
|established_events = &amp;nbsp;- Deklarasi &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Diakoni
|established_dates = Saka [[Sepanyol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[20 Juli]] [[1810]]&lt;br /&gt;[[7 Agustus]] [[1819]]
|currency = [[Peso Kolombia|Peso]] 
|currency_code = COP
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}}
'''Républik Kolombia''' iku [[nagara]] ing lor-kulon [[Amérika Kidul]] kang [[alas]]é ketel. Watara 72% wewengkoné wujud kawasan alas. Kolombia wewatesan karo [[Sagara Karibia]] ing sisih lor lan kulon-lor; [[Venezuela]] lan [[Brasil]] ing sisih wétan; [[Peru]] lan [[Ekuador]] ing [[kidul]] sarta [[Panama]] lan [[Samodra Pasifik]] ing sisih kulon. Kolombia minangka nagara kang ngasilaké [[kopi]] paling akèh kaloro ing donya sawisé [[Brasil]]. Nagara kang diliwati garis [[khatulistiwa]] iki uga ngasilaké watu aji [[zamrud]]. Mèh 95% konsumsi [[zamrud]] donya asal saka nagara iki. Jembar wewengkon watara ping lorosetengahé pulo [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]].

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Pratélan nagara]]
* [[Pratélan nagara miturut bawana]]
* [[Pratélan lagu kabangsan]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons|Category:Colombia}}
{{wikivoyage|Colombia}}
* {{es}} [http://www.presidencia.gov.co/ Situs Kepresidenan]
* [http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms/ Situs Kedubes Kolombia di Washington, D.C.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105110019/http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms |date=2006-01-05 }}
* [http://www.colombiasupport.net/ Colombia Support Network]
* [http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/LASO/Colombia/colombia.html Kolombia di ColoState.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106185404/http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/LASO/Colombia/colombia.html |date=2006-01-06 }}
* [http://pages.infinit.net/colombia/ Pages.infinit.net/colombia/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107214826/http://pages.infinit.net/colombia/ |date=2006-01-07 }}

{{Amérika Kidul}}

[[Kategori:Kolombia| ]]


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|common_name = Kolombia
|image_flag = Flag of Colombia.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg
|image_map = LocationColombia.svg
|national_motto = Libertad y Orden &lt;br /&gt;([[Bahasa Sepanyol|Sepanyol]]: &quot;Kabebasan lan Katertiban&quot;) 
|national_anthem = [[Lagu Kabangsan Kolombia]] 
|official_languages = [[Basa Sepanyol|Sepanyol]] 
|capital = [[Bogotá]] 
|capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=4_35_N_74_04_W_ 4°35' LU 74°04' BT]  
|largest_city = [[Bogotá]] 
|government_type = [[Républik]]
|leader_titles = [[Présidhèn Kolombia|Présidhèn]]
|leader_names = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]]
|area_rank = 26
|area_magnitude = 
|area = 1.141.748
|percent_water = 8,8%
|population_estimate = 53.399.171
|population_estimate_year = 2026 
|population_estimate_rank = 26
|population_census =-
|population_census_year =-
|population_density = 46,8
|population_density_rank = 
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005 
|GDP_PPP = US$315,5 miliar 
|GDP_PPP_rank = 28
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$6.962 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 83
|sovereignty_type = [[Kamardikan]] 
|established_events = &amp;nbsp;- Deklarasi &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Diakoni
|established_dates = Saka [[Sepanyol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[20 Juli]] [[1810]]&lt;br /&gt;[[7 Agustus]] [[1819]]
|currency = [[Peso Kolombia|Peso]] 
|currency_code = COP
|time_zone = 
|utc_offset = -5 
|time_zone_DST =  
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|footnotes=
}}
'''Républik Kolombia''' iku [[nagara]] ing lor-kulon [[Amérika Kidul]] kang [[alas]]é ketel. Watara 72% wewengkoné wujud kawasan alas. Kolombia wewatesan karo [[Sagara Karibia]] ing sisih lor lan kulon-lor; [[Venezuela]] lan [[Brasil]] ing sisih wétan; [[Peru]] lan [[Ekuador]] ing [[kidul]] sarta [[Panama]] lan [[Samodra Pasifik]] ing sisih kulon. Kolombia minangka nagara kang ngasilaké [[kopi]] paling akèh kaloro ing donya sawisé [[Brasil]]. Nagara kang diliwati garis [[khatulistiwa]] iki uga ngasilaké watu aji [[zamrud]]. Mèh 95% konsumsi [[zamrud]] donya asal saka nagara iki. Jembar wewengkon watara ping lorosetengahé pulo [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]].

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Pratélan nagara]]
* [[Pratélan nagara miturut bawana]]
* [[Pratélan lagu kabangsan]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons|Category:Colombia}}
{{wikivoyage|Colombia}}
* {{es}} [http://www.presidencia.gov.co/ Situs Kepresidenan]
* [http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms/ Situs Kedubes Kolombia di Washington, D.C.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105110019/http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms |date=2006-01-05 }}
* [http://www.colombiasupport.net/ Colombia Support Network]
* [http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/LASO/Colombia/colombia.html Kolombia di ColoState.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106185404/http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/LASO/Colombia/colombia.html |date=2006-01-06 }}
* [http://pages.infinit.net/colombia/ Pages.infinit.net/colombia/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107214826/http://pages.infinit.net/colombia/ |date=2006-01-07 }}

{{Amérika Kidul}}

[[Kategori:Kolombia| ]]


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  <page>
    <title>Montesquieu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2825" sha1="m5fz8vdqcs2j281hg8ujb9fr702z72y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox philosopher
|region = Western Philosophy
|era = [[18th-century philosophy]]
|color = #B0C4DE
|image = Charles Montesquieu.jpg|
|caption =  Sawijining karya lukis Montesquieu
|name = '''Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu'''
|birth_date  = 18 January 1689
|birth_place = Château de la Brède, [[La Brède]], [[Gironde]], [[Prancis]]
|death_date  = {{death date and age|df=yes|1755|2|10|1689|1|18}}
|death_place = [[Paris]], [[Prancis]]
|school_tradition = [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
|main_interests = [[Political Philosophy]]
|influences = [[Aristotle]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[Polybius]], [[René Descartes]], [[Nicolas Malebranche]], [[Jean Bodin]], [[John Locke]], [[Acts of Union 1707|18th-century English constitution]]
|influenced = [[David Hume]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Edmund Burke]], [[Amérikah Sarékat Konstitusi]] lan sistem pulitik, [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|GWF Hegel]], [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], [[Émile Durkheim]], [[Hannah Arendt]], | notable_ideas = Pemisahan kekuasaan nagara: [[èksekutif (pemerintah)|èksekutif]], [[lègislatif]], [[hukum]], klasifikasi sistem papréntahan adidasar saka prinsip-prinsip kang ana
}}

'''Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu''' ([[18 Januari]] [[1689]] – [[10 Fèbruari]] [[1755]]), utawa kondhang kanthi asma '''Montesquieu''', iku pamikir [[pulitik]] [[Prancis]] kang urip ana ing [[Era Pancerahan]] ({{asal kata|Inggris|Enlightenment}}). Montesquieu misuwur bab téyori pamisahan kakuwasan kang akèh disadur ing diskusi-diskusi bab [[papréntahan]] lan dipatrapké sajeroning [[konstitusi]] nagara-nagara ing saindhenging donya. Montesquieu duwé peran wigati kanggo mopulèraké istilah &quot;[[feodalisme]]&quot; lan &quot;[[Kakaisaran Bizantium]]&quot;

== Pranala njaba ==
{{wikiquote|Charles de Montesquieu}}
{{commons|Category:Montesquieu}}
* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Montesquieu&amp;amode=words Free full-text works online]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10536a.htm Montesquieu in The Catholic Encyclopedia]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ Montesquieu in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/montesquieu.html Timeline of Montesquieu's Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402230244/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/montesquieu.html |date=2006-04-02 }}
{{authority control}}

[[Kategori:Lair 1689|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1755|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]
[[Kategori:Filsuf|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Prancis|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]
[[Kategori:Èlmuwan pulitik]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]


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  <page>
    <title>Tanggal</title>
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      <text bytes="51281" sha1="90zle53v51499gkcgcicuwv90lqfjt6" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanggal''' sajeroning sawijining kalèndher iku rujukan marang sawenèh [[dina]] sajeroning sawijining sistem kalèndher. Tanggal kalèndher ndadèkaké siji dina bisa dikenali. Cacahing dina antara rong tanggal bisa diitung. Upamané, &quot;[[24 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]&quot; iku sepuluh dina sawisé &quot;[[14 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]&quot; ing [[Kalèndher Grégorius]].  Tanggal kadadéan gumantung marang [[zona wektu]]. Upamané [[serangan Pearl Harbor]] kadadéan ing 7 Dhésèmber 1941, ing [[Hawai]], nanging ing tanggal 8 Dhésèmber miturut dhaéah wektu [[Jepang]].

Siji tanggal bisa dadi tanggal liya ing sistem sing béda kaya sajeroning kalèndher Grégorius lan kalèndher [[Julius]]. Ing sawatara sistem kalèndher panulisan  tanggal dumadi saka telung pérangan, ya iku: tanggal, [[sasi]] utawa wulan lan [[taun]]. Ana uga sing ditambahi dina.

== Format ==
=== dd/mm/yyyy, dd.mm.yyyy utawa dd-mm-yyyy(tanggal, sasi, taun) ===
Migunaké format iki tanggal 30 Dhésèmber 2006 bakal ditulis: 30/12/2006. Format iki akèh dipigunakaké ing:
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
*[[Albania]]&lt;ref&gt;{{sq icon}} [http://www.tirana.gov.al/ Municipality of Tirana (Bashkia e Tiranës)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708034503/http://www.tirana.gov.al/?cid=1,10 |date=2010-07-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Albania-Albanian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Albania | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (some use of ISO 8601)&lt;ref name=MSAlbania&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=041C&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=NLS information page-Albanian (Albania) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Algeria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Algeria-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Algeria | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=1401&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Algeria) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Argentina]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Argentina-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Argentina | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2C0A&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Spanish (Argentina) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Armenia]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{hy icon}} [http://www.parliament.am/ National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=042B&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Armenian (Armenia) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Australia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pm.gov.au/media/index.cfm?type=1 |title=Prime Minister of Australia: News Centre |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2009-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709084156/http://www.pm.gov.au/media/index.cfm?type=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ostrali-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ostrali | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0C09&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-English (Ostrali) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Ostenrik]] (using dots (which denote ordinal numbering) as in “d.m.(yy)yy” or sometimes &quot;d. month (yy)yy&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{de icon}} [http://www.bka.gv.at/site/1/default.aspx Federal Chancellery of Austria (Bundeskanzleramt)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0C07&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-German (Ostenrik) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Azerbaijan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=042C&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Azeri (Latin, Azerbaijan) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}, also [http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=082C&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista NLS information page - Azeri (Cyrillic, Azerbaijan)]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Bahrain]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Bahrain-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bahrain | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Bangladesh]] (century digits may be omitted, e.g. dd-mm-yy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0845&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Bengali (Banggaladésa) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Barbados]]
*[[Bélarus]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{be icon}} [http://www.president.gov.by/by/ President of the Republic of Belarus (Прэзідэнта Рэспублікі Беларусь)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Belarus-Belarusian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bélarus | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Bèlgi]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.belgium.be Belgian Federal Government - Portal]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_eu.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Belgium (Dutch, English, French) | publisher=IBM }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Bolivia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Bolivia-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bolivia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Brasil]] (dd/mm/yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}} [http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/ultimas_noticias/ Government of Brazil - Últimas Notícias (Latest Notices)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Brazil-Portuguese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Brazil | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Bulgaria]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{bg icon}} [http://www.parliament.bg/ Parliament of Bulgaria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624002434/http://www.parliament.bg/ |date=2005-06-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Bulgaria-Bulgarian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bulgaria | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Kanadha]] (All 3 main types are used in Canada-in French and in English){{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
*[[Chile]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Chile-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Chile | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Colombia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Colombia-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Colombia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Costa Rica]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/CostaRica-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Costa Rica | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Kroasia]] (d. m. yyyy. or d. month yyyy.; yyyy-mm-dd also used widely)&lt;ref&gt;{{hr icon}} [http://www.vlada.hr/hr/aktualne_teme_i_projekti Government of the Republic of Croatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225195720/http://vlada.hr/hr/aktualne_teme_i_projekti |date=2010-12-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IBMCroatia&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Croatia-Croatian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Croatia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Siprus]]
*[[Céko]] (d. m. yyyy or d. month yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/CzechRepublic-Czech_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Czech Republic | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.radio.cz/cz/ Radio Praha (Radio Prague)]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Dhénemarken]] (The format dd-mm-(yy)yy is the traditional Danish date format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Dhènemarken-Danish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Dhènemarken | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The international format yyyy-mm-dd or yyyymmdd is also accepted. There are no preferences, although the traditional format is the most widely used. The formats d. 'monthname' yyyy and in handwriting d/m/yy are also acceptable.&lt;ref name=&quot;DK-LAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsn.dk/oss_faq.htm#datoer |title=The Danish language advisory committee |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2004-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615223857/http://www.dsn.dk/oss_faq.htm#datoer |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
*[[Dominica]]
*[[Republik Dominika]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/DominicanRepublic-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Dominican Republic | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Ekuador]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ecuador-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ecuador | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Mesir]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ar icon}} [Arab Republic of Egypt: Cabinet/Office of the Prime Minister]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Egypt-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Egypt | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[El Salvador]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/ElSalvador-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: El Salvador | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Éstlan]] (d.m.yyyy or d. month yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{et icon}} [http://www.valitsus.ee/?lang=et Government of the Republic of Estonia]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Estonia-Estonian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Éstlan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Finlan]] (d.m.yyyy or d. month yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Finland-Finnish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Finland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Prancis]] (dd-mm-yyyy or dd/mm/yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{fr icon}} [http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/fr/ Government of France - Prime Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120220408/http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/fr/ |date=2011-01-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/France-French_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: France | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (dd.mm.yyyy)
*[[Jerman]] (using dots (which denote [[Ordinal numbers (linguistics)|ordinal numbering]]) as in “d.m.(yy)yy” or sometimes &quot;d. month (yy)yy&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Germany-German_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Germany | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Yunani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{gr icon}} [http://www.parliament.gr/default.asp Hellenic Parliament (Greece)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207225851/http://www.parliament.gr/default.asp |date=2010-02-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Greece-Greek_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Greece | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Grunlan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;Oqaasileriffik/Grunlanic Language Secretariat&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=046F&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Grunlanic (Grunlan) | publisher=Microsoft  | accessdate=2009-02-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Grenada]]
*[[Guatemala]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Guatemala-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Guatemala | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Guyana]]
*[[Hong Kong]] (in English)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/HongKong-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Hong Kong (English) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Honduras]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Honduras-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Honduras | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Iclandia]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{is icon}} [http://www.stjornarrad.is/ Government of Iceland (Stjórnarráðið))]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Iceland-Icelandic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Iceland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[India]]  (dd.mm.yyyy in Bengali; dd-mm-yyyy in Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil; d-m-yyyy in Telugu, no leading zeroes used)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/outerwin.htm?id=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/ |title=President of India |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2008-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219231347/http://india.gov.in/outerwin.htm?id=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_pr.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data (Pacific Region) | publisher=IBM }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Indonésia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Indonésia-Indonésian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Indonésia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Iraq]] (dd/mm/yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0801&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Iraq) | accessdate=2008-10-21 | publisher=Microsoft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (dd-mm-yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp Department of the Taoiseach]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ireland-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ireland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Israèl]] (dd/mm/yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{he icon}} [http://www.gov.il/firstgov Israèl Government Portal]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Israèl-Hebrew_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Israèl | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Italia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Italy-Italin_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Italy | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Jamaica]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2009&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-English (Jamaica) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Yordania]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Jordan-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Jordan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2C01&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Jordan) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Kazakhstan]] (dd.mm.(yy)yy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Kazakhstan-Kazakh_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Kazakhstan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Kénya]] (dd/mm/yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2008-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022110047/http://www.communication.go.ke/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}
*[[Kuwait]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Kuwait-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Kuwait | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Kirgistan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0440&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page-	Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Lètlan]] (dd.mm.yyyy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Latvia-Latvian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Lètlan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;; yyyy.mm.dd is also used&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0426&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page-Lètlann (Lètlan) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Lebanon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Lebanon-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Lebanon | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Libya]]&lt;ref name=MSLibya&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=1001&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Libya) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Luksemburg]](dd/mm/yyyy in French,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Luxembourg-French_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Luxembourg (French) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; d.m.yyyy in German&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Luxembourg-German_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Luxembourg (German) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
*[[Makau]] (in Portuguese &amp; English)
*[[Republik Makedonia]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Macedonia-Macedonian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Macedonia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Malaysia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Malaysia-BahasaMalaysian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Malaysia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Mèksiko]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Mexico-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Mexico | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Montenegro]] (d.m.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.gov.me/ | title=Vlada Crne Gore (Government of Montenegro) | language=Montenegrin | accessdate=2009-02-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Maroko]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Morocco-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Morocco | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Netherlands]] (using hyphens as in “dd-mm-(yy) yy”, very often &quot;d month (yy)yy&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Netherlands-Dutch_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Netherlands | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[New Zealand]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/NewZealand-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: New Zealand | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Nikaragua]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Nicaragua-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Nicaragua | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Norway]] (d.m.y; the fraction form &lt;SUP&gt;d&lt;/SUP&gt;/&lt;SUB&gt;m&lt;/SUB&gt;-y is common, but incorrect{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}})
*[[Oman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Oman-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Oman | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Pakistan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/ | publisher=Government of Pakistan | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0420&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Urdu (Islamic Republic of Pakistan) }}&lt;/ref&gt; (dd/mm/(yy)yy)
*[[Panama]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Panama-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Panama | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Paraguay]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Paraguay-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Paraguay | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Péru]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Peru-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Péru | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Filipina]] (Filipino)
*[[Polen]] (dd.mm.yyyy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Poland-Polish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Poland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, often with dots as separators; more official is d &lt;month in genitive&gt; yyyy, or, less frequently, d &lt;month in Roman numerals&gt; yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{pl icon}} [http://www.kprm.gov.pl/ Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów (Republic of Poland - The Chancellery of the Prime Minister)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212163653/http://www.kprm.gov.pl/ |date=2009-12-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Polish Reference Grammar
| first=Maria | last=Zagórska Brooks | page=35 | isbn=9027933138 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | year=1975 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Portugal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Portugal-Portuguese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Portugal | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Qatar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Qatar-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Qatar | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Romania]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{ro icon}} [http://www.gov.ro/ Guvernul României (Government of Romania)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Romania-Romanian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Romania | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Russia]] (dd.mm.(yy)yy)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Russia-Russian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Russia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
*[[Saint Lucia]]
*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
*[[Arab Saudi]] (dd/mm/yyyy in [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]] and [[Grégorius calendar]] systems,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/SaudiArabia-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Saudi Arabia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MSSaudiArabia&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0401&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista| accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Saudi Arabia) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt; except for major companies, which conventionally use the American mm/dd/yyyy format{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}})
*[[Serbia]] (d.m.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{sr icon}} [http://www.srbija.gov.rs/?change_lang=cr Влада Републике Србије (Serbian Government)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MSSerbiaCy&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0C1A&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-11-16 | title=NLS information page-Serbian (Cyrillic) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MSSerbiaLa&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=081A&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-11-16 | title=NLS information page-Serbian (Latin) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Singapura]] (basa Inggris)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Singapore-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Singapore (English) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Slowak]] (d.m.yyyy, some use of dd-mm-yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;{{sk icon}} [http://www.vlada.gov.sk/ Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky (Government Office of the Slovak Republic)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Slovakia-Slovak_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Slowak | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Slowén]] (d.m.yyyy or d. mmmm yyyy)&lt;ref name=MSSlowén&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0424&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Slowénn (Slowén) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Spanyol]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Spain-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Spain | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Catalan language locale for Spain also indicates dd/mm/yyyy for Common Date format.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Sri Lanka]]
*[[Swèdhen]] (as d/m yyyy, although the yyyy-mm-dd form is more common and the national standard.)
*[[Switserlan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.news.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en Switzerland Federal Administration - Press releases and speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117172145/http://www.news.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en |date=2011-01-17 }} dd.mm.yyyy format seen in all languages.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_eu.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Switzerland (French, German, Italin) | publisher=IBM }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Suriah]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Syria-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Syria | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Tajikistan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)&lt;ref name=MSTajikistan&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0428&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Tajik (Cyrillic, Tajikistan) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Thailand]] (with [[Thai solar calendar|Buddhist Era]] years instead of [[Common Era]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Thailand-Thai_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Thailand | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Trinidad lan Tobago]]&lt;ref name=MSTrinTob&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2C09&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-English (Trinidad and Tobago) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Tunisia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Tunisia-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Tunisia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Turki]]&lt;ref&gt;{{tr icon}} [http://www.tccb.gov.tr/ Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (Presidency of the Republic of Turkey)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Turkey-Turkish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Turkey | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Turkmenistan]] (dd.mm.(yy)yy)&lt;ref&gt;{{tk icon}} [http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/ Government of Turkmenistan]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0442&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Turkmen (Turkmenistan) }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Ukraine]] (dd.mm.yyyy&lt;ref&gt;{{ua icon}} [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk Government of the Ukraine]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0422&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Ukrainian (Ukraine) }}&lt;/ref&gt;; some cases of dd/mm/yyyy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ukraine-Ukrainian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ukraine | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
*[[United Arab Emirates]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/UnitedArabEmirates-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: United Arab Emirates | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=3801&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Arabic (U.A.E.) }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[United Kingdom]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/ |title=Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) - Newsroom |access-date=2008-04-06 |archive-date=2008-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406222915/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/UnitedKingdom-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: United Kingdom | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Uruguay]]&lt;ref&gt;{{es icon}} [http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/pages/docs.htm Government of Uruguay: Documentos de Interés (documents of interest)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Uruguay-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Uruguay | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Uzbekistan]] (dd.mm.yyyy Cyrillic, dd/mm yyyy Latin)&lt;ref&gt;{{uz icon}} [http://www.gov.uz/uz/ Government of Uzbekistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123022925/http://www.gov.uz/uz/ |date=2012-11-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MSUzbekCyrillic&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0843&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Uzbek (Cyrillic, Uzbekistan) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MSUzbekCyrillic/&gt;
*[[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{es icon}} [http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/noticias-view/ver_noticias.pag?sw=1 Government of Venezuela: Noticias (News)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205204844/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/noticias-view/ver_noticias.pag?sw=1 |date=2011-02-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Venezuela-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Venezuela | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=200A&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Spanish (Venezuela) }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Vietnam]]&lt;ref name=MSVietnam&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=042A&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Vietnamese (Vietnam) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Yemen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Yemen-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Yemen | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MSYemen&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2401&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Yemen) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== mm/dd/yy utawa mm/dd/yyyy (sasi, tanggal, taun) ===
Migunakaké format iki,tanggal 18 Oktober 2008 bakal ditulis 10/18/08.

