Wikipédia basa Jawa

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      <text bytes="6609" sha1="o42ikw41kgg0yo5wu26c8ekkt22wa73" xml:space="preserve">{{multiscript|Wikipédia basa Jawa|ꦮꦶꦏꦶꦥꦺꦝꦶꦪꦃꦧꦱꦗꦮ}}
{{Infobox Website
  | name           = ꧋ꦮꦶꦏꦶꦥꦺꦝꦶꦪꦧꦱꦗꦮ
  | logo           = [[Gambar:Wikipedia-logo-v2-jv-java.svg]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gambar:Wikipedia-logo-v2-jv.svg]]
  | screenshot     = [[Gambar:Wikipedia Jawa-2021-05-01.png|240px]]
  | caption        = ''Screenshot'' Wikipédia basa Jawa ing tanggal 1 Mèi 2021
  | url            = {{URL|https://jv.wikipedia.org}}
  | commercial     = Ora
  | type           = ꧋ꦧꦲꦸꦮꦂꦤ꧀ꦤ ꦎꦤ꧀ꦭꦺꦤ꧀
  | language       = ꧋ꦧꦱꦗꦮ
  | registration   = ꧋ꦩꦤꦰꦸꦏ
  | owner          = ꧋ꦪꦺꦪꦱꦤ꧀ꦮꦶꦏꦶꦩꦺꦝꦶꦪ
  | author         = 
  | launch date    = 8 Maret 2004 ꧘꧇ꦩꦉꦠ꧀꧇꧒꧐꧒꧔
  | current status = 
  | revenue        = 
}}

'''Wikipédia basa Jawa''' ([[Aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: ꦮꦶꦏꦶꦥꦺꦝꦶꦪꦃꦧꦱꦗꦮ) iku gagrag basa Jawa [[bauwarna]] gumathuk [[Wikipédia]]. Artikel utawa léma kapisané yaiku [[Basa Jawa]], kang tinulis ing tanggal [[8 Maret]] [[2004]]&lt;ref&gt;
* Artikel kapisan yaiku [[Basa Jawa]], déning Meursault2004, tanggal 8 Maret.
* Nanging kuwi besutan ka-8. Wonten 7 besutan sakderenge Artikel paling pertama:
* Nomer 7: [https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=7 besutan Meursault ing Kaca Utama] - 8 Maret
* Nomer 6: [https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cithakan:All_messages&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4742 besutan bot ing Cithakan:All_messages] - 22 Februari
* Nomer 5: [https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=5 besutan anonim sing nerjemahne Kaca Utama] 15 Februari
* Nomer 4: [https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cithakan:All_messages&amp;oldid=4 besutan bot ing Cithakan:All_messages] - 29 Januari 2004
* besutan kapisan sing kacathet yaiku tanggal 23 Januari 2003 [https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa&amp;oldid=1] déning [[Naraguna:Patrick]] ([[Mirunggan:Pasumbanging_naraguna/Patrick|1 pasumbangan]])&lt;/ref&gt;. Tekan saiki ({{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}), wis ana {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} artikel ing Wikipédia basa Jawa.

Wikipédia basa Jawa lumrahé mèlu paugeran-paugeran Wikipédia basa Inggris lan Wikipédia basa Indonésia. Ing Wikipédia basa Jawa kabèh artikel uga kudu ditulis mawa [[Wikipédia:Cara ndeleng nétral]] utawa ing basa Inggris diarani ''Neutral Point of View''.

Mirunggan Wikipédia basa Jawa yaiku akèh ngamot artikel-artikel bab prakara Kajawèn, mligi bab basa, sastra lan budaya Jawa.

== Naraguna aktif ==
Naraguna mobah Wikipédia Jawa wiwité mligi pancèn saka [[Tanah Jawa]], nanging lumrahé manggon lan ngaksès Wikipédia saka [[Jakarta]]. Yèn dibandhingaké karo Wikipédia basa Indonésia, Wikipédia basa Jawa cacahé naraguna kang kapratelan, saya manèh naraguna kang mobah sithik banget, yaiku nganti dina iki mung ana {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} naraguna kapratelan. Kamangka yèn dideleng saka cacahé penutur, basa Jawa iki penutur ibuné ana kurang luwih 60 yuta jiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm|title=Badan Pusat Statistik|website=www.bps.go.id|access-date=2020-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara nulis ==
Pasang aksara utawa pangéjaan kang dinggo ing Wikipédia basa Jawa iku dhedhasar ''Ejaan resmi basa Jawa'' miturut ''Pusat Basa'' ing [[Yogyakarta|Ngayogyakarta]] weton taun [[1991]]. Nanging ana prabédan utama dienggo ing sawatara kalawarti basa Jawa. Ing Wikipédia basa Jawa, minangka sawijining bauwarna, pasang aksara kang dienggo iku mèmper pasang aksara kang dienggo nulis ing [[bausastra]]. Dadi antara 'e' pepet lan 'é' (utawa 'è') taling dibédakaké. Dadi séjé karo kalawarti ing ngendi pepet lan taling ditulis padha waé minangka 'e' nglegena.

== Tuwuhing artikel ==
{{Tuwuhing-artikel}}

== Proyèk liya ==
Saliyané Wikipédia, ana rong proyèk Wikimédia édhisi basa Jawa liyané, yaiku Wikisastra (Wiktionary) lan Wikisumber (Wikisource). Sapréné {{Pranala|1=[https://jv.wiktionary.org Wikisastra Jawa]}} ndarbèni punjul {{Round|{{Rounddown|{{NUMBEROF|articles|jv.wiktionary}}|-3}}}} èntri, wondéné {{Pranala|1=[https://jv.wikisource.org Wikisumber Jawa]}} ndarbèni punjul {{Round|{{Rounddown|{{NUMBEROF|articles|jv.wikisource}}|-2}}}} layang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jv.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mirunggan:Setatistik|title=Setatistik|website=jv.wiktionary.org|publisher=Wiktionary basa Jawa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jv.wikisource.org/wiki/Mirunggan:Setatistik|title=Setatistik|website=jv.wikisource.org|publisher=Wikisource basa Jawa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Gambar:Wikipedia-logo-jv.png|Logo Wikipédia basa Jawa taun 2007–2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama|title=Arsip Wikipédia basa Jawa tanggal 10 Juni 2007|website=Internet Archive|date=2007-06-10|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2007-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610134658/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jvwiki-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama|title=Arsip Wikipédia basa Jawa tanggal 29 Oktober 2012|website=Internet Archive|date=2012-10-29|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2012-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029160452/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Gambar:Wikipedia-logo-v2-jv.png|Logo Wikipédia basa Jawa taun 2012–2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;jvwiki-2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas|title=Arsip Wikipédia bahasa Jawa tanggal 29 Mèi 2020|website=Internet Archive|date=2020-05-29|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2020-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529053022/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Gambar:Kaca Utama Wikipedia Jawa 24-2-2008.jpg|''Screenshot'' Wikipédia basa Jawa ing tanggal 24 Fèbruari 2008.
Gambar:Wikipedia Jawa-2020-05-29.png|''Screenshot'' Wikipédia basa Jawa ing tanggal 29 Mèi 2020.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Wikipédia:Wara-wara]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/jv.wikipedia.org Setatistik Wikipédia Jawa]
* [https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaJV.htm Setatistik Wikipédia Jawa 2004–2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164403/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaJV.htm |date=2023-03-24 }}

[[Kategori:Wikipedia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Basa Urdu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T17:09:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-49449-44</username>
        <id>74686</id>
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      <text bytes="636" sha1="mqow3ohi7j40lajsffg8z7esearlwdp" xml:space="preserve">'''Basa Urdhu''' (Urdhu: اردو., IPA: [{{IPA|ˈʊrd̪u}}]) iku sawijining basa ing Asia Kidul kang kalebu kulawarga Indo-Arya. Basa iki salah siji basa resminé [[Pakistan]]. Basa resmi sijiné yaiku basa Inggris. Saliyané iku bsa Urdhu uga dadi basa resmi ing limang praja India. Saliyané iku basa Urdhu ngamot akèh tembung-tembung serapan saka basa Arab lan basa Farsi. Kamangka basa Hindhi kang mutakir luwih akèh ngamot tembung-tembung saka [[basa Sangskreta]]. Cacahé panutur ibu basa Urdhu ana kurang luwih 65 yuta jiwa.

[[Kategori:Basa Urdu| ]]
[[Kategori:Basa ing India|Urdu]]
[[Kategori:Kulawarga basa Indo-Arya|Urdu]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756990</id>
      <parentid>1756968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T05:17:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Veritas Sapientiae</username>
        <id>54974</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted cross-wiki vandalism, see [[:m:Special:Diff/31072138|SRG]] – if you find this edit constructive, feel free to revert me.</comment>
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      <text bytes="844" sha1="kvznhje1wwuulpa5yu3dmc3m3tia6x6" xml:space="preserve">'''Basa Urdhu''' (Urdhu: اردو., IPA: [{{IPA|ˈʊrd̪u}}]) iku sawijining basa ing Asia Kidul kang kalebu kulawarga Indo-Arya. Basa iki salah siji basa resminé [[Pakistan]]. Basa resmi sijiné yaiku basa Inggris. Saliyané iku bsa Urdhu uga dadi basa resmi ing limang praja India. Basa Urdhu kalebu kelompok basa Hindustani lan isih mèmper karo [[basa Hindi|basa Hindhi]]. Prabédan mligi yaiku basa Urdhu tinulis mawa abjad Arab kamangka basa Hindhi tinulis mawa [[aksara Déwanagari]]. Saliyané iku basa Urdhu ngamot akèh tembung-tembung serapan saka basa Arab lan basa Farsi. Kamangka basa Hindhi kang mutakir luwih akèh ngamot tembung-tembung saka [[basa Sangskreta]]. Cacahé panutur ibu basa Urdhu ana kurang luwih 65 yuta jiwa.

[[Kategori:Basa Urdu| ]]
[[Kategori:Basa ing India|Urdu]]
[[Kategori:Kulawarga basa Indo-Arya|Urdu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Honda</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T04:51:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Yusuff91</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>gewahi basa ingkang kirang cocok</comment>
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      <text bytes="6155" sha1="tmcgy51l174l14csnntw3fpu3kvoe1o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Company
 |company_name = Honda Motor Company, Ltd.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki-gaisha''&lt;br /&gt;本田技研工業株式会社&lt;/small&gt;
 |company_logo = [[Gambar:Honda.svg|270px]]
 |caption =
 |company_type = [[Perusahaan publik]]&lt;br /&gt;({{tyo|7267}}) &amp; ({{nyse|HMC}})
 |slogan = ''&quot;The Power of Dreams&quot;''
 |foundation = [[24 September]] [[1948]]
 |founder =
&lt;div&gt;
* [[Soichiro Honda]]
* [[Takeo Fujisawa]]
&lt;/div&gt;
 |location = [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], [[Tokyo]], Jepang
 |key_people = 
&lt;div&gt;
* [[Satoshi Aoki]] &lt;small&gt;([[Chairman]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Takanobu Ito]] &lt;small&gt;([[CEO]])&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
 |num_employees = 181,876&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=HMC&amp;page=quotesearch
 |title=Company Profile for Honda Motor Co Ltd (HMC) |accessdate=2008-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |area_served = Worldwide
 |industry = 
&lt;div&gt;
* [[Otomotif]]
* [[Aeronautika]]
&lt;/div&gt;
 |products = 
&lt;div&gt;
* [[Mobil]]
* [[Motor]]
* [[Skuter]]
* [[all-terrain vehicle|ATVs]]
* [[Generator elektrik]]
* [[Robot]]
* [[Electric boat|Marine Equipment]]
* [[Jet Aircraft|Jet]]
* [[Mesin Jet]]
* [[Landscape maintenance|Lawn and Garden Equipment]]
&lt;/div&gt;
 |subsid = 
&lt;div&gt;
* [[Acura]]
* [[Honda Aircraft Company]]
&lt;/div&gt;
 |market cap = [[United States Dollar|US$]] 54.0 Billion (''FY 2009'')&lt;ref name= 09keyFinancialMetrics /&gt;
 |revenue = {{profit}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 120.27 Billion (''FY 2009'')&lt;ref name = 09keyFinancialMetrics&gt;[[wikinvest:stock/Honda Motor Company (HMC)/Data|Breakdown of Honda Corporation's key earnings and income metrics via Wikinvest]]&lt;/ref&gt;
 |operating_income = {{profit}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 2.34 Billion  (''FY 2009'')&lt;ref name= 09keyFinancialMetrics /&gt;
 |net_income = {{profit}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 1.39 Billion (''FY 2009'')&lt;ref name= 09keyFinancialMetrics /&gt;
 |assets = {{increase}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 124.98 Billion (''FY 2009'')&lt;ref name= 09keyFinancialMetrics /&gt;
 |equity = {{increase}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 40.6 Billion (''FY 2009'')&lt;ref name= 09keyFinancialMetrics /&gt;
 |homepage = [http://world.honda.com/ Honda Worldwide] 
}}

[[Gambar:Gambar_Logo_Honda.gif|thumb|right|250px|Logo Honda Motor,Co Ltd]]
[[Gambar:honda.rune.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sepeda motor Honda Rune 1832cc]]

{{nihongo|'''Honda Motor Company, Ltd.'''|Japanese: 本田技研工業株式会社|Honda Giken Kōgyō  [[Kabushiki kaisha|Kabushiki-gaisha]]|Honda Technology Research Institute Company, Limited}} {{Audio|Honda_giken_kougyou.ogg|pirengaken}} ({{tyo|7267}}) inggih punika prodhusèn [[montor]], [[trek]], [[motor]], lan [[skuter]] ingkang asalipun saking negri [[Jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans1&quot;/&gt; '''Honda''' wiwit wonten ing tanggal 24 September 1948, déning [[Soichiro Honda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans1&quot;/&gt; Honda dados prodhusen [[montor]] ingkang paling ageng sadonya wiwit taun 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans1&quot;&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=XF7V9w8ByrcC&amp;pg=PA172 ''Cases in contemporary strategy analysis''] dipunundhuh tanggal 2 Juli 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Honda ugi dados prodhusen ''[[mesin]] pambesmèn dalam'' paling ageng sadonya kanthi prodhuksi langkung saking sekawan welas [[juta]] saben satunggal [[taun]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans2&quot;&gt;[http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174''FIRST MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG EARNS TAKATA AND HONDA 2008 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS PACE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025434/http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174 |date=2009-03-08 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 2 Juli 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Honda''' sukses nggeser [[Nissan]] minangka prodhusen [[mobil]] paling ageng utawa kathah nomer kalih ing [[Jepang]] taun [[2001]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans3&quot;&gt;[http://www.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=3266&amp;ref=archive''Honda overtakes Nissan to become Japan's second-largest carmaker. - Latest Car News from 4Car''] dipunundhuh tanggal 2 Juli 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Honda ugi suksès nggèsèr [[Chrysler]] supados dados prodhusèn mobil paling ageng nomer sekawan ing [[pasar]] [[Amérikah Sarékat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans4&quot;&gt;[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-19/honda-founder-s-dream-of-u-s-production-protects-earnings-as-yen-surges.html ''Honda's Dream of U.S. Production Protects Profits as Yen Surges''] dipunundhuh tanggal 2 Juli 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Sapunika, '''Honda''' dados [[pabrik]]an [[mobil]] paling ageng nomer [[enem]] sadonya.&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans2&quot;/&gt; Taun [[2004]], '''Honda''' sampun mrodhuksi montor [[diesel]], ingkang kaunggulanipun inggih punika boten mbetahaken saringan kanggé nglangkungi standar polusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans2&quot;/&gt; '''Honda''' dados pabrikan [[Jepang]] ingkang wiwitan damel mobil ''mewah'' kanthi merek [[Acura]] kanggé mobil ''mewah'' ing [[Amérika Ler]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans2&quot;/&gt; Kaunggulanipun prodhuk '''Honda''' inggih punika kiyat lan jarang risak.&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans2&quot;/&gt; Mligi ing [[Indonesia]], prodhuk '''Honda''' ingkang palung misuwur utawi ''memasyarakat'' inggih punika prodhuk [[montor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans2&quot;/&gt; Kantor pusat '''Honda''' wonten ing [[Tokyo]]. Saham '''Honda''' dipunsade ing kathah bursa saham, kados [[Bursa Saham Tokyo]], [[Bursa Saham New York]], [[Osaka]], [[Nagoya]], [[Sapporo]], [[Kyoto]], [[Fukuoka]], [[London]], [[Paris]], lan [[Switserlan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;capitans2&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.honda.com/ Situs resmi]
* [http://www.honda-indonesia.com PT Honda Prospect Motor] (mobil)
* [http://enformasi.com/2008/11/sejarah-perusahaan-honda.html Sajarah Perusahaan Honda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820053525/http://www.enformasi.com/2008/11/sejarah-perusahaan-honda.html |date=2011-08-20 }}
* [http://www.honda-tech.com/ Honda-Tech, technical expertise]
* [http://automobiles.honda.com/ Official automobiles site (US)]
* [http://powersports.honda.com/ Official motorcycles site (US)]
* [http://www.hondamotorcycle.net Honda motorcycle resources, SOHC4 enthusiast site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909094044/http://www.hondamotorcycle.net/ |date=2006-09-09 }}

[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Otomotif]]
[[Kategori:Honda]]


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      <text bytes="33583" sha1="rng17duee9qkb2gcuk3x9zl3l3givkg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox University 
|name         = Universitas Andalas
|image_name   = Logo_Unand_PTN-BH.png
|image_size   = 150px
|motto        = ''Untuk Kedjajaan Bangsa'' ([[Basa Indonesia|Indonesia]])
|established  = 23 Dhésèmber 1955
|type         = [[Pratélaning paguron dhuwur nagara ing Indonésia|Pawiyatan luhur nagari]]
|rector       = Prof. Dr. Tafdil Husni, S.E., MBA
|city         = [[Kutha Padang|Padang]]
|state        = [[Sumatra Kulon]]
|country      = [[Indonésia]]
|academic_staff = 2.600
|faculty      = 
|students     = 26.000
|undergrad    = 
|postgrad     = 
|doctoral     = 
|profess      = 
|specialist   = 
|extension    = 
|int'l class  =  
|campus       = [[area urban|Urban]] 
|colors       = Ijo
|nickname     = 
|affiliations = 
|website      = {{url|http://www.unand.ac.id/}}
|footnotes    = 
|address      = 
|telephone    = +62 751 71181
}}
'''Universitas Andalas (Unand)''' iku [[pawiyatan luhur]] nagari ing [[Kutha Padang|Padang]], [[Indonésia]], kang madeg tanggal 23 Dhésèmber 1955. Rektor Universitas Andalas wiwit taun 2015-2019 yaiku Prof. Dr. Tafdil Husni, SE, MBA

== Fakultas ==
Universitas Andalas duwé 11 [[fakultas]] kanggo program [[sarjana]], 2 politèknik lan 1 fakultas [[pascasarjana]], yaiku:

