Kutha Surabaya

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    <title>Kutha Surabaya</title>
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      <text bytes="18950" sha1="gcfezpwllnme41d5js0nqvimrr5xz2d" xml:space="preserve">{{multiscript|aksara=ꦏꦸꦛꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Surabaya&lt;br&gt; كوڟا سورابايا&lt;br&gt;ꦑꦸꦛꦯꦸꦫꦧꦪ
|other_name             = 
|settlement_type        = Kutha gedhé
|nickname               = ''Kota Pahlawan''&lt;br&gt;(Kuthaning Para Wira)
|motto                  = Sparkling Surabaya
|image_flag = Flag of Surabaya City.png
|image_seal             = City of Surabaya Logo.svg
|imagesize              = 250px
|image_skyline          =
|image_caption          = Saka kiwa ndhuwur, manut dom jam: reca Sura lan Baya ing [[Kebon Raja Surabaya]], [[Kreteg Suramadu]], [[Tugu Pahlawan]], [[Tunjungan Plaza]]
|image_map              = Locator kota surabaya.png
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            = Pernahé Surabaya ing Jawa Wétan
|subdivision_type       = Nagara
|subdivision_name       = {{INA}}
|subdivision_type1      = Provinsi
|subdivision_name1      = {{flagicon image|Flag of East Java.svg}} [[Jawa Wétan]]
|government_type        =
|leader_title           = Walikutha
|leader_name            = Eri Cahyadi, S.T., M.T.
|leader_party           = [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan|PDI-P]]
|leader_title2          = Wakil walikutha
|leader_name2           = Ir. Armuji, M.H.
|established_title      = Didunungi kawit
|established_date       = 31 Mèi 1293
|area_magnitude         =
|area_total_km2         = 350.5
|area_land_km2          =
|area_water_km2         =
|area_water_percent     =
|area_urban_km2         =
|area_metro_km2         = 2787
|population_as_of       = Sènsus 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;citypopulation.de&quot;&gt;http://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-jawa-admin.php&lt;/ref&gt; 
|population_note        =
|population_total       = 2,765,487 
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_metro       = 6,484,206 
|population_density_metro_km2 = 
|population_urban       =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_mi2 =
|population_demonym     = Surabaya
|demographics_type1 = Dhémografi
|demographics1_title1 = {{nowrap|Golongan ètnis}}
|demographics1_info1 = [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Wong Cina Indonésia|Cina]]&lt;br&gt; [[Wong Indhi Indonésia|Indhi]]&lt;br&gt; [[Wong Madura|Madura]]&lt;br&gt; [[Wong Sundha|Sundha]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Wong Minangkabo|Minangkabo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Batak]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wong Banjar|Banjar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wong Bali|Bali]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bugis]]
|demographics1_title2 = Agama&lt;ref name=&quot;SP2010agama&quot;&gt;Data Sensus Penduduk 2010-Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia &lt;http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&amp;wid=3500000000&amp;lang=id&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|demographics1_info2  =  [[Islam]] 85,5%&lt;br&gt; [[Kristen]] 8,8%&lt;br&gt; [[Katulik]] 3,9%&lt;br&gt; [[Buda]] 1,41%&lt;br&gt; [[Hindhu]] 0,25%&lt;br&gt; [[Konghucu]] 0,01% &lt;br&gt; Liyané 0,01%
|timezone1 = 
|timezone               = [[MSK+4|KRAT]]
|utc_offset             = +07:00
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|coordinates            = {{coord|7|15|55|S|112|44|33|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m            = 5
|elevation_ft           =
|postal_code_type       = &lt;!--ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code...--&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              = +62 31
| registration_plate         = L
|website                = [http://www.surabaya.go.id surabaya.go.id]
|footnotes              =
}}

{{Chinese
|c=泗水
|p=Sì shuǐ
|h=Sṳˋ-súi 
|j=si3 seoi2
|poj=Sù-súi 
}}
'''Kutha Surabaya''' iku kutha krajané [[Provinsi Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonésia]]. Jembar wewengkoné watara 274,06&amp;nbsp;km². Kutha iki kutha gedhé urut loro sawisé [[Jakarta]]. Nanging, yèn Jakarta dipérang miturut wewengkon ''administratif'' yaiku [[Jakarta Pusat]], [[Jakarta Lor]], [[Jakarta Kidul]], [[Jakarta Wétan]], [[Jakarta Kulon]], lan [[Kapuloan Seribu]], Surabaya ora. Mula, ngélingi tunggalé wewengkon ''administratif'', Surabaya bisa ingaran kutha sing gedhé dhéwé sa-[[Indonésia]]. Surabaya uga minangka papané kumpul para sudagar saka bang tengah lan wétan [[Indonésia]]. Présidhèn Indonésia kapisan, yaiku [[Sukarno|Soekarno]], miyos ing kutha iki.

== Administrasi ==

=== Profil Wilayah ===
Posisi geografis minangka pemukiman pesisir nggawe Surabaya duweni potensi minangka persinggahan lan pemukiman kanggo para imigran. Proses imigran iki sing nggawé Surabaya dadi khuta sing akeh kutha budaya sugih etnis. Macem-macem ''migrasi'', ora mung saka macem-macem klompok etnis ing Nusantara, kayata; Madura,Sunda, Batak, Borneo, Bali, Sulawesi, lan Papua. Nanging uga saka kelompok etnis liyane Indonesia, kayata; etnik Melayu, Cina, Arab, India, lan Eropa. Podo mandheg lan netep, urip bebarengan lan nyawiji karo pribumi, mbentuk ''pluralisme'' budaya sing banjur dadi ciri khas kutha Surabaya.

=== Panggunaan Tanah Kutha Surabaya ===
Wilayah Padhet, lahan dibutuhke kanggo omah, kebutuhan ''komersial'' lan kanggo ''rekreasi'', dadi ora ana daerah maneh kosong sing bisa sigunakake kanggo TPA Sanitary. Kutha Surabaya kanthi pendunung meh 3 yuta jiwa, iku kutha paling gedhe nomer loro wonten Indonesia lan peran sing gedhe banget ing nampa lan nyebaraké barang industri, peralatan rekayasa, prodhuk tetanèn, produk alas, sembako, lan liya-liyané, utamané kanggo wilayah Indonesia wétan. Penggunaan lahan wonten kutha Surabaya; Perumahan 13.711,00 Ha, Sabin 3.506,19 Ha, Tegalan 1.808,90 Ha, Tambak 4.982,71 Ha, Jasa 2.982,06 Ha, Dagang 573,32 Ha, Industri Sedheng 2.370,38 Ha, Lahan Lowong 1.784,90 Ha, liya-liyane 918,29 Ha lan totale nipun 32.637,75 Ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ciptakarya.pu.go.id/profil/profil/barat/jatim/surabaya.pdf|title=Panggunaan Tanah Kutha Surabaya|last=Kutha Surabaya|first=Admin|access-date=2021-10-14|archive-date=2021-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022221208/http://ciptakarya.pu.go.id/profil/profil/barat/jatim/surabaya.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngelingi peran penting ing Surabaya, gangguan banjir bandhang sing nggegirisi Surabaya ing saben mangsa ketigo duwe pwngaruh gedhe ing kelancaran ekonomi, kewarasan, lan kenyamanan masarakat kutha Surabaya lan sakiwa tengene. Minangka kutha dangang Surabaya ora mung pusat dagang pedalaman ing Jawa Wetan, nanging uga nggampangake wilayah ing Jawa Tengah, Kalimantan, lan Indonesia Wetan

== Sajarah ==
Jeneng Surabaya wiwit ana nalika jamané [[Majapahit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://cendy.student.umm.ac.id/2010/02/09/sejarah-kota-surabaya/ cendy.student.umm.ac.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801024852/http://cendy.student.umm.ac.id/2010/02/09/sejarah-kota-surabaya/ |date=2013-08-01 }}(diunduh tanggal 7 juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Jeneng Surabaya mawujud saka rong tembung, yaiku &quot;sura&quot; lan &quot;baya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Tembung rékan iku sajatiné kanggo nandhani prastawa héroik sing naté kadadéan ing Ujung Galuh, yaiku prastawa perang antarané wadya Radèn Wijaya lumawan wadya saka Tar-Tar nalika tanggal 31 Mèi 1293.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Tanggal kadadéan iku banjur dadi tanggal lairé Kutha Surabaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Purwakané Surabayaiku awujud padésan ing pinggir kali. Jeneng-jeneng désa sing isih dienggo tekan sapréné kaya ta Kaliasin, Kaliwaron, Kalidami, Ketabangkali, Kalikepiting, Darmakali, lan sapituruté nandhani yèn Surabayaiku papan kang akèh mumpangataké kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt;

Amarga dumunung ing pinggiré sagara, Surabaya uga dadi papan patemoné wong ing alas Jawa karo wong njaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt; Nalika taun 1612, Surabaya dadi salah siji punjeré dagang ing Nusantara.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt; Akèh prau kang labuh ing Kali Mas banjur tumuju njeron Surabaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt;

Kutha Surabaya uga ana gegayutané karo révolusi kamardikan Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt; Wiwit jamané jajahan Walanda uga Jepang, arèk Surabaya perang kanggo mersudi kamardikané Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt; Prastawa mau kadadéan nganti tekan tanggal 10 Novèmber 1945 nalika arèk-arèk Surabaya kasil nguwasani Hotèl Oranye (saiki Hotèl Majapahit) kang nalika iku dadi simbulé kolonialisme.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt; Awit saka iku, tekan sapréné tanggal 10 Novèmber dianakaké upacara kanggo mèngeti Dina Pahlawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt; Ora mung iku, tetabetané masa panjajahan uga isih katon ing Kutha Surabaya awujud yasan-yasan kolonial.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot; /&gt;

== Géografi ==
=== Alang-ujur ===
Kutha Surabaya mapan ing 07° 21' Ujur Kidul lan 112° 36'-112° 54' Alang Wétan

=== Dhuwur ===
Dhuwuré lumrahé Kutha Surabaya yaiku 3-6 mèter saka lumahing sagara, kajaba laladan ing sisih kidul sing awujud gumuk, yaiku tlatah Lidah &amp; Gayungan sing dhuwuré 25-50 mèter saka lumahing sagara.

=== Wates ===
Kutha Surabaya wewatesan karo Selat Madura ing sisih lor lan wétan, [[Kabupatèn Sidaharja]] ing sisih kidul, lan [[Kabupatèn Gresik]] ing sisih kulon.

=== Jembar ===
Jembaré wewengkon kutha iki ana 33.306,30 Ha,&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.surabaya.go.id/profilkota/index.php?id=21%20 www.surabaya.go.id/profilkota] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027120323/https://www.surabaya.go.id/profilkota/index.php?id=21%20 |date=2020-10-27 }} (diunduh tanggal 6 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; sing kapérang dadi 31 kacamatan lan 160 désa utawa kalurahan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot; /&gt;

=== Iklim ===
{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=[[Kota Surabaya]], Jawa Timur, Indonesia
|width=auto

|Jan record high C=38
|Feb record high C=38
|Mar record high C=38
|Apr record high C=37
|May record high C=37
|Jun record high C=37
|Jul record high C=38
|Aug record high C=37
|Sep record high C=37
|Oct record high C=39
|Nov record high C=38
|Dec record high C=42

|Jan high C=32.3
|Feb high C=32.4
|Mar high C=32.1
|Apr high C=32.6
|May high C=32.9
|Jun high C=32.1
|Jul high C=31.4
|Aug high C=31.4
|Sep high C=32.9
|Oct high C=34
|Nov high C=34.6
|Dec high C=34.2

|Jan mean C=27.8
|Feb mean C=28
|Mar mean C=27.7
|Apr mean C=28.4
|May mean C=28.4
|Jun mean C=27.1
|Jul mean C=26.5
|Aug mean C=26.6
|Sep mean C=27.3
|Oct mean C=28.9
|Nov mean C=30.2
|Dec mean C=29.6

|Jan low C=24.8
|Feb low C=24.7
|Mar low C=24.8
|Apr low C=25.5
|May low C=24.9
|Jun low C=23.3
|Jul low C=22.3
|Aug low C=22.4
|Sep low C=22.9
|Oct low C=24.1
|Nov low C=25.8
|Dec low C=25.6

|Jan record low C=22
|Feb record low C=22
|Mar record low C=22
|Apr record low C=22
|May record low C=21
|Jun record low C=20
|Jul record low C=20
|Aug record low C=20
|Sep record low C=21
|Oct record low C=20
|Nov record low C=20
|Dec record low C=22

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=330
|Feb precipitation mm=310
|Mar precipitation mm=293
|Apr precipitation mm=198
|May precipitation mm=95
|Jun precipitation mm=53
|Jul precipitation mm=22
|Aug precipitation mm=6
|Sep precipitation mm=11
|Oct precipitation mm=48
|Nov precipitation mm=139
|Dec precipitation mm=269

|Jan rain days=21
|Feb rain days=19
|Mar rain days=18
|Apr rain days=15
|May rain days=9
|Jun rain days=6
|Jul rain days=3
|Aug rain days=1
|Sep rain days=2
|Oct rain days=4
|Nov rain days=10
|Dec rain days=17

|Jan humidity=84
|Feb humidity=84
|Mar humidity=83
|Apr humidity=80
|May humidity=79
|Jun humidity=73
|Jul humidity=69
|Aug humidity=64
|Sep humidity=67
|Oct humidity=72
|Nov humidity=77
|Dec humidity=79
|year humidity=

|Jan sun = 183
|Feb sun = 202
|Mar sun = 241
|Apr sun = 250
|May sun = 262
|Jun sun = 275
|Jul sun = 281
|Aug sun = 293
|Sep sun = 298
|Oct sun = 285
|Nov sun = 235
|Dec sun = 193

|Jand sun = 4.0
|Febd sun = 4.8
|Mard sun = 5.3
|Aprd sun = 6.1
|Mayd sun = 7.2
|Jund sun = 7.7
|Juld sun = 8.5
|Augd sun = 9.1
|Sepd sun = 8.8
|Octd sun = 8.1
|Novd sun = 6.6
|Decd sun = 4.8

|source 1= WeatherOnline&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=1&amp;FYY=1996&amp;LMM=12&amp;LYY=2021&amp;WMO=96935&amp;CONT=asie&amp;REGION=0027&amp;LAND=ID&amp;ART=PRE&amp;R=0&amp;NOREGION=1&amp;LEVEL=162&amp;LANG=en&amp;MOD=tab
|title=Climate of Surabaya (1996–2020)
|publisher= WeatherOnline.co.uk
|accessdate=17 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; BMKG&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UQbN0cmShups7_PTwD7nbdW9NunlxyAn/view?usp=sharing
| title = Buku Prakiraan Musim Hujan 2022/2023 di Indonesia – Normal Curah Hujan Kota Surabaya Zona Musim 302 &amp; 303 periode 1991-2020
| publisher = BMKG
| pages = 93-94
| accessdate = 17 September 2022
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2= Weatherbase dan WeatherAtlas&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33969&amp;cityname=Surabaya%2C+East+Java%2C+Indonesia&amp;units=
|title=Surabaya, Indonesia
|publisher=Weatherbase
|accessdate=17 September 2020
|archive-date=29 August 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829112025/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33969&amp;cityname=Surabaya%2C+East+Java%2C+Indonesia&amp;units=
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb
|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/surabaya-climate
|title=Climate of Surabaya, Indonesia
|accessdate=17 September 2020
|archive-date=28 March 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328005034/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/surabaya-climate
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Topografi Kutha Surabaya ==
Topografi kutha Surabaya kalebu

Kutha pantai

Dataran rendah antara 3–6 m ing sadhuwure sagara

Wilayah berbukit, ing sisih kidul Surabaya 20–30 m saka lumahing sagara

Suhu kutha Surabaya lumayan panas, sing rata-rata antara 22,60-34,10 kanthi tekanan udhara rata-rata antarane 1005,2-1013,9 milibars lan asor antara 42%-97%. Kecepatan rata-rata bayu saben jam tekan 12–23&amp;nbsp;km, rata-rata jawah antarane 120–190&amp;nbsp;mm. Jenis lemah ing kutha Surabaya kalebu jenis lemah alfovial kasusun saka 3 karakteristike yaiku; alluvial hydromorph, aluvial grey peteng, lan aluvial grey.

== Ekonomi ==

=== Kahanan Ekonomi Daerah ===
Surabaya minangka pusat perdagangan lan pendhidhikan sing lagi ngalami pembangunan cepet. Industri utamane kalebu nggawe kapal, alat abot, ngolah panganan lan pertanian, elektronik, prabot rumah tangga lan kerajinan tangan.

Sektor perdagangan bisa menehi kontrinusi 29,50% ing taun 1991 lan terus mundhak dadi 33,86% ing taun 2001 saka PDB Surabaya. Kanthi fungsi dadi kutha dagang, Surabaya dadi jembatan timbal balik antarane produsen lan konsumen.

Pengembangan sektor industri digoleki uga kalebu pengembangan industri omah, industri cilik, lan industri medium. Saiki ing Surabaya kira-kira ana 11.122 pabrik sing nyedhot 309.223 tenaga kerja. Papréntahan Surabaya nyoba nambah kesejahteraan tenaga kerja kanthi nyetel UMR kanthi kabutuhan fisik minimal (KFM) Adedasar Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Timur No. 188/294/kpts/013/2003 Babang Pnentuan Upah Minimal Kabupaten/Kota ing Jawa Timur ing taun 2003, UMR ig Surabaya ditambag dadi Rp 515.750,00. Tambah UMR iki paling ora bisa nyuda demontrasi lan serangan sing bisa ngalangi proses industrialisasi.

== Papréntahan ==
Kutha Surabaya dumadi saka 31 [[kacamatan]]. Kacamatan-Kacamatan ing kutha Surabaya yaiku:

'''Surabaya Punjer'''
* [[Tegalsari, Surabaya|Tegalsari]] 
* [[Simokerto, Surabaya|Simakerta]] 
* [[Genteng, Surabaya|Genteng]] 
* [[Bubutan, Surabaya|Bubutan]] 
'''Surabaya Wétan'''
* [[Gubeng, Surabaya|Gubeng]] 
* [[Gununganyar, Surabaya|Gununganyar]] 
* [[Sukolilo, Surabaya|Sukalila]] 
* [[Tambaksari, Surabaya|Tambaksari]] 
* [[Mulyorejo, Surabaya|Mulyareja]] 
* [[Rungkut, Surabaya|Rungkut]] 
* [[Tenggilis Mejoyo, Surabaya|Tenggilis Mejaya]]
'''Surabaya Lor'''
* [[Bulak, Surabaya|Bulak]] 
* [[Kenjeran, Surabaya|Kenjeran]] 
* [[Semampir, Surabaya|Semampir]] 
* [[Pabean Cantikan, Surabaya|Pabéan Cantikan]] 
* [[Krembangan, Surabaya|Krembangan]] 
'''Surabaya Kidul'''
* [[Wonokromo, Surabaya|Wanakrama]] 
* [[Wonocolo, Surabaya|Wanacala]] 
* [[Wiyung, Surabaya|Wiyung]] 
* [[Karangpilang, Surabaya|Karangpilang]] 
* [[Jambangan, Surabaya|Jambangan]]
* [[Gayungan, Surabaya|Gayungan]] 
* [[Dukuh Pakis, Surabaya|Dukuh Pakis]] 
* [[Sawahan, Surabaya|Sawahan]]
'''Surabaya Kulon'''
* [[Benowo, Surabaya|Benawa]] 
* [[Pakal, Surabaya|Pakal]] 
* [[Asemrowo, Surabaya|Asemrawa]] 
* [[Sukomanunggal, Surabaya|Sukamanunggal]] 
* [[Tandes, Surabaya|Tandes]] 
* [[Sambikerep, Surabaya|Sambikerep]] 
* [[Lakarsantri, Surabaya|Lakarsantri]]

== Wiyata ==
=== Pawiyatan luhur nagari ===
* [[Universitas Airlangga]] (UNAIR) 
* [[Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember]] ([[ITS]])
* Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya (PENS)
* Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya (PPNS)
* [[Universitas Negeri Surabaya]] (Unesa, buyèn ingaran IKIP Surabaya)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesa.ac.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711013238/http://www.unesa.ac.id/ |date=2011-07-11 }}&quot;website UNESA&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sunan-ampel.ac.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203042605/http://www.sunan-ampel.ac.id/|date=2005-12-03}}&quot;website IAIN Sunan Ampel&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (UINSA, biyen ing aran IAIN Sunan Ampel)
* Akademi Angkatan Laut
* [[UPN Veteran Jawa Timur]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://upnjatim.ac.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217062534/https://upnjatim.ac.id/ |date=2025-12-17 }}&quot;website UPN Veteran Jatim&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pawiyatan luhur swasta ===
* Universitas Hang Tuah
* Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya. (UWKS)
* Universitas Narotama (UNNAR Surabaya)
* Universitas Ciputra (UC)
* [[Universitas Pelita Harapan]] (UPH)
* Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi-Almamater Wartawan Surabaya (STIKOSA-AWS)
* Universitas Surabaya (Ubaya)
* Universitas Kristen Petra 
* Unika Widya Mandala 
* [[Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya]]
* Universitas Dinamika (Undika, biyen ing aran STIKOM)
* Institut Sains Terapan dan Teknologi Surabaya (iSTTS)
* Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya
* Universitas Dr. Soetomo (Unitomo)
* Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya (UMS)
* Universitas Bhayangkara Surabaya (Ubhara Surya)
* Universitas Merdeka Surabaya (Unmer Surabaya)
* Universitas Putra Bangsa Surabaya (UPB)
* Universitas Sunan Giri (UNSURI) Surabaya
* Institut Teknologi Pembangunan Surabaya (ITPS)
* Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya (ITATS)
* Institut Informatika Indonésia (IKADO)
* Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata &quot; Satya Widya &quot; Surabaya
* Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ékonomi Indonésia Surabaya
* Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ékonomi Perbanas Surabaya (STIE Perbanas)
* Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ékonomi IBMT Surabaya
* Universitas Wijaya Putra (UWP) Surabaya
* Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya (UWIKA)
* Universitas W.R.Supratman (Unipra) Surabaya

== Panganan kas ==

* [[Rujak Cingur|Rujak cingur]]
* [[Lontong Balap|Lontong balap]]
* Saté klapa
* [[Semanggi]]
* Kupang lonthong
* Jongkong surabaya
== Cathetan sikil ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.surabaya.go.id Situs Web Resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029055355/http://www.surabaya.go.id/ |date=2011-10-29 }}
* [http://wikimapia.org/#y=-7290958&amp;x=112707710&amp;z=12&amp;l=0&amp;m=a&amp;v=2 Gambar Satelit]

{{Kutha Surabaya}}
{{Jawa Wétan}}
{{Kutha gedhé ing Indonésia|image=Surabaya-night-skyline.jpg}}

[[Kategori:Jawa Wétan]]
[[Kategori:Kutha Surabaya]]
[[Kategori:Kutha ing Jawa Wétan]]


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  <page>
    <title>Basa Malayu</title>
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      <text bytes="857" sha1="bmdp0zpek6w77af4pt5hria93pw3rh9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Malayophone world.svg|frameless|right]]
'''Basa Malayu''' iku paguyuban [[basa]] kang dipituturaké ing [[Nuswantara]]. Basa Malayu bisa dipérang dadi [[basa Malaysia]] lan [[basa Indhonésia]]. Kajaba iku basa iki bisa dipérang manèh dadi akèh subdhialèk-subdhialèk liyané.

Yèn basa Malayu-Malaysia lan basa Malayu-Indonésia digandhèng, cacahé panembung suda luwih ana 250 yuta jiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{{cite web
|last=Zimmer
|first=Benjamin
|date=5 October 2006
|title=Malaysia cracks down on &quot;salad language&quot;
|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html
|publisher=University of Pennsylvania
|access-date=14 September 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Basa ing Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Basa Malayu| ]]
[[Kategori:Basa ing Malaysia|Malayu]]
[[Kategori:Basa ing Tanah Thai|Malayu]]
[[Kategori:Basa ing Indonésia|Malayu]]

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  <page>
    <title>Turki</title>
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      <text bytes="7264" sha1="jqu1p0wqn7r7qyi69tyzbjp9bcxwvsv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Country|
native_name = Türkiye Cumhuriyeti |
common_name = Turki |
image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg |
image_coat = Emblem of Turkey.svg|
image_map = Turkey (orthographic projection).svg |
national_motto = Yurtta Barış, Dünyada Barış &lt;br /&gt;([[Basa Turki|Turki]]: &quot;Tentrem ing Omah, Tentrem ing Donya&quot;) |
national_anthem = [[Istiklâl Marsi]]&lt;center&gt;[[Gambar:Istiklâl Marsi instrumetal.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt; |
official_languages = [[Basa Turki|Turki]] |
capital = [[Ankara]] |
capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=52_31_N_13_24_E_ 52°31' LU 13°24' BT] | 
largest_city = [[Istanbul]] |
government_type = [[Républik]] |
leader_titles = [[Presidhen Turki|Présidhèn]] |
leader_names = [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] |
area_rank = 37 |
area_magnitude = 1_E11 |
area = 780.580 |
percent_water = 1,3% |
population_estimate = 80.810.525 |
population_estimate_year = 2017 |
population_estimate_rank = 16 |
population_census = 67.844.903 |
population_census_year = 2000 |
population_density = 89 |
population_density_rank = 82 |
GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |
GDP_PPP = US$529,6 miliar |
GDP_PPP_rank = 18 |
GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$7.503 |
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 76 |
sovereignty_type = [[Dina Nasional]] |
established_events = &amp;nbsp;- Pambentukan Parlemèn&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Proklamasi Républik |
established_dates = &lt;br /&gt;[[23 April]] [[1920]] &lt;br /&gt;[[29 Oktober]] [[1923]] |
currency = [[Lira Turki Anyar]] |
currency_code = YTL |
time_zone =UTC+3  |
utc_offset =+3 |
time_zone_DST =ora ana|
utc_offset_DST =ora ana
cctld =.tr |
calling_code =+90 |
footnotes=
}}
'''Turki''' iku nagara ing pawatesan antara bawana [[Éropa]] lan [[Asia]]. Kutha krajané yaiku [[Ankara]]. Saliyané iku kutha gedhé dhéwé sing misuwur yaiku kutha [[Istanbul]], kutha iki jaman ndisik bekasé punjer pamaréntahané [[Romawi]] wétan, lan sawisé iku direbut Turki [[Usmani]]. Nagara iki sing ndunungi 70 yuta jiwa. Turki wewatesan karo [[Grikenlan]] lan [[Bulgaria]] ing sisih [[kulon]]. Ing sisih kidul Turki wewatesan karo [[Suriah]] lan [[Irak]]. Ing sisih [[wétan]] wewatesan karo [[Armenia]], lan [[Azerbaijan]].

== Pamérangan administratif ==
Kanggo kaperluan [[statistik]], Turki dipérang dadi 7 region (bölge). Sacara [[administratif]] Turki dipérang sajeroning 81 [[Provinsi ing Turki|provinsi]]. Sabanjuré provinsi-provinsi mau dipérang manèh dadi 923 [[Distrik ing Turki|dhistrik]] (''ilçeler''; sing. ''ilçe'').

Kutha-kutha wigati lan cacah sing ndunungi (miturut sensus taun [[2000]] lan sensus [[2017]] (İzmir)):
* [[İstanbul]] - 15.789.544
* [[Ankara]] -  5,540,522
* [[İzmir]] -  4,277,677 (2017)      
* [[Bursa]] - 3,630,940
* [[Adana]] - 2.014.547
* [[Diyarbakir]] - 1,987.452
* [[Gaziantep]] - 1,110.147
* [[Antalya]] - 936,330
* [[Kayseri]]-

== Wacan terusan ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite book
 | title = The Turks Today
 | url = https://archive.org/details/turkstoday00andr
 | first = Andrew
 | last = Mango
 | publisher = Overlook
 | year = 2004
 | isbn = 1585676152 
}}
* {{cite book
 | title = Turkey Unveiled
 | url = https://archive.org/details/turkeyunveiledhi0000pope_f6p6
 | first = Hugh
 | last = Pope
 | author2 = Pope, Nicole
 | publisher = Overlook
 | year = 2004
 | isbn = 1585675814
}}
* {{cite book
 | title = The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey
 | url = https://archive.org/details/yogurtmancometht0000revo
 | first = Kevin
 | last = Revolinski
 | publisher = Citlembik
 | year = 2006
 | isbn = 9944424013 
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Anit Kabir (6526103103).jpg|  
File:Edirne 7333 Nevit.JPG|
File:Aya sofya.jpg|  
File:Kocatepe Mosque Ankara.jpg|  
File:067 Etnografya.05.2006 resize.JPG| 
File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG| 
File:İzmir clock tower.jpg| 
File:Pamukkale00.JPG|  
File:Eskişehir-Aycan.jpg|  
File:Antalya falezler.jpg| 
File:Alanya.jpg|  
File:Bluemosquefront.jpg| 
File:Diyarbakir P1050751 20080427135832.JPG| 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Wong Turki Bulgaria]]

== Pranala njaba ==
=== Pamaréntah ===

* [http://www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html Presidensi Républik Turki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619150420/http://www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html |date=2008-06-19 }}
* [http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/english.htm Majelis Agung Nasional]
* [http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/sour.ce/index.asp?wpg=history Kantor Perdana Mentri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113215808/http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/sour.ce/index.asp?wpg=history |date=2008-01-13 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929142214/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/mfa Deplu Turki]
* [http://www.icisleri.gov.tr Depdagri Turki]
* [http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/index.htm AB Turki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110054149/http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/index.htm |date=2008-11-10 }}
* [http://www.msb.gov.tr/ Dephan Turki]
* [http://www.tourism.gov.tr/EN/Default.aspx?17A16AE30572D313D4AF1EF75F7A79681D9DD78D03148A6E Departemen Budaya lan turisme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228143819/http://www.tourism.gov.tr/EN/Default.aspx?17A16AE30572D313D4AF1EF75F7A79681D9DD78D03148A6E |date=2009-02-28 }}

=== Institusi publik ===
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr Dirjen Press lan Informasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402205400/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/hukumetler/60hukumet/bakanlarkurulu_gorev.htm |date=2009-04-02 }}
* [http://www.turkstat.gov.tr Istitut Statistik Turki]
* [http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/index.html Bank Sentral]
* [http://www.treasury.gov.tr/indexe.htm Kauangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513225751/http://www.treasury.gov.tr/indexe.htm |date=2008-05-13 }}
* [http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html Otoritas Kompetisi]
* [http://www.gumruk.gov.tr/english Bea cukai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012174727/http://www.gumruk.gov.tr/english/ |date=2008-10-12 }}
* [http://www.mit.gov.tr/english/index.html Organisasi Intelijen Nasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603132319/http://www.mit.gov.tr/english/index.html |date=2011-06-03 }}
* [http://www.dpt.gov.tr/ing Organisasi Perencanaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220120225/http://www.dpt.gov.tr/ing |date=2008-12-20 }}
* [http://www.tse.org.tr/english/tsedefault1.asp Institusi Standarisasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023151253/http://www.tse.org.tr/english/tsedefault1.asp |date=2008-10-23 }}
* [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/english/index.htm Dewan Riset lan IPTEK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212164125/http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/english/index.htm |date=2007-02-12 }}

=== Profil liyané ===
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm BBC News]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html CIA Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |date=2017-09-20 }}
* [http://www.economist.com/countries/Turkey/ Economist]
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm Deplu AS]
* {{wikivoyage|Turkey}}

{{Éropa}}
{{Asia}}
{{Uni Éropa}}
{{Dewan Éropa}}
{{OECD}}
{{WTO}}
{{NATO}}
{{OSCE}}

[[Kategori:Turki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nurwègen</title>
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| native_name            = Kongeriket Norge&lt;br /&gt;Kongeriket Noreg
| common_name            = Nurwègen
| image_flag             = Flag of Norway.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of Arms of Norway.svg
| image_map              = Europe-Norway.svg
| national_motto         = -&lt;br /&gt;Sesanti karajan: Alt for Norge (Kabèh kanggo Nurwègen)
| national_anthem        = [[Ja, vi elsker dette landet]]
| official_languages     = [[basa Nurwègen|Nurwègen]] (80%) [[Sami]](12.64%)
| capital                = [[Oslo]]
| capitals_coordinates   = &lt;small&gt;[http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/?params=59.914_N_10.73_E_type:city_region:NO_scale:40000 59° 54′ LU 10° 43′ BT]&lt;/small&gt;
| largest_city           = [[Oslo]]
| government_type        = [[Monarki konstitusional]]
| leader_title1          = [[Raja]]
| leader_name1           = [[Haakon VIII saka Nurwègen|Haakon VIII]]
| leader_title2          = [[Nayakotama]]
| leader_name2           = [[Jonas Gahr Støre]]
| leader_titles          = [[Monarki|Raja]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Perdana Menteri Nurwègen|Perdana Mentri]]
| leader_names           = [[Harald V saka Nurwègen|Harald V]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jens Stoltenberg]]
| area_rank              = 67&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| area_magnitude         = 1 E11
| area_km2               = 385207
| area_ref               = &lt;ref name=&quot;kart_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kartverket.no/Kunnskap/Fakta-om-Norge/Arealstatistikk/Arealstatistikk-Norge/|title=Arealstatistics for Norway 2019|publisher=Kartverket, mapping directory for Norway|year=2019|accessdate=2019-03-23|archive-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608034913/https://www.kartverket.no/Kunnskap/Fakta-om-Norge/Arealstatistikk/Arealstatistikk-Norge/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| percent_water          = 6,0%
| population_estimate_year = 2026
| population_estimate    = 5 627 400&lt;ref name=&quot;ssbf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.noén/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/befolkning|title=Population, 2026-01-01|publisher=Statistics Norway|date=2026-02-25|accessdate=2026-02-26|language=en}}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_rank = 120
| population_census      = 4.520.947
| population_census_year = 2001
| population_density     = 15
| population_density_rank = 201
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2003
| GDP_PPP                = US$169 miliar
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 42
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = US$40.784
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 2
| sovereignty_type       = [[Konstitusi]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Kamardikan]]
| established_events     = &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Deklarasi &lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Diakui
| established_dates      = [[17 Mèi]] [[1814]]&lt;br /&gt;Pisahan saka [[Swèdhen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[7 Juni]] [[1905]]&lt;br /&gt;[[26 Oktober]] [[1905]]
| currency               = [[Krone Nurwègen]]
| currency_code          = NOK
| time_zone              = [[CET]]
| utc_offset             = +1
| time_zone_DST          = [[CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +2
| cctld                  = .no
| calling_code           = 47
| HDI                    = 0.966
| HDI_rank               = 2&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-indexindicies/HDI|title=2022 Human Development Index Ranking|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=2023-03-13|accessdate=2024-03-16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| footnotes              = &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Klebu [[Svalbard]] lan [[Jan Mayen]]
}}

'''Karajan Nurwègen''' (Basa Indhonésia: Norwegia) utawa '''Kongeriket Norge/Noreg''' sajeroning [[basa Nurwègen]] yaiku [[nagara]] [[Nordik]] ing Ujung [[Skandinavia|Skandinavi]] pérangan pucuk kulon lan wewatesan karo [[Swèdhen]], [[Finlan]], lan [[Ruslan]]. Pasisirné kang dumunung ing [[Samodra Atlantik|Samodra Atlantik Lor]] minangka lokasi [[fyord]] kang misuwur. [[Svalbard]] lan [[Jan Mayen]] ana ing ngisor kadhaulatan Nurwègen dhedhasar [[Traktat Svalbard]].

== Géografi ==
[[Gambar:Moskenes Reinebringen lub 2025-07-21 img09 Aussicht.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Reine, Lofoten, dilihat dari pucuk Reinebringen (2025).]]
Lansekap Nurwègen lumrahé kasar lan akèh gunung, katutup déning [[gletser]], lan pinggir pasisir dawané punjul 83.000&amp;nbsp;km [http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/environment/032091-991558/dok-bn.html] diwatesi déning [[fyord]], lan uga pulo-pulo. Pérangan lor nagara iki uga kaloka minangka &quot;Tanah Srengéngé Tengah Wengi&quot; amarga pernahé kang dumunung ing sisih paling lor, lan saben mangsa panas srengéngé ora tau angslup, lan ing usum adhem srengéngé ora metu ing sajeroning wektu kang suwé. Nurwègen wewatesan karo [[Sagara Lor]] ing sisih kidul-kulon lan pulo-pulo [[Skagerrak]] ing sisih kidul, [[Sagara Nurwègen]] ing kulon, lan [[Sagara Barents]] ing lor-wétan. Ing sisih wétan Nurwègen wewatesan karo [[Swèdhen]], lan uga karo [[Finlan]], lan uga karo [[Ruslan]]. Titik paling dhuwur ing Nurwègen panggonan kang arané [[Galdhøpiggen]] yaiku dhuwuré watara 2.469 m. [[Iklim]] Nurwègen [[iklim temperat]], mligi ing laladan pasisir amarga prabawa [[Gulf Stream]]. Iklim tanah pérangan jero luwih parah lan ing sisih lor luwih cedhak karo [[iklim subarktik]].