Format iki tinemu ing:

*[[Belize]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.governmentofbelize.gov.bz/pressoffice.php | publisher=Government of Belize | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=Government of Belize Press Office | archive-date=2007-07-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714220307/http://www.governmentofbelize.gov.bz/pressoffice.php | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Kanadha]] (Although most official government documents use the yyyy-mm-dd format, the mm/dd/yy format is also understood due to influences from the United States.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Canada-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Canada | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Federated States of Micronesia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.fsmgov.org/ | publisher=Government of the Federated States of Micronesia | title=Welcome to the Federated States of Micronesia | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Palau]]
*[[Filipina]] (yèn tinulis ing basa Inggris)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Philippines-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Philippines | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Amérikah Sarékat]] (civilian vernacular: mm/dd/yy or mm/dd/yyyy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/UnitedStates-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: United States | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0409&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page-English (United States) }}&lt;/ref&gt;; other formats, including dd Month yyyy and yyyy-mm-dd, are common or prescribed—particularly in military, academic, scientific, computing, industrial, or governmental contexts. See [[Date and time notation by country#United States]].)

=== yyyy-mm-dd (taun, sasi, tanggal) ===
Migunakaké format iki, tanggal 30 Dhésèmber 2006 bakal ditulis 2006-12-30.

*Dipigunakaké kanthi internasional ing sawatara kontèks minangka syandar [[ISO 8601]] 
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
*[[Albania]] (more references indicate use of dd/mm/yyyy, see above)&lt;ref name=MSAlbania /&gt;
*[[Kanadha]] (yyyy-mm-dd, government all-numeric standard)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=TBITS 36: All-Numeric Representation of Dates and Times-Implementation Criteria | url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/its-nit/standards/tbits36/crit36-eng.asp | publisher=[[Treasury Board of Canada]] | accessdate=2008-10-12 | date=18 Dhésèmber 1997 | archive-date=2008-10-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010084536/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/its-nit/standards/tbits36/crit36-eng.asp | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (All 3 main types are used in Canada-in French and in English){{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
*[[Republik Rakyat Cina]] (yyyy-mm-dd or yyyy年m月d日 with no leading zeroes)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/China-SimplifiedChinese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Cina (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Republik Cina|Taiwan]]; padha karo Cina. kajaba taun manawa ditulis nganggo [[Chinese era name|ROC era system]]: 民國95年12月30日.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Taiwan-TraditionalChinese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Taiwan (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Dhénemarken]] (The format dd-mm-(yy)yy is the traditional Danish date format. The international format yyyy-mm-dd or yyyymmdd is also accepted. There are no preferences, although the traditional format is the most widely used. The formats dd.'monthname' yyyy and in handwriting d/m/yy are also acceptable.&lt;ref name=&quot;DK-LAC&quot; /&gt;)
*[[Éropa]]&lt;ref&gt;http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/salmonella/data_dictionary_pigs_en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Hong Kong]] (yyyy年m月d日 with no leading zeroes;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_pr.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Pacific Region (Hong Kong-Simplified and Traditional Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}&lt;/ref&gt; and dd/mm/yyyy for English&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/HongKong-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Hong Kong (English) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
*[[Hungary]] (yyyy.mm.dd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Hungary-Hungarian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Hungary | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MSHungary&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=040E&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-03 | title=NLS information page-Hungarian (Hungary) | publisher=Microsoft }}&lt;/ref&gt; and traditionally the number of the month is sometimes written in Roman numerals&lt;ref&gt;''A magyar helyesírás szabályai'', 2005 (ISBN 963-218-980-9)&lt;/ref&gt;)
*[[Iran]] (yyyy/mm/dd&lt;ref&gt;{{fa icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.cbi.ir/default.aspx | accessdate=2009-04-30 | title=بانک مرکزی ایران | publisher=The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran | archive-date=2009-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421214557/http://www.cbi.ir/default.aspx | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in Persian Calendar system (&quot;yy/m/d&quot; is a common alternative), yyyy-mm-dd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx | accessdate=2009-04-30 | title=The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran | archive-date=2021-02-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203093839/https://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in Grégorius Calendar system)
*[[Japan]], often in the form yyyy年mm月dd日;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Japan-Japanese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Japan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sometimes [[Japanese era name|Japanese era year]] is used, e.g. [[Heisei|平成]]18年12月30日.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/ | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Kénya]] (yy/mm/dd) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://kobesearch.cpan.org/htdocs/DateTime-Locale/sw_KE.html#Short | accessdate=2009-08-31 | title=Date Time Local }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Koréa]] (yyyy년 mm월 dd일; yyyy/mm/dd also used)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Korea-
Korean_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Koréa (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Lètlan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Latvia-Latvian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Lètlan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (But often dd.mm.yyyy. is used{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}})
*[[Litowen]] (yyyy-mm-dd)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Litowen-Litowenn_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Litowen | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Makau]] (same as Hong Kong)&lt;ref&gt;{{cn icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/rkw/public/view/area.jsp?id=21 | title=Government News | accessdate=2008-10-13 | publisher=Macao SAR Government Portal | archive-date=2008-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912124045/http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/rkw/public/view/area.jsp?id=21 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Mongolia]] (yyyy.mm.dd)&lt;ref&gt;{{mn icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.president.mn/index.php | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч | publisher=President of Mongolia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Nepal]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} (also see [[Nepal Sambat]] which is also in use)
*[[Norway]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Norway-Nurwègenn_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Norway | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Singapore]] (Chinese representation: yyyy年m月d日, no leading zeroes)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Singapore-SimplifiedChinese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Singapore (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Slowén]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Slovénia-Slovénian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Slowén | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[South Africa]] (yyyy/mm/dd;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/SouthAfrica-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: South Africa | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0436&amp;OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=NLS information page-Afrikaans (South Africa) | publisher=Microsoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;d/m/yy&quot; is a common alternative{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}})
*[[Spain]] (Basque: yyyy.mm.dd)&lt;ref&gt;[https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/stdcxx/trunk/etc/nls/src/eu_ES.euro]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Sweden]] (national standard format)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Sweden-Swedish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Sweden | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Pola tanggal sing dlokalaké ===
*[[Céko]] d.m.rrrr (den/měsíc/rok)
*[[Prancis]] jj/mm/aaaa (jour/mois/année)
*[[Jerman]] tt.mm.jjjj (Tag/Monat/Jahr)
*[[Walanda]] dd-mm-jjjj (dag/maand/jaar)
*[[Ruslan]] дд/мм/гггг (день/месяц/год)
*[[Slowak]] d.m.rrrr (deň/mesiac/rok)
*[[Spanyol]] dd/mm/aaaa (día/mes/año)
*[[Amérikah Sarékat]] mm/dd/yyyy (sasi/tanggal/taun)

==Réferènsi==
&lt;div class=&quot;reflist4&quot; style=&quot;height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px&quot; &gt;
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Pranala njaba ==
*[[IETF]]: RFC 3339
*[http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime W3C Date and Time Formats] Internet date/time format&lt;!-- retrieved [[23 September]]
*[http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/formats.htm The ISO 8601 Date Format]&lt;!-- Retrieved [[23 September]] 2006 --&gt;
*{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/index.jsp | title=Globalization locale database | accessdate=2008-10-13 | publisher=IBM}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx | title=NLS (National Language Support) information page | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-13 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calendar Date}}
[[Kategori:Pananggalan]]</text>
      <sha1>90zle53v51499gkcgcicuwv90lqfjt6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sean Connery</title>
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      <text bytes="12649" sha1="egy31dmzuacwx9fpbdzjgnr8c0ddo3w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox actor 
| name		= Sean Connery
| image        	= SeanConneryJune08.jpg
| caption       	= Connery dalam acara [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]] 2008
| birthname     	= Thomas Sean Connery
| birthdate     	= {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1930|8|25}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seanconnery.com/biography/|title=The Official Website of Sir Sean Connery-Biography|accessdate=2008-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birthplace    	= {{Flagicon|Sekotlan}} [[Edinburgh]], [[Sekotlan]], [[Karajan Manunggal]]
| deathdate             = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|10|31|1930|8|25}}
| othername     	= 
| occupation 	= Aktor dan Produser
| yearsactive   	= 1954–2006
| spouse        	= [[Diane Cilento]] (1962–1973) &lt;br /&gt; Micheline Roquebrune (1975–present)
| website       	= http://www.seanconnery.com
}}
'''Sir Thomas Sean Connery''' (luwih populèr diundang '''Sean Connery'''; {{lahirmati|[[Edinburgh]], [[Sekotlan]], [[Karajan Manunggal]]|25|8|1930|[[Bahama]]|31|10|2020}}) iku mantan aktor lan prodhuser filem asal Sekotlan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040125/ai_n9627858 |title=FindArticles.com |access-date=2010-07-13 |archive-date=2009-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715151651/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040125/ai_n9627858/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kang wish menangaké sawatara bebungah kaya ta [[Academy Award]], [[Golden Globe]], lan [[BAFTA Award]], kang uga minangka aktor pisanan kang meranaké agèn rahasia Inggris, 007 James Bond sajeroning pitung filem Bond antara rentang wektu 1962 nganti 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4799550.stm|title=ProBerkas: Sean Connery|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|accessdate=2007-03-19|date=2006-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1987 Sean Connery menang bebungah [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] kanggo perané sajeroning filem ''[[The Untouchables]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.popculturemadness.com/Trivia/Oscars/Top-1987-O.html|title=popculture.com's Oscar Winners Archive|publisher=www.popculturemadness.com|accessdate=2008-05-13|archive-date=2011-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301054111/http://www.popculturemadness.com/Trivia/Oscars/Top-1987-O.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Connery uga olèh gelar kaurmatan minangka ksatria Karajan Manunggal saka Ratu Elizabeth II ing sasi Juli 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seanconnery.com/biography/knighthood|title=Official website's entry on 2000 knighthood|publisher=www.seanconnery.com|accessdate=2007-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sean Connery 1964.png|thumb|upright|1964]] [[File:SeanConnery88.jpg|thumb|upright|1988]]
=== Filmografi ===
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;&quot; 
|-bgcolor=&quot;#B0C4DE&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! Taun
! Film
! Peran
! Cathetan
|-
| [[1954]] || ''[[Lilacs in the Spring]]'' || Peran tidak jelas || (tidak disebutkan)
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[1957]] || ''[[No Road Back]]'' || Spike ||
|-
| ''[[Hell Drivers (filem)|Hell Drivers]]'' || Johnny Kates ||
|-
| ''[[Action of the Tiger]]'' || Mike ||
|-
| ''[[Time Lock]]'' || Welder #2 ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[1958]] 
| ''[[Another Time, Another Place]]'' 
| Mark Trevor 
|
|-
|''[[A Night to Remember]]''
|Titanic deck hand
|uncredited
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1959]] || ''[[Darby O'Gill and the Little People]]'' || Michael McBride ||
|-
| ''[[Tarzan's Greatest Adventure]]'' || O'Bannion ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1961]] || ''[[On the Fiddle]]'' || Pedlar Pascoe ||
|-
| ''[[The Frightened City]]'' || Paddy Damion ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1962]] || ''[[The Longest Day]]'' || Pte. Flanagan ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. No (filem)|Dr. No]]'' || [[James Bond (karakter)|James Bond]] ||
|-
| [[1963]] || ''[[From Russia with Love (filem)|From Russia with Love]]'' || James Bond ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[1964]] || ''[[Marnie (filem)|Marnie]]'' || Mark Rutland ||
|-
| ''[[Woman of Straw]]'' || Anthony Richmond ||
|-
| ''[[Goldfinger (filem)|Goldfinger]]'' || James Bond ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1965]] || ''[[The Hill (filem)|The Hill]]'' || Trooper Joe Roberts ||
|-
| ''[[Thunderball (filem)|Thunderball]]'' || James Bond ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1966]] || ''[[Un monde nouveau]]'' || Himself || (cameo)
|-
| ''[[A Fine Madness]]'' || Samson Shillitoe ||
|-
| [[1967]] || ''[[You Only Live Twice (filem)|You Only Live Twice]]'' || James Bond ||
|-
| [[1968]] || ''[[Shalako (filem)|Shalako]]'' || Moses Zebulon 'Shalako' Carlin ||
|-
| [[1969]] || ''[[The Bowler and the Bonnet]]'' || Himself || (Director; documentary)
|-
| [[1970]] || ''[[The Molly Maguires (filem)|The Molly Maguires]]'' || Jack Kehoe ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[1971]] || ''[[The Red Tent (filem)|The Red Tent]]'' || [[Roald Amundsen]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Anderson Tapes]]'' || John Anderson ||
|-
| ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (filem)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' || James Bond ||
|-
| [[1972]] || ''España campo de golf'' || Diri sendiri || (short subject)
|-
| [[1973]] || ''[[The Offence]]'' || Detective Sergeant Johnson ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1974]] || ''[[Zardoz]]'' || Zed ||
|-
| ''[[Murder on the Orient Express]]'' || Colonel Arbuthnot ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[1975]] || ''[[Ransom]]'' || Nils Tahlvik ||
|-
| ''The Dream Factory'' || Diri sendiri || (dokumenter)
|-
| ''[[The Wind and the Lion]]'' || Mulay Achmed Mohammed el-Raisuli the Magnificent ||
|-
| ''[[The Man Who Would Be King (filem)|The Man Who Would Be King]]'' || [[Daniel Dravot]] ||
|-
| [[1976]] || ''[[Robin and Marian]]'' || [[Robin Hood]] ||
|-
| [[1976]] || ''[[The Next Man]]'' || Khalil Abdul-Muhsen ||
|-
| [[1977]] || ''[[A Bridge Too Far (filem)|A Bridge Too Far]]'' || Maj. Gen. [[Roy Urquhart]] ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[1979]] || ''[[The First Great Train Robbery]]'' || Edward Pierce/John Simms/Geoffrey ||
|-
| ''[[Meteor (filem)|Meteor]]'' || Dr. Paul Bradley ||
|-
| ''[[Cuba (filem)|Cuba]]'' || Maj. Robert Dapes ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1981]] || ''[[Outland (filem)|Outland]]'' || Marshal William T. O'Niel || Nominasi-[[Saturn Award for Best Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Time Bandits]]'' || King [[Agamemnon]]/Fireman ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[1982]] || ''G'ole!'' || Narator || (dokumenter)
|-
| ''[[Five Days One Summer]]'' || Douglas Meredith ||
|-
| ''[[Wrong Is Right]]'' || Patrick Hale ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1983]] || ''Sean Connery's Edinburgh'' || Diri sendiri || (short subject)
|-
| ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' || James Bond ||
|-
| [[1984]] || ''[[Sword of the Valiant]]'' || The [[Green Knight]] ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1986]] || ''[[Highlander (filem)|Highlander]]'' || [[Juan Sanchez Villa-Lobos Ramirez]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Name of the Rose (filem)|The Name of the Rose]]'' || [[William of Baskerville]] || [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|-
| [[1987]] || ''[[The Untouchables (filem)|The Untouchables]]'' || Jim Malone || [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor-Motion Picture]]&lt;br /&gt;[[National Board of Review|NBR]] Award for Best Supporting Actor&lt;br /&gt;[[Kansas City Film Critics Circle|KCFCC]] Award for Best Supporting Actor&lt;br /&gt;Nominasi-[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| [[1988]] || ''[[The Presidio (filem)|The Presidio]]'' || Lt. Col. Alan Caldwell ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1989]] || ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' || [[Henry Jones, Sr.|Professor Henry Jones Senior]] || Nominasi-[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor-Motion Picture]]&lt;br /&gt;Nominasi-[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[Family Business (filem)|Family Business]]'' || Jessie McMullen ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1990]] || ''[[The Hunt for Red October (filem)|The Hunt for Red October]]'' || Captain Marko Ramius || Nominated-[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|-
| ''[[The Russia House (filem)|The Russia House]]'' || Bartholomew 'Barley' Scott Blair ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1991]] || ''[[Highlander II: The Quickening]]'' || [[Juan Sanchez Villa-Lobos Ramirez]] ||
|-
| ''[[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves]]'' || [[King Richard I]] || (cameo-tidak disebutkan)
|-
| [[1992]] || ''[[Medicine Man (filem)|Medicine Man]]'' || Dr. Robert Campbell ||
|-
| [[1993]] || ''[[Rising Sun (filem)|Rising Sun]]'' || Capt. John Connor || (juga menjadi executive producer)
|-
| [[1994]] || ''[[A Good Man in Africa (filem)|A Good Man in Africa]]'' || Dr. Alex Murray || 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[1995]] || ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]'' || Tack the Cobbler || (pengisi swara; original version; tidak dikonfirmasikan)
|-
| ''[[Just Cause (filem)|Just Cause]]'' || Paul Armstrong || (juga menjadi executive producer)
|-
| ''[[First Knight]]'' || [[King Arthur]] ||
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1996]] || ''[[Dragonheart]]'' || Draco || (pengisi swara)
|-
| ''[[The Rock (filem)|The Rock]]'' || Capt. John Patrick Mason || (juga menjadi executive producer)
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[1998]] ||''[[The Avengers (filem)|The Avengers]]'' || Sir August de Wynter ||
|-
| ''[[Playing by Heart]]'' || Paul ||
|-
| [[1999]] || ''[[Entrapment]]'' || Robert MacDougal || (juga menjadi prodhuser)
|-
| [[2000]] || ''[[Finding Forrester]]'' || William Forrester ||
|-
| [[2003]] || ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (filem)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'' || [[Allan Quatermain]] || (juga menjadi co-producer)
|-
| [[2006]] || ''Sir Billi the Vet'' || Sir Billi ||(pengisi swara-serial animasi) 
|-
|}

== Video game ==
Sean Connery dadi pangisi swara sajeroning video game ''[[From Russia with Love (video game)|From Russia with Love]]''. Dhèwèké uga dadi modhèl karakter [[Big Boss (Metal Gear)|Big Boss]] sajeroning video game ''[[Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake]] ''.

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons category|Sean Connery}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.seanconnery.com/ Situs resmi]
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000125/ Sean Connery] dalam [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://www.ibdb.com/person.asp?ID=23802 Sean Connery] dalam [[Internet Broadway Database]]
* [[BBC]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/573476.stm Sean Connery Biography (1999)]
* [http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=161355 Profil Sean Connery] dalam [[Turner Classic Movies]]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|
before=N/A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Film kapisan|
after=[[George Lazenby]] &lt;br /&gt; [[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (filem)|1969]]|
title=Ingkang maragani ''[[James Bond]]''|
years=&lt;small&gt;[[Dr. No (filem)|1962]]—[[You Only Live Twice (filem)|1967]]&lt;/small&gt;|
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[George Lazenby]] &lt;br /&gt; [[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (filem)|1969]]|
after=[[Roger Moore]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Live and Let Die (filem)|1973]]–[[A View to a Kill|1985]]|
title=Ingkang maragani ''[[James Bond]]''|
years=&lt;small&gt;[[Diamonds Are Forever (filem)|1971]]&lt;/small&gt;|
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Roger Moore]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Octopussy|1983]]|
after=[[Roger Moore]] &lt;br /&gt; [[A View to a Kill|1985]]|
title=Ingkang maragani ''[[James Bond]]'' |
years=&lt;small&gt;[[Never Say Never Again|1983]]&lt;/small&gt;|
}}
{{succession box|
|before=[[Pierce Brosnan]] &lt;br /&gt;1997-2004
|after=[[Daniel Craig]] &lt;br /&gt; 2008
|title=Pengisi swara video game ''[[James Bond]]''
|years=2005
}}
{{succession box
| title=[[People (kalawarta)|People]]'s Sexiest Man Alive
| years=1989
| before=[[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]]
| after=[[Tom Cruise]]}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
| years=1987&lt;br /&gt;'''for ''[[The Untouchables (1987 filem)|The Untouchables]]'' '''
| before=[[Michael Caine]]&lt;br /&gt;for ''[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]''
| after=[[Kevin Kline]]&lt;br /&gt;for ''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]''
}}
{{succession box
| title=[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| years=1987&lt;br /&gt;'''for ''[[The Name of the Rose (filem)|The Name of the Rose]]'' '''
| before=[[Bob Hoskins]]&lt;br /&gt;for ''[[Mona Lisa]]''
| after=[[John Cleese]]&lt;br /&gt;for ''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]''
}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor-Motion Picture]]
| years=1988&lt;br /&gt;'''for ''[[The Untouchables (1987 filem)|The Untouchables]]'' '''
| before=[[Tom Berenger]]&lt;br /&gt;for ''[[Platoon (filem)|Platoon]]''
| after=[[Martin Landau]]&lt;br /&gt; for ''[[Tucker: The Man and His Dream]]''
}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Cecil B. DeMille Award]]
| years=1996
| before=[[Sophia Loren]]
| after=[[Dustin Hoffman]]
}}
{{succession box
| title=[[AFI Life Achievement Award]]
| years=2006
| before=[[George Lucas]]
| after=[[Al Pacino]]
}}
{{end}}
{{James Bond actors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Connery, Thomas Sean}}
[[Kategori:James Bond]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1930]]
[[Kategori:Pati 2020]]
[[Kategori:Aktor Sekotlan]]</text>
      <sha1>egy31dmzuacwx9fpbdzjgnr8c0ddo3w</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robbie Keane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="13375" sha1="ea40s02fz6zxlbnyk9rwuk6d5wpd8xo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Football biography
| playername          = Robbie Keane 
| image               = [[Gambar:Robbie Keane 2011.jpg|175px]]
| fullname            = Robert David Keane
| height              = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}
| dateofbirth         = {{birth date and age|1980|7|8|df=y}}
| cityofbirth         = [[Dublin]]
| countryofbirth      = {{IRL}}
| currentclub         = Pensiun
| clubnumber          = 7
| position            = [[Striker#The second striker: deeper lying attackers|Second Striker]] 
| contractend         = 2012
| youthyears          = &lt;br /&gt;1995–1997
| youthclubs          = Crumlin United&lt;br /&gt;[[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]]
| years               = 1997–1999&lt;br /&gt;1999–2000&lt;br /&gt;2000–2001&lt;br /&gt;2001&lt;br /&gt;2001–2002&lt;br /&gt;2002–2008&lt;br /&gt;2008–2009&lt;br /&gt;2009-2010&lt;br /&gt;2010-2012&lt;br /&gt;2012-2016&lt;br /&gt;2017-2018
| clubs               = [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]]&lt;br /&gt;[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]&lt;br /&gt;→ [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]] (dipunampilaken)&lt;br /&gt;[[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Glasgow Celtic]]&lt;br /&gt; [[LA Galaxy]]&lt;br /&gt; [[ATK Indhia]]
| caps(goals)         = {{0}}73 (24)&lt;br /&gt;{{0}}31 (12)&lt;br /&gt;{{0}}{{0}}6 {{0}}(0)&lt;br /&gt;{{0}}18 {{0}}(9)&lt;br /&gt;{{0}}28 {{0}}(4)&lt;br /&gt;197 (80)&lt;br /&gt;{{0}}{{0}}0 {{0}}(0)&lt;br /&gt;
| pcupdate            = 18:26, 21 Sèptèmber 2020 (UTC)
| nationalyears       = 1999–2012
| nationalteam        = [[Tim nasional sepak bola Irlandia|Irlandia]]
| nationalcaps(goals) = {{0}}81 (33)
| ntupdate            = 18:26, 21 Sèptèmber 2020 (UTC)
}}
'''Robert David &quot;Robbie&quot; Keane''' (wonten ing basa [[Irlandia]]: ''Roibéard Daithí Ó Catháin''; {{lahirmati|[[Tallaght]], [[Dublin]]|8|7|1980}}) inggih punika juru main [[bal-balan]] saking [[Irlandia]] ingkang sapunika main ing klub bal [[Tottenham Hotspur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;/&gt; Keane ugi main wonten ing tim nasional bal-balan Irlandia.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing tim nasional, Keane pikantuk amanah minangka kapten. Keane dados juru main bal ingkang nglebetaken gol ingkang kathah piyambak tumrap tim nasional. Keane punika juru main bal ingkang gadhah posisi minangka stiker kaping.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;/&gt;