# Fakultas Pertanian&lt;ref&gt;[http://faperta.unand.ac.id Fakultas Pertanian]&lt;/ref&gt;
## Jurusan Agribisnis (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Agroékotèknologi(akreditasi A)
# Fakultas Tèknologi Pertanian&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fateta.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Tèknologi Pertanian |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2016-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813175857/http://fateta.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Jurusan Tèknologi Pertanian(akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Tèknik Pertanian (akreditasi B)
# Fakultas Kedhokteran&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fk.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Kedhokteran |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306101839/http://fk.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Program Pendhidhikan Dhokter Umum(akreditasi A)
## Program Studi Èlmu Keperawatan&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.psik-unand.co.cc Program Studi Èlmu Keperawatan]&lt;/ref&gt;
## Program Studi Èlmu Kaséhatan Masarakat&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://psikm.unand.ac.id/ |title=Program Studi Èlmu Kaséhatan Masyarakat |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001033049/http://psikm.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi C)
## Program Studi Pendhidhikan Dhokter Gigi
## Program Studi Psikologi
# Fakultas Matématika lan Èlmu Pengetahuan Alam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fmipa.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Matématika lan Èlmu Pengetahuan Alam |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816111850/http://fmipa.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Jurusan Kimia (akreditasi A)
## Jurusan Matématika (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Fisika (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Sistem Komputer
## Jurusan Biologi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://biologi.unand.ac.id/ |title=Jurusan Biologi |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2009-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907072925/http://biologi.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi A)
# Fakultas Farmasi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ffarmasi.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Farmasi |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2016-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904064416/http://ffarmasi.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Program Reguler Farmasi (akreditasi A)
## Program Ekstensi Farmasi
# Fakultas Hukum&lt;ref&gt;[http://fhuk.unand.ac.id Fakultas Hukum]&lt;/ref&gt;
## Program Reguler Èlmu Hukum (akreditasi A)
## Program Ekstensi Èlmu Hukum
# Fakultas Ékonomi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fekon.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Ekonomi |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2016-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825154016/http://fekon.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Program S-1 Reguler
### Jurusan Ékonomi Pangyasa (akreditasi A)
### Jurusan Manajemen (akreditasi A)
### Jurusan Akuntansi (akreditasi A)
## Program S-1 Internasional
## Program S-1 Ekstensi
## Program Diploma 3
### Program Diploma 3 Regular
#### Program Studi Pemasaran
#### Program Studi Akuntansi
#### Program Studi Kesekretariatan &amp; Manajemen Perkantoran
#### Program Studi Keuangan Perbankkan
#### Program Studi Keuangan Nagara &amp; Laladan
### Program Diploma 3 Ekstensi
#### Program Studi Pemasaran
#### Program Studi Akuntansi
#### Program Studi Kesekretariatan &amp; Manajemen Perkantoran
#### Program Studi Keuangan Perbankkan
#### Program Studi Keuangan Nagara &amp; Laladan
# Fakultas Peternakan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://faterna.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Peternakan |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2013-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127060043/http://faterna.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Èlmu peternakan(akreditasi A)
# Fakultas Sastra&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fsastra.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Sastra |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2014-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104022515/http://fsastra.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Jurusan Èlmu Sajarah (akreditasi A)
## Jurusan Sastra Inggris (akreditasi A)
## Jurusan Sastra Basa Indonésia (akreditasi A)
## Jurusan Sastra Jepang
## Jurusan Sastra Minangkabau (akreditasi B)
# Fakultas Tèknik&lt;ref&gt;[http://ft.unand.ac.id Fakultas Tèknik]&lt;/ref&gt;
## Jurusan Tèknik Industri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://industri.unand.ac.id/ |title=Jurusan Tèknik Industri |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117223151/http://industri.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Tèknik Elektro&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://elektro.unand.ac.id/ |title=Jurusan Tèknik Elektro |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102075037/http://elektro.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Tèknik Mesin (akreditasi A)
## Jurusan Tèknik Lingkungan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://lingkungan.unand.ac.id/ |title=Jurusan Tèknik Lingkungan |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2012-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111085556/http://lingkungan.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Tèknik Sipil&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sipil.unand.ac.id/ |title=Jurusan Tèknik Sipil |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2012-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103091830/http://sipil.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Sistem Informasi
# Fakultas Èlmu Sosial lan Pulitik&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fisip.unand.ac.id/ |title=Fakultas Èlmu Sosial lan Pulitik |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2010-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730210235/http://fisip.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Jurusan Èlmu Pulitik&lt;ref&gt;[http://fisip.unand.ac.id/pulitik Jurusan Èlmu Pulitik]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Sosiologi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fisip.unand.ac.id/sosiologi |title=Jurusan Sosiologi |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126142734/http://fisip.unand.ac.id/sosiologi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi B)
## Jurusan Antropologi Sosial&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fisip.unand.ac.id/antropologi |title=Jurusan Antropologi Sosial |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816104853/http://fisip.unand.ac.id/antropologi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (akreditasi A)
## Jurusan Administrasi Nagara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fisip.unand.ac.id/an |title=Jurusan Administrasi Nagara |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816105412/http://fisip.unand.ac.id/an/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Program Studi Hubungan International&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fisip.unand.ac.id/hi |title=Program Studi Hubungan International |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116003731/http://fisip.unand.ac.id/hi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Jurusan Èlmu Komunikasi&lt;ref&gt;[http://fisip.unand.ac.id/kom Jurusan Èlmu Komunikasi]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Politèknik&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.polinpdg.ac.id/ |title=Politèknik |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2013-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122012820/http://www.polinpdg.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
## Program D III
## Program D IV
# Politani
## Program D III

== Pascasarjana ==
=== Program S-2 ===
# Program Studi Biologi (akreditasi Unggul)
# Program Studi Kimia (akreditasi Unggul)
# Program Studi Matématika
# Program Studi Fisika
# Program Studi Farmasi (akreditasi B)
# Program Studi Biomedik
# Program Studi Kaséhatan Masarakat
# Program Studi Perencanaan Pangyasa (akreditasi B)
# Program Studi Pangyasa Wewengkon lan Pedésaan (akreditasi B)
# Program Studi Èlmu Hukum (akreditasi B)
# Program Magister Kenotariatan
# Program Studi Èlmu Peternakan (akreditasi Unggul)
# Program Studi Èlmu Tanah (akreditasi Unggul)
# Program Studi Èlmu Hama lan Lelara Tuwuhan (akreditasi Unggul)
# Program Studi Budidaya Pertanian (akreditasi Unggul)
# Program Studi Agronomi (akreditasi Unggul)
# Program Studi Èlmu Lingkungan
# Program Studi Tèknologi Asil Pertanian (akreditasi B)
# Program Studi Pengelolaan Terpadu Sumber Daya Alam
# Program Studi Èlmu Linguistik Kebudayaan
# Program Studi Ketahanan Pangan lan Gizi
# Program Studi POLOKDA
# Program Studi Tèknik Mesin
# Program Studi Tèknik Sipil
# Program Magister Managemen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mm.unand.ac.id/ |title=Program Magister Managemen |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204071343/http://mm.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;(akreditasi B)
# Program Studi Tèknik Mesin
# Program Studi Èlmu Sajarah
# Program Studi Sosiologi
# Program Magister Akuntansi
# Program Studi Pangyasa Perumahan lan Pemukiman
# Program Studi Èlmu Ékonomi Pertanian

=== Program Pendhidhikan Dhokter Spésialis I ===
# Èlmu Bedhah
# Èlmu Kaséhatan Anak
# [http://tht.fk.unand.ac.id/ Èlmu Kaséhatan Telinga Hidung Tenggorok Bedah Kepala Leher (THT-KL)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111060200/http://tht.fk.unand.ac.id/ |date=2011-11-11 }}
# Èlmu Lelara Sajeroning
# Kulit lan Kelamin
# Mata
# Neurologi
# Obstetri lan Ginekologi
# Patologi Anatomi
# Patologi Klinik
# Pulmonologi

=== Program S-3 ===
# Program Studi Èlmu Biomedik
# Program Studi Agronomi
# Program Studi Èlmu Tanah
# Program Studi Èlmu Kimia
# Program Studi Biologi
# Program Èlmu Peternakan
# Program Èlmu Hama lan Lelara Tuwuhan
# Program Èlmu Pangyasa Pertanian
# Program Èlmu Ékonomi
# Program Èlmu Hukum

== Fasilitas kampus ==

=== Kampus ===
Unand duwé lokasi pembelajaran ing Kampus Limau Manis 500 hèktar, Kampus Jati 10.073 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, lan Kampus Fakultas Kedhokteran 28.000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.
 
=== Fasilitas Utama ===
* Laboratorium Dasar lan sawatara Laboratorium kang pepak lan modhèren ing saben fakultas/jurusan
* Rumah Sakit Pendhidhikan (RSUP M. Djamil)
* Kapustakan Pusat lan sawatara Kapustakan kang kasebar ing saben Fakultas/Jurusan
* Laboratorium Biota Sumatra
* Kebun Raya Andalas
* Hutan Pendhidhikan lan Panelitèn Biologi
* Lahan Peternakan
* Sawah Panelitèn
* Kebun Tuwuhan Obat (Arboretum)
* Laboratorium Komputasi
* Dll

=== Fasilitas pendhukung ===
* Gedhong Pusat Kegiatan Mahasiswa (PKM)
* Asrama Mahasiswa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://asrama.unand.ac.id/ |title=Asrama Mahasiswa |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2010-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924043336/http://asrama.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Auditorium berkapasitas 8000 audiens lan Madani Convention Center
* Masjid Nurul Ilmi Unand lan Musholla ing sabenfakultas/jurusan
* Fasilitas Ulah raga
** Basket, Voli, Futsal, Panjat Tebing, Sepak Bola lan lain-lain
* Bank, ATM, lan Kantor Pos
** BNI, Bank Mandiri, Bank Nagari
* Bus Kampus, Pujasera, Minimarket
* Fasilitas Internet Hotspot

== Lembaga panelitèn ==

Lembaga Panelitèn Universitas Andalas, Rektorat Unand Lt. 2, Kampus Unand Limau Manis, Padang. Telepon: (0751) 72645, Faks: (0751) 72645 dumadi saka:
# Lembaga Panelitèn Babagan Ékonomi, dumadi:
## Pusat Studi Keuangan Laladan (PSKD)
## Lembaga Panelitèn Ékonomi Regional (LPER)
## Lembaga Pengkajian Ékonomi lan Pangyasa (LPEP)
## Pusat Studi Kependudukan
## Pusat Pengembangan Akutansi (PPA)
## Pusat Studi Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia (PSPSDM)
## Pusat Studi Wanita
# Lembaga Panelitèn Babagan Pertanian lan peternakan, dumadi saka:
## Pusat Studi Irigasi
## Pusat Panelitèn Pemanfaatan Èlmu lan Tèknologi Nuklir
## Pusat Panelitèn Kehutanan
## Pusat Panelitèn Pengembangan Hewan lan Sapi
# Lembaga Panelitèn Babagan Budaya lan Kemasyarakatan, dumadi saka:
## Pusat Studi Otonomi Laladan
## Pusat Studi Pengembangan lan Owah-owahan Sosial Budaya
## Pusat Studi Budaya lan Masarakat Minangkabau
## Pusat Kajian Hukum Wewengkon Kulon
## Pusat Studi Konstitusi (Pusako) ing FH Unand, diketuai Prof. Dr. Saldi Isra
## Pusat Studi Pedésaan
## Pusat Kajian Masalah Perkotaan
## Pusat Studi Amérika
## Pusat Studi Èlmu, Tèknologi lan Budaya Jepang
# Lembaga Panelitèn Babagan Sumber Daya Alam lan Lingkungan, dumadi saka:
## Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup
## Pusat Kajian Sumber Daya Alam
## Pusat Studi Alam Sumatra
# Lembaga Panelitèn Babagan Kaséhatan
## Pusat Studi Tumbuhan Obat
## Pusat Kajian Kaséhatan

== ICT UNAND ==

Pusat data ana ing ICT UNAND, Lt. 1 Gedung Pustaka Pusat UNAND.

== Keluarga Mahasiswa Universitas Andalas ==

{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* '''Keluarga Mahasiswa Universitas Andalas(KM_UNAND)'''

Legislatif Mahasiswa 
** Dewan Perwakilan Mahasiswa (DPM) Universitas Andalas
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Tèknik  (BEM-KM F.Tèknik Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Farmasi (BEM-KM F.Farmasi Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas MIPA    (BEM-KM F.MIPA Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Peternakan (BEM-KM F.Peternakan Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian (BEM-KM F.Pertanian Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Tèknologi Pertanian (BEM-KM F.T.Pertanian Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Ékonomi (BEM-KM F.Ékonomi Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedhokteran (BEM-KM F.Kedhokteran Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas ISIP (BEM-KM F.ISIP Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum (BEM-KM F.Hukum Unand)
** Dewan Legislatif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Sastra (BEM-KM F.Sastra Unand)

Eksekutif Mahasiswa
** [http://www.bem.unand.ac.id Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa (BEM-KM Unand) Universitas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116131119/http://bem.unand.ac.id/ |date=2011-11-16 }}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bem.unand.ac.id/ |title=BEM KM UNAND |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116131119/http://bem.unand.ac.id/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Tèknik  (BEM-KM F.Tèknik Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Farmasi (BEM-KM F.Farmasi Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas MIPA    (BEM-KM F.MIPA Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Peternakan (BEM-KM F.Peternakan Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian (BEM-KM F.Pertanian Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Tèknologi Pertanian (BEM-KM F.T.Pertanian Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Ékonomi (BEM-KM F.Ékonomi Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedhokteran (BEM-KM F.Kedhokteran Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas ISIP (BEM-KM F.ISIP Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum (BEM-KM F.Hukum Unand)
** Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Kulawarga-Mahasiswa Fakultas Sastra (BEM-KM F.Sastra Unand)
** Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Tingkat Universitas
** FKI Rabbani Unand (Forum Kajian Islam Rabbani universitas Andalas)
** UKM Ulah raga&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbmkonline2009.com/ukm.php?ukm_id=51 |title=UKM Ulah raga |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2009-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907235329/http://www.bbmkonline2009.com/ukm.php?ukm_id=51 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** UKM Pandekar
** UKM Penalaran
** [http://www.neotelemetri.com UKM Neo Telemetri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205030206/http://neotelemetri.com/ |date=2011-12-05 }}
** Pengenalan Hukum lan Pulitik Unand (UKM PHP UNAND)
** Pojok Bursa Efek Jakarta (BEJ)
** English Association of Science CommuniTy (EAST)
** UKM Sinematografi
** UKM Pers Genta Andalas&lt;ref&gt;[http://gentaandalaspress-unand.blogspot.com UKM Pers Genta Andalas]&lt;/ref&gt;
** [http://www.pramukaunand.org UKM Pramuka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923065732/http://www.pramukaunand.org/ |date=2011-09-23 }}
** UK Kesenian
** UKM Pengembangan Èlmu lan Kandungan Al-Qur'an (PIKA) 
** Koperasi Mahasiswa Andalas
** Rèsimèn Mahasiswa (Menwa)
** UKM Korp Suka Rela Palang Merah Indonésia (KSR PMI)
** MAPALA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mapalaunand.com/ |title=MAPALA |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2011-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103070540/http://mapalaunand.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Association Internationale des Étudiants en Sciences Économiques et Commerciales (AIESEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://aiesecua.blogspot.com/ |title=(AIESEC) |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423041840/http://aiesecua.blogspot.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

** Tingkat Fakultas
*** Fakultas Tèknik
**** Himpunan Mahasiswa Tèknik Industri
**** Himpunan Mahasiswa Tèknik Lingkungan
**** Himpunan Mahasiswa Tèknik Sipil
**** Himpunan Mahasiswa Tèknik Mesin
**** Himpunan Mahasiswa Tèknik Elektro
*** Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Fakultas Tèknik
**** Foristek (Forum Studi Islam Tèknik)
**** EBC (Engineering Bridge Club)
*** Fakultas Peternakan
**** Mapala Svarna Dvipa Ungu

== Mahasiswa ==
Mahasiswa Unand asal saka manéka laladan kaya ta: [[Sumatra Kulon]], Acèh, Riau, Sumatra Lor, Bengkulu, Sumatra Kidul, Lampung, Jambi, Kapuloan Riau, Jakarta, Jawa Kulon, Banten lll. Saliyané iku, ing Unand ana mahasiswa manca nagara (Malaysia) kang nuntut èlmu ing kana, mligi ing Fakultas Kedhokteran, Fakultas Ékonomi lan Fakultas Farmasi

== Biaya Kuliah ==
* Biaya kuliah kanggo Mahasiswa Indonésia (Ujian Masuk Bersama lan SNMPTN/tidak kalebu Ujian Mandiri)
** Mahasiswa S1 lan D3
*** Mahasiswa Lama: SPP Rp. 750.000 persemester (durung kalebu biaya transportasi bus kampus, asrama)
*** Mahasiswa Baru: SPP Rp. 750.000 persemester (durung kalebu biaya Sumbangan Pengembangan Pendhidhikan, transportasi bus kampus, asrama, ICT lan tes NAPZA)
** Mahasiswa Paska Sarjana
*** Tergantung program studi kang diambil
* Biaya Kuliah kanggo Mahasiswa Asing
** Mahasiswa S1 lan D3
*** Tergantung program studi kang diambil

== Beasiswa ==
Beasiswa Etos Dompet Duafa Republika, PT. Semen Gresik, Beasiswa Eka Tjipta Foundation, PPA,L'oreal, [http://www.karyasalemba4.org Karya Salemba Empat] dll.