== Pulitik ==
Nurwègen iku nagara [[monarki konstitusional]] lan migunakaké sistem [[pamaréntah]]an [[Sistem Parlementer|parlementer]]. Parlemèné, Stortinget, duwé 169 anggota (sadurungé 165, tambah wiwit tangal [[12 September]] [[2005]]) kang dipilih kanggo mangsa kalungguhan 4 taun. Parlemèn iki kapérang loro sajeroning voting legislasi, Odelsting lan Lagting. Kejaba kanggo sawatara bab, Storting duwé fungsi minangka parlemèn [[unikameral]].

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Pratélan nagara]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Category:Norway}}
{{wikivoyage|Norway}}
* [http://www.norwegia.or.id/ Norwegia.or.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829115844/http://www.norwegia.or.id/ |date=2005-08-29 }}-situs resmi berbasa Indonésia
* [http://www.norway.info Norway.info]-Situs resmi
* [http://www.norway.no Norway.no]-Portal resmi
{{Éropa}}

[[Kategori:Nurwègen| ]]


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    <title>Wangun pamaréntahan</title>
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'''Wangun papréntahan''' iku istilah kang ngrujuk marang tatanan [[institusi]] [[pulitik]] kanggo nata [[nagara]] lan [[kakuwasan nagara]] liwat pulitik masarakat.&lt;ref&gt;http://assets.cambridge.org/052184/3162/excerpt/0521843162_excerpt.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018004048/http://assets.cambridge.org/052184/3162/excerpt/0521843162_excerpt.pdf |date=2022-10-18 }} Kopstein and Lichbach, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  Padhanané antarané kalebu &quot;jinis rezim&quot; lan &quot;sistem papréntahan&quot;.  Dhéfinisi iki isih lumaku sanadyan papréntahan ora kasil sajeroning ngetrapaké kakuwasané. Tanpa ndeleng kwalitasé, siji pamaréntah kang gagal iku uga isih dianggep sawining wangun papréntahan.
Gréja, prusahaan, klub, lan èntitas sangisoré tataran nasional liyané uga duwé wangun &quot;papréntahan&quot;, nanging sajeroning artikel iki mung organisasi nagara kang didhiskusèkaké.

Wolulas nagara ign donya ora nyebutaké kanthi cetha wangun nagarané sajeroning jeneng resmi nagara (jeneng resmi [[Jamaica]], contoné, mung &quot;Jamaica&quot; waé), nanging liyané duwé jeneng resmi kang mratélakaké wangun papréntahan, utawa saora-orané wangun papréntahan kang diperjuangaké:
* [[Australia]], [[Bahama]], lan [[Dominica]] iku kanthi resmi siji [[persemakmuran]] utawa ''[[commonwealth]]''.
* [[Luksemburg]] iku awangun ''[[Grand duchy]]''.
* [[Uni Èmirat Arab]] iku kumpulan nagara Muslim, saben [[èmirat]] duwèni hak dhéwé-dhéwé
* [[Ruslan]], [[Switserlan]], lan [[Saint Kitts &amp; Nevis]] iku [[fédherasi]].
* [[Libia]] iku [[jamahiriya]]
* Ana 33 [[monarki|karajan]] ing donya, nanging 18 kang bener-bener karajan, déné 15 liyané kaloka minangka [[realms]]. Jordan iku kanthi mirunggan siji Karajan [[Hashemite]], lan Inggris lan Irlandia Lor isih nonjolaké sajarahé dhéwé-dhéwé lan nyawiji dadi [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Andorra]], [[Liechtenstein]], lan [[Monako]] iku wujud [[prinsipalitas]]
* [[Républik]] iku wangun pamarétahan kang paling akèh dianggo, paling sethithik kanthi resminé, yaiku déning 132 nagara.  Akèh kang ngukuhaké kanthi luwih spésifik.  Contoné, [[Mesir]] lan [[Suriah]] iku kanthi spésifik Républik [[Arab]], [[Guyana]] kanthi spésifik wujud Républik [[Koperasi]], lan [[Aljazair]] ngeklim minangka Républik [[Dhémokratik]] &amp; Populèr.
&lt;!--  
The invocation of democracy is common in the official names of republics - [[North Korea]] is a Democratic [[People's Republic]], four states are simply Democratic Republics, and [[Sri Lanka]] is a Democratic [[Socialist Republic]].  
States which wish to emphasize that their provinces have a fair amount of autonomy from the central government may specifically state this: [[Germany]] and [[Nigeria]] are each a [[Federal Republic]], Ethiopia is a Federal [[Democratic Republic]], the [[Comoros]] is a Federal [[Islamic republic]], and [[Brazil]] is a Federative Republic.  
The sometimes utilized name [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]] emphasizes this nation's separateness from the neighboring Greek region of the same name.  
Government ideology is also a common signifier appended to &quot;republic&quot;.  Besides the Comoros, four other nations specifically dictate that they are Islamic Republics.  Asian nations influenced by [[Maoism]] may emphasize their belief system by specifying the [[People]] as a whole in their official names: [[Laos]] is a People's Democratic Republic, and [[Bangladesh]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]] are People's Republics.  [[Vietnam]] is a Socialist Republic.  
Finally, [[Tanzania]] emphasizes the cohesion of its state as a [[United]] Republic.
* Eleven nations simply refer to themselves as [[State]]s, but a handful specify what kind of state.  [[Micronesia]] is made up of Federated States, [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Samoa]] emphasize that they are [[Independence|Independent]] States, while the [[United States of America]] and the [[United Mexican States]] are made up of [[constituent state]]s.
* [[Brunei]] and [[Oman]] are [[Sultanates]]
* [[Burma]] simply states that it is a [[Union]]
[[Image:Forms of government.svg|300px|right|A color-coded legend of forms of government. Click on map for descriptions below.]]
==Attributes of government==
Beyond official typologies it is important to think about [[regime]] types by looking at the general attributes of the forms of government &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.polisci.ccsu.edu/brown/regime_types.htm Regime Types
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;:
&lt;!--
#Traditional ([[clan]] or [[kinship]]) or modern (bureaucracies) 
#Personalistic (North Korea) or impersonal (Germany)
# [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] (Communist Russia), [[Authoritarian]] (Zimbabwe) or [[Democratic]] (Belgium)
#[[Election]]s (US) or heredity (Brunei)
#Direct (Mexico) or indirect elections (Electoral College in the US) 
#Secular (European Union) or non-secular (Iran)
#[[Division of powers]], such as [[executive]], [[judicial]], and [[legislative]] boxes (India) or absence of division of powers (Peru under [[Alberto Fujimori|Fujimori]]).
#Parliamentarian (Greece), Presidential (USA) or Monarchical (UK).
#Number of people in the Executive power (Switzerland has 7, France 2, US 1).
#Composition of the legislative power (autocratic, unicameral, bicameral...)
#Number of coalitions or party-appointed legislators in Assemblies
#Federal (Argentina) or Unitary (Ukraine) 
#Rules of the [[electoral system]]: 
##plurality (most votes wins) - known as &quot;First past the post&quot; (U.K)
##majoritarian (50% + 1 vote), including run-off elections (Argentina, France) 
##supermajoritarian (usually from 55% to 75% - there is a 60% [[cloture]] rule in the U.S. Senate, and there was a 55% independence vote for Montenegro) 
##unanimity - (100% votes wins) (such as for the board of directors of a company)  
#Type of [[economic system]]
#Prevalent [[ideologies]] and [[cultures]]
#Strong institutional capacity (US) or weak capacity (Iraq)
#Legitimate (South Africa) or illegitimate (former communist Romania) 
#''De facto'' (effective control) or ''De jure'' (nominal control) of government 
#Sovereign (US), semi-sovereign (Puerto Rico), or not sovereign (Chechnya)
#[[Racial segregation]] ([[Rhodesia]]) or [[desegregation]]

== Other empirical and conceptual problems ==

On the surface, identifying a form of government appears to be easy. Most would say that the United States is a [[democratic republic]] while the former Soviet Union was a [[totalitarian state]]. However, as Kopstein and Lichbach (2005:4) argue, defining regimes is tricky.  Defining a form of government is especially problematic when trying to identify those elements that are essential to that form. There appears to be a disparity between being able to identify a form of government and identifying the necessary characteristics of that form. For example, in trying to identify the essential characteristics of a [[democracy]], one might say &quot;elections.&quot; However, both citizens of the former [[Soviet Union]] and citizens of the [[United States]] voted for candhidates to public office in their respective states. The problem with such a comparison is that most people are not likely to accept it because it does not comport with their sense of reality.  Since most people are not going to accept an evaluation that makes the former [[Soviet Union]] as democratic as the [[United States]], the usefulness of the concept is undermined.  In political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of [[polities]], as typologies of political systems are not obvious &lt;ref&gt;Lewellen, Ted C. ''Political Anthropology: An Introduction Third Edition''. Praeger Publishers; 3rd edition (November 30, 2003)&lt;/ref&gt;.  It is especially important in the [[political science]] fields of [[comparative politics]] and [[international relations]].  One important example of a book which attempts to do so is [[Robert Dahl]]'s [[Polyarchy]] (Yale University Press (1971)).

One approach is to further elaborate on the nature of the characteristics found within each regime. In the example of the [[US]] and the [[Soviet Union]], both did conduct elections, and yet one important difference between these two regimes is that the [[USSR]] had a [[single-party system]], with all other parties being outlawed. In contrast, the United States effectively has a [[bipartisan]] system with political parties being regulated, but not forbidden.  A system generally seen as a [[representative democracy]] (for instance [[Canada]], [[India]] and the [[United States]]) may also include measures providing for: a degree of [[direct democracy]] in the form of [[referendum]]s and for [[deliberative democracy]] in the form of the extensive processes required for constitutional amendment.

Another complication is that a number of [[political systems]] originate as [[socio-economic movement]]s and are then carried into governments by specific [[political party|parties]] naming themselves after those movements. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. Some examples are as follows:

*Perhaps the most widely cited example of such a phenomenon is the [[communist]] movement. This is an example of where the resulting political systems may diverge from the original socio-economic [[ideologies]] from which they developed.  This may mean that adherents of the [[ideologies]] are actually ''opposed'' to the political systems commonly associated with them. For example, activists describing themselves as [[Trotskyist]]s or communists are often opposed to the [[communist state]]s of the 20th century.
*[[Islamism]] is also often included on a list of movements that have deep implications for the form of government. Indeed, many nations in the [[Islamic world]] use the term ''Islamic'' in the name of the state.  However, these [[governments]] in practice exploit a range of different mechanisms of power (for example [[debt]] and appeals to [[nationalism]]). This means that there is no single form of government that could be described as “Islamic” government. Islam as a political movement is therefore better seen as a loose grouping of related political practices rather than a single, coherent political movement.
*The basic principles of many other popular movements have deep implications for the form of government those movements support and would introduce if they came to power. For example, [[bioregional democracy]] is a pillar of [[green politics]].
--&gt;
== Deleng uga ==
* Rezim Pulitik
** [[Sistem Parlemèntèr]]
** [[Sistem Semi-presidhènsiil]]
** [[Sistem Presidhènsiil]]
* [[Papréntahan]]
* [[Civics]] 
* [[Comparative government]]
* [[Nagara miturut sistem papréntahan]]
* [[Pratélan wangun papréntahan]]

== Réferènsi ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Wacan ==
* {{cite book | first=Carles | last=Boix | title=Democracy and Redistribution | url=https://archive.org/details/democracyredistr0000boix | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York | year=2003 }}
* Bunce, Valerie. 2003. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience.” World Politics 55(2):167-192.
* {{cite book | first=Josep M.| last=Colomer| title=Political Institutions | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford| year=2003 }}
* [[Robert Dahl|Dahl, Robert]] ''[[Polyarchy]]'' Yale University Press (1971
* Heritage, Andrew, Editor-in-Chief.  2000.  World Desk Reference
* {{cite book | first=Arend | last=Lijphart | title=Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration | url=https://archive.org/details/democracyinplura0000lijp | publisher=Yale University Press | location=New Haven | year=1977 }}
* Linz, Juan. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
* Linz, Juan, and Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southernn Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
* Lichbach, Mark and Alan Zukerman, eds. 1997. Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
* Luebbert, Gregory M. 1987. “Social Foundations of Political Order in Interwar Europe,” World Politics 39, 4.
* Moore, Barrington, Jr. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge: Beacon Press, ch. 7-9.
* Comparative politics : interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order/edited by Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005. 
* O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1970. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley: University of California.
* O’Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Przeworski, Adam. 1992. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, Jose, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Shugart, Mathhew and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics'', New York, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992.
* [[Taagepera, Rein]] and Matthew Shugart. 1989. Seats and votes: The effects and determinants of electoral systems, Yale Univ. Press.jimmy

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.federalism-e.com Electronic interuniversity journal '''''Federalism-e''''']
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/20c-govt.htm Types of Governments from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century]
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Other classifications examples from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century]
* http://stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/WorldAffairs/typesofgovt.html

[[Kategori:Wangun papréntahan| ]]
[[Kategori:Institusi papréntahan]]
[[Kategori:Pulitik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ratko Mladić</title>
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      <text bytes="16607" sha1="4vei9ar5dma8yp1g7x7b5j5sycvti7s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox personil militèr
|name='''Ratko Mladić''' &lt;br /&gt; ({{lang-sr|Ратко Младић}})
|lived={{birth date and age|1942|3|12|df=yes}}
|placeofbirth=Božinovići, [[Nagara mardika Kroasia]] (saiki [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]])
|placeofdeath=
|image=[[Gambar:Evstafiev-ratko-mladic-1993-w.jpg|200px]]
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]] &lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Républika Srpska}} [[Républika Srpska]]
|serviceyears=1965–1996
|rank=[[Kolonèl Jendral]]
|commands=Korps angka 9, Tentara Yugoslavia (JNA)&lt;br /&gt;Komando dhistrik Militér 2, JNA&lt;br /&gt; Tentara Républika Srpska]]
|battles=[[Palagan Dalmatia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Perang Bosnia]]
|status=Unknown
|awards=
|laterwork=
}}
'''Ratko Mladić''' ([[Sirilik Serbia]]: Ратко Младић, {{Pronounced|'ratkɔ ˈmlaːditɕ}}) ([[12 Maret]] [[1942]] - [[27 Agustus]] [[2026]]) iku Kepala Staf Tentara [[Républika Srpska]] (VRS) (Tentara Serbia Bosnia]]) sajeroning perang ing [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] taun [[1992]] - [[1995]].

Mladić dikenal minangka jèndral militèr paling dhuwur déning Pangadilan kriminal tilas nagara Yugoslavia ing [[Den Haag]] kang magepokan karo pangepungan [[Sarajevo]] taun [[1992]] - [[1995]] lan &quot;pambantaéan Srebrenica&quot; marang 8,300 wong [[Bosniak]] [[Muslim]] ing [[11 Juli]], [[1995]] ing [[Srebrenica]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20010124084600/http://www.un.org/icty/ Ratko Mladic - Amended Indictment], from the [[United Nations|UN]] ’s website, [[10 Oktober]], [[2002]]&lt;/ref&gt;
Saiki isih ana préntah nangkep internasional marang Mladić miturut aturan nomer 61 saka [[ICTY]] kang nyimpulaké yèn ana dhasar kang kalebu akal kanggo percaya yèn dhèwèké ngayahi tindak kriminal magepokan karo genosida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/icty/erdemovic/trialc/judgement/erd-tsj961129e.pdf |title=from the UN ICTY’s website |access-date=2003-12-25 |archive-date=2003-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031225131527/http://www.un.org/icty/erdemovic/trialc/judgement/erd-tsj961129e.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah [[Amérikah Sarékat]] wis nawani bebungah $5 yuta kanggo nyekel dhèwèké lan [[Radovan Karadžić]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/11/bosnia.karadzic/index.html U.N. office: Karadzic in Belgrade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608151120/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/11/bosnia.karadzic/index.html |date=2008-06-08 }}, ''[[CNN.com]]'', [[11 Fèbruari]], [[2004]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ing [[11 Oktober]] [[2007]], pamaréntah [[Serbia]] mbiwara yèn €1 yuta bakal diwènèhké marang kang bisa mènèhi informasi kanggo bisa nyekel Ratko Mladić.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.b92.net/eng/news/crimes-article.php?yyyy=2007&amp;mm=10&amp;dd=12&amp;nav_id=44506 EUR 1mn on Mladić’s head] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208043323/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/crimes-article.php?yyyy=2007&amp;mm=10&amp;dd=12&amp;nav_id=44506 |date=2008-12-08 }}, ''[[B92]]&quot;, [[12 Oktober]], [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dunungé Ratko Mladić nganti saiki isih durung diweruhi.
&lt;!--

==Early life==
Mladić was born in the village of [[Božinovići]] located near the [[Jahorina]] mountain, southeast of [[Sarajevo]], northeast of [[Kalinovik]] and west of [[Goražde]] ({{coor dms|43|37|55|N|18|42|50|E|}}){{Dubious|date=March 2008}}.
The place was at the time a part of the short-lived [[Independent State of Croatia]], a puppet-state created after the [[Nazi German]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian Fascist]] invasion and dismemberment of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in 1941.

==Early military career==
Mladić entered the [[Military Industry School]] in [[Zemun]] in 1961, then went on to the [[KOV Military Academy]], and then Officers Academy, graduating at the top of his class with a grade of 9.57.  Upon his graduation in 1965, his first post as an officer was in [[Skopje]], where he was the youngest soldier in the unit which he commanded.  Beginning as a second lieutenant, he proved himself to be a capable officer, first commanding a platoon, then a battalion, then a brigade, and in 1989 was promoted to Training Section Head for the Third Army District.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

==Role in the Yugoslav wars==
[[Image%3APavle%2C_Karadzic_%26_Mladic.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Ratko Mladic with Bosnian Serb president [[Radovan Karadzic]] (left) and [[Patriarch Pavle]] of Serbia (on the microphone)]]
In June 1991, Mladić was promoted to Deputy Commander of the [[Pristina Corps]] in the tense [[Kosovo]] province, dominated by separatist ethnic Albanians.  As the situation in Croatia rapidly devolved, he was almost immediately re-posted to [[Knin]] as a Commander of the 9th Corps of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA), during fighting between the JNA and the newly-formed [[Croatian Army]]. On [[October 4]], [[1991]], he was promoted to Major General. The JNA forces under his command participated in the [[Croatian War of Independence|Croatian War]], notably during [[Battle of Dalmatia|Operation Coastline 91]] in an attempt to sever [[Dalmatia]] from the rest of Croatia, which failed. Among other things, Mladić helped [[Milan Martić|Martić]]'s paramilitary take the village of [[Kijevo, Croatia|Kijevo]].

On [[April 24]], [[1992]], Mladić was promoted to the [[military rank|rank]] of [[Lieutenant Colonel General]]. On [[May 2]] [[1992]], one month after the Bosnian Republic's declaration of independence, Mladić and his generals, acting under orders from [[Belgrade]], blockaded the city of [[Sarajevo]], shutting off all traffic in and out of the city, as well as water and electricity. This began the four-year [[Siege of Sarajevo]], the longest siege in the history of modern warfare. The city was bombarded with shells and [[Sniper Alley|random shooting]] from the guns of [[snipers]]. On [[May 9]], [[1992]], he assumed the post of Chief of Staff/Deputy Commander of the Second Military District Headquarters of the JNA in [[Sarajevo]]. On [[10 May]] [[1992]], Mladić assumed the command of the Second Military District Headquarters of the JNA.

On [[May 12]], [[1992]], the separatist [[Bosnian Serb Parliament]] voted to create the VRS, or [[Army of Républika Srpska]]. At the same time, Mladić was appointed Commander of the Main Staff of the VRS, a position he held until December 1996. (In May 1992, after the withdrawal of JNA forces from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], the JNA Second Military District became the nucleus of the Main Staff of the VRS.) On [[June 24]], [[1994]], he was promoted to the rank of [[Colonel General]] over the approximately 80,000 troops stationed in the area.

[[Image:Evstafiev-mladic-sarajevo1993w.jpg|thumb|General Ratko Mladić (centre) arrives for UN-mediated talks at Sarajevo airport, June 1993. Photo by [[Mikhail Evstafiev]]]]
In July 1995, troops commanded by Mladić, harried by [[Operation Deliberate Force|NATO air strikes]] intended to force compliance with a UN ultimatum to remove heavy weapons from the [[Sarajevo]] area, overran and occupied the [[UN Safe Areas|UN &quot;safe areas&quot;]] of [[Srebrenica]] and [[Žepa]]. At Srebrenica over 40,000 [[Bosniaks]] who had sought safety there were expelled. An estimated 8,300 were executed, allegedly on Mladić's order&lt;ref&gt;[[Srebrenica massacre]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

On Friday, [[August 4]], [[1995]], with a massive Croatian military force poised to attack the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|Serb-held Krajina]] region in central Croatia, Karadžić announced that he was removing Mladić from his commandant post and assuming personal command of the VRS himself. Karadžić blamed Mladić for the loss of two key Serb towns in western Bosnia that had recently [[Operation Mistral|fallen to the Croats]], and he used the loss of the towns as the excuse to announce his surprise command structure changes. General Mladić was demoted to an &quot;adviser.&quot;  Mladić refused to go quietly, claiming the support of both the Bosnian Serb military as well as the people.  Karadžić countered by attempting to pull political rank as well as denouncing Mladić as a &quot;madman,&quot; but Mladić's obvious popular support forced Karadžić to rescind his order on [[August 11]].

On [[November 8]], [[1996]], the President of the Bosnian Serb Republic [[Biljana Plavšić]] dismissed Mladić from his post.  He continued to receive a [[pension]] until November 2005.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

==Indictment by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia==
On [[July 24]], [[1995]], Mladić was [[indictment|indicted]] by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] and accused of [[genocide]], [[crimes against humanity]], and numerous [[war crimes]] (including crimes relating to the alleged [[sniping]] campaign against civilians in [[Sarajevo]]). On [[November 16]], [[1995]], the charges were expanded to include charges of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes for the attack on the [[United Nations]]-declared safe area of [[Srebrenica]] in July 1995. Mladić is also responsible for the taking of [[hostage]]s amongst [[United Nations|UN]] [[peace-keeping]] personnel.

A [[fugitive]] from the [[ICTY]], he is suspected to be hiding either in [[Serbia]] or in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]’s [[Républika Srpska]]. Mladić was reportedly seen attending a [[football (soccer)|football]] match between [[China]] and [[Yugoslavia]] in [[Belgrade]] in March 2000.  He entered through a VIP entrance and sat in a private box surrounded by eight armed bodyguards. Some claim that he has been seen in a suburb of [[Moscow]], and that he is &quot;regularly&quot; in [[Thessalonica]] and [[Athens]], which has raised suspicions that numerous fake reports are sent to cover his trail. Some reports say he took refuge in his wartime bunker in Han Pijesak, not far from Sarajevo, or in Montenegro&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1423551.stm BBC Europe]&lt;/ref&gt;.  In early February of 2006 portions of a Serbian military intelligence report were leaked to the Serbian Newspaper [[Politika]] which stated that Mladić had been hidden in [[Army of Républika Srpska]] and [[Yugoslav People's Army]] facilities up until [[June 1]] [[2002]], when the [[National Assembly of Serbia]] passed a law mandating cooperation with The [[ICTY]] in [[The Hague]].  The then- Chief General of the Yugoslav Army [[Nebojša Pavković]] requested that Mladić vacate the facility where he was staying on the mountain [[Povlen]], near [[Valjevo]], after which the Serb military agencies claim to have lost all trace of the fugitive.

His security is undoubtedly well assured{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. In November 2004 [[United Kingdom|British]] [[defense (military)|defence]] officials conceded that [[military action]] was unlikely to be successful in bringing Mladić and other [[suspect]]s to [[trial (law)|trial]]. Putting political pressure on [[Balkans|Balkan]] [[government]]s would be more likely to succeed.

In June 2005 ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper alleged that Mladić had demanded $5m (£2.75m) &quot;compensation&quot; to be given to his family and bodyguards if he gave himself up to the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] in [[the Hague]].

The Serbian government continues to tread carefully when it comes to rounding up domestically popular fugitives-on-the-run. On the one hand, the government wishes to maintain support of right-leaning voters. However, Serbia also wish to comply with The Hague with a view to future accession to the European Union.

On [[February 21]] [[2006]], Mladić was supposedly arrested in the Serbian capital [[Belgrade]] and was being transferred via the northeast Bosnian city of [[Tuzla]] to the U.N. war crimes tribunal in [[The Hague]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2051525,00.html Mladic arrest claim is denied] [[The Times]]&lt;/ref&gt;. The arrest was denied by the Serbian government. The government did not deny rumours of a planned negotiated surrender between Mladić and Serbian Special Forces.

On [[February 22]], [[2006]], Chief U.N. Prosecutor [[Carla Del Ponte]] denied the rumours that Mladić had been arrested, claiming the rumours had &quot;absolutely no basis whatsoever&quot;. She urged the Serbian government to find him without further delay, saying that Mladić was in reach of the Serbian authorities and had been in Serbia since 1998. She said that failure to capture him would harm Serbia's bid to join the [[European Union]].

Romanian government&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=251069 &quot;Mladici, prins in Romania?&quot;], [[Evenimentul Zilei]], [[23 February]] [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt; and Serbian&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?catid=125&amp;newsid=83213&amp;ch=0 Serbia and Montenegro International Security Institute Director Claims Mladić Was Arrested in Romania]&lt;/ref&gt; sources claimed on [[22 February]] [[2006]] that Mladić was arrested in Romania, near [[Drobeta-Turnu Severin]], close to the Serbian border by a joint Romanian-British special operation carried out by troops of those respective countries. The failure to arrest Mladić is proving to be a major factor in Serbia's efforts to become an EU member state.

The [[May 1]] [[2006]] deadline established by [[Carla Del Ponte]] for Serbia to hand over Mladić passed, resulting in suspended talks between Serbia and the EU. Mladić is presently believed to be in [[Belgrade]] and shuttled between different apartments by a single bodyguard.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Possible death==
In June 2006 there were reports that Mladić recently suffered a third [[stroke]] and that he had low chances of survival. At the same time PR of [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party of Serbia]], Andrija Mladenović, raised the question of who would be responsible for the halt in EU negotiations if Mladić were to die. Some sources say that Mladić's appearance has changed as a result of age and bad health&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kurir-info.co.yu/Arhiva/2006/jun/23/V-05-23062006.shtml REDAKCIJA Online]&lt;/ref&gt;.
--&gt;
== Kulawarga ==
Mladić omah-omah karo Bosa Mladić, lan duwé putra loro ya iku; anak lanag Darko lan anak wadon Ana Mladić. Darko Mladić omah-omah karo Aida, kang nglairaké anak lanang [[2 Maret]], [[2006]], putu pisanan saka Mladić. Bocah iki dijenengaké, njupuk saka jeneng pelindhung [[Serbia]] lan [[Républika Srpska]] [[Saint Stephen|St. Stefan]].

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Ratko Mladić}}
* [http://www.interpol.int/Public/Data/Wanted/Notices/Data/1995/54/1995_47754.asp Interpol Warrant] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090704041327/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Data/Wanted/Notices/Data/1995/54/1995_47754.asp |date=2009-07-04 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021216215146/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mla-ai021010e.htm the ICTY indictment against Mladić, Case No. IT-95-5/18-I, october 2002]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1423551.stm BBC News Profile: Ratko Mladić]
* [http://serbo.blogspot.com/2006/05/serbia-police-search-mladics-home.html Serbia police search Mladic's home]
* [http://serbo.blogspot.com/2006/05/eu-halts-serbia-talks-over-mladic.html EU halts Serbia talks over Mladic]
* [http://serbo.blogspot.com/2006/05/bbc-asks-will-general-mladic-face.html Will General Mladic face kangaroo court?]
* [http://serbo.blogspot.com/2006/04/eus-catch-22.html EU's catch 22]
* [http://serbo.blogspot.com/2006/04/serbia-claims-mladic-network-comprises.html Serbia claims Mladic network comprises 130 people]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-1659933,00.html Mladic puts price on his own head [[19 Juni]] [[2005]]]
* [http://findingkaradzic.blogspot.com Mladić, Karadžić, and the hunt for ICTY fugitives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908095342/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-1659933,00.html |date=2008-09-08 }}
* [http://myspacetv.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&amp;videoid=18132179 Pilot for TV show &quot;Mladići&quot;]

=== Media ===
* [http://www.zamislisrbiju.org/docs/audio/34.mp3 Mladic and Fikret Abdic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813010004/http://www.zamislisrbiju.org/docs/audio/34.mp3 |date=2008-08-13 }}
* [http://www.zamislisrbiju.org/docs/audio/36.mp3 Sarajevo bombing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813010008/http://www.zamislisrbiju.org/docs/audio/36.mp3 |date=2008-08-13 }} [[28 Mèi]] [[1992]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mladic, Ratko}}
[[Kategori:Militèr Républika Srpska]]
[[Kategori:Républik Serbia Krajina]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1943]]
[[Kategori:Pati 2026]]
[[Kategori:Tentara Serbia]]
[[Kategori:Buron didakwa kajahatan perang]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Proxima Centauri</title>
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      <text bytes="45830" sha1="pleva1600nu0exrux6ghnbhih5voq94" xml:space="preserve">{{Starbox begin
| name=Proxima Centauri
}}
{{Starbox image
| image = [[Gambar:Position from Proxima Centauri.png|250px]]
| caption = Posisi Proxima Centauri
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch=[[J2000.0]]
| equinox=[[J2000.0]] ([[International Celestial Reference System|ICRS]])
| constell = [[Centaurus]]
| ra = {{RA|14|29|42.9487}}&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=proxima%20centauri
| title =SIMBAD query result: V* V645 Cen -- Flare Star
| publisher =Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg
| accessdate = 2008-08-11 }}—some of the data is located under &quot;Measurements&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| dec = {{DEC|−62|40|46.141}}&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
| appmag_v = 11,05&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
}}
{{Starbox character
| class=M5.5&amp;nbsp;Ve&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
| b-v=1,90&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
| u-b=1,43&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
| variable=[[Lintang suar]]
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v=−21,7&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;1,8&lt;ref name=aaa379&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=García-Sánchez | first=J.
 | author2=Weissman, P. R.; Preston, R. A.; Jones, D. L.; Lestrade, J.-F.; Latham, D. W.; Stefanik, R. P.; Paredes, J. M.
 | title=Stellar encounters with the solar system
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | year=2001 | volume=379 | pages=634–659
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&amp;A...379..634G
 | accessdate=2008-06-12
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20011330 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prop_mo_ra=−3775,40&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
| prop_mo_dec=769,33&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
| parallax=768.7
| p_error=0.3
| parallax_footnote=&lt;ref name=&quot;apj118&quot; /&gt;
| absmag_v=15,49&lt;ref name=&quot;abs_mag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Kamper | first=K. W. | author2=Wesselink, A. J.
 | title=Alpha and Proxima Centauri
 | journal=Astronomical Journal | year=1978
 | volume=83 | pages=1653–1659
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978AJ.....83.1653K
 | accessdate=2008-08-03
 | doi=10.1086/112378 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Starbox detail
| age=4,85{{Esp|9}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ESO2003&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | author=Kervella, Pierre; Thevenin, Frederic
 | title=A Family Portrait of the Alpha Centauri System: VLT Interferometer Studies the Nearest Stars
 | publisher=ESO
 | date=2003-03-15
 | url=http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-05-03.html
 | accessdate=2007-07-09
 | archive-date=2008-06-16
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616125016/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-05-03.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| metal=&lt;!-- assumed to be the same as Alpha Cen A/B --&gt;
| mass=0,123&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0,006&lt;ref name=aaa397&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Ségransan | first=D.
 | author2=Kervella, P.; Forveille, T.; Queloz, D.
 | title=First radius measurements of very low mass stars with the VLTI
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2003
 | volume=397 | pages=L5–L8
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&amp;A...397L...5S
 | accessdate=2008-08-07
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20021714 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| radius=0,145&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0,011&lt;ref name=aaa397/&gt;
| rotation=83,5&amp;nbsp;hari&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Benedict, G. Fritz | display-authors = etal
 | title=Photometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star Using Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor 3: A Search for Periodic Variations
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | year=1998 | volume=116 | issue=1 | pages=429–439
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....116..429B
 | accessdate=2007-07-09
 | doi=10.1086/300420 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| luminosity_bolometric=0,0017&lt;ref name=lbol&gt;See Table 1, {{cite journal
 | last=Doyle | first=J. G. | author2=Butler, C. J.
 | title=Optical and infrared photometry of dwarf M and K stars
 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1990-08_235_1-2/page/335 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1990
 | volume=235 | pages=335–339
 | bibcode=1990A&amp;A...235..335D}} and p. 57, {{cite book
 | title=Principles of Physical Cosmology
 | url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00pjep
 | last=Peebles | first=P. J. E.
 | year=1993
 | location=Princeton, New Jersey
 | publisher=Princeton University Press
 | isbn=0691019339
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| temperature=3,042&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;117&lt;ref name=aaa397/&gt;
| gravity=5,20&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0,23&lt;ref name=aaa397/&gt;
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = [[Bayer designation|Alpha Centauri C]], [[Catalog of Components of Double and Multiple Stars|CCDM]]&amp;nbsp;J14396-6050C, [[General Catalogue of Trigonometric Parallaxes|GCTP]]&amp;nbsp;3278.00, [[Gliese-Jahreiss catalogue|GJ]]&amp;nbsp;551, [[Hipparcos catalogue|HIP]]&amp;nbsp;70890, [[Luyten Five-Tenths catalogue|LFT]]&amp;nbsp;1110, [[Luyten Half-Second catalogue|LHS]]&amp;nbsp;49, [[Luyten Proper-Motion catalogue|LPM]]&amp;nbsp;526, [[Luyten Two-Tenths catalogue|LTT]]&amp;nbsp;5721, [[New Luyten Two-Tenths catalogue|NLTT]]&amp;nbsp;37460, [[Variable star designation|V645 Centauri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot; /&gt;
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = V645+Cen
| ARICNS = &lt;!--Code--&gt;
}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''Proxima Centauri'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.jact.org/subjects/vocablist.htm
 | title=Latin Resources
 | publisher=Joint Association of Classical Teachers
 | accessdate=2007-07-15
 | archive-date=2007-07-08
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708174244/http://www.jact.org/subjects/vocablist.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; iku [[lintang]] kate abang kang manggon adohé 4,2 taun cahya (3,97{{e|13}} km). Lintang iki ana ing rasi lintang [[Centaurus]]. Proxima Centauri tinemu nalika taun 1915 déning Robert Innes, Dirèktur Observatorium Union ing [[Afrika Kidul|Aprikah Kidul]]. Lintang iki wujud lintang paling cerak saka [[srengéngé]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ESO2003&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | author=Kervella, Pierre; Thevenin, Frederic
 | title=A Family Portrait of the Alpha Centauri System: VLT Interferometer Studies the Nearest Stars
 | publisher=ESO
 | date=2003-03-15
 | url=http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-05-03.html
 | accessdate=2007-07-09
 | archive-date=2008-06-16
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616125016/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-05-03.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sanajan mbleret banget kanggo dideleng nganggo mata langsung. Leté menyang lintang paling cerak kaloro lan katelu (kang tatalaku [[lintang gandha]] [[Alpha Centauri]]) yaiku 0,237&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0,011&amp;nbsp;taun cahya (15.000&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;700 ékan astronomi).&lt;ref name=&quot;apj132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Wertheimer, Jeremy G.; Laughlin, Gregory
 | title=Are Proxima and α Centauri Gravitationally Bound?
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | year=2006 | volume=132 | issue=5 | pages=1995–1997
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006astro.ph..7401W
 | accessdate=2007-07-09 | doi = 10.1086/507771
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Proxima Centauri kamungkinan wujud péranganing tatalaku lintang telu bebarengan karo Alpha Centauri A lan B.