== Karier klub ==
Keane miwiti karieripun ing jagad bal-balan kanthi main ing sekolah bal-balan ing laladan kidul [[Dublin]] ''Crumlin United'', bakataipun ngembang ing yuswa ingkang taksih enem.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/article1486663.ece ''Keane: Move was a dream''] dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Keane angsal tawaran saking kalih klub, [[Liverpool]] lan [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]], nanging Keane langkung milih main ing klub divisi satunggal ''Wolverhampton Wanderers'', amargi ajrih saingan kaliyan juru main utami saking klub ''Liverpool''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/07/28/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-robbie-keane-115875-20675001/''10 Things you need to know about Robbie Keane''] dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Pungkasanipun Keane, ingkang nalika samanten nembé 15 taun milih klub ''Wolverhampton'', lan mlebet ing tim junior.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N160683080728-1905.htm''Ten things you did not know about Robbie Keane''] dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Karier Keane dados saé nalika main ing tim junnior lan main ing debut internasional nalika yuswa 17 taun. debut punika kalaksanan ing tanggal [[19 Agustus]] [[1997]], lan Keane saged nglebetaken kalih gol ing gawang [[Norwich City]]. Ing mangsa salajengipun Keane main bal kanthi saé sanget saéngga pikantuk gaji ingkang ageng saking manajer Wolves [[Collin Lee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_19990117/ai_n9704073''Football: Lee draws small comforts''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228053402/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_19990117/ai_n9704073 |date=2008-12-28 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Keane dados juru main ingkang nglebetaken bal ingkang kathah piyambak ing klubipun, kanthi 16 gol ing mangsa 1998-1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Amargi keane saged main kanthi saé, kathah klub-klub bal ageng ingkang badhé tumbas Keane. Kanthi kontrak ingkang taksih turah tigang taun, Wolves nyade Keane dhateng tim sanès.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;[http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1999/06/17/phead.htm''Rumours that Keane soon to join Premiership club''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040124012947/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1999/06/17/phead.htm |date=2004-01-24 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

Satunggal minggu sadèrèngipun mangsa kompetisi 1999-2000 dipunwiwiti, Keane dipunsade dhateng klub [[Liga Inggris]] [[Coventry City]] kanthi regi £6 juta.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt; Sasampunipun sukses main ing klub punika, kanthi 12 gol ing 34 main tandhing, Keane dados ''aset paling panas'' liga Inggris.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt; Keane dados inceran kathah klub ageng.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
[[Marcello Lippi]] pelatih [[Inter Milan]] sukses angsal tapak namanipun Keane, kanthi regi £13.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/football/teams/c/coventry_city/856399.stm''Keane in £13m Inter Switch''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090113111526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/football/teams/c/coventry_city/856399.stm |date=2009-01-13 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; nanging ing tim punika Keane boten saged masin kanthi saé. Salajengipun Keane dipusade dhateng [[Leeds United]].
Wiwitanipun main ing klub Leeds United Keane saged main kanthi saé, saged nglebetaken 9 gol kanthi 14 main tandhing. Nanging salajengipun Keane boten saged main bal kanthi saé, saéngga dipunsade dhateng Tottenham Hotspur kanthi regi £7 juta.
Taun 2002, Keane main ing klub Tottenham Hotspur.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;/&gt; Ing tim punika Keane main enem taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;/&gt; Nalika mangsa 2007-2008, Keane saged nglebetaken 23 gol ing satunggal mangsa, ugi sukses damel gol ingkang kaping 100 ing Liga Inggris.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;/&gt; Taun 2008, Keane pindah dhateng [[Liverpool]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;/&gt; Ing klub punika keane namung enem sasi kemawon lan wangsul malih dhateng klub Tottenham Hotspur.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet7&quot;&gt;[http://www.bola.net/profile/robbie_keane/'''Robbie Keane'''] dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet8&quot;&gt;[http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/1108/sepakbola-inggris/2011/06/29/2552591/robbie-keane-akui-akan-hengkang-dari-tottenham''Robbie Keane Akui Akan Hengkang dari Tottenham''] dipunundhuh tanggal 7 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jroning Angka ==

=== Klub ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Panampilan lan gol adhedhasar klub, mangsa lan kompetisi
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Klub
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Mangsa
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Liga
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Piyala nasional
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Piyala Liga
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bawana
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Liyané
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gunggung
|-
!Dhivisi!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]]
|[[1997–98 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season|1997–98]]
|[[Football League First Division|Dhivisi Utama]]
|38||11||3||0||4||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||45||11
|-
|[[1998–99 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. mangsa|1998–99]]
|Dhivisi Utama
|33||11||2||2||4||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||39||16
|-
|[[1999–2000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. mangsa|1999–2000]]
|Dhivisi Utama
|2||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||3||2
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Wolverhampton Wanderers total
!73!!24!!5!!2!!9!!3!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!87!!29
|-
|[[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]]
|[[1999–2000 Coventry City F.C. mangsa|1999–2000]]
|[[Liga Primèr Inggris]]
|31||12||3||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||34||12
|-
|[[Inter Milan]]
|[[2000–01 Inter Milan mangsa|2000–01]]
|[[Serie A]]
|6||0||3||1||1||1||4||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||14||3
|-
|[[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] (silih)
|[[2000–01 Leeds United A.F.C. mangsa|2000–01]]
|Premier League
|18||9||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||20||9
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Leeds United
|[[2001–02 Leeds United A.F.C. season|2001–02]]
|Premier League
|25||3||0||0||2||3||6||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||33||9
|-
|[[2002–03 Leeds United A.F.C. mangsa|2002–03]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|3||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||3||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Leeds United gunggung
!46!!13!!2!!0!!2!!3!!6!!3!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!56!!19
|-
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]
|[[2002–03 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2002–03]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|29||13||1||0||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||32||13
|-
|[[2003–04 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2003–04]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|34||14||3||1||4||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||41||16
|-
|[[2004–05 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2004–05]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|35||11||6||3||4||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||45||17
|-
|[[2005–06 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2005–06]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|36||16||1||0||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||38||16
|-
|[[2006–07 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2006–07]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|27||11||5||5||3||1||9||5||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||44||22
|-
|[[2007–08 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2007–08]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|36||15||3||2||5||2||10||4||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||54||23
|-
|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|[[2008–09 Liverpool F.C. mangsa|2008–09]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|19||5||1||0||1||0||7||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||28||7
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tottenham Hotspur
|[[2008–09 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2008–09]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|14||5||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||14||5
|-
|[[2009–10 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2009–10]]
|Premier League
|20||6||2||1||3||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||25||9
|-
|[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (silih)
|[[2009–10 Celtic F.C. season|2009–10]]
|[[Liga Primèr Sekotlen]]
|16||12||3||4||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||19||16
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tottenham Hotspur
|[[2010–11 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2010–11]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|7||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1||1||5||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||13||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tottenham Hotspur gunggung
!238!!91!!21!!12!!23!!10!!24!!9!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!306!!122
|-
|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] (silih)
|[[2010–11 West Ham United F.C. mangsa|2010–11]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|9||2||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||10||2
|-
|[[LA Galaxy]]
|[[2011 Los Angeles Galaxy mangsa|2011]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|4||2||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||3||1||4||1||11||4
|-
|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] (silih)
|[[2011–12 Aston Villa F.C. mangsa|2011–12]]
|Liga Primèr Inggris
|6||3||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||7||3
|-
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|LA Galaxy
|[[2012 Los Angeles Galaxy mangsa|2012]]
|Major League Soccer
|28||16||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||3||1||6||6||37||23
|-
|[[2013 Los Angeles Galaxy mangsa|2013]]
|Major League Soccer
|23||16||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||5||3||2||0||30||19
|-
|[[2014 LA Galaxy mangsa|2014]]
|Major League Soccer
|29||19||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||2||2||5||2||37||23
|-
|[[2015 LA Galaxy mangsa|2015]]
|Major League Soccer
|24||20||2||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1||2||1||0||28||25
|-
|[[2016 LA Galaxy mangsa|2016]]
|Major League Soccer
|17||10||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||2||0||3||0||22||10
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|LA Galaxy gunggung
!125!!83!!3!!3!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!16!!9!!21!!9!!165!!104
|-
|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|[[2017–18 ATK mangsa|2017–18]]
|[[Liga Super Indhia]]
|9||6||2||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||11||8
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Gunggung karir
!578!!251!!45!!24!!36!!17!!57!!24!!21!!9!!737!!325
|}

=== Nagara ===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ Panampilan lan gol adhedhasar Tim Nasional lan taun
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot; | Tim Nasional
!scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taun
!!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Panampilan
!!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Gol
|-
|rowspan=&quot;19&quot;|[[Tim Nasional Republik  Irlan|Republik  Irlan]]
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| 1998
||5||2
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1999
||8||3
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2000
||9||2
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2001
||7||1
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2002
||11||6
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2003
||7||4
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2004
||10||6
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2005
||7||1
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2006
||6||4
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2007
||8||3
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2008
||7||3
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2009
||11||6
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2010
||8||4
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2011
||10||8
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2012
||8||1
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2013
||9||8
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
||7||3
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
||5||2
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
||3||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gunggung!!146!!68
|}

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
 [http://www.goal.com/en/people/ireland/2120/robbie-keane '''Robbie Keane''']
 [http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/keane/ Profil  resmi ing situs web Liverpool]

[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Pemain bal-balan Irlandia]]
[[Kategori:Pemain Liverpool F.C.]]
[[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Éropah UEFA 2016]]
[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan]]
[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan miturut nagara]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1980]]


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  <page>
    <title>Margaret Mead</title>
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[[Gambar:Margaret Mead (1901-1978).jpg|thumb|240px|Margaret Mead]]

'''Margaret Mead''' ([[16 Dhésèmber]] [[1901]] – [[15 November]] [[1978]]) inggih punika salah satunggaling [[antropologi budaya|antroplog budaya]] [[Amérika Sarékat|Amérika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://anthropology.usf.edu/women/mead/margaret_mead.htm Margaret Mead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213014346/http://anthropology.usf.edu/women/mead/margaret_mead.htm |date=2012-12-13 }}(dipunundhuh 17 November 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Mead miyos ing [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] lajeng ageng ing kitha [[Doylestown, Pennsylvania]] ingkang boten tebih saking kitha miyosipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ramanipun inggih punika satunggaling [[profesor]] ing salah satunggaling [[universitas]], déné ibunipun satunggaling ''aktivis sosial''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Mead lulus saking [[Barnard College]] taun [[1923]] kaliyan pikantuk gelar Ph. D saking [[Universitas Columbia]] ing taun [[1929]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing universitas punika Mead kepanggih kaliyan [[Ruth Benedict]] kaliyan [[Franz Boas]] ingkang dados prabawa ''intelektual'' kanggé Mead ing Columbia.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Margaret Mead kalebet antropolog ingkang paling misuwur ing [[donya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html Biografi Margaret Mead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226044531/http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html |date=2012-12-26 }}(dipunundhuh 17 November 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Lumantar padamelanipun dados antropolog, kathah tiyang ingkang saged sinau babagan antropologi kaliyan ''visi holistik'' saking spésies [[manungsa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Mead maringi kathah sumbangan kanggé ngrembakanipun dhisiplin èlmu, sarta sampun nepangaken wawasan dhumateng éwonan tiyang ing njawi akademi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Mead sampun ngasilaken 44 [[buku]] kaliyan langkung saking 1000 [[artikel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Kulawarga ==

Margaret Mead miyos ing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 16 Dhésèmber 1901 nanging ageng ing kitha Doylestown.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://profil.merdeka.com/mancanagara/m/margaret-mead/ Profil Margaret Mead]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dupunundhuh 17 November 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Mead punika putri pambarep saking sedherèkipun ingkang gunggungipun sekawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Ramanipun inggih punika satunggaling profesor ing babagan dana ''(babagan keuangan)'', déné ibunipun ingkang namanipun Emily Fogg Mead inggih punika satunggaling [[sosiolog]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Mead gadhah rayi wadon ingkang namanipun Katherine nanging séda nalika yuswanipun taksih 9 wulan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; [[Kulawarga]]nipun gesang kanthi cara [[nomaden]], saéngga panjenenganipun kapeksa ndhèrèk ''home-schooling''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Miyos ing satengahing kulawarga ingkang gadhah manéka jinis bobot, bibit, kaliyan bèbètipun, ndadosaken Mead gadhah tekad ageng supados ngupadi jati dhirinipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;

== ''Karier'' ==

Sadangunipun [[Perang Donya II]], Margaret Mead ngabdi dados [[sekretaris]] ''èksekutif'' saking ''National Research Council's Committee on Food Habits''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Ing taun [[1948]], Mead kapilih dados anggota ing American Academy of Arts and Science. Sasampunipun punika, Mead dados profesor antropologi ing ''Fordham University's Lincoln Center Campus'' saking taun [[1968]] ngantos taun [[1970]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Margaret Mead naté mengku kathah kalungguhan ing ''American Association for the Advancement of Science'' kaliyan dados [[présidhèn]] [[organisasi]] ing taun [[1975]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Margaret nindakaken panalitèn babagan saklompok tiyang ing [[Samoa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Ing panalitèn punika, Margaret Mead mapan, guyub, nindakaken kagiyatan, lan ngawontenaken [[wawancara]] dhateng 68 tiyang wadon saking yuswa 9 taun ngantos yuswa 20 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Kasil saking panalitènipun inggih punika saged ngandharaken bilih kadéwasan tiyang Samoa dipuntandhani kathi éwahipun ingkang temata, sanès minggah mudhunipun [[émosi]] utawi [[psikologis]] kémawon kados kasus ingkang ditemokaken ing [[Amérika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Kasil panalitèn punika nuwuhaken kathah ''kecaman'' saking sawatara pihak. Nanging, tanggal 19 Januari [[1979]] inggih punika satunggal taun sasampunipen Mead séda, Présidhèn [[Jimmy Carter]] nganugrahi ''Margaret Presidential Medal of Freedom'' kanggé Margaret Mead.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Duta ageng Amérika, [[Andrew Young]] ingkang dados sesulih saking Présidhèn Amérika masrahaken anugrah punika dhumateng putranipun Margaret Mead.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;

== Bibliografi ==

* ''Coming of Age in Samoa'' (1928) ISBN 0-688-05033-6
* ''Growing Up in New Guinea'' (1930) ISBN 0-688-17811-1
* ''The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe'' (1932)
* ''Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies'' (1935)
* ''Male and Female'' (1949) ISBN 0-688-14676-7
* ''New Lives for Old: Cultural Transformation in Manus, 1928-1953'' (1956)
* ''People and Places'' (1959; buku kanggé pamaos enèm)
* ''Continuities in Cultural Evolution'' (1964)
* ''Culture and Commitment'' (1970)
* ''Blackberry Winter'' (1972; biografi babagan Mead nalika taksih enèm) ISBN 0-317-60065-6

== Buku-buku suntingan ==

* ''Cultural Patterns and Technical Change'', penyunting (1953)
* ''Primitive Heritage: An Anthropological Anthology'', penyunting kaliyan Nicholas Calas (1953)
* ''An Anthropologist at Work'', penyunting (1959, dipunambali cetak taun 1966; buku ingkang ngemot seratan-seratanipun [[Ruth Benedict]])
* ''The Study of Culture At A Distance'', penyunting kaliyan Rhoda Metraux, 1953
* ''Themes in French Culture'', dipunserat kaliyan Rhoda Metraux, 1954
* ''A Way of Seeing'', dipunserat kaliyan Rhoda Metraux, 1975

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/audiofiles.html#mead Creative Intelligence: Female (&quot;The Silent Revolution: Creative Man In Contemporary Society&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323082220/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/audiofiles.html#mead |date=2008-03-23 }} Ceramah di UC Berkeley, 1962 (arsip audio online)
* [http://www.interculturalstudies.org The Institute for Intercultural Studies] – Institut étnografi yang didirikan olèh Mead, dengan sumber-sumber yang terkait dengan pekerjaan Mead
** [http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html Biografi Margaret Mead di IIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226044531/http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html |date=2012-12-26 }}
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/ Library of Congress, Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture]

[[Kategori:Antropolog]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1901]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang</title>
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[[Gambar:Pt pupuk sriwijadja.jpg|thumb|240px]]
{{for|perusahaan kang dahulu bernama PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero)|Pupuk Indonésia}}
{{Kotak info perusahaan
| company_name = PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang
| company_logo = [[Berkas:Pusri.jpeg‎|center|150px]]
| company_type = 
| foundation = [[12 November]]  [[2010]]
| location = [[Palembang]], [[Indonésia]]
| key_people = Parikesit Suprapto, PhD , Komisaris {{br}}Edy Putra Irawady, SH , Direktur Utama |Ir. Arifin Tasrif 
| industry = [[Urea]] dan [[Amoniak]]
| products = {{br}}Urea{{br}} Amoniak
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| num_employees = (organik){{br}} (non-organik)
| parent = [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]]
| subsid = 
{{br}}PT Sri Melamin Rejeki
{{br}}PT Puspetindo
| homepage = http://www.pusri.co.id/
| footnotes = 
}}
'''PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang''', kang kondhang minangka PT Pusri, wujud anak perusahaan saka [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]] (Persero)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pihc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |title=Anak Perusahaan PT Pupuk Indonésia |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115064736/http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kang bergerak ing babagan [[produksi]] lan [[pemasaran]] [[pupuk]].

== Sajarah ==

==== Pupuk Sriwidjaja minangka Induk Pupuk Indonésia ====
Nalika taun 1997, Pusri ditunjuk minangka perusahaan induk membawahi papat BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan indhustri pupuk lan petrokimia, ya iku PT Petrokimia Gresik ing [[Gresik]], [[Jawa Timur]]; PT Pupuk Kujang ing [[Cikampek]], [[Jawa Barat]]; PT Pupuk Kaltim ing [[Bontang]], [[Kalimantan Timur]]; lan PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda ing [[Lhokseumawe]], [[Acèh]]; sarta BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan engineering, procurement &amp; construction (EPC), ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri (kantore pusat ing Jakarta). Nalika taun 1998, anak perusahaan Pusri bertambah siji BUMN manhe, ya iku PT Mega Eltra ing Jakarta kang bergerak ing babagan perdagangan.

awit Pamaréntah Indonésia mindahake sekabehane sahamnya kang dipanggonake ing Industri Pupuk Dalam Negeri lan ing PT Mega Eltra marang PUSRI, liwat Peraturan Pamaréntah (PP) nomer 28 taun 1997 lan PP nomer 34 taun 1998, mangka PUSRI, kang berkedudukan ing Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, dadi Induk Perusahaan (Operating Holding) kanti membawahi 6 (enam) anak perusahaan kalebu anak perusahaan penyertaan langsung ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri, masing-masing perusahaan bergerak sajrone babagan usaha:

* PT Petrokimia Gresik kang berkedudukan ing Gresik, Jawa Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea, ZA, SP-36/SP-18, [[Phonska]], DAP, NPK, ZK, lan indhustri kimia lliyane sarta Pupuk Organik.
* PT Pupuk Kujang, kang berkedudukan ing Cikampek, Jawa Barat. Memproduksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur, kang kedudukane ing Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, kang kedudukane ing Lhokseumawe, Nangroe Acèh Darussalam. Produksi an masarake pupuk Urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Rekayasa Industri, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta, Bergerak sajrone penyediaan Jasa Engineering, Procurement &amp; Construction (EPC) guna yasa indhustri gas &amp; lenga bumi, pupuk, kimia dan petrokimia, pertambangan, pembangkit listrik (panas bumi, batu bara, micro-hydro, diesel).
* PT Mega Eltra, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta kanti babagan usaha mligi ya iku Perdagangan Umum.

=== Periode Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang ===
Nalika taun [[2010]], dilakokake pemisahan ('''Spin-Off''') saka PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero) (Pusri) marang PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (Pusri Palembang)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/ekonomi/11/01/02/155887-pusri-resmi-jadi-holding-bumn-pupuk Pusri resmi jadi holding bumn pupuk]&lt;/ref&gt;. Owah-owahan iki terutang sajrone owah-owahan anggaran dhasar&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |title=Sejarah Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710060935/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pengalihan hak lan kewajiban Pusri marang Pusri Palembang tertuang sajrone [[Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham]] - Luar Biyasa nalika [[24 Dhésèmber]] 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Serah tampa kalungguhan lan pengalihan hak lan kewajiban efektif nalika [[1 Januari]] 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Pusri Palembang tetep migunakaké logo lan merk dagang Pusri&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Pusri dhéwé ganti jeneng dadi [[Pupuk Indonésia]] lan migunakaké merk Pupuk Indonésia lan logo Pupuk Indonésia&lt;ref name=&quot;ganti nama dan logo ke pupuk indonesia&quot;&gt;[http://www.pupuk-kujang.co.id/allmenu.php?idn=36&amp;idd=166&amp;PHPSESSID=d75250648bd1364e7d411e70d66d8ad9 Lauching Nama dan Logo Baru Holding Pupuk]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Anak Perusahaan ==
# PT Sri Melamin Rejeki&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111035224/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (20%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri 2 |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717073925/http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, kang bergerak sajrone produksi melamin.
# [http://www.puspetindo.com PT Puspetindo]&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt; (5.3%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri 2&quot; /&gt;, kang bergerak sajrone produksi peralatan pabrik.
# [http://twinplazahotèl.co.id/ PT Slipi Sri Indopuri]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 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== Wewengkon Pemasaran ==
Surat Dudutan (SK) Menperindag No 70/MPP/Kep/2/2003 tanggal 11 Fèbruari 2003 wis mengatur manèh pola Pengadaan lan Penyaluran Pupuk Bersubsidi kanggo Sektor Pertanian, ya iku kanti pola rayonisasi distribusi pupuk kanggo produsen pupuk.
Wewengkon Pemsaran Pupuk Sriwidjaja diduduhake kanti warna biru sarta anakan perusahaane.
[[Gambar:Insetpemasaran02.jpg|center|500px]]

== Prastawa wigati ==
# Pusri didegake nalika tanggal 24 Dhésèmber 1959 di Palembang, kanti kagiyatan usaha produksi pupuk urea.
# nalika taun [[1963]] beroperasi pabrik pupuk urea pertama ya iku: ” PUSRI I ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 100.000 ton per taun.
# Tahun [[1974]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kapindho ya iku “ PUSRI II “ kanti kapasitas terpasang 380.000 ton pertahun (awit taun 1992 kapasitase ditingkatake / optimasi dadi 570.000 ton/taun).
# Tahun [[1976]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea ketelu, ya iku “ PUSRI III ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun.
# Tahun [[1977]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kepapat, ya iku “ PUSRI IV ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun.
# Tahun [[1979]], pamaréntah ngukuhaké PT.Pusri minangka perusahaan kang bertanggung jawab sajrone pengadaan lan penyaluran sekabehane jinis pupuk bersubsidi, baik kang berskala saka produksi sajrone nagari utawa import kanggo memenuhi kebutuhan program intensivikasi pertanian (Bimas lan Inmas).
# Tahun [[1990]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea, ya iku “ PUSRI I B ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun minangka pengganti pabrik Puri I kang diendeg operasine amarga usia teknis lan wis ora efisien manèh. Pabrik iki wiwit produksi nalika taun 1994, wujud pabrik pertama kang digarap sapérangan besar déning ahli-ahli bangsa Indonésia, kang dibangun kanti konsèp hemat ènergi lan migunakaké sistem kendali komputer “Distributed Control System”
# Tanggal [[12 November]] [[2010]], pemisahan PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang saka PT Pusri.