== Kerja sama karo instansi/lembaga lain ==
* Lembaga Sajeroning Negeri
** Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, Mahkamah Konstitusi, Departemen Keuangan, Bank Indonésia lan sapanunggalané
* Lembaga Sajabaning Negeri
** JICA, FBRT and DGHE; IMT-GT UNINET; Gafenas, Negeri Sembilan; The United Nations Support Facility for Indonésian Recovery; PUTMIL CONSORTIUM (SDN) BHD Malaysia,

== Prestasi kampus ==
# PTN Paling apik II Nasional ing sajabaning Pulo Jawa (Asil Akreditasi BAN PT)
# PT Peringkat 14 Nasional sajeroning kriteria alumni pawiyatan luhur kang paling diminati perusahaan utawa Peringkat I ing sajabaning Pulo Jawa (versi Pusdata Majalah Tempo taun 2006)
# Universitas Andalas olèh akreditasi B saka BAN PT
# Universitas Andalas duwé 130 Guru Besar/Profesor lan minangka Universitas kang duwé Guru Besar paling akèh ing Sumatra (Per 24 September 2010)
# Nduwèni Jurnal Panelitèn terakreditasi
# Fakultas Kedhokteran Universitas Andalas minangka pembina (supervisi) marang Fakultas Kedhokteran Universitas Baiturrahmah Sumatra Kulon lan Fakultas Kedhokteran Universitas Riau
# Fakultas Kedhokteran (FK) UNAND minangka FK kapisan ing Indonésia kang dadi pioner sajeroning ngayahi pendhidhikan kanthi Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK), kang bekerjasama karo Health Workforce and service (HWS) project saka Direktorat Jendral Pendhidhikan Tinggi (DItjen Dikti) Kementerian Pendhidhikan Nasional
# Fakultas Kedhokteran Universitas Andalas minangka salah satu saka 13 Fakultas Kedhokteran ing Indonésia kang diakoni/terakreditasi déning Pamaréntah Malaysia
# Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Andalas minangka pembinan (supervisi) marang Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Jakarta.
# Universitas Andalas minangka salah Satu PTN pionir sajeroning penyelenggaraan Kuliah Umum Kewirausahaan tumrap mahasiswa
# Fakultas Ékonomi Universitas Andalas kalebu ke sajeroning 6 pawiyatan luhur kang dipercaya Departemen Keuangan RI kanggo ngayahi Kursus Keuangan Laladan (Unand, UI, UGM, Unsrat, Unibraw, lan Unhas)
# Universitas Andalas minangka Perguruan Tinggi kang kalebu ''Quality Leading Institution'' (ing Sumatra: Unand Padang, USU Medan, lan Unsri Palembang)
# Universitas Andalas kalebu sajeroning 100 pawiyatan luhur paling apik ing ASEAN (peringkat 26) utawa peringkat 8 ing Indonésia (paling apik sajabaning pulo Jawa) dhedhasar survey Webometric per Januari 2011
# Universitas Andalas kalebu sajeroning 10 besar Perguruan Tinggi Negeri utawa terfavourite ing sajabaning Jawa sajeroning babagan IPS dhedhasar asil SNMPTN taun 2010
# Universitas Andalas kalebu sajeroning 10 besar Universitas ing Indonésia (paling apik ing sajabaning Pulo Jawa) kang duwé Sistem Jaminan Mutu Internal Paling apik ing Indonésia ing taun 2010
# Jurusan Kimia Universitas Andalas minangka Jurusan Kimia dengan jumlah Guru Besar (Profesor) paling akèh ing Indonésia, sarta duwé laboratorium lan jenjang pendhidhikan program akademik kang lengkap (Sarjana, Magister, lan Dhoktor)

== Prestasi Dhosèn ==
# Prof.Dr Dayar Arbain meraih King Bouduin Award (1993), Convocation Award (1993), and Who’s Who in The World 1999
# Prof.Dr. Edison Munaf tercatat sajeroning “Who and Who in the World”, 7th edition (1983), 11th Edition (1997) Marquish Publisher USA, lan ngraih Juara III sajeroning Kompetisi Dhosèn Teladan tingkat nasional
# Prof. Dr. Akmal Djamaan, MS, Apt
## Silver medal (medhali pérak) kanggo panelitèn dengan sesirah: Biodegradable plastic from palm oil ing Ekspo: The 27 E. Salon International Des Invention s, Geneve, Switserlan (anggota peneliti). Le President du Comite d'Organisation du Salon, The 27 E. Salon International Des Inventions, Geneve, Switserlan, 1999
## Silver medal (medhali pérak) kanggo panelitèn dengan sesirah: The Production of biopolymer from palm oil ing The International Invention, Innovation, Industrial Design and Technology Exhibition '98 (I.TEK '98), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1998 (anggota peneliti), Organisation Committee of The I.TEK '98, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1998
## Pangaji-aji minangka Peneliti Paling apik Panelitèn Fundamental Dikti, Depdiknas (2006)
# Dr.H.Fashbir Noor Sidin, SE, MSP, saka Universitas Andalas memperoleh ISEI Award Juara I kategori Esai utawa Artikel Paling apik sajeroning Koran lan Majalah saka Ikatan Sarjana Ékonomi Indonésia (ISEI) menulis Integrasi Kebijakan Pangyasa Désa lan Kota minangka Asas Ketahanan Ékonomi, Sosial, lan Pulitik
# Fatma Sri Wahyuni peneliti Farmasi Unand peraih Fellowship L’Oreal Indonésia for Women in Science 2006 (panelitèn obat anti kanker)
# Israr Iskandar dhosèn Universitas Andalas meraih juara III sajeroning Lomba Karya Tulis Ilmiah (LKTI) Internasional taun 2008 kang diselenggarakan déning Balai Kajian lan Pengembangan Budaya Malayu (BKPM) lan Pusat Studi Sosial Asia Tenggara (PSSAT) UGM
# Prof Endang Purwati PhD saka Universitas Andalas kang memenangkan anugerah babagan ènergi saka Kementerian Riset lan Tèknologi (KRT) taun 2009 dengan panelitèn Aplikasi Bioteknologi kanggo Pengolahan Limbah Peternakan Ramah Lingkungan minangka Gas Bio lan Pupuk Organik Padat/ Cair.

== Prestasi Mahasiswa ==
{|
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* '''Babagan Èlmu Pengetahuan''':
** Tim mahasiswa unand  meraih Juara Lomba Debat Mahasiswa ASEAN ing Malaysia.
** Juara I Peneliti Muda Indonésia 2002 in Medicine and Health saka Lembaga Èlmu Pengetahuan Indonésia (LIPI)
** Juara III sajeroning kompetisi The 2nd Industrial Engineering Competition 2006 kang diadakan déning Institut Tèknologi Surabaya
** Juara II sajeroning PRA Temu Ilmiah Nasional (PRATelminas) 2006 ISMKI (Ikatan Mahasiswa Kedhokteran Indonésia) ing Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedhokteran Universitas Kristen Maranatha  Bandung, anggotané dumadi saka Dian Jenova (Universitas Andalas), Sophia Erna Safitri (Universitas Diponegoro), Sansan Suhelda (Unika Atmajaya), Hermes Santosa (Universitas Udayana) dengan sesirah proposal “Prabawa Program Pendampingan Kulawarga Miskin Déning Mahasiswa Kedhokteran Terhadap Perbaikan Status Gizi”. 
** Politèknik Universitas Andalas meraih juara III sajeroning lomba  JAVA tingkat nasional ing Universitas Gunadharma Jakarta taun 2007
** Juara III sajeroning Kompetisi Pemikiran Kritis Mahasiswa (KPKM) Babagan Polkam. Kompetisi bergengsi itu digelar ing 27-29 April 2007 ing Bali Regional A 2002 
** Deni Delyyandri (Universitas Andalas)Juara III Wirausaha Muda Mandiri (WMM) 2008 kategori Pascasarjana lan Alumni, diselenggarakan déning bank Mandiri
** Fengky Satria Yorestra asal Universitas Andalas meraih medhali pérak  saka Daimler AG, produsen Mercedes Benz, lan UNESCO taun 2009 lumantar proyek Evacuation Infrastructure from Tsunami for Coastal Communities in West Sumatra
** Fakultas Hukum Unand Juara II Debat Konstitusi ing Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) taun 2009
** Tim Prodi Biologi meraih pérak  ing Pekan Ilmiah Mahasiswa Nasional (Pimnas) ke-XXIII ing Universitas Mahasaraswati, Bali, taun 2010
** Tim Akutansi Unanad berada ing lima besar paling apik sajeroning Diponegoro Accounting Competition taun 2010.
** Azhari Nuridinar lan Agus Muhar saka Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas meraih juara II sajeroning Pemilihan Peneliti Remaja Indonésia (PPRI) babagan IPA ing Lembaga Èlmu Pengetahuan Indonésia (LIPI) taun 2010
* '''Babagan Minat lan Bakat''':
** Tim UKM Ulah raga meraih Meraih Medali Pérak ing Kejuaraan Nasional Tarung Derajat taun 1997 ing Bandung.
** Mapala Unand mewakili Indonésia sajeroning Marlboro Adventure in Colorado, USA 
** Tim UKM Ulah raga meraih Meraih Medali Pérak Kata Beregu Putri ing POMNAS VIII ing Pekan Baru taun 2003.
** juara I lomba Presenter SCTV Go To Campus 2003 
** UKM Ulah raga meraih Medali Perunggu kejurnas Wushu “Semarang Open” 2006, Jawa Tengah.
** UKM Ulah raga meraih Meraih 2 emas, 2 pérak, 9 perunggu ing Kejurnas Pencak Silat Antar Perguruan Tinggi 2006, Universitas Andalas, Sumatra Kulon.
** Tim UKM Kesenian meraih Predikat Golden Diploma tim Andalaswara ing Asian Choir Games 2007 ing Jakarta
** Juara muslimah nasional ing ITS Surabaya ing sasi Januari 2009.
** Juara III Mausabaqah Tilawatil Quran (MTQ) Mahasiswa tingkat Nasional XI taun 2009
** Tim Mapala Unand Juara 1 (kapisan) Kejuaraan Nasional Citarum Open 2009
|}
** Fakultas Kedhokteran Unand njuwarani Sala Medic Cup 2010 (Kompetisi Bola Basket antar fakultas kadhokteran lan kadhokteran gigi se-Indonésia)kang dianakaké déning Fakultas Kedhokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret. Tetandhingan ditindakaké saka tanggal 25-29 Januari 2010.
** Nilna Rahmi Isna saka Universitas Andalas kapilih minangka Koordinator Wewengkon I (Sumatra) Ikatan Senat Mahasiswa Kaséhatan Masarakat Indonésia (ISMKMI)
** Andriansyah saka Jurusan Tèknik Elektro Fakultas Tèknik Universitas Andalas Kapilih minangka Presedium Nasional Forum Ukhuwah Lembaga Dakwah Tèknik (FULDKT)
** Azhari Nuridinar lan Agus Muhar saka Fakultas Peternakan kapilih seabagai Juara ke 2 Babagan Èlmu Alam Lomba Peneliti Remaja LIPI taun 2010.
** Kontingen Pramuka Universitas Andalas Mengikuti Kemah Budaya Ing Bengkulu
** Kontingen Pramuka Universitas Andalas Mengikuti Latihan Gabungan Pramuka Perguruan Tinggi Nasional ing palembang 2010
** Efrizal, salah satu anggota Pramuka Universitas Andalas kang kasil mengikuti program pertukaran mahasiswa ke Inggris utusan Kwartir Nasional Gerakan Pramuka ing taun 2006

== Ikatan Alumni ==
Ketua Umum IKAUA yaiku Gamawan Fawzi lan Pusat IKAUA yaiku Kampus Limau Manis, sedangkan ing sabenpropinsi diwangun pula pengurus wewengkon. Kanggo kutha wewengkon DKI Jakarta minangka ketua yaiku dr. Fasli Jalal, Ph.D dengan sekretariatnya ing Jalan Pasar Minggu Km. 18-8, Jakarta Kidul. Utawa P.O. BOX 4882 JKTM Jakarta 12048. Telepon/Faks.: (021) 7983504

== Kiprah alumni ==
* '''Instansi Pamaréntah''':
** Bank Indonésia, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, Komisi Pemberantas Korupsi (KPK), Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU, Departemen Keuangan, Lembaga Èlmu Pengetahuan Indonésia (LIPI), Kejaksaan Agung, Departemen Pendhidhikan Nasional, Mahkamah Agung, Sekretariat Nagara, DPR, DPRD Provinsi, Dhosèn PTN, DPRD Kabupatèn/Kota, Pemda Provinsi, Pemda Kabupatèn/Kota dll
* '''Lembaga Swasta''':
** Bank Mandiri, BNI, BRI, Bank Danamon, Bank Panin, BSM, Bank Nagari, PT. Hutchitson (three), Sinar Mas Group, Garuda Indonésia, LSM, Kejaksaan Agung, konsultan, PT. Sari Husada, PT. Kimia Farma, Dhosèn PTS, pengacara/lawyer, NGO dll

== Alumni kang misuwur (dhedhasar abjad) ==

# Agoes Soebekti, (Direktur Konsumer Bank BNI 2003)
# Aslim Tadjudin (Deputi Gubernur BI 2007)
# Bambang Istijono (Deputi Babagan Pengelolaan Infrastruktur Kawasan Perbatasan, Badan Nasional Pengelolaan Perbatasan (BNPP) Kementerian Sajeroning Negeri)
# Basrief Arief (Jaksa Agung Republik Indonesia 2010-saiki)
# Basril Djabar (Komisaris PT. Semen Padang)
# Budi Putra (Bloger kapisan lan bloger paling apik ing Indonésia)
# Budi Satria Isman SE MBA (Direktur Utama PT. [[Sari Husada]])
# CY Boestal (Deputi Direktorat Kredit, BPR lan UMKM BI)
# Djafni Jamal (Hakim Agung)
# Dwi Soetjipto (Dirut PT. Semen Gresik)
# Prof. Dr. Elwi Danil, SH. MH (Guru Besar FH Unand lan Komisaris PT. Semen Padang 2003-saiki)
# Fachri Ahmad (Mantan Rektor Unand, Mantan Rektor Univ. Bung Hatta, Mantan Wagub Sumbar)
# Fasli Djalal (Wakil Mantri Pendhidhikan Nasional ing Kabinet Indonésia Bersatu II)
# Firman Abdullah.dr.SpOG (FIGO, ISUOG,POGI)
# Gamawan Fauzi, SH,MM (Mantri Sajeroning Negeri Kabinet Indonésia Bersatu II, Periode 2009-2014, Gubernur Sumbar (2005-2009), Bupati Solok (1995-2005)
# Herman Abdullah (Walikota Pekanbaru 2001-saiki)
# Mahyuddin Ramli (Komisaris PT. Bank Kesejahteraan)
# Marlis Rahman, Prof. Dr. MSc (Mantan Rektor, Gubernur Sumbar 2009-2010)
# Munadi Arifin, SE, Ak, MM (Direktur Produksi PT. Semen Padang 2005-saiki)
# Novian Zen SE Ak (Direktur Keuangan Inhutani I 2007-2012)
# Ridwan Mahmud (Direktur Pemasaran PT. Bank Kesejahteraan)
# Saldi Isra, Prof. Dr. SH. MPA (Guru Besar lan Pakar Hukum Tata Nagara/ Dhosèn FH Unand)
# Suryadi Asmi (Dirut BPD Bank Nagari)
# Takdir Rahmadi, Prof. Dr. SH. LLM (Mantan Dekan FH Unand, Hakim Agung)
# Tresdi Arma, MM (Direktur Litbang lan Operasi PT. Semen Padang 2005-saiki)
# Yuliandri, Prof. Dr. SH. MH (Guru Besar Èlmu Perundang-Undangan, Dhosèn FH Unand)
# Zainal Bakar (Mantan Gubernur Sumbar)

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|3}}
** [http://www.pramukaunand.org UKM Pramuka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923065732/http://www.pramukaunand.org/ |date=2011-09-23 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.unand.ac.id Situs web resmi Universitas Andalas]
* [http://www.alunand.com Ikatan Alumni Universitas Andalas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417015740/http://www.alunand.com/ |date=2021-04-17 }}
* [http://andalas-center.com Andalas Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208154305/http://andalas-center.com/ |date=2011-02-08 }}
* [http://www.internafkunand.or.id Bagian Èlmu Penyakit Jroning Fakultas Kedhokteran Universitas Andalas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115170703/http://www.internafkunand.or.id/ |date=2011-11-15 }}
* [http://www.pramukaunand.org Pramuka Universitas Andalas Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923065732/http://www.pramukaunand.org/ |date=2011-09-23 }}
* [https://kip-kuliah.org Kip Kuliah Unand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822210250/https://kip-kuliah.org/ |date=2023-08-22 }}


== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{PTN di Indonésia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andalas}}
[[Kategori:Pawiyatan luhur nagari ing Sumatra Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Pawiyatan luhur ing Sumatra Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Pawiyatan luhur ing Kutha Padang]]


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  <page>
    <title>Influenza</title>
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      <text bytes="136663" sha1="cpp3tpz7hawhw961rwjuknffwy3ox6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Disease
|Name=Influenza
|Image=EM of influenza virus.jpg
|Caption=[[transmisi èlèktron mikroskopik|TEM]] saka [[virus]] influenza, digedhèkaké kurang luwih tikel kaping 100.000.
|Width=226
|DiseasesDB=6791
|ICD10={{ICD10|J|10||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|11||j|09}}
|ICD9={{ICD9|487}}
|MedlinePlus=000080
|eMedicineSubj=med
|eMedicineTopic=1170
|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|ped|3006}}
|MeshID=D007251
}}
'''Influenza''', kang asring ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud [[lelara nular]] kang disebabaké déning [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] saka [[famili]] [[Orthomyxoviridae]] (virus influenza), kang nyerang [[unggas]] lan [[mamalia]]. Tandha-tandha sing paling lumrah saka lelara iki yaiku ndredheg, mriyang, perih tenggorokane, perih otot, sirah abot, [[watuk]], lemes, lan [[malaise]].&lt;ref name=Merck&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html
|title=Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition
|publisher=www.merck.com
|accessdate=2008-03-15
|last=
|first=
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan asring kijolan karo lelara mèmper influenza liyané, mligi [[selesma]], influenza wujud lelara kang luwih abot tinimbang selesma lan disababaké déning jinis virus kang béda&lt;ref name=Eccles&gt;{{cite journal |last=Eccles |first=R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Influenza bisa njalari eneg, lan muntah, mligi ing bocah-bocah,&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; nanging tandha-tandha mau luwih asring ana ing lelara [[gastroenteritis]], kang babar pisan ora ana gegandhèngané, kang uga sok-sok kanthi ora trep diarani &quot;flu weteng&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074827/http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} by Kristina Duda, R.N.; Diakses 12 Maret 2007 (Website: &quot;About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company&quot;).  So-called &quot;stomach flu&quot; is sometimes also called &quot;24-hour flu.&quot;  Neither one is actually flu and are instead unrelated [[gastroenteritis]].&lt;/ref&gt; Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia  kanthi langsung uga njalari pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ballinger-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ballinger | first1 = MN. | last2 = Standiford | first2 = TJ. | title = Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: host defenses gone awry. | journal = J Interferon Cytokine Res | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 643-52 |date=Sep 2010 | doi = 10.1089/jir.2010.0049 | PMID = 20726789 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lumrahé, influenza nular saka udara utawa wahin, sing bakal njalari ''[[aerosol]]'' sing ngandhut virus. Influenza uga bisa ditularraké merga tepungan karo ndemok tai manuk utawa [[umbel]], uga bisa liwat lumahan kang wis kena kontaminasi. Aerosol kang kagawa déning udara (airborne aerosols) dinuga nimbulaké sapérangan gedhé infèksi, sanajan jalur panularan endi kang paling duwé peran sajeroning lelara iki durung cetha temenan.&lt;ref name=Brankston/&gt; Virus influenza bisa diinaktivasi déning sinar [[srengéngé]], [[disinfektan]], lan [[deterjen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suarez |first=D |author2=Spackman E, Senne D, Bulaga L, Welsch A, Froberg K |title=The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/1091 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1091–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14575118 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1091}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)]: Implications for [[Disease|Human Disease]]. Physical characteristics of influenza A viruses. UMN CIDRAP.&lt;/ref&gt;  Asring ngumbah tangan bakal ngurangi risiko infèksi amarga virus bisa diinaktivasi karo sabun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jefferson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jefferson | first1 = T. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Dooley | first3 = L. | last4 = Ferroni | first4 = E. | last5 = Al-Ansary | first5 = LA. | last6 = Bawazeer | first6 = GA. | last7 = van Driel | first7 = ML. | last8 = Nair | first8 = S. | last9 = Foxlee | first9 = R. | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume =  | issue = 1 | pages = CD006207 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub3 | PMID = 20091588 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza nyebar menyang saindhenging donya sajeroning [[epidemi]] mangsan, kang nimbulaké pepati 250.000 lan 500.000 wong saben tauné,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza (Seasonal)], [[World Health Organization]], April 2009. Diaksès 13-02-2010.&lt;/ref&gt; malah nganti mayuta-yuta wong ing sapérangan taun pandemik. Rata-rata 41.400 wong mati saben tauné ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] sajeroning kurun wektu antara taun 1979 tekan 2001 amarga influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/2/181 |title=Mortality due to Influenza in the United States — An Annualized Regression Approach Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data | author=[[Jonathan Dushoff]] | journal =[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] | volume = 163| issue = 2| pages = 181–7|accessdate=2009-10-29 |quote=The regression modhèl attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979–2001. |work= |pmid=16319291 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwj024 |year=2006 |first2=JB |first3=C |first4=DJ |first5=L |last2=Plotkin |last3=Viboud |last4=Earn |last5=Simonsen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika taun 2010 [[Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] ing Amérikah Sarékat ngowahi carané nglapuraké prakiran pepati amarga influenza sajeroning 30 taun. Saiki Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara nglapuraké yèn ana kisaran angka pepati wiwit saka 3.300 nganti 49.000 pepati per tauné.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=[[Julie Steenhuysen]] |title=CDC backs away from decades-old flu death estimate |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3NA20100826 |quote=Instead of the estimated 36,000 annual flu deaths in the United States... the actual number in the past 30 years has ranged from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of nearly 49,000, the CDC said on Thursday. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Telu pandemi influenza dumadi nalika abad karongpuluh lan wis niwasaké puluhan yuta wong. Saben pandemi mau disababaké déning munculé galur anyar [[virus]] iki ing manungsa. Asring uga, [[galur]] anyar iki muncul nalika virus flu kang wis ana nyebar ing manungsa saka [[spésies]] kéwan kang liya, utawa nalika galur virus influenza manungsa kang wis ana njupuk [[gen]] anyar saka virus kang lumrahé nginfèksi unggas utawa babi. Galur unggas kang diarani [[H5N1]] wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing [[Asia]] nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung [[évolusi]] dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza (&quot;bird flu&quot;) fact sheet |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ |date=February 2006 |publisher=WHO |accessdate=2006-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu [[manungsa]], [[babi]], lan [[unggas]], kang ing awalé diarani &quot;[[flu babi]]&quot; lan uga ditepungi minangka [[Virus H1N1|influenza A/H1N1]], kang muncul ing [[Mèksiko]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], lan sapérangan nagara liya. [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Donya]] (WHO) kanthi resmi ndhéklarasikaké wabah iki minangka pandemi nalika tanggal 11 Juni 2009 (delengen [[Wabah flu babi 2009|pandemi flu 2009]]). Dhéklarasi WHO ngenani pandemi tingkat 6 wujud indhikasi panyebaran virus, dudu abot-ènthèngé lelara, galur iki sajatiné duwé tingkat mortalitas kang luwih asor tinimbang wabah virus flu biyasa.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Vaksin influenza|Vaksinasi marang influenza]] lumrahé sumadiya kanggo wong-wong ing [[nagara ngrembaka]].&lt;ref name=WHOvaccines&gt;[http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf WHO position paper: influenza vaccines] ''WHO weekly Epidemiological Record'' 19 August 2005, vol. 80, 33, hal. 277–288.&lt;/ref&gt; Kéwan ingon unggas asring divaksinasi kanggo nyegah tumpes tapisé kabèh kéwan ingon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Villegas |first=P |title=Viral diseases of the respiratory system |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_1998-08_77_8/page/1143 |journal=Poult Sci |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1143–5 |year=1998 |pmid=9706079}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké yaiku vaksin influenza trivalen (''trivalent influenza vaccine'' [TIV]) kang ngandhut [[antigen]] kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. Lumrahé, vaksin jinis iki ngandhut matérial saka rong galur [[virus influenza A|virus influenza subtipe A]] lan [[virus influenza B|siji galur influenza subtipe B]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Horwood F, Macfarlane J |title=Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects |journal=Thorax |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=II24–II30 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364707 |pmc=1766003 |url=http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12364707}}&lt;/ref&gt; TIV ora duwé risiko nularaké lelara, lan duwé réaktivitas kang asor banget. Vaksin kang diformulasikaké kanggo setaun mungkin dadi ora èfèktif kanggo taun sabanjuré, amarga virus influenza ngalami évolusi kanthi rikat, lan galur anyar bakal rikat nggantèkaké galur kang sadurungé. Obat-obatan antivirus bisa dipigunakaké kanggo nambani influenza, ''[[neuraminidase inhibitor]]'' (kaya ta Tamiflu utawa Relenza).&lt;ref name=WHOmedrecDec2009&gt;World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response (GAR), [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/antivirals/definitions_use/en/index.html Antiviral drugs for pandemic (H1N1) 2009: definitions and use], 22 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--yang terutama efektif--&gt;.