Amarga kacerakané, dhiameter pojok lintang iki bisa diukur kanthi langsung, yaiku watara 1/7 saka srengéngé.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESO2003&quot;/&gt; Bobot isen Proxima Centauri diprakirakaké watara 1/8 saka srengéngé, sauntara rata-rata bobot jinisé watara kaping 40é srengéngé.&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot; name=&quot;density&quot; /&gt; Sanajan duwé drajat luminositas kang asor, Proxima iku lintang suar kang ngalami paningkatan kacerahan minangka akibat saka kamobahan mahnitjati.&lt;ref name=apj612&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Christian | first=D. J.
 | author2=Mathioudakis, M.; Bloomfield, D. S.; Dupuis, J.; Keenan, F. P.
 | title=A Detailed Study of Opacity in the Upper Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | year=2004 | volume=612 | issue=2 | pages=1140–1146
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...612.1140C
 | accessdate=2008-06-13
 | doi=10.1086/422803 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Médhan mahnit lintang iki kawangun liwat [[konvèksi]] ing badan lintang, lan marakake kamobahan semburan kang ngetokaké piwetu sinar X.&lt;ref name=apj547/&gt; Pacampuran &quot;bahan obong&quot; ing inti Proxima Centauri liwat konvèksi lan drajat prodhuksi ènèrgi lintang kang rélatif asor nuduhaké yèn lintang iki kamungkinan bakal tetep dadi lintang [[dhèrèt utama]] suwéné patang trilyun taun sabanjuré.&lt;ref name=adams/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | author=Dunkley, J. | display-authors = etal
 | title = Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results
 | url =http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.0586
 | publisher=NASA | accessdate=2008-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Panggolèkan bandha langit pangiring Proxima Centauri ora olèh kasil. Kamungkinan anané [[katé coklat]] lan [[raksasa gas|raseksa gas]] wis dibusak.&lt;ref name=&quot;aaal344&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Kürster, M. | display-authors = etal
 | title=Precise radial velocities of Proxima Centauri. Strong constraints on a substellar companion
 | journal=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics Letters
 | year=1999 | volume=344 | pages=L5–L8
 | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903010v1
 | bibcode=1999A&amp;A...344L...5K
 | accessdate=2008-12-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Drajat kamobahan lintang nambah riricuh marang pangukuran karikatan radhial, saéngga matesi prospèk panemon objèk pangorbit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saar 1997 319–326&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Saar | first=Steven H.
 | author2=Donahue, Robert A.
 | title=Activity-related Radial Velocity Variation in Cool Stars
 | journal=Astrophysical Journal
 | year=1997 | volume=485 | pages=319–326
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...485..319S
 | accessdate=2008-07-11
 | doi=10.1086/304392 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=apj119/&gt; Paninjoan [[karikatan radhial]] uga nyingkiraké kamungkinan anané [[bumi super]] ing [[zona layak huni|laladan pantes panggon]] Proxima Centauri.&lt;ref name=tarter&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Tarter, Jill C. | display-authors = etal
 | title=A Reappraisal of The Habitability of Planets around M Dwarf Stars
 | journal=Astrobiology | year=2007 | volume=7 | issue=1
 | pages=30–65 | doi=10.1089/ast.2006.0124
 | pmid=17407403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Khodachenko&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Khodachenko, Maxim L. | display-authors = etal
 | title=Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Activity of Low Mass M Stars as An Important Factor for The Habitability of Terrestrial Exoplanets. I. CME Impact on Expected Magnetospheres of Earth-Like Exoplanets in Close-In Habitable Zones
 | journal=Astrobiology | year=2007
 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=167–184
 | doi=10.1089/ast.2006.0127
 | pmid=17407406
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aaa488&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Toward detection of terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of our closest neighbor: Proxima Centauri|author=Endl, M. and Kürster, M.|year=2008|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=488|issue=3|pages=1149–1153|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810058|bibcode=2008A&amp;A...488.1149E}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot; name=&quot;m_sin_i&quot;&gt;Sabeneré ana watesan marang pangaji ''m'' sin ''i'', karo i yaiku pojok antarané garis normal orbit karo garis deleng. Yèn orbit planit cerak karo ''face-on'' kaya déné dideleng saka Bumi, planit-planit kang luwih masif bisa lolos saka pandhètèksian kang migunakaké métodhe karikatan radhial.&lt;/ref&gt; Panggolèkan bandha-bandha langit kang luwih cilik merlokaké piranti-piranti anyar, kaya ta [[teleskop luar akasa James Webb|teleskop antariksa James Webb]].&lt;ref name=&quot;numbers&quot;/&gt; Amarga kacerakané karo Bumi, lintang iki wis diusulaké minangka pituju saka [[panjlajahan antarlintang]].&lt;ref name=gilster&gt;{{cite book
 | first=Paul | last=Gilster | year=2004
 | title=Centauri Dreams: Imagining and Planning
 | url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-1-4757-3894-0 | publisher=Springer | isbn=038700436X }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangamatan ==
Nalika taun 1915, [[Robert Innes]], Dhirèktur [[Observatorium Union]] ing [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kidul]], nemu lintang kang duwé [[obah dhiri]] kang padha karo [[Alpha Centauri]].&lt;ref name=afrsky11_39&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Glass | first=I. S. |date=July 2007
 | title=The Discovery of the Nearest Star
 | journal=African Sky | volume=11 | page=39
 | bibcode=2007AfrSk..11...39G
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESO2002&quot;&gt;{{cite web | first=Didier | last=Queloz | date=2002-11-29 | url=http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2002/pr-22-02.html | title=How Small are Small Stars Really? VLT Interferometer Measures the Size of Proxima Centauri and Other Nearby Stars | publisher=European Southern Observatory | accessdate=2007-07-09 | archive-date=2007-01-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103234953/http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2002/pr-22-02.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké mènèhi jeneng lintang iku ''Proxima Centauri''.&lt;ref name=aj39_913_20&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Alden | first=Harold L.
 | title=Alpha and Proxima Centauri
 | journal=Astronomical Journal
 | year=1928 | volume=39 | issue=913 | pages=20–23
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928AJ.....39...20A
 | accessdate=2008-06-28
 | doi=10.1086/104871 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika taun 1917, ing [[Royal Observatory, Tanjung Harapan|Royal Observatory]], [[Tanjung Harapan]], astronom Walanda [[Joan Voûte]] ngukur [[paralaks]] trigonometrik lintang iki, lan ngonfirmasi yèn Proxima Centauri duwé let saka srengéngé kang padha karo Alpha Centauri. Lintang iki uga ditepungi minangka lintang kanthi [[luminositas]] paling asor ing wektu iku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last = Voûte | first = J.
 | title=A 13th magnitude star in Centaurus with the same parallax as α Centauri
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | year=1917 | volume=77 | pages=650–651
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1917MNRAS..77..650V&amp;amp;db_key=AST&amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;high=444c5eb29022736
 | accessdate=2007-07-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panemton paralaks Proxima Centauri kang akurat digawé déning astronom Amérikah Sarékat [[Harold Lee Alden|Harold L. Alden]] nalika taun 1928. Dhèwèké ngonfirmasi asil awal mawa paralaks {{nowrap|0,783 ± 0,005}}″.&lt;ref name=afrsky11_39/&gt;&lt;ref name=aj39_913_20/&gt;

Astronom Amérikah Sarékat [[Harlow Shapley]] mbiwara Proxima Centauri minangka [[lintang suar]] nalika taun 1951. Pamriksan marang cathetan-cathetan fotografik sadurungé nuduhaké yèn lintang iki ngalami paningkatan sajeroning magnitudo watara 8%, ndadèkaké minangka lintang suar paling aktif ing wektu iku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last = Shapley | first = Harlow
 | title=Proxima Centauri as a Flare Star
 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
 | year=1951 | volume=37 | issue=1 | pages=15–18
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951PNAS...37...15S
 | accessdate=2007-07-11 | doi=10.1073/pnas.37.1.15
 | pmid = 16588985
 | pmc = 1063292 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kacerakan lintang iki mungkinaké pangamatan marang aktivitas semburanné. Nalika taun 1980, [[Observatorium Einstein]] gawé kurva ènèrgi sinar X ing semburan Proxima Centauri. Pangamatan luwih jero dilakokaké liwat satelit [[EXOSAT]] lan [[ROSAT]]. Emisi sinar X kanthi semburan kang luwih cilik lan mèmper karo srengéngé diamati déning satelit [[Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics|ASCA]] Jepang taun 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Haisch | first=Bernhard
 | author2=Antunes, A.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.
 | title=Solar-Like M-Class X-ray Flares on Proxima Centauri Observed by the ASCA Satellite
 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-06-02_268_5215/page/1327 | journal=Science | year=1995
 | volume=268 | issue=5215 | pages=1327–1329
 | doi=10.1126/science.268.5215.1327
 | pmid=17778978 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Proxima Centauri kawit wektu iku dadi subjèk panlitèn déning manéka observatorium sinar X, kaya ta [[XMM-Newton]] lan [[Observatorium sinar-X Chandra|Chandra]].&lt;ref name=aaa416/&gt;

Amarga [[dhéklinasi]] kidul Proxima Centauri, lintang iki mung bisa dideleng ing sisih kidul lintang 27°&amp;nbsp;U.&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;Kanggo lintang ing sisih kidul zènit, pojokan marang zènit padha karo garis lintang dikurang dhéklinasi. Lintang kadhelikaké saka papan kanthi pojok zènit gedhéné 90° utawa luwih, utawa sajeroning tembung liya sangisoré cakrawala. Mula, kanggo Proxima Centauri:
:Lintang paling dhuwur = 90° + −62,68° = 27,32°.
Delengen: {{cite book
 | first=William Wallace | last=Campbell
 | year=1899 | title=The Elements of Practical Astronomy
 | publisher=Macmillan | location=London
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=v2tEAAAAIAAJ
 | accessdate=2008-08-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Katé abang kaya Proxima Centauri mbleret banget kanggo dideleng kanthi mata langsung.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url =http://sdc.cab.inta-csic.es/ines/Ines_PCentre/Demos/Fluxdist/pcentauri.html
 | title =Proxima Centauri UV Flux Distribution
 | publisher =ESA/Laboratory for Space Astrophysics and Theoretical Physics
 | accessdate = 2007-07-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | first=Jim | last=Kaler | title=Rigil Kentaurus
 | url=http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/rigil-kent.html
 | publisher=University of Illinois
 | accessdate=2008-08-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lintang iki duwé [[magnitudo semu]] gedhéné 11, saéngga diperlokaké teleskop mawa [[tingkap]] minimal 8&amp;nbsp;cm (3,1&amp;nbsp;[[inch|in.]]) kanggo ngamati lintang iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | first=P. Clay | last=Sherrod
 | author2=Koed, Thomas L.; Aleichem, Thomas L. Sholem
 | year=2003 | title=A Complete Manual of Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations
 | publisher=Courier Dover Publications
 | isbn=0486428206 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karakteristik ==
Proxima Centauri diklasifikasikakè minangka lintang katé abang amarga lumebu sanjeroné [[dhèrèt utama]] ing [[diagram Hertzsprung–Russell]] lan kagolong sajeroning [[klasifikasi lintang|kelas M5.5]]. Lintang iki duwé [[magnitudo mutlak]] gedhéné 15,5.&lt;ref name=&quot;abs_mag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Kamper | first=K. W. | author2=Wesselink, A. J.
 | title=Alpha and Proxima Centauri
 | journal=Astronomical Journal | year=1978
 | volume=83 | pages=1653–1659
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978AJ.....83.1653K
 | accessdate=2008-08-03
 | doi=10.1086/112378 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gunggung luminositas tumrap kabèh [[dawa gelombang]]é yaiku 0,17% saka srengéngé,&lt;ref name=lbol&gt;See Table 1, {{cite journal
 | last=Doyle | first=J. G. | author2=Butler, C. J.
 | title=Optical and infrared photometry of dwarf M and K stars
 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1990-08_235_1-2/page/335 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1990
 | volume=235 | pages=335–339
 | bibcode=1990A&amp;A...235..335D}} and p. 57, {{cite book
 | title=Principles of Physical Cosmology
 | url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00pjep
 | last=Peebles | first=P. J. E.
 | year=1993
 | location=Princeton, New Jersey
 | publisher=Princeton University Press
 | isbn=0691019339
}}&lt;/ref&gt; sanajan nalika diamati sajeroning dawa gelombang [[spèktrum optik]] mung 0.0056% saka srengéngé.&lt;ref&gt;p. 8, {{cite book
 | last=Binney | first=James
 | author2=Scott Tremaine
 | title=Galactic Dynamics
 | url=https://archive.org/details/galacticdynamics0000binn_d4l5 | publisher=Princeton University Press
 | location=Princeton, New Jersey
 | year=1987
 | isbn=0691084459}}&lt;/ref&gt; Luwih saka 85% saka daya kang kapancaraké yaiku dawa gelombang [[infraabang]].&lt;ref&gt;kaca. 357, {{cite journal
 | last=Leggett | first=S. K.
 | title=Infrared colors of low-mass stars
 | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
 | year=1992 | volume=82 | issue=1 | pages=351–394
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJS...82..351L
 | accessdate=2008-08-13
 | doi=10.1086/191720 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alpha centauri size.svg|right|thumb|280px|Perbandhingan ukuran antarané srengéngé, [[Alpha centauri|α Centauri A, α Centauri B]], lan Proxima Centauri]]

Nalika taun 2002, [[interferometri optik]] ing [[Very Large Telescope]] (VLTI) nemu yèn Proxima Centauri duwé [[dhiameter pojok]] watara 1,02&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0,08 [[menit busur|mili dhetik busur]]. Amarga leté wis dikawruhi, dhiameter sebeneré bisa diprakirakaké, yaiku watara 1/7 srengéngé, utawa kaping 1,5 [[Yupiter]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ESO2002&quot;/&gt; Massa lintang iki diprakirakaké watara 12,3% saka [[massa srengéngé]], utawa kaping 129 [[massa Yupiter]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ESO2003&quot;/&gt; Rata-rata massa jinis lintang dhèrèt utama mundhak sairing karo kurangé massa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | first=Martin V. | last=Zombeck | year=2007
 | title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofspacea0000zomb_q4d7 | publisher=Cambridge University Press
 | edition=Third | pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofspacea0000zomb_q4d7/page/109 109]
 | location=Cambridge, UK | isbn=0521782422 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan Proxima Centauri dudu pangecualian: lintang iki duwé rata-rata massa jinis watara 56.800&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (56,8&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), sauntara srengéngé watara 1.409&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (1,409&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot; name=&quot;density&quot;&gt;Massa jinis (''ρ'') wujud massa dibagi volume. Gegandhèngan karo srengéngé, massa jinis Proxima Centauri yaiku:
:{|
|&lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;
|= &lt;math&gt;\begin{smallmatrix}\frac{M}{M_{\odot}} \cdot \left( \frac{R}{R_{\odot}} \right)^{-3} \cdot \rho_{\odot}\end{smallmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| ||= 0,123 · 0,145&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; · 1,41{{Esp|3}}&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
| ||= 40,3 · 1,41{{Esp|3}}&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
| ||= 5,68{{Esp|4}}&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|}
kanthi &lt;math&gt;\begin{smallmatrix}\rho_{\odot}\end{smallmatrix}&lt;/math&gt; iku rata-rata massa jinis srengéngé.
Delengen:
*{{cite web
 | authors=Munsell, Kirk; Smith, Harman; Davis, Phil; Harvey, Samantha
 | date=2008-06-11
 | url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric
 | title=Sun: Facts &amp; Figures
 | work=Solar System Exploration
 | publisher=NASA
 | accessdate=2008-07-12
 | archive-date=2008-01-02
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric
 | url-status=dead
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author=Bergman, Marcel W.; Clark, T. Alan; Wilson, William J. F. | year=2007 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/observingproject0000berg_8ed/page/220 220]–221
 | title=Observing Projects Using Starry Night Enthusiast
 | url=https://archive.org/details/observingproject0000berg_8ed | edition=8 | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=142920074X }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga massané kang asor, pérangan njero lintang iki sepenuhé [[zona konvèksi|konvèktif]], saéngga ènèrgi ditransfer menyang pérangan njaba liwat pagerakan fisis plasma, lan dudu liwat [[zona radhiasi|prosès radhiatif]]. Konvèksi iki ateges yèn awu hélium kang ditinggalaké saka [[fusi termonuklir]] hidrogen ora kaakumulasi ing inti, nanging diédharaké menyang kabèh lintang. Ora kaya srengéngé, kang mung bakal ngobong watara 10% saka kabèh hidrogené sadurungé ninggal dhèrèt utama, Proxima Centauri bakal ngentèkaké kabèh &quot;bahan bakar&quot;é sadurungé fusi hidrogen rampung.&lt;ref name=adams/&gt;

Konvèksi gegandhèngan karo pangasilan [[médhan magnèt lintang|médhan magnèt]]. Ènèrgi magnètik saka médhan iki diculaké menyang lumah liwat [[semburan lintang]] kang ngundhakaké luminositas lintang ing sajeroning wektu kang cendhak. Semburan-semburan mau bisa tuwuh nganti padha gehdéné karo lintang lan bisa nggayuh suhu dhuwuré 27&amp;nbsp;yuta [[Kelvin|K]]&lt;ref name=aaa416&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Guedel | first=M.
 | author2=Audard, M.; Reale, F.; Skinner, S. L.; Linsky, J. L.
 | title=Flares from small to large: X-ray spectroscopy of Proxima Centauri with XMM-Newton
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2004
 | volume=416 | pages=713–732
 | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312297
 | accessdate=2008-07-11
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20031471 }}&lt;/ref&gt;—cukup panas kanggo ngradhiasi [[sinar X]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author=Staff | date =2006-08-30
 | url =http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2004/proxima/
 | title =Proxima Centauri: The Nearest Star to the Sun
 | publisher =Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
 | accessdate = 2007-07-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Luminositas sinar X lintang iki kang meneng (kira-kira watara (4–16){{Esp|26}}&amp;nbsp;[[erg]]/s ((4–16){{Esp|19}}&amp;nbsp;[[watt|W]])) kanthi kasar sithik luwih cilik saka srengéngé. Luminositas sinar X pucuk ing semburan gedhé dhéwé bisa nggayuh 10&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;erg/s (10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; W.)&lt;ref name=aaa416/&gt;

[[Kromosfer]] lintang iki aktif, lan [[spektrum]]é nuduhaké [[garis spèktral|garis émisi]] [[magnesium]] karionisasi kang kuwat ing dawa gelombang 280&amp;nbsp;[[Nanometer|nm]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | first=Guinan | last=E. F. | author2=Morgan, N. D.
 | title=Proxima Centauri: Rotation, Chromosperic Activity, and Flares
 | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
 | year=1996 | volume=28 | pages=942
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BAAS...28S.942G
 | accessdate=2008-06-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Watara 88% lumah Proxima Centauri mungkin aktif. Persentase iki luwih dhuwur tinimbang srengéngé, malah nalika ana sajeroning pucuk [[siklus srengéngé|siklusé]]. Ing periodhe meneng kanthi sithik utawa ora ana semburan, aktivitasé ngundhakaké suhu [[korona]] Proxima Centauri dadi 3,5&amp;nbsp;yuta K (sauntara srengéngé mung 2&amp;nbsp;juta K).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Wargelin | first=Bradford J.
 | author2=Drake, Jeremy J.
 | title=Stringent X-Ray Constraints on Mass Loss from Proxima Centauri
 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2002-10-10_578_1/page/503 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2002
 | volume=578 | pages=503–514
 | doi=10.1086/342270 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, tingkat aktivitas lintang iki dianggep asor yèn dibandhingaké karo katé kelas M liyané,&lt;ref name=apj547&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Wood, B. E.; Linsky, J. L.; Müller, H.-R.; Zank, G. P.
 | title=Observational Estimates for the Mass-Loss Rates of α Centauri and Proxima Centauri Using Hubble Space Telescope Lyα Spectra
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2001
 | volume=547 | issue=1 | pages=L49–L52
 | url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/547/1/L49/pdf/1538-4357_547_1_L49.pdf
 | accessdate=2007-07-09
 | doi=10.1086/318888 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kang selaras karo prakiran umur lintang iki, yaiku 4,85{{Esp|9}}&amp;nbsp;taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESO2003&quot;/&gt; (tingkat aktivitas katé abang diprakirakaké alon-alon saya pudhar suwéné miliyaran taun kanthi saya kurangé tingkat [[rotasi lintang]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Stauffer | first=J. R. | author2=Hartmann, L. W. | title=Chromospheric activity, kinematics, and metallicities of nearby M dwarfs | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | year=1986 | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=531–568 | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApJS...61..531S | accessdate=2008-06-29 | doi=10.1086/191123 | archive-date=2013-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722185122/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApJS...61..531S | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tingkat kaaktifan uga duwé variasi ing periodhe (kasar) 442 dina, kang luwih cendhèk saka [[siklus srengéngé]] (11 taun).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Cincunegui, C.; Díaz, R. F.; Mauas, P. J. D.
 | title=A possible activity cycle in Proxima Centauri
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2007
 | volume=461 | issue=3 | pages=1107–1113
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&amp;A...461.1107C
 | accessdate=2007-07-11
 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20066027 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Proxima Centauri duwé [[angin lintang]] kang rélatif lemah, saéngga laju pamedhunan massané ora punjul 20% laju pamedhunan massa srengéngé (kang disebabaké amarga [[angin srengéngé]]). Ing sisih liya, amarga lintang iki luwih cilik saka srengéngé, laju pamedhunan massa per ékan wiyar lumah saka Proxima Centauri mungkin kaping wolu luwih gedhé saka lumah srengéngé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Wood | first=B. E.
 | author2=Linsky, J. L.; Muller, H.-R.; Zank, G. P.
 | title=Observational Estimates for the Mass-Loss Rates of Alpha Centauri and Proxima Centauri Using Hubble Space Telescope Lyman-alpha Spectra
 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2000
 | volume=537 | issue=2 | pages=L49–L52
 | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0011153
 | accessdate=2008-07-11
 | doi=10.1086/309026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katé abang kanthi massa kaya Proxima Centauri bakal tetep dadi lintang dhèrèt utama suwéné patang triliun taun. Sauntara proporsi hélium mundhak amarga fusi hidrogen, lintang iki bakal dadi luwih cilik lan panas, saya suwé malih saka abang dadi biru. Nyeraki akir periodhe iki, Proxima Centauri bakal dadi luwih mengkileng (nggayuh 2,5% luminositas srengéngé), lan uga ngangetaké bandha-bandha langit kang ngupengi suwéné miliaran taun. Nalika bahan bakar hidrogen entèk, Proxima Centauri bakal malih dadi [[katé putih]] (tanpa liwat tahap [[raksasa abang]]) lan alon-alon kélangan sisa ènèrgi panasé.&lt;ref name=adams&gt;{{cite conference
 | last=Adams
 | first=Fred C.
 | author2=Laughlin, Gregory; Graves, Genevieve J. M
 | title=Red Dwarfs and the End of the Main Sequence
 | book-title=Gravitational Collapse: From Massive Stars to Planets
 | pages=46–49
 | publisher=Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica
 | url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_adams.pdf
 | accessdate=2008-06-24
 | archive-date=2019-07-11
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711072446/http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_adams.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Let lan pagerakan ===
&lt;!-- Astrometri --&gt;
Adhedasar [[paralaks]] {{nowrap|768,7 ± 0,3}} [[menit busur|mili dhetik busur]], kang diukur kanthi migunakaké [[Fine Guidance Sensors]] ing [[teleskop njaba akasa Hubble]],&lt;ref name=&quot;apj118&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Benedict, G. Fritz | display-authors = etal
 | title=Interferometric Astrometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star Using HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE Fine Guidance Sensor 3: Detection Limits for Substellar Companions
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | year=1999 | volume=118 | issue=2 | pages=1086–1100
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999astro.ph..5318B
 | accessdate=2007-07-21
 | doi=10.1086/300975 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Proxima Centauri mapan adohé 4,2&amp;nbsp;taun cahya. Saka titik deleng apik (''vantage point'') bumi, Proxima kapisah 2,18°&lt;ref name=apj121&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Kirkpatrick, J. Davy | display-authors = etal
 | title=Brown Dwarf Companions to G-type Stars. I: Gliese 417B and Gliese 584C
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | year=1999 | volume=121 | pages=3235–3253
 | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0103218
 | accessdate=2008-06-23
 | doi=10.1086/321085 }}&lt;/ref&gt; saka Alpha Centauri, utawa kaping papat [[dhiameter pojok]] [[rembulan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Williams | first=D. R. | date=2006-02-10 | url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html | title=Moon Fact Sheet | publisher=NASA | accessdate=2007-10-12 | archive-date=2008-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140757/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Proxima uga duwé [[obah dhiri]] kang gedhé - obah 3,85 [[arcsecond]] per taun ing langit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference
 | author=Benedict, G. F. | display-authors = etal
 | title =Astrometric Stability and Precision of Fine Guidance Sensor #3: The Parallax and Proper Motion of Proxima Centauri
 | book-title =Proceedings of the HST Calibration Workshop
 | pages =380–384
 | url =http://clyde.as.utexas.edu/SpAstNEW/Papers_in_pdf/%7BBen93%7DEarlyProx.pdf
 |format=PDF| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lintang iki duwé [[karikatan radhial]] gedhéné 21,7&amp;nbsp;km/s marang srengéngé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMBAD&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url =http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=proxima%20centauri | work=SIMBAD
| title =SIMBAD query result: V* V645 Cen – [[Flare Star]]
| publisher =Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg
| accessdate = 2008-08-11 }}—some of the data is located under &quot;Measurements&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Pagerakan liwat angkasa --&gt;
Ing antarané lintang-lintang kang wis ditepungi, Proxima Centauri wis dadi lintang paling cerak saka srengéngé suwéné 32.000&amp;nbsp;taun, lan bakal tetep dadi kang paling cerak suwéné 33.000&amp;nbsp;taun sabanjuré. Sawisé iku, posisi lintang paling cerak bakal digantèkaké déning [[Ross 248]].&lt;ref name=&quot;qjras35&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Matthews | first=R. A. J.
 | title=The Close Approach of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
 | journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | year=1994 | volume=35 | pages=1–9
 | bibcode=1994QJRAS..35....1M }}&lt;/ref&gt; Proxima bakal ana ing posisi paling cerak karo srengéngé watara 3,11&amp;nbsp;taun cahya manèh, utawa watara 26.700&amp;nbsp;taun.&lt;ref name=aaa379&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=García-Sánchez | first=J.
 | author2=Weissman, P. R.; Preston, R. A.; Jones, D. L.; Lestrade, J.-F.; Latham, D. W.; Stefanik, R. P.; Paredes, J. M.
 | title=Stellar encounters with the solar system
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | year=2001 | volume=379 | pages=634–659
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&amp;A...379..634G
 | accessdate=2008-06-12
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20011330 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lintang iki ngorbit liwat [[Bimasekti]] sajeroning kisaran let antara 8,3 nganti 9,5&amp;nbsp;[[Parsec|kpc]] saka [[punjer galaksi]], lan mawa [[eksentrisitas orbit]] gedhéné 0,07.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Allen | first=C. | author2=Herrera, M. A.
 | title=The galactic orbits of nearby UV Ceti stars
 | journal=Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica
 | year=1998 | volume=34 | pages=37–46
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998RMxAA..34...37A
 | accessdate=2008-06-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Kamungkinan orbit --&gt;
Kawit panemonané, lintang iki dinuga minangka pangiring sebeneré saka sistem [[lintang gandha]] Alpha Centauri. Kanthi let adohé 0,21&amp;nbsp;[[taun cahya]] (15.000&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;700 [[ékan astronomi|SA]]) saka Alpha Centauri,&lt;ref name=&quot;apj132&quot; /&gt; Proxima Centauri mungkin ngorbit Alpha Centauri, kanthi [[periodhe orbit]] 500.000&amp;nbsp;taun utawa luwih. Mula, Proxima sok-sok dijuluki minangka Alpha Centauri C. Prakiran modhèren nduga yèn kamungkinan kaselarasan kang diamati minangka sawijining kebeneran wujud siji bandhing sayuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last = Matthews, Robert; Gilmore, Gerard
 | title = Is Proxima really in orbit about Alpha CEN A/B?
 | journal = MNRAS | volume = 261 | pages = L5 | year = 1993
 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993MNRAS.261L...5M}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhata saka satelit [[Hipparcos]], ditambah karo pangamatan, konsistèn kanthi hipotèsis yèn telu lintang iki wujud sawijining sistem kang kaiket. Yèn bener, Proxima bakal ana cerak [[apsis|apastron]], titik paling adoh saka orbité ing sistem Alpha Centauri. Pangukuran karikatan radhial kang luwih akurat dibutuhaké kanggo mesthèkaké hipotèsis iki.&lt;ref name=&quot;apj132&quot; /&gt;

Yèn Proxima kaiket karo sistem Alpha Centauri suwéné pambentukané, lintang iki kamungkinan duwé komposisi kimia kang padha. Prabawa gravitasi Proxima manawa uga wis nggolakaké ''[[protoplanetary disk]]'' Alpha Centauri, saéngga ngundhakaké pangenteran ''[[volatile]]'' kaya déné banyu menyang wewengkon njero kang garing. [[Planit kabumian]] ngendi waé ing sistem iki bakal ngandhut bahan-bahan mau.&lt;ref name=&quot;apj132&quot; /&gt;

Enem lintang tunggal, loro sistem lintang gandhèa, lan lintang telu rerangkèn duwé pagerakan kang mèmper karo Proxima Centauri lan sistem Alpha Centauri. [[Kinematika lintang|Kacepetan]] lintang-lintang mau diprakirakaké ana sajeroning kisaran 10&amp;nbsp;km/s saka [[obah peculiar]] Alpha Centauri, saéngga lintang-lintang mau mungkin minangka golongan pagerakan lintang, kang nuduhaké titik asal kang padha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Johnston | first=Kathryn V.
 | title=Fossil Signatures of Ancient Accretion Events in the Halo
 | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
 | year=1995 | volume=27 | pages=1370
 | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph?papernum=9602060
 | accessdate=2008-08-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yèn Proxima Centauri ora kaiket kanthi gravitasi marang Alpha Centauri, golongan pagerakan kaya mangkéné bakal mbantu njelasaké kacerakané lintang-lintang mau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Anosova | first=J.
 | author2=Orlov, V. V.; Pavlova, N. A.
 | title=Dynamics of nearby multiple stars. The Alpha Centauri system
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | year=1994 | volume=292 | issue=1 | pages=115–118
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...292..115A
 | accessdate=2008-08-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan Proxima Centauri iku lintang paling cerak kanthi ''bona fide'', manawa waé isih ana lintang [[katé coklat]] kang panggonané luwih cerak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=WISE Satellite Set to Map the Infrared Universe
 | publisher=Scientific American | date=December 9, 2009 | url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=wise-infrared-satellite
 | accessdate=2009-12-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamungkinan pangiring ===
Yèn sawijining planit masif révolusiné ngupengi Proxima Centauri, pagèsèran lintang bisa dumadi per orbit planit mau. Yèn babagan orbit planit ora jejeg lurus karo garis deleng saka Bumi, mula pagèsèran iki bisa njalari owaèh-owahan periodhik ing karikatan radhial Proxima Centauri. Pangukuran kaping bola-bali ing karikatan radhial Proxima Centauri kang ora nuduhaké pagèsèran mau ngedhunaké massa maksimum kang bisa diduwèni pangiring Proxima Centauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;apj118&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aaal344&quot;/&gt; Tingkat aktivitas Proxima Centauri njalari ''penderauan'' ing pangukuran karikatan radhial lintang, saéngga mbatesi kamungkinan pandhétèksian pangiring migunakaké métodhe iki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saar 1997 319–326&quot;/&gt;

Nalika taun 1998, pamriksan marang Proxima Centauri kanthi migunakaké ''[[Faint Object Spectrograph]]'' ing [[teleskop njaba akasa Hubble]] nuduhaké bukti anané pangiring Proxima ing let 0.5&amp;nbsp;SA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Schultz | first=A. B.
 | author2=Hart, H. M.; Hershey, J. L.; Hamilton, F. C.; Kochte, M.; Bruhweiler, F. C.; Benedict, G. F.; Caldwell, John; Cunningham, C.; Wu, Nailong; Franz, O. G.; Keyes, C. D.; Brandt, J. C.
 | title=A possible companion to Proxima Centauri
 | journal=Astronomical Journal
 | year=1998 | volume=115 | pages=345–350
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....115..345S
 | accessdate=2008-06-25
 | doi=10.1086/300176 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, panggolèkan sabanjuré kanthi migunakaké ''[[Wide Field Planetary Camera 2]]'' ora bisa nemu.&lt;ref name=apj119&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Schroeder | first=Daniel J.
 | author2=Golimowski, David A.; Brukardt, Ryan A.; Burrows, Christopher J.; Caldwell, John J.; Fastie, William G.; Ford, Holland C.; Hesman, Brigette; Kletskin, Ilona; Krist, John E.; Royle, Patricia; Zubrowski, Richard. A.
 | title=A Search for Faint Companions to Nearby Stars Using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2
 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | year=2000 | volume=119 | issue=2 | pages=906–922
 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AJ....119..906S
 | accessdate=2008-06-25
 | doi=10.1086/301227 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Proxima Centauri, bebarengan karo Alpha Centauri A lan B, dadi lintang &quot;Tier 1&quot; ing program ''[[Space Interferometry Mission]]'' (SIM) NASA, kang bakal mungkinaké pandhétèksian planit mawa ukuran minimal kaping telu massa Bumi ing let loro SA saka lintang &quot;Tier 1&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;numbers&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Watanabe | first=Susan | date=2006-10-18 | url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1209 | title=Planit-Finding by Numbers | publisher=NASA JPL | accessdate=2007-07-09 | archive-date=2010-08-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804160702/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1209 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zona layak huni ===
Film dhokumèntèr ''[[Aurelia and Blue Moon#Aurelia|Alien Worlds]]'' nyetusaké hipotèsis yèn planit kang bisa nunjang kauripan mbok mewana ngorbit Proxima Centauri utawa lintang katé abang liyané. Kanggo ana ing [[zona layak huni]] Proxima Centauri, sawijining planit kudu ana adohé 0.023–0.054&amp;nbsp;SA saka lintang mau, lan duwé periodhe orbital suwéné 3,6–14&amp;nbsp;dina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference
 | last=Endl | first=M.
 | author2=Kuerster, M.; Rouesnel, F.; Els, S.; Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, W. D.
 | editor=Drake Deming
 | title=Extrasolar Terrestrial Planets: Can We Detect Them Already?
 | book-title=Conference Proceedings, Scientific Frontiers in Research on Extrasolar Planets
 | pages=75–79 | date=June 18–21, 2002
 | location=Washington, DC
 | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0208462
 | accessdate=2008-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planit kang ngorbit ing zona mau bakal [[tidal locking|kakunci kanthi pasang surut]], saéngga ing langit planit mau Proxima Centauri ora akèh ngalami pagerakan. Mula awan bakal terus lumaku ing salah siji sisih lumah, lan suwaliké wengi ora bakal rampung ing sisih lumah kang liyané. Nanging, anané atmosfèr bisa nyaluraké ènèrgi saka lumah kang disinari déning lintang menyang lumah planit liyané.&lt;ref name=tarter/&gt;

Semburan ing Proxima Centauri bisa ngikis atmosfèr planit ing [[zona layak huni]]-né, nanging èlmuwan ing filem dhokumèntèr mau yakin yèn alangan iki bisa ditanggulangi. Gibor Basri saka [[Universitas California]], Berkeley, nyebut yèn &quot;ora ana kang [wis] nemu candhetan marang kalayakan huni.&quot; Contoné, dikawatiraké yèn arus kebak momotan saka semburan lintang bisa ngosongaké atmosfèr planit ing saubengé. Nanging, yèn planit mau duwé médhan magnèt kang kuwat, médhan mau bakal nangkis partikel saka atmosfèr.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last=Alpert | first=Mark |date=November 2005
 | url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=red-star-rising
 | title=Red Star Rising | publisher=Scientific American
 | accessdate=2008-05-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Èlmuwan liya, mligi panyengkuyung [[hipotèsis Bumi Langka]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | first=Peter D. | last=Ward
 | author2=Brownlee, Donald | year=2000
 | title=Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe
 | url=https://archive.org/details/rareearthwhycomp0000ward | publisher=Springer | isbn=0387987010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ora nyarujuki yèn lintang katé abang bisa njurung kauripan. Rotasi kang kakunci kanthi pasang surut bisa ngakibataké saya lemahé [[momen magnètik]] planit, saéngga [[lontaran massa korona]] saka Proxima Centauri bakal ngikis atmosfèr planit.&lt;ref name=Khodachenko/&gt;

== Panjlajahan antarlintang ==
[[Gambar:Sol View from AlpCenA1.png|right|thumb|Srengéngé katon saka sistem Alpha Centauri. Citra digawé kanthi migunakaké program [[Celestia]].]]
Proxima Centauri wis diusulaké minangka tujuwan pisanan sajeroning [[panjlajahan antarlintang]].&lt;ref name=gilster/&gt; Sanajan [[program Voyager|montor mabur akasa Voyager]] diprakirakaké bakal dadi montor mabur akasa pisanan kang lumebu ruwang antarlintang, montor mabur-montor mabur Voyager obah kanthi karikatan alon, yaiku watara 17&amp;nbsp;km/s. Kanthi karikatan iku, Voyager merlokaké wektu 10.000 taun kanggo nempuh setaun cahya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | author=Mallove, Eugene F.; Gregory L. Matloff
 | title=The starflight handbook: a pioneer's guide to interstellar travel
 | url=https://archive.org/details/starflighthandbo0000mall_i9g4
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/starflighthandbo0000mall_i9g4/page/6 6] | publisher=Wiley | year=1989
 | isbn=0471619124 }}. Voyager 1 duwé karikatan asimtotik kang gedhéné {{Nowrap|3,5 SA/taun}}, sauntara Voyager 2 duwé karikatan asimtotik kang gedhéné {{Nowrap|3,4 SA/taun}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yèn tenaga panggerak non-nuklir saiki digunakaké, lelaku montor mabur akasa menyang planit kang ngorbit Proxima Centauri mbutuhaké wektu éwonan taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last=Crawford | first=I. A.
 | title=Interstellar Travel: A Review for Astronomers
 | journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=31 | pages=377–400
 |date=September 1990
 | bibcode=1990QJRAS..31..377C }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Nuclear pulse propulsion]]'' ngambah tèknologi kang mungkinaké lelaku antarlintang ing sajeroning wektu saabad. Tèknologi kaya mangkéné iki wis mènèhi ilham kanggo sapérangan panlitian kaya ta [[Project Orion (propulsi nuklir)|Project Orion]], [[Project Daedalus]], lan [[Project Longshot]].&lt;ref name=longshot&gt;{{cite web
 | last=Beals | first=K. A.
 | author2=Beaulieu, M.; Dembia, F. J.; Kerstiens, J.; Kramer, D. L.; West, J. R.; Zito, J. A.
 | year=1988
 | url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890007533_1989007533.pdf
 |format=PDF| title=Project Longshot, an Unmanned Probe to Alpha Centauri
 | work=NASA-CR-184718 | publisher=U. S. Naval Academy
 | accessdate=2008-06-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saka Proxima Centauri, srengéngé bakal katon minangka lintang kanthi magnitudo 0,4&amp;nbsp; kang padhang ing rasi lintang [[Cassiopeia (rasi lintang)|Cassiopeia]].&lt;ref&gt;Koordhinat srengéngé bakal silih lawan karo Proxima kanthi dhiamètris, ing α={{RA|02|29|42.9487}}, δ={{DEC|+62|40|46.141}}. Magnitudo mutlak (''M&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;'') srengéngé yaiku 4,83, saéngga ing paralaks (''π'') 0,77199, magnitudo katon (''m'') yaiku 4,83 − 5(log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;(0,77199) + 1) = 0,40.
Lihat: {{cite book
 | first=Roger John | last=Tayler | year=1994
 | title=The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution
 | url=https://archive.org/details/starstheirstruct0000unse | publisher=Cambridge University Press
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/starstheirstruct0000unse/page/16 16] | isbn=0521458854 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Alpha Centauri]]
* [[Pratélan lintang paling cerak]]

== Cathetan panjelas ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist|3}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/nearest.html Keterangan lintang sing paling cerak karo Bumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004732/http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/nearest.html |date=2010-08-03 }}
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020715.html Gladri foto Proxima Centauri]
* [http://www.solstation.com/stars/alp-cent3.htm Sistem Alpha Centauri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328011849/http://www.solstation.com/stars/alp-cent3.htm |date=2016-03-28 }}
{{artikel pilihan}}

[[Kategori:Rasi lintang Centaurus]]
[[Kategori:Dhèrèt utama abang]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1296" sha1="0167w05ghv9pdhhe6f23n2gr99l4ruc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Malaya Locator.svg|thumb|Lokasi Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ing warna ijo]]

'''Féderasi Malaya''' utawa luwih ditepungi minangka '''Pasekuton Tlatah Melayu''' (sajeroning tulisan [[Jawi]]: ڤرسكوتوان تنه ملايو), diwangun nalika taun [[1948]] lan kapérang saka loro pamukiman Britania: [[Penang]] lan [[Melaka (praja)|Melaka]] ditambah karo sanga nagari Melayu (sing dipréntah para Sultan).