== Struktur Kepemilikan Saham ==
* PT Pupuk Indonésia (99,99%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt;
* Yayasan Kesejahteraan Karyawan Pusri (0,01%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt;

[[Gambar:Strukturholding.jpg|center|600px]]

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.pusri.co.id/ Situs Resmi PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326054110/http://pusri.co.id/ |date=2013-03-26 }}

[[Kategori:Kota Palembang]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Pupuk]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hanok</title>
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      <text bytes="4988" sha1="sfmxn3syk4vdwwqb0hrdaw5rz43ueqx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Korea-Gangneung-Ojukheon-01.jpg
|caption=Ojukheon wonten ing [[Gangneung]], [[Koréa Kidul]]
|hangul=한옥
|hanja=韓屋
|rr=hanok
|mr=hanok
}}

'''Hanok''' punika sebatan kanggé [[omah|griya]] tradhisional [[Koréa]] ingkang dipun-ginakaken kanggé mbédakaken kaliyan griya gaya [[Kulon|Kilèn]] (Barat). [[Arsitektur Koréa]] ngetang papan griya saking lingkungan ing sakiwa tengenipun, mliginipun babagan kawontenan [[géografi]] lan mangsa (mangsa). Struktur interior ugi dipunrancang dhedhasar papanipun griya. Prinsip ingkang dipunsebat ''Baesanimsu'' ([[hangul]]: 배산임수) kanthi barès ngatur griya ingkang pas kanggé dipunyasa ngunduri [[gunung]], lan [[kali|lèpèn]] wonten ing ngajengipun griya. Hanok dipunyasa madep [[wétan]] utawi [[kidul]] supados cekap pikantuk [[srengéngé]].&lt;ref name=hanok&gt;{{cite web |title=Hanok |url=http://eng.korean.net/wcms/list.jsp?bID=4427&amp;pageID=04025277&amp;byid=1 |date= |work=Korean.net |publisher= |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2008-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226230302/http://eng.korean.net/wcms/list.jsp?bID=4427&amp;pageID=04025277&amp;byid=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Griya tradhisional Koréa dipunyasa saking bahan-bahan campuran alami kados ta dari [[kayu]], [[lemah]], [[watu]], [[jerami]], [[gendhèng]], lan [[kertas]]. Cagak-cagak lan rèngrèngan hanok dipundamel saking kayu. Témbok kanggé ngisi rèngrèngan griya dipundamel saking campuran lemah lan suket. Kertas tradhisional Koréa (''[[hanji]]'') dipunpasang ing rangka jendéla, rangka lawang, lan pelapis témbok. Lantainipun dipundamel saking lemah ingkang dipunatosaken utawi watu.&lt;ref name=eng /&gt;

Pinggiring empyak ingkang mlengkung manginggil punika dipunsebat ''cheoma''. Dawanipun ''cheoma'' nemtokaken gunggungipun cahya srengéngé ingkang mlebet ing hanok. Adhedhasar béda ingkang katingal saking ing pérangan empyak hanok dipunperang dados kalih jinis, inggih punika: ''giwajip'' (griya mawi empyak [[gendhèng]]) ingkang dinggèni déning kalangan inggil (''[[yangban]]'') lan ''chogajip'' (griya mawi empyak [[damèn]]) ingkang dinggèni déning kalangan wong tani. Giwajib dipunyasa mawi ngginakaken gendhèng (''giwa'') saéngga biaya pambangunan griya dados awis lan boten nyekapi kanggé rakyat biyasa.&lt;ref name=eng&gt;{{cite web |title=Hanok (Traditional Korean House) |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_1_3.jsp |date= |work= |publisher=Koréa Sparkling}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sewalikipun rakyat biyasa manggon wonten ing griya mawi empyak damèn ingkang pirantosipun gampil kapanggih. Hanok mawi empyak gendhèng dumugi sapunika taksih dipun-ginakaken minangka ''papan tinggal'' déné hanok mawi empyak damèn sampun dados yasan ingkang langka.

== Pérangan-pérangan yasan ==
Hanok kajangkepi kaliyan ''[[ondol]]'' kanggé damel anget lantai griya nalika mangsa adhem. Tiyang Koréa lenggah, dhahar, lan saré wonten ing lantai ingkang terus dipunangetaken déning ''ondol''. Emperan kanggé ngubungaken ruangan satunggal kaliyan ruangan sanèsipun dipunsebat ''daecheong'' ([[hangul|대청]]). ''Daechong'' punika ruangan kabikak mawi lantai saking kayu ingkang dipunyasa kanggé njagi griya supados tansah seger nalika mangsa panas. Wujudipun hanok ugi bènten-bènten miturut dhaérahipun ing Koréa. Ing Koréa pérangan [[lor|lèr]] ingkang adhem yasan hanok dipunsusun kados [[persegi]] katutup (utawi aksara hangul: ㅁ) kanggé nahan angin lan njagi griya tansah anget. Ing Koréa pérangan tengah ruanganipun dipunsusun mbentuk aksara [[L]] (utawi aksara hangul: ㄱ). Ing Koréa pérangan kidul hanok dipunyasa kanthi ndawa kados aksara [[I]] supados angin gampil anggènipun mlebet lan medal.

Wangunan (ruangan) ''papan tinggal'' kakung lan putri punika kapisah miturut pamikiran [[Konfusius]]. Hanok kapérang saking yasan-yasan ingkang dipunsebat ''haengrangchae'', ''sarangchae'', ''anchae'', lan ''sadang''. ''Haengrangchae'' punika yasan minangka panggonipun pelayan wonten ing celakipun lawang mlebet. ''Sarangchae'' punika yasan kanggé kakung utawi kepala kulawarga, kalebet papan kanggé dhahar lan saré wonten ing pérangan ngajeng. ''Anchae'' punika yasan utami sarta papan kanggé saré tiyang èstri sarta laré-laré alit lan mapan wonten ing pérangan njero tebih saking lawang mlebet. Ruangan kanggé altar leluhur dipunsebat ''sadang''.&lt;ref name=hanok /&gt; Plataran wonten ing tengah yasan dipunsebat ''madang'', lan yasan gudang dipunsebat ''gwangchae''. Kajawi punika, hanok ugi asring gadhah ''[[cerobong beluk]]'' lan pintu gerbang (''munganchae'').

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
{{Commons category|Hanok}}
* [http://ata.hannam.ac.kr/korea/k-house1.htm Foto-foto rumah tradhisional Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424053315/http://ata.hannam.ac.kr/korea/k-house1.htm |date=2010-04-24 }}
* {{ko}} [http://www.hanok.org/ Hanok Cultural center]

[[Kategori:Arsitèktur Koréa]]
[[Kategori:Wangunan Koréa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kawin</title>
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      <text bytes="3950" sha1="nxmam2zfp84ooc59qj0zjlqyor70ytc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wedding rings.jpg|thumb|Ali-ali wong sing kawin]]
'''Kawin''' kuwi manunggalé wong loro dadi siji. Kawin iku mèmper kontrak manawa wong loro nduwé kekarepan kapéngin urip bebarengan. Kawin uga kerep diarani '''rabi''' utawa '''omah-omah'''. Bédané ing tembung rabi sing didhedhes iku lelaku kawin utawa kelonané kamangka ing tembung omah-omah sing didhedhes iku olèhé urip bebarengan utawa gegriya. Banjur upacara kawin iku diarani [[nikah|mantènan]] utawa nikah.

Ing kasus sing akèh dhéwé, saindhenging donya, kamanunggalan wong kawin iku antara sawijining wong lanang lan wong wadon.

== Étimologi ==
Tembung kawin ing basa Jawa kajupuk saka [[basa Parsi]] ''kawin'' sing ing jaman saiki dipocapaké minangka ''kabin'' (&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;کابین&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;[Pers. kaawiin of kaabiin], K.N. huwelijk, huwelijks-verbindtenis vóór den priester [Sd. Ml. id.]; ook kawin en gewoonlijk srikawin of mas kawin, huwelijkspand, een stuk geld (gewoonlijk twee realen zilver) of goed, dat bij de bevestiging van het huwelijk door den priester door den bruidegom aan de bruid gegeven, of als een wettige schuld erkend wordt, en dat zij behoudt, of hij aan haar betalen moed, wanneer hij zich van haar scheiden wil. gantung kawin, opschorting van het huwelijk, wanneer na de bevestiging van het huwelijk door den priester de bijeenkomst van den bruidegom met de bruid nog eenigen tijd uitgesteld wordt. -ngawin, trouwen.(Roorda 1847)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://parsi.wiki/dehkhodaworddetail-0c47fb77add54febaa3f401747e28fb4-fa.html{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging ing basa Parsi tegesé iku mas kawin, dudu aktivitas wong kontrak sosial.

== Iktisar ==
Ana sawatara alesan genéya wong kawin, racaké alesané salah sawijiné sing kapacak ing ngisor iki:

* Kapéngin nduwé kulawarga sing diakoni kanthi absah.
* Kapéngin ndarbèni anak sing bisa diwènèhi bandha warisan
* Kapéngin proklamasi rasa katresnané kanthi resmi
* Kapéngin olèh kawarganagaran sawijining nagara

== Hak-hak ==
Kawinan iku marahi sawatara hak-hak lan kawajiban. Contoné:

* Hak nemoni bojo ing kunjara utawa griya sakit
* Hak kanggo mutusi sawijining prakara manawa si bojo ora bisa nglakoni mangkono
* Wong kawin loro-loroné nduwé tanggung jawab kabèh kawajiban lan kudu nyauri kabèh utang sing digawé siji-sijiné sowang-sowang

Perkara wigati wong kawin iku uga olèhé kelonan. Manawa ora bisa kelonan, prakara iki bisa nggawé kawinané dijabel.

== Wujud ==
Wong kawinan iku racaké namung karo wong siji. Sanadyan mangkono, ing Sénégal, 47% kawinan iku wong lanang karo akèh wong wadon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20040502/ai_n10968614 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-08-21 |archive-date=2008-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125120859/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20040502/ai_n10968614 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manawa wong nduwé bojo akèh, prakara iki diarani [[poligami]]. Manawa wong lanang kusus diarani poligini, manawa wong wadon nduwé bojo akèh, prakara iki diarani [[poliandri]].

== Kawinan padha jinis ==
Ing sawatara nagara, wong sing padha jinis uga bisa kawin kanthi resmi. Contoné ing Walanda, wong lanang padha karo wong lanang utawa wong wadon padha karo wong wadon.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wetboek-online.nl/wet/BW1/30.html Burgerlijk wetboek Artikel 30]&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Tanah Jawa utawa Indonésia prakara mangkéné durung bisa.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/20/world/asia/indonesia-gay-rights-dede-oetomo.html?_r=0&lt;/ref&gt; Ing [[Suriname]] prakara iki uga durung bisa.&lt;ref&gt;http://dagbladdewest.com/2015/06/11/gros-surinamers-verwerpt-same-sex-marriage/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agama ==
{{main|Omah-omah sajeroning agama Islam}}
Saliyané pérangan hukum, sajeroning kawin iku kerepé uga ana pérangan spiritualitas.

== Réferènsi ==
&lt;small&gt;{{reflist}}&lt;/small&gt;

[[Kategori:Sosiologi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bennet Omalu</title>
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      <text bytes="2121" sha1="bhxp1zbau1778cjiw3hwfh35yohtici" xml:space="preserve">'''Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu''' (lair ing wulan Sèptèmber taun 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;BENNETOMALUFOUNDATIONBIO&quot;&gt;[http://bennetomalufoundation.org/about-bennet-omalu/ &quot;About Bennet Omalu&quot;], Bennet Omalu Foundation website.&lt;/ref&gt;) dhèwèké iku fisikawan, patologi forènsik, nèuropatologis Amérika-Nigeria,wong sing kapisan nemu lan nerbitaké chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) ing juru main American football nalika kerja ing Allegheny County kantor koronèr ing Pittsburgh.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_2015_Omalu&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Laskas, Jeanne Marie (24 November 2015). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Banjur dhèwèké dadi ketua medical examiner kanggo San Joaquin County, California, lan dadi profésor ing University of California, Davis, Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.

== Yayasan Bennet Omalu ==
Yayasan Bennet Omalu tujuané kanggo pangumpulan dana riset, ngundakake kesadaran, mènèhi perawatan lan nmokaké obat kanggo wong wong lelara CTE lan TBI.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOF&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://bennetomalufoundation.org/ &quot;Bennet Omalu Foundation Purpose&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sawijining misiné  &quot;kanggo advance Humanity of Science.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BOF&quot;/&gt;

== Urip pribadi ==
Omalu iku nikah karo Prema Mutiso, warga nagara [[Kénya|Kenya]].  dhèwèké iku manggon ing Lodi, California alan duwé anak loro, Ashly lan Mark.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book&quot;&gt;Laskas, Jeanne Marie (2015-11-24). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Agamané Omalu ya iku [[Katulik|Catholic]], lan naturalisasi dadi warga Amérikah Sarékat ing wulan Fèbruari taun 2015.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.pghcitypaper.com/Blogh/archives/2015/12/16/bennet-omalu-foundation-launches-in-pittsburgh &quot;Bennet Omalu Foundation launches in Pittsburgh&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825092621/http://www.pghcitypaper.com/Blogh/archives/2015/12/16/bennet-omalu-foundation-launches-in-pittsburgh |date=2016-08-25 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Kategori:Lair 1968]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]]
[[Kategori:Wong Amérika Sarékat]]
[[Kategori:Wong Nigéria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Skala T</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752529</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-10T00:28:52Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2359" sha1="hx8flynhfxkismm0ez1ph6kywy50erh" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:T review 04.jpg|thumb|Gedhéné lokomotif dipadhakaké karo driji]]
'''Skala T''' iku sawijing skala sepur modèl. Ukuraning skala ana 1:450. Ambané ril ana 3&amp;nbsp;mm lan iki nglambangaké sepur standar 1435&amp;nbsp;mm. Skala iki diprodhuksi déning Eishindo, sawijining produsèn Jepang lan ditepungaké marang konsumèn ing Tokyo Toy Show taun 2006. Banjur produké iki didol taun 2007. Nganti sepréné iki sepur modèl cilik dhéwé kang didol kanthi komèrsial. Wiwit taun 2009, Railway Shop (Hong Kong) iku siji-sijiné kang produksi sepur modèl iki.

Aksara T iki cekakan saka tembung ''tiny'' kang tegesé cilik ing basa Inggris.

Sepur modèl ing skala T iki lumaku sadhuwuring ril lan digerakaké déning listrik kang teka saka trafo. Dayané maksimal 4,5 Volt DC. Supaya kontak listriké luwih apik, lokomotifé diwèhi rodha magnètis lan rilé digawé saka waja.

Sepur modèl ing skala T iku bisa dienggo karo montor maburan modèl lan lapangan montor mabur modèl ing skala 1:400 utawa 1:500. Eishindo dhéwé sajatiné nduwé rencana arep produksi montor mabur modèl sawatara saha aksèsoris liyané.

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
T Gauge Hankyu 9000.JPG|[[Hankyū Dentetsu|Hankyū]] 9000 gaweán KK Eishindo dipadhakaké karo korèk api
TT - ZZ - T Spur.jpg|Prabandingan antara skala TT, ZZ lan T
Vergleich Nenngröße ZZ T TY.JPG|Prabandingan antara skala ZZ, T lan TY
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons category|T scale|Skala T}}
* {{ja}} [http://www.kk-eishindo.co.jp/ kk-eishindo.co.jp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924190833/http://www.kk-eishindo.co.jp/ |date=2016-09-24 }},Situs wèb resmi.
* [http://www.tgauge.com/ www.tgauge.com], kang ngedol modèl iki kanthi internasional.
* [http://www.trainaidsa.com/catalog/index.php?cPath=27 trainaidsa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603215346/http://www.trainaidsa.com/catalog/index.php?cPath=27 |date=2016-06-03 }}, toko saka Amérikah Sarékat kang ngedol modèl iki kanthi internasional
* [http://www.uwefenk.de/QTT.htm uwefenk.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504125734/http://www.uwefenk.de/QTT.htm |date=2014-05-04 }}, situs Jerman ngenani modèl ing skala T
* [http://www.talkingtgauge.net TalkingTGauge.net], forum diskusi kanggo skala T

{{Pratélan navigasi skala sepur modèl}}

[[Kategori:Sepur modèl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sajarah Batur Tukon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6186" sha1="0nfejbluidxksumqf2l91gock7m4g52" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|jmpl|Sawijining iklan kang nawakaké batur tukon ]]
'''Sajarah Batur Tukon''' ya iku sajarah anané batur tukon kang nyrambahi budaya, bangsa, lan kapitayan (agama), saka jaman kuna nganti wektu saiki. Sanajan mangkono, posisi batur tukon sacara legal, sosial, lan ékonomi iku béda-béda miturut sistemé, papané lan wektuné.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean|last=Klein|first=Herbert S.|author2=III, Ben Vinson|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195189421|edition=2nd|location=New York [etc.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Batur tukon iki arang anané ing populasi kang dumadi saka populasi ''hunter-gatherer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Eric Alden|last2=Hill|first2=Kim|last3=Marlowe|first3=Frank|last4=Nolin|first4=David|last5=Wiessner|first5=Polly|last6=Gurven|first6=Michael|last7=Bowles|first7=Samuel|last8=Mulder|first8=Monique Borgerhoff|last9=Hertz|first9=Tom|date=February 2010|title=Wealth Transmission and Inequality Among Hunter-Gatherers|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=51|issue=1|pages=19–34|doi=10.1086/648530|pmc=2999363|pmid=21151711|quote=Summary characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCSS). [...] Social stratification [: ...] Hereditary slavery 24% [...].|last10=Bell|first10=Adrian}}&lt;/ref&gt;,'' amarga batur tukon iki tuwuh sangisore sistem tataran sosial (stratifikasi sosial)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=hLFGpdkpHKsC&amp;pg=PT72|title=Rediscovering the Hidden World: The Changing Human Geography of Kongo|last=Wanzola|first=Hamba|date=30 November 2012|publisher=[[Xlibris Corporation]]|isbn=978-1479751914|page=72|quote=Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations as slavery depends on a system of social stratification.}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Batur tukon wiwit dilakokaké ing kauripan masarakat kang paling pisanan, (kaya ta [[Sumer]] ing [[Mesopotamia|Mésopotamia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C|title=Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East|last1=Tetlow|first1=Elisabeth Meier|publisher=A&amp;C Black|isbn=9780826416285|series=Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society|volume=1|location=New York|publication-date=2004|page=7|chapter=Sumer|quote=In Sumer, as in most ancient societies, the institution of slavery existed as an integral part of the social and economic structure. Sumer was not, however, a slavery-based economy.|access-date=17 Mar 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; kang bisa ditlesih wektuné ing kala kawuri saka 3500 ''BC''). Batur tukon uga kasebut ing ''[[Code of Hammurabi]]'' Mésopotamia (''c. 1860&amp;nbsp;BC''), kang dirujuk minangka sawijining institusi kang diyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM|title=Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033802/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM|archivedate=14 May 2011|quote=e.g. Prologue, &quot;the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves&quot; Code of Laws No. 307, &quot;If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batur tukon dadi umum sajroning Éropa nalikané ''[[Dark Ages]]'' lan terus tekan [[Jaman Tengahan]]. [[Perang antarané Bizantium lan Osmani]] (1265–1479) lan [[perang Osmani ing Éropah]] (abad ka-14 nganti abad ka- 20) kasil nawan batur tukon Kristen kanthi gunggung kang akèh. Wong Walanda, wong Perancis, wong Spanyol,  wong Portugis, wong Inggris, wong Arab, lan saweneh krajan Afrika Kulon duwé peran kang wigati ing padagangan batur tukon ing wewengkon Atlantik, utamané sawisé 1600. 