== Klasifikasi ==
{{Flu}}
=== Jinis-jinis virus ===
Sajeroning [[Virus#Klasifikasi virus|klasifikasi virus]], virus influenza kalebu [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] kang wujud telu saka lima [[genera]] sajeroning famili Oethomyxoviridae:&lt;ref name=Kawaoka&gt;{{cite book |author=Kawaoka Y (juru besut). |title=Influenza Virology: Current Topics |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2006 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |isbn=978-1-904455-06-6 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509195454/http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Virus influenza A]]
* [[Virus influenza B]]
* [[Virus influenza C]]

Virus-virus mau duwé kakerabatan kang adoh karo [[virus parainfluenza manungsa]], kang wujud  virus RNA kang wujud péranganing famili [[Paramyxoviridae#Paramyxovirus|paramyxovirus]] kang wujud jalaran umum saka infèksi [[sistem ambegan|ambegan]] ing bocah, kaya ta [[croup]] (laryngotracheobronchitis),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T |title=Biology of parainfluenza viruses |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=265–75 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8055470 |pmc=358320 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8055470}}&lt;/ref&gt; nanging bisa uga nimbulaké lelara kang sarupa karo influenza ing wong diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=25 |pages=1917–28 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11419430 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&amp;pmid=11419430&amp;promo=ONFLNS19 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442507}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza A ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza A. Unggas akuatik alasan wujud inang alamiah kanggo pérangan gedhé variétas influenza A. Sok-sok, virus bisa ditularaké marang spésies liya lan bisa nimbulaké wabah kang duwé dhampak gedhé ing paternakan unggas dhomèstik utawa nimbulaké sawijining [[pandemi]] influenza manungsa.&lt;ref name=sobrino6&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|author=Klenk|display-authors=etal|year=2008|chapter=Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|access-date=2012-03-18|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus jinis A wujud patogèn manungsa paling virulen ing antarané katelu jinis influenza lan nimbulaké lelara kang paling abot. Virus influenza A bisa dipérang manèh dadi subdhivisi wujud [[serovar|serotipe-serotipe]] kang béda dhedhasar tanggepan [[antibodi]] marang virus iki.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Serotipe kang wis dikonfirmasi ing manungsa, diurutaké dhedhasar guènggung pepati pandemi ing manungsa, yaiku:
* [[H1N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Spanyol]] nalika taun 1918, lan [[Flu Babi]] nalika taun 2009
* [[H2N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Asia]] nalika taun 1957
* [[H3N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Hongkong]] nalika taun 1968
* [[H5N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Manuk]] nalika taun 2004
* [[H7N7]], kang duwé potènsi [[zoanatik]] kang ora biyasa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Fouchier |first=R |author2=Schneeberger P, Rozendaal F, Broekman J, Kemink S, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, Schutten M, Van Doornum G, Koch G, Bosman A, Koopmans M, Osterhaus A |title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/1356 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=1356–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14745020 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308352100 |last12=Bosman |first12=A |last13=Koopmans |first13=M |last14=Osterhaus |first14=AD |pmc=337057}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[H1N2]], endemik ing manungsa, babi, lan unggas
* [[H9N2]]
* [[H7N2]]
* [[H7N3]]
* [[H10N7]]

==== Virus influenza B ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, yaiku virus influenza B. Influenza B mèh kanthi èksklusif mung nyerang manungsa&lt;ref name=hay&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hay |first=A |author2=Gregory V, Douglas A, Lin Y |title=The evolution of human influenza viruses |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1861–70 |date=29 Dhésèmber 2001 |pmid=11779385 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0999 |pmc=1088562}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan luwih arang dibandhingaké karo influenza A. Kéwan liya kang dikawruhi bisa kena infèksi déning influenza B yaiku [[asu laut]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Osterhaus |first=A |author2=Rimmelzwaan G, Martina B, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R |title=Influenza B virus in seals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-05-12_288_5468/page/1051 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5468 |pages=1051–3 |year=2000 |pmid=10807575 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.1051}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan [[garangan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jakeman KJ, Tisdale M, Russell S, Leone A, Sweet C |title=Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1864–7 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7986023 |pmc=284652 |doi=|url=http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7986023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinis influenza iki ngalami mutasi kaping 2-3 luwih alon dibandhingaké jinis A&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nobusawa |first=E |author2=Sato K |title=Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2006-04_80_7/page/3675 |journal=J Virol |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=3675–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16537638 |doi=10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 |pmc=1440390}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan mula saka iku karagaman génétiké luwih sithik, mung ana siji serotipe influenza B.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Amarga ora ana karagaman [[antigen]]ik, sapérangan tingkat [[imunitas|kakebalan]] marang influenza B lumrahé dièntuki ing umur enom. Nanging, mutasi kang dumadi ing virus influenza B cukup kanggo gawé kakebalan permanèn dadi ora mungkin.&lt;ref name=webster&gt;{{cite journal |first=Webster |last=R |author2=Bean W, Gorman O, Chambers T, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |pmc=372859 |journal=Microbiol Rev |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |year=1992 |pmid=1579108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan antigèn kang alon, dikombinasikaké karo gunggung inang kang winates (ora mungkinaké [[pepindhahan antigèn]] antarspesies), agawé pandemi influenza B ora dumadi.&lt;ref name=Zambon&gt;{{cite journal |last=Zambon |first=M |title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 Suppl B |issue=|pages=3–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10877456 |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/suppl_2/3 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza C ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza C, kang nginfèksi manungsa, asu, lan babi, sok-sok nimbulaké lelara kang abot lan èpidemi lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuzaki&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Suzuki H, Nakamura K |title=Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998 |pmc=153379 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=422–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11825952 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008/&gt; Nanging, influenza C luwih arang dumadi dibandhingaké karo jinis liya lan lumrahé mung nimbulaké lelara ènthèng ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H |title=Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-05-01_193_9/page/1229 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=193 |issue=9 |pages=1229–35 |date=1 Mèi 2006|pmid=16586359 |doi=10.1086/502973}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katagiri&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Katagiri |first=S |author2=Ohizumi A, Homma M |title=An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1983-07_148_1/page/51 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6309999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Struktur, sipat, lan tata jeneng subtipe ===
Virus influenza A, B, lan C sarupa banget ing struktur sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses descriptions of: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm Orthomyxoviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234624/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm |date=2006-10-02 }}, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm Influenzavirus B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034903/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm |date=2007-10-06 }} and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm Influenzavirus C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231084902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm |date=2009-12-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Partikel virus iki dhiameteré 80-120 [[nanometer]] lan lumrahé kurang-luwih wanguné kaya bal, sanadyan wangun filamèntosa mungkin waé ana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses |title=The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113220345/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lamb&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lamb RA, Choppin PW |title=The gene structure and replication of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1983_52_annual/page/467 |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=52 |issue=|pages=467–506 |year=1983 |pmid=6351727 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangun filamèntosa iki luwih asring dumadi ing influenza C, kang bisa minangka struktur kaya bolah kanthi dawa tekan 500 [[mikrometer]] ing lumahan saka sèl kang kena infèksi.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Nanging, sanadyan manéka wanguné, partikel saka kabèh virus influenza duwé komposisi kang padha.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Komposisi mau wujud [[envelope virus]] kang ngandhut loro jinis [[glikoprotein]], kang mbungkus sawijining inti punjer. Inti punjer mau ngandhut [[genom]] [[RNA]] lan protèin viral liya kang mbungkus lan ngreksa RNA. RNA ''cenderung'' kapérang saka sauntaian nanging ing kasus-kasus mirunggan bisa wujud rong untaian.&lt;ref name=Lamb/&gt; Ing virus, génom virus ora kapérang saka rerangkèn [[asem nukleat]]; nanging lumrahé kapérang saka pitu utawa wolung pérangan RNA ''[[negative-sense]]'' kang kasègmèntasi, saben pérangan RNA ngandhut siji utawa loro gèn.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Contoné, génom influenza A ngandhut 11 gèn sajeroning wolung pérangan RNA, kang ngodhe 11 [[protèin]]: [[hemagglutinin]] (HA), [[neuraminidase]] (NA), [[nukleoprotein]] (NP), [[protèin M1|M1]], [[protèin M2|M2]], [[protèin NS1 influenza|NS1]],  NS2 (NEP: ''nuclear export protéin''), PA, PB1 (''polymerase basic'' 1), PB1-F2 lan PB2.&lt;ref name=Ghedin&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ghedin |first=E | last2 = Sengamalay | first2 = NA | last3 = Shumway | first3 = M | last4 = Zaborsky | first4 = J | last5 = Feldblyum | first5 = T | last6 = Subbu | first6 = V | last7 = Spiro | first7 = DJ | last8 = Sitz | first8 = J | last9 = Koo | first9 = H |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-10-20_437_7062/page/1162 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hemagglutinin (HA) lan neuraminidase (NA) wujud loro flikoprotèin gedhé kang ana ing sanjabaning partikel virus. HA wujud [[lektin]] kang dadi mèdhiasi ikatan (binding) virus marang sèl targèt lan lumebuné génom virus ing sèl targèt, sauntara NA kalibat sajeroning uculé anak virus saka sèl kang kainfèksi, kanthi nyigar gula kang silih iket ing partikel virus diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Y |title=Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |journal=Biol Pharm Bull |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=399–408 |year=2005 |pmid=15744059 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.399 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023059/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oleh karena itu, protéin ini merupakan target bagi obat-obat antivirus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=J |author2=von Itzstein M |title=Recent strategies in the search for new anti-influenza therapies |journal=Curr Drug Targets |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=389–408 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12816348 |doi=10.2174/1389450033491019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lan manèh, kaloroné wujud antigèn, ing endi antibodi marang antigèn mau bisa diriptakaké. Virus influenza A diklasifikasikaké dadi subtipe dhedhasar rèspons antibodi marang HA lan NA. Jinis-jinis HA lan NA mau wujud pambédan H lan N sajeroning pamènèhan jeneng virus, umpamané H5N1.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Ana 16 subtipe H lan 9 subtipe N kang wis dikawruhi, nanging mung H 1, 2, lan 3, sarta N 1 lan 2 kang lumrahé tinemu ing manungsa.&lt;ref name=Lynch&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lynch JP, Walsh EE |title=Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=144–58 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17458769 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976487}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Réplikasi ===
Virus bisa nglakoni réplikasi mung ing sèl urip.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith AE, Helenius A |title=How viruses enter animal cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-04-09_304_5668/page/237 |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=237–42 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15073366 |doi=10.1126/science.1094823}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infèksi lan réplikasi influenza wujud prosès mawa tahap: pisanan, virus kudu gawé ikatan karo sèl lan ngleboni sèl, banjur mindhahaké genomé ing sawijining papan ing endi virus mau bisa mrodhuksi dhuplikat saka protèin virus lan RNA, banjur nyusun komponèn-komponèn mau dadi partikel virus anyar, lan pungkasan, metu saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Bouvier&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bouvier NM,  [[Peter Palese|Palese P]] |title=The biology of influenza viruses |journal=Vaccine |volume=26 Suppl 4 |pages=D49–53 |date=September 2008 |pmid=19230160 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza gawé ikatan liwat [[hemagglutinin]] karo gula [[asem sialat]] ing lumahing [[epitelium|sèl èpitèl]], lumrahé ing irung, tenggorok, lan [[paru-paru]] mamalia, lan usus unggas (tahap 1 ing gambar infèksi).&lt;ref name=Wagner&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=R |author2=Matrosovich M, Klenk H |title=Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=159–66 |date=May 2002|pmid=11987141 |doi=10.1002/rmv.352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawisé hemagglutinin [[proteolisis|dipecah]] déning [[protease]], sèl bakal nglebokaké virus liwat prosès [[endositosis]].&lt;ref name=Steinhauer&gt;{{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA |title=Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/virology_1999-05-25_258_1/page/1 |journal=Virology |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10329563 |doi=10.1006/viro.1999.9716}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Sawisé ana ing njero sèl, kaanan asem sajeroning [[éndosom]] bakal njalari loro kedadèn dumadi: pisanan, péranganing protèin hemagglutinin bakal nyawijikaké envelope virus karo mèmbran vakuola, banjur [[kanal ion]] M2 bakal mungkinaké [[proton]] kanggo pindhah ngliwati envelope virus lan ngasamaké inti virus, kang bakal nyababaké inti dadi kaurai lan ngeculaké RNA virus lan protèin inti.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Molekul RNA virus (vRNA), protèin aksesoris, lan RNA polymerase kang gumantung ing RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) bakal dieculaké ing sitoplasma (Tahap 2).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lakadamyali |first=M |author2=Rust M, Babcock H, Zhuang X |title=Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2003-08-05_100_16/page/9280 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9280–5 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12883000 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0832269100 |pmc=170909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanal ion M2 bakal disekat (diblok) déning obat amantadine, kang bakal nyegah infèksi.&lt;ref name=Pinto&gt;{{cite journal |author=Pinto LH, Lamb RA |title=The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue=14 |pages=8997–9000 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16407184 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R500020200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16407184 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Protèin inti iki bebarengan karo vRNA bakal minangka komplèks kang bakal ditranspor menyang [[inti sèl]], ing endi polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA bakal miwiti transkripsi vRNA komplemèntèr sense positif (langkah 3a lan b).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cros |first=J |author2=Palese P |title=Trafficking of viral genomic RNA into and out of the nucleus: influenza, Thogoto and Borna disease viruses |journal=Virus Res |volume=95 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12921991 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00159-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; vRNA bisa metu nuju sitoplasma lan ngalami translasi (langkah 4) utawa tetep ''bertahan'' ing nukléus. Protèin virus kang anyar disintèsis bisa disèkrèsi liwat [[apparatus Golgi]] nuju lumahing sèl (ing neuraminidase lan hemagglutinin, langkah 5b) utawa ditranspor manèh nuju inti sèl kanggo gawé ikatan karo vRNA lan minangka partikel génom virus kang anyar (langkah 5a). Protèin virus liyané duwé makarya kang manéka ing sèl inang, kalebu ngurai [[mRNA]] sèlulèr lan migunakaké [[nukléotida]] bébas kanggo sintèsis vRNA lan uga nyandhet translasi mRNA lan uga nyandhet [[translasi (biologi)|translasi]] mRNA sèl inang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kash |first=J |author2=Goodman A, Korth M, Katze M |title=Hijacking of the host-cell response and translational control during influenza virus infection |journal=Virus Res |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=111–20 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16630668 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

vRNA ''negative-sense'' kang [[génom]] saka calon virus, RNA polimerase kang gumantung RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), lan protèin virus liya bakal disusun dadi virion. Molekul hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase bakal gawé golongan minangka sawijining tonjolan ing lumahing sèl. vRNA lan protèin [[capsid|inti virus]] bakal ninggal inti sèl lan ngeboni panonjolan mèmbran iki (langkah 6). Virus diwasa bakal nglakokaké budding off saka sèl sajeroning sawijining wangun bal kang kapérang saka mèmbran fosfolipid inang, éntuk hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase kang kakandhut sajeroning lapisan mèmbran iki (langkah 7).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=D |author2=Hui E, Barman S |title=Assembly and budding of influenza virus |journal=Virus Res |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=147–65 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15567494 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.08.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaya sadurungé, virus bakal gawé ikatan liwat hemagglutinin; virus diwasa bakal ngeculaké dhiri yèn [[neuraminidase]]é wis mecah résidhu asem sialat saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Wagner/&gt; Obat kang nyandhet neuraminidase, kaya déné [[oseltamivir]], bakal nyegah uculé virus infèksius anyar lan nyegah réplikasi virus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein/&gt; Sawisé uculé virus influenza anyar, sèl inang bakal mati.