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Malaya Britania]]
* [[Ujung Malaysia]]
* [[Ujung Melayu]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* Cabinet Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 21 February 1956 [http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-129-79.pdf Federation of Malaya Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523172553/http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-129-79.pdf |date=2023-05-23 }}
* The Parliament of the United Kingdom [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&amp;PageNumber=72&amp;NavFrom=2&amp;parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&amp;ActiveTextDocId=1118475&amp;filesize=15776 Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIHsQKnVOkA&amp;feature=related Lagu Tanah Malaya Tetap Merdeka (1959) ]

[[Kategori:Malaysia]]


{{malaysia-stub}}

[[pl:Federacja Malajska]]
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{{for|perusahaan kang dahulu bernama PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero)|Pupuk Indonésia}}
{{Kotak info perusahaan
| company_name = PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang
| company_logo = [[Berkas:Pusri.jpeg‎|center|150px]]
| company_type = 
| foundation = [[12 November]]  [[2010]]
| location = [[Palembang]], [[Indonésia]]
| key_people = Parikesit Suprapto, PhD , Komisaris {{br}}Edy Putra Irawady, SH , Direktur Utama |Ir. Arifin Tasrif 
| industry = [[Urea]] dan [[Amoniak]]
| products = {{br}}Urea{{br}} Amoniak
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| num_employees = (organik){{br}} (non-organik)
| parent = [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]]
| subsid = 
{{br}}PT Sri Melamin Rejeki
{{br}}PT Puspetindo
| homepage = http://www.pusri.co.id/
| footnotes = 
}}
'''PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang''', kang kondhang minangka PT Pusri, wujud anak perusahaan saka [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]] (Persero)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pihc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |title=Anak Perusahaan PT Pupuk Indonésia |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115064736/http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kang bergerak ing babagan [[produksi]] lan [[pemasaran]] [[pupuk]].

== Sajarah ==

==== Pupuk Sriwidjaja minangka Induk Pupuk Indonésia ====
Nalika taun 1997, Pusri ditunjuk minangka perusahaan induk membawahi papat BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan indhustri pupuk lan petrokimia, ya iku PT Petrokimia Gresik ing [[Gresik]], [[Jawa Timur]]; PT Pupuk Kujang ing [[Cikampek]], [[Jawa Barat]]; PT Pupuk Kaltim ing [[Bontang]], [[Kalimantan Timur]]; lan PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda ing [[Lhokseumawe]], [[Acèh]]; sarta BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan engineering, procurement &amp; construction (EPC), ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri (kantore pusat ing Jakarta). Nalika taun 1998, anak perusahaan Pusri bertambah siji BUMN manhe, ya iku PT Mega Eltra ing Jakarta kang bergerak ing babagan perdagangan.

awit Pamaréntah Indonésia mindahake sekabehane sahamnya kang dipanggonake ing Industri Pupuk Dalam Negeri lan ing PT Mega Eltra marang PUSRI, liwat Peraturan Pamaréntah (PP) nomer 28 taun 1997 lan PP nomer 34 taun 1998, mangka PUSRI, kang berkedudukan ing Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, dadi Induk Perusahaan (Operating Holding) kanti membawahi 6 (enam) anak perusahaan kalebu anak perusahaan penyertaan langsung ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri, masing-masing perusahaan bergerak sajrone babagan usaha:

* PT Petrokimia Gresik kang berkedudukan ing Gresik, Jawa Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea, ZA, SP-36/SP-18, [[Phonska]], DAP, NPK, ZK, lan indhustri kimia lliyane sarta Pupuk Organik.
* PT Pupuk Kujang, kang berkedudukan ing Cikampek, Jawa Barat. Memproduksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur, kang kedudukane ing Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, kang kedudukane ing Lhokseumawe, Nangroe Acèh Darussalam. Produksi an masarake pupuk Urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Rekayasa Industri, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta, Bergerak sajrone penyediaan Jasa Engineering, Procurement &amp; Construction (EPC) guna yasa indhustri gas &amp; lenga bumi, pupuk, kimia dan petrokimia, pertambangan, pembangkit listrik (panas bumi, batu bara, micro-hydro, diesel).
* PT Mega Eltra, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta kanti babagan usaha mligi ya iku Perdagangan Umum.

=== Periode Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang ===
Nalika taun [[2010]], dilakokake pemisahan ('''Spin-Off''') saka PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero) (Pusri) marang PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (Pusri Palembang)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/ekonomi/11/01/02/155887-pusri-resmi-jadi-holding-bumn-pupuk Pusri resmi jadi holding bumn pupuk]&lt;/ref&gt;. Owah-owahan iki terutang sajrone owah-owahan anggaran dhasar&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |title=Sejarah Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710060935/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pengalihan hak lan kewajiban Pusri marang Pusri Palembang tertuang sajrone [[Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham]] - Luar Biyasa nalika [[24 Dhésèmber]] 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Serah tampa kalungguhan lan pengalihan hak lan kewajiban efektif nalika [[1 Januari]] 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Pusri Palembang tetep migunakaké logo lan merk dagang Pusri&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Pusri dhéwé ganti jeneng dadi [[Pupuk Indonésia]] lan migunakaké merk Pupuk Indonésia lan logo Pupuk Indonésia&lt;ref name=&quot;ganti nama dan logo ke pupuk indonesia&quot;&gt;[http://www.pupuk-kujang.co.id/allmenu.php?idn=36&amp;idd=166&amp;PHPSESSID=d75250648bd1364e7d411e70d66d8ad9 Lauching Nama dan Logo Baru Holding Pupuk]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Anak Perusahaan ==
# PT Sri Melamin Rejeki&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111035224/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (20%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri 2 |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717073925/http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, kang bergerak sajrone produksi melamin.
# [http://www.puspetindo.com PT Puspetindo]&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt; (5.3%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri 2&quot; /&gt;, kang bergerak sajrone produksi peralatan pabrik.
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== Wewengkon Pemasaran ==
Surat Dudutan (SK) Menperindag No 70/MPP/Kep/2/2003 tanggal 11 Fèbruari 2003 wis mengatur manèh pola Pengadaan lan Penyaluran Pupuk Bersubsidi kanggo Sektor Pertanian, ya iku kanti pola rayonisasi distribusi pupuk kanggo produsen pupuk.
Wewengkon Pemsaran Pupuk Sriwidjaja diduduhake kanti warna biru sarta anakan perusahaane.
[[Gambar:Insetpemasaran02.jpg|center|500px]]

== Prastawa wigati ==
# Pusri didegake nalika tanggal 24 Dhésèmber 1959 di Palembang, kanti kagiyatan usaha produksi pupuk urea.
# nalika taun [[1963]] beroperasi pabrik pupuk urea pertama ya iku: ” PUSRI I ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 100.000 ton per taun.
# Tahun [[1974]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kapindho ya iku “ PUSRI II “ kanti kapasitas terpasang 380.000 ton pertahun (awit taun 1992 kapasitase ditingkatake / optimasi dadi 570.000 ton/taun).
# Tahun [[1976]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea ketelu, ya iku “ PUSRI III ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun.
# Tahun [[1977]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kepapat, ya iku “ PUSRI IV ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun.
# Tahun [[1979]], pamaréntah ngukuhaké PT.Pusri minangka perusahaan kang bertanggung jawab sajrone pengadaan lan penyaluran sekabehane jinis pupuk bersubsidi, baik kang berskala saka produksi sajrone nagari utawa import kanggo memenuhi kebutuhan program intensivikasi pertanian (Bimas lan Inmas).
# Tahun [[1990]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea, ya iku “ PUSRI I B ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun minangka pengganti pabrik Puri I kang diendeg operasine amarga usia teknis lan wis ora efisien manèh. Pabrik iki wiwit produksi nalika taun 1994, wujud pabrik pertama kang digarap sapérangan besar déning ahli-ahli bangsa Indonésia, kang dibangun kanti konsèp hemat ènergi lan migunakaké sistem kendali komputer “Distributed Control System”
# Tanggal [[12 November]] [[2010]], pemisahan PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang saka PT Pusri.

== Struktur Kepemilikan Saham ==
* PT Pupuk Indonésia (99,99%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt;
* Yayasan Kesejahteraan Karyawan Pusri (0,01%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt;

[[Gambar:Strukturholding.jpg|center|600px]]

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.pusri.co.id/ Situs Resmi PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326054110/http://pusri.co.id/ |date=2013-03-26 }}

[[Kategori:Kota Palembang]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Pupuk]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seungri</title>
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      <text bytes="6780" sha1="3vc4ghqjoht4uodxlausztamgo7nrua" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Seungri 2012 3.jpg|right|thumb|Pagelaran Seungri ing ''Alive World Tour'' ing wulan September 2012]]

{{Infobox Musique (artiste)
|Nom Artiste      = Seungri
|nom de naissance    = Lee Seung-Hyun
| date de naissance        = {{Date de naissance|12|décembre|1990|âge=oui}}
|image            = 이승현 (승리).jpg
|années actives   = Depuis [[2006]]
|genre            = K-pop
|label            = [[YG Entertainment]]}}
{{Infobox musical artist &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
|name                = Seungri 
|image               = 이승현_(승리).jpg
|caption             = 
|image_size          = 
|background          = solo_singer
|birth_name          = Lee Seung-hyun
|alias               = Seungri, V.I
|birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1990|12|12}}
|birth_place         = [[Gwangju]], [[Koréa Kidul]]
|origin              = [[Gwangju]], [[Koréa Kidul]]
|associated_acts     = [[Big Bang (grup musik)|Big Bang]]
|origin              = [[Gwangju]], [[Koréa Kidul]]
|genre               = [[Hip hop]], [[K-pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[Pop music|pop]]
|occupation          = [[Penyanyi]], [[penari]], [[aktor]], [[komposer]], [[pembuat lirik]], [[prodhuser rekaman]], [[Model (pekerjaan)|modhèl]]
|years_active        = 2006 - sekarang
|label               = [[YG Entertainment]]
|website             = {{url|www.ygbigbang.com/seungri}}&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Seungri signature.png|100px]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Seungri's signature&lt;/small&gt;
}}

{{Infobox Korean name
|title=[[Korean name]]
|hangul = 이승현
|hanja = {{linktext|李|勝|賢|}}
|rr = I Seung-hyeon
|mr = Yi Sŭnghyŏn
|hangulstage =  승리
|hanjastage  = {{linktext|勝|利}}
|rrstage = Seungni
|mrstage = Sŭngni
|tablewidth=245
|color=khaki
}}
{{Contains Korean text}}
'''Lee Seung-hyun''' (Hangul: 이승현; {{lahirmati||12|12|1990}}), dipuntepang kaliyan asma panggung '''Seungri''' utawi ''V.I'' (Hangul: 승리; lit. ''victory''), inggih punika tiyang penyanyi Koréa Kidul, penari, aktor, prodhuser lan komposer, dipuntepang minangka dados anggota kelompok anak populer Koréa Kidul [[Big Bang (grup musik)|Big Bang]]. Sakdéréngè nggayut ing grup, piyambakipun inggih punika anggota lan pemimpin tim jogèd ing [[Gwangju]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Seung Ri&quot;&gt;{{cite news| first=| last=| title=Seung Ri| date=| publisher=| url=http://www.koreanmovie.com/Seung_Ri_ka3268/| work=Koreanmovie.com| pages=| accessdate=3 Mèi 2013| archive-date=2010-01-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105165134/http://www.koreanmovie.com/Seung_Ri_ka3268/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Piyambakipun kawiwitan tuwuh ing televisi ing serial televisi realitas ''Let's Cokeplay: M.Net Battle Shinhwa'', nunjukakén ing pundhi [[Shinhwa]] berusaha kanggé ndamel suatu band anak punika saged dados &quot;Shinhwa kedua&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;YG신인 빅뱅, '배틀신화' 탈락자 포함 '눈길'&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first= | last= | title=YG신인 빅뱅, '배틀신화' 탈락자 포함 '눈길'|date=2006.07.07| publisher= | url =http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2006070620255845157&amp;type=3| work= Star News| pages = | accessdate = 3 Mèi 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Punika piyambakipun nyadari kanggé keterampilan beksa, kirangipun keterampilan vokal njalari eliminasinipun. Piyambakipun lajeng dipunbina déning label rekaman [[YG Entertainment]] lan gegayutan kaliyan kelompok [[Big Bang (grup musik)|Big Bang]]. Punika piyambakipun ing wiwitan dipunpotong pading a episode kaping sanga seri dokumenter kelompok punika, piyambakipun dipunparingi kesempatan kanggé ngesanaken YG Entertainment CEO [[Yang Hyun Suk]] lan kaasil dados anggota Big Bang.&lt;ref name=&quot;빅뱅, 1명 최종탈락..5인조 확정&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first= | last= | title=빅뱅, 1명 최종탈락..5인조 확정|date=2006.08.14| publisher= | url =http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2006081410034235460&amp;type=3| work= Star News| pages = | accessdate = 3 Mèi 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Seungri has released his first album &quot;VVIP&quot; in 2011.

== Diskografi ==
{{Main|Diskografi Big Bang}}

=== Singel ===
* &quot;The Next Day&quot; (Seungri solo) (2008)
* &quot;Strong Baby&quot; menampilkan [[G-Dragon]] (2009)
* &quot;Because&quot; (T.O.P featuring Seungri) (2009)

=== EPs ===
*'''VVIP''' (2011)

=== DVDs ===
*'''V World''' (2011)
Tracklisting:
{{Track listing
| collapsed       =
| headline        =
| extra_column    =
| total_length    =
| all_writing     =
| all_lyrics      =
| all_music       =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits  = yes
| music_credits   = yes
| title1          = VVIP
| note1           =
| writer1         =
| lyrics1         = Seungri
| music1          = Seungri, Choi Pil Kang, DEE.P
| extra1          =
| length1         = 3:37
| title2          = 어쩌라고
| note2           = &quot;What Can I Do&quot;
| writer2         =
| lyrics2         = Seungri
| music2          = Seungri, Choi Pil Kang, BIG TONE
| extra2          =
| length2         = 3:38
| title3          = 창문을 열어 (Feat. [[G-Dragon]])
| note3           = &quot;Open The Window&quot;
| writer3         =
| lyrics3         = Choi Pil Kang, rap written by [[G-Dragon]]
| music3          = Choi Pil Kang
| extra3          = 
| length3         = 3:36
| title4          = Magic
| note4           =
| writer4         =
| lyrics4         = Seungri,Choice37
| music4          = Seungri, Choice37
| extra4          =
| length4         = 3:20
| title5          = I Know (Duet with [[IU (singer)|IU]])
| note5           =
| writer5         =
| lyrics5         = Seungri
| music5          = Seungri, Choi Pil Kang, DEE.P, Go Myeong Jae
| extra5          =
| length5         = 3:26
| title6          = White Love
| note6           =
| writer6         =
| lyrics6         = Seungri
| music6          = Seungri, Choi Pil Kang
| extra6          =
| length6         = 3:44
| title7          = Outro (In My World)
| note7           =
| writer7         =
| lyrics7         = Seungri
| music7          = Seungri, Choi Pil Kang
| extra7          =
| length7         = 2:03
}}

Total pesadean ngantos wulan 2011: 41.000 unit.&lt;ref&gt;http://hominstyle.wordpress.com/2011/06/22/news-75-top-selling-albums-2011-tvxq-1-twice/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmografi ==
=== Musikal ===
*''Sonagi'' (2008)
*''Shouting'' (2009)

=== Acara TV ===
*''Show! Music Core'' (2008)
*''Enjoy Today'' (2010)
*&quot;Running Man'(2010,2012)

=== Film ===
* ''Why Did You Come to My House?'' (2009)
* ''Nineteen'' (2009)

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://ygbigbang.com Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101022539/https://ygbigbang.com/ |date=2020-11-01 }}
* [http://www.ygbigbang.jp Big Bang Japan Official Site]
{{Big Bang}}
{{YG Entertainment}}

[[Kategori:Anggota Big Bang (grup musik)]]
[[Kategori:Penyanyi Koréa Kidul]]
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1990]]
[[Kategori:Orang hidup]]
[[Kategori:Kontestan Running Man]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1990]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mr. Robot (sèri TV)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>133431</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-28T16:09:05Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="8085" sha1="g8x6pkg4y2hep7jiqf8nd4b4s0wqkos" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television
| show_name            = Mr. Robot
| image                = MrRobot intertitle.png
| image_size           = 260px
| genre                = {{plainlist|
* [[Drama]]
* [[Techno thriller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcumv.com/programming/usa-network/mr-robot/about?network=33145 |title=About |publisher=NBCUniversal Media Village |accessdate=August 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nerdist.com/christian-slater-on-the-programming-of-mr-robot/ |title=Christian Slater on the Programming of MR. ROBOT |publisher=Nerdist |first=Joseph |last=McCabe |date=July 5, 2015 |accessdate=August 20, 2015 |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916063314/http://nerdist.com/christian-slater-on-the-programming-of-mr-robot/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{nowrap|[[Psychological thriller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-ca-st-tvpreview-robot-20150531-story.html |title=Wealth disparity, hackers and cyber threats in 'Mr. Robot' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Alan |last=Eyerly |date=May 29, 2015 |accessdate=July 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/18/mr-robot-ew-review |title=''Mr. Robot'': EW review |work=Entertainment Weekly |first=Jeff |last=Jensen |date=June 18, 2015 |accessdate=July 3, 2015 |archive-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803002412/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/18/mr-robot-ew-review/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usanetwork.com/node/56611 |title=Mr. Robot |publisher=USA Network |accessdate=August 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}
| creator              = [[Sam Esmail]]
| starring             = {{plainlist|
* [[Rami Malek]]
* [[Carly Chaikin]]
* [[Portia Doubleday]]
* [[Martin Wallström]]
* [[Christian Slater]]
* [[Michael Cristofer]]
* [[Stephanie Corneliussen]]
* [[Grace Gummer]]
* [[B.D Wong]]
* [[Bobby Cannavale]]
* [[Ashlie Atkinson]]
* [[Elliot Villar]]}}
| composer             = Mac Quayle&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Horner |first=Al |url=http://www.factmag.com/2016/06/07/how-to-soundtrack-a-cyber-terrorist-revolution-mr-robot/ |title=How to soundtrack a cyber-anarchic revolution, by ''Mr Robot'' composer Mac Quayle |work=FACT |date=June 7, 2016 |accessdate=June 9, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| num_seasons          = 3&lt;!--Update this only when seasons premiere.--&gt;
| num_episodes         = &lt;onlyinclude&gt;32&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;&lt;!--Update this only when episodes air.--&gt;
| list_episodes        = List of Mr. Robot episodes
| executive_producer   = {{plainlist|
* Sam Esmail
* [[Steve Golin]]
* Chad Hamilton
}}
| producer             = {{plainlist|
* Igor Srubshchik
* Christian Slater
}}
| location             = [[New York City]]
| cinematography       = Tim Ives
| camera               = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]]
| runtime              = 41–65 minutes
| company              = {{plainlist|
* [[Universal Cable Productions]]
* [[Steve Golin#Anonymous Content|Anonymous Content]]
* Esmail Corp (Season 2–)
}}
| distributor          = [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution]]
| channel              = [[USA Network]]
| picture_format       = [[1080i]] ([[16:9]] [[HDTV]])
| first_aired          = {{Start date|2015|6|24}}
| last_aired           = {{End date|present}}
| website              = http://www.usanetwork.com/mrrobot
| website_title        = Official website
}}
'''''Mr. Robot''''' ya iku sèri tèlèvisi drama thriller sing digawé déning Sam Esmail. Sèri TV iki dibintangi Rami Malek minangka  Elliot Alderson, insinyur keamanan cyber lan hacker sing ngalami gangguan sosial lan depresi Klinis. Alderson dirékrut déning pambrontak anarkis karan &quot;Mr. Robot&quot;, sing dimainké déning Christian Slater, kanggo gabung golongan hacktivists. Kelompok iki ancasé mbatalké kabèh utang kanthi nyerang korporasi gedhé sing karan &quot;E Corp&quot;.

=== Pakurmatan ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Taun
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Upacara
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Kategori
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Panampa
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Kasil
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2015
|2015 SXSW Film Audience Award&lt;ref name=&quot;SXSW-AudienceAward-2015&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Wiese, Christina (March 21, 2015). [http://www.sxsw.com/film/news/2015/2015-sxsw-film-audience-award-winners-announced &quot;2015 SXSW Film Audience Award Winners Announced&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401033722/http://www.sxsw.com/film/news/2015/2015-sxsw-film-audience-award-winners-announced |date=2015-04-01 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Audience Award for Best Episodic
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Mr. Robot''
|-
|25th Gotham Independent Film Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news&quot;&gt;Cox, Gordon (November 30, 2015). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Breakthrough Series – Long Form
|-
|2015 American Film Institute Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news&quot;&gt;Gray, Tim (December 16, 2015). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Television Programs of the Year
|-
| rowspan=&quot;28&quot; |2016
|42nd People's Choice Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2016 &quot;NOMINEES &amp; WINNERS 2016&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Favorite Cable TV Actor
|Christian Slater
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |20th Satellite Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ &quot;Satellite Awards (2015)&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Best Drama Series
|''Mr. Robot''
|-
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
|Rami Malek
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film
|Christian Slater
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |68th Writers Guild of America Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;McNary, Dave (February 13, 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Best Drama Series
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kyle Bradstreet, Kate Erickson, Sam Esmail, David Iserson, Randolph Leon, Adam Penn, Matt Pyken
|-
|Best New Series
|-
|22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Ausiello, Michael (December 9, 2015). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
|Rami Malek
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |73rd Golden Globe Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Mitovich, Matt Webb (January 10, 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Best Television Series – Drama
|''Mr. Robot''
|-
|Best Actor – Television Series Drama
|Rami Malek
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
|Christian Slater
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |6th Critics' Choice Television Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Mitovich, Matt Webb (January 17, 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Best Drama Series
|''Mr. Robot''
|-
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
|Rami Malek
|-
|Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series
|B.D. Wong
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
|Christian Slater
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dorian Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Kilday, Gregg (January 12, 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|TV Drama of the Year
|''Mr. Robot''
|-
|TV Performance of the Year – Actor
|Rami Malek
|-
|42nd Saturn Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Bryant, Jacob (February 24, 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Best Action-Thriller Television Series
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Mr. Robot''
|-
|75th Peabody Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Birnbaum, Debra (April 22, 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Peabody Award
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |32nd TCA Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;Goldberg, Lesley (August 6, 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Program of the Year
|-
|Outstanding Achievement in Drama
|-
|Outstanding New Program
|-
|Individual Achievement in Drama
|Rami Malek
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |68th Primetime Emmy Awards&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.emmys.com/shows/mr-robot &quot;Mr. Robot&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Outstanding Drama Series
|''Mr. Robot''
|-
|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
|Rami Malek in &quot;eps1.0 hellofriend.mov&quot;
|-
|Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series
|Sam Esmail for &quot;eps1.0 hellofriend.mov&quot;
|-
|Outstanding Music Composition for a Series
|Mac Quayle for &quot;eps1.0 hellofriend.mov&quot;
|-
|Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series
|Susie Farris, Beth Bowling, Kim Miscia
|-
|Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (One-Hour)
|John W. Cook II, Bill Freesh, Timothia Sellers, Andrew Morgado
|}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Reza Shah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>159669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1755827</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-28T23:26:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="12123" sha1="fyppo8tb2vzq37lb71t0t10lkjv6hqa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty
| name            = Reza Pahlavi
| title           = [[Imperial Majesty (style)|Alâhazrat]] [[Homayoun|Homâyuni]] [[Shahanshah of Iran|Šâhanšâh]]
| image           = Reza Shah portrait.jpg
| image_size      = 230px
| caption         =
| succession      = [[List of kings of Persia|Shah of Iran]]
| reign           = 15 December 1925 –&lt;br /&gt;16 September 1941
| coronation      = 25 April 1926&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Rahnema|first=Ali|date=2011|title=Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=115|isbn=9781139495622}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| predecessor     = [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]
| successor       = [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
| regent          = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''||[[Mohammad-Ali Foroughi]]|[[Mostowfi ol-Mamalek|Hassan Mostowfi]]|[[Mehdi Qoli Hedayat]]|Mohammad-Ali Foroughi|[[Mahmoud Jam]]|[[Ahmad Matin-Daftari]]|[[Ali Mansur]]}}
| reg-type        = {{nowrap|[[List of Prime Ministers of Iran|Prime Ministers]]}}

| succession1     = [[List of Prime Ministers of Iran|20th]] [[Prime Minister of Iran]]
| reign1          = 28 October 1923 –&lt;br /&gt;1 November 1925
| reign-type1     = Term
| predecessor1    = [[Hassan Pirnia]]
| successor1      = [[Mohammad-Ali Foroughi]]
| reg-type1       = Monarch
| regent1         = [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]

| succession2     = [[Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)|Minister of War]]
| reign2          = 24 April 1921 –&lt;br /&gt;1 November 1925
| reign-type2     = Term
| predecessor2    = Masoud Kayhan
| successor2      = [[Amir Abdollah Tahmasebi]]
| reg-type2       = Monarch
| regent2         = [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]

| full name       = ''Reza Pahlavi''&lt;br /&gt;{{lang-fa|رضا پهلوی}}
| spouse          = Maryam Khanum&lt;br /&gt;[[Tadj ol-Molouk]] &lt;small&gt;(queen consort)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Qamar ol-Molouk&lt;br /&gt;[[Esmat Dowlatshahi|Esmat ol-Molouk]]
| issue           = [[Hamdamsaltaneh Pahlavi|Princess Hamdamsaltaneh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shams Pahlavi|Princess Shams]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ashraf Pahlavi|Princess Ashraf]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ali Reza Pahlavi I|Prince Ali Reza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gholam Reza Pahlavi|Prince Gholam Reza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Abdul Reza Pahlavi|Prince Abdul Reza]]&lt;br /&gt;Prince Ahmad Reza&lt;br /&gt;Prince Mahmoud Reza&lt;br /&gt;[[Fatimeh Pahlavi|Princess Fatimeh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hamid Reza Pahlavi|Prince Hamid Reza]]
| house           = [[House of Pahlavi|Pahlavi]]
| father          = Abbas-Ali 
| mother          = Noush-Afarin  
| birth_date      = {{birth date|1878|3|15|df=y}}
| birth_place     = [[Alasht]], [[Savad Kooh]], [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]], [[Qajar dynasty|Persia]]
| death_date      = {{death date and age|1944|7|26|1878|3|16|df=y}}
| death_place     = [[Johannesburg]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]
| burial_place    = 7 May 1950&lt;br&gt;[[Reza Shah's mausoleum]], [[Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine]], [[Rey, Iran|Rey]]
| religion        = [[Atheism]]&lt;ref&gt;Milani, Abbas ''The Shah'', London: Macmillan 2011 pages 22-23.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Infobox politician|embed=yes
| branch          = [[Persian Cossack Brigade]]
| serviceyears    = 1894–1921
| rank            = [[Brigadier general]]
| commands        =
| signature       = Reza Khan signature.svg
}}
}}

'''Reza Shah Pahlavi''' ( Pèrsi: رضا شاه پهلوی ; kocap [reˈzɑː ˈʃɑːhe pæhlæˈviː] ; 15 Maret 1878   - 26 Juli 1944), sing misuwur kanthi jeneng Reza Shah , yaiku Shah Iran saka 15 Desember 1925 nganti dhèwèké dipeksa dadi abdine dening invasi Anglo-Soviet ing Iran tanggal 16 September 1941.

Rong taun sawisé kudeta Persia 1921 , dipimpin déning Zia'eddin Tabatabaee , Reza Pahlavi dadi perdana menteri Iran. Pengangkatan kasebut didukung dening sidang nasional Iran. Ing taun 1925, Reza Pahlavi diangkat minangka raja hukum Iran kanthi kaputusan dadi wakil rakyat Iran. Déwan kasebut nggulingaké Ahmad Shah Qajar , Shah pungkasan saka dinasti Qajar , lan pindhah menyang konstitusi 1906 Iran kanggo ngidini pilihan Reza Pahlavi. Panjenenganipun ngedegaken dinasti Pahlavi ingkang dumugi taun 1979 nalika Revolusi Iran . Reza Shah nepungake pirang-pirang reformasi sosial, ekonomi, lan politik nalika pemerintahane, pungkasane mbangun pondasi negara Iran modern.

Warisan-Nya tetep kontroversial nganti saiki. Pembélaoné nyatakaké yèn dhèwèké minangka pasukan modhèrn modernisasi kanggo Iran (sing utamané internasional sing diturunaké nalika pamaréntahan Qajar), nalika para pengkritik nyatakaké yèn dhèwèké asring ngrusak, amarga gagal nganyataké modhèl petani gedhe ing Iran sing pungkasané nyebar wiji kanggo Revolusi Iran hampir patang puluh taun salajengipun, ingkang mungkasi 2,500 taun raja Persia .&lt;ref name=&quot;Ervand, 2008 p.91&quot;&gt;Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.91&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roger Homan, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2618173 The Origins of the Iranian Revolution],&quot; ''International Affairs'' 56/4 (Autumn 1980): 673–7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Kajaba iku, desakan marang nasionalisme ètnik lan unitarisme budaya, bebarengan karo penghargaan lan sedentarization dipaksa, nyebabaké panindhes sawatara kelompok etnis lan sosial. Kaya karo kawicaksanan Atatürk Turunané , pamaréntahané uga nglakokaké kawicaksanan ekstensif Persianisasi kanggo nggawé bangsa, tunggal, lan sapérangan homogen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|authorlink=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Iran Between Two Revolutions|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-BAR-806|year=1982|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-BAR-806/page/123 123]–163|isbn=9780691053424|oclc=7975938}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awal urip ==
[[File:Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi.jpg|thumb|left|Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the house where he was born, [[Savadkooh]], [[Mazandaran Province]]]]
{{Contains Perso-Arabic text}}
Reza Shah Pahlavi lair ing desa Alasht , Provinsi Savadkuh , Provinsi Mazandaran , ing taun 1878, kanggo Mayor Abbas-Ali Khan lan Noush-Afarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Afkhami2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&amp;pg=PP2|accessdate=2 November 2012|date=27 October 2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25328-5|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Zirinsky|first=Michael P.|title=Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|year=1992|volume=24|pages=639–663|url=http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&amp;context=history_facpubs&amp;sei-redir=1&amp;referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D20%26q%3Dlife%2Bof%2Bshah%2Bmohammed%2Breza%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5#search=%22life%20shah%20mohammed%20reza%22|accessdate=2 November 2012|doi=10.1017/s0020743800022388}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibune yaiku imigran Muslim saka Georgia (yaiku bagian saka Kekaisaran Ruslan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |quote=&quot;(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...).&quot;|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|url=https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofshah0000afkh|first1= Gholam Reza |last1=Afkhami |publisher=University of California Press |date=2009 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofshah0000afkh/page/4 4]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |quote=&quot;(...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...).&quot;|title=The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |first1=GholamAli Haddad Adel |publisher=EWI Press |date=2012 |page=3 |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; kulawargane sing hijrah menyang tanah daratan Persia (Iran) sawise Kekaisaran Qajar dipeksa nyerahake kabèh tlatah ing Kaukasus sasampunipun Russo -Persian Wars sawatara dekade sadurunge kelahiran Reza Shah&lt;ref&gt;Homa Katouzian. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=FzVANM0p29kC&amp;pg=PA269&amp;dq=reza+shahs+mother+georgian&amp;hl=nl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwA2oVChMInI-z8tDsxgIVci_bCh3Mfw4g#v=onepage&amp;q=reza%20shahs%20mother%20georgian&amp;f=false ''State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis''] I.B.Tauris, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1845112721}} p 269&lt;/ref&gt;. Bapane ditugasake ing Resimen Savadkuh kaping 7, lan ditawani ing Perang Anglo-Persia ing taun 1856. Abbas-Ali tilar donya ing tanggal 26 November 1878, nalika Reza lagi umur 8 wulan. Sasampunipun sedanipun bapakipun, Reza lan ibunipun pindhah dhateng sedhèrèkipun ing Teheran. Dhèwèké nikah maneh nalika taun 1879 lan ninggalake Reza kanggo pamane. Ing taun 1882, pamane banjur ngirim Reza menyang kanca keluarga, Vartan Gorguekoohi, sawijining perwira tentara Persia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Cry of the Peacock|last=Nahai|first=Gina B.|year=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-7434-0337-1|page=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDGmJD-ADqQC&amp;pg=PA180|accessdate=31 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika Reza lagi nembelas taun, dhèwèké gabung karo Brigade Persia Persia . Ing taun 1903, dhèwèké dilapurake dadi penjaga lan abdi ing konsul Walanda Frits Knobel . Reza umur 25 taun.
Dhèwèké uga njabat ing Angkatan Darat Iran , ing pundi piyambakipun pikantuk peringkat saperangan saperangan senjata miturut perintah Qajar Pangeran Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma . Ing taun 1911, dhèwèké mènèhi akun apik ing kampanye pungkasan lan diangkat dadi Letnan Pertama. Keahliannya ing penanganan senapan mesin diangkat dadi pangkat sing setara karo Kapten nalika taun 1912. Taun 1915, dhèwèké diangkat dadi pangkat Kolonel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/reza_shah/reza_shah.php#sthash.67ALAeXC.dpuf|title=History of Iran : Reza Shah Pahlavi - Reza Shah Kabir (Reza Shah The Great)|publisher=Iran Chamber Society|accessdate=10 April 2016|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230162300/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/reza_shah/reza_shah.php#sthash.67ALAeXC.dpuf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cathetan layanan militer pungkasanipun mimpin dhèwèké minangka komandan Brigadir ing Brigade Cossack Persia. Dhèwèké dadi perwira pungkasan Brigade, lan siji-sijine komandan Iran ing sejarah, nggayuh posisi iki koloni Ruslan Vsevolod Starosselsky , sing ditulungi Reza Shah, ing taun 1918, njupuk alih brigade. Dhèwèké uga salah sijine perwira pungkasan dadi perwira Neshan-e Aqdas sadurunge runtuh dinasti Qajar taun 1925&lt;ref&gt;Christopher Buyers, ''[http://4dw.net/royalark/Persia/Orders/aqdas.htm Persia, The Qajar Dynasty: Orders &amp; Decorations]'' Royal Ark&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

==Pranala Njaba==
{{Commons category|Reza Shah}}
{{Wikiquote|Reza Shah Pahlavi}}
* [http://www.irannotes.com IRANNOTES.com | High Quality IRANIAN Banknotes and Coins]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/014461}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Pahlavi]]| 15 March | 1878 | 26 July | 1944 }}
{{s-roy|ir}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Persia|Shah of Iran]]|years=15 December 1925&amp;nbsp;– 16 September 1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hassan Pirnia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Iran|Prime Minister of Iran]]|years=28 October 1923&amp;nbsp;– 1 November 1925}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad-Ali Foroughi]]|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=Masoud Kayhan}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)|Minister of War]]|years=24 April 1921&amp;nbsp;– 13 June 1926}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces|Commander-in-Chief of Iran]]|years=14 February 1925&amp;nbsp;– 16 September 1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vsevolod Starosselsky]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Commander of the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]]|years=1920–1921}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ghassem Khan Vali, Sardar Homayoun|Ghassem Khan Vali]]}}
{{s-npo}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mostowfi ol-Mamalek]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of the [[Iranian Red Crescent Society|Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society]]|years=1931–1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]}}
{{s-end}}</text>
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    <title>Yoo In-na</title>
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      <text bytes="10595" sha1="3ign4phmoamfv6l5l6z68ozbodwryi5" xml:space="preserve">'''Yoo In-na''' (lair tanggal 5 Juni 1982) ya iku aktris lan DJ saka Koréa Kidul. Sawisé ndhukung peran ing ''High Kick!'' ''Through the Roof'' (2009-2010) lan ''Secret Garden'' (2010), dhèwèké dadi misuwur minangka aktris pendhukung ing  ''[[Queen In-Hyun's Man|Queen and I]]'' (2012), sing nyebabaké dhèwèké dadi peran pendhukung ing ''My Love from the Star'' (2013-2014). Dhèwèké uga misuwur ana peran ing ''Guardian: The Lonely and Great God'' (2016–2017), salah sawijining sèri télévisi kabel sing paling dhuwur ing Koréa Kidul lan ''Touch Your Heart'' (2019).