Sanajan batur tukon iku wis ora diéntukaké manèh ing saindenging donya (kajaba anané buruh tahanan),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavery2.htm|title=Anti-Slavery Society|publisher=Anti-slaverysociety.addr.com|accessdate=4 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; pangedolan manungsa isih dadi masalah internasional, lan yèn diwetara, nganti taun 2013, wus ana udakara 25-40 yuta wong kang didadèkaké batur tukon, akèh-akèhé ing [[Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/|title=Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals more Than 29 Million people Living In Slavery|date=4 October 2013|work=Global Slavery Index 2013|accessdate=17 October 2013|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407232555/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Antaraning taun Perang Sipil Sudan Kaloro ing taun 1983–2005, akèh wong kang didadèkaké batur tukon.&lt;ref name=&quot;US Department of State2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm|title=Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan|date=22 May 2002|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukti-bukti anané sistem batur tukon lan pangedolan bocah-bocah ing sawijining kebon kakao ing Afrika Kulon, nuli katon udakara ing taun 1990-an.&lt;ref name=&quot;theAustralian-208672&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html|title=West is master of slave trade guilt|author=5 Minutes 10 Minutes &lt;!-- // .tier-2 --&gt;|publisher=Theaustralian.news.com.au|accessdate=4 December 2011|archive-date=13 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613155944/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batur tukon terus lumaku nganti abad ka-21. Sanajan [[Mauritania]] ndadèkaké batur tukon minangka sawijining tumindak kriminal  ing sasi Agustus 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm|title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law|date=9 August 2007|accessdate=4 December 2011|publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; audakara 600.000 wong, utawa 20% saka populasiné Mauritania, isih akèh kang didadèkaké budhak, lan akèh saka wong-wong iku kang dadi batur utang. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml|title=The Abolition season on BBC World Service|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haji Ali Dargah</title>
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      <text bytes="16744" sha1="2xjtbt7ybzdhaafvgkvqs9nyb5e5iay" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{infobox 
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| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Mumbai 03-2016 12 Haji Ali Dargah.jpg|size=|alt= }}
| caption = Mesjid [[Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]] salah siji bangunan penting ning kutha [[Mumbai]]

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   | [[Gereja Apostolik Armenia]] | [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]
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| belowstyle = text-align:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:88%;
| below = [[File:হাজী আলী দরগাহ থেকে তাড়দেওয়ের দৃশ্য.jpg| thumb    | ''[[Tardeo]]'' saka Haji Ali Dargah]]
}}

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' yaiku mesjid lan ''dargah'' utawi monumen [[Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]] sing wonten ning sawijine pulo cilik ning sagara pantai [[Worli]] ning bagian kidul Kutha [[Mumbai]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas-A&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Thomas, Amelia |year=2012 |title=Goa &amp; Mumbai |location=Footscray, Victoria, Australia |edition=second |publisher=Lonely Planet |pages=87–88 |isbn=978-1-74179-778-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parab&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author1=Parab, Kanika  |author2=Poddar, Mansi |title=World's Greatest City: 50 reasons Mumbai is No.1: 43. The floating mosque |newspaper=CNN |date=30 Januari 2010 |url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/worlds-greatest-city-50-reasons-why-mumbai-no-1-809212 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007234914/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/worlds-greatest-city-50-reasons-why-mumbai-no-1-809212 |archive-date=7 Oktober 2009 | }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lewis, Clara |title=Dargah devotees against sea link landing |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=11 Fèbruari 2011 | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/mumbai/28543042_1_sea-link-worli-haji-ali-dargah |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713041639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/mumbai/28543042_1_sea-link-worli-haji-ali-dargah  |archive-date=13 Juli 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mesjid iki minangka tujuan pariwisata agama sing populer kanggo umat Islam ing India lan uga para pengikut agama liyane. Haji Ali Dargah minangka landmark penting ing India utamane ing kutha Mumbai lan saubengé, mesjid iki dumunung ing pesisir kutha udakara 500 meter saka kutha Mumbai ing tengah Samodra Hindia. Bangunan iki minangka kompleks makam utawa monumen saka Sayid Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari, dheweke minangka sufi, Haji lan sudagar sugih sing asale saka [[Uzbekistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hajialidargah.in/|title=Haji Ali Dargah, Mumbai (INDIA) - Tomb of Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari(R.A.)|website=hajialidargah.in|access-date=2019-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
Wong saka kabèh penjuru jagad tanpa kasta, akidah lan wates agama ngunjungi Dargah kanggo ndedonga lan ngaturake kekarepan kanthi ngarepake berkah saka  [[Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari|Sayid Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]]. Sawetara wong ndedonga babagan kasugihan, kesehatan, bocah, omah-omah lan liya-liyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hajialidargah.in/|title=Haji Ali Dargah, Mumbai (INDIA) - Tomb of Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari(R.A.)|website=hajialidargah.in|access-date=2019-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panggonan iki wis diadegaké wiwit abad kaping 19 lan minangka papan sing bersejarah tumrap umat Islam ing [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://serambiummah.tribunnews.com/2014/04/26/bagi-warga-india-masjid-ini-adalah-tempat-bersejarah|title=Bagi Warga India, Masjid Ini Adalah Tempat Bersejarah|website=Serambi Ummah|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929202347/https://serambiummah.tribunnews.com/2014/04/26/bagi-warga-india-masjid-ini-adalah-tempat-bersejarah|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sejarah==

{{PAGENAME}} dibangun ing taun 1431&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hajialidargah.in/hajiali_history1.html|title= History of Haji Ali Dargah, Mumbai (INDIA) - Tomb of Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari(R.A.)|website=hajialidargah.in|access-date=2019-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; minangka tugu kanggo ngelingake saudagar Muslim sing sugih, Sayid [[Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]] sing sampun ngibahake kabèh harta lan benda duniyawi sedurunge hijrah menyang [[Mekah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hajiali.org/2007/12/10/78625 |title=Haji Ali dargah was built in 1431 » Haji Ali Dargah, Maryam Mosque in Mumbai |publisher=Hajiali.org |date=10 Dhésèmber 2007 |access-date=7 Fèbruari 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923115723/http://www.hajiali.org/2007/12/10/78625 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Pramila tempat iki digawé minangka masjid sing didegake ing tengah sagara kanthi akses ing dalan sing sempit supados bisa menehi kesan sing unik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hajiali.org/2007/06/haji-ali-history-and-attractions/|title=Haji Ali : History and Attractions|website=Haji Ali Dargah , Mosque in Mumbai RSS Feed|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207012429/https://hajiali.org/2007/06/haji-ali-history-and-attractions/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing pasang dhuwur banyu laut, dalan akses menyang masjid iki bakal ditutupi [[banyu sagara]] kados ngupai kesan manawa papan iki ngambang ing ndhuwur sagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Srtuktur==

Struktur bangunan iki nduwe kubah putih lan menara sing ngelingake arsitektur saka [[Kesultanan Mughal]] ing wektu kasebut. Didominasi kanthi cat werna putih, mesjid iki minangka tujuan sing apik kangge para pengunjung. Udakara 10-15 ewu wong ngunjungi Haji Ali Dargah saben dinane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goibibo.com/destinations/mumbai/places-to-visit-in-mumbai/haji-ali-dargah-5332968164584011259/|title=Haji Ali Dargah Mumbai - Timings, Entry Fees, Location, Facts|website=www.goibibo.com|access-date=2019-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jumlah pengunjung bakal nambah kanthi dramatik dadi 20-30 ewu wong ning akhir minggu. Udakara  100.000 jemaah ngunjungi tempat iki kaya sagara wong ing preinan dinten utawi dina raya muslim, kaya ta ing dina [[Ramadan]] lan bakal nambah dina Idul Fitri lan Idul Adha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Fungsi==
Kajaba dadi ''landmark'' lan tujuan pariwisata, fungsi  utamane ing mesjid iki mesthi kangge  ndedonga ([[salat]]) lan peribadatan liyane, ruangan pandonga digawé kanthi kapisah kanggo para lanang lan wadon supados njaga pakurmatan ing mesjid iki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sanajan sadurunge, suwene 5 taun wanita dilarang ngunjungi papan iki nganti larangan diangkat tanggal 26 Agustus 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Haji Ali dargah opens entry for women after 5 years|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/haji-ali-dargah-opens-entry-for-women-after-5-years-116112900197_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2016-11-29|access-date=2019-12-16|last=IANS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/women-set-to-re-enter-mumbais-haji-ali-dargah-after-5-years-1631584|title=Women Re-Enter Mumbai's Haji Ali Dargah After 5 Years|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Lokasi==

Dumunung 500 [[yard]] sisih kulon pesisir kutha [[Mumbai]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Mausoleum iki ana ing cedhak arena [[olahraga]]  Mahalakshmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
==Galeri==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
 Sunrise at the Hali Aji Dargah &amp; Masjid.jpg|Suasana esuk
 Mumbai 03-2016 15 Haji Ali Dargah.jpg|Kubah
Mumbai 03-2016 16 Haji Ali Dargah.jpg|Menara
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Referensi==
 
{{reflist|2}}

==Wacaan lanjutan==
* [http://www.hajialidargah.in/hajiali_history1.html History of Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari (R.A.)]
* ''Haji Ali to be razed, rebuilt'', Manoj R Nair, pg 1, ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''; Sunday, 28 August 2005.
* [http://www.tourismtravelindia.com/pilgrimages_tour/muslim/muslim_hajiali.html Haji Ali Dargah, Muslim Pilgrimage]
* [http://www.pilgrimage-india.com/muslim-pilgrimage/haji-ali.html Haji Ali Mosque, Pilgrimage-India.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509021154/http://www.pilgrimage-india.com/muslim-pilgrimage/haji-ali.html |date=9 May 2017 }}
* {{Cite news|title=Will 400-yr-old Haji Ali dargah become Mumbai’s own Taj? |date=25 Sèptèmber 2008 |newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/will-400yrold-haji-ali-dargah-become-mumbais-own-taj/365716/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925083025/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/will-400yrold-haji-ali-dargah-become-mumbais-own-taj/365716/ |archive-date=25 Sèptèmber 2008 }}
* [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/haji-ali-dargah-to-rise-again-in-makrana-marble_100102123.html Haji Ali Dargah to rise again in Makrana marble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195515/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/haji-ali-dargah-to-rise-again-in-makrana-marble_100102123.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.indianmirror.com/temples/haji-ali-dargah.html HAJI ALI DARGAH, History and Structure]

==Pranala jaba== 
* [http://www.hajialidargah.in Official website of Haji Ali Dargah Trust, Mumbai.]

{{Commons category|Haji Ali Dargah}}

[[Kategori:Masjid]]
[[Kategori:Dargah]]
[[Kategori:Tempat wisata di India]]
[[Kategori:Masjid bersejarah]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1162" sha1="szrdh6hifinycqts7pt0gh0afwi9zmt" xml:space="preserve">'''Lagu dhaèrah''' utawi '''lagu laladan''', yaiku lagu utawa gendhing sing wiwitane saka laladan tartamtu lan dadi sung sing populer ing babrayan lan babrayan liya. Lumrahé, juru ripta kidung laladan iki ora dimangrteni maneh dening panulis.

Kidung laladan padha karo kidung nagara, nanging dedeg kahanan mung laladan lan ditulis minangka kidung saka sawijining laladan. Kidung laladan biasane duwe lyrics trap karo basa laladan sing beda kaya ta tondok kadadingku saka Sulawesi Kidul lan Rasa Sayange saka Maluku.

Sawetara titikan kidung babrayan antara liya kaya ta:

# Nyritakake babagan kahanan paristiti utawa budaya babrayan panggonan sing kuwat diprabawani dening adat panggonan.
# Sipat Serdehana supaya bisa sinau kidung babrayan ora butuh gendhingwidya sing cukup kaya ta maca lan nulis cathetan gendhing.
# Penulis arah dingreteni.
# Ngemot ajining urip, unsur kasawijen parisaba, lan laras paristiti sakiwatengen.
# Angel dikidungake dening wong sing teka saka laladan liyane amarga kurang pinguwasa carabasa laladan saengga pangaji-ajine kurang saka maksimal.
# Ngemot aji urip sing mbedani.

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      <text bytes="5611" sha1="iam887f1yvis0lm6v0surgab2xfj5m6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|image=Indian cuisine-Chaat-Bhelpuri-03.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=|alternate_name=Bhel ([[Maharashtra]]), ([[Gujarat]]), Bhela, Churu Muri / Churmuri (Karnataka),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Churmuri|url=http://www.tasteofmysore.com/2013/04/churumuri-bhel-puri.html|work=The taste of Mysore|access-date=18 Dhésèmber 2013|archive-date=2016-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822235824/http://www.tasteofmysore.com/2013/04/churumuri-bhel-puri.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhuja (Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Awadhi), Belfuri ([[Sylhet region|Sylhet]])|country=[[Indian subcontinent]]|region=[[Maharashtra]], [[Nepal]], [[Gujarat]], [[Odisha]], [[Bengal]], [[Mysore, Karnataka]]|creator=|type=[[Snack]], [[chaat]]|served=|main_ingredient=[[Muri (food)|Puffed rice]], [[sev (food)|sev]]|variations=[[Sevpuri]], dahi bhelpuri, sev papdi chaat|calories=|other=}} '''Bhèlpuri''' ya iku jajanan gurih, sing asalé saka subbawana India, lan uga minangka jinis gorèngan. Panganan iki digawé saka sega, jejanganan lan saos [[asem jawa]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYZHm6C-U4EC&amp;lpg=PA14&amp;dq=bhel%20puri&amp;pg=PA14#v=onepage&amp;q=bhel%20puri&amp;f=false|title=Gourmet Vegetarian: The Vegetarian Recipes You Must Have|last=Price|first=Jane|publisher=Murdoch Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-921259-09-8|page=256}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-bhel-puri-99035|title=Bhel Puri|last=Gupta|first=Niru|access-date=2 Sèptèmber 2015|publisher=Niru Gupta|archive-date=2016-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813103333/http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-bhel-puri-99035|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhèl asring ditepungi ing pesisir [[Mumbai]], kaya ta Chowpatty utawa Juhu .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZsGcS2L9r8C&amp;pg=PA178&amp;dq=bhel+puri&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=07ZMT8nuF8iIrAeX_oGbDw&amp;ved=0CHMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&amp;q=bhel%20puri&amp;f=false|title=Cooking along the Ganges: the vegetarian heritage of India|last=Doshi|first=Malvi Doshi with Neil|last2=Quayle, Bella Doshi|last3=foreword by Michele Anna Jordan|last4=illustrations by Sonya|publisher=Writer's Showcase|year=2002|isbn=0-595-24422-X|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sawijining teori babagan mula bunaké yaiku digawé ing omah mangan sing diarani Vithal cedhak Victoria Terminus. Miturut teori liyané, bhèlpuri digawa  dening Gujaratis kutha, sing digawé kanthi nambah rasa enak kanggo mangan chaat India Lor sing prasaja. Ibu rumah tangga Gujarati wiwit nggawé, lan nemoni macem-macem jinis kaya pakodi puri, lan banjur nyebaraké ing manèka komunitas kaya Mangabadans lan Sindhis uga nggawé versi dhéwé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanghvi2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK1uGVxmEiUC&amp;pg=PA100|title=Rude Food: The Collected Food Writings of Vir Sanghvi|last=Vir Sanghvi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-303139-0|pages=100–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Resep kasebut wis sumebar ing pirang-pirang bagean India, yuga wis diowahi supaya jumbuh karo kasedhiyan panganan lokal. Bhèl garing digawé saka bhadang, pedhes namkeen saka  Maharashtra kulon, lan migunakaké bawang, katumbar lan jus lemon. Ing Bengali varian saka bhèlpuri diarani ''jhalmuri'' (tegesé &quot;beras pedhes&quot;). Tlatah Mysore ngarani bhèlpuri dikenal minangka ''churumuri'' utawa ''churmuri'' ing Mangalore .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://churumuri.wordpress.com/what-is-churumuri/|title=What is churumuri|website=Churumuri|access-date=18 Dhésèmber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:Bangladeshi_bhelpuri.jpg|jmpl|Bhèlpuri bundher jinis Bangladeshi diséléhaké ing koran Bengali.]]
Ora ana sing nyebutaké kapan lan ing ngendi lan sapa sing nemokaké bhèlpuri, nanging bisa uga asal saka karyawan migran saka Uttar Pradesh, sing manggon ing Mumbai.

== Bahan sing umum digunakaké ==
[[Gambar:Behael Puri (6105489342).jpg|al=|jmpl|Bhèlpuri sing digawé ing omah]]
Bhèlpuri digawé saka sega lan sev (jajanan sing digorèng kaya mi sing tipis digawé saka glepung beras) dicampur karo kenthang, [[Bawang bombay|bawang]], masa lan chutney lan campuran jajanan gorèng liyané minangka nyamikan pambuka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://cooks.ndtv.com/recipe/show/bhel-puri-99035 Bhel puri]&lt;/ref&gt; Bhèlpuri duwé keseimbangan rasa legi, asin, lembut lan pedhes, kanthi macem-macem tekstur, uga kalébu teles lan garing saka beras lan sev gorèng. Woworan sing paling umum digunakaké yaiku [[tomat]] lan [[Lombok abang|lombok]] ditambah ing dasar. Ing resep India sisih lor uga kalébu kentang sing digodhog dirajang dadi irisan cilik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89FCgFFXj6wC&amp;pg=PA149&amp;dq=bhel+puri+is+a+chaat&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=aLRMT7eULIfjrAenidWpDw&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=bhel%20puri%20is%20a%20chaat&amp;f=false|title=The essential rice cookbook|last=Harpham|first=[editor Zoë|publisher=Murdoch Books|year=2004|isbn=1-74045-540-1|location=Sydney (N.S.W.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlatah sing beda-beda menehi rasa legi, asem utawa pedhes. Ana rong chutney sing populer digunakaké: coklat manis sing digawé utamané saka kurma lan asam jawa lan coklat pedhes ijo digawé saka [[ketumbar]], godhong mint lan lombok ijo.

== Nyepakaké ==
[[Gambar:Bhelpuri stall (6130257735).jpg|al=|jmpl|200x200px|Bakul Bhèlpuri dodol ing pinggir dalan]]
Bhèlpuri bisa disuguhaké kanthi pirang-pirang cara, nanging biasané dilebokaké ing kertas sing dibentuk kerucut lan dikonsumsi nggunakaké sendhok kertas utawa  [[Papri lam|papdi]] sing bisa ditrapaké nalika mangan bhèlpuri utawa dilebokaké piring.

== Kapustakan ==

[[Kategori:Olah-olahan Asia]]
[[Kategori:India]]
[[Kategori:Wetan Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Gorèngan]]</text>
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    <title>Nglangi karo lumba-lumba</title>
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[[Barkas:US_Navy_041216-N-8774S-076_A_Sailor_assigned_to_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_(CVN_75),_swims_with_a_dolphin_during_a_port_visit_to_Bahrain.jpg|jmpl| Wanita nglangi karo lumba-lumba]]
Popularitas '''nglangi karo lumba-lumba''' lan interaksi liyane karo lumba-lumba mundhak akeh ing taun 1980-an lan 1990-an &lt;ref name=&quot;Orams&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Orams|first=Mark B|date=August 1997|title=Historical accounts of human-dolphin interaction and recent developments in wild dolphin based tourism in Australasia|journal=Tourism Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=317–326|doi=10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00022-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; amarga kepuasan lan sinau sing dialami manungsa nalika nglangi lumba-lumba. Aktivitas iki bisa mbantu ngatasi depresi ing manungsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Laur&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20051125/ai_n15877812|title=Swimming with dolphins 'is good for your soul'|last=Laurance|first=Jeremy|date=2005-11-25|work=[[The Independent]]}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana akeh [[Dolphinarium|panyebaran dolphinarium]] duweke pribadi ing saindenging jagad sanajan ana kontroversi ing kegiatan iki, sing durung bisa dilalekake karo ukum &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Marine Mammal Protection Act|date=2019-07-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act&amp;oldid=905108406|periodical=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/06/13/inenglish/1465799621_037216.html|title=With so many dolphins in captivity, Spain is swimming against the tide|last=Salas|first=Javier|date=14 Jun 2016|access-date=6 February 2019|publisher=El Pais}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popularitas lumba-lumba anyar ing taun 1960-an nyebabake munculé akeh lumba-lumbaarium &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Dolphinarium|date=2019-10-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphinarium&amp;oldid=921614420|periodical=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; ing saindenging jagad. Sanajan kritik lan undang-undang kesejahteraan kewan sing luwih ketat meksa akeh dolphinarium kanggo nutup lawang, atusan isih ana ing saindenging jagad iki sing narik akeh pengunjung. Institusi kasebut asring dadi oposisi abot saka klompok hak-hak kewan, utamane yen kahanan sing ora apik nyebabake kewan kewan ilang, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale/2019/01/31/protest-planned-fourth-dolphin-dies-dolphinaris-arizona/2739718002/|title=Protest planned as fourth dolphin dies at Dolphinaris Arizona|last=Longhi|first=Lorraine|website=Arizona Central|access-date=6 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://eurasianet.org/armenia-yerevans-dolphinarium-closes-amidst-controversy|title=Armenia: Yerevan's Dolphinarium Closes Amidst Controversy|last=Grigoryan|first=Marianna|date=11 Mar 2013|access-date=6 February 2019|publisher=Eurasianet}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan nalika lumba-lumba kasebut asale saka populasi sing kejiret liar kayata perikanan lumba-lumba Taiji, Jepang. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/dying-to-make-us-happy-the-bloody-truth-behind-the-dolphinarium-1799837.html|title=Dying to make us happy: The bloody truth behind the dolphinarium|date=11 October 2009|access-date=6 February 2019|publisher=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; Risiko sing ana gandhengane karo interaksi karo lumba-lumba kalebu cilaka kanggo manungsa lan cilaka, stres lan pati kanggo lumba-lumba. 

&lt;ref name=&quot;Orams&quot;/&gt;

== Kagiyatan utama ==

* '''Swirl''' : sawetara lumba-lumba nglangi ing bunderan konsentris ing perenang, ngasilake akeh energi lan gerakan.
* '''Cium''' : kanthi gerakan sing alus, lumba-lumba menehi moncong ing pipi utawa cangkemane nglangi.
* '''Pelukan''' : tegak lan kanthi luwih saka setengah awak metu saka banyu, lumba-lumba ngrangkul sirip dada.
* '''Footpush''' : lumba-lumba loro nyurung perenang saka sikil.
* '''Langsung''' : lumba-lumba minangka master nalika metu saka banyu. Sajrone nglangi, dhèwèké nindakake trik ing udara.
* '''Jogèd''' : nalika ngalahake, dhèwèké mindhah awake nalika nglangi nyekel sirip dada.
* '''Nyanyi''' : kanthi urutan lan kaya ing paduan suara, lumba-lumba ngetokake swara khas.
* '''Sinyal''' : perenang sinau sawetara rincian sing dibutuhake kanggo nangani lumba-lumba.
* '''Wektu interaksi gratis''' : perenang duwe kesempatan kanggo nggawe kontak gratis lan mbukak karo lumba-lumba.

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Aktivitas pariwisata]]
[[Kategori:Èksploitasi kéwan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Damper</title>
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{{Infobox food|name=Damper|image=Rosemary beer damper.jpg|caption=Damper bread|alternate_name=|country=[[Australia]]|region=|creator=[[Stockman (Australia)|Stockmen]]|course=|type=[[Soda bread]]|served=|main_ingredient=[[Wheat flour]], water|variations=|calories=|other=}}'''Damper''' minangka [[roti soda]] tradisional [[Ostrali|Australia]], kanthi sejarah disiapake dening para pendhudhuk awal, swagmen, drovers, stockman lan wisatawan liyane. &lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Australian Damper&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.littleaussietravellers.com.au/2014/history-australian-damper.html|title=The History of Australian Damper {{!}} Little Aussie Travellers|date=2014-12-10|work=Little Aussie Travellers|access-date=2016-12-29|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225180854/http://www.littleaussietravellers.com.au/2014/history-australian-damper.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roti kasebut beda karo roti semak, sing wis digawe dening warga pribumi Australia pirang-pirang ewu taun kepungkur lan tradisional digawe kanthi ngremuk macem-macem wiji asli, kacang lan oyot, dicampur dadi adonan, banjur dipanggang adonan ing areng geni &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/damper-seed/|title=Damper Seed - Aboriginal Art Stories - Japingka Gallery|last=Wroth|first=David|date=Aug 2020|website=Japingka Aboriginal Art Gallery|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-09-08|quote=Millstones for grinding seeds into flour have been discovered, which have been dated to 50,000 years old.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Damper dimanfaatake dening [[Stockman (Australia)|stockman sing]] lelungan ing wilayah sing adoh suwene suwe, mung tepung, gula lan teh sing didhasarake, ditambah karo daging sing kasedhiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Australian Damper2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.littleaussietravellers.com.au/2014/history-australian-damper.html|title=The History of Australian Damper {{!}} Little Aussie Travellers|date=2014-12-10|work=Little Aussie Travellers|access-date=2016-12-29|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225180854/http://www.littleaussietravellers.com.au/2014/history-australian-damper.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahan baku damper yaiku glepung, banyu lan kadang susu. [[Natrium bikarbonat|Soda panggang]] utawa bir bisa digunakake kanggo ragi. Damper biasane dimasak ing awu geni. Awu wis rata, lan damper dimasak ing kana sepuluh menit. Sawise iki, ditutupi awu lan dimasak suwene 20 nganti 30 menit nganti keprungu suwung nalika disentuh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theoldfoodie.com/2012/04/damper-details.html|title=Damper Details.|website=www.theoldfoodie.com|access-date=2016-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utawa, damper dimasak ing [[Oven Walanda|oven kamp sing wis lemu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Damper Australian Soda Bread2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tarasmulticulturaltable.com/damper-australian-soda-bread/|title=Damper (Australian Soda Bread)|date=2016-07-13|work=Tara's Multicultural Table|access-date=2016-12-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Damper dipangan nganggo daging sing wis garing utawa mateng utawa [[sirup emas]] .