Amarga ora anané ènzim [[proofreading (biologi)|proofreading]] RNA, polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA kang ngopi génom virus bakal nglakokaké kasalahan kurang luwih saben 10 éwu nukléotida, kang selaras karo rata-rata saka vRNA influenza. Mula saka iku, sapérangan gedhé saka virus influenza kang rampung dironcé iku mutan; iki bakal nimbulaké [[hanyutan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan alon ing antigèn ing lumahing virus sairing karo lumakuné wektu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=J |title=Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=4171–5 |date=1 Mèi 1993|pmid=8387212 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.9.4171 |pmc=46468}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamisahan génom dadi wolu sègmèn vRNA kang kapisah mungkinaké panyampuran utawa [[reassortment]] saka vRNA yèn punjul sajinis virus influenza nginfèksi sawijining sèl tunggal. Iki bakal nimbulaké owah-owahan rikat saka génétika virus kang bakal nimbulaké [[papindhahan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan dumadakan saka sawijining antigèn menyang antigèn liyané. Owah-owahan gedhé kang dadakan mungkinaké virus kanggo nginfèksi spésies inang anyar lan bisa kanthi rikat ngatasi kakebalan protèktif kang wis ana.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Iki wigati sajeroning mékanisme munculé pandemi, kang didhiskusikaké ing ngisor iki sajeroning pérangan [[#Epidemiologi|Epidemiologi]].

== Tandha lan tandha-tandha ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;&quot;
|+ Tandha-tandha kang paling sènsitif kanggo ndhiagnosis influenza &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt;
! Tandha-tandha: !! [[Sènsitivitas (pacoban)|Sènsitivitas]] !! [[Spésifisitas (pacoban)|Spésivisitas]]
|-
! Mriyang
|68–86% ||25–73%
|-
! Watuk
|84–98% || 7–29%
|-
! Irung mampet
|68–91% ||19–41%
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
&lt;small&gt;
* Katelu temuan mau, mligi mriyang, kurang sènsitif marang pasièn kanthi umur punjul 60 taun.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Tandha-tandha influenza bisa diwiwiti kanthi rikat, sadina nganti rong dina sawisé infèksi. Lumrahé tandha-tandha pisanan yaiku ndrodhog utawa rumangsa adhem, nanging mriyang uga asring dumadi ing awal infèksi, kanthi suhu awak watara 38-39&amp;nbsp;°C (kurang luwih 100-103&amp;nbsp;°F).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Suzuki E, Ichihara K, Johnson AM |title=Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–9 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17164515 |doi=10.1177/0009922806289588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akèh wong krasa lara banget saéngga ora bisa tangi saka papan anggoné turu suwéné pirang-pirang dina, kanthi rasa lara lan nyeri saawak, kang krasa luwih abot ing tlatah geger lan sikil.&lt;ref name=Merck /&gt; Tandha-tandha influenza bisa ngambah:

* Mriyang lan krasa adhem kang èkstrem (ndrodhog, gumeter)
* Watuk
* Irung mampet
* Nyeri awak, mligi sendhi lan tenggorok
* Kekeselen
* Nyeri sirah
* Iritasi mata, mata mbanyu
* Mata abang, kulit abang (mligi rai), sarta semu abang ing tutuk, tenggorok, lan irung
* [[Ruam petechiae]] &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10476766&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ |title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1999-08_29_2/page/453 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=453–4 |date=August 1999 |pmid=10476766 |doi=10.1086/520240}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ing bocah, tandha-tandha gastrointestinal kaya déné [[diare]] lan nyeri [[abdomen]],&lt;ref name=Richards/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heikkinen T |title=Influenza in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2006-07_95_7/page/778 |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=778–84 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16801171 |doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}&lt;/ref&gt; (bisa dumadi parah ing bocah kanthi influenza B) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS |title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7902 |pages=291–5 |year=1975 |pmid=46444 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sok-sok angèl mbédakaké antarané [[selesma]] lan influenza ing tahap awal saka infèksi iki,&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt; nanging flu bisa diidhèntifikasi yèn ana mriyang dhuwur ndadak kanthi rasa kesel kang èkstrém. Diare lumrahé dudu tandha-tandha saka influenza bocah,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt; nanging iki bisa ditemoni ing sapérangan kasus &quot;flu manuk&quot; H5N1 ing manungsa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hui DS |title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection |journal=Respirology |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S10–3 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18366521 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;  lan bisa dadi tandha-tandha ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref name=Richards&gt;{{cite journal |author=Richards S |title=Flu blues |journal=Nurs Stand |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=26–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16295596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang paling asring ana ing influenza dituduhaké ing tabèl ing sisih tengen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W |title=Does this patient have influenza? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987 |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=8 |pages=987–97 |year=2005 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987 |pmid=15728170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga obat-obat antivirus èfèktif sajeroning nambani influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal (deleng pérangan [[#Terapi|terapi]] ing ngisor), wigati kanggo ngidhèntifikasi kasus kanthi gasik. Saka tandha-tandha-tandha-tandha kang disebutaké ing ndhuwur, kombinasi mriyang karo watuk, nyeri tenggorok lan/utawa irung mampet bisa ngundhakaké akurasi diagnositik.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11088084&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J |title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=160 |issue=21 |pages=3243–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11088084 | doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/21/3243}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loro panalitèn analisis kaputusan&lt;ref name=&quot;pmif12361816&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith K, Roberts M |title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2002-09_113_4/page/300 |journal=Am J Med |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=300–7 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6 |pmid=12361816}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D |title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=139 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=321–9 |date=2 Sèptèmber 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/139/5_Part_1/321 |pmid=12965940 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nuduhaké yèn nalika ana wabah influenza lokal, [[prevalensi]]né punjul 70%,&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt; Mula pasièn kanthi salah siji kombinasi saka tandha-tandha mau bisa ditambani kanthi [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] tanpa pamriksan. Malah nalika ora anané wabah lokal, pangobatan bisa dibeneraké ing pasièn tuwa nalika mangsa influenza suwéné prévalènsiné punjul 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;

Kasumadyan pamriksan laboratorium kanggo influenza terus ngalami paningkatan. [[Punjer Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] (CDC) Amérikah Sarékat, ngrangkum pamriksan laboratorium paling anyar kang cumawis.&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Diaksès 1 Mèi 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Miturut CDC, pamriksan diagnostik rikat (rapid diagnostic test) duwé sènsitivitas  70-75% lan spésifisitas 90-95% dibandhingaké karo kultur virus. Pamriksan iki mligi migunani ing mangsa influenza (prévalènsi = 25%) tanpa anané wabah langsung, utawa mangsa periinfluenza (prévalènsi = 10%&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;).

== Mekanisme ==
=== Panularan ===
''Shedding'' virus influenza (wektu ing ngendi sawijining wong bisa nularaké virus marang wong liya) diwiwiti sadina sadurungé tandha-tandha muncul lan virus bakal diuculaké suwéné antara 5 tekan 7 dina, sanajan sapérangan wong mungkin ngeculaké virus suwéné périodhe kang luwih suwé. Wong kang katular influenza paling infèktif ing dina kaloro lan katelu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat&gt;{{cite journal |author=Carrat F, Luong J, Lao H, Sallé A, Lajaunie C, Wackernagel H |title=A 'small-world-like' modhèl for comparing interventions aimed at preventing and controlling influenza pandemics |pmc=1626479 |journal=BMC Med |volume=4 |issue=|page=26 |year=2006|pmid=17059593 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-4-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gunggung virus kang diculaké katoné gegandhèngan karo mriyang, gunggung virus kang diculaké luwih gedhé nalika suhuné luwih dhuwur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|title = CDC H1N1 Flu : Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009-2010 Season|url=http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah luwih infèksius tinimbang wong diwasa lan bocah mau ngeculaké virus sadurungé ngalami tandha-tandha nganti rong minggu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mitamura K, Sugaya N |title=[Diagnosis and Treatment of influenza—clinical investigation on [[viral shedding]] in children with influenza] |journal=Uirusu |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=109–16 |year=2006 |pmid=17038819 |doi=10.2222/jsv.56.109}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panularan influenza bisa [[modhèl matématis lelara nular|dimodhèlaké kanthi matématis]], kang bakal mbantu sajeroning prédhiksi kepriyé virus nyebar sajeroning populasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grassly NC, Fraser C |title=Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=477–87 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18533288 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1845}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza bisa disebaraké sajeroning telu cara utama:&lt;ref name=Weber&gt;{{cite journal |author=Weber TP, Stilianakis NI |title=Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review |journal=J. Infect. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=361–73 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18848358 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: complexities and conjectures |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=353–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17599315 |doi=10.1086/519433 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/519433}}&lt;/ref&gt; lumantar panularan langsung (nalika wong kang kainfèksi wahing, ana ilu irung kang lumebu kanthi langsung menyang mata, irung, lan tutuk saka wong liya); lumantar udara (nalika sawijining wong nyedhot aerosol (butiran cuwèran cilik sajeroning udara) kang diasilaké nalika wong kang kainfèksi watuk, wahing, utawa idu), lan lumantar panularan tangan-menyang-mata, tangan-menyang-irung, utawa tangan-menyang-tutuk, saka lumahan kang kakontaminasi utawa saka kontak personal langsung kaya déné salaman. Modhèl panularan endi kang paling wigati isih durung cetha, nanging kabèh duwé kontribusi sajeroning panyebaran virus.&lt;ref name=Brankston&gt;{{cite journal |author=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M |title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376383 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tellier R |title=Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1657–62 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17283614 |doi=|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0426.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing rute panularan udara, ukuran droplèt kang cukup cilik kanggo disedhot duwé dhiameter 0,5 nganti 5 [[Mikrometer|μm]] lan inhalasi sadroplèt mungkin cukup kanggo nimbulaké infèksi.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Sanajan sapisan wahing bisa ngeculaké nganti 40.000 droplèt,&lt;ref name=Cole_1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cole E, Cook C |title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-infection-control_1998-08_26_4/page/453 |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=453–64 |year=1998 |pmid=9721404 | doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; sapérangan gedhé saka droplèt mau cukup gedhé lan bakal ilang saka udara kanthi rikat.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Pira suwéné virus influenza bisa tahan sajeroning droplèt udara katoné diprabawai déning kadhar kalembaban lan [[Ultraungu|radhiasi ultraviolèt]]: kalembaban asor lan kurangé [[cahya]] [[srengéngé]] ing [[mangsa adhem]] mbantu tahané virus iki.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;

Amarga virus influenza bisa tahan ing njaba awak, virus iki uga bisa ditularaké liwat lumahan kang kakontaminasi kaya déné lembaran [[dhuwit]],&lt;ref name=Thomas&gt;{{cite journal |author=Thomas Y, Vogel G, Wunderli W|display-authors=etal|title=Survival of influenza virus on banknotes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2008-05_74_10/page/3002|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=3002–7 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18359825 |pmc=2394922 |doi=10.1128/AEM.00076-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; gagang lawang, saklar lampu, lan bandha-bandha rumah tangga liyané.&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; Suwéné wektu virus bisa tahan marang sawijining lumahan manéka wektuné, virus bisa tahan suwéné sadina utawa rong dina ing lumahan kang atos lan ora duwé pori kaya déné [[plastik]] utawa métal, suwéné kurang luwih limalas menit ing [[kertas]] tissue garing, lan mung limang menit ing [[kulit]].&lt;ref name=Moore&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bean B, Moore BM, Sterner B, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Balfour HH |title=Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1982-07_146_1/page/47 |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |date=July 1982 |pmid=6282993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, yèn virus ana sajeroning mukus/lendhir, lendhir mau bisa ngreksa virus saéngga tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang suwé (nganti 17 dina ing dhuwit kertas).&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;&lt;ref name=Thomas/&gt; Virus flu manuk bisa tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang durung dikawruhi nalika ana sajeroning kaanan beku.&lt;ref name=cfsph&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/influenza.pdf |title=Influenza Factsheet|publisher=Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University}} hal. 7&lt;/ref&gt;  Virus ngalami inaktivasi déning pamanasan nganti 56&amp;nbsp;°C (133&amp;nbsp;°F) suwéné minimun 60 menit, lan uga déning asem (ing pH &lt;2).&lt;ref name=cfsph/&gt;

=== Patofisiologi ===
Mékanisme kepriyé infèksi influenza bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha ing manungsa wis disinaoni kanthi intènsif. Salah saji mékanisme kang dipercaya yaiku kanthi inhibisi hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) kang nimbulaké pamudhunan kadhar hormon kortisol.&lt;ref name=jefferies1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jefferies WM, Turner JC, Lobo M, Gwaltney JM Jr. |title=Low plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with acute influenza. |journal=Clin Infect Dis. |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=708–10 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/514594 |year=1998 |pmid=9524849 |pmc= |doi=10.1086/514594 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngawruhi gèn endi kang sok sajeroning galur virus tinentu bisa mbiyantu mrédhiksi kepriyé virus mau bisa nular lan sepira aboté infèksi kang bakal dumadi (mrédhiksi [[patofisiologi]] saka sawijining galur virus).&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Taubenberger | first1 = JK | last2 = Morens | first2 = DM |title=The pathology of influenza virus infections |journal=Annu Rev Pathol |volume=3 |issue=|pages=499–522 |year=2008 |pmid=18039138 |pmc=2504709 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Korteweg&gt;{{cite journal |author=Korteweg C, Gu J |title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1155–70 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18403604 |pmc=2329826 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Contoné, péranganing prosès kang mungkinaké virus influenza nginvasi sawijining sèl yaiku panguraian saka protèin hemagglutinin virus déning salah saji ènzim [[protease]] manungsa.&lt;ref name=Steinhauer/&gt; Ing virus kang infèksiné asifat ringan lan avirulèn, struktur hémagglutinin kang ana mung bisa diurai déning protease kang tinemu sajeroning tenggorok lan paru, saéngga virus iki ora bisa nginfèksi jaringan liya. Nanging, ing galur kang virulèn banget, kaya ta H5N1, hémagglutinin kang kakandhut sajeroning virus bisa diurai déning variétas protease kang manéka, saéngga mungkinaké virus nyebar menyang sakabèhing awak.&lt;ref name=Korteweg/&gt;

Protèin hémagglutinin virus duwé tanggung jawab sajeroning nemtokaké spésiès endi kang bisa diinfèksi déning sawijining galur virus uga papan [[saluran ambegan]] endi kang bisa duwé ikatan karo sawijining galur virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Nicholls JM, Chan RW, Russell RJ, Air GM, Peiris JS |title=Evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=149–57 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18375125 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur kang bisa ditularaké kanthi gampang saka manungsa-marang-manungsa duwé protèin hémagglutinin kang duwé ikatan karo résèptor ing saluran ambegan pérangan ndhuwur, kaya ta ing irung, tenggorok, lan tutuk. Suwaliké, strain H5N1 kang mbebayani banget duwé ikatan karo résèptor kang paling akèh tinemu ing njero paru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-04-21_312_5772/page/n88|journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5772 |page=399 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16556800 |doi=10.1126/science.1125548}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabédan ing papan infèksi iki mungkin wujud péranganing alesan ngapa galur H5N1 nimbulaké pnéumonia virus kang abot ing paru, nanging ora ditularaké kanthi gampang liwat watuk lan wahing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y |title=Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-03-23_440_7083/page/435 |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7083 |pages=435–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16554799 |doi=10.1038/440435a}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=1215–23 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17717141 |pmc=1988871 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2007.070248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tandha-tandha kang asring ana ing flu kaya ta mriyang, sirak cekot-cekot, lan kekeselen wujud asil saka sapérangan gedhé [[sitokin]] lan [[chemokin]] proinflamasi (kaya ta [[interferon]] utawa ''[[tumor necrosis factor]]'' (TNF)) kang diprodhuksi déning sèl kang kainfèksi influenza.&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Bachmann M, Kopf M |title=Interleukin-1 is responsible for acute lung immunopathology but increases survival of respiratory influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2005-05_79_10/page/6441 |journal=J Virol |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=6441–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15858027 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6441-6448.2005 |pmc=1091664}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ora kaya rhinovirus kang nimbulaké selesma (common cold/masuk angin), influenza nimbulaké karusakan jaringan, saéngga tandha-tandha kang dumadi ora kabèh disebabaké déning rèspons inflamasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Winther B, Gwaltney J, Mygind N, Hendley J |title=Viral-induced rhinitis |journal=Am J Rhinol |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |year=1998|pmid=9513654 |doi=10.2500/105065898782102954}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rèspons imun kang gedhé iki bisa nimbulaké “badai sitokin” kang bisa ngancam nyawa. Kadadéan iki dinuga wujud jalaran saka pati kang ora biyasa ing flu manuk H5N1,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS|display-authors=etal|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-12-07_360_9348/page/1831|journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9348 |pages=1831–7 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12480361 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan galur pandemik 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K|display-authors=etal |title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-01-18_445_7125/page/319|journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7125 |pages=319–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17230189 |doi=10.1038/nature05495 |last12=Alimonti |first12=JB |last13=Fernando |first13=L |last14=Li |first14=Y |last15=Katze |first15=MG |last16=Feldmann |first16=H |last17=Kawaoka |first17=Y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7111 |pages=578–81 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17006449 |pmc=2615558 |doi=10.1038/nature05181 |last12=Katze |first12=MG}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, kamungkinan liyané yaiku sapérangan gedhé sitokin kang diasilaké mung wujud asil saka réplikasi virus kang gedhé banget kang ditimbulaké déning galur mau, lan rèspons imun ora mènèhi kontribusi marang lelara.&lt;ref name=Beigel/&gt;

== Panyegahan ==
=== Vaksinasi ===
Vaksinasi marang influenza kanthi vaksin influenza asring dirékomendhasikaké marang golongan risiko dhuwur, kaya ta bocah-bocah lan lansia, utawa marang panandhang [[asma]], [[diabetes]], [[lelara jantung]], utawa wong-wong kang ngalami gangguan imun. Vaksin influenza bisa diprodhuksi liwat sapérangan cara; cara kang paling umum yaiku kanthi nuwuhaké virus ing endhog pitik kang wis diwohi. Sawisé dimurnèkaké, virus banjur bakal diaktivasi (upamané, mawa détergen) kanggo ngasilaké vaksin virus kang ora aktif. Minangka alternatif, virus bisa dituwuhaké ing endhog nganti kélangan virulensiné banjur virus kang avirulen diwènèhaké minangka vaksin urip.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Èfèktivitas saka vaksin influenza iku manéka rupa. Amarga tingkat mutasi virus kang dhuwur banget, vaksin influenza tinentu lumrahé mènèhaké pangreksan suwéné ora punjul sapérangan dina. Saben tauné, WHO mrédhiksikaké galur virus endi kang paling mungkin sirkulasi ing taun sabanjuré, saéngga mungkinaké perusahaan farmasi kanggo ngembangaké vaksin kang bakal nyumadyakaké kakebalan kang paling apik marang galur mau.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation/&gt; Vaksin uga wis dikembangaké kanggo ngreksa sato iwèn unggas saka flu manuk. Vaksin iki bisa èfèktif marang sapérangan galur lan minangka strategi preventif, utawa dikombinasikaké karo culling (pamuliaan) minangka usaha kanggo nyuresaké wabah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capua |first=I |author2=Alexander D |title=The challenge of avian influenza to the veterinary community |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a747651074&amp;fulltext=713240928 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=189–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16753610 |doi=10.1080/03079450600717174}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kamungkinan kena influenza sanajan wis divaksin. Vaksin bakal diformulasi ulang saben mangsa kanggo galur flu spésifik nanging ora bisa nyakup kabèh galur kang kanthi aktif nginfèksi kabèh manungsa ing mangsa mau. Merlokaké wektu suwéné enem sasi manèh manufaktur kanggo mformulasikaké lan mrodhuksi mayuta-yuta dosis kang diperlokaké kanggo ngadhepi epidemi mangsan; sok-sok, galur anyar utawa galur kang ora dinuga pinunjul ing wektu tinentu lan nginfèksi wong-wong sanajan wong-wong mau wis divaksinasi (kaya déné kang dumadi ing [[flu Fujian|Flu Fujian H3N2]] ing mungsa flu 2003-2004).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=E |author2=Ghedin E, Miller N, Taylor J, Bao Y, St George K, Grenfell B, Salzberg S, Fraser C, Lipman D, Taubenberger J |title=Whole-genome analysis of human influenza A virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent H3N2 viruses |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e300 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16026181 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030300 |pmc=1180517}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uga ana kamungkinan éntuk infèksi sadurungé vaksinasi lan dadi lara déning galur kang kuduné dicegah déning vaksinasi, amarga vaksin merlokaké wektu rong minggu sadurungé dadi èfèktif.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts/&gt;