Kajaba akting, Yoo uga mèlu ing acara radio. Dhèwèké dadi DJ saka ''Let's Crank up the Volume'' wiwit taun 2011-2016.

== Karir ==
Ing umur 16 taun, Yoo In-na gabung karo agènsi hiburan minangka penyanyi magang ing taun 1998, lan mèh dadi bagian saka klompok penyanyi wadon. Sawisé 11 taun gabung karo limang agènsi beda, dhèwèké ora bisa menonjol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971035|title=Yoo In-na: I had to train for 11 years|date=4 May 2013|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815024850/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971035|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yoo ujar yen dhèwèké angèl ngéling-éling koréografi tari sing dibutuhaké para penyanyi [[K-pop]], lan sawisé praktek wolung jam sedina, enem dina seminggu, dhèwèké mundur dadi idola penyanyi K-pop.&lt;ref name=&quot;wobbles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/08/2013060800378.html|title=For Actress Yoo In-na, 'Wobbles' Are Just Part of Finding the Way|date=8 June 2013|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=2013-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing taun 2006, Yoo gabung karo [[YG Entertainment]] minangka aktris. Dhèwèké kandha, &quot;Yèn nyanyian ora temenan bisa, aku mutusaké supaya bisa main peran amarga aku seneng banget. Aku ora tau nyerah. Nanging akèh kanca sing nyerah, sanajan dhèwèké luwih apik lan luwih cekap tinimbang aku. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;wobbles&quot;/&gt; Dhèwèké pisanan mènèhi perhatian ing taun 2009 kanthi sitkom ''High Kick Through the Roof'' ing MBC .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://us.tenasia.co.kr/archives/2184|title=INTERVIEW: ''High Kick 2'' Actress Yoo In-na|last=Wee|first=Geun-woo|date=19 March 2010|website=10Asia|access-date=2012-11-18}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sapérangan peran pendukung sing wis dilakoni, utamané ing drama ''Secret Garden'' (2010),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/yoo-in-na-joins-secret-garden--this-will-be-her-first-acting-with-ha-ji-won-25282.html|title=Yoo In-na joins 'Secret Garden', this will be her first acting with Ha Ji-won|date=1 October 2010|website=Hancinema}}&lt;/ref&gt; sing dhèwèké nampa penghargaan Aktris Paling Anyar ing ''Baeksang Arts Awards'', lan minangka pimpinan wanita nomer loro ing komèdi romantis ''The Greatest Love'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/05/398_86326.html|title=TV soap to peek into celebrity life|date=3 May 2011|website=The Korea Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhèwèké dadi MC kanggo ''[[:ko:한밤의 TV연예|TV Entertainment Tonight]]'' wiwit tanggal 3 Maret 2011 nganti 4 Juni 2012,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7679|title=Did Yoo In Na Time Her Departure from ''One Night''?|last=Ko|first=Hong-ju|date=8 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; banjur dhèwèké menang gelar ''Best Variety Entertainer'' ing ''SBS Entertainment Awards''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=2489|title=Yoo Jae Suk Wins Big, Winners from ''2011 SBS Entertainment Awards''|last=Lee|first=Nancy|date=31 December 2011|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké uga dadi DJ kanggo KBS Cool FM  ''Let's Crank Up the Volume'', ya iku program radio sing paling dhuwur timesloté ing bandwidth AM lan FM .&lt;ref name=&quot;wobbles&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=29531&amp;|title=Yoo In Na Becomes Queen of the Radio with #1 Radio Show|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|date=19 February 2013|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2013-02-23|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419073644/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=29531&amp;|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing taun 2019, Yoo mbintangi drama komèdi romantis asesirah ''Touch Your Heart'' bebarengan karo bintang penjaga ''Guardian,'' Lee Dong-wook .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3054482&amp;cloc=joongangdaily|title='Goblin' stars to reunite in drama|date=20 October 2018|website=Korea JoongAng Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;touch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3058903|title='Guardian' stars return in 'Touch Your Heart'|date=31 January 2019|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130192431/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3058903|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kauripan ==
Ana ing 7 Juni 2012, ing pertemuan penggemar kanggo nandhani pungkasané ''[[Queen In-Hyun's Man|Queen and I]]'', Ji Hyun-woo nggawé pernyataan kanthi yakin yèn dhèwèké tresna karo co-star Yoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7669|title=Ji Hyun Woo Drops Bombshell Love Confession to Yoo In Na|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|date=8 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2954147|title=Television romance moves off screen|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|date=9 June 2012|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2012-11-18|archive-date=2012-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817072713/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2954147|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pranyatan kasebut ditutupi déning près ing dina-dina iki,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7670|title=Ji Hyun Woo′s Ideal Type Was Similar to Yoo In Na|last=Lee|first=In-kyung|date=8 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7678|title=The Signs Ji Hyun Woo was In Love with Yoo In Na|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|date=8 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=8061|title=The Truth Behind Yoo In Na's Feelings Towards Ji Hyun Woo|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|date=17 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18|archive-date=2013-01-29|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129032810/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=8061|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=8141|title=Was Yoo In Na Lip-Synching A Proposal Song to Ji Hyun Woo on Her Radio Show?|last=Ho|first=Stewart|date=18 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Spékulasi babagan status hubungan dhèwèké rampung ing tanggal 17 Juni, nalika situs wèb gosip Sportsseoul.com njupuk gambar pasangan kasebut ing tengah wengi ing taman ing Bundang, Gyeonggi, panggonané Yoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=8118|title=Ji Hyun Woo and Yoo In Na Are a Couple|last=Park|first=Hyun-min|date=18 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2954634|title=Yoo In-na to tell her side of love story|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|date=19 June 2012|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2012-11-18|archive-date=2012-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626032720/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2954634|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 18 Juni, Yoo ngonfirmasi ing acara radioné dhéwé menawa dhèwèké resmi pacaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=8159|title=Yoo In Na Declares Ji Hyun Woo to be Her Man|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|date=19 June 2012|website=enewsWorld|access-date=2012-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://us.tenasia.co.kr/archives/11161|title=Yoo In-na admits relationship with Ji Hyun-woo on radio|last=Suk|first=Monica|date=19 June 2012|website=10Asia|access-date=2012-11-18}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2954698|title=Yoo In-na says she likes him back|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|date=20 June 2012|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2012-11-18|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027123109/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2954698|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing 14 Mèi 2014, agènsi masing-masing ngonfirmasi ing siaran près yen pasangan kasebut wis rampung hubungané.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/05/201_157223.html|title=Yoo In-na, Ji Hyun-woo split|last=Kim|first=Tong-hyung|date=14 May 2014|website=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2014-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140514000994|title=Yoo In-na, Ji Hyun-woo split: YG Entertainment|last=Chung|first=Joo-won|date=14 May 2014|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|access-date=2014-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2989139|title=Yoo In-na, Ji Hyun-woo split|last=Kim|first=Hee-eun|date=15 May 2014|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2014-05-15|archive-date=2014-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118031202/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2989139|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://ygstage.com/yg-profile/about?star=yoo-in-na&amp;profile_id=11786 Yoo In-na] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415133516/http://ygstage.com/yg-profile/about?star=yoo-in-na&amp;profile_id=11786 |date=2019-04-15 }} ing [[YG Entertainment]] {{Ko icon}} 
* [http://cafe.daum.net/YG-YOOINNA Yoo In-na Fan Cafe] ing Daum {{Ko icon}} 
* {{HanCinema person}}   
* {{IMDb name|4345439|Yoo In-na}}

[[Kategori:Aktris Koréa Kidul]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1982]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Wong]]</text>
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    <title>Touch Your Heart (sèri TV)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''''Touch Your Heart''''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://program.tving.com/tvn/touchyourheart|title=''Touch Your Heart'' [Title in the URL]|website=Tving|publisher=[[TVN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]]|language=ko|access-date=August 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kGZVd39B0E|title=touch your heart [티저] 이동욱 x 유인나, 닿다, 손 끝이 닿다 190101 EP.0|language=ko|publisher=tvN Drama|access-date=December 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( {{Korean|진심이 닿다||Jinsimi Data}}) ya iku sèri télévisi [[Koréa Kidul]] 2019 sing dibintangi Yoo In-na lan Lee Dong-wook. Dikembangaké déning Studio Dragon lan diproduksi bebarengan déning Mega Monster lan Zium Konten adhedhasar novel web saka jeneng sing padha sing pisanan diterbitaké ing 2016 déning KakaoPage, ditayangké ing tvN wiwit tanggal 6 [[Fèbruari]] nganti 28 Maret 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2018/09/688_255960.html|title=Chemistry is right: Lee Dong-wook, Yoo In-na may reunite for new show|last=Dong|first=Sun-hwa|access-date=December 1, 2018|publisher=The Korea Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hancinema.net/goblin-couple-lee-dong-wook-and-yoo-in-na-to-reunite-in-touch-your-heart-122420.html|title=&quot;Goblin&quot; Couple Lee Dong-wook and Yoo In-na to Reunite in &quot;Touch Your Heart&quot;|access-date=December 1, 2018|publisher=TV Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3054482|title='Goblin' stars to reunite in drama|last=Yeo|first=Ye-rim|access-date=December 1, 2018|publisher=Korea JoongAng Daily|archive-date=December 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201222755/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3054482|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;touch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3058903|title=‘Guardian’ stars return in ‘Touch Your Heart’|date=January 31, 2019|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-date=January 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130192431/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3058903|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Category:Articles containing Korean-language text]]
[[Kategori:Filem]]

== Sinopsis ==
Aktris top Oh Jin-shim, sing duwé jeneng panggung Oh Yoon-seo, duwé skandal sing ngrusak kariré 2 taun suwéné. Kanggo ngolèhi preran ana ing sèri TV anyar, dhèwèké gelem dadi sékretaris pemagang ing firma hukumé Kwon Jung-rok.

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pitik parmigiana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4652" sha1="cuqbb2td3nk2zjob00qksbpnqhm3li8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|name=Chicken parmigiana|image=File:Chicken parm at a diner.jpg|caption=Chicken parmigiana from a New Jersey diner|alternate_name=Pollo alla parmigiana, chicken parm, parmy, parma, parmi|country=|region=|creator=|course=|type=|served=|main_ingredient=[[chicken]] breast, [[tomato sauce]], [[mozzarella]], [[parmesan (cheese)|parmesan]]|variations=|calories=|other=}}'''Parmigiana pitik''', utawa '''parmesan pitik''' (  , yaiku panganan sing kalebu olahan [[pitik]] roti sing ditutupi saos tomat lan [[mozzarella]], [[Parmigiano-Reggiano|parmesan]], utawa keju provolone . &lt;ref name=&quot;covered&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/lifestyle/food/foodnews/20-italian-dishes-italians-don%E2%80%99t-really-eat/ss-AAypRz4#image=5|title=20 'Italian' Dishes Italians Don't Really Eat|date=June 9, 2019|publisher=msn.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327184157/https://www.msn.com/en-ca/lifestyle/food/foodnews/20-italian-dishes-italians-don%E2%80%99t-really-eat/ss-AAypRz4#image=5|archive-date=March 27, 2019|access-date=March 24, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irisan [[ham]] utawa [[Daging bakon|daging babi]] sok ditambahake. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Debate over a pub favourite|last=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|date=October 13, 2012|work=[[Daily Liberal and Macquarie Advocate]]|location=Dubbo, New South Wales|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thecourier.com.au/story/1770873/to-ham-or-not-to-ham-when-ordering-a-chicken-parma/|title=To ham or not to ham when ordering a chicken parma|last=Cowie|first=Tom|date=September 11, 2013|work=[[The Courier (Ballarat)|The Courier]]|last2=Bibby|first2=Grace|location=Ballarat, Victoria|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uga dikenal kanthi sebutan ing Amerika Serikat minangka '''parm pitik''' &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/02/04/dining/parm-dishes-to-warm-weary-souls.html?_r=0&amp;referer=http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1017169-chicken-parmesan|title=Parmigiana Dishes to Warm Weary Souls|last=Clark|first=Melissa|date=January 30, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 17, 2016|quote=Veal and chicken parmigiana, along with their cousins meatball, sausage and shrimp, are more recent adaptations, created by Italian immigrants in America who could afford to use meat in place of the vegetables they relied on in the Old Country.}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan ing Australia minangka '''parma''', '''parmi''', utawa '''parmy''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Parma&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/brisbane-man-stephen-humphreys-quest-to-find-the-citys-best-parmigiana-20150416-1mmpcl.html|title=Brisbane man Stephen Humphreys' quest to find the city's best Parmigiana|last=Bochenski|first=Natalie|date=April 16, 2015|work=[[Brisbane Times]]|access-date=August 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Panganan kasebut asale saka diaspora Italia abad kaping-20. &lt;ref name=&quot;covered&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.revealedrome.com/2011/02/italian-food-cuisine-american-spaghetti-meatballs-italy.html|title=Can't Find a Favorite Italian Dish in Rome? Here's Why.|last=Ruggeri|first=Amanda|date=February 8, 2011|website=revealedrome.com|access-date=November 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chowhound&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chowhound.com/food-news/53553/fake-accent/|title=Fake Accent|last=Kaminski|first=Margot|date=October 12, 2006|website=[[Chowhound]]|access-date=November 1, 2015|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020358/http://www.chowhound.com/food-news/53553/fake-accent/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wis spekulasi manawa sajian kasebut didhasarake kombinasi saka [[Parmigiana|''melanzane'']] Italia [[Parmigiana|''alla Parmigiana'']], sajian sing nggunakake irisan [[Térong|terong]] roti tinimbang daging pitik, kanthi ''cotoletta'', potongan daging pedaging roti sing umume disajekake tanpa saos utawa keju ing Italia. 

Parmigiana pitik kalebu minangka dhasar sajian sing beda-beda, kalebu sandwich  lan pai,  &lt;ref name=&quot;smh-2012feb17&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-business/patties-pins-hopes-on-parma-pie-20120217-1tdp1.html|title=Patties pins hopes on &quot;parma&quot; pie|last=Gannon|first=Genevieve|date=February 17, 2012|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan panganan kasebut digunakake kanggo dadi balapan mangan ing sawetara restoran. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/archive/news/welcome-to-parmageddon-the-war-on-culinary-theatrics/story-e6freall-1226466614192|title=Parmageddon: War on culinary theatrics|last=Penberthy|first=David|date=September 7, 2012|work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|location=Adelaide|page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Picanha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>174768</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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[[Barkas:Picanha3.jpg|jmpl| Picanha]]


'''Picanha''' minangka potongan [[Pérangan daging sapi|daging sapi sing]] pisanan digawe populer ing [[Brasil]], lan banjur diadopsi ing [[Portegal|Portugal]] .

Ing Amerika Serikat, potongan kasebut durung dingerteni lan asring dijenengi '''tutup sirloin ndhuwur''', '''tutup''' '''gumpalan''', '''tutup gumpalan''', utawa '''culotte''' . Nanging, jagal Amerika Utara umume mbuwang potongan iki dadi potongan liyane kaya gumpalan, bunder, lan dhengkul . &lt;ref&gt;[http://streetsmartbrazil.com/blog/20101103/picanha-brazilian-brand-meat “Picanha – The Brazilian Brand of Meat”] ''Street Smart Brazil''. November 3, 2010. ''(Retrieved 2018-05-17.)''&lt;/ref&gt; Iki kalebu otot &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwGA&quot;&gt;bisep femoris&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; lan tutup lemak. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.meatinstitute.org/index.php?ht=a/GetDocumentAction/i/132553|title=Meat Quality Workshop: Know Your Meat|last=Woerner|first=Dale R.|date=6 February 2017|publisher=North American Meat Institute|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616031248/https://www.meatinstitute.org/index.php?ht=a%2FGetDocumentAction%2Fi%2F132553|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==</text>
      <sha1>fe3vjbt4hu4dc0x84lz204tuhhc4udi</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pelem kemambang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176422</id>
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      <text bytes="4401" sha1="e8e64j0s5yxvzd0jrg1r7uqsii6np2w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|name=Mango float|image=[[File:Mango float (Crema de Mangga) - Philippines.jpg|250px]]|image_size=220px|caption=|alternate_name=crema de mangga, mango royale, mango icebox cake, mango graham cake, mango graham float, mango refrigerator cake|country=[[Philippines]]|region=|creator=|course=[[Dessert]]|served=Cold|main_ingredient=[[Ladyfinger (biscuit)|Ladyfingers]]/[[graham crackers]], [[whipped cream]], [[condensed milk]] and ripe [[carabao mango]]es|variations=[[Crema de fruta]]|calories=|other=}}Pelem kemambang utawa '''''crema de mangga''''' minangka [[Kuwé ès kothak|panganan cuci]] mulut kue es Filipina sing digawe nganggo lapisan [[Driji wanita|ladyfingers]] ( ''broas'' ) utawa [[Graham krèker|krupuk graham]], [[krim kocok]], [[Susu kondensasi|susu kental]], lan mangga karabao sing wis mateng. Wis adhem nganti sawetara jam sadurunge disajikake, sanajan bisa uga dibekukan kanggo menehi konsistensi kaya [[Ès krim|es krim.]] Iki minangka varian modern saka kue ''[[Crema de fruta|crema de fruta tradisional Filipina.]]'' Kutha iki uga dikenal kanthi maneka warna jeneng kaya '''kulkas cake mango,''' '''mango Graham url,''' '''mango royale,''' lan '''cake mango icebox,''' antara liya. &lt;ref name=&quot;mc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://maputingcooking.com/recipe/crema-de-fruta-christmas-dessert/|title=Crema de Fruita a Festive Christmas Dessert|last=Jane|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Maputing Cooking|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124307/https://maputingcooking.com/recipe/crema-de-fruta-christmas-dessert/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelittleepicurean.com/2015/06/mango-royale-icebox-cake.html|title=Mango Royale (Mango Icebox Cake)|last=Maryanne|date=15 June 2017|publisher=The Little Epicurean|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bohol-philippines.com/bohol-delicacy.html|title=Bohol Delicacies- Must-have Treats and Pasalubongs|website=Bohol-Philippines.com|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027123631/https://www.bohol-philippines.com/bohol-delicacy.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/food-network-kitchen/mango-float-5119486|title=Mango Float|website=Food Network|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Crema de mangga'' minangka versi liya sing uga nggunakake [[custard]] lan ''gulaman'' (agar) utawa [[gelatin]], kaya ing ''crema de fruta'' asli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thedailyguardian.net/community-news-cat/crema-de-mangga/|title=Crema de Mangga|website=DailyGuardian|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422113148/https://thedailyguardian.net/community-news-cat/crema-de-mangga/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pinoyhapagkainan.com/crema-de-mangga/|title=Crema de Mangga|website=Pinoy Hapagkainan|access-date=22 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Float mangga uga bisa digawe nganggo macem-macem woh-wohan liyane kayata [[Setrobéri|stroberi]], [[nanas]], [[Gedhang|pisang]], lan [[Céri|ceri]], lan liya-liyane. Gabungan woh-wohan sing beda ngasilake versi sing luwih cedhak karo ''crema de fruta'' asli. 

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kriskamarie.com/2011/02/graham-refrigerated-cake.html|title=Kriska Cooks: Graham Refrigerated Cake|website=Sweet NothingsL A Sweet Bite into Life|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055645/https://www.kriskamarie.com/2011/02/graham-refrigerated-cake.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.manilaspoon.com/2013/07/extra-special-mango-float.html|title=Extra Special Mango Float|website=Manila Spoon|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/strawberry-graham-float-recipe/|title=How to make Strawberry Graham Float|website=Pinoy Recipe at iba pa|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/mango-float-recipe/|title=The Best Mango Float Recipe|website=Pinoy Recipe at iba pa|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deleng uga ==

*
* [[Kuwé tela wungu|Jajan Ube]]
* 
* 
* [[Pai klapa|Buko pie]]
* [[Halo-halo]]
* [[Trifle|Sepele]]
* [[Cassata]]
* [[Tiramisu]]
* {{portal-inline|Philippines}}&lt;/img&gt;

== Referensi ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Setatsiyun Seoul (filem)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184546</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3332" sha1="d1vm8z8fi5ry9bjux3zplbxlurldv9t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
|name           = Seoul Station
|image          = 
|caption        = 
|director       = [[Yeon Sang-ho]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/interview.jsp?blbdComCd=601019&amp;seq=120&amp;mode=INTERVIEW_VIEW|title=Seoul Station Director YEON Sang-ho|work=koreanfilm.or.kr|accessdate=2016-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|producer        = [[Suh Youngjoo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Lee Dong-ha]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Yeon Sang-ho]]
|writer        = Yeon Sang-ho
|starring      = [[Ryu Seung-ryong]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Shim Eun-kyung]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Lee Joon]]
|released      = {{film date|2016|8|18}}
|runtime       = 92 minit
|country       = Korea Kidul
|language      = Korea
| budget = 575,000 $&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://koreanfilm.or.kr/webzine/sub/interview.jsp?mode=A_VIEW&amp;wbSeq=120|title=Seoul Station Director YEON Sang-ho|work=koreanfilm.or.kr|accessdate=2016-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image_size     =
}}
'''''Seoul Station''''' ({{lang-ko|서울역}}) yaiku [[filem zombie]] [[animasi Korea|animasi Korea Kidul]] sing disutradharani dening [[Yeon Sang-ho]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tsui&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/seoul-station-seoul-yeok-film-915964|title= 'Seoul Station' ('Seoul-yeok'): Film Review|first= Clarence|last= Tsui|date= August 1, 2016|accessdate= August 2, 2016|work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dirilis ing 18 Agustus 2016, filem kasebut dibintangi dening [[Ryu Seung-ryong]], [[Shim Eun-kyung]] lan [[Lee Joon]] ing peran utami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=246704.html|language=fr|title=Seoul Station|work=allocine.fr|accessdate=2016-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film855356.html|title=Seoul Station|work=filmaffinity.com|accessdate=2016-05-07|archive-date=2016-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804004515/http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film855356.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filem kasebut ditayangke ing Festival Film Edinburgh 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul Station&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edfilmfest.org.uk/films/2016/seoul-station.html|title=Seoul Station|work=edfilmfest.org.uk|accessdate=2016-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filem kasebut menika prekuel saka filem aksi urip ''[[Train to Busan]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2016/07/animation-prequel-of-train-to-busan-to-hit-theaters-in-august|title=Animation prequel of 'Train to Busan' to hit theaters in August!|work=allkpop.com|accessdate=2016-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-hidden-gem-train-busan-893301|title=Cannes Hidden Gem: South Korean Animator Makes Apocalyptic Live-Action Debut With 'Train to Busan'|work=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=2016-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; gawean sutradhara sing padha.

== Pemeran ==
* [[Ryu Seung-ryong]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dramabeans.com/2014/03/ryu-seung-ryong-headlines-disaster-movie-seoul-station/|title=Ryu Seung-ryong headlines disaster movie Seoul Station|work=dramabeans.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; minangka Suk-gyu
* [[Shim Eun-kyung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;koreanfilm.or.kr&quot;/&gt; minangka Hye-Sun
* [[Lee Joon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;koreanfilm.or.kr&quot;/&gt; minangka Ki-woong

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{KMDb film|14168|Seoul Station}}
* {{IMDb title|3845670|Seoul Station}}
* {{hancinema film|Seoul_Station|Seoul Station}}

{{Yeon Sang-ho}}

[[Kategori:Filem Koréa Kidul taun 2016]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Khodam</title>
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      <comment>Kaca anyar: '''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados pelayan ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astra...</comment>
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      <text bytes="601" sha1="62iixelo72laturkq9za7n8lm2zhfjp" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados pelayan ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan ngabdi marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi amalan tartamtu.

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      <text bytes="1828" sha1="o9ct878j8p0vweibbyg0a39cqypaexr" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados pelayan ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan ngabdi marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi amalan tartamtu.

Ing sajroning kapercayan Kejawen lan filsafat mistis Jawa, khodam dipun-anggep minangka wujud interaksi antarane alam fisik karo alam halus. Wong Jawa kagungan panemu bilih alam semesta punika dumadi saking rong perangan ingkang nunggal, yaiku Jagad Ageng minangka makrokosmos lan Jagad Alit minangka mikrokosmos. Khodam dipun-posisikake minangka jembatan utawi manifestasi energi alam ingkang nunggil ing sajroning Jagad Alit manungsa. Ing tradisi punika, khodam mboten mesthi dipun-anggep minangka barang ingkang ala utawi medeni, nanging asring dipun-anggep minangka pamong utawi kanca gaib ingkang ngiyatake posisi spiritual manungsa.

Sanadyan asring dipun-anggep padha, khodam nggadhahi pambeda ingkang cetha mawi entitas astral liyane kayata jin biasa, setan, lan malaikat. Jin biasa nggadhahi kaperluan urip piyambak kayata omah lan kulawarga sarta nggadhahi kehendak bebas, dene khodam punika entitas ingkang sampun kaikat dening perjanjian, tirakat, utawi garis keturunan kagem nindakake tugas tartamtu. Khodam uga benten kaliyan setan ingkang tujuannipun namung nyasarake manungsa, lan benten kaliyan malaikat ingkang suci saking nafsu sarta mboten saged dipun-perintah dening manungsa biasa minangka abdi pribadi.

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      <text bytes="3611" sha1="522yflo5njwk1cd7xxh5gp5weojpgp6" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados pelayan ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan ngabdi marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi amalan tartamtu.

Ing sajroning kapercayan Kejawen lan filsafat mistis Jawa, khodam dipun-anggep minangka wujud interaksi antarane alam fisik karo alam halus. Wong Jawa kagungan panemu bilih alam semesta punika dumadi saking rong perangan ingkang nunggal, yaiku Jagad Ageng minangka makrokosmos lan Jagad Alit minangka mikrokosmos. Khodam dipun-posisikake minangka jembatan utawi manifestasi energi alam ingkang nunggil ing sajroning Jagad Alit manungsa. Ing tradisi punika, khodam mboten mesthi dipun-anggep minangka barang ingkang ala utawi medeni, nanging asring dipun-anggep minangka pamong utawi kanca gaib ingkang ngiyatake posisi spiritual manungsa.

Sanadyan asring dipun-anggep padha, khodam nggadhahi pambeda ingkang cetha mawi entitas astral liyane kayata jin biasa, setan, lan malaikat. Jin biasa nggadhahi kaperluan urip piyambak kayata omah lan kulawarga sarta nggadhahi kehendak bebas, dene khodam punika entitas ingkang sampun kaikat dening perjanjian, tirakat, utawi garis keturunan kagem nindakake tugas tartamtu. Khodam uga benten kaliyan setan ingkang tujuannipun namung nyasarake manungsa, lan benten kaliyan malaikat ingkang suci saking nafsu sarta mboten saged dipun-perintah dening manungsa biasa minangka abdi pribadi.

== Sejarah lan Asal-Usul Konsep ==
Konsep babagan khodam nggadhahi sejarah dawa ingkang ngakar saking tradisi mistisisme lan esoterisme Islam, mligine ing sajeroning aliran Hikmah lan Sufisme. Ing kitab-kitab klasik ilmu hikmah kayata ''Manba' Ushul al-Hikmah'' lan ''Syam al-Ma'arif'' karya Ahmad bin Ali al-Buni, dipun-jelasake bilih saben ayat, huruf, wafaq, utawi asma ingkang dipun-waca kanthi kahanan tartamtu nggadhahi ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang njaga lan ngayomi energi saking amalan kasebat. Tradisi punika ngandharake bilih lumantar tirakat, dzikir, lan pasa, setunggal tiyang saged nggayuh panyelarasan energi kaliyan khodam kasebat.

Nalika agama Islam lumebet ing pulo Jawa, konsep hikmah punika ngalami proses akulturasi ingkang lebeting kaliyan kapitayan lokal Kejawen ingkang sadaderipun sampun kandel kaliyan paham animisme lan dinamisme. Tiyang Jawa ing jaman rumiyin sampun keno lan percaya marang anane roh leluhur, danyang panggèn, lan kekuwatan gaib ingkang dumunung ing benda-benda pusaka. Titik temu punika damel konsep khodam gampang dipun-tampa dening masyarakat Jawa, amargi dipun-anggep mboten beda tebih kaliyan konsep pangayoman saking roh leluhur utawi isi gaib ing sajeroning keris lan tombak.

Ing jaman kerajaan Islam ing Jawa, mligine ing jaman Kesultanan Mataram, panggunaan khodam lan ilmu kanuragan dadi perangan ingkang nunggil ing sajeroning dunya keprajuritan lan kepemimpinan. Para wali, raja, lan prajurit asring nindakake tirakat kanggo njaga katentreman lan kekuatan wilayahipun. Saking prastawa sejarah lan cerita rakyat punika, kapercayan babagan khodam tetep lestari lan owah wujude nganti jaman modern saiki, saking ingkang biyen sifatipun rahasia lan sacral nganti dadi fenomena kabudayan lan budaya populer ing masyarakat.

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      <text bytes="6430" sha1="5inierif86lo4ynb79v27sjv90s49oi" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados pelayan ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan ngabdi marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi amalan tartamtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fuadi|first=Muhamad Hanif Fuadi|last2=Ramadhanita|first2=Frista Fitriany|date=2025-06-30|title=Komodifikasi Agama dalam Era Digital (Studi Etnografi Virtual Fenomena Cek Khodam di Media Sosial)|url=https://jurnal.tazkia.ac.id/index.php/komunikan/article/view/439|journal=Jurnal komunikan|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=31–44|doi=10.30993/jurnalkomunikan.v4i1.439|issn=3024-8663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5886398/memahami-arti-khodam-makhluk-gaib-dalam-kepercayaan-spiritual|title=Memahami Arti Khodam: Makhluk Gaib dalam Kepercayaan Spiritual|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-02-24|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sajroning kapercayan Kejawen lan filsafat mistis Jawa, khodam dipun-anggep minangka wujud interaksi antarane alam fisik karo alam halus. Wong Jawa kagungan panemu bilih alam semesta punika dumadi saking rong perangan ingkang nunggal, yaiku Jagad Ageng minangka makrokosmos lan Jagad Alit minangka mikrokosmos. Khodam dipun-posisikake minangka jembatan utawi manifestasi energi alam ingkang nunggil ing sajroning Jagad Alit manungsa. Ing tradisi punika, khodam mboten mesthi dipun-anggep minangka barang ingkang ala utawi medeni, nanging asring dipun-anggep minangka pamong utawi kanca gaib ingkang ngiyatake posisi spiritual manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanadyan asring dipun-anggep padha, khodam nggadhahi pambeda ingkang cetha mawi entitas astral liyane kayata jin biasa, setan, lan malaikat. Jin biasa nggadhahi kaperluan urip piyambak kayata omah lan kulawarga sarta nggadhahi kehendak bebas, dene khodam punika entitas ingkang sampun kaikat dening perjanjian, tirakat, utawi garis keturunan kagem nindakake tugas tartamtu. Khodam uga benten kaliyan setan ingkang tujuannipun namung nyasarake manungsa, lan benten kaliyan malaikat ingkang suci saking nafsu sarta mboten saged dipun-perintah dening manungsa biasa minangka abdi pribadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/feeds/apa-arti-khodam-pengertian-pandangan-islam-dan-fenomena-di-masyarakat-a1fdca155b.html|title=Apa Arti Khodam: Pengertian, Pandangan Islam, dan Fenomena di Masyarakat|last=Copied!|first=Fridia Efanny Share Link|date=2026-02-16|website=KapanLagi.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sejarah lan Asal-Usul Konsep ==
Konsep babagan khodam nggadhahi sejarah dawa ingkang ngakar saking tradisi mistisisme lan esoterisme Islam, mligine ing sajeroning aliran Hikmah lan Sufisme. Ing kitab-kitab klasik ilmu hikmah kayata ''Manba' Ushul al-Hikmah'' lan ''Syam al-Ma'arif'' karya Ahmad bin Ali al-Buni, dipun-jelasake bilih saben ayat, huruf, wafaq, utawi asma ingkang dipun-waca kanthi kahanan tartamtu nggadhahi ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang njaga lan ngayomi energi saking amalan kasebat. Tradisi punika ngandharake bilih lumantar tirakat, dzikir, lan pasa, setunggal tiyang saged nggayuh panyelarasan energi kaliyan khodam kasebat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Jin Dalam Tafsir Al-Misbah: Analisis Terhadap fenomena Cek Khodam|url=https://digilib.uinkhas.ac.id/42770/|publisher=UIN KIAI HAJI ACHMAD SIDDIQ JEMBER|date=2025-06-17|degree=undergraduate|language=id|first=Nur|last=Azizah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika agama Islam lumebet ing pulo Jawa, konsep hikmah punika ngalami proses akulturasi ingkang lebeting kaliyan kapitayan lokal Kejawen ingkang sadaderipun sampun kandel kaliyan paham animisme lan dinamisme. Tiyang Jawa ing jaman rumiyin sampun keno lan percaya marang anane roh leluhur, danyang panggèn, lan kekuwatan gaib ingkang dumunung ing benda-benda pusaka. Titik temu punika damel konsep khodam gampang dipun-tampa dening masyarakat Jawa, amargi dipun-anggep mboten beda tebih kaliyan konsep pangayoman saking roh leluhur utawi isi gaib ing sajeroning keris lan tombak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ing jaman kerajaan Islam ing Jawa, mligine ing jaman Kesultanan Mataram, panggunaan khodam lan ilmu kanuragan dadi perangan ingkang nunggil ing sajeroning dunya keprajuritan lan kepemimpinan. Para wali, raja, lan prajurit asring nindakake tirakat kanggo njaga katentreman lan kekuatan wilayahipun. Saking prastawa sejarah lan cerita rakyat punika, kapercayan babagan khodam tetep lestari lan owah wujude nganti jaman modern saiki, saking ingkang biyen sifatipun rahasia lan sacral nganti dadi fenomena kabudayan lan budaya populer ing masyarakat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pande.co.id/religi/1814817286/sudah-cek-khodam-ini-tanggapan-habib-jafar-mengenai-pengertian-khodam-dan-implementasinya-di-zaman-modern|title=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|last=Pranoto|first=Agung Risky|website=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis-Jinis lan Pengelompokan Khodam ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi mistis lan kabudayan Jawa, khodam dipun-elompokake adhedhasar sawetara kategori utama, ing antarane adhedhasar asal-usul, wujud visual, sarta karakter utawi sifat energine. Adhedhasar asal-usulipun, khodam kaperang dadi rong jinis utama, yaiku khodam leluhur lan khodam amalan. Khodam leluhur inggih punika entitas gaib ingkang ngdampingi para tiyang sepuh ing jaman rumiyin, lajeng nurun marang anak, putu, utawi trah keturunan ingkang dipun-pilih adhedhasar keselarasan energi lan sifat batine. Dene khodam amalan inggih punika khodam ingkang dipun-antukake lumantar proses tirakat, pasa, olah batin, maca wewacan zikir utawi mantra tartamtu, sarta lumantar media azimat lan isian saking guru spiritual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://diskursusnetwork.com/article/kajian-ilmiah-tentang-khodam|title=Diskursus Network - Portal Berita Terpercaya|website=diskursusnetwork.com|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