== Referensi ==</text>
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    <title>ꦥꦼꦫꦁ</title>
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{{Artikel ing krama}}
꧋'''ꦥꦼꦫꦁ'''ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦶꦭꦶꦁꦏꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤꦤ꧀ꦏꦏꦺꦫꦱꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦔꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦺꦴꦲꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦺꦴ꧈ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦥ꦳꧀ꦭꦶꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦭꦮꦶꦪꦂꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦏꦼꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁ꧉ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦱꦶꦩꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁ[[ꦩꦺꦢꦤ꧀ꦭꦒ]]ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶ[[ꦛꦼꦄꦠꦺꦂ(ꦮꦂꦥ꦳ꦫꦺ)|ꦛꦺꦪꦠꦼꦂꦱ꧀]]꧉ꦲꦶꦁꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦶꦭꦶꦁꦩꦺꦢꦤ꧀ꦭꦒ꧈ꦱꦒꦺꦣ꧀ꦏꦺꦩꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁ[[ꦏꦩ꧀ꦥꦚꦼꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂ]]꧉ꦱꦮꦺꦤꦺꦃ[[ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦶꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂ]]ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦱꦭꦺꦧꦺꦠꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦏꦩ꧀ꦥꦚꦼꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂꦭꦶꦩꦿꦲꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦏꦱꦺꦧꦠ꧀[[ꦥꦼꦂꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦫꦤ꧀]]꧈ꦱꦤꦗꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦂꦩꦶꦤꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦏꦢꦁꦏꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦒꦺꦣ꧀ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦫꦥꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦥꦼꦂꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦫꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦩꦶꦒꦸꦤꦲꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦧꦸꦂ꧈ꦥꦼꦭꦸꦫꦸꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦭꦶꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦧꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦶꦒꦸꦤꦲꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦮꦣꦾꦧꦭꦢꦫꦠ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦱꦼꦒꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀꧈

꧋ꦥꦼꦂꦏꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦱꦒꦺꦣ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦝꦢꦺꦴꦱꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦭꦶꦩꦿꦲꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦫꦸꦩꦶꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦮꦸꦗꦸꦣ꧀ꦮꦂꦤꦶꦮꦂꦤꦶꦩꦱꦭꦃ꧉ꦲꦸꦥꦩꦶꦕꦼꦕꦺꦴꦁꦏꦿꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦮꦸꦃꦧꦧ꧀ꦮꦶꦒꦠꦶ꧈ꦏꦣꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦠ:[[ꦠ꧀ꦭꦠꦃ]]꧈[[ꦏꦢꦻꦴꦭꦠꦤ꧀]]꧈[[ꦱꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂꦢꦪ]]ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶ[[ꦆꦢꦺꦪꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶ]]ꦏꦩꦁꦏꦥꦼꦫꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦔꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦒꦒꦭ꧀‌꧈ꦱꦒꦺꦣ꧀ꦤꦸꦮꦸꦲꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦫꦁ꧉ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦧꦸꦏꦸꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦲꦱꦼꦱꦶꦫꦃ''ꦮꦂꦧꦼꦥ꦳ꦺꦴꦫꦺꦕꦶꦮ꦳ꦶꦭꦶꦗ꦳ꦠꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤ꧀''꧈ꦭꦮꦿꦺꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦲ꧀꧈ꦏꦼꦄꦼꦊꦪ꧀‌ꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦶꦭꦶꦁꦥꦿꦺꦴꦥ꦳ꦺꦱꦺꦴꦂꦱꦏꦶꦁ[[ꦈꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦺꦂꦱꦶꦠ꧀ꦪ꧀ꦎꦥ꦳꧀ꦆꦭ꧀ꦭꦶꦤꦺꦴꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦄꦠ꧀ꦈꦂꦧꦤꦕ꧀ꦲꦩ꧀ꦥꦻꦒ꧀ꦤ꧀|ꦪꦸꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦺꦂꦱꦶꦠꦶꦎꦥ꦳꧀ꦆꦭ꧀ꦭꦶꦤꦺꦴꦮꦶꦱ꧀]]꧈ꦔꦺꦠꦁꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦏꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦏꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀꧇꧙꧐꧇-꧇꧙꧕꧇%ꦱꦏꦶꦁꦏꦺꦴꦩꦸꦤꦶꦠꦱ꧀ꦠꦂꦠꦩ꧀ꦠꦸꦤꦠꦺ꧈ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦱꦏꦺꦢꦶꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦏꦭꦏꦭꦩꦒꦺꦥꦺꦴꦏꦤ꧀ꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦫꦁ꧈ꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦛꦃꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦠꦼꦫꦸꦱ꧀ꦩꦼꦤꦼꦫꦸꦱ꧀꧈&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html |title=War Before Civilization - Lawrence H. Keeley |access-date=2024-06-22 |archive-date=2008-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514081056/http://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://brneurosci.org/reviews/war.html |title=Review: War Before Civilization |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2010-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121021158/http://brneurosci.org/reviews/war.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v48/ai_18614114/pg_1 |title=War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage |access-date=2024-06-22 |archive-date=2007-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211015108/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v48/ai_18614114 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/003424.html |title=Gene Expression: Primitive Warfare |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011085522/http://gnxp.com/MT2/archives/003424.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

꧋ꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦶꦭꦶꦁꦥꦼꦫꦁꦱꦒꦺꦣ꧀ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶ[[ꦣꦺꦏ꧀ꦭꦫꦱꦶ]]ꦉꦱ꧀ꦩꦶꦩ꧀ꦭꦶꦒꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁ[[ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀]]꧉ꦲꦼꦮꦺꦴꦱꦺꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦶꦠꦸꦫꦸꦠ꧀ꦱꦗꦫꦃꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦢꦝꦺꦴꦱꦤ꧀ꦚꦠ꧈ꦧꦺꦴꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦠꦤ꧀ꦱꦃꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠꦶꦢꦺꦤꦶꦁ[[ꦢꦺꦏ꧀ꦭꦫꦱꦶ]]ꦩꦏꦠꦺꦤ꧀‌꧈ꦏꦭꦺꦧꦺꦠ꧀ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁ[[ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦱꦢꦺꦫꦺꦏ꧀]]꧉
[[Gambar:Battle of Plataea (134601447).jpg|thumb]]
[[Gambar:Battle_of_salamis.png|thumb]]
==ꦕꦫꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦫꦁ==
꧋ꦕꦫꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦧꦏꦸꦏꦁꦒꦺꦔꦪꦃꦲꦶꦥꦼꦫꦁꦱꦔꦼꦠ꧀ꦒꦸꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦁꦝꦸꦩꦠꦼꦁꦮꦶꦪꦂꦫꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦱꦱꦫꦤ꧀꧈ꦏꦊꦧꦺꦠ꧀ꦧꦧ꧀ꦧꦧ꧀ꦏꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦢꦺꦤꦺꦔꦽꦧꦠ꧀ꦠ꧀ꦭꦠꦃ꧈ꦔ꧀ꦭꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦃꦲꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦒꦫꦶꦱꦲꦶꦁꦔꦤ꧀꧈ꦔꦿꦶꦱꦏꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦏꦩꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦩꦼꦁꦱꦃꦱꦸꦥꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ꦔꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦶꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂ꧈ꦔꦸꦮꦲꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦱꦶꦗꦭ꧀ꦩꦶꦱꦤꦺꦱ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦔꦏꦺꦤꦶꦏꦁꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦤꦸꦁꦔꦶꦥꦿꦶꦧꦸꦩꦶꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦤꦒꦫꦶꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦩꦶꦱꦃ꧈ꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦢꦸꦩꦸꦒꦶ''ꦥꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦲꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀''([[genocide|ꦒꦺꦤꦺꦴꦕꦶꦢꦺ]])꧉ꦭꦶꦩꦿꦃꦲꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦱꦧꦺꦤ꧀[[aksi militèr|ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦶꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂ]]ꦢꦺꦤꦶꦁꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦶꦭꦶꦁꦤꦒꦫꦶꦭꦗꦺꦁꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦭꦮꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦤꦶꦁꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁꦤꦒꦫꦶꦱꦤꦺꦱ꧀ꦱꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀꧉ꦥꦿꦩꦶꦭ꧈[[sasaran|ꦱꦱꦫꦤ꧀]]ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦥꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦱꦏꦶꦁꦱꦮꦺꦤꦺꦃꦤꦒꦫꦶꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦩꦺꦂꦏꦭꦶꦃꦠꦶꦤꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦁꦱꦱꦫꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁꦚꦺꦫꦺꦒ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦃꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦔꦶꦕꦭꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦩꦼꦁꦱꦃ꧉ꦧꦧ꧀ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦪꦃꦲꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦕꦫ[[ꦔꦼꦥꦸꦁ]]꧈ꦔꦚ꧀ꦕꦸꦫꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁ[[palagan|ꦥꦭꦒꦤ꧀]]꧈ꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ꦩꦺꦁꦱꦃꦱꦸꦥꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦩ꧀ꦭꦗꦼꦁꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶ[[takluk|ꦠꦏ꧀ꦭꦸꦏ꧀]]꧈ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦔꦚ꧀ꦕꦸꦂꦫꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦁꦱꦃꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦕꦫꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦧꦺꦴꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁꦱꦼꦥꦼꦂꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦚꦺꦧꦫꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦊꦭꦫꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶ''ꦏꦼꦭꦸꦮꦺꦤ꧀''꧉

==ꦫꦸꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀==
{{Reflist}}
== ꦒ꧀ꦭꦢꦿ ==
[[Gambar:&quot;Batavians defeating Romans on the Rhine&quot; by Otto van Veen.jpg|thumb]]

{{Artikel Dhasar}}
{{Commons category|Warfare}}

[[Kategori:Artikel Dhasar]]
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[[Kategori:Pulitik]]
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  <page>
    <title>KAI Commuter</title>
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        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
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      <comment>Dibuat dengan menerjemahkan bagian &quot;__LEAD_SECTION__&quot; dari halaman &quot;[[:id:Special:Redirect/revision/29484667|KAI Commuter]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11065" sha1="df6um93llxc5ebjj4crejbyynrs84gz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox rail|name=KAI Commuter|logo=File:Logo KAI Commuter.svg|electrification=1.500 V DC|speed={{convert|110|km/h|mph|lk=on|abbr=on}}|operator=[[PT. Kereta Api Indonesia]]|other_name=Kereta Commuter Indonesia|image=KRL INKA seri EA207 (CLI-225) &amp; KRL CRRC seri SFC120-V (CLI-125) in Jakarta Kota station.jpg|image_caption=[[Sepur Listrik seri iE305]] jejere sepur listrik seri CLI-125 ing [[Setatsiyun Jakarta Kota]].|start_year=[[15 September]] 2008|tracklength=1.067 mm|fleet=Layanan [[Sepur Listrik Komuter]]&lt;br&gt;Layanan  yang ditarik [[Lokomontip]]|map={{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=260|frame-lat=-6.20|zoom=10|frame-long=106.816|text=Daerah Operasi 1 Jakarta|frame-align=center
|type=line|id=Q24088787|stroke-width=6|stroke-color=#C20018|stroke-opacity=1|title=[[Bogor Line]]
|type2=line|id2=Q21178607|stroke-width2=6|stroke-color2=#1E90FF|stroke-opacity2=1|title2=[[Cikarang Loop Line]]
|type3=line|id3=Q24088940|stroke-width3=6|stroke-color3=#964B00|stroke-opacity3=1|title3=[[Tangerang Line]]
|type4=line|id4=Q24088939|stroke-width4=6|stroke-color4=#F64A8A|stroke-opacity4=1|title4=[[Tanjung Priok Line]]
|type5=line|id5=Q29241169|stroke-width5=6|stroke-color5=#99CA3E|stroke-opacity5=1|title5=[[Rangkasbitung Line]]
}}&lt;br&gt;[[File:Commuter Line Yogyakarta train route geographic map (2025).svg|jmpl|Daerah Operasi 6 Yogyakarta]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Commuter rail map of Greater Surabaya.jpg|jmpl|Daerah Operasi 8 Surabaya]]}}

'''PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia''' (nggawe bisnis kanthi jeneng '''KAI Commuter''') &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/ekonomi/pt-kai-limpahkan-pengelolaan-kereta-api-lokal-di-yogya-dan-jakarta-ke-kci-577179|title=Tempo.com|last=PT KAI limpahkan pengelolaan kereta api lokal di Yogya dan Jakarta|date=2025-11-22|website=Tempo|archive-date=2020-10-01|access-date=2025-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;minangka anak perusahaan saka [[PT. Kereta Api Indonesia|Kereta Api Indonesia]] (KAI), ngoperasikake sepur komuter, sepur bandara, lan sepur lokal. Ing taun [[2023]], perusahaan kasebut ngeterake 331.895 yuta penumpang ing wilayah operasional.
== Sajarah ==
=== 2008-2011 dadi PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek ===
[[File:Logo kcj baru.png|jmpl|logo digunakake nganti September 2020]]
Perusahaan iki miwiti sajarahé minangka '''Divisi Perhubungan Perkotaan Jabotabek''' Perkeretaapian Indonésia sing tanggung jawab ngoperasikaké KRL (Commuter Rail) ing Jabodetabek&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.krl.co.id/index.php/Sekilas-KRL.html|title=Commuterline|last=Author|date=2009-05-09|website=Commuterline|archive-date=2009-06-02|access-date=2025-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602135813/http://www.krl.co.id/index.php/Sekilas-KRL.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nalika sepur jarak adoh lan lokal ing Jabodetabek isih dioperasikaké déning Area Operasional Jakarta (Daop) I. Ing September 2008, divisi kasebut resmi dipisah dadi perusahaan kapisah kanthi jeneng '''PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek'''. Ing wulan Maret 2009, perusahaan kasebut nggawa 8 unit KRL seri Tokyu 8500 banjur dioperasikake kanthi jeneng Jalita (Jalan-Jalan Lintas Jakarta). Ing wulan Mei 2009, Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Sofyan Djalil lan Menteri Perhubungan Jusman Syafii Djamal ngresmikake perusahaan kasebut. Ing wulan Agustus 2010, Menteri Perhubungan Freddy Numberi lan Menteri Negara Pemberdayaan Wanita lan Anak Linda Amalia Sari ngresmikake sepur khusus wanita ing sepur pisanan lan pungkasan.
=== E-Tiket ===
Ing Juli 2011, perusahaan nyederhanakake rute utama dadi mung limang, ngilangi Express Commuter Line, lan ngganti jeneng AC Economy Commuter Line dadi Commuter Line. Ing wulan Februari 2012, perusahaan ngganti Kartu Rute Bulanan (KTB) lan Kartu Berlangganan Sekolah (KLS) nganggo kertu elektronik Commet sing nduweni masa berlaku sewulan kanthi pembayaran siji. Ing Desember 2012, perusahaan ngilangi kertu elektronik Commet, mung ninggalake tiket saben dina siji-trip sing kasedhiya. Ing Juli 2013, perusahaan wiwit ngleksanakake sistem tiket elektronik (Dijamin Tiket Saben lan Multi-Trip Card) lan sistem tarif progresif saben stasiun, lan ngilangi Economy Commuter Line, ninggalake mung siji kelas Commuter Line kasedhiya. Ing Desember 2013, perusahaan ngenalake Guaranteed Daily Tickets (THB) kanggo trip siji-trip kanthi jaminan kertu Rp 5.000.
=== Tuku fasilitas anyar kanggo Lin Jabodetabek ===
[[Barkas:Ujicoba KRL INKA seri iE305 Trainset 2.jpg|jmpl|Armada sepur listrik [[Sepur Listrik seri iE305|seri iE305]] saiki lagi dicoba ing [[Setatsiyun Jayakarta|Stasiun Jayakarta]].]]
Ing September 2022, KAI Commuter njaluk ijin kanggo ngimpor 348 sepur [[Sepur Listrik Komuter|KRL]] bekas saka Jepang kanggo ngganti peralatan sing wis tuwa lan nambah kapasitas penumpang ing taun 2023. Sawise ora entuk sepur ing taun 2021-2022 amarga pandemi, ijin kasebut ditolak dening Kementerian Perindustrian RI ing Januari 2023, sing nyebabake kontroversi. Sawise ditolak, Badan Pengawas Keuangan lan Pembangunan (BPKP) menehi saran supaya Komuter KAI ora ngimpor sepur KRL bekas lan ngusulake rekondisi 29 sepur sing bakal pensiun. Panliten BPKP mbiji yen kapasitas KRL sakabèhé isih cukup, nanging ana kekurangan nalika jam sibuk. Nanggepi rekomendasi kasebut, Pemerintah Pusat pungkasane menehi Penyertaan Modal Negara (PMN) marang KAI kanggo tuku sepur KRL anyar saka PT Industri Kereta Api (INKA) lan pabrikan manca. Kontrak tuku ditandatangani karo INKA ing Maret 2023, banjur kontrak tuku 3 sepur KRL anyar saka CRRC Qingdao Sifang ditandatangani ing [[Républik Rakyat Cina|China]] ing pungkasan [[Januari]] [[2024]]. Ing Juli 2024, INKA uga nampa PMN kanggo nambah kapasitas produksi supaya bisa ngrampungake pesenan ing wektu sing tepat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.antaranews.com/berita/4190058/inka-usul-pmn-2025-rp976-miliar-untuk-kembangkan-industri-dalam-negeri|title=Antaranews|first=AntaraNews|date=2024-07-09|website=AntaraNews|archive-date=2024-07-09|access-date=2025-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Layanan ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jeneng Sepur
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Relasi
!Daerah
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Sepur Papan Anggegana
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL A.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Papan Anggegana Soekarno-Hatta]] [[Commuter Line Papan Anggegana Soekarno-Hatta]]
|[[Setatsiyun Manggarai|Manggarai]]
|[[Papan Anggegana Internasional Soekarno-Hatta]]
|[[Daerah Operasi I Jakarta]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Sepur Komuter
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[File:Jakarta KRL B.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Bogor]] [[Commuter Line Bogor]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Setatsiyun Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota]]
|[[Setatsiyun Bogor|Bogor]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi I Jakarta|Daerah Operasi Jakarta]]
|-
|{{Rws|Nambo}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[File:Jakarta KRL C.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Cikarang]] [[Commuter Line Cikarang]] 
|{{Rws|Kampung Bandan}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Rws|Cikarang}}
|-
|{{Rws|Angke}}
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL R.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Rangkasbitung]] [[Commuter Line Rangkasbitung]]
|[[Setatsiyun Tanah Abang|Tanah Abang]]
|{{Rws|Rangkasbitung}}
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL T.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Tangerang]] [[Commuter Line Tangerang]]
|{{Rws|Duri}}
|{{Rws|Tangerang}}
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL TP.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Tanjung Priok]] [[Commuter Line Tanjung Priok]]
|[[Setatsiyun Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota]]
|[[Setatsiyun Tanjung Priuk|Tanjung Priok]]
|-
|[[File:KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta Line cleaner icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Yogyakarta]] [[Commuter Line Yogyakarta]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Setasiyun Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]
|[[Setatsiyun Palur|Palur]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi VI Yogyakarta]]
|-
|[[File:Lin Kutoarjo Line Code.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Prambanan Ekspres]] [[Commuter Line Prambanan Ekspres]]
|{{Rws|Kuthaarja}}
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Jenggala icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Jenggala]] [[Commuter Line Jenggala]] 
|[[Setatsiyun Mojokerto|Mojokerto]]
|[[Setatsiyun Indro|Indro]]
|[[Daerah Operasi VIII Surabaya]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Sepur Lokal
|-
|[[File:Lokal Merak Kode lin.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Merak]] [[Commuter Line Merak]]
|{{Rws|Rangkasbitung}}
|{{Rws|Merak}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi I Jakarta]]
|-
|[[File:LJ Icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar]] [[Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar|Commuter Line Jatiluhur]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Rws|Cikarang}}
|[[Setatsiyun Cikampek|Cikampek]]
|-
|[[File:LW Icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar]] [[Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar|Commuter Line Walahar]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Setatsiyun Purwakarta|Purwakarta]]
|-
|[[File:Jabar Commuterline Bandung Raya icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Bandung Raya]] [[Commuter Line Bandung Raya]]
|[[Setatsiyun Cicalengka|Cicalengka]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi II Bandung]]
|-
|[[File:Commuter Line Garut Icon.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Garut]] [[Commuter Line Garut]]
|{{Rws|Garut}}
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Dhoho icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran]] [[Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran|Commuter Line Dhoho]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Setatsiyun Blitar|Blitar]]
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Kota|Surabaya Kota]] via {{Rws|Kertasana}}
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi VIII Surabaya]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Penataran icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran]] [[Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran|Commuter Line Penataran]]
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Kota|Surabaya Kota]] via [[Setatsiyun Malang|Malang]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Supas icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Supas]] [[Commuter Line Supas]]
|{{Rws|Pasuruan}}
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Kota|Surabaya Kota]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Arjonegoro icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Arjonegoro]]  [[Commuter Line Arjonegoro]]
|[[Setatsiyun Sidoarjo|Sidoarjo]]
|[[Setatsiyun Babat|Babat]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Blorasura icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Blorasura]]  [[Commuter Line Blorasura]]
|[[Setatsiyun Cepu|Cepu]]
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Pasarturi|Surabaya Pasarturi]]
|}

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
[[Kategori:KAI Commuter]]
[[Kategori:Sepur Listrik]]
[[Kategori:Kereta Api Indonesia]]

== __LEAD_SECTION__ ==

{{About|anak parusahaan [[Kereta Api Indonesia]]|leladi sepur pakuthan berbasis listrik|KRL Commuter Line}}