Ing muangsa 2006-2007, CDC kaping pisanané ngrékomendasikaké bocah kang umuré kurang saka 59 sasi kanggo nampa vaksin influenza taunan.&lt;ref name=cdcreport&gt;{{cite journal
| author = Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA
| title = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
| journal = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]]
| volume = 55
| issue = RR-10
| pages = 1–42
|date=July 2006
| pmid = 16874296
| url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaksin bisa nimbulaké sistem imun kanggo réaksi nalika awak nampa infèksi kang sabeneré, lan tandha-tandha infèksi umum (akèh tandha-tandha selesma lan flu mung wujud tandha-tandha infèksi umum) bisa mijil, sanajan tandha-tandha mau lumrahé ora padha aboté utawa tahan suwéné influenza. Èfèk samping kang paling mbebayani yaiku réaksi alèrgi abot ing matérial virus uga résidu saka endhog pitik kang dipigunakaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus influenza; nanging réaksi mau arang banget.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/flushot.htm Questions &amp; Answers: Flu Shot] Publikasi CDC dianyaraké 24 Juli 2006. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Minangka tambahan saliyané vaksinasi marang influenza mangsan, paneliti ngupaya kanggo ngembangaké vaksin marang kamungkinan pandemi influenza. Perkembangan, prodhuksi, lan distribusi vaksin inluenza pandemik kang rikat bisa nylametaké nyawa mayuta-yuta wong nalika dumadi pandemi influenza. Amarga mung ana wektu kang cendhak antarané idhèntifikasi galur pandemik lan kabutuhan vaksinasi, para paneliti lagi nggolèk pilihan moda prodhuksi vaksin saliyané liwat endhog. Tèknologi vaksin urip kang diinaktivasi (kanthi basis endhog utawa kanthi basis sèl), lan tèknologi rékombinan (protèin lan partikel mèmper virus), bakal mènèhaké aksès wektu nyata (''real time'') kang luwih apik lan bisa diprodhuksi kanthi luwih kejangkau, saéngga ngundhakaké aksès kanggo wong-wong kang urip ing nagara-nagara kanthi pangasilan sedheng lan asor, ing endi dadi asal kamungkinan pandemi. Tekan Juli 2009, punjul 70 uji klinis kang dikawruhi wis ditindakaké utawa lagi ditindakaké ngenani vaksin influenza pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines. Juli 2009. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/immunogenicity/immunogenicity_table.xls&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sasi September 2009, Badan POM Amérikah Sarékat nyarujuki papat vaksin marang virus influenza H1N1 2009 (galur pandemik nalika wektu iku), lan njaluk stok vaksin mau sumadiya sajeroning sasi sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;US Food &amp; Drug Administration. FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic. 15 September 2009. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangendhalian infèksi ===
Cara kang cukup èfèktif kanggo ngedhunaké panularan influenza salah sajiné yaiku njaga kaséhatan pribadi lan kabiyasan higiénis kang becik: kaya ta ora ndumuk mata, irung lan tutuk;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCQA&quot;&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/qa.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention: &quot;QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS: Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You&quot;]. Diaksès 15 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; asring ngumbah tangan (mawa banyu lan sabun, utawa mawa cuwèran pangumbah kanthi basis alkohol);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J|display-authors=etal|title=Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-02-01_48_3/page/285|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=285–91 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19115974 |doi=10.1086/595845}}&lt;/ref&gt; nutup tutuk lan irung nalika watuk lan wahing, ngéndhani kontak cerak karo wong kang lara; lan tetep ana ing ngomahé dhéwé nalika lagi lara. Ora idu uga disaranaké.&lt;ref name=Aledort&gt;{{cite journal |author=Aledort JE, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette SA |title=Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7 |issue=|page=208 |year=2007 |pmid=17697389 |pmc=2040158 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-208 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan masker rai bisa mbiyantu nyegah panularan nalika ngrawat wong kang lara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE|display-authors=etal|title=Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=233–41 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19193267 |pmc=2662657 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/2/pdfs/233.pdf |doi=10.3201/eid1502.081167}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB |title=Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-10-15_37_8/page/1094 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=1094–101 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523774 |doi=10.1086/378292}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana bukti-bukti kang matentangan ngenani mupangan babagan mau ing masarakat.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/maskguidance.htm Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Influenza Transmission] ''Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID)'' 8 Agustus 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok ngundhakaké risiko panularan influenza, lan uga nimbulaké tandha-tandha lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 16231688| volume = 72| issue = 10| pages = 916–920| last = Murin| first = Susan| author2 = Kathryn Smith Bilello| title = Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke| journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine| accessdate = 2009-10-01| year = 2005| url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916| archive-date = 2011-07-15| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112713/http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702| issn = 0028-4793| volume = 307| issue = 17| pages = 1042–1046| last = Kark| first = J D| author2 = M Lebiush, L Rannon| title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1982-10-21_307_17/page/1042| journal = The New England Journal of Medicine| year = 1982 | pmid = 7121513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga influenza nyebar liwat aerosol lan kontak karo lumahan kang kakontaminasi, pangresikan lumahan mau bisa mbiyantu nyegah sapérangan saka infèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hota B |title=Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-10-15_39_8/page/1182 |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1182–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15486843 | doi=10.1086/424667}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Alkohol]] wujud bahan sanitasi kang èfèktif marang virus influenza, sauntara senyawa amonium kuarterner bisa dipigunakaké bebarengan karo alkohol saéngga èfèk sanitasi mau bisa tahan luwih suwé.&lt;ref name=McDonnell&gt;{{cite journal |author=McDonnell G, Russell A |title=Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/147.pdf |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |date=1 Januari 1999|pmid=9880479 |pmc=88911}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing [[rumah sakit]], senyawa amonium kuarterner lan [[bahan pamutih]] dipigunakaké kanggo ngresiki ruwangan lan piranti kang sadurungé dipigunakaké déning pasièn kanthi tandha-tandha influenza.&lt;ref name=McDonnell/&gt; Ing ngomah, babagan mau bisa dilakokaké kanthi èfèktif kanthi migunakaké bahan pamutih chlorine kang dièncèraké.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |title=Chlorine Bleach: Helping to Manage the Flu Risk |publisher=Water Quality &amp; Health Council |date=April 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-12 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607164343/http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing pandemi kapungkur, panutupan sekolah, gréja, lan biyoskup nyandhet panyebaran virus nanging ora duwé dampak kang gedhé marang angka pepati sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M |title=Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7582.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7582–7587 |year=2007 |pmid=17416679 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0610941104 |pmc=1849867}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM |title=The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7588.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7588–7593 |year=2007 |pmid=17416677 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0611071104 |pmc=1849868}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durung bisa dipesthèkaké apa ngedhunaké patemon publik, upamané kanthi nutup sekolah lan papan makarya, bakal ngedhunaké panularan amarga wong kang nandhang influenza bisa waé isih pindhah saka sawijining papan menyang papan liyané; panyerakan kaya iki uga bakal angèl dilakokaké lan mungkin ora disenengi.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt; Yèn sapérangan cilik wong ngalami infèksi, ngisolasi wong kang lagi lara bisa ngurangi risiko panularan.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;

== Pangobatan ==
Wong kang nandhang flu disaranaké kanggo akèh istirahat, minum akèh cuwèran, ngéndhani panggunaan [[alkohol]] lan [[rokok]], lan yèn diperlokaké, ngonsumsi obat kaya ta asetaminofen ([[parasetamol]]) kanggo ngredhakaké tandha-tandha mriyang lan perih otot kang gegandhèngan karo flu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000080.htm |title=Flu: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=7 Fèbruari 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah lan nom-noman kanthi tandha-tandha flu (mligi mriyang) sabeciké ngéndhani panggunaan [[aspirin]] nalika infèksi influenza (mligi influenza jinis B), amarga bisa nimbulaké [[Sindrom Reye]], sawijining lelara [[ati]] kang langka nanging duwé potènsi nimbulaké pepati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Glasgow |first=J |author2=Middleton B |title=Reye syndrome — insights on causation and prognosis |url=http://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/351.full.pdf |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=351–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11668090 |doi=10.1136/adc.85.5.351 |pmc=1718987}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga influenza disababaké déning virus, antibiotik ora duwé prabawa marang infèksi; kajaba diwènèhaké kanggo [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kaya déné [[pneumonia]] baktérialis. Pangobatan antiviral bisa èfèktif, nanging sapérangan galur influenza bisa nuduhaké résistènsi marang obat-obat antivirus baku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hurt AC, Ho HT, Barr I |title=Resistance to anti-influenza drugs: adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors |journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=795–805 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17140356 |doi=10.1586/14787210.4.5.795}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Loro kelas obat antivirus kang dipigunakaké marang influenza yaiku inhibitor neuraminidase lan inhibitor [[protéin M2]] (derivat [[adamantane]]). Inhibitor neuraminidase saiki luwih disenengi tumrap infèksi virus amarga kurang toksik lan luwih èfèktif.&lt;ref name=Beigel&gt;{{cite journal |author=Beigel J, Bray M |title=Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18328578 |pmc=2346583 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;  CDC ngrékomendhasikaké supaya ora migunakaké inhibitor M2 ing mangsa influenza 2005-06 amarga dhuwuré tingkat [[résistènsi obat]].&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/han011406.htm CDC Recommends against the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Influenza in the United States during the 2005–06 Influenza Season.] 14 Januari 2006. Diaksès 1 Januari 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga wanita ngandhut katoné bakal kena dhampak kang luwih gedhé tinimbang populasi umum déning virus influenza H1N1 2009, pangobatan sacepeté kanthi obat-obat anti influenza wis dirékomendhasikaké.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jamieson|first=Denise J|last2=Honein|first2=Margaret A|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Sonja A|last4=Williams|first4=Jennifer L|last5=Swerdlow|first5=David L|last6=Biggerstaff|first6=Matthew S|last7=Lindstrom|first7=Stephen|last8=Louie|first8=Janice K|last9=Christ|first9=Cara M|date=Agustus 2009|title=H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609613040|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=374|issue=9688|pages=451–458|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61304-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Konferènsi Pèrs influenza H1N1 November 2009, WHO ngrékomendhasikaké wong ing golongan risiko dhuwur, kalebu wanita ngandhut, bocah umur kurang saka rong taun lan wong kanthi masalah ambegan, supaya wiwit ngonsumsi obat-obat antivirus sacepeté sawisé ngalami tandha-tandha flu.&lt;ref name=WHOpressconf12Nov2009&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009. &quot;... persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. These symptoms include difficulty breathing and a high fever that lasts beyond 3 days... [page 1]&quot; &quot;... The pandemic virus can cause severe pneumonia even in healthy young people... [page 2]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Obat anti virus kang dipigunakaké kalebu oseltamivir (Tamiflu) lan zanamivir (Relenza).

=== Inhibitor neuraminidase ===
Obat-obat antivirus kaya déné [[oseltamivir]] (mèrek dagang Tamiflu) lan [[zanamivir]] (mèrek dagang Relenza) wujud [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] kang didhesain kanggo nyandhet panyebaran virus ing awak.&lt;ref name=Neuraminidase_inhibitors&gt;{{cite journal |last=Moscona |first=A |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra050740 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1363–73 |year=2005 |pmid=16192481 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050740}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obat-obatan iki asring èfèktif marang influenza A lan B.&lt;ref name=Stephenson/&gt; ''[[Cochrane Collaboration]]'' ninjo manèh obat-obat iki lan nyimpulaké yèn obat-obat iki bisa ngurangi tandha-tandha lan komplikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16855962&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=T |author2=Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Jones M, Rivetti D |editor1-last=Jefferson |editor1-first=Tom |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue=|pages=CD001265 |year=2006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001265.pub2 |pmid=16855962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur influenza kang béda duwé drajat résistènsi kang béda marang obat antivirus iki, lan ora mungkin kanggo mpédhiksi segedhé apa résistènsi kang diduwèni galur pandemik ing mangsa ngarep.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Robert G. |title=H5N1 Influenza — Continuing Evolution and Spread |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp068205 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=21 |pages=2174–77 |year=2006 |pmid=17124014 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068205 |first2=E. A. |last2=Govorkova}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inhibitor M2 (adamantanes) ===
Obat-obat antivirus [[amantadine]] lan [[rimantadine]] bakal mblokadhe [[kanal ion]] virus (protéin M2) lan nyegah virus kanggo nginfèksi sèl.&lt;ref name=Pinto/&gt; Obat-obatan mau sok-sok èfèktif marang influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal ing infèksi nanging mesthi ora èfèktif marang influenza B amarga virus influenza B ora duwé molekul M2.&lt;ref name=Stephenson&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=I |author2=Nicholson K |title=Chemotherapeutic control of influenza |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/1/6.full.pdf |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |year=1999 |pmid=10459804 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.1.6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Résistènsi kang kaukur tumrap amantadine lan rimantadine ing isolat Amerka saka H3N2 wis ngalami paningkatan tekan 91% nalika taun 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=|title=High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents — United States, 2005–06 influenza season |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5502.pdf |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=44–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16424859 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhuwuré tingkat résistènsi iki mungkin disababaké déning sumadyané wiyar saka amantadine minangka obat kang didol tanpa [[resèp dhokter]] kanggo pangobatan selesma ing nagara-nagara kaya déné Cina lan Ruslan,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Bright | first1 = Rick A | last2 = Medina | first2 = Marie-jo | last3 = Xu | first3 = Xiyan | last4 = Perez-Oranaz | first4 = Gilda | last5 = Wallis | first5 = Teresa R | last6 = Davis | first6 = Xiaohong M | last7 = Povinelli | first7 = Laura | last8 = Cox | first8 = Nancy J | last9 = Klimov | first9 = Alexander I | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2 | title = Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-1-7-2005_366_9492/page/1175 | journal = The Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1175–81 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198766 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan panggunaané kanggo nyegah wabah influenza ing kéwan ingon unggas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG |title=Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia |journal=Virology |volume=341 |issue=1 |pages=102–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16081121 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003 |url=http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Parry J |title=Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7507 |page=10 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15994677 |pmc=558527 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prognosis ==
Prabawa influenza adoh luwih abot lan tahan luwih suwé tinimbang selesma. Sapérangan gedhé wong bakal mari dhéwé ing sajeroning wektu seminggu tekan rong minggu, nanging kang liyané bakal ngalami komplikasi kang ngancam nyawa (kaya déné pneumonia). Influenza misa njalari pepati, mligi ing wong kang lemah, enom lan tuwa, utawa ngalami lelara kronis.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Wong-wong kanthi sistem imun kang lemah, kaya déné panandhang infèksi [[HIV]] tingkat lanjut utawa pasièn panampa transplan (kang sistem imuné ditekan karo obat kanggo nyegah panulakan organ transplan), nandhang lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hayden FG |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in immunocompromised patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1997-03-17_102_3a/page/55 |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=102 |issue=3A |pages=55–60; discussion 75–6 |date=March 1997 |pmid=10868144 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(97)80013-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Golongan risiko dhuwur liyané yaiku wanita ngandhut lan bocah cilik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Whitley RJ, Monto AS. |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in high-risk groups: children, pregnant women, immunocompromised hosts, and nursing home residents. |journal=J Infect Dis. |volume=194 S2 |pages=S133–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17163386 |doi=10.1086/507548 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/507548 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flu bisa nambah ala masalah kaséhatan kronis. wong-wong kanthi emfisema, bronkitis kronis utawa asma bisa ngalami [[dispnea|kangèlan ambegan]] nalika ngalami flu, lan influenza bisa nimbulaké saya alané lelara [[jantung koroner]] utawa [[gagal jantung kongestif]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Angelo SJ, Marshall PS, Chrissoheris MP, Chaves AM |title=Clinical characteristics associated with poor outcome in patients acutely infected with Influenza A |journal=Conn Med |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=199–205 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15095826}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok wujud faktor risiko liya kang gegandhèngan karo lelara kang luwih abot lan mortalitas kang luwih dhuwur kang ditimbulaké déning influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murin S, Bilello K |title=Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cleveland-clinic-journal-of-medicine_2005-10_72_10/page/916 |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=916–20 |year=2005 |pmid=16231688 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miturut WHO: “Saben mangsa adhem, puluhan yuta wong kena flu. Sapérangan gedhé mung lara lan ora nyambut gawé suwéné seminggu, sauntara para lanjut usia duwé risiko pati kang luwih dhuwur amarga lelara iki. Awaké dhéwé ngawruhi yèn kurban mati ing saindhenging donya ngluwihi atusan èwu wong saben tauné, nanging malah ing nagara maju, gunggung mau ora bisa dipesthèkaké, amarha pihak mèdhis kang duwé kuwajiban lumrahé ora mvèrifikasi wong kang mati amarga influenza lan wong kang mati kanthi lelara-mèmper-flu.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Sandman | first1 = Peter M. | last2 = Lanard | first2 = Jody | year = 2005 | title = Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk  | url = http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number22_article1.htm | journal = Perspectives in Health Magazine | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Malah wong séhat bisa kena, lan masalah sérius kang ditimbulaké déning influenza bisa dumadi ing umur pira waé. Wong kanthi umur punjul 50 taun, bocah kang enom banget, lan wong saka kabèh umur kanthi kaanan mèdhis kronis luwih mungkin kanggo éntuk komplikasi influenza, kaya déné pneumonia, [[bronkitis]], infèksi sinus lan kuping.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) Vaccine] CDC publication. Published 17 October 2006. Diaksès 18 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sapérangan kasus, réspons autoimun marang influenza bisa mènèhaké kontribusi marang [[sindrom Guillain-Barré]] (GBS).&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R|display-authors=etal|title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-01-01_48_1/page/n67|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga akèh infèksi liya kang bisa ngundhakaké risiko lelara iki, influenza wujud jalaran kang wigati mung nalika dumadi epidemi.&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG|display-authors=etal|title=The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1998-10_51_4/page/1110|journal=Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1110–5 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9781538}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sindrom iki wis dipercaya uga minangka èfèk samping kang langka saka vaksin influenza. Sanajan sawijining lapuran panalitèn mènèhaké insidensi gedhéné sakasus per sayuta vaksinasi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P |title=Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=15 |pages=2114–2120 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19356614 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125}}&lt;/ref&gt; sawijining panalitèn gedhé ing Cina, kang dilapuraké ing [[NEJM]] kang nyakup mèh 100 yuta dosis vaksin marang flu”babi” H1N1 2009 mung tinemu sewelas kasus sindrom Guillain-Barré, (0,1%) saka total insidensi ing wong kang divaksin, sabeneré luwih asor saka tingkat kedadèyan lelara ing Cina, lan ora ana èfèk samping kang tinemu; &quot;rasio risiko-mupangat, kang biyasa ditrepaké ing vaksin lan kabèh sajeroning pangobatan médhis, banget luwih condong marang panggunaan vaksin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |title=2009 H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001728/http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Éntuk infèksi influenza dhéwé ngundhakaké risiko pepati (tekan 1 saka 10.000) lan ngundhakaké risiko ngalami GBS nganti tingkat kang luwih dhuwur tinimbang kang ditimbulaké déning panggunaan vaksin (kurang luwih kaping 10 ing panggunaan prakiran saiki).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E |title=Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=382–8 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19033158 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn310 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.long}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R |display-authors=etal |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/594124 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemiologi ==
=== Variasi mangsan ===
Influenza nggayuh prévalènsi pucuk nalika [[mangsa adhem]], lan amarga [[wilahan bumi lor]] lan [[wilahan bumi kidul|kidul]] ngalami mangsa adhem ing wektu kang béda saben tauné, ana loro mangsa flu saben tauné. Mula WHO (dibantu déning National Influenza Centers) gawé rékomèndhasi kanggo loro formulasi vaksin saben tauné; siji kanggo wilahan bumi lor, lan siji kanggo kidul.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528111237/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/2007northreport.pdf Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season] WHO report 2006-02-14. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wis suwé dadi pitakonan kenapa wabah flu dumadi kanthi mangsan, ora dumadi kanthi mangsan sadawané taun. Siji wedharan kang mungkin yaiku amarga wong ana sajeroning ruwangan luwih asring ing mangsa adhem, wong-wong mau ana sajeroning kontak cerak luwih asring, lan babagan mau ngundhakaké panularan saka wong-menyang-wong. Paningkatan tingkat lelaku amarga prèinan mangsa adhem ing wilahan bumi pérangan lor mungkin uga nyekel peranan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR2003-12-17&quot;&gt;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1551913 Weather and the Flu Season] NPR Day to Day, 17 December 2003. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Faktor liyané yaiku suhu kang adhem njalari udara luwih adhem, kang bisa nggaringaké mukus/lendhir, nyegah awak kanggo ngusir partikel virus kanthi èfèktif. Virus uga tahan luwih suwé ing lumahan ing suhu kang luwih adhem lan transmisi aerosol saka virus paling dhuwur ing lingkungan kang adhem (kurang saka 5&amp;nbsp;°C) kanthi kalembaban rélatif kang asor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature | last1 = Lowen | first1 = AC | last2 = Mubareka | first2 = S | last3 = Steel | first3 = J | last4 = Palese | first4 = P | authorlink4 = Peter Palese | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | page = e151 | url = http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030151&amp;representation=PDF | format = PDF | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151 | pmc = 2034399 | pmid = 17953482 |date=October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalembaban udara kang asor ing mangsa adhem katoné wujud jalaran utama saka transmisi influenza mangsan ing iklim sedheng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Kohn M |title=Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-03-03_106_9/page/3243 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=3243–8 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19204283 |pmc=2651255 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806852106}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M |editor1-last=Ferguson |editor1-first=Neil M. |title=Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States |journal=PLoS Biol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e1000316 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20186267 |pmc=2826374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging, owah-owahan mangsan ing tingkat infèksi uga dumadi ing wewengkon [[tropis]], lan ing sapérangan nagara pucuk infèksi katon mligi ing mangsa udan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1526-0542(03)00024-1 | last1 = Shek | first1 = LP | last2 = Lee | first2 = BW | title = Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. | journal = Paediatric respiratory reviews | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12758047 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan mangsan sajeroning tingkat kontak kang magepokan karo mangsa sekolah (semèster) wujud faktor utama sajeroning lelara anak liyané kaya déné [[campak]] lan [[pertussis]], mungkin uga nyekel peranan sajeroning kombinasi lelara flu. Kombinasi saka èfèk mangsan cilik iki bisa digedhèkaké kanthi résonansi dinamis siklus endogen lelara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dushoff | first1 = J | last2 = Plotkin | first2 = JB | last3 = Levin | first3 = SA | last4 = Earn | first4 = DJ | title = Dynamical resonance can account for seasonality of influenza epidemics. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2004-11-30_101_48/page/16915 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 48 | pages = 16915–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15557003 | pmc = 534740 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0407293101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  H5N1 nuduhaké pola mangsan ing [[manungsa]] lan unggas.&lt;ref name=WHOH5N1data&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040218103733/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en/ WHO Confirmed Human Cases of H5N1] Data published by WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). Diaksès 24 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawijining hipotèsis alternatif kang njelasaké pola mangsan ing infèksi influenza yaiku èfèk kadhar [[vitamin D]] tumrap kakebalan marang virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cannell |first=J |author2=Vieth R, Umhau J, Holick M, Grant W, Madronich S, Garland C, Giovannucci E |title=Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_2006-12_134_6/page/1129 |journal=Epidemiol Infect |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=1129–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16959053 |doi=10.1017/S0950268806007175 |pmc=2870528 |authorlink=John Cannell}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pendhapat iki pisanan diajokaké déning [[Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson]] nalika taun 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=HOPE-SIMPSON |first=R |title=The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=58 |issue=|pages=9–20 |year=1965|pmid=14267505 |pmc=1898279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké ngajokaké yèn jalaran epidemi influenza ing mangsa adhem mungkin gegandhèngan karo fluktuasi mangsan vitamin D, kang timbul ing [[kulit]] ing sangisoré prabawa [[radhiasi UV]] [[srengéngé]] (utawa radhiasi artifisial). Iki bisa njelasaké kenapa influenza dumadi mligi nalika [[mangsa adhem]] lan ing [[mangsa udan]] ing tlatah tropis, nalika wong akèh ana sajeroning ruwangan, adoh saka sinar srengéngé, lan kadhar vitamin D-né ngalami pamudhunan.