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      <text bytes="8068" sha1="kh2yr52vkk4fa0t8qet3aoa4khpr64j" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados pelayan ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan ngabdi marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi amalan tartamtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fuadi|first=Muhamad Hanif Fuadi|last2=Ramadhanita|first2=Frista Fitriany|date=2025-06-30|title=Komodifikasi Agama dalam Era Digital (Studi Etnografi Virtual Fenomena Cek Khodam di Media Sosial)|url=https://jurnal.tazkia.ac.id/index.php/komunikan/article/view/439|journal=Jurnal komunikan|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=31–44|doi=10.30993/jurnalkomunikan.v4i1.439|issn=3024-8663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5886398/memahami-arti-khodam-makhluk-gaib-dalam-kepercayaan-spiritual|title=Memahami Arti Khodam: Makhluk Gaib dalam Kepercayaan Spiritual|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-02-24|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sajroning kapercayan Kejawen lan filsafat mistis Jawa, khodam dipun-anggep minangka wujud interaksi antarane alam fisik karo alam halus. Wong Jawa kagungan panemu bilih alam semesta punika dumadi saking rong perangan ingkang nunggal, yaiku Jagad Ageng minangka makrokosmos lan Jagad Alit minangka mikrokosmos. Khodam dipun-posisikake minangka jembatan utawi manifestasi energi alam ingkang nunggil ing sajroning Jagad Alit manungsa. Ing tradisi punika, khodam mboten mesthi dipun-anggep minangka barang ingkang ala utawi medeni, nanging asring dipun-anggep minangka pamong utawi kanca gaib ingkang ngiyatake posisi spiritual manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanadyan asring dipun-anggep padha, khodam nggadhahi pambeda ingkang cetha mawi entitas astral liyane kayata jin biasa, setan, lan malaikat. Jin biasa nggadhahi kaperluan urip piyambak kayata omah lan kulawarga sarta nggadhahi kehendak bebas, dene khodam punika entitas ingkang sampun kaikat dening perjanjian, tirakat, utawi garis keturunan kagem nindakake tugas tartamtu. Khodam uga benten kaliyan setan ingkang tujuannipun namung nyasarake manungsa, lan benten kaliyan malaikat ingkang suci saking nafsu sarta mboten saged dipun-perintah dening manungsa biasa minangka abdi pribadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/feeds/apa-arti-khodam-pengertian-pandangan-islam-dan-fenomena-di-masyarakat-a1fdca155b.html|title=Apa Arti Khodam: Pengertian, Pandangan Islam, dan Fenomena di Masyarakat|last=Copied!|first=Fridia Efanny Share Link|date=2026-02-16|website=KapanLagi.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sejarah lan Asal-Usul Konsep ==
Konsep babagan khodam nggadhahi sejarah dawa ingkang ngakar saking tradisi mistisisme lan esoterisme Islam, mligine ing sajeroning aliran Hikmah lan Sufisme. Ing kitab-kitab klasik ilmu hikmah kayata ''Manba' Ushul al-Hikmah'' lan ''Syam al-Ma'arif'' karya Ahmad bin Ali al-Buni, dipun-jelasake bilih saben ayat, huruf, wafaq, utawi asma ingkang dipun-waca kanthi kahanan tartamtu nggadhahi ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang njaga lan ngayomi energi saking amalan kasebat. Tradisi punika ngandharake bilih lumantar tirakat, dzikir, lan pasa, setunggal tiyang saged nggayuh panyelarasan energi kaliyan khodam kasebat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Jin Dalam Tafsir Al-Misbah: Analisis Terhadap fenomena Cek Khodam|url=https://digilib.uinkhas.ac.id/42770/|publisher=UIN KIAI HAJI ACHMAD SIDDIQ JEMBER|date=2025-06-17|degree=undergraduate|language=id|first=Nur|last=Azizah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika agama Islam lumebet ing pulo Jawa, konsep hikmah punika ngalami proses akulturasi ingkang lebeting kaliyan kapitayan lokal Kejawen ingkang sadaderipun sampun kandel kaliyan paham animisme lan dinamisme. Tiyang Jawa ing jaman rumiyin sampun keno lan percaya marang anane roh leluhur, danyang panggèn, lan kekuwatan gaib ingkang dumunung ing benda-benda pusaka. Titik temu punika damel konsep khodam gampang dipun-tampa dening masyarakat Jawa, amargi dipun-anggep mboten beda tebih kaliyan konsep pangayoman saking roh leluhur utawi isi gaib ing sajeroning keris lan tombak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ing jaman kerajaan Islam ing Jawa, mligine ing jaman Kesultanan Mataram, panggunaan khodam lan ilmu kanuragan dadi perangan ingkang nunggil ing sajeroning dunya keprajuritan lan kepemimpinan. Para wali, raja, lan prajurit asring nindakake tirakat kanggo njaga katentreman lan kekuatan wilayahipun. Saking prastawa sejarah lan cerita rakyat punika, kapercayan babagan khodam tetep lestari lan owah wujude nganti jaman modern saiki, saking ingkang biyen sifatipun rahasia lan sacral nganti dadi fenomena kabudayan lan budaya populer ing masyarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pande.co.id/religi/1814817286/sudah-cek-khodam-ini-tanggapan-habib-jafar-mengenai-pengertian-khodam-dan-implementasinya-di-zaman-modern|title=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|last=Pranoto|first=Agung Risky|website=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis-Jinis lan Pengelompokan Khodam ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi mistis lan kabudayan Jawa, khodam dipun-elompokake adhedhasar sawetara kategori utama, ing antarane adhedhasar asal-usul, wujud visual, sarta karakter utawi sifat energine. Adhedhasar asal-usulipun, khodam kaperang dadi rong jinis utama, yaiku khodam leluhur lan khodam amalan. Khodam leluhur inggih punika entitas gaib ingkang ngdampingi para tiyang sepuh ing jaman rumiyin, lajeng nurun marang anak, putu, utawi trah keturunan ingkang dipun-pilih adhedhasar keselarasan energi lan sifat batine. Dene khodam amalan inggih punika khodam ingkang dipun-antukake lumantar proses tirakat, pasa, olah batin, maca wewacan zikir utawi mantra tartamtu, sarta lumantar media azimat lan isian saking guru spiritual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://diskursusnetwork.com/article/kajian-ilmiah-tentang-khodam|title=Diskursus Network - Portal Berita Terpercaya|website=diskursusnetwork.com|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manawi dipun-tingali saking wujud visual utawi manifestasi gaibipun, khodam nggadhahi maneka werna wujud ingkang nggambarake watak lan kekuwatanipun. Wujud ingkang paling populer ing sajeroning cerita rakyat lan tradisi Jawa inggih punika wujud kewan mitologis utawi simbolis, kayata Macan Putih ingkang nggambarake kewibawaan lan keberanian, Ula ingkang nggambarake ketenangan lan ilmu pangasihan, utawi Garuda lan Naga ingkang nggambarake kekuwatan lan perlindungan dhuwur. Saliyane wujud kewan, wonten uga khodam ingkang kawujud minangka tokoh satria, pangeran, utawa kiai sepuh ingkang nggadhahi wewaton keagamaan lan kabijaksanaan, sarta wujud energi murni ingkang mboten mawujud fisik nanging namung krasa minangka hawa panas utawi adhem ing sakiwa tengene manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Adhedhasar sipat lan karaktere, khodam dipun-bedakake dadi rong golongan gedhe, yaiku khodam putih lan khodam ireng. Khodam putih inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan jin Muslim utawi energi positif ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar amalan-amalan suci, zikir, lan niat ingkang sae. Khodam jinis punika biyasane nuntut panganggone supaya tansah njaga kesucian, nindakake ibadah, lan ngendhihi tumindak ala. Kosok baline, khodam ireng inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan jin negatif utawi sekutu syaitan ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar ritual-ritual ngelmu ireng, tumbal, utawi perikatan sekutu ingkang nyleweng saking ajaran agama. Khodam ireng punika biyasane menehi kekuatan kanthi cepet nanging nuntut pituwas utawi akibat negatif ingkang dhuwur marang jiwa lan uripe panganggo ing tembe mburi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

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      <text bytes="12813" sha1="lu2ds9am5r38ts4nzr64avtxz8z4yjc" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados pelayan ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan ngabdi marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi amalan tartamtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fuadi|first=Muhamad Hanif Fuadi|last2=Ramadhanita|first2=Frista Fitriany|date=2025-06-30|title=Komodifikasi Agama dalam Era Digital (Studi Etnografi Virtual Fenomena Cek Khodam di Media Sosial)|url=https://jurnal.tazkia.ac.id/index.php/komunikan/article/view/439|journal=Jurnal komunikan|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=31–44|doi=10.30993/jurnalkomunikan.v4i1.439|issn=3024-8663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5886398/memahami-arti-khodam-makhluk-gaib-dalam-kepercayaan-spiritual|title=Memahami Arti Khodam: Makhluk Gaib dalam Kepercayaan Spiritual|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-02-24|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sajroning kapercayan Kejawen lan filsafat mistis Jawa, khodam dipun-anggep minangka wujud interaksi antarane alam fisik karo alam halus. Wong Jawa kagungan panemu bilih alam semesta punika dumadi saking rong perangan ingkang nunggal, yaiku Jagad Ageng minangka makrokosmos lan Jagad Alit minangka mikrokosmos. Khodam dipun-posisikake minangka jembatan utawi manifestasi energi alam ingkang nunggil ing sajroning Jagad Alit manungsa. Ing tradisi punika, khodam mboten mesthi dipun-anggep minangka barang ingkang ala utawi medeni, nanging asring dipun-anggep minangka pamong utawi kanca gaib ingkang ngiyatake posisi spiritual manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanadyan asring dipun-anggep padha, khodam nggadhahi pambeda ingkang cetha mawi entitas astral liyane kayata jin biasa, setan, lan malaikat. Jin biasa nggadhahi kaperluan urip piyambak kayata omah lan kulawarga sarta nggadhahi kehendak bebas, dene khodam punika entitas ingkang sampun kaikat dening perjanjian, tirakat, utawi garis keturunan kagem nindakake tugas tartamtu. Khodam uga benten kaliyan setan ingkang tujuannipun namung nyasarake manungsa, lan benten kaliyan malaikat ingkang suci saking nafsu sarta mboten saged dipun-perintah dening manungsa biasa minangka abdi pribadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/feeds/apa-arti-khodam-pengertian-pandangan-islam-dan-fenomena-di-masyarakat-a1fdca155b.html|title=Apa Arti Khodam: Pengertian, Pandangan Islam, dan Fenomena di Masyarakat|last=Copied!|first=Fridia Efanny Share Link|date=2026-02-16|website=KapanLagi.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sejarah lan Asal-Usul Konsep ==
Konsep babagan khodam nggadhahi sejarah dawa ingkang ngakar saking tradisi mistisisme lan esoterisme Islam, mligine ing sajeroning aliran Hikmah lan Sufisme. Ing kitab-kitab klasik ilmu hikmah kayata ''Manba' Ushul al-Hikmah'' lan ''Syam al-Ma'arif'' karya Ahmad bin Ali al-Buni, dipun-jelasake bilih saben ayat, huruf, wafaq, utawi asma ingkang dipun-waca kanthi kahanan tartamtu nggadhahi ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang njaga lan ngayomi energi saking amalan kasebat. Tradisi punika ngandharake bilih lumantar tirakat, dzikir, lan pasa, setunggal tiyang saged nggayuh panyelarasan energi kaliyan khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Jin Dalam Tafsir Al-Misbah: Analisis Terhadap fenomena Cek Khodam|url=https://digilib.uinkhas.ac.id/42770/|publisher=UIN KIAI HAJI ACHMAD SIDDIQ JEMBER|date=2025-06-17|degree=undergraduate|language=id|first=Nur|last=Azizah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika agama Islam lumebet ing pulo Jawa, konsep hikmah punika ngalami proses akulturasi ingkang lebeting kaliyan kapitayan lokal Kejawen ingkang sadaderipun sampun kandel kaliyan paham animisme lan dinamisme. Tiyang Jawa ing jaman rumiyin sampun keno lan percaya marang anane roh leluhur, danyang panggèn, lan kekuwatan gaib ingkang dumunung ing benda-benda pusaka. Titik temu punika damel konsep khodam gampang dipun-tampa dening masyarakat Jawa, amargi dipun-anggep mboten beda tebih kaliyan konsep pangayoman saking roh leluhur utawi isi gaib ing sajeroning keris lan tombak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ing jaman kerajaan Islam ing Jawa, mligine ing jaman Kesultanan Mataram, panggunaan khodam lan ilmu kanuragan dadi perangan ingkang nunggil ing sajeroning dunya keprajuritan lan kepemimpinan. Para wali, raja, lan prajurit asring nindakake tirakat kanggo njaga katentreman lan kekuatan wilayahipun. Saking prastawa sejarah lan cerita rakyat punika, kapercayan babagan khodam tetep lestari lan owah wujude nganti jaman modern saiki, saking ingkang biyen sifatipun rahasia lan sacral nganti dadi fenomena kabudayan lan budaya populer ing masyarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pande.co.id/religi/1814817286/sudah-cek-khodam-ini-tanggapan-habib-jafar-mengenai-pengertian-khodam-dan-implementasinya-di-zaman-modern|title=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|last=Pranoto|first=Agung Risky|website=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis-Jinis lan Pengelompokan Khodam ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi mistis lan kabudayan Jawa, khodam dipun-elompokake adhedhasar sawetara kategori utama, ing antarane adhedhasar asal-usul, wujud visual, sarta karakter utawi sifat energine. Adhedhasar asal-usulipun, khodam kaperang dadi rong jinis utama, yaiku khodam leluhur lan khodam amalan. Khodam leluhur inggih punika entitas gaib ingkang ngdampingi para tiyang sepuh ing jaman rumiyin, lajeng nurun marang anak, putu, utawi trah keturunan ingkang dipun-pilih adhedhasar keselarasan energi lan sifat batine. Dene khodam amalan inggih punika khodam ingkang dipun-antukake lumantar proses tirakat, pasa, olah batin, maca wewacan zikir utawi mantra tartamtu, sarta lumantar media azimat lan isian saking guru spiritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://diskursusnetwork.com/article/kajian-ilmiah-tentang-khodam|title=Diskursus Network - Portal Berita Terpercaya|website=diskursusnetwork.com|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manawi dipun-tingali saking wujud visual utawi manifestasi gaibipun, khodam nggadhahi maneka werna wujud ingkang nggambarake watak lan kekuwatanipun. Wujud ingkang paling populer ing sajeroning cerita rakyat lan tradisi Jawa inggih punika wujud kewan mitologis utawi simbolis, kayata Macan Putih ingkang nggambarake kewibawaan lan keberanian, Ula ingkang nggambarake ketenangan lan ilmu pangasihan, utawi Garuda lan Naga ingkang nggambarake kekuwatan lan perlindungan dhuwur. Saliyane wujud kewan, wonten uga khodam ingkang kawujud minangka tokoh satria, pangeran, utawa kiai sepuh ingkang nggadhahi wewaton keagamaan lan kabijaksanaan, sarta wujud energi murni ingkang mboten mawujud fisik nanging namung krasa minangka hawa panas utawi adhem ing sakiwa tengene manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Adhedhasar sipat lan karaktere, khodam dipun-bedakake dadi rong golongan gedhe, yaiku khodam putih lan khodam ireng. Khodam putih inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan jin Muslim utawi energi positif ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar amalan-amalan suci, zikir, lan niat ingkang sae. Khodam jinis punika biyasane nuntut panganggone supaya tansah njaga kesucian, nindakake ibadah, lan ngendhihi tumindak ala. Kosok baline, khodam ireng inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan jin negatif utawi sekutu syaitan ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar ritual-ritual ngelmu ireng, tumbal, utawi perikatan sekutu ingkang nyleweng saking ajaran agama. Khodam ireng punika biyasane menehi kekuatan kanthi cepet nanging nuntut pituwas utawi akibat negatif ingkang dhuwur marang jiwa lan uripe panganggo ing tembe mburi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Tata Cara Medhar lan Pitukon ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi Kejawen lan esoterisme Jawa, proses kagem nggayuh utawi ngundhakake sesambungan kaliyan khodam mbutuhake tata cara lan pitukon tartamtu ingkang sifatipun abot lan mbutuhake kasedyataan batin. Salah satunggaling cara utama ingkang asring dipun-tindakake inggih punika tirakat lumantar maneka jinis pasa tradisional. Pasa Mutih, ingkang tegesipun namung nedha sekul pethak lan ngombe banyu bening tanpa sarem utawi bumbu liyane, dipun-yakini saged ngresiki hawa napsu lan nyucikake energi ragawi supados saged selaras kaliyan energi alus saking khodam. Saliyane mutih, wonten uga tradisi pasa Ngebleng lan Patigeni, ing ngendi tiyang ingkang nindakake tirakat mboten nedha, mboten ngombe, lan nyendheken piyambak ing sajeroning kamar ingkang peteng ndhedhet tanpa wonten cahya sethithik wae kagem nglatih ketajaman mripat batin lan kekuatan mental nalika adhep-adhepan kaliyan alam gaib.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Saliyane olah raga lan olah batin lumantar pasa, wewacan lan panggunaan sarana fisik uga dadi bagian wigati ing sajeroning tradisi ilmu hikmah lan kejawen. Panggunaan Isim, Wafaq, lan Azimat minangka sarana tertulis ingkang ngandhut rajah, kombinaasi huruf Arab, utawi simbol-simbol esoteris asring dipun-damel dening para praktisi spiritual minangka &quot;omah&quot; utawi wadah panyimpenan energi khodam. Wafaq punika dipun-serat nggunakake mangsi khusus ingkang kawentar kayata minyak za'faran lan misik ing dina lan jam tartamtu ingkang dipun-anggep ngandhut energi astral ingkang kuat. Sarana punika lajeng dipun-wacakake wewacan donga, asmaul husna, utawi mantra Jawa saking ewonan nganti yutaan ambalan kagem ngisi utawi ngundang pangaruh khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Proses pungkasan lan paling wigati ing sajeroning pangembangan khodam amalan utawi isian inggih punika panyelarasan energi utawi ingkang asring dipun-sebut minangka pangijasahan lan penyelarasan batin. Pangijasahan punika minangka proses transfer panguwasa utawi hak panggunaan amalan saking setunggal guru spiritual (mursyid utawi wong tua) marang muridipun. Ing proses punika, sang guru boten namung ngulungake wewacan utawi benda pusaka, nanging uga nindakake penguncian lan panyelarasan energi batin supados khodam ingkang dipun-maksud saged nampa lan manut marang sang pemilik anyar tanpa damel guncangan jiwa utawi gangguan kesehatan fisik lan mental marang tiyang ingkang nampa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Fungsi ==
Ing sajeroning kauripan sosial lan tradisi kapercayan masyarakat Jawa sarta Nusantara lumrahé, khodam dipun-yakini nggadhahi maneka warna fungsi utama ingkang ngewahi caranipun tiyang sesambungan kaliyan alam gaib. Salah satunggaling fungsi ingkang paling populer inggih punika minangka sarana kanuragan lan pangayoman (perlindungan gaib). Khodam ingkang sipatipun kados dene pahlawan, prajurit, utawi kewan galak kayata macan dipun-percaya saged nyedhiyakake tameng batin kagem panganggone, kayata ngandhasake kekuwatan fisik, ngalangi pangaruh sihir, santet, lan guna-guna, sarta nglindhungi saking marabaya kasat mripat utawi mboten kasat mripat. Ing jaman rumiyin, kapercayan punika asring dipun-eman-eman dening para prajurit lan pemimpin perang kagem njaga katentreman dhiri lan wewengkonipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Saliyane kanggo panggayuh kekuwatan lan benteng dhiri, khodam uga asring dipun-manfaatake kagem urusan pambuka dalan kauripan sosial, kayata ilmu pengasihan, kewibawaan, lan karisma. Khodam ingkang nggadhahi energi adhem lan alus dipun-percaya saged ngowahi daya tarik spiritual setunggal tiyang, saengga luwih dipun-seni, dipun-urmati, lan dipun-gugu dening tiyang kathah. Ing dunya perdagangan utawi kepemimpinan tradisional, pangaruh khodam jinis punika dipun-anggep saged nuntun swasana ati lan pikiran tiyang liyane supados luwih gampang nyerep pitutur, percaya, lan nyerap rasa welas asih marang tiyang ingkang ngadhahi khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nanging, panggunaan lan kawontenan khodam ing sajeroning ragane manungsa ugi nggadhahi pangaruh ingkang kompleks marang kahanan fisik, mental, lan spiritualipun. Ing sisih positif, tiyang ingkang selaras kaliyan khodam putih asring krasa luwih percaya dhiri, gadhah daya tahan awak ingkang luwih kuat, lan luwih sregep nglakoni tirakat ibadah. Kosok baline, manawi enggun-enggunan energi antarane khodam lan manungsa mboten cocok—utawi manawi khodam ingkang dipun-agem asale saking golongan ireng punika saged nuwuhake pangaruh negatif ingkang mbebayani. Pangaruh punika saged wujud emosi ingkang mboten stabil, gampang duka, penyakit fisik ingkang mboten saged dipun-priksa kanthi medis, nganti gangguan jiwa lan angelipun proses sakaratul maut nalika sampun sepuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

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      <text bytes="15526" sha1="90jqtor4llw6hrlrkw33u5p8tm0n9md" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa Arab, inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme Islam lan kabudayan Jawa, teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados [[pelayan]] ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan ngabdi marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi amalan tartamtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fuadi|first=Muhamad Hanif Fuadi|last2=Ramadhanita|first2=Frista Fitriany|date=2025-06-30|title=Komodifikasi Agama dalam Era Digital (Studi Etnografi Virtual Fenomena Cek Khodam di Media Sosial)|url=https://jurnal.tazkia.ac.id/index.php/komunikan/article/view/439|journal=Jurnal komunikan|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=31–44|doi=10.30993/jurnalkomunikan.v4i1.439|issn=3024-8663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5886398/memahami-arti-khodam-makhluk-gaib-dalam-kepercayaan-spiritual|title=Memahami Arti Khodam: Makhluk Gaib dalam Kepercayaan Spiritual|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-02-24|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sajroning kapercayan Kejawen lan filsafat mistis Jawa, khodam dipun-anggep minangka wujud interaksi antarane alam fisik karo alam halus. Wong Jawa kagungan panemu bilih alam semesta punika dumadi saking rong perangan ingkang nunggal, yaiku Jagad Ageng minangka makrokosmos lan Jagad Alit minangka mikrokosmos. Khodam dipun-posisikake minangka jembatan utawi manifestasi energi alam ingkang nunggil ing sajroning Jagad Alit manungsa. Ing tradisi punika, khodam mboten mesthi dipun-anggep minangka barang ingkang ala utawi medeni, nanging asring dipun-anggep minangka pamong utawi kanca gaib ingkang ngiyatake posisi spiritual manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanadyan asring dipun-anggep padha, khodam nggadhahi pambeda ingkang cetha mawi entitas astral liyane kayata jin biasa, setan, lan malaikat. Jin biasa nggadhahi kaperluan urip piyambak kayata omah lan kulawarga sarta nggadhahi kehendak bebas, dene khodam punika entitas ingkang sampun kaikat dening perjanjian, tirakat, utawi garis keturunan kagem nindakake tugas tartamtu. Khodam uga benten kaliyan setan ingkang tujuannipun namung nyasarake manungsa, lan benten kaliyan malaikat ingkang suci saking nafsu sarta mboten saged dipun-perintah dening manungsa biasa minangka abdi pribadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/feeds/apa-arti-khodam-pengertian-pandangan-islam-dan-fenomena-di-masyarakat-a1fdca155b.html|title=Apa Arti Khodam: Pengertian, Pandangan Islam, dan Fenomena di Masyarakat|last=Copied!|first=Fridia Efanny Share Link|date=2026-02-16|website=KapanLagi.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sejarah lan Asal-Usul Konsep ==
Konsep babagan khodam nggadhahi sejarah dawa ingkang ngakar saking tradisi mistisisme lan esoterisme Islam, mligine ing sajeroning aliran Hikmah lan Sufisme. Ing kitab-kitab klasik ilmu hikmah kayata ''Manba' Ushul al-Hikmah'' lan ''Syam al-Ma'arif'' karya Ahmad bin Ali al-Buni, dipun-jelasake bilih saben ayat, huruf, wafaq, utawi asma ingkang dipun-waca kanthi kahanan tartamtu nggadhahi ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang njaga lan ngayomi energi saking amalan kasebat. Tradisi punika ngandharake bilih lumantar tirakat, dzikir, lan pasa, setunggal tiyang saged nggayuh panyelarasan energi kaliyan khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Jin Dalam Tafsir Al-Misbah: Analisis Terhadap fenomena Cek Khodam|url=https://digilib.uinkhas.ac.id/42770/|publisher=UIN KIAI HAJI ACHMAD SIDDIQ JEMBER|date=2025-06-17|degree=undergraduate|language=id|first=Nur|last=Azizah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika agama Islam lumebet ing pulo Jawa, konsep hikmah punika ngalami proses akulturasi ingkang lebeting kaliyan kapitayan lokal Kejawen ingkang sadaderipun sampun kandel kaliyan paham animisme lan dinamisme. Tiyang Jawa ing jaman rumiyin sampun keno lan percaya marang anane roh leluhur, danyang panggèn, lan kekuwatan gaib ingkang dumunung ing benda-benda pusaka. Titik temu punika damel konsep khodam gampang dipun-tampa dening masyarakat Jawa, amargi dipun-anggep mboten beda tebih kaliyan konsep pangayoman saking roh leluhur utawi isi gaib ing sajeroning keris lan tombak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ing jaman kerajaan Islam ing Jawa, mligine ing jaman Kesultanan Mataram, panggunaan khodam lan ilmu kanuragan dadi perangan ingkang nunggil ing sajeroning dunya keprajuritan lan kepemimpinan. Para wali, raja, lan prajurit asring nindakake tirakat kanggo njaga katentreman lan kekuatan wilayahipun. Saking prastawa sejarah lan cerita rakyat punika, kapercayan babagan khodam tetep lestari lan owah wujude nganti jaman modern saiki, saking ingkang biyen sifatipun rahasia lan sacral nganti dadi fenomena kabudayan lan budaya populer ing masyarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pande.co.id/religi/1814817286/sudah-cek-khodam-ini-tanggapan-habib-jafar-mengenai-pengertian-khodam-dan-implementasinya-di-zaman-modern|title=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|last=Pranoto|first=Agung Risky|website=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis-Jinis lan Pengelompokan Khodam ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi mistis lan kabudayan Jawa, khodam dipun-elompokake adhedhasar sawetara kategori utama, ing antarane adhedhasar asal-usul, wujud visual, sarta karakter utawi sifat energine. Adhedhasar asal-usulipun, khodam kaperang dadi rong jinis utama, yaiku khodam leluhur lan khodam amalan. Khodam leluhur inggih punika entitas gaib ingkang ngdampingi para tiyang sepuh ing jaman rumiyin, lajeng nurun marang anak, putu, utawi trah keturunan ingkang dipun-pilih adhedhasar keselarasan energi lan sifat batine. Dene khodam amalan inggih punika khodam ingkang dipun-antukake lumantar proses tirakat, pasa, olah batin, maca wewacan zikir utawi mantra tartamtu, sarta lumantar media azimat lan isian saking guru spiritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://diskursusnetwork.com/article/kajian-ilmiah-tentang-khodam|title=Diskursus Network - Portal Berita Terpercaya|website=diskursusnetwork.com|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manawi dipun-tingali saking wujud visual utawi manifestasi gaibipun, khodam nggadhahi maneka werna wujud ingkang nggambarake watak lan kekuwatanipun. Wujud ingkang paling populer ing sajeroning cerita rakyat lan tradisi Jawa inggih punika wujud kewan mitologis utawi simbolis, kayata Macan Putih ingkang nggambarake kewibawaan lan keberanian, Ula ingkang nggambarake ketenangan lan ilmu pangasihan, utawi Garuda lan Naga ingkang nggambarake kekuwatan lan perlindungan dhuwur. Saliyane wujud kewan, wonten uga khodam ingkang kawujud minangka tokoh satria, pangeran, utawa kiai sepuh ingkang nggadhahi wewaton keagamaan lan kabijaksanaan, sarta wujud energi murni ingkang mboten mawujud fisik nanging namung krasa minangka hawa panas utawi adhem ing sakiwa tengene manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Adhedhasar sipat lan karaktere, khodam dipun-bedakake dadi rong golongan gedhe, yaiku khodam putih lan khodam ireng. Khodam putih inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan jin Muslim utawi energi positif ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar amalan-amalan suci, zikir, lan niat ingkang sae. Khodam jinis punika biyasane nuntut panganggone supaya tansah njaga kesucian, nindakake ibadah, lan ngendhihi tumindak ala. Kosok baline, khodam ireng inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan jin negatif utawi sekutu syaitan ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar ritual-ritual ngelmu ireng, tumbal, utawi perikatan sekutu ingkang nyleweng saking ajaran agama. Khodam ireng punika biyasane menehi kekuatan kanthi cepet nanging nuntut pituwas utawi akibat negatif ingkang dhuwur marang jiwa lan uripe panganggo ing tembe mburi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Tata Cara Medhar lan Pitukon ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi Kejawen lan esoterisme Jawa, proses kagem nggayuh utawi ngundhakake sesambungan kaliyan khodam mbutuhake tata cara lan pitukon tartamtu ingkang sifatipun abot lan mbutuhake kasedyataan batin. Salah satunggaling cara utama ingkang asring dipun-tindakake inggih punika tirakat lumantar maneka jinis pasa tradisional. Pasa Mutih, ingkang tegesipun namung nedha sekul pethak lan ngombe banyu bening tanpa sarem utawi bumbu liyane, dipun-yakini saged ngresiki hawa napsu lan nyucikake energi ragawi supados saged selaras kaliyan energi alus saking khodam. Saliyane mutih, wonten uga tradisi pasa Ngebleng lan Patigeni, ing ngendi tiyang ingkang nindakake tirakat mboten nedha, mboten ngombe, lan nyendheken piyambak ing sajeroning kamar ingkang peteng ndhedhet tanpa wonten cahya sethithik wae kagem nglatih ketajaman mripat batin lan kekuatan mental nalika adhep-adhepan kaliyan alam gaib.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Saliyane olah raga lan olah batin lumantar pasa, wewacan lan panggunaan sarana fisik uga dadi bagian wigati ing sajeroning tradisi ilmu hikmah lan kejawen. Panggunaan Isim, Wafaq, lan Azimat minangka sarana tertulis ingkang ngandhut rajah, kombinaasi huruf Arab, utawi simbol-simbol esoteris asring dipun-damel dening para praktisi spiritual minangka &quot;omah&quot; utawi wadah panyimpenan energi khodam. Wafaq punika dipun-serat nggunakake mangsi khusus ingkang kawentar kayata minyak za'faran lan misik ing dina lan jam tartamtu ingkang dipun-anggep ngandhut energi astral ingkang kuat. Sarana punika lajeng dipun-wacakake wewacan donga, asmaul husna, utawi mantra Jawa saking ewonan nganti yutaan ambalan kagem ngisi utawi ngundang pangaruh khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Proses pungkasan lan paling wigati ing sajeroning pangembangan khodam amalan utawi isian inggih punika panyelarasan energi utawi ingkang asring dipun-sebut minangka pangijasahan lan penyelarasan batin. Pangijasahan punika minangka proses transfer panguwasa utawi hak panggunaan amalan saking setunggal guru spiritual (mursyid utawi wong tua) marang muridipun. Ing proses punika, sang guru boten namung ngulungake wewacan utawi benda pusaka, nanging uga nindakake penguncian lan panyelarasan energi batin supados khodam ingkang dipun-maksud saged nampa lan manut marang sang pemilik anyar tanpa damel guncangan jiwa utawi gangguan kesehatan fisik lan mental marang tiyang ingkang nampa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Fungsi ==
Ing sajeroning kauripan sosial lan tradisi kapercayan masyarakat Jawa sarta Nusantara lumrahé, khodam dipun-yakini nggadhahi maneka warna fungsi utama ingkang ngewahi caranipun tiyang sesambungan kaliyan alam gaib. Salah satunggaling fungsi ingkang paling populer inggih punika minangka sarana kanuragan lan pangayoman (perlindungan gaib). Khodam ingkang sipatipun kados dene pahlawan, prajurit, utawi kewan galak kayata macan dipun-percaya saged nyedhiyakake tameng batin kagem panganggone, kayata ngandhasake kekuwatan fisik, ngalangi pangaruh sihir, santet, lan guna-guna, sarta nglindhungi saking marabaya kasat mripat utawi mboten kasat mripat. Ing jaman rumiyin, kapercayan punika asring dipun-eman-eman dening para prajurit lan pemimpin perang kagem njaga katentreman dhiri lan wewengkonipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Saliyane kanggo panggayuh kekuwatan lan benteng dhiri, khodam uga asring dipun-manfaatake kagem urusan pambuka dalan kauripan sosial, kayata ilmu pengasihan, kewibawaan, lan karisma. Khodam ingkang nggadhahi energi adhem lan alus dipun-percaya saged ngowahi daya tarik spiritual setunggal tiyang, saengga luwih dipun-seni, dipun-urmati, lan dipun-gugu dening tiyang kathah. Ing dunya perdagangan utawi kepemimpinan tradisional, pangaruh khodam jinis punika dipun-anggep saged nuntun swasana ati lan pikiran tiyang liyane supados luwih gampang nyerep pitutur, percaya, lan nyerap rasa welas asih marang tiyang ingkang ngadhahi khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nanging, panggunaan lan kawontenan khodam ing sajeroning ragane manungsa ugi nggadhahi pangaruh ingkang kompleks marang kahanan fisik, mental, lan spiritualipun. Ing sisih positif, tiyang ingkang selaras kaliyan khodam putih asring krasa luwih percaya dhiri, gadhah daya tahan awak ingkang luwih kuat, lan luwih sregep nglakoni tirakat ibadah. Kosok baline, manawi enggun-enggunan energi antarane khodam lan manungsa mboten cocok—utawi manawi khodam ingkang dipun-agem asale saking golongan ireng punika saged nuwuhake pangaruh negatif ingkang mbebayani. Pangaruh punika saged wujud emosi ingkang mboten stabil, gampang duka, penyakit fisik ingkang mboten saged dipun-priksa kanthi medis, nganti gangguan jiwa lan angelipun proses sakaratul maut nalika sampun sepuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

== Sudut Pandang Agama, Filosofi, lan Modernitas ==
Ing sajeroning sudut pandang keagamaan, mligine ajaran Islam, fenomena babagan khodam nggadhahi wawas ingkang maneka warna nanging tetep adhedhasar watesan tauhid lan aqidah. Para ulama lan ahli fiqh lumrahé ngelingake bilih nyuwun pitulungan utawi njelarasake hubungan kaliyan makhluk gaib kayata jin lan khodam nggadhahi risiko ingkang ageng tumrap keimanan manungsa, amargi saged ngarah marang perbuatan syirik lan ''isti'adzah'' utawi panyuwunan pitulungan marang saliyane Gusti Allah. Nanging, ing sajeroning tradisi pesantren lan aliran esoterisme ilmu hikmah, wonten pandangan ingkang luwih longgar marang panggunaan ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang kawujud saking berkah wewacan ayat suci al-Qur'an lan asmaul husna. Nanging, mayoritas ulama tetep nyarani supaya manungsa namung gumantung lan nyuwun pitulungan murni marang Gusti Kang Maha Kuwaos tanpa nggunakake perantara makhluk gaib pribadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Saking sudut pandang filosofi Kejawen lan kearifan lokal Jawa, khodam dipun-posisikake minangka simbol spektrum panyelarasan antarane manungsa kaliyan jagad raya. Tiyang Jawa ingkang nggayuh kabijaksanaan batin mboten nyawang khodam minangka alat kagem kesombongan utawi pamer kekuatan, nanging minangka kaca benggala kagem ngawasake dhiri (''muhasabah'') lan njaga keselarasan ing sajeroning konsep ''Manunggaling Kawula Gusti''. Kasucian niat, kabersihan batin, lan kaselarasan panggayuh rasa dados syarat utama panggunaan energi spiritual. Ing piwulang Jawi, kekuwatan gaib punika namung wujud godhaan utawi kembangan ing sajeroning dalan luhur ngayuh kasempurnaan urip, saengga tiyang ingkang sampun mumpuni ing babagan batin bakal nilaraken ketaatan marang bentuk-bentuk panyembahan utawi pangaruh entitas njawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ing jaman modern punika, pangaruh lan pangerten babagan khodam ngalami owah-owahan ingkang drastis amargi pangaruh teknologi informasi, media sosial, lan budaya populer. Fenomena mistis ingkang ing jaman rumiyin bersifat rahasia, tertutup, lan butuh tirakat abot, saiki wis mlebu ing dunya digital kayata tren ''Cek Khodam Online'' lan konten interaktif ing macem-macem platform media sosial. Owah-owahan punika ngowahi persepsi masyarakat, saking pandangan ingkang kebak rasa ajrih lan kesakralan dadi bentuk hiburan, komodifikasi budaya, lan konsumsi pop-culture. Sanadyan panggunaan digital punika asring namung minangka permainan humor utawi simulasi teknologi, fenomena kasebat nuduhake bilih kapercayan lan narasi babagan khodam tetep gadhah papan ing sajeroning daya tarik lan imajinasi kolektif masyarakat Nusantara nganti jaman saiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