'''PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia''' ([[Jeneng mèrek|mabisnis kanthi jeneng]] KAI Commuter) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1392042/pt-kai-limpahkan-pengelolaan-kereta-api-lokal-di-yogya-dan-jakarta-ke-kci|title=PT KAI Limpahkan Pengelolaan Kereta Api Lokal di Yogya dan Jakarta ke KCI|last=Tri|first=Rahma|date=2020-10-01|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2020-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; yaiku anak parusahan [[PT. Kereta Api Indonesia|Kereta Api Indonesia]] sing ngemunah [[sepur lajon]] (''komuter''), [[sepur papan anggegana]], uga [[sepur enggonan]] (''lokal''). Salawas 2023, parusahan iki kasil ngangkud 332,895 yuta panumpang ing sakabehé laladan sing dikemunah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3910815/kai-commuter-layani-331-juta-penumpang-selama-2023|title=KAI Commuter layani 331 juta penumpang selama 2023|last=antaranews.com|date=2024-01-11|website=Antara News|language=id|access-date=2024-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>df6um93llxc5ebjj4crejbyynrs84gz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1752514</id>
      <parentid>1752513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T16:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Murungaké owahan [[Special:Diff/1752513|1752513]] déning [[Special:Contributions/Auzif|Auzif]] ([[User talk:Auzif|rembugan]])</comment>
      <origin>1752514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9983" sha1="6ngiouoe03ucvhsbds4frykx298ub2a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox rail|name=KAI Commuter|logo=File:Logo KAI Commuter.svg|electrification=1.500 V DC|speed={{convert|110|km/h|mph|lk=on|abbr=on}}|operator=[[PT. Kereta Api Indonesia]]|other_name=Kereta Commuter Indonesia|image=KRL INKA seri EA207 (CLI-225) &amp; KRL CRRC seri SFC120-V (CLI-125) in Jakarta Kota station.jpg|image_caption=[[Sepur Listrik seri iE305]] jejere sepur listrik seri CLI-125 ing [[Setatsiyun Jakarta Kota]].|start_year=[[15 September]] 2008|tracklength=1.067 mm|fleet=Layanan [[Sepur Listrik Komuter]]&lt;br&gt;Layanan  yang ditarik [[Lokomontip]]|map={{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=260|frame-lat=-6.20|zoom=10|frame-long=106.816|text=Daerah Operasi 1 Jakarta|frame-align=center
|type=line|id=Q24088787|stroke-width=6|stroke-color=#C20018|stroke-opacity=1|title=[[Bogor Line]]
|type2=line|id2=Q21178607|stroke-width2=6|stroke-color2=#1E90FF|stroke-opacity2=1|title2=[[Cikarang Loop Line]]
|type3=line|id3=Q24088940|stroke-width3=6|stroke-color3=#964B00|stroke-opacity3=1|title3=[[Tangerang Line]]
|type4=line|id4=Q24088939|stroke-width4=6|stroke-color4=#F64A8A|stroke-opacity4=1|title4=[[Tanjung Priok Line]]
|type5=line|id5=Q29241169|stroke-width5=6|stroke-color5=#99CA3E|stroke-opacity5=1|title5=[[Rangkasbitung Line]]
}}&lt;br&gt;[[File:Commuter Line Yogyakarta train route geographic map (2025).svg|jmpl|Daerah Operasi 6 Yogyakarta]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Commuter rail map of Greater Surabaya.jpg|jmpl|Daerah Operasi 8 Surabaya]]}}

'''PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia''' (nggawe bisnis kanthi jeneng '''KAI Commuter''') &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/ekonomi/pt-kai-limpahkan-pengelolaan-kereta-api-lokal-di-yogya-dan-jakarta-ke-kci-577179|title=Tempo.com|last=PT KAI limpahkan pengelolaan kereta api lokal di Yogya dan Jakarta|date=2025-11-22|website=Tempo|archive-date=2020-10-01|access-date=2025-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;minangka anak perusahaan saka [[PT. Kereta Api Indonesia|Kereta Api Indonesia]] (KAI), ngoperasikake sepur komuter, sepur bandara, lan sepur lokal. Ing taun [[2023]], perusahaan kasebut ngeterake 331.895 yuta penumpang ing wilayah operasional.
== Sajarah ==
=== 2008-2011 dadi PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek ===
[[File:Logo kcj baru.png|jmpl|logo digunakake nganti September 2020]]
Perusahaan iki miwiti sajarahé minangka '''Divisi Perhubungan Perkotaan Jabotabek''' Perkeretaapian Indonésia sing tanggung jawab ngoperasikaké KRL (Commuter Rail) ing Jabodetabek&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.krl.co.id/index.php/Sekilas-KRL.html|title=Commuterline|last=Author|date=2009-05-09|website=Commuterline|archive-date=2009-06-02|access-date=2025-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602135813/http://www.krl.co.id/index.php/Sekilas-KRL.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nalika sepur jarak adoh lan lokal ing Jabodetabek isih dioperasikaké déning Area Operasional Jakarta (Daop) I. Ing September 2008, divisi kasebut resmi dipisah dadi perusahaan kapisah kanthi jeneng '''PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek'''. Ing wulan Maret 2009, perusahaan kasebut nggawa 8 unit KRL seri Tokyu 8500 banjur dioperasikake kanthi jeneng Jalita (Jalan-Jalan Lintas Jakarta). Ing wulan Mei 2009, Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Sofyan Djalil lan Menteri Perhubungan Jusman Syafii Djamal ngresmikake perusahaan kasebut. Ing wulan Agustus 2010, Menteri Perhubungan Freddy Numberi lan Menteri Negara Pemberdayaan Wanita lan Anak Linda Amalia Sari ngresmikake sepur khusus wanita ing sepur pisanan lan pungkasan.
=== E-Tiket ===
Ing Juli 2011, perusahaan nyederhanakake rute utama dadi mung limang, ngilangi Express Commuter Line, lan ngganti jeneng AC Economy Commuter Line dadi Commuter Line. Ing wulan Februari 2012, perusahaan ngganti Kartu Rute Bulanan (KTB) lan Kartu Berlangganan Sekolah (KLS) nganggo kertu elektronik Commet sing nduweni masa berlaku sewulan kanthi pembayaran siji. Ing Desember 2012, perusahaan ngilangi kertu elektronik Commet, mung ninggalake tiket saben dina siji-trip sing kasedhiya. Ing Juli 2013, perusahaan wiwit ngleksanakake sistem tiket elektronik (Dijamin Tiket Saben lan Multi-Trip Card) lan sistem tarif progresif saben stasiun, lan ngilangi Economy Commuter Line, ninggalake mung siji kelas Commuter Line kasedhiya. Ing Desember 2013, perusahaan ngenalake Guaranteed Daily Tickets (THB) kanggo trip siji-trip kanthi jaminan kertu Rp 5.000.
=== Tuku fasilitas anyar kanggo Lin Jabodetabek ===
[[Barkas:Ujicoba KRL INKA seri iE305 Trainset 2.jpg|jmpl|Armada sepur listrik [[Sepur Listrik seri iE305|seri iE305]] saiki lagi dicoba ing [[Setatsiyun Jayakarta|Stasiun Jayakarta]].]]
Ing September 2022, KAI Commuter njaluk ijin kanggo ngimpor 348 sepur [[Sepur Listrik Komuter|KRL]] bekas saka Jepang kanggo ngganti peralatan sing wis tuwa lan nambah kapasitas penumpang ing taun 2023. Sawise ora entuk sepur ing taun 2021-2022 amarga pandemi, ijin kasebut ditolak dening Kementerian Perindustrian RI ing Januari 2023, sing nyebabake kontroversi. Sawise ditolak, Badan Pengawas Keuangan lan Pembangunan (BPKP) menehi saran supaya Komuter KAI ora ngimpor sepur KRL bekas lan ngusulake rekondisi 29 sepur sing bakal pensiun. Panliten BPKP mbiji yen kapasitas KRL sakabèhé isih cukup, nanging ana kekurangan nalika jam sibuk. Nanggepi rekomendasi kasebut, Pemerintah Pusat pungkasane menehi Penyertaan Modal Negara (PMN) marang KAI kanggo tuku sepur KRL anyar saka PT Industri Kereta Api (INKA) lan pabrikan manca. Kontrak tuku ditandatangani karo INKA ing Maret 2023, banjur kontrak tuku 3 sepur KRL anyar saka CRRC Qingdao Sifang ditandatangani ing [[Républik Rakyat Cina|China]] ing pungkasan [[Januari]] [[2024]]. Ing Juli 2024, INKA uga nampa PMN kanggo nambah kapasitas produksi supaya bisa ngrampungake pesenan ing wektu sing tepat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.antaranews.com/berita/4190058/inka-usul-pmn-2025-rp976-miliar-untuk-kembangkan-industri-dalam-negeri|title=Antaranews|first=AntaraNews|date=2024-07-09|website=AntaraNews|archive-date=2024-07-09|access-date=2025-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Layanan ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jeneng Sepur
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Relasi
!Daerah
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Sepur Papan Anggegana
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL A.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Papan Anggegana Soekarno-Hatta]] [[Commuter Line Papan Anggegana Soekarno-Hatta]]
|[[Setatsiyun Manggarai|Manggarai]]
|[[Papan Anggegana Internasional Soekarno-Hatta]]
|[[Daerah Operasi I Jakarta]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Sepur Komuter
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[File:Jakarta KRL B.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Bogor]] [[Commuter Line Bogor]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Setatsiyun Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota]]
|[[Setatsiyun Bogor|Bogor]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi I Jakarta|Daerah Operasi Jakarta]]
|-
|{{Rws|Nambo}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[File:Jakarta KRL C.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Cikarang]] [[Commuter Line Cikarang]] 
|{{Rws|Kampung Bandan}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Rws|Cikarang}}
|-
|{{Rws|Angke}}
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL R.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Rangkasbitung]] [[Commuter Line Rangkasbitung]]
|[[Setatsiyun Tanah Abang|Tanah Abang]]
|{{Rws|Rangkasbitung}}
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL T.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Tangerang]] [[Commuter Line Tangerang]]
|{{Rws|Duri}}
|{{Rws|Tangerang}}
|-
|[[File:Jakarta KRL TP.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Tanjung Priok]] [[Commuter Line Tanjung Priok]]
|[[Setatsiyun Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota]]
|[[Setatsiyun Tanjung Priuk|Tanjung Priok]]
|-
|[[File:KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta Line cleaner icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Yogyakarta]] [[Commuter Line Yogyakarta]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Setasiyun Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]
|[[Setatsiyun Palur|Palur]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi VI Yogyakarta]]
|-
|[[File:Lin Kutoarjo Line Code.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Prambanan Ekspres]] [[Commuter Line Prambanan Ekspres]]
|{{Rws|Kuthaarja}}
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Jenggala icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Jenggala]] [[Commuter Line Jenggala]] 
|[[Setatsiyun Mojokerto|Mojokerto]]
|[[Setatsiyun Indro|Indro]]
|[[Daerah Operasi VIII Surabaya]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Sepur Lokal
|-
|[[File:Lokal Merak Kode lin.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Merak]] [[Commuter Line Merak]]
|{{Rws|Rangkasbitung}}
|{{Rws|Merak}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi I Jakarta]]
|-
|[[File:LJ Icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar]] [[Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar|Commuter Line Jatiluhur]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Rws|Cikarang}}
|[[Setatsiyun Cikampek|Cikampek]]
|-
|[[File:LW Icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar]] [[Commuter Line Jatiluhur lan Walahar|Commuter Line Walahar]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Setatsiyun Purwakarta|Purwakarta]]
|-
|[[File:Jabar Commuterline Bandung Raya icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Bandung Raya]] [[Commuter Line Bandung Raya]]
|[[Setatsiyun Cicalengka|Cicalengka]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi II Bandung]]
|-
|[[File:Commuter Line Garut Icon.svg|15px|link=Commuter Line Garut]] [[Commuter Line Garut]]
|{{Rws|Garut}}
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Dhoho icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran]] [[Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran|Commuter Line Dhoho]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Setatsiyun Blitar|Blitar]]
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Kota|Surabaya Kota]] via {{Rws|Kertasana}}
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Daerah Operasi VIII Surabaya]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Penataran icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran]] [[Commuter Line Dhoho lan Penataran|Commuter Line Penataran]]
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Kota|Surabaya Kota]] via [[Setatsiyun Malang|Malang]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Supas icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Supas]] [[Commuter Line Supas]]
|{{Rws|Pasuruan}}
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Kota|Surabaya Kota]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Arjonegoro icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Arjonegoro]]  [[Commuter Line Arjonegoro]]
|[[Setatsiyun Sidoarjo|Sidoarjo]]
|[[Setatsiyun Babat|Babat]]
|-
|[[File:Jatim Commuterline Blorasura icon.png|15px|link=Commuter Line Blorasura]]  [[Commuter Line Blorasura]]
|[[Setatsiyun Cepu|Cepu]]
|[[Setatsiyun Surabaya Pasarturi|Surabaya Pasarturi]]
|}

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
[[Kategori:KAI Commuter]]
[[Kategori:Sepur Listrik]]
[[Kategori:Kereta Api Indonesia]]</text>
      <sha1>6ngiouoe03ucvhsbds4frykx298ub2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rekan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>199241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752547</id>
      <parentid>1737673</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-10T09:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pranala ditambahaké</comment>
      <origin>1752547</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2565" sha1="c18el076nw2z5qb87fz4aw69qq459pn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png|jmpl|Ilustrasi saka novel 1865 ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' anggitan [[Lewis Carroll]]]]

'''Rekan''' utawa '''fiksi''' yaiku pakaryan sing direka kanthi [[Pakaryan macitakarya|cara macitakarya]], utamané samubarang pakaryan [[naratif]], nggambaraké sawijing [[Paraga|wong]], prastawa, utawa [[Papan panggonan (crita)|papan panggonan]] sing [[Kayalan|kayal]] utawa kanthi cara kayal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/fiction|title=fiction|date=2019|website=Lexico|publisher=Oxford University Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821052716/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/fiction|archive-date=21 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_AVJXKbE4wC&amp;dq=events+places&amp;pg=PA187|title=The Philosophy of Computer Games|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-9400742499|editor-last=Sageng|editor-first=John Richard|pages=186–187|editor-last2=Fossheim|editor-first2=Hallvard J.|editor-last3=Larsen|editor-first3=Tarjei Mandt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313014028/https://books.google.com/books?id=q_AVJXKbE4wC&amp;pg=PA187&amp;dq=events+places|archive-date=13 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;C. Hugh Holman 1990, p. 212&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Handbook to Literature|last=Harmon|first=William|last2=Holman|first2=C. Hugh|date=1990|publisher=Prentice Hall|edition=7th|location=New York|page=212}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthi ngéné, gegambaran rekan ora kudu cocog karo kasunyatan, [[Sajarah|sejarah]], lan ora kudu lumebu akal. Ing makna lawas sing ciut, karya rekan tegesé [[Sastra|narasi sing ditulis]] ing [[gancaran]] {{Ndash}} asring mirunggan ing [[Novèl|novel]], [[novela]], lan [[crita cekak]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Literary Terms|last=Abrams|first=M. h.|date=1999|publisher=Harcourt Brace|edition=7th|location=Fort Worth, Texas|page=94}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Definition of 'fiction|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fiction|accessdate=25 August 2015|date=2015|edition=Online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827205032/https://www.dictionary.com/|archivedate=27 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging ing makna sing luwih wiyar, rekan uga kalebu narasi kayal tinulis ing samubarang [[medhia]], ora mung tulisan nanging uga [[Drama|pagelaran teater sanalika]], [[Film|filèm]], [[Acara télévisi|acara tivi]], drama radio, [[komik]], [[gim maraga]] (''role-playing game''), lan [[gim vidéo]].</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Musik pop tradhisional</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>200113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752534</id>
      <parentid>1746291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-10T06:25:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38892-59</username>
        <id>73578</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>1752534</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="200" sha1="12oid599cx1igs2va6owjiq5ayv6uy2" xml:space="preserve">{{Cat main}}
{{Commonscat|Traditional pop music}}

[[Kategori:Musik|Pop tradhisional]]
[[Kategori:Genre musik|Pop tradhisional]]
[[Kategori:Musik pop|Tradhisional]]
[[Kategori:Musik tradhisional|Pop]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Film adiwira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752508</id>
      <parentid>1752327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T12:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ndandani paramasastra</comment>
      <origin>1752508</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3068" sha1="p77dw3tblrrtfdum8mx9o9hnbyyr130" xml:space="preserve">'''Film adiwira''' ([[basa Inggris]]: ''superhero film'') yaiku [[lagak filem]] (''genre film'') kanthi tetenger ana paraga [[Adiwira|adiwirané]], wong sing ndarbè kaconggahan dudu suwadiné sing ngabdikaké dhiri kanggo mungsuhi durjana, nyelametaké donya, utawa menehi pitulung marang wong ora salah. Lagak iki sok-sok dianggep dhaplagak (''subgenre'') saka lagak [[filem laga]]. Lagak iki wis ngrembaka dadi sawijining lagak filem paling kasil sacara finansial ing saindhenging donya. Filem-filem adiwira ngemataké [[Dibya|kadibyaning adimanungsa]], tèknologi canggih, prastawa gaib, utawa kabisan jiwa lan raga sing ora umum saengga [[Wira|satriya]] iki bisa tarung kanggo [[kabecikan]] utawa ngendhih mungsuh [[adidurja]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/superhero|title=Superhero {{!}} Definition, Names, Movies, History, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2026-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112123341/https://www.britannica.com/art/superhero|archive-date=2026-01-12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfcn.co/ccp/article/Superhero-Films|title=Superhero Films {{!}} Cinecyclopedia|last=WFCN|website=Cinecyclopedia {{!}} WFCN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The comic book film adaptation: exploring modern Hollywood's leading genre|last=Burke|first=Liam|date=2015|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-62846-203-6|location=Jackson}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/319383/html|title=Comics and Pop Culture: Adaptation from Panel to Frame|date=2019-12-31|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-1940-6|editor-last=Grant|editor-first=Barry Keith|doi=10.7560/319383|editor-last2=Henderson|editor-first2=Scott}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filem-filem adiwira lumrahé ngatutaké bebakal (''unsur'') lagak [[Filem asmara|asmara]], [[Filem dhagelan|dhagelan]], [[Filem kayal|kayalan]], lan [[Filem fiksi èlmiah|fiksi èlmiah]]. Akèh-akèh filem lagak iki didhominasi lan diprodhuksi dening medhia waralaba Amerika [[DC Universe (waralaba)|DC]] lan [[Marvel Cinematic Universe|Marvel]], sing wiwitané diusung saka komik-komik adisatriya dhèwèké sing wis wujud. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/every-marvel-comics-movie-ranked-by-critics-2022-6|title=All 85 movies based on Marvel comics, ranked according to critics|last=Shaw|first=Gabbi|website=Business Insider|language=en-US|access-date=2025-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wevideo.com/blog/superhero-movies|title=First Superhero Movie's Legacy - Film School - WeVideo|date=2024-12-07|website=www.wevideo.com|language=en-us|access-date=2025-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filem-filem adiwira tunggal umumé ngamot crita mula buka paragané. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/11/12/stan-lee-dies-tribute/|title=Remembering Stan Lee: The origin story of the writer who gave humanity to superheroes|website=EW.com|language=en|access-date=2025-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Filem]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waralaba medhia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752545</id>
      <parentid>1752346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-10T09:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pranala ditambahaké</comment>
      <origin>1752545</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1054" sha1="q4j88zn41iavars1l084r8wtt4erpbq" xml:space="preserve">
'''Waralaba medhia''', ([[basa Inggris]]: ''franchise media)'' utawa asring mung karan waralaba, yaiku klumpukaning karya-karya sing padha gegayutan ing maneka [[medhia]], ing ngendi ing jeroné ana karya-karya turunan saka karya kreatif rekan asli, tuladhané [[Film|filem]], [[sastra]], [[Acara télévisi|acara tivi]], utawa [[gim vidéo]]. [[Bob Iger]], tilas kapala eksekutif [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Company]], ngandharaké tegesé waralaba yaiku “apa-apa sing menehi nilai marang maneka bisnis lan maneka laladan ing wektu sing suwé.” &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20221201&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/magazine/avatar-franchise.html|title='Avatar' and the Mystery of the Vanishing Blockbuster - It was the highest-grossing film in history, but for years it was remembered mainly for having been forgotten. Why?|last=Keiles|first=Jamie Lauren|date=December 1, 2022|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|access-date=December 3, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Kategori:Indhustri médhia]]
[[Kategori:Artikel ngandhut tulisan abasa Jepang]]</text>
      <sha1>q4j88zn41iavars1l084r8wtt4erpbq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kadibyan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752546</id>
      <parentid>1752473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-10T09:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pranala ditambahaké</comment>
      <origin>1752546</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2147" sha1="f7tafnygf3x13nxayy5zxbxds7ff1mu" xml:space="preserve">{{Other uses|Superpower (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Shazam_Power_of_Hope.png|jmpl|komik adiwira Shazam nduweni keconggahan adimanungsa sing asale saka sihir]]
[[File:Johann_Bayer_-_Hercules.jpg|jmpl|Manungsa separo dewa saka Yunani, Hercules nduweni karosan adimanungsa .]]
[[File:Estátua_de_Gilgamesh_e_a_divindade_Lamassu.jpg|jmpl|Wira Mesopotamia Gilgamesh, ing [[Wiracarita Gilgamesh]], nduweni akèh kaconggahan gaib, kaya &quot;kawicaksanan sing jero&quot;. Ing agama Mesopotamia, kadibyan becik lan ala asring dianggep [[Kasaktèn|Sihir]].]]
[[File:Cefalù_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg|jmpl|Miturut Alkitab, [[Yésus Kristus|Yesus]] bisa mlaku ing ndhuwur banyu. Ing [[Kristen|agama Kristen]], kadibyan becik ditepungi minangka mukjizat utawa [[Karunia Roh Kudus]], lan kadibyan ala ditepungi minangka [[Kasaktèn|sihir]].]]
'''Kadibyan''' utawa '''kakuwatan super''' yaiku kaconggahan dudu suwadiné utawa ora umum ngeluwihi pakulinan sing lumrah, didarbè dening apa sing diarani [[adimanungsa]]. Kadibyan umumé tinemu ing crita-crita [[Fiksi sains|rekan èlmiyah]] lan [[Crita kayal|kayal]] ing medhia kaya [[komik]], [[Acara télévisi|acara tivi]], [[gim vidéo]], lan [[Film|filem]] minangka tetenger utama kanggo [[adiwira]]. Gagasan iki diwiwiti saka [[Tradhisi lésan|budaya tutur]], suwé sadurungé basa tulis cinipta. Teka kené banjur wujud crita-crita [[Mitos|gugon tuhon]] adimanungsa lan [[manungsa separo déwa]] kaya [[Hercules]], [[Beowulf]], [[Jason]], lan [[Achilles]], uga crita-crita liyané ing budaya-budaya saindhenging donya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|title=Superheroes as New Mythology {{!}} History {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|website=EBSCO|language=en|access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pungkasané, gagasan ini katon ing wujud modhèren jroning komik Amérika lan crita-crita rekan kapacak ing [[kalawarta pulpa]] (''pulp magazine'') ing 1930-an lan 1940-an, banjur sumambrah ing [[lagak]] lan medhia liya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/the-golden-age-of-comics/|title=The Golden Age Of Comics|publisher=www.pbs.org|access-date=January 11, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Purwakirta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752544</id>
      <parentid>1752496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-10T09:01:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pranala ditambahaké</comment>
      <origin>1752544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="354" sha1="1wa4wmluzm2u56sq9tze1rlxgp86wx3" xml:space="preserve">'''Purwakirta''' utawa '''praprodhuksi''' yaiku tumindak ngrantam maneka babagan sing ana ing [[Film|filem]], [[Acara télévisi|acara tivi]], [[pagelaran sandiwara]], utawa rupa-rupa [[pagelaran]] liya. Purwakirta séjé karo kirta (''produksi'') lan [[pascakirta]] (''pascaproduksi''). Purwakirta rampung nalika rantaman wis rampung lan kirta diwiwiti.</text>
      <sha1>1wa4wmluzm2u56sq9tze1rlxgp86wx3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lycia Naff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752523</id>
      <parentid>1752503</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T22:02:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Tambah sithik</comment>
      <origin>1752523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="167" sha1="33smntko3499tcjd3gj6v9dnbjuc90k" xml:space="preserve">{{inuse}}
'''Lycia Naff''' (lair 29 Agustus 1962) iku sawijiné aktris Amérika Sarékat.