=== Panyebaran epidemi lan pandemi ===
Amarga influenza disababaké déning manéka spésiès lan galur virus, saben tauné sapérangan galur bisa cures sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké epidemi, sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké pandemi. Lumrahé, loro mangsa flu taunan (siji sajeroning sawilahan bumi), ana telu nganti limang yuta kasus abot lan nganti 500.000 pepati ing saindhenging donya, kang nyukupi kritéria epidemi influenza taunan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza] WHO Fact sheet No. 211 revised March 2003. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan insidènsi influenza bisa banget manéka saka taun-menyang-taun, kurang luwih 36.000 pepati lan punjul 200.000 rawat inep gegandhèngan kanthi langsung karo influenza saben tauné ing Amérikah Sarékat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson L, Fukuda K |title=Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/179 |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |year=2003 |pmid=12517228 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.179}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges C, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/11/1333 |journal=JAMA |volume=292 |issue=11 |pages=1333–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15367555 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.11.1333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kurang luwih kaping telu sajeroning saabad, dumadi pandemi, kang bakal nginfèksi sapérangan gedhé populasi donya lan bisa njalari patiné mayuta-yuta wong (delengen pérangan [[#sajarah|sajarah]]). Sawijining panalitèn mrakirakaké yèn sawijining galur kanthi virulènsi kang padha karo [[pandemi flu 1918|influenza 1918]] muncul saiki, mula virus mau bisa matèni 50 nganti 80 yuta wong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH |title=Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2211–8 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17189032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza anyar ngalami [[évolusi]] spontan lumantar [[mutasi]] utawa lumantar reassortment.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt;  Mutasi bisa nimbulaké owah-owahan cilik ing [[hemagglutinin]] lan antigen [[neuraminidase]] ing lumahan virus. Iki diarani antigenic drift, kang kanthi alon-alon nimbulaké akèh variasi galur nganti salah siji bisa nginfèksi manungsa kang kebal marang galur kang wis ana sadurungé. Varian anyar iki banjur nggantèkaké galur kang luwih tuwa amarga galur mau kanthi rikat nyapu populasi manungsa – asring nimbulaké epidemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wolf, Yuri I|title=Long intervals of stasis punctuated by bursts of positive selection in the seasonal evolution of influenza A virus |journal=Biol Direct |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=34 |year=2006 |pmid=17067369|doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-34 |first2=C |first3=EC |first4=EV |first5=DJ |pmc=1647279 |last2=Viboud |last3=Holmes |last4=Koonin |last5=Lipman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga galur kang ditimbulaké déning kèlinan mau bakal cukup sarupa karo galur sadurungé, sapérangan wong bakal isih imun marang virus mau. Suwaliké, yèn virus influenza ngalami reassortment, wong-wong bakal olèh antigen kang anyar – umpamané reassortment antarané galur unggas lan galur manungsa; iki diarani [[pepindhahan antigen]]. Yèn virus influenza manungsa duwé antigen kang anyar, saben wong bisa kena infèksi, lan virus influenza anyar mau bakal nyebar kanthi ora kakontrol lan nimbulaké pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Parrish |first=C |author2=Kawaoka Y |title=The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza A viruses |journal=Annual Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=|pages=553–86 |year=2005|pmid=16153179 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Béda karo modhèl pandemi kang didhasaraké marang katutan lan pepindhahan antigen, sawijining panyerakan alternatif wis diajokaké ing endi pandemi périodik ditimbulaké déning interaksi saka sawijining rangkéyan galur virus kang tetep karo populasi manungsa kang kanthi konstan ngalami owah-owahan imunitas marang galur virus kang béda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Recker M, Pybus OG, Nee S, Gupta S |title=The generation of influenza outbreaks by a network of host immune responses against a limited set of antigenic types |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/18/7711 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7711–7716 |year=2007 |pmid=17460037 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702154104 |pmc=1855915}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
=== Ètimologi ===
Tembung influenza asalé saka [[basa Italia]] kang tegesé “prabawa”, iki ngrujuk marang jalaran lelara; awalé lelara iki disebutaké disababaké déning prabawa [[astrologi]]s kang kurang apik.&lt;ref&gt;''Influenza'', [[Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]], second edition.&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan pendhapat mèdhis njalari modhifikasi jeneng dadi influenza del freddo, kang tegesé “prabawa adhem”. Tembung influenza pisanan dipigunakaké sajeroning basa Inggris kanggo nyebut lelara kang awaké dhéwé kawruhi saiki nalika taun 1703 déning J Hugger saka Univèrsitas Edinburgh sajeroning thesisé kang judhulé &quot;''De Catarrho epidemio, vel influenza, prout in India occidentali sese ostendit''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Creighton, Charles (1965): A History Of Epidemics In Britain, With Additional Material By D.E.C. Eversley&lt;/ref&gt;

Istilah biyèn kang dipigunakaké kanggo influenza yaiku ''epidemic catarrh'', ''grippe'' (saka [[basa Prancis]], pisanan dipigunakaké déning Molyneaux nalika taun 1694&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid=11576290 | last1=Potter | first1=CW | year=2001 | title=A history of influenza. | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-microbiology_2001-10_91_4/page/572 | journal=Journal of applied microbiology | volume=91 | issue=4 |pages= 572–579 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;), ''sweating sickness'', lan mriyang Spanyol (mligi ing galur flu pandemi 1918).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=P|title=Swine Flu|journal=Croatian Medical Journal|doi= 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.412|year=2009|volume=50|page=412|pmid=19673043|issue=4|pmc=2728380}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pandemi ===
Tandha-tandha influenza manungsa dijlèntrèhaké kanthi cetha déning [[Hippocrates]] kurang luwih 2.400 taun kapungkur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=Juni 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hippocrates |author2=Adams, Francis |title=Of the Epidemics |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.html |orig-date=400 BCE |accessdate=2006-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan virus katoné njalari epidemi sadawané sajarah manungsa, data historis ngenani influenza angèl kanggo diinterprétasikaké, amarga gejalané bisa sakrupa karo tandha-tandha lelara ambegan liyané.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 1724803| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 223–234| last = Beveridge| first = W I| title = The chronicle of influenza epidemics| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1991_13_2/page/223| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Lelara iki mungkin wis nyebar saka Éropah menyang Amérika nalika kolonisasi Amérika déning wong-wong Éropah; amarga mèh kabèh warga [[Antilles]] mati déning epidemi kang mèmper karo influenza kang nyebar nalika taun 1493, sawisé tekané [[Christopher Columbus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1171451|author=Guerra, Francisco |title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-history_fall-1988_12_3/page/305|year=1988 |journal=Social Science History |volume= 12 |issue= 3 | pages=305–325|pmid=11618144|jstor=1171451 }} (only the first page can be read for free, but that has enough information about influenza being the main disease brought by Columbus killing 90 % of the indiginous population)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 7529930| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 313–327| last = Guerra| first = F| title = The European-American exchange| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1993_15_3/page/313| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1993| doi = 10.1016/S1471-0846(02)80108-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lapuran pisanan kang nyakinaké ngenani pandemi influenza yaiku wabah nalika taun 1580, kang awalé ing Ruslan lan nyebar menyang Éropah liwat Afrika. Ing [[Roma]], punjul 8.000 wong mati, lan sapérangan kutha Spanyol mèh kabèh cures. Pandemi terus lumaku kanthi sporadis tekan abad ka 17 lan 18, kanthi pandemi 1830-1833 kang mligi nyebar kanthi wiyar; pandemi mau nginfèksi kurang luwih saprapat saka warga kang kapapar.&lt;ref name=Potter&gt;{{cite journal |author=Potter CW |title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120718156/HTMLSTART |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wabah kang paling misuwur lan paling matèkaké yaiku pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) (influenza jinis A, subtipe H1N1), kang dumadi antarané taun 1918 tekan 1919. Ora dikawruhi kanthi cetha sapira akèhé pati kang ditimbulaké, nanging prakirané watara 20 nganti 100 yuta wong.&lt;ref name=Knobler&gt;{{cite book |editor=Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) |chapter=1: The Story of Influenza |pages=60–61 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&amp;page=58 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Patterson1&gt;{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=KD |author2=Pyle GF |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1991_65_1/page/n7 |journal=Bull Hist Med. |date=Spring 1991 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |pmid=2021692}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandemi iki diarani “pambantéyan médhis gedhé dhéwé sajeroning sajarah” lan mungkin wis matèni wong padha akèhé karo [[Pepati Ireng]].&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Angka pepati kang gedhé banget iki disebabaké déning tingkat infèksi kang dhuwur banget ngancik 50% lan tingkat tandha-tandha kang abot banget, dinuga disababaké déning [[badai sitokin]].&lt;ref name=Patterson1/&gt;  Tandha-tandha flu nalika taun 1918 ora biyasa banget nganti influenza ing awalé salah didiagnosis minangka mriyang dengue, [[kolera]], utawa uga [[mriyang tifoid]]. Sawijining pangamat nulisaké, “Salah sawijining komplikasi kang paling abot yaiku panggetihan saka [[selaput lendhir]], mligi saka [[irung]], [[lambung]], lan [[usus]]. Panggetihan saka [[kuping]] lan panggetihan [[petechia]] uga dumadi.”&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;  Mayoritas pepati disababaké déning [[pneumonia bakterial]], [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kang ditimbulaké déning influenza, nanging virus uga matèni wong kanthi langsung, nimbulaké panggetihan masif lan [[edema]] paru.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite journal | author = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG | title = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus | journal = [[Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.]] | volume = 356 | issue = 1416 | pages = 1829–39 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11779381 | pmc = 1088558 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) bener-bener mandonya, malah nyebar tekan Kutub Lor lan [[Kapuloan Pasifik]] kang adoh. Lelara kang abot banget matèni watara 2 nganti 20% saka panandhang kang kainfèksi, ora kaya tingkat pepati epidemi flu kang lumrahé mung 0,1%.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taubenberger&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Taubenberger |first=J |author2=Morens D |title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16494711}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha liya saka pandemi iki yaiku kedadèyan iki sapérangan gedhé matèni wong diwasa enom, kanthi 99% pepati pandemi influenza dumadi ing wong-wong kanthi umur sangisoré 65, lan punjul setengahé umur 20 tekan 40 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Simonsen |first=L |author2=Clarke M, Schonberger L, Arden N, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-07_178_1/page/53 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |date=July 1998 |pmid=9652423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki ora biyasa amarga influenza lumrahé paling matèkaké ing umur enom banget (sangisoré umur 2 taun) lan ing umur tuwa banget (sandhuwuré 70 taun). Mortalitas total saka pandemi 1918-1919 ora dikawruhi, nanging diprakirakaké watara 2,5% nganti 5% saka kabèh populasi donya wis mati amarga flu iki. Akèhé 25 yuta mungkin wis mati sajeroning 25 minggu pisanan; minangka tetimbangan, [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] wis matèni 25 yuta panandhangé sajeroning 25 taun pisanan.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;

Pandemi flu kang dumadi sabanjuré ora duwé dampak gedhé banget. Pandemi mau yaiku [[Flu Asia]] 1957 (jinis A, galur [[H2N2]]) lan [[Flu Hongkong]] 1968 (Tipe A, galur [[H3N2]]), nanging wabah kang luwih cilik iki malah matèni mayuta-yuta wong. Ing pandemi kang dumadi ing samburiné antibiotik wis sumadiya kanggo ngendhalèkaké infèksi sékundhèr lan iku wis mbiyantu ngurangi mortalitas tinimbang Flu Spanyol 1918.&lt;ref name=Taubenberger/&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ [[Pandemi flu]] kang wis dikawruhi&lt;ref name=Hilleman&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hilleman |first=M |title=Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control |journal=Vaccine |volume=20 |issue=25–26 |pages=3068–87 |date=19 Agustus 2002 |pmid=12163258 |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TenThings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2005-10-14|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=2009-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016015026/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=2005-10-16|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Jeneng pandemi !! Wektu !!Pepati !! Tingkat pepati !! Subtipe kang duwé peran !! [[Tingkat Aboté Pandemi]]
|-
! [[Flu Ruslan|Flu (Ruslan) Asia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Boëlle PY |title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-05-11_107_19/page/8778 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8778–81 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20421481 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1000886107 |pmc=2889325}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1889–1890 ||1 yuta ||0,15% ||kamungkinan [[H3N8]] ||NA
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 1918]]&lt;br /&gt;(Flu Spanyol)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mills CE, [[James Robins|Robins JM]], Lipsitch M |title=Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-12-16_432_7019/page/904 |journal=Nature |volume=432 |issue=7019 |pages=904–6 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15602562 |doi=10.1038/nature03063 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1918–1920 ||20 nganti 100 yuta ||2%||[[H1N1]] ||5
|-
! [[Flu Asia]]
|1957–1958 ||1 nganti 1,5 yuta ||0,13%||[[H2N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Flu Hong Kong]]
|1968–1969 ||0,75 nganti 1 yuta ||&lt;0,1%||[[H3N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM|display-authors=etal |title=Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study |journal=BMJ |volume=339 |issue= |pages=b5213 |year=2009 |pmid=20007665 |pmc=2791802 |doi=10.1136/bmj.b5213}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2009–2010 ||18.000 ||0,03%||[[H1N1]] ||NA
|}
Virus influenza pisanan kang kasil diisolasi asalé saka unggas, nalika taun 1901 agèn kang nimbulaké lelara kang diarani “''fowl plague''” diliwataké lumantar [[filter Chamberland]], kang duwé pori kang ukurané cilik banget kanggo diliwati déning bakteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heinen PP |url=http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html |title=Swine influenza: a zoanasis |journal=Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow |issn=1569-0830 |date=15 Sèptèmber 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Etiologi]] influenza, famili virus Orthomyxoviridae, pisanan tinemu ing babi déning [[Richard Shope]] nalika taun 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics èand discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panemon iki banjur diumiluni déning isolasi virus saka manungsa déning saklompok panaliti kang dipanggedhèni déning [[Patrick Laidlaw]] saka [[Konsili Panalitèn Brtainia Raya]] nalika taun 1933.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1933-01-14_1_2/page/66 |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, nalika taun 1935, nalika Wendell Stanley pisanan ngristalisasikaké [[tobacco mosaic virus]], sipat non sélulèr saka virus dikawruhi.