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      <text bytes="15710" sha1="qbbb8h2n2wckifu59fg8of7hr7cn3to" xml:space="preserve">'''Khodam''' iku tembung ingkang dipun-serap saking basa [[Arab Saudi|Arab]], inggih punika ''khadim'', ingkang tegesipun juru saos, pembantu, utawi tiyang ingkang nindakake pakaryan kagem tiyang liyane kanthi rasa bekti. Wonten ing sajeroning tradisi esoterisme [[Islam]] lan [[kabudayan Jawa]], teges punika ngalami owah-owahan makna ingkang luwih spesifik. Khodam mboten malih tegesipun minangka manungsa ingkang dados [[pelayan]] ing alam nyata, nanging katetepake minangka makhluk gaib utawi entitas astral ingkang ngdampingi, njaga, lan [[ngabdi]] marang manungsa ingkang nggadhahi sarana utawi [[amalan]] tartamtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fuadi|first=Muhamad Hanif Fuadi|last2=Ramadhanita|first2=Frista Fitriany|date=2025-06-30|title=Komodifikasi Agama dalam Era Digital (Studi Etnografi Virtual Fenomena Cek Khodam di Media Sosial)|url=https://jurnal.tazkia.ac.id/index.php/komunikan/article/view/439|journal=Jurnal komunikan|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=31–44|doi=10.30993/jurnalkomunikan.v4i1.439|issn=3024-8663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5886398/memahami-arti-khodam-makhluk-gaib-dalam-kepercayaan-spiritual|title=Memahami Arti Khodam: Makhluk Gaib dalam Kepercayaan Spiritual|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-02-24|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sajroning kapercayan Kejawen lan filsafat mistis Jawa, khodam dipun-anggep minangka wujud interaksi antarane alam fisik karo alam halus. Wong Jawa kagungan panemu bilih alam semesta punika dumadi saking rong perangan ingkang nunggal, yaiku [[Jagad Ageng]] minangka [[makrokosmos]] lan [[Jagad Alit]] minangka [[mikrokosmos]]. Khodam dipun-posisikake minangka jembatan utawi manifestasi energi alam ingkang nunggil ing sajroning Jagad Alit manungsa. Ing tradisi punika, khodam mboten mesthi dipun-anggep minangka barang ingkang ala utawi medeni, nanging asring dipun-anggep minangka pamong utawi kanca gaib ingkang ngiyatake posisi spiritual [[manungsa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanadyan asring dipun-anggep padha, khodam nggadhahi pambeda ingkang cetha mawi entitas [[astral]] liyane kayata jin biasa, [[Sétan|setan]], lan [[Malaékat|malaikat]]. Jin biasa nggadhahi kaperluan urip piyambak kayata omah lan kulawarga sarta nggadhahi kehendak bebas, dene khodam punika entitas ingkang sampun kaikat dening perjanjian, tirakat, utawi garis keturunan kagem nindakake tugas tartamtu. Khodam uga benten kaliyan setan ingkang tujuannipun namung nyasarake manungsa, lan benten kaliyan malaikat ingkang suci saking nafsu sarta mboten saged dipun-perintah dening manungsa biasa minangka abdi pribadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/feeds/apa-arti-khodam-pengertian-pandangan-islam-dan-fenomena-di-masyarakat-a1fdca155b.html|title=Apa Arti Khodam: Pengertian, Pandangan Islam, dan Fenomena di Masyarakat|last=Copied!|first=Fridia Efanny Share Link|date=2026-02-16|website=KapanLagi.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sejarah lan Asal-Usul Konsep ==
Konsep babagan khodam nggadhahi sejarah dawa ingkang ngakar saking tradisi [[mistisisme]] lan [[esoterisme]] Islam, mligine ing sajeroning aliran Hikmah lan [[Sufisme]]. Ing kitab-kitab klasik ilmu hikmah kayata ''Manba' Ushul al-Hikmah'' lan ''Syam al-Ma'arif'' karya Ahmad bin Ali al-Buni, dipun-jelasake bilih saben ayat, huruf, wafaq, utawi asma ingkang dipun-waca kanthi kahanan tartamtu nggadhahi ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang njaga lan ngayomi energi saking amalan kasebat. Tradisi punika ngandharake bilih lumantar tirakat, dzikir, lan pasa, setunggal tiyang saged nggayuh panyelarasan energi kaliyan khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Jin Dalam Tafsir Al-Misbah: Analisis Terhadap fenomena Cek Khodam|url=https://digilib.uinkhas.ac.id/42770/|publisher=UIN KIAI HAJI ACHMAD SIDDIQ JEMBER|date=2025-06-17|degree=undergraduate|language=id|first=Nur|last=Azizah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika agama Islam lumebet ing [[Jawa|pulo Jawa]], konsep hikmah punika ngalami proses [[akulturasi]] ingkang lebeting kaliyan kapitayan lokal Kejawen ingkang sadaderipun sampun kandel kaliyan paham animisme lan dinamisme. Tiyang Jawa ing jaman rumiyin sampun keno lan percaya marang anane roh leluhur, danyang panggèn, lan kekuwatan gaib ingkang dumunung ing benda-benda pusaka. Titik temu punika damel konsep khodam gampang dipun-tampa dening masyarakat Jawa, amargi dipun-anggep mboten beda tebih kaliyan konsep pangayoman saking roh leluhur utawi isi gaib ing sajeroning keris lan tombak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ing jaman kerajaan Islam ing Jawa, mligine ing jaman Kesultanan Mataram, panggunaan khodam lan ilmu kanuragan dadi perangan ingkang nunggil ing sajeroning dunya keprajuritan lan kepemimpinan. Para [[wali]], raja, lan prajurit asring nindakake tirakat kanggo njaga katentreman lan kekuatan wilayahipun. Saking prastawa sejarah lan cerita rakyat punika, kapercayan babagan khodam tetep lestari lan owah wujude nganti jaman modern saiki, saking ingkang biyen sifatipun rahasia lan sacral nganti dadi fenomena kabudayan lan budaya populer ing masyarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pande.co.id/religi/1814817286/sudah-cek-khodam-ini-tanggapan-habib-jafar-mengenai-pengertian-khodam-dan-implementasinya-di-zaman-modern|title=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|last=Pranoto|first=Agung Risky|website=Sudah Cek Khodam? Ini Tanggapan Habib Ja’far Mengenai Pengertian Khodam Dan Implementasinya Di Zaman Modern - Pande|language=id|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis-Jinis lan Pengelompokan Khodam ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi mistis lan kabudayan Jawa, khodam dipun-elompokake adhedhasar sawetara kategori utama, ing antarane adhedhasar asal-usul, wujud visual, sarta karakter utawi sifat energine. Adhedhasar asal-usulipun, khodam kaperang dadi rong jinis utama, yaiku khodam leluhur lan khodam amalan. Khodam leluhur inggih punika entitas gaib ingkang ngdampingi para tiyang sepuh ing jaman rumiyin, lajeng nurun marang anak, putu, utawi trah keturunan ingkang dipun-pilih adhedhasar keselarasan energi lan sifat batine. Dene khodam amalan inggih punika khodam ingkang dipun-antukake lumantar proses tirakat, pasa, olah batin, maca wewacan [[zikir]] utawi [[mantra]] tartamtu, sarta lumantar media azimat lan isian saking guru spiritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://diskursusnetwork.com/article/kajian-ilmiah-tentang-khodam|title=Diskursus Network - Portal Berita Terpercaya|website=diskursusnetwork.com|access-date=2026-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manawi dipun-tingali saking wujud visual utawi manifestasi gaibipun, khodam nggadhahi maneka werna wujud ingkang nggambarake watak lan kekuwatanipun. Wujud ingkang paling populer ing sajeroning cerita rakyat lan tradisi Jawa inggih punika wujud kewan mitologis utawi simbolis, kayata [[Macan Putih]] ingkang nggambarake kewibawaan lan keberanian, Ula ingkang nggambarake ketenangan lan ilmu pangasihan, utawi Garuda lan Naga ingkang nggambarake kekuwatan lan perlindungan dhuwur. Saliyane wujud kewan, wonten uga khodam ingkang kawujud minangka tokoh satria, pangeran, utawa kiai sepuh ingkang nggadhahi wewaton keagamaan lan kabijaksanaan, sarta wujud energi murni ingkang mboten mawujud fisik nanging namung krasa minangka hawa panas utawi adhem ing sakiwa tengene manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Adhedhasar sipat lan karaktere, khodam dipun-bedakake dadi rong golongan gedhe, yaiku khodam putih lan khodam ireng. Khodam putih inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan jin Muslim utawi energi positif ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar amalan-amalan suci, zikir, lan niat ingkang sae. Khodam jinis punika biyasane nuntut panganggone supaya tansah njaga kesucian, nindakake ibadah, lan ngendhihi tumindak ala. Kosok baline, khodam ireng inggih punika khodam ingkang asale saking golongan [[jin]] negatif utawi sekutu syaitan ingkang dipun-tarik lumantar ritual-ritual ngelmu ireng, tumbal, utawi perikatan sekutu ingkang nyleweng saking ajaran agama. Khodam ireng punika biyasane menehi kekuatan kanthi cepet nanging nuntut pituwas utawi akibat negatif ingkang dhuwur marang jiwa lan uripe panganggo ing tembe mburi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Tata Cara Medhar lan Pitukon ==
Ing sajeroning tradisi Kejawen lan esoterisme Jawa, proses kagem nggayuh utawi ngundhakake sesambungan kaliyan khodam mbutuhake tata cara lan pitukon tartamtu ingkang sifatipun abot lan mbutuhake kasedyataan batin. Salah satunggaling cara utama ingkang asring dipun-tindakake inggih punika tirakat lumantar maneka jinis pasa tradisional. Pasa Mutih, ingkang tegesipun namung nedha sekul pethak lan ngombe banyu bening tanpa sarem utawi bumbu liyane, dipun-yakini saged ngresiki hawa napsu lan nyucikake energi ragawi supados saged selaras kaliyan energi alus saking khodam. Saliyane mutih, wonten uga tradisi pasa [[Ngebleng]] lan [[Patigeni]], ing ngendi tiyang ingkang nindakake tirakat mboten nedha, mboten ngombe, lan nyendheken piyambak ing sajeroning kamar ingkang peteng ndhedhet tanpa wonten cahya sethithik wae kagem nglatih ketajaman mripat batin lan kekuatan mental nalika adhep-adhepan kaliyan alam gaib.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Saliyane olah raga lan olah batin lumantar pasa, wewacan lan panggunaan sarana fisik uga dadi bagian wigati ing sajeroning tradisi ilmu hikmah lan kejawen. Panggunaan [[Isim]], [[Wafaq]], lan [[Azimat]] minangka sarana tertulis ingkang ngandhut rajah, kombinaasi huruf Arab, utawi simbol-simbol esoteris asring dipun-damel dening para praktisi spiritual minangka &quot;[[omah]]&quot; utawi wadah panyimpenan energi khodam. [[Wafaq]] punika dipun-serat nggunakake mangsi khusus ingkang kawentar kayata minyak za'faran lan misik ing dina lan jam tartamtu ingkang dipun-anggep ngandhut energi astral ingkang kuat. Sarana punika lajeng dipun-wacakake wewacan donga, asmaul husna, utawi mantra Jawa saking ewonan nganti yutaan ambalan kagem ngisi utawi ngundang pangaruh khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Proses pungkasan lan paling wigati ing sajeroning pangembangan khodam amalan utawi isian inggih punika panyelarasan energi utawi ingkang asring dipun-sebut minangka pangijasahan lan penyelarasan batin. Pangijasahan punika minangka proses transfer panguwasa utawi hak panggunaan amalan saking setunggal guru spiritual (mursyid utawi wong tua) marang muridipun. Ing proses punika, sang guru boten namung ngulungake wewacan utawi benda pusaka, nanging uga nindakake penguncian lan panyelarasan energi batin supados khodam ingkang dipun-maksud saged nampa lan manut marang sang pemilik anyar tanpa damel guncangan jiwa utawi gangguan kesehatan fisik lan mental marang tiyang ingkang nampa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Fungsi ==
Ing sajeroning kauripan sosial lan tradisi kapercayan masyarakat Jawa sarta Nusantara lumrahé, khodam dipun-yakini nggadhahi maneka warna fungsi utama ingkang ngewahi caranipun tiyang sesambungan kaliyan alam gaib. Salah satunggaling fungsi ingkang paling populer inggih punika minangka sarana kanuragan lan pangayoman (perlindungan gaib). Khodam ingkang sipatipun kados dene pahlawan, prajurit, utawi kewan galak kayata macan dipun-percaya saged nyedhiyakake tameng batin kagem panganggone, kayata ngandhasake kekuwatan fisik, ngalangi pangaruh sihir, santet, lan guna-guna, sarta nglindhungi saking marabaya kasat mripat utawi mboten kasat mripat. Ing jaman rumiyin, kapercayan punika asring dipun-eman-eman dening para prajurit lan pemimpin perang kagem njaga katentreman dhiri lan wewengkonipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Saliyane kanggo panggayuh kekuwatan lan benteng dhiri, khodam uga asring dipun-manfaatake kagem urusan pambuka dalan kauripan sosial, kayata ilmu pengasihan, kewibawaan, lan karisma. Khodam ingkang nggadhahi energi adhem lan alus dipun-percaya saged ngowahi daya tarik spiritual setunggal tiyang, saengga luwih dipun-seni, dipun-urmati, lan dipun-gugu dening tiyang kathah. Ing dunya perdagangan utawi kepemimpinan tradisional, pangaruh khodam jinis punika dipun-anggep saged nuntun swasana ati lan pikiran tiyang liyane supados luwih gampang nyerep pitutur, percaya, lan nyerap rasa welas asih marang tiyang ingkang ngadhahi khodam kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nanging, panggunaan lan kawontenan khodam ing sajeroning ragane manungsa ugi nggadhahi pangaruh ingkang kompleks marang kahanan fisik, mental, lan spiritualipun. Ing sisih positif, tiyang ingkang selaras kaliyan khodam putih asring krasa luwih percaya dhiri, gadhah daya tahan awak ingkang luwih kuat, lan luwih sregep nglakoni tirakat ibadah. Kosok baline, manawi enggun-enggunan energi antarane khodam lan manungsa mboten cocok—utawi manawi khodam ingkang dipun-agem asale saking golongan ireng punika saged nuwuhake pangaruh negatif ingkang mbebayani. Pangaruh punika saged wujud emosi ingkang mboten stabil, gampang duka, penyakit fisik ingkang mboten saged dipun-priksa kanthi medis, nganti gangguan jiwa lan angelipun proses sakaratul maut nalika sampun sepuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

== Sudut Pandang Agama, Filosofi, lan Modernitas ==
Ing sajeroning sudut pandang keagamaan, mligine ajaran Islam, fenomena babagan khodam nggadhahi wawas ingkang maneka warna nanging tetep adhedhasar watesan tauhid lan aqidah. Para ulama lan ahli fiqh lumrahé ngelingake bilih nyuwun pitulungan utawi njelarasake hubungan kaliyan [[makhluk gaib]] kayata jin lan khodam nggadhahi risiko ingkang ageng tumrap keimanan manungsa, amargi saged ngarah marang perbuatan syirik lan ''isti'adzah'' utawi panyuwunan pitulungan marang saliyane Gusti Allah. Nanging, ing sajeroning tradisi [[Pesantrèn|pesantren]] lan aliran esoterisme [[ilmu hikmah]], wonten pandangan ingkang luwih longgar marang panggunaan ''Muwakkal'' utawi khodam ingkang kawujud saking berkah wewacan ayat suci al-Qur'an lan asmaul husna. Nanging, mayoritas ulama tetep nyarani supaya manungsa namung gumantung lan nyuwun pitulungan murni marang Gusti Kang Maha Kuwaos tanpa nggunakake perantara makhluk gaib pribadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Saking sudut pandang filosofi Kejawen lan kearifan lokal Jawa, khodam dipun-posisikake minangka simbol spektrum panyelarasan antarane manungsa kaliyan jagad raya. Tiyang Jawa ingkang nggayuh kabijaksanaan batin mboten nyawang khodam minangka alat kagem kesombongan utawi pamer kekuatan, nanging minangka kaca benggala kagem ngawasake dhiri (''[[muhasabah]]'') lan njaga keselarasan ing sajeroning konsep ''[[Manunggaling Kawula Gusti]]''. Kasucian niat, kabersihan batin, lan kaselarasan panggayuh rasa dados syarat utama panggunaan energi spiritual. Ing piwulang Jawi, kekuwatan gaib punika namung wujud godhaan utawi kembangan ing sajeroning dalan luhur ngayuh kasempurnaan urip, saengga tiyang ingkang sampun mumpuni ing babagan batin bakal nilaraken ketaatan marang bentuk-bentuk panyembahan utawi pangaruh entitas njawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ing jaman modern punika, pangaruh lan pangerten babagan khodam ngalami owah-owahan ingkang drastis amargi pangaruh teknologi informasi, media sosial, lan budaya populer. Fenomena mistis ingkang ing jaman rumiyin bersifat rahasia, tertutup, lan butuh tirakat abot, saiki wis mlebu ing dunya digital kayata tren ''Cek Khodam Online'' lan konten interaktif ing macem-macem platform media sosial. Owah-owahan punika ngowahi persepsi masyarakat, saking pandangan ingkang kebak rasa ajrih lan kesakralan dadi bentuk hiburan, komodifikasi budaya, lan konsumsi pop-culture. Sanadyan panggunaan digital punika asring namung minangka permainan humor utawi simulasi teknologi, fenomena kasebat nuduhake bilih kapercayan lan narasi babagan khodam tetep gadhah papan ing sajeroning daya tarik lan imajinasi kolektif masyarakat Nusantara nganti jaman saiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cecily Adams</title>
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        <id>3</id>
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      <comment>Rintisan saka [[:en:Cecily Adams|]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="232" sha1="1tzzddwbl052dgqzf9iq7ofjvx3wwfj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Cecily Adams.jpg|thumb|Cecily Adams]]
'''Cecily April Adams''' (6 Fébruari 1958 – 3 Maret 2004) iku aktris Amérika Sarékat.

== Pranala njaba ==
[[Kategori:Lair 1958]]
[[Kategori:Pati 2004]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Prastawa Cikini</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ogidzatul Azis Sueb</username>
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      <comment>Kaca anyar: {{Infobox civilian attack | image = Sukarno, Indonesia Tanah Airku, p5.jpg | caption = Soekarno nalika taun 1952 | alt = Potrèt sakujur awak priya mawa jas sing ngadeg ing ngarep pilar. | date = {{start date and age|1957|11|30|df=yes}} | time = 20.55{{nbsp}}WIB | timezone = [[Wektu Indonésia Kulon|WIB]]; [[UTC+07:00]] | weapon = Granat tangan | location = [[Perguruan Cikini]], [[Jakarta]], Indonésia | coordinates =  | target = [[Soekarno]] | fatalities = 9{{ndash}}11{{efn|nam...</comment>
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      <text bytes="34313" sha1="ks07reqbusl26cljbfy75vzs82vqovr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox civilian attack
| image = Sukarno, Indonesia Tanah Airku, p5.jpg
| caption = Soekarno nalika taun 1952
| alt = Potrèt sakujur awak priya mawa jas sing ngadeg ing ngarep pilar.
| date = {{start date and age|1957|11|30|df=yes}}
| time = 20.55{{nbsp}}WIB
| timezone = [[Wektu Indonésia Kulon|WIB]]; [[UTC+07:00]]
| weapon = Granat tangan
| location = [[Perguruan Cikini]], [[Jakarta]], Indonésia
| coordinates = 
| target = [[Soekarno]]
| fatalities = 9{{ndash}}11{{efn|name=Fatalities}}
| accused = 
| type = [[Prajaya|Upaya pamatèn nganggo granat]]
| charges = 
| perpetrators = {{ubl
|Saadon bin Mohammed
|Tasrif bin Hussein
|Jusuf Ismail
|Moh. Tasin bin Abubakar
}}
}}
'''Prastawa Cikini''', uga misuwur ing Indonésia minangka '''Tragèdhi Cikini''', yaiku sawijining upaya pamatèn marang Présidhèn Indonésia [[Soekarno]]. Nalika tanggal 30 Novèmber 1957, Soekarno rawuh ing pèngetan ambal warsa kaping-15 [[Perguruan Cikini]] ing [[Cikini]], Jakarta, bebarengan karo putrané yaiku [[Guntur Soekarnoputra|Guntur]] lan putriné yaiku [[Megawati Soekarnoputri|Megawati]]. Sawisé adicara rampung, bocah-bocah padha lumebu menyang gedhong sekolah nalika Soekarno mlaku tumuju montor limosiné. Nalika panjenengané ana ing tengahing dalan tumuju kendharaané, limang granat diuncalaké déning sawetara uwong sing ndhelik ana ing satengahing masarakat sing ngubengi Soekarno. Ajudané, Sudarto, kanthi trampil langsung ngglindhingaké Soekarno menyang lemah, banjur makarya bebarengan karo rong pengawal liyané kanggo ngungsiaké Soekarno menyang sawijining gedhong ing sabrang dalan.

Soekarno slamet saka serangan kasebut tanpa tatu lan ngandharaké sesorah cekak ora suwé sawisé iku. Nanging, njeblugé granat-granat mau njalari sawetara uwong ing sacedhaké papan prastawa tilar donya lan puluhan liyané nandhang tatu; sapérangan gedhé korban yaiku bocah-bocah. Militèr Indonésia nangkep luwih saka sewidak uwong nganti pungkasaning sasi Dhésèmber, kanthi papat ing antarané{{mdash}}Saadon bin Mohammed, Tasrif bin Hussein, Jusuf Ismail, lan Moh. Tasin bin Abubakar{{mdash}}dinyatakaké salah ana ing pangadilan nalika taun 1958. Amarga saka serangan iki, sawetara anggota partai Islam [[Masyumi]] padha ngoncati Jakarta tumuju [[Sumatra]], pamaréntah ngendhegaké rembugan karo klompok-klompok pambangkang, lan sentimèn anti-Walanda mundhak. Soekarno, sing mimpin Indonésia nganti taun 1967, ing tembé mburiné percaya yèn [[Badan Intelijen Pusat|Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) mèlu dadi dhalang ing upaya pamatèn marang panjenengané.

== Latar wuri ==
[[Soekarno]] dadi [[Présidhèn Indonésia]] nalika 17 Agustus 1945, yaiku dina nalika panjenengané [[Proklamasi Kamardikan Indonésia|mroklamiraké kamardikan bangsa Indonésia]]. Panjenengané mimpin Indonésia ngliwati [[Revolusi Nasional Indonésia|revolusi nasional suwéné patang taun]] nglawan baliné wadyabala [[NICA|kolonial Walanda]], sing rampung ing sasi Dhésèmber 1949 kanthi [[Konférènsi Mèja Bunder|pangakon resmi]] marang kadhaulatan Indonésia.{{sfn|Hanna|2026}} Nagara iki nerapaké sistem dhémokrasi parlemèntèr, lan ing taun 1955, Indonésia nganakaké [[Pilihan umum lègislatif Indonésia 1955|pilihan umum lègislatif kapisané]].{{sfn|Maslan|2024}} Soekarno tetep ngasta minangka présidhèn, sanadyan panjenengané ngadhepi kritik sing saya mundhak.{{sfn|Hanna|2026}}

Ing wektu sing padha, pamaréntah punjer ngadhepi manéka tantangan marang panguwasané. Klompok-klompok laladan kayadéné [[Dhèwan Banthèng]] lan [[Dhèwan Gajah]] ing [[Sumatra]] nyemprot patrapé pamaréntah marang wewengkon-wewengkon sing kurang tumata ing sanjabané [[Jawa]].{{sfn|Maslan|2024}} Sawetara iku, [[Kraman Darul Islam|kraman DI/TII]] terus perang gaman karo wadyabala pamaréntah sauruting dékade 1950-an sajroning upaya ngadegaké nagara Islam.{{sfn|Dijk|1981|pp=1{{ndash}}3}} Kanggo njamin katentreman nagara, Soekarno ngupaya nggayuh kompromi karo klompok-klompok pambangkang,{{sfn|''The Journal Star''|1957|p=1}} sanadyan panjenengané uga ngrancang konsèp &quot;[[Dhémokrasi Kapimpin ing Indonésia|Dhémokrasi Kapimpin]]&quot; sing diangkah kanggo nyawijèkaké partai-partai politik sing padha pasulayan ing sangisoring pamimpin tunggalé.{{sfn|Hanna|2026}}

== Serangan ==
[[Image:Indonesia 1, Angkatan Darat (1958-06), p7.jpg|alt=Katon ngarep sawijining montor mawa pelat nomer kanthi tulisan &quot;Indonesia&quot;|thumb|Indonesia 1, papan granat kaping telu njeblug]]
Nalika tanggal 30 Novèmber 1957, Présidhèn Soekarno rawuh ing pèngetan ambal warsa kaping-15 [[Perguruan Cikini]] ing Dalan Cikini No. 76 ing [[Cikini]], Jakarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adryamarthanino|Nailufar|2021}}; {{harvnb|''The Age''|1957|p=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika ngendika kaliyan [[Cindy Adams]] ing dékade 1960-an, panjenengané ngèlingi yèn luwih saka limangatus tamu undhangan padha rawuh, bebarengan karo para guru, bocah-bocah, lan éwonan pamirsani.{{sfn|Sukarno|Adams|1966|p=272}} Sajroning adicara lumaku, panjenengané lenggah bebarengan karo putra-putriné, [[Guntur Soekarnoputra|Guntur]] lan [[Megawati Soekarnoputri|Megawati]], sing padha sekolah ing kono,{{sfn|''The Age''|1957|p=1}} sadurungé banjur ngandharaké sesorah.{{sfn|''The Journal Star''|1957|p=1}} Putra kaping teluné, [[Rachmawati Soekarnoputri|Rachmawati]], uga kacathet minangka siswi ing sekolah kasebut nanging ora rawuh.{{sfn|McIntyre|2005|p=142}}

Sawisé adicara rampung, Guntur lan Megawati lumebu manèh menyang gedhong sekolah kanggo nonton filem,{{sfn|McIntyre|2005|p=142}} sawetara Soekarno jéngkar ninggalaké papan kono. Kanthi diubengi déning masarakat akèh, panjenengané mlaku tumuju montor limosiné,{{sfn|Sukarno|Adams|1966|p=272}} sawijining [[Chrysler Imperial]] sing kawentar minangka {{nowrap|Indonesia 1}}.{{sfn|Chandra|2015}} Nalika jam 20.55 [[Wektu Indonésia Kulon]] (WIB), Soekarno ana ing tengahing dalan tumuju montoré.{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=227}} Ora suwé sawisé komandhan pengawalé nguwuh &quot;Hormat!&quot;,{{sfn|Sukarno|Adams|1966|p=272}} keprungu swara sing kawitané dikira swara jledhuran mimis bedhil.&lt;ref name=AB&gt;{{harvnb|''The Age''|1957|p=1}}; {{harvnb|''Battle Creek Enquirer''|1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawijining [[Granat tangan|granat]] tumuli nyusul, dadi sing kapisan saka limang granat sing diuncalaké déning sawetara uwong sing ndhelik ana ing satengahing masarakat.{{sfn|Chandra|2015}}

Ing satengahing kahanan giris kang kedadéyan, granat kaping pindho diuncalaké tumuju Soekarno saka let cedhak.{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=227}} Sang présidhèn banjur diglindhingaké menyang lemah lan dilindhungi déning awaké ajudané, Mayor Sudarto.{{sfn|''Democrat and Chronicle''|1957|p=2}} Bebarengan karo wong loro pengawal liyané, Sudarto banjur nyekel Soekarno lan nggerét panjenengané ngliwati {{nowrap|Indonesia 1}}, sawatara wektu sadurungé njeblugé granat kaping telu ngremukaké pérangan jero montor iku. Granat kaping papat lan kaping lima nyusul, ing ngendi granat pungkasan iku natoni Sudarto lan salah siji pengawal.{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=228}} Nalika diwawancarai déning layang kabar ''Sin Min'' sawisé prastawa kasebut, Sudarto ngèlingi, &quot;Kula gadhah pamanggih boten wonten margi sanès kanggé nylametaken nyawanipun Présidhèn saking bebaya pati punika kejawi ngorbanaken dhiri rumiyin. ... Kula sedaya{{mdash}}Ajun Inspektur Polisi Sudio, anggota polisi Oding [Suhendar], lan kula piyambak{{mdash}}minangka tamèng pungkasan.&quot;{{sfn|Chandra|2015}}

Soekarno digawa nyabrang dalan. Kawitané, panjenengané golèk pangauban ing omahé sawijining warga trah Indonésia-Walanda sadurungé banjur ngalih menyang papan aman liyané. Soekarno ing tembé mburiné ngèlingi, &quot;Aja nganti Présidhèn Indonésia sowan marang Kang Maha Kuwasa ing wewengkon Walanda, mula aku énggal-énggal metu lan golèk papan pangauban liyané.&quot;&lt;!-- ora ngerti pethikan asliné, iki diterjemahaké saka artikel kagandhèng ing basa Inggris --&gt;{{sfn|Sukarno|Adams|1966|p=273}} Sawijining montor cadhangan teka kanggo methuk Soekarno nalika watara jam 22.00 WIB.{{sfn|Sukarno|Adams|1966|p=273}} Amarga ora bisa langsung tumuju [[Pura Merdika|Kraton Merdika]] amarga palang lawang pamotongan ril sepur ditutup, sang présidhèn lan para ajudané muteri dalan-dalan ing Jakarta dhisik.{{sfn|Chandra|2015}} Sawetara iku, Guntur lan Megawati kasil diungsiaké saka sekolah langsung tumuju kraton, papan panjenengané sakloron ngentèni kabar ngenani Soekarno.{{sfn|McIntyre|2005|p=142}}

== Dhampak ==

=== Tanggepan pamaréntah ===
[[Image:Sukarno visiting victim of the Cikini attack, St. Louis Post Dispatch (1957-12-14), p2.jpg|thumb|alt=Gambar ireng-putih wong lanang loro nglumpuk ing sacedhaké paturon papan sawijining bocah gumléthak. Priya ing sisih tengen numpangaké astané ing sadhuwuring sirahé bocah iku.|upright|[[Soekarno]] (tengen) niliki sawijining kurban slamet saka serangan iku]]
Soekarno ora nandhang tatu, samono uga putra-putriné.{{sfn|''The Age''|1957|p=1}} Kawitané, dilapuraké yèn 7 kurban tilar donya ing antarané para warga sing ana ing papan kono, sarta 47 liyané nandhang tatu.{{sfn|''The Age''|1957|p=1}} Ing antarané kurban sing tilar donya, ana rong anggota Pengawal Présidhèn, sawijining wong wadon mbobot, lan sawetara bocah-bocah.{{sfn|Amaruli}} Penthoné Oding nandhang tatu suwèk menga, sawetara Sudarto dirawat ing griya sakit amarga tatu ing sikilé;{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=228}} panjenengané banjur nampa munggah pangkat awit saka tindak-tanduké kasebut.{{sfn|Poulgrain|2020|p=95}} Pamaréntah Indonésia ngimbau para dhokter sing ngayahi tugas supaya lapur menyang [[Griya Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo|Griya Sakit Pusat]] (saiki Griya Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo),{{sfn|''The Journal Star''|1957|p=1}} lan [[Palang Merah Indonesia]] nyuwun pambiyantu [[Donor getih|dhodhor getih]] kanggo nambani para kurban tatu.{{sfn|''The Age''|1957|p=1}} Pambiyantu mèdhis sabanjuré uga disiapaké déning kedhutaan gedhé [[Uni Sovièt]].{{sfn|Brackman|1963|p=242}}

Sawetara jam sawisé serangan iku, Soekarno ngandharaké sesorah lumantar [[Radio Republik Indonesia]], nylani siyaran pagelaran [[wayang]]. Sajroning sesorah cekaké,{{sfn|''Tempo''|1984|p=14}} panjenengané ngaturaké panuwun marang Gusti Kang Maha Kuwasa awit kaslametané dhiriné, ngajak katentreman lan rasa welas asih marang para kurban, sarta nyuwun nyawijining Indonésia.{{sfn|''The Journal Star''|1957|p=1}} Gunggunging kurban mundhak dadi 10 uwong tilar donya lan 137 uwong tatu ing dina candhaké, sing sapérangan gedhé yaiku bocah-bocah.{{sfn|''Democrat and Chronicle''|1957|p=2}} Lapuran cacahing kurban sabanjuré béda-béda, kanthi gunggunging kurban tilar donya watara sanga nganti sewelas uwong.{{efn|name=Fatalities|Sumber sing nyebutaké sanga kurban tilar donya kalebu {{harvtxt|Fischer|1959|p=227}} lan {{harvtxt|Brackman|1963|p=242}}. Sumber sing nyebutaké sepuluh kurban tilar donya kalebu {{harvtxt|''Time''|1957|p=32}}, {{harvtxt|Lararenjana|2021}}, lan {{harvtxt|Sukarno|Adams|1966|p=273}}. Sumber sing nyebutaké sewelas kurban tilar donya kalebu {{harvtxt|''The New York Times''|1960|p=6}}, {{harvtxt|McIntyre|2005|p=142}}, lan {{harvtxt|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=112}}.}} Sawetara iku, lapuran ngenani kurban nandhang tatu ana ing watara 30{{sfn|McIntyre|2005|p=45}} nganti 167 uwong.{{efn|Angka liyané kalebu 48 {{harv|Amaruli}}, 146 {{harv|''The Waco Times-Herald''|1957|p=7}}, lan 150 {{harv|Brackman|1963|p=242}}.}}{{sfn|''Time''|1957|p=32}}

Soekarno ora rawuh ing ngarepé masarakat nganti 4 Dhésèmber, nalika panjenengané niliki para kurban tatu ing griya sakit,{{sfn|''The Macon News''|1957|p=1}} sarta nundhung rancangan rawuh menyang [[Amérika Latin]].{{sfn|O'Sullivan|1994|pp=6{{ndash}}7}} Panjenengané kagèt sanget awit upaya pamatèn kasebut;{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|pp=118{{ndash}}119}} miturut Mahamantri [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]], panjenengané dadi &quot;sayah sacara fisik lan mental&quot;{{sfn|''The Washington Daily News''|1957|p=4}} nganti kélangan konsèntrasi utawa pedhot omongané ing tengahing ukara.{{sfn|Poulgrain|2020|p=189}} Soekarno njupuk préi suwéné sasasi wiwit pungkasaning Dhésèmber. Sajroning mangsa iki, [[Sartono]] ngasta minangka pejabat présidhèn,{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|pp=118{{ndash}}119}} sing naté marahi tuwuhing kabar kabur sing banjur kabantah yèn Soekarno wis dilérodaké.{{sfn|''The Washington Daily News''|1957|p=4}}

=== Panyelidhikan ===
Kawitané, ora ana téndhan (tersangka) sing dilapuraké.{{sfn|''The Journal Star''|1957|p=1}} Militèr Indonésia nindakaké pamadosan kanthi jembar. Nalika tanggal 2 Dhésèmber, para wadyabala mbiwarakaké yèn wong loro wis dicekel kagandhèng serangan kasebut,{{sfn|''The Age''|1957|p=1}} kasusul panangkepan liyané ing dina candhaké.{{sfn|''Intelligencer Journal''|1957|p=25}} Sadurungé pungkasaning Dhésèmber 1957, militèr Indonésia nglaporaké yèn 60 uwong kasil dicekel.{{sfn|''The Waco Times-Herald''|1957|p=7}} Papat nom-noman kasil dititèni minangka palaku panyerangan: Saadon bin Mohammed, Tasrif bin Hussein, Jusuf Ismail, lan Moh. Tasin bin Abubakar.{{sfn|Adryamarthanino|Nailufar|2021}} Para panyerang iki, sing sapérangan gedhé asalé saka [[Kutha Bima|Bima]] utawa [[Sumbawa]], ditemokaké mondhok ing sawijining asrama ing cedhaké sekolah Cikini.{{sfn|Kahin|1999|p=204}} Kabèh mau minangka anggota Gerakan Anti-Komunis (GAK),{{sfn|Kahin|1999|p=204}} lan diprecaya wis kena prabawa déning gerakan [[Darul Islam]].{{sfn|Amaruli}} 