[[Kategori:Lair 19632]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1752541</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-10T08:39:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>1752541</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="166" sha1="c8twygz4j9bysfsut3cvazvyo3nymaj" xml:space="preserve">{{inuse}}
'''Lycia Naff''' (lair 29 Agustus 1962) iku sawijiné aktris Amérika Sarékat.

[[Kategori:Lair 1962]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
      <sha1>c8twygz4j9bysfsut3cvazvyo3nymaj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bledhugan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752511</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368260947|Explosion]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1752511</origin>
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      <text bytes="1504" sha1="rgvgxikr8v38y6u5obsltnhcq5wzsuo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:A_detonation_erupts_as_U.S._Marines_with_the_1st_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Company,_Combat_Logistics_Regiment_2_conduct_a_demolition_operation_in_Helmand_province,_Afghanistan,_March_17,_2013_130317-M-KS710-206.jpg|jmpl|Bledhugan amunisi sing ora kaanggo lan barang-barang militer liya]]
[[File:CastleBravo2.gif|jmpl|Bledhugan bom nuklir ''Castle Nectar'' .]]

'''Bledhugan''' yaiku megaring [[Volume|wisi]] (''volume'') kanthi rikat saka sawetara [[Matèri|anan]] (''materi'') tartamtu dibarengi metuné [[gandra]] gumedhé menyang njaba. Biasané, uga ngasilaké [[suhu]] dhuwur lan ngetokaké [[gas]] pidihan (''tekanan'') dhuwur. Bledhugan bisa uga kasil saka pegaran luwih alon sing lumrahé ora ngasilaké gaya gedhé, nanging ora diwenehi kalodhangan kanggo megar. Saengga nalika apa-apa sing nahan pegaran iki rusak amarga pidihan sing kawangun nalika anan ing jeroné tansaya megar, anan kasebut pungkasané metu mawa gandra gedhé utawa ‘mbledhug’. Tuladha saka prastawa iki yaiku [[Gunung geni|jeblugan gunung]] [[Gunung geni|geni]] sing diasilaké dening ‘megaré’ magma ing dhapur magma sing munggah menyang palumahan. Bledhugan sing kaasil saka bahan [[pambledhos daya dhuwur]] utawa [[detonasi]], arané bledhugan [[adiswabawa]] (''supersonik''). Bledhugan iki rumambat ngeliwati [[elunan egèt]] (''gelombang kejut''). Déné bledhugan sing kaasil saka bahan [[pambledhos daya cilik]] sing luwih alon utawa [[deflagrasi]], arané bledhugan [[dhapswabawa]] (''subsonik'').</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sepur papan anggegana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752517</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T18:13:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Auzif</username>
        <id>50313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345476969|Airport rail link]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="741" sha1="btjrkm5iban2o7lhnlnr2xdrbut0g43" xml:space="preserve">'''Sepur papan''' '''anggegana''' yaiku leladi sing nyumadhiya panumpang [[angkudan rél]] antarané [[papan anggegana]] lan kutha sacedhaké. Sepur langsung lumaku saka [[terminal papan anggegana]] menyang kutha kasebut langsung. Déné sepur ora langsung mbutuhaké oper menyang angkudan liya kaya sepur pangingser (''people mover'') utawa [[bus papan anggegana]]. Kauntungan anané leladi iki kanggo panumpang yaiku wektu lunga dadi rikat, lan ngepénakaké sesambungan karo angkudan umum liya. Kauntungan kanggo papan anggegana yaiku mundhakaké gunggung panumpang uga ngepénakaké akses kanggo para karyawan. Déné kauntungan kanggo pangrèh luhur bisa ngalongi macet, nyuda pancemeran hawa, lan luwih akèh nyipta kalodhangan bisnis.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Musik tradhisional</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>200704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1752535</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-10T06:27:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38892-59</username>
        <id>73578</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kaca anyar: {{Commonscat|Traditional music}}  [[Kategori:Musik|Tradhisional]] [[Kategori:Genre musik|Tradhisional]]</comment>
      <origin>1752535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="103" sha1="ibgkbdpvbqmr7pfbc2n0yn10so7sewu" xml:space="preserve">{{Commonscat|Traditional music}}

[[Kategori:Musik|Tradhisional]]
[[Kategori:Genre musik|Tradhisional]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1752536</id>
      <parentid>1752535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-10T06:32:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38892-59</username>
        <id>73578</id>
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      <text bytes="144" sha1="avq1dqz3kbdejk43jlus2clb3aay6or" xml:space="preserve">{{Commonscat|Traditional music}}

[[Kategori:Musik|Tradhisional]]
[[Kategori:Genre musik|Tradhisional]]
[[Kategori:Musik dhaèrah|Tradhisional]]</text>
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    <title>Kategori:Musik dhaèrah</title>
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      <comment>Kaca anyar: {{Commonscat|Folk music}}  [[Kategori:Musik|Dhaèrah]] [[Kategori:Genre musik|Dhaèrah]]</comment>
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[[Kategori:Musik|Dhaèrah]]
[[Kategori:Genre musik|Dhaèrah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Acara télévisi</title>
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      <text bytes="4352" sha1="bouan8mncg7dzq3a3fllchxhxxiv151" xml:space="preserve">[[File:MDR_Kripo_live.jpg|jmpl|Panggung acara télévisi sanalika lan kamera-kamera ing kiwa tengené ]]

'''Acara télévisi''', '''acara tivi''', '''acara TV''' utawa '''program TV''' yaiku aran umum kanggo apa waé momotan (''konten'') sing dikirta (''diproduksi'') kanggo ditongton ing [[prangkat tivi]]. Momotan iki dikirim lumantar [[Télévisi anten dharat|anten hawa]], [[Télévisi satelit|anten satelit]], [[Télévisi kabel|kabel]], utawa [[Panganjrahan dhigital|dianjrah]] (''didistribusikan'') jroning [[sana wilenan]] (''streaming platform''). &lt;ref name=&quot;Willcox-TV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/|title=The Many Ways to Watch Television|last=Willcox|first=James K.|date=June 27, 2017|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817064706/https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/|archive-date=August 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pedersen-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/2025-tv-premiere-dates-1235811038/|title=2025 Premiere Dates For New &amp; Returning Series On Broadcast, Cable &amp; Streaming|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|date=June 27, 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627161250/https://deadline.com/2025/06/2025-tv-premiere-dates-1235811038/|archive-date=June 27, 2025|access-date=28 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acara tivi bisa dikirta dhéwé langsung dening sanggar (''studio'') tivi ing panggung lan direkam nganggo akèh kamera. Utawa, uga bisa dikirta dening parusahan pangirta filem miturut kontrak (akèh parusahan langen gedhé saliya ndarbé taningan [''divisi''] kirta filem, uga ndarbé taningan kirta acara tivi). Momotan-momotan kaya ngéné lumrahé ora kalebu [[pawarta sumesel]] (''breaking news''), utawa [[pariwara]] sing metu ing antara acara utawa ros-rosan (''segmen'') acara. 

Acara sing ndarbé [[Épisode|épisode-épisode]] arané '''serial tivi'''. Épisode-épisode iki racaké tayang rerangken jroning siji période taunan. Rerangken iki ing Amérika Lor karan '''musim''' lan ing papan liya karan '''serial'''. Acara sing tayang mung sapisan bisa diarani [[Acara TV mirunggan|acara mirunggan]], déné acara sing ndarbé cacah épisode winates diarani [[miniseri]].{{Efn|A miniseries can range from two to twelve episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mitra |first1=Mallika |title=Miniseries may be the competitive edge streamers are looking for |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/24/miniseries-may-be-the-competitive-edge-streamers-are-looking-for.html |website=[[CNBC]] |date=July 24, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Miniseries – Definition, Usage &amp; Quiz |url=https://ultimatelexicon.com/definitions/m/miniseries/ |website=Ultimate Lexicon |date=September 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722180132/https://ultimatelexicon.com/definitions/m/miniseries/ |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Filem télévisi|Filem tivi]], utawa telefilem yaiku [[filem dawa]] sing dikirta kanggo ditayangaké ing jaringan tivi antena hawa utawa jaringan tivi kabel.

Acara tivi saka jaringan antena hawa lan jaringan kabel kerep wis [[Panjadwalan giyaran|dirantam adoh sadurungé wayah tayangé]] lan bisa dideleng ing [[tuntunan program acara]] (EPG) uga ing [[Jadwal acara TV|jadwal acara]]. Nanging amarga wujudé [[Télévisi wilenan|tivi wilenan]] (''streaming TV''), saiki jadwal acara tivi kurang diwigati tinimbang ing dasawarsa sadurungé. Sawetara program bisa waé [[Télévisi giyaran sanalika|ditayangaké sanalika]]. Ateges acara kasebut langsung bisa ditongton nalika isih kedadeyan, ora kudu ngenteni mengko utawa dina liya. Nanging sapérangan gedhé acara wis dikirta adoh sadurungé wayah tayang. Biyèn, pamirsa ora bisa ngrekam sawijiné acara murih bisa ditongton sawayah-wayah Nanging babagan iki wis owah nalika wujud apa sing diarani [[vidéo omahan]]. Tèknologi sing wiwitané arupa pita vidéo sing direkam maguna [[VCR]], banjur ngrembaka dadi [[parekam vidéo dhigital]]. Panyumadhiya leladi tivi kabel uga wiwit nawakaké leladi bayar-saben-nongton utawa karan [[vidéo adhedhasar kekarep]] (''video on-demand''). Yaiku pamirsa mbayar sapisan kanggo nongton acara ing wektu sakarepé. Déné ing leladi tivi wilenan, pamirsa bisa nongton acara tivi lumantar lelangganan [[OTT]].</text>
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      <text bytes="4387" sha1="22t25u2ii8dw7bprh5z6tvyzykbhb4h" xml:space="preserve">[[File:MDR_Kripo_live.jpg|jmpl|Panggung acara télévisi sanalika lan kamera-kamera ing kiwa tengené ]]

'''Acara télévisi''', '''acara tivi''', '''acara TV''' utawa '''program TV''' yaiku aran umum kanggo apa waé momotan (''konten'') sing dikirta (''diproduksi'') kanggo ditongton ing [[Prangkat télévisi|prangkat tivi]]. Momotan iki dikirim lumantar [[Télévisi anten dharat|anten hawa]], [[Télévisi satelit|anten satelit]], [[Télévisi kabel|kabel]], utawa [[Panganjrahan dhigital|dianjrah]] (''didistribusikan'') jroning [[sana wilenan]] (''streaming platform''). &lt;ref name=&quot;Willcox-TV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/|title=The Many Ways to Watch Television|last=Willcox|first=James K.|date=June 27, 2017|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817064706/https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/|archive-date=August 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pedersen-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/2025-tv-premiere-dates-1235811038/|title=2025 Premiere Dates For New &amp; Returning Series On Broadcast, Cable &amp; Streaming|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|date=June 27, 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627161250/https://deadline.com/2025/06/2025-tv-premiere-dates-1235811038/|archive-date=June 27, 2025|access-date=28 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acara tivi bisa dikirta dhéwé langsung dening sanggar (''studio'') tivi ing panggung lan direkam nganggo akèh kamera. Utawa, uga bisa dikirta dening parusahan pangirta filem miturut kontrak (akèh parusahan langen gedhé saliya ndarbé taningan [''divisi''] kirta filem, uga ndarbé taningan kirta acara tivi). Momotan-momotan kaya ngéné lumrahé ora kalebu [[pawarta sumesel]] (''breaking news''), utawa [[pariwara]] sing metu ing antara acara utawa ros-rosan (''segmen'') acara. 

Acara sing ndarbé [[Épisode|épisode-épisode]] arané '''serial tivi'''. Épisode-épisode iki racaké tayang rerangken jroning siji période taunan. Rerangken iki ing Amérika Lor karan '''musim''' lan ing papan liya karan '''serial'''. Acara sing tayang mung sapisan bisa diarani [[Acara TV mirunggan|acara mirunggan]], déné acara sing ndarbé cacah épisode winates diarani [[miniseri]].{{Efn|A miniseries can range from two to twelve episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mitra |first1=Mallika |title=Miniseries may be the competitive edge streamers are looking for |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/24/miniseries-may-be-the-competitive-edge-streamers-are-looking-for.html |website=[[CNBC]] |date=July 24, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Miniseries – Definition, Usage &amp; Quiz |url=https://ultimatelexicon.com/definitions/m/miniseries/ |website=Ultimate Lexicon |date=September 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722180132/https://ultimatelexicon.com/definitions/m/miniseries/ |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Filem télévisi|Filem tivi]], utawa telefilem yaiku [[filem dawa]] sing dikirta kanggo ditayangaké ing jaringan tivi antena hawa utawa jaringan tivi kabel.

Acara tivi saka jaringan antena hawa lan jaringan kabel kerep wis [[Panjadwalan giyaran|dirantam adoh sadurungé wayah tayangé]] lan bisa dideleng ing [[tuntunan program acara]] (EPG) uga ing [[Jadwal acara TV|jadwal acara]]. Nanging amarga wujudé [[Télévisi wilenan|tivi wilenan]] (''streaming TV''), saiki jadwal acara tivi kurang diwigati tinimbang ing dasawarsa sadurungé. Sawetara program bisa waé [[Télévisi giyaran sanalika|ditayangaké sanalika]]. Ateges acara kasebut langsung bisa ditongton nalika isih kedadeyan, ora kudu ngenteni mengko utawa dina liya. Nanging sapérangan gedhé acara wis dikirta adoh sadurungé wayah tayang. Biyèn, pamirsa ora bisa ngrekam sawijiné acara murih bisa ditongton sawayah-wayah Nanging babagan iki wis owah nalika wujud apa sing diarani [[vidéo omahan]]. Tèknologi sing wiwitané arupa pita vidéo sing direkam maguna [[VCR]], banjur ngrembaka dadi [[parekam vidéo dhigital]]. Panyumadhiya leladi tivi kabel uga wiwit nawakaké leladi bayar-saben-nongton utawa karan [[vidéo adhedhasar kekarep]] (''video on-demand''). Yaiku pamirsa mbayar sapisan kanggo nongton acara ing wektu sakarepé. Déné ing leladi tivi wilenan, pamirsa bisa nongton acara tivi lumantar lelangganan [[OTT]].
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Lagu dhaèrah</title>
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      <comment>Kaca anyar: {{Cat main}} {{Commonscat|Folk songs}}  [[Kategori:Lagu|Dhaèrah]] [[Kategori:Musik dhaèrah]]</comment>
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{{Commonscat|Folk songs}}

[[Kategori:Lagu|Dhaèrah]]
[[Kategori:Musik dhaèrah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Prangkat télévisi</title>
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    <id>200708</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368188906|Television set]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3561" sha1="p8seenvsw0wdr25f6hlhh55cmv9zesa" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Museum_für_Kommunikation_-_Depot_Heusenstamm_-_Technik_12_-_Flickr_-_KlausNahr.jpg|jmpl|Wernané prangkat télévisi ing Museum Komunikasi ing Frankfurt, Jerman ing taun 2010]]

'''Prangkat télévisi, panampa sinyal TV,''' utawa lumrah mung karan '''TV''', yaiku piranti elektronik kanggo nongton lan ngrungokaké giyaran [[Télévisi|tivi]]. Piranti iki kasusun saka STB, layar, lan salon. Piranti iki wujud ing pungkasan 1920-an arupa modhel [[TV mekanis|tivi mekanis]]. Nalika modhèl elektroniké sing nganggo tèknologi [[bumbung sunar katode]] (CRT) metu, prangkat iki dadi kirtan (''produk'') paling digandrungi sawise Perang Donya II. Giyaran tivi mawarna sing wiwit ana ing 1954, marakaké piranti iki saya digandrungi ing 1960-an, lan anten njaba dadi barang lumrah ing omah-omah. Banjur ing 1970-an bisa diarani kabèh wong ndarbé tivi. Nalika piranti rekaman kanggo pangguna umum wujud, kaya kaset [[Betamax]] lan [[VHS]], tivi dadi piranti kanggo nampilaké isi rekaman kasebut sadurungé gumanti jaman [[DVD]]. TV uga wis dadi piranti panampil kanggo [[komputer omahan]] kawit komputer angkatan (''generasi'') kapisan (kaya [[Timex Sinclair 1000]]). Banjur dadi piranti panampil mligi kanggo konsol [[gim vidéo]] ing 1980-an (kaya Atari). Ing wiwitan 2010-an, tivi [[Layar panel rata|layar rata]] sing nganggo tèknologi [[layar kristal cuwer]] (LCD), utamané sing ndarbé tèknologi [[LCD pancahyan latar LED]], akèh ngganteni CRT lan layar-layar matèknologi liya. &lt;ref name=&quot;displaysearch.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/displaysearch/hs.xsl/140415_lcd_tv_growth_improving_as_plasma_and_crt_tv_disappear.asp|title=IHS Technology – The Source for Critical Information and Insight. – IHS Technology|website=displaysearch.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420074448/http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/displaysearch/hs.xsl/140415_lcd_tv_growth_improving_as_plasma_and_crt_tv_disappear.asp|archive-date=April 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cnet.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/rip-rear-projection-tv/|title=RIP, rear-projection TV|last=Katzmaier|first=David|publisher=CNET}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cepro.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cepro.com/article/mitsubishi_drops_dlp_displays_goodbye_rptvs_forever/|title=Mitsubishi Drops DLP Displays: Goodbye RPTVs Forever|last=Jacobson|first=Julie|website=cepro.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326171718/http://www.cepro.com/article/mitsubishi_drops_dlp_displays_goodbye_rptvs_forever|archive-date=26 March 2015|access-date=26 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tomsguide.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tomsguide.com/us/lg-end-plasma-tvs,news-19840.html|title=LG's Exit May Herald End of Plasma TVs – Tom's Guide|date=28 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;datadisplay-group.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.datadisplay-group.com/fileadmin/pdf/produkte/EOL_PCN/EOL_notice_customer_CCFL_reflector120711.pdf|title=Discontinue Notice of TFT-LCD (CCFL Products)|date=11 July 2012|publisher=Mitsubishi Electric|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329170605/http://www.datadisplay-group.com/fileadmin/pdf/produkte/EOL_PCN/EOL_notice_customer_CCFL_reflector120711.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; TV layar rata sing modhèren umumé wis bisa nampilaké gambar dhéfinisi ndhuwur (720p, 1080i, 1080p, 4K, 8K) lan kaconggah muter maneka momotan (''konten'') saka werna-werna sumber, kaya saka piranti [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] utawa [[Médhia wilènan|leladi wilènan internet]] (''internet streaming service'').</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The 5th Wave (filem)</title>
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      <text bytes="3591" sha1="34iiv1d1px4l98vxvgwbjvtz0dqq6as" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film|image=5th-Wave poster.jpg|alt=Bocah wadon ndhakep adiné sing kaweden ing kutha sing ajur,  kanthi kapal akasa alien gedhé ngayang-ayang ing langit.|caption=Poster biyoskup|director=[[J Blakeson]]|screenplay={{Plainlist|
* [[Susannah Grant]]
* [[Akiva Goldsman]]
* [[Jeff Pinkner]]
}}|based_on={{Based on|''[[The 5th Wave (novel)|The 5th Wave]]''|[[Rick Yancey]]}}|producer={{Plainlist|
* [[Tobey Maguire]]
* [[Graham King]]
* Matthew Plouffe
* Lynn Harris
}}|starring={{Plainlist|&lt;!--- Per poster's billing block ---&gt;
* [[Chloë Grace Moretz]]
* [[Nick Robinson (American actor)|Nick Robinson]]
* [[Ron Livingston]]
* [[Maggie Siff]]
* [[Alex Roe]]
* [[Maria Bello]]
* [[Maika Monroe]]
* [[Liev Schreiber]]
}}|cinematography=[[Enrique Chediak]]|editing=[[Paul Rubell]]|music=[[Henry Jackman]]|distributor=[[Sony Pictures Releasing]]|released={{Film date|2016|01|22}}|runtime=112 minutes&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 112:17--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/5th-wave-film | title=''THE 5TH WAVE'' (15) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=December 20, 2015 | access-date=January 19, 2016 | archive-date=January 31, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193530/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/5th-wave-film | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|country=United States|language=English|budget=$38–54 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=FilmL.A.|date=May 2017|title=2016 Feature Film Study|url=https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2016_film_study_WEB.pdf|journal=FilmL.A. Feature Film Study|access-date=May 25, 2017|archive-date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731191957/https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2016_film_study_WEB.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|gross=$109.9 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=5thwave.htm |title=The 5th Wave (2016) |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=May 12, 2016 |archive-date=May 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510185339/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=5thwave.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''The 5th Wave''' yaiku [[filem laga]] [[Filem rekan èlmiyah|rekan èlmiyah]] Amérika Sarékat ing 2016 sing disutradharani dening [[J Blakeson]] saka naskah anggitané [[Susannah Grant]], [[Akiva Goldsman]], lan [[Jeff Pinkner]]. Filem iki diusung saka novèl anggitané [[Rick Yancey]] ing 2013 [[The 5th Wave (novèl)|kanthi irah-irah padha]]. Filem iki dijuruparagani [[Chloë Grace Moretz]], [[Nick Robinson]], [[Ron Livingston]], [[Maggie Siff]], [[Alex Roe]], [[Maria Bello]], [[Maika Monroe]], lan [[Liev Schreiber]].

Panggarapan wiwit ing Maret 2012, nalika Columbia Pictures piwoleh hak filem tumrap tricarita (''trilogi'') novèl kasebut bareng [[parusahan kirta]] duwèké [[Graham King]], [[GK Films]] lan parusahan kirta duwèké [[Tobey Maguire]], Material Pictures. Suting tumandang ing [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] saka Oktober 2014 nganti Januari 2015.

'''The 5th Wave''' dibabar ing Amérika Sarékat ing 22 Januari 2016 dening [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]. Sanadyan filem iki nampa biji ala saka kritikawan, filem iki isih luwung amarga nampa pangasilan kasar $109.9 milyar sadonya kanthi modhal mung $38–54 milyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-5th-wave|title=The 5th Wave Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125222753/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-5th-wave|archive-date=January 25, 2016|access-date=February 1, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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