Nalika diinterogasi, para nom-noman mau mratélakaké yèn wis miwiti tata-tata sawetara sasi sadurungé. Kawitané panjenengané padha ngira Soekarno bakal golèk pangauban ing jero montor limosiné, saéngga luwih ngener kendharaan iku lan telat tumindak marang owah-owahan kahanan.{{sfn|Chandra|2015}} Miturut katrangané, Soekarno didadèkaké sasaran amarga dianggep nyengkuyung [[Partai Komunis Indonesia]], sing dianggep ngrugèkaké klompok-klompok Muslim.{{sfn|Amaruli}} Pangadilan diwiwiti nalika April 1958.{{sfn|Kahin|1999|p=204}} Tasrif, salah siji terdakwa, nyemprot Soekarno minangka &quot;mung orator thok&quot; lan wong [[kapir]] sing &quot;kudu dililapké&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;dipethik ing {{harvtxt|Fischer|1959|p=228}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jusuf, sing ing pangadilan dititèni minangka panata serangan,{{sfn|Amaruli}} ngarani Soekarno minangka &quot;pangayom utama kaum Komunis&quot;.{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=229}} Kanca padha terdakwa, Saadon, duwé panemu yèn tumindak kasar bakal nggayuh ancasé luwih cepet tinimbang ngentèni parlemèn.{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=229}} Para nom-noman iku uga mratélakaké yèn wis nglakoni sawetara serangan sadurungé kanggo mujudaké [[Nagara Islam|nagara Islam]] lan wis ngrancang serangan sabanjuré marang para pamimpin nasional liyané. Sajarawan saka Amérika Sarékat, Audrey Kahin, nulis yèn paseksèn para terdakwa ing pangadilan kasebut ana kamungkinan gedhé diarahaké déning pamaréntah.{{sfn|Kahin|1999|p=205}}

[[Image:Trial of Tasrif bin Husein, Angkatan Darat (1958-06), p46.jpg|alt=Gambar ireng-putih sawijining ruangan mawa sawetara méja sing ditata mujudaké aksara &quot;U&quot;. Ing tengahé, sawijining nom-noman mawa klambi putih lenggah ing kursi kayu, ngadhep panel sing dumadi saka priya papat mawa jas.|thumb|Tasrif bin Hussein (tengah) ing pangadilan, {{circa|Juni 1958}}]]
Pangadilan iki diliput kanthi jembar déning pers Indonésia, kanthi paseksèn-paseksèn kacithak kanthi cetha trep kaya asliné.{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=229}} Papat terdakwa dinyatakaké salah.{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=113}} Saadon, Tasrif, lan Jusuf diwènèhi [[Ukun pati ing Indonésia|ukum pati]]. Sawisé [[bandhing|panyuwunan bandhing]] ditolak, panjenengané kabèh dièksekusi déning [[regu témbak]] nalika 28 Mèi 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adryamarthanino|Nailufar|2021}}; {{harvnb|''The New York Times''|1960|p=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana prabédan ing antarané sumber-sumber sing ana ngenani nasibé Tasin. Wartawan [[Arnold Brackman]] nyebutaké yèn Tasin diukum rong puluh taun kunjara;{{sfn|Brackman|1963|p=242}} sajarawan Audrey lan [[George McTurnan Kahin]] nulis yèn panyerang pungkasan iku diukum kunjara saumur urip;{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=113}} sawetara ''Ensiklopedia Sejarah Indonesia'' weton Kamentrian Pendhidhikan nyathet yèn papat panyerang mau kabèh dièksekusi mati.{{sfn|Amaruli}}

Pamaréntah Indonésia niteni pangadeg GAK [[Zulkifli Lubis]], sing sadurungé naté njabat direktur kapisan [[Badan Intelijen Negara]], minangka dhalang ing saburiné prastawa Cikini,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|''The Buffalo News''|1957|p=2}}; {{harvnb|''The Waco Times-Herald''|1957|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=225}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan layang préntah panangkepan banjur diwetokaké nalika 22 Januari 1958.{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=118}} Kancané Lubis, Saleh Ibrahim, uga mèlu diburu. Wong loro mau ora kunjung kecekel, lan padha ngoncati menyang [[Sumatra Kulon]].{{efn|Ing Sumatra, Lubis nggabung karo [[Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia]]. Panjenengané kasil ngoncati panangkepan nganti sawisé Soekarno [[Transisi menyang Orde Baru|dilérodaké]] {{harv|Tirto.id}}. Sanadyan panjenengané ngakoni naté kepethuk karo para palaku, panjenengané mbantah mèlu campur ing serangan iku, lan dakwan marang dhiriné banjur dijabel {{harv|Amaruli}}.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=113}}; {{harvnb|Kahin|1999|p=204}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dhampak ===
Sajroning pamriksan lumaku, partai politik Islam [[Masyumi]] naté dicurigai.{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=114}} Akèh ing antarané para palaku minangka anggota sayap nom-nomané, Gerakan Pemuda Islam Indonesia, lan montor duwèké salah siji anggota partai iku wis dipigunakaké ing serangan kasebut.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kahin|1999|p=204}}; {{harvnb|Lararenjana|2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing pungkasaning Dhésèmber 1957, sawetara pamimpin misuwur partai, kaya déné [[Mohammad Natsir]] lan [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara]], didakwa mèlu campur ing prastawa Cikini déning layang kabar sing kagandhèng karo Partai Komunis utawa [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] (PNI) pimpinan Soekarno. Santeré kampanye anti-Masyumi sing sumebar njalari anggota partai padha diancam lumantar tilpun, tanpa anané intervensi saka pamaréntah Indonésia. Pungkasané, akèh pamimpin partai iku ngoncati Jakarta tumuju Sumatra,{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=118}} amarga kuwatir marang kaslametané nyawané.{{sfn|Fischer|1959|p=230}} Tokoh-tokoh iki kalebu [[Burhanuddin Harahap]] lan Sjafruddin ing Dhésèmber 1957 sarta Natsir ing Januari 1958.{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=118}} 

Amarga prastawa Cikini kedadéyan ora suwé sawisé [[Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] gagal nglolosaké résolusi Indonésia kagandhèng [[Pasulayan Irian Kulon|pasulayané]] sing isih lumaku karo Walanda babagan [[Irian Kulon]],{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|p=249}} pers Indonésia nggandhèngaké kedadéyan iku karo krisis sing lagi lumaku. Sawijining tajuk rencana ing layang kabar ''[[Suluh Indonesia]]'', upaminé, duwé panemu yèn serangan iku &quot;ngiyataké kayakinan yèn anasir-anasir ngrusak kepéngin nggempur Républik Indonésia&quot;.{{sfn|Lewis|1963|p=77}} Sadina sawisé serangan, pamaréntah nglarang babaran mawa basa Walanda lan njabel hak ndharat maskapé pamaburan Walanda, [[KLM]].{{sfn|Brackman|1963|p=242}} Sajroning etungan minggu, ing satengahing ombak sentimèn anti-Walanda, parusahan-parusahan duwèké Walanda disita déning PKI lan PNI sadurungé pungkasané ngalih ing sangisoring panguwasa militèr, sawetara 46.000 warga nagara Walanda diundhuraké.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|p=249}} 

Sananalika sawisé Prastawa Cikini, Indonésia ngendhegaké rembugan sing lagi lumaku karo klompok-klompok pambangkang.{{sfn|Nadhirianto|2024|p=26}} Ing sasi-sasi candhaké, pamaréntah ngowahi carané nangani pambangkangan, kanthi nganggep yèn kompromi wis ora bisa dianakaké manèh. Nalika sagolongan perwira militèr sing kagandhèng karo [[Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia]] (PRRI) nuntut pamundurané Soekarno ing taun 1958, pamaréntah nanggapi kanthi mènèhi [[Pambebasan militer|pambebasan ora kanthi pakurmatan]] sarta ndakwa panjenengané mèlu ing kraman lan upaya pamatèn iku.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|pp=249{{ndash}}250}} Masyumi lan [[Partai Sosialis Indonesia]] uga mèlu dilarang ing taun 1960 sawisé didakwa nyengkuyung PRRI.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|p=61}} Pamaréntah ngèksekusi [[Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo]], pamimpin Darul Islam, nalika taun 1962;{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|p=262}} Soekarno nulis yèn pèngetan babagan Cikini tansah ngebaki pamikiré nalika panjenengané napakasmani layang préntah ukum pati marang Kartosoewirjo.{{sfn|Sukarno|Adams|1966|p=273}}

Prastawa Cikini minangka sing kapisan saka sawetara upaya pamatèn marang Soekarno,{{sfn|Lararenjana|2021}} sing uga kalebu [[Daniel Alexander Maukar|serangan udara]] tumuju [[Pura Bogor|Kraton Bogor]] ing taun 1960{{sfn|Legge|1972|p=293}} sarta serangan granat ing [[Makassar]] nalika taun 1962.{{sfn|''Madera Tribune''|1962|p=1}} Panjenengané tetep ngasta minangka présidhèn Indonésia nganti taun 1967,{{sfn|Hanna|2026}} ngresmèkaké konsèp &quot;Dhémokrasi Kapimpin&quot;-é sajroning sesorah tanggal 17 Agustus 1959{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|p=255}} lan dadi sangsaya otoritèr.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hanna|2026}}; {{harvnb|Kahin|Kahin|1995|pp=118{{ndash}}119}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miturut panyerat biografi saka Ostrali, John D. Legge, kasilé Soekarno sing makaping-kaping slamet saka manéka upaya pamatèn marahi tuwuhing kapitayan masarakat yèn dhiriné iku sekti mandraguna.{{sfn|Legge|1972|p=293}} 

Sawisé Indonésia nemokaké bukti yèn [[Badan Intelijen Pusat|Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) Amérika Sarékat wis mènèhi panyengkuyung marang para pambangkang ing Sumatra lan [[Sulawesi]],{{sfn|Kahin|1993|p=163}} pamaréntah wiwit ndakwa badan iku uga mèlu nyengkuyung prastawa Cikini.{{sfn|McIntyre|2005|p=45}} Soekarno terus percaya yèn CIA péngin sédané panjenengané nganti taun 1965, nalika ngendika marang staf [[Gedhung Putih]] [[Michael Forrestal]] yèn lembaga kasebut wis &quot;ing sanjabané kendhali&quot;.{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=225}} Nalika taun 1975, Sénator Amérika Sarékat [[Frank Church]] mimpin pamriksan ngenani pandakwan campur tangan CIA sajroning manéka upaya pamatèn ing saindhenging donya; lapuran pungkasané nuduhaké yèn CIA naté nimbang rancangan pamatèn marang Soekarno lan duwé sawijining asèt ing laladan kasebut, sanadyan ora mènèhi katrangan luwih jangkep.{{sfn|Kahin|Kahin|1995|p=114}} Dhokumèn sing dibukak menyang publik ing taun 2015 nuduhaké paseksèn [[Richard M. Bissell Jr.]] yèn rancangan operasi CIA iku ngemot skenario ing ngendi Soekarno [[Jiret madu|digodha déning sawijining agèn wanita]] kanggo banjur dilumpuhaké.{{sfn|Trenta|2024|pp=35, 43}} Nganti taun 2020, pihak CIA durung ngukuhaké campur tangané ing serangan Cikini.{{sfn|Poulgrain|2020|p=189}}

== Cathetan ==
{{notelist}}

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}
=== Sumber ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite news
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-macon-news-public-appearance/204586389/
 |title=20 Under Arrest in Sukarno Plot
 |work=The Macon News
 |location=Macon, Georgia
 |date=4 December 1957
 |page=1
 |ref={{SfnRef|The Macon News|1957}}
}}
*{{cite news
 |last1=Adryamarthanino
 |first1=Verelladevanka  
 |last2=Nailufar 
 |first2=Nibras Nada 
 |url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/27/100000879/tragedi-cikini-1957-upaya-pembunuhan-soekarno?page=all
 |title=Tragedi Cikini 1957, Upaya Pembunuhan Soekarno
 |language=Indonesian
 |work=[[Kompas (layang kabar)|Kompas]]
 |date=27 August 2021
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260825234219/https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/27/100000879/tragedi-cikini-1957-upaya-pembunuhan-soekarno?page=all
 |archivedate=25 August 2026
 |accessdate=25 August 2026
}}
*{{cite web
 |work=Ensiklopedi Sejarah Indonesia
 |publisher=Ministry of Education
 |title=Peristiwa Cikini
 |last=Amaruli
 |first=Rabith Jihan 
 |language=Indonesian
 |url=https://esi.kemenbud.go.id/wiki/Peristiwa_Cikini
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827142000/https://esi.kemenbud.go.id/wiki/Peristiwa_Cikini
 |archivedate=27 August 2026
 |accessdate=27 August 2026
}}
*{{cite book
 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiancommun0000brac/page/242/mode/2up?q=KLM
 |title=Indonesian Communism: A History
 |date=1963
 |last=Brackman
 |first=Arnold
 |publisher=Praeger
 |location=New York
 |oclc=1097530527
}}
*{{Cite news
 |last=Chandra
 |first=Bobby
 |title=Tragedi Cikini: Skenario Gagal Membunuh Soekarno
 |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/tragedi-cikini-skenario-gagal-membunuh-soekarno-nbsp--1416251
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260825232202/https://www.tempo.co/politik/tragedi-cikini-skenario-gagal-membunuh-soekarno-nbsp--1416251
 |work=Tempo
 |accessdate=25 August 2026
 |archivedate=25 August 2026
 |language=Indonesian
 |date=7 October 2015
}}
*{{cite magazine
 |title=Dari Granat di Cikini Sampai Bom...
 |magazine=Tempo
 |date=13 October 1984
 |volume=14
 |issue=33
 |page=14
 |url=https://data.tempo.co/MajalahTeks/detail/ARM2018061243313/dari-granat-di-cikini-sampai-bom
 |ref={{sfnref|Tempo|1984}}
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Death Toll Rises to 10 in Attack on Sukarno; 137 Hurt; 2 Arrested
 |work=Democrat and Chronicle
 |location=Rochester, New York
 |date=2 December 1957
 |page=2
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle-grenade-attack/204585421/
 |ref={{sfnRef|Democrat and Chronicle|1957}}
}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Dijk
 |first=C. van 
 |url=https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_book_monograph/10.1163/j.ctvbqs6vx
 |title=Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia
 |volume=94
 |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
 |publisher=Brill
 |location=Leiden
 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctvbqs6vx
 |date=1981
 |isbn=978-9024761722
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Dr. Sukarno Escapes Assassins; 7 Others Killed
 |work=The Age
 |location=Melbourne, Australia
 |date=2 December 1957
 |page=1
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-age-sukarno-escapes/204583061/
 |ref={{sfnRef|The Age|1957}}
}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Fischer
 |first=Louis
 |year=1959
 |title=The Story of Indonesia
 |location=New York
 |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofindonesia0000unse/page/228/mode/1up?q=Tjikini
 |publisher=Harper
 |oclc=1151344331
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Grenades Kill 7, Sukarno Unhurt
 |work=The Journal Star
 |location=Peoria, Illinois
 |date=1 December 1957
 |page=1
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-journal-star-grenades-kill-7/204582267/
 |ref={{sfnRef|The Journal Star|1957}}
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
 |last=Hanna
 |first=Willard A.
 |date=17 August 2026
 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sukarno
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260823004519/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sukarno
 |archivedate=23 August 2026
 |accessdate=23 August 2026
 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica
 |title=Sukarno
}}
*{{cite news
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-60-arrests/204586837/
 |work=The Buffalo News
 |location=Buffalo, New York
 |date=24 December 1957 
 |page=2
 |ref={{sfnRef|The Buffalo News|1957}}
 |title=Indonesia Arrests 60 in Plot to Kill Sukarno and Aides
}}
*{{cite magazine
 |title=Indonesia: Time of the Assassin
 |magazine=Time
 |date=9 December 1957
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_time_1957-12-09_70_24/mode/2up?q=Tjikini+Sukarno
 |page=32
 |volume=70
 |issue=24
 |ref={{sfnRef|Time|1957}}
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Indonesian President Escapes Assassination
 |work=Battle Creek Enquirer
 |location=Battle Creek, Michigan
 |date=1 December 1957
 |page=1, 2
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/battle-creek-enquirer-assassination/204585081/
 |ref={{sfnRef|Battle Creek Enquirer|1957}}
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Jakarta Executes 3: Terrorists Who Tried to Kill Sukarno Are Shot
 |work=The New York Times
 |date=31 May 1960
 |page=6
 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/31/archives/jakarta-executes-3-terrorists-who-tried-to-kill-sukarno-are-shot.html
 |location=New York
 |ref={{sfnRef|The New York Times|1960}}
}}
*{{cite book
 |title=Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity, 1926{{ndash}}1998
 |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelliontointeg0000kahi/page/204/mode/2up?q=Cikini
 |last1=Kahin
 |first1=Audrey
 |location=Amsterdam
 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press
 |date=1999
 |isbn=978-90-5356-395-3
}}
*{{cite book
 |title=Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia
 |url=https://archive.org/details/subversionasfore0000kahi/page/n7/mode/2up?q=Cikini+grenades
 |last1=Kahin
 |first1=Audrey
 |last2=Kahin
 |first2=George McTurnan
 |location=New York
 |publisher=The New Press
 |date=1995
 |isbn=978-1-56584-244-1
}}
*{{cite journal
 |title=In Memoriam: Mohammad Natsir (1907{{ndash}}1903)
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indonesia_1993-10_56/page/n4/mode/1up?q=Cikini+grenades
 |last1=Kahin
 |first1=George McTurnan
 |journal=Indonesia
 |volume=56
 |date=October 1993
}}
*{{cite web
 |url=https://www.merdeka.com/jatim/read/7702977/tragedi-cikini-30-november-upaya-pembunuhan-presiden-soekarno-dalam-ledakan-granat
 |date=29 November 2021
 |work=Merdeka.com
 |title=Tragedi Cikini 30 November, Upaya Pembunuhan Presiden Soekarno dalam Ledakan Granat
 |language=Indonesian
 |last=Lararenjana 
 |first=Edelweis 
 |accessdate=27 August 2026
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820125600/https://www.merdeka.com/jatim/tragedi-cikini-30-november-upaya-pembunuhan-presiden-soekarno-dalam-ledakan-granat-kln.html
 |archivedate=20 August 2022
}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Legge
 |first=John D. 
 |date=1972
 |title=Sukarno: A Political Biography
 |publisher=Penguin Books
 |location=London
 |isbn=978-0-7139-0244-0
}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Lewis
 |first=Reba
 |year=1963 
 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiatrouble0000reba/page/76/mode/2up?q=Tjikini
 |title=Indonesia: Troubled Paradise
 |publisher=David McKay 
 |location=New York
 |oclc=301593
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Man Linked to Attempt on Sukarno
 |work=The Waco Times-Herald
 |location=Waco, Texas
 |date=25 December 1957
 |page=7
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-waco-times-herald-zulkifli-lubis/204607488/
 |ref={{sfnRef|The Waco Times-Herald|1957}}
}}
*{{cite news
 |last=Maslan
 |first=M. Rizal
 |title=Isu CIA di Balik Tragedi Granat Cikini
 |language=Indonesian
 |work=Detik
 |date=2 June 2024
 |url=https://news.detik.com/x/detail/intermeso/20240602/Isu-CIA-di-Balik-Tragedi-Granat-Cikini/
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826002241/https://news.detik.com/x/detail/intermeso/20240602/Isu-CIA-di-Balik-Tragedi-Granat-Cikini/
 |archivedate=26 August 2026
 |accessdate=26 August 2026
}}
*{{cite book
 |title=The Indonesian Presidency: The Shift from Personal Toward Constitutional Rule
 |last=McIntyre
 |first=Angus
 |year=2005
 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield
 |location=Lanham
 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesianpresid0000mcin/page/142/mode/2up?q=Guntur
 |isbn=978-1-4616-0465-5
}}
*{{cite journal 
 |last1=Nadhirianto
|first1=Averio
|title=Managing Disappointment: Regime Survival and the Normalization of Indonesia-United States Relations 1957-1958
|journal=Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies
|date=2024
|volume=8
|issue=2
|pages=20–33
|doi=10.33541/japs.v8i2.6088
}}
*{{cite book
 |chapter=3. Memorandum of Conversation
 |last=O'Sullivan
 |first=James L.
 |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Indonesia
 |volume=XVII
 |date=1994
 |orig-date=2 January 1958
 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d3
 |editor1-last=McMahon
 |editor1-first=Robert J. 
 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office
 |location=Washington
}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Poulgrain
 |first=Greg
 |title=JFK vs Allen Dulles: Battleground Indonesia
 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing
 |url=https://archive.org/details/greg-poulgrain-jfk-vs-allen-dulles-battleground-indonesia/page/n5/mode/2up?q=Cikini
 |isbn=978-1-5107-4480-6
 |location=New York
 |year=2020
}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Ricklefs
 |first=Merle Calvin
 |year=1981
 |publisher=MacMillan
 |location=London
 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia, c. 1300 to the Present
 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_c9k4/page/249/mode/1up?q=Cikini+grenades
 |isbn=978-0-333-24378-7
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Still Around, Sukarno Says
 |work=The Washington Daily News
 |date=13 December 1957
 |page=4
 |ref={{sfnRef|The Washington Daily News|1957}}
 |location=Washington, D.C.
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-washington-daily-news-still-around/204608362/
}}
*{{cite book 
 |last1=Sukarno
 |last2=Adams
 |first2=Cindy
 |title=Sukarno; An Autobiography
 |url=https://archive.org/details/SukarnoAnAutobiographySukarno19011970
 |date=1966
 |publisher=Gunung Agung
 |location=Hong Kong
 |oclc=2159630
}}
*{{cite news
 |title=Sukarno Escapes Assassination Attempt; Rips Netherlands in Speech
 |work=Madera Tribune
 |location=Madera, California
 |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&amp;d=MT19620108.1.1&amp;e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------
 |ref={{sfnRef|''Madera Tribune''|1962}}
 |page=1
 |date=8 January 1962
}}
*{{Cite book
 | last1=Trenta
 | first1=Luca
 | title=The President's Kill List: Assassination and US Foreign Policy since 1945
 | date=2024
 | isbn=978-1-3995-1951-9
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu8MEQAAQBAJ&amp;q=the+president%27s+kill+list
 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press
 |location=Edinburgh 
}}
*{{cite news
 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/intelligencer-journal-wave-of-arrests/204586024/
 |title=Wave of Arrests Follow Attempt on Life of Sukarno
 |work=Intelligencer Journal
 |location=Lancaster, Pennsylvania
 |date=3 December 1957
 |page=25
 |ref={{SfnRef|Intelligencer Journal|1957}}
}}
*{{Cite web
 |title=Zulkifli Lubis
 |work=Tirto.id
 |url=https://tirto.id/m/zulkifli-lubis-cp
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211070116/https://tirto.id/m/zulkifli-lubis-cp
 |accessdate=25 August 2026
 |archivedate=11 February 2021
 |language=Indonesian
 |ref={{sfnRef|Tirto.id}} 
}}
{{refend}}

==Wacan sabanjuré==
*{{cite book
 |ref=none
 |isbn=978-602-258-013-3
 |title=Tragedi Cikini: Percobaan Pembunuhan Presiden Sukarno
 |language=Indonesian
 |publisher=Ombak
 |location=Yogyakarta
 |last=Nugraha
 |first=Arifin Surya 
 |year=2013
}}

{{Soekarno}}

[[Kategori:Indonésia ing taun 1957]]
[[Kategori:Soekarno]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jagad Ageng</title>
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        <id>65160</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kaca anyar: '''Jagad Ageng''' (utawi alam semesta / makrokosmos) inggih menika sadaya wujud ruang, wekdal, materi, saha énergi ingkang gumelar. Jagad ageng nyakup samubarang ingkang saged dipunukur utawi dipunlacak déning ilmu kawruh, wiwit saking partikel subatomik ingkang alit piyambak ngantos galaksi ingkang ageng sanget. Miturut pangamatan astronomi modhéren, umur jagad ageng dipunprakirakaken udakawis 13,8 milyar taun.  == Konsep lan Falsafah Jawa == Wonten ing kabudayan saha pamang...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1904" sha1="eiuh11oashfxtaoxt5cgdo94tfc4xnq" xml:space="preserve">'''Jagad Ageng''' (utawi alam semesta / makrokosmos) inggih menika sadaya wujud ruang, wekdal, materi, saha énergi ingkang gumelar. Jagad ageng nyakup samubarang ingkang saged dipunukur utawi dipunlacak déning ilmu kawruh, wiwit saking partikel subatomik ingkang alit piyambak ngantos galaksi ingkang ageng sanget. Miturut pangamatan astronomi modhéren, umur jagad ageng dipunprakirakaken udakawis 13,8 milyar taun.

== Konsep lan Falsafah Jawa ==
Wonten ing kabudayan saha pamanggih tiyang Jawa, pangertosan babagan alam semesta dipunpérang dados kalih babagan utami. Falsafah menika gadhah gegayutan ingkang raket kaliyan laku spiritual lan kaseimbangan alam:

* '''Jagad Alit (Mikrokosmos):''' Nggambaraken kawontenan ing salebeting manungsa piyambak, kalebet jiwa, raga, pamikiran, sarta budi pakarti.
* '''Jagad Ageng (Makrokosmos):''' Nggambaraken alam semesta ingkang wiyar, gumelaripun bumi, langit, lintang, lan sadaya titahing Gusti.
* '''Tujuan Spiritual:''' Kaseimbangan antawisipun jagad alit lan jagad ageng dipunanggep minangka kunci wujudipun harmoni gesang utawi kawontenan ''Manunggaling Kawula Gusti''.

== Struktur Alam Semesta ==
Jagad ageng menika boten suwung, nanging kebak déning manéka warna benda langit ingkang kasusun kanthi tata aturan gravitasi kosmik. Komponèn utaminipun inggih menika:

* '''Galaksi:''' Kumpulan milyaran lintang, gas, lan lebu kosmik. Bumi kita dumunung wonten ing Galaksi Bimasakti (''Milky Way'').
* '''Lintang:''' Benda langit wujud plasma panas ingkang saged mancaraken cahya piyambak, kados déné Srengéngé.
* '''Tata Surya:''' Sistem ingkang kasusun saking srengéngé minangka punjeripun, lajeng dipunkubengi déning planit, komet, lan asteroid.
* '''Materi Peteng (''Dark Matter''):''' Materi misterius ingkang boten saged dipuntingali nanging paring pangaribawa gravitasi ingkang ageng sanget dhateng wujudipun galaksi.

== Rujukan ==</text>
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      <id>1755839</id>
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        <id>65160</id>
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      <text bytes="5217" sha1="9llth2uxjwld6lz43j05kh4j6nhtzhn" xml:space="preserve">'''Jagad Ageng''' (utawi alam semesta / makrokosmos) inggih menika sadaya wujud ruang, [[Wektu|wekdal]], materi, saha [[Ènèrgi|énergi]] ingkang [[gumelar]]. Jagad ageng nyakup samubarang ingkang saged dipunukur utawi dipunlacak déning ilmu kawruh, wiwit saking partikel subatomik ingkang alit piyambak ngantos galaksi ingkang ageng sanget. Miturut pangamatan astronomi modhéren, umur jagad ageng dipunprakirakaken udakawis 13,8 milyar taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jipa.sesspub.org/index.php/jipa|title=Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam|website=jipa.sesspub.org|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/teknologi/891939/teleskop-james-webb-berhasil-petakan-skeletal-semesta-dan-rahasia-kematian-galaksi|title=Teleskop James Webb Berhasil Petakan Skeletal Semesta dan Rahasia Kematian Galaksi|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Konsep lan Falsafah Jawa ==
Wonten ing kabudayan saha pamanggih tiyang Jawa, pangertosan babagan alam semesta dipunpérang dados kalih babagan utami. Falsafah menika gadhah gegayutan ingkang raket kaliyan laku spiritual lan kaseimbangan alam:

* '''Jagad Alit (Mikrokosmos):''' Nggambaraken kawontenan ing salebeting manungsa piyambak, kalebet jiwa, raga, pamikiran, sarta budi pakarti.

* '''Jagad Ageng (Makrokosmos):''' Nggambaraken alam semesta ingkang wiyar, gumelaripun bumi, langit, lintang, lan sadaya titahing Gusti.
* '''Tujuan Spiritual:''' Kaseimbangan antawisipun jagad alit lan jagad ageng dipunanggep minangka kunci wujudipun harmoni gesang utawi kawontenan ''Manunggaling Kawula Gusti''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Farrasah|first=Naila Zulfa|last2=Setiawan|first2=Hardi|last3=Satra|first3=Alihan|date=2026-06-08|title=Konsep Alam Semesta dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Hadis (Kajian Tematik)|url=https://jurnal.ittc.web.id/index.php/jkis/article/view/4614|journal=Jurnal Kajian Islam dan Sosial Keagamaan|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=1184–1187|issn=3026-2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur ==
Jagad ageng menika boten suwung, nanging kebak déning manéka warna benda langit ingkang kasusun kanthi tata aturan gravitasi kosmik. Komponèn utaminipun inggih menika:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/alam-semesta|title=Alam Semesta (Jagat Raya): Pengertian, Teori, dan Anggotanya|last=Wiguna|first=Ringgana Wandy|last2=Team|first2=Ruangguru Tech|date=2025-10-01|website=Belajar Gratis di Rumah Kapan Pun! {{!}} Blog Ruangguru|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Galaksi:''' Kumpulan milyaran lintang, gas, lan lebu kosmik. Bumi kita dumunung wonten ing Galaksi Bimasakti (''Milky Way'').
* '''Lintang:''' Benda langit wujud plasma panas ingkang saged mancaraken cahya piyambak, kados déné Srengéngé.
* '''Tata Surya:''' Sistem ingkang kasusun saking srengéngé minangka punjeripun, lajeng dipunkubengi déning planit, komet, lan asteroid.
* '''Materi Peteng (''Dark Matter''):''' Materi misterius ingkang boten saged dipuntingali nanging paring pangaribawa gravitasi ingkang ageng sanget dhateng wujudipun galaksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/medievalsciencet0000unse|title=Medieval science, technology, and medicine : an encyclopedia|last=Internet Archive|date=2005|publisher=New York : Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-96930-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ellis|first=G. F. R.|last2=Kirchner|first2=U.|last3=Stoeger|first3=W. R.|date=2004-01-01|title=Multiverses and physical cosmology|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=347|issue=3|pages=921–936|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x|issn=0035-8711}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Évolusi ==
Pangertosan ngéngingi asal-usul jagad ageng dipunjelasaken mawi pinten-pinten téori ilmiah. Téori ingkang paling dipunakeni déning para panyelidik inggih menika:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.html|title=What is Dark Matter?|last=Pultarova|first=Tereza|last2=universe|first2=Daisy Dobrijevic Dark matter makes up a large portion of the|date=2022-01-28|website=Space|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29|last3=know|first3=but we've never seen it Here's what we|last4=Be|first4=What It Might|last5=Everything|first5=Why It Could Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Téori Ledhakan Ageng (''Big Bang''):''' Jagad ageng kawiwitan saking satunggal titik ingkang panas lan padhet sanget, lajeng njeblug lan mekar ngantos sepriki.
* '''Ékspansi Kosmik:''' Alam semesta punika tetep mekar; jarak antawisipun galaksi tansah tambah tebih saking wekdal dhateng wekdal.
* '''Pungkasaning Jagad:''' Para ahli gadhah pamanggih bilih jagad saged mungkasi kanthi kaanan adhem (''Big Freeze'') utawi mengkerut malih dados satunggal titik (''Big Crunch'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLwangEACAAJ|title=An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics|last=Carroll|first=Bradley W.|last2=Ostlie|first2=Dale A.|date=2014|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-1-292-02293-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/popular-information/|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 2001|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5221" sha1="0p5j3y6335cm8y2i07k8yoo3ngrhtjx" xml:space="preserve">'''Jagad Ageng''' (utawi alam semesta / makrokosmos) inggih menika sadaya wujud ruang, [[Wektu|wekdal]], materi, saha [[Ènèrgi|énergi]] ingkang [[gumelar]]. Jagad ageng nyakup samubarang ingkang saged dipunukur utawi dipunlacak déning ilmu kawruh, wiwit saking partikel subatomik ingkang alit piyambak ngantos galaksi ingkang ageng sanget. Miturut pangamatan astronomi modhéren, umur jagad ageng dipunprakirakaken udakawis 13,8 milyar taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jipa.sesspub.org/index.php/jipa|title=Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam|website=jipa.sesspub.org|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/teknologi/891939/teleskop-james-webb-berhasil-petakan-skeletal-semesta-dan-rahasia-kematian-galaksi|title=Teleskop James Webb Berhasil Petakan Skeletal Semesta dan Rahasia Kematian Galaksi|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Konsep lan Falsafah Jawa ==
Wonten ing kabudayan saha pamanggih tiyang Jawa, pangertosan babagan alam semesta dipunpérang dados kalih babagan utami. Falsafah menika gadhah gegayutan ingkang raket kaliyan laku [[spiritual]] lan kaseimbangan alam:

* '''Jagad Alit (Mikrokosmos):''' Nggambaraken kawontenan ing salebeting manungsa piyambak, kalebet jiwa, raga, pamikiran, sarta budi pakarti.

* '''Jagad Ageng (Makrokosmos):''' Nggambaraken alam semesta ingkang wiyar, gumelaripun bumi, langit, lintang, lan sadaya titahing Gusti.
* '''Tujuan Spiritual:''' Kaseimbangan antawisipun jagad alit lan jagad ageng dipunanggep minangka kunci wujudipun harmoni gesang utawi kawontenan ''Manunggaling Kawula Gusti''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Farrasah|first=Naila Zulfa|last2=Setiawan|first2=Hardi|last3=Satra|first3=Alihan|date=2026-06-08|title=Konsep Alam Semesta dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Hadis (Kajian Tematik)|url=https://jurnal.ittc.web.id/index.php/jkis/article/view/4614|journal=Jurnal Kajian Islam dan Sosial Keagamaan|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=1184–1187|issn=3026-2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur ==
Jagad ageng menika boten suwung, nanging kebak déning manéka warna benda langit ingkang kasusun kanthi tata aturan gravitasi kosmik. Komponèn utaminipun inggih menika:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/alam-semesta|title=Alam Semesta (Jagat Raya): Pengertian, Teori, dan Anggotanya|last=Wiguna|first=Ringgana Wandy|last2=Team|first2=Ruangguru Tech|date=2025-10-01|website=Belajar Gratis di Rumah Kapan Pun! {{!}} Blog Ruangguru|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Galaksi:''' Kumpulan milyaran lintang, gas, lan lebu kosmik. Bumi kita dumunung wonten ing Galaksi Bimasakti (''Milky Way'').
* '''Lintang:''' Benda langit wujud plasma panas ingkang saged mancaraken cahya piyambak, kados déné Srengéngé.
* '''Tata Surya:''' Sistem ingkang kasusun saking srengéngé minangka punjeripun, lajeng dipunkubengi déning planit, komet, lan asteroid.
* '''Materi Peteng (''Dark Matter''):''' Materi misterius ingkang boten saged dipuntingali nanging paring pangaribawa gravitasi ingkang ageng sanget dhateng wujudipun galaksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/medievalsciencet0000unse|title=Medieval science, technology, and medicine : an encyclopedia|last=Internet Archive|date=2005|publisher=New York : Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-96930-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ellis|first=G. F. R.|last2=Kirchner|first2=U.|last3=Stoeger|first3=W. R.|date=2004-01-01|title=Multiverses and physical cosmology|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=347|issue=3|pages=921–936|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x|issn=0035-8711}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Évolusi ==
Pangertosan ngéngingi asal-usul jagad ageng dipunjelasaken mawi pinten-pinten téori ilmiah. Téori ingkang paling dipunakeni déning para panyelidik inggih menika:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.html|title=What is Dark Matter?|last=Pultarova|first=Tereza|last2=universe|first2=Daisy Dobrijevic Dark matter makes up a large portion of the|date=2022-01-28|website=Space|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29|last3=know|first3=but we've never seen it Here's what we|last4=Be|first4=What It Might|last5=Everything|first5=Why It Could Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Téori Ledhakan Ageng (''Big Bang''):''' Jagad ageng kawiwitan saking satunggal titik ingkang panas lan padhet sanget, lajeng njeblug lan mekar ngantos sepriki.
* '''Ékspansi Kosmik:''' Alam semesta punika tetep mekar; jarak antawisipun galaksi tansah tambah tebih saking wekdal dhateng wekdal.
* '''Pungkasaning Jagad:''' Para ahli gadhah pamanggih bilih jagad saged mungkasi kanthi kaanan adhem (''Big Freeze'') utawi mengkerut malih dados satunggal titik (''Big Crunch'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLwangEACAAJ|title=An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics|last=Carroll|first=Bradley W.|last2=Ostlie|first2=Dale A.|date=2014|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-1-292-02293-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/popular-information/|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 2001|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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