Laku signifikan pisanan sajeroning nyegah influenza yaiku dikembangaké vaksin virus mati kanggo influenza nalika taun 1944 déning [[Thomas Francis, Jr.]]. Iki wujud perkembangan saka karya [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], sawijining wong Australia, kang nuduhaké yèn virus bakal kélangan virulènsiné nalika dhèwèké dikultur sajeroning endhog pitik kang wis dibagi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot;&gt;[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Biography] The [[Nobel Foundation]]. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Aplikasi saka temon iki déning Francis mungkinaké dhèwèké lan tim panalitiné ing [[Universitas Michigan]] kanggo ngembangaké vaksin influenza pisanan, kanthi panjurung saka [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amérikah Sarékat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kendall |first=H |title=Vaccine Innovation: Lessons from World War II |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–57 |year=2006 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064 |pmid=16681187 |access-date=2012-06-28 |archive-date=2014-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004142356/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinas Katentaraan duwé katerlibatan ing panalitèn iki amarga pengalaman ing influenza nalika [[Perang Donya I]], nalika èwonan wadya mati déning virus sajeroning étungan sasi.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt; Dibandhingaké karo vaksin, perkembangan obat anti-influenza luwih alon, kanthi diwetokaké lisènsi [[amantadine]] nalika taun 1966, lan mèh telung puluh taun sabanjuré, golongan obat sabanjuré ([[inhibitor neruaminidase]]) dikembangaké.&lt;ref name=Lynch/&gt;

== Masarakat lan kabudayan ==
Influenza nimbulaké beban béya langsung amarga ilangé [[prodhuktivitas]] lan béya pangobatan mèdhis kang diakibataké, lan uga béya ora langsung wujud laku-laku prévèntif. Ing Amérikah Sarékat, influenza duwé tanggung jawab kanggo total beban gedhéné punjul 10 yuta dollar per taun, sauntara wis diprakirakaké yèn pandemi ing mangsa ngarèp bisa nimbulaké tuna atusan yuta dolar sajeroning wangun beban langsung lan ora langsung.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Statement from President George W. Bush on Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Diakses 26 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, dampak [[ékanami]] saka pandemi kang sadurungé durung disinaoni kanthi intènsif, lan sapérangan panulis wis nduga yèn influenza Spanyol sabeneré duwé èfèk jangka dawa positif ing patuwuhan ''pendapatan per-kapita'', sanajan ana pamudhunan kang gedhé ing populasi punggawa lan èfèk déprèsi jangka cendhak kang abot.&lt;ref&gt;Brainerd, E. and M. Siegler (2003), &quot;The Ecanamic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic&quot;, ''CEPR Discussion Paper'', no. 3791.&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn liya wis ngupaya kanggo mrédhiksi beban béya saka sawijining pandemi kang padha aboté karo flu Spanyol 1918 ing ékanami Amérikah Sarékat, ing endi 30% saka kabèh punggawa dadi lara, lan 2,5% ngalami pati. Angka lelara watara 30% lan suwéné lelara watara telung minggu bakal ngedhunaké [[prodhuk dhomèstik bruto]] gedhéné 5%. Beban tambahan bisa muncul saka pangobatan mèdhis saka 18 yuta nganti 45 yuta wong, lan beban ékanami kabèh bakal dadi kurang luwih 700 yuta dolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Poland G |title=Vaccines against avian influenza—a race against time |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=354 |issue=13 |pages=1411–3 |year=2006 |pmid=16571885 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe068047 |access-date=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230075940/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Béya pancegahan uga dhuwur. Pamaréntah ing saindhenging donya wis ngentèkaké mayuta-yuta dolar Amérika sajeroning persiapan lan parencanaan sajeroning ngadhepi kamungkinan pandemi flu manuk H5N1, kanthi beban béya kang magepokan karo panukonan obat lan vaksin lan uga ngembangaké latihan bencana lan strategi sajeroning ngundhakaké [[pangawasan wewatesan]].&lt;ref name=Rosenthal/&gt; Pada 1 November 2005, [[Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat]] [[George W. Bush]] mengeluarkan ''the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza'' (Strategi Nasional kanggo Ngreksa Bebaya Pandemi influenza)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Whitehouse.gov Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; kang dijurung déning panjaluk dana marang [[kongrès Amérikah Sarékat|kongrès]] gunggungé 7,1 yuta dollar kanggo miwiti implemèntasi rencana mau.&lt;ref&gt;[http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 Bush Outlines $7 Billion Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807204025/http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 |date=2007-08-07 }} US Mission to the EU, Diaksès 12 Dhésèmber 2009 {{Wayback|url=http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3|date =2007-08-07|bot=DASHBot}}{{dead link|date=August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing donya internasional, ing tanggal 18 Januari 2006, nagara-nagara danar wis janji kanggo nyumbang 2 yuta dolar kanggo merangi flu manuk ing Konferènsi Prajanjian Internasional ngenani influenza Unggas lan Manungsa ''(International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza)'' kang ditindakaké suwéné rong dina ing Cina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-18-02.asp Danar Nations Pledge $1.85 Billion to Combat Bird Flu] Newswire Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sajeroning pambijian pandemi H1N1 2009 ing nagara-nagara kapilih ing wilahan bumi pérangan kidul, data nuduhaké yèn kabèh nagara ngalami dampak sosio/ékanami sajeroning wates wektu lan/utawa géografis tartamtu lan pamudhunan sauntara sajeroning kapariwisataan kang mligi disababaké déning kewedèn bakal lelara H1N1 2009. Isih awal banget kanggo nemtokaké apa pandemi H1N1 wis nimbulaké dampak ékanami jangka dawa.&lt;ref&gt;Assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) Outbreak on Selected Countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 2009. http://flu.gov/professional/global/southhemisphere.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panalitèn ==
[[Gambar:Influenza virus research.jpg|thumb|left|upright|200px|Dr. Terrence Tumpey mriksa virus [[flu Spanyol]] 1918.]]
Panalitèn ing influenza nyakup panalitèn ing [[virologi molekulèr]], kepriyé virus nimbulaké lelara ([[patogenesis]]), [[rèspon imun]] inang, génom virus, lan kepriyé panyebaran virus ([[epidemiologi]]). Panalitèn iki mbiyantu pangembangan laku nangkal influenza; contoné, pamahaman kang luwih becik ngenani rèspons sistem imun awak mbiyantu pangembangan vaksin, lan gambaran kang dhetil ngenani kepriyé influenza nyerang sèl mbiyantu dikembangaké obat-obat antivirus. Salah siji program panalitèn dhasar kang paling wigati yaiku ''Influenza Genome Sequencing Project'' (Proyèk panemton urutan génom influenza), kang nyiptakaké pustaka (pratélan kumpulan) sékuèns (gèn) influenza; pustaka iki bisa mbiyantu nemtokaké faktor endi kang gawé sawijining galur luwih matèkaké tinimbang galur liyané, gèn endi kang paling mangaruhi [[imunogenisitas]], lan kepriyé virus évolusi saka wektu menyang wektu sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;[http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml Influenza A Virus Genome Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108045050/http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml |date=2006-11-08 }} at The Institute of Genomic Research. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Panalitèn vaksin anyar wigati banget, amarga vaksin kang sumadiya saiki alon banget lan larang kanggo diprodhuksi lan kudu diformulasi ulang saben tauné. Panemton urutan (sequencing) saka génom influenza lan tèknologi [[DNA rékombinan]] bisa nyepetaké tinemu galur vaksin anyar kanthi mungkinaké panaliti ngganti antigèn anyar ing galur vaksin kang wis dikembangaké sadurungé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Subbarao K, Katz J |title=Influenza vaccines generated by reverse genetics |journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |volume=283 |issue=|pages=313–42 |year=2004|pmid=15298174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tèknologi anyar uga nembé dikembangaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus ing kultur sèl, kang njanjèkaké angka prodhuksi kang luwih dhuwur, béya kang luwih asor, kualitas kang luwih apik lan ''surge capacity'' kang luwih apik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bardiya N, Bae J |title=Influenza vaccines: recent advances in production technologies |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |year=2005 |pmid=15660212 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1874-1 |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326073534/http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn ing vaksin influenza A universal, kang dituduhaké ing domain èksternal saka [[protéin M2]] transmémbran virus (M2e), nembé ditindakaké déning [[University of Ghent]] déning [[Walter Fiers]], [[Xavier Saelens]], lan klompoké&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Vanlandschoot P, Jou WM, Fiers W |title=A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protéin |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1157–63 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10502819 |doi=10.1038/13484 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Jou WM |title=Soluble recombinant influenza vaccines |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1961–3 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11779398 |pmc=1088575 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0980 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, De Filette M, Birkett A, Neirynck S, Min Jou W |title=A &quot;universal&quot; human influenza A vaccine |journal=Virus Res. |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=173–6 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15163506 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan saiki wis kasil ngliwati uji klinis fase 1.

Sapérangan ''[[biologic]]'', vaksin lan ''imunobiologic'' terapeutik uga nembé ditliti kanggo nambani infèksi kang disebabaké déning virus. Biologi terapeutik dirancang kanggo ngaktivasi rèspon imun tumrap virus utawa antigèn. Lumrahé ''biologic'' ora nargètaké [[jalur métabolik]] kaya déné obat-obat antivirus, nanging ngrangsang sèl imun kaya déné [[limfosit]], [[makrofag]], lan/utawa ''[[antigen presenting cells]]'' kanggo mènèhi rèspon imun tumrap èfèk [[sitotoksik]] marang virus. Modhèl influenza, kaya déné influenza mencit (''murine influenza'') wujud modhèl kang apik kanggo dipigunakaké kanggo nguji èfèk ''biologic'' profilaksis lan terapeutik. Contoné ''[[Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator]]'' nyandhet patuwuhan virus ing modhèl influenza mencit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: Review of the ImmunoPharmacology of a new Veterinary Biologic |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=61–68 | url=http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol6Iss2/Vol6Iss2Gingerich61-68.pdf |format=PDF | access-date=5 Dhésèmber 2010 |author=Gingerich, DA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infèksi ing kéwan liya ==
Influenza nginfèksi akèh spésiès [[kéwan]], lan transfer galur virus antar spésiès bisa dumadi. Unggas dinuga wujud inang kéwan utama saka virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gorman O, Bean W, Kawaoka Y, Webster R |title=Evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1990-04_64_4/page/1487 |pmc=249282 |journal=J Virol |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1487–97 |year=1990 |pmid=2319644}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nembelas wangun [[hémagglutinin]] lan sanga wangun [[néuraminidase]] wis diidhèntifikasi. Kabèh subtipe kang wis dikawruhi (HxNy) tinemu ing unggas, nanging akèh subtipe endemik ing [[manungsa]], [[asu]], [[jaran]], lan [[babi]]; populasi [[onta]], [[garangan]], [[kucing]], [[asu laut]], cerpelai (mink) lan [[iwak lodan]] uga nuduhaké bukti-bukti infèksi utawa paparan tumrap influenza.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt; Varian saka virus flu sok-sok dijenengi miturut spésiès ing endi galur mau endemik utawa adhaptasi. Varian utama saka jeneng-jeneng kang migunakaké konvènsi iki yaiku: flu unggas, flu manungsa, flu babi, [[flu jaran]], lan [[flu asu]]. ([[Flu kucing]] lumrahé ngrujuk marang [[rhinotracheitis virus kucing]] utawa ''[[Feline calicivirus]]'' lan dudu wujud infèksi kang asalé saka virus influenza.). Ing babi, jaran, lan asu, tandha-tandha influenza sarupa karo ing manungsa, mawa watuk, mriyang, lan [[anoreksia|kéhalangan nepsu mangan]].&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;  Frékuènsi lelara iki ing kéwan ora disinaoni padha apiké ing infèksi marang manungsa, nanging wabah influenza ing asu laut pelabuhan nimbulaké kurang luwih 500 patiné asu laut ing pasisir [[New England]] nalika taun 1979-1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hinshaw V, Bean W, Webster R, Rehg J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci J, St Aubin D |title=Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1984-09_51_3/page/863 |pmc=255856 |journal=J Virol |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=863–5 |year=1984 |pmid=6471169}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing sisih liya, wabah ing babi asring dumadi lan ora nimbulaké angka pepati kang abot.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;

=== Flu unggas ===
Tandha-tandha flu ing unggas manéka lan mungkin ora spésifik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Elbers A, Koch G, Bouma A |title=Performance of clinical signs in poultry for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=181–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16191700 | doi=10.1080/03079450500096497}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang ngetutaké infèksi flu unggas kanthi patogenesitas kang asor bisa wujud wulu kang morak-marik, pamudhunan cilik sajeroning prodhuksi endhog, utawa pamudhunan bobot awak dikombinasikaké karo [[lelara ambegan]] ènthèng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Capua| first1= I |last2= Mutinelli | first2= F. |chapter=Low pathogenicity (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian inﬂuenza in turkeys and chicken | title=A Colour Atlas and Text on Avian Inﬂuenza |publisher= Papi Editore |location= Bologna |year= 2001 |pages=13–20 | isbn=88-88369-00-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S1hEAAAACAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga tandha-tandha kang ènthèng iki bisa gawé diagnosis ing lapangan dadi angèl, ngetutaké panyebaran flu unggas merlokaké uji laboratorium saka sampel kang asalé saka unggas kang kainfèksi. Sapérangan galur kaya déné [[H9N2]] Asia virulèn banget marang kéwan ingon unggas lan bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha kang luwih èkstrém lan mortalitas kang signifikan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bano S, Naeem K, Malik S |title=Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/817 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=817–22 |year=2003 |pmid=14575070 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.817}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing wangun kang paling patogenik, influenza ing [[pitik]] lan [[kalkun]] nimbulaké munculé tandha-tandha ndadak lan pepati mèh 100% sajeroning rong dina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Swayne D, Suarez D |title=Highly pathogenic avian influenza |journal=Rev Sci Tech |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=463–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10935274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga virus nyebar kanthi rikat ing kaanan kang padhet kaya déné ing paternakan intènsif pitik lan kalkun, wabah iki bisa nimbulaké dampak [[ékanami]] kang gedhé kanggo paternak unggas.

Galur H5N1 kang wis adhaptasi marang unggas lan patogèn banget (diarani HPAI A(H5N1), cekakan saka &quot;''highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1''&quot;) nimbulaké flu H5N1, kang lumrahé ditepungi minangka flu unggas, utawa &quot;flu manuk&quot;, lan endemik ing akèh populasi manuk, mligi ing [[Asia Kidul-wétan]]. Galur turunan Asia saka HPAI A (H5N1) nyebar kanthi global. Epizootik (epidemi ing makluk urip dudu manungsa) lan panzootik (lelara kang ngenani kéwan saka akèh spésiès, mligi sajeroning wewengkon kang wiyar banget), wis matèni puluhan yuta unggas lan njalari pepati disengaja atusan yuta unggas liya sajeroning upaya kanggo ngendhalèkaké panyebarané. Sapérangan gedhé réferènsi ing médhia marang “flu manuk” lan sapérangan gedhé réferènsi marang H5N1 yaiku ngenani galur spésifik iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Li K, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith G, Xu K, Duan L, Rahardjo A, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen T, Estoepangestie A, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long H, Hanh N, Webby R, Poon L, Chen H, Shortridge K, Yuen K, Webster R, Peiris J |title=Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-07-08_430_6996/page/209 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=6996 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15241415 | doi=10.1038/nature02746}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L, Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie AT, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NT, Webby RJ, Poon LL, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS. [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/116.html &quot;The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?&quot; Workshop Summary] The National Academies Press (2005) &quot;Today's Pandemic Threat: Genesis of a Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Eastern Asia&quot;, pages 116–130&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki, HPAI A(H5N1) wujud lelara unggas, lan ora ana bukti kang nuduhaké panularan kang èfisièn manungsa-marang-manungsa saka HPAI A(H5N1). Ing mèh kabèh kasus, wong-wong kang kainfèksi wis ngalami kontak fisik kang èkstènsif karo unggas kang kainfèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Liu J |title=Avian influenza—a pandemic waiting to happen? |url=http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |year=2006 |pmid=16440117 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216094539/http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing mangsa ngarep, H5N1 bisa mutasi utawa ngalami réassortment dadi galur kang mampu ditularaké antar manungsa kanthi èfisièn. Owah-owahan kang diperlokaké nganti iki dumadi durung dikawruhi kanthi becik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Salomon R, Webster RG |title=The influenza virus enigma |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2009-02-06_136_3/page/402 |journal=Cell |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=402–10 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19203576 |pmc=2971533 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.029}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nanging, amarga dhuwuré angka pepati lan virulènsi H5N1, kaanan endemiknya, lan inang réservoir biologis kang gunggungé gedhé lan tansaya tambah, virus H5N1 wujud ancaman pandemi donya ing mangsa flu taun 2006-07, lan milyaran dolar wis diklumpukaké lan dientèkaké sajeroning nliti H5N1 lan ngrencanakaké kanggo kamungkinan pandemi influenza.&lt;ref name=Rosenthal&gt;{{cite news | last1=Rosenthal |first1= E. |last2= Bradsher |first2= K. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/16/business/16bird.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin | title= Is Business Ready for a Flu Pandemic? |work= The New York Times |date=16 Maret 2006 |accessdate= 17 April 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Flu babi ===
Ing [[babi]], influenza babi nimbulaké mriyang, awak lemes, wahing, watuk, kangèlan ambegan, lan pemudhunan nepsu mangan.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kothalawala H, Toussaint MJ, Gruys E |title=An overview of swine influenza |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=46–53 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16841566}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sapérangan kasus infèksi bisa nimbulaké aborsi. Sanajan mortalitas lumrahé asor, virus bisa nimbulaké pamudhunan bobot awak lan patuwuhan kang ala, nimbulaké dampak karugèn ékanami kanggo para paternak.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala/&gt; Babi kang kainfèksi bisa ngalami kélangan bobot watara 12 pon bobot awak sajeroning jangka wektu 3 nganti 4 minggu.&lt;ref name=Myers&gt;{{cite journal |author=Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC |title=Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2007-04-15_44_8/page/1084 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1084–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17366454 |pmc=1973337 |doi=10.1086/512813 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika taun 2009, galur virus [[H1N1]] kang asalé saka babi, kang asring diarani “flu babi” njalari pandemi flu 2009, nanging ora ana bukti yèn virus iki èndemik ing babi (temenan wujud flu babi) utawa bisa nular saka babi menyang manungsa, nanging virus iki nyebar saka manungsa-marang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|title=Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement|author=Maria Zampaglione|publisher=[[World Organisation for Animal Health]]|date=April 29, 2009|accessdate=April 29, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105521/http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|archivedate=April 30, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01name.html?scp=5&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=W.H.O. Gives Swine Flu a Less Loaded, More Scientific Name | work=The New York Times | first=Denise | last=Grady | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur iki wujud réassortment saka sapérangan galur H1N1 kang lumrahé tinemu kanthi kapisah, ing manungsa, unggas, lan babi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01origin.html?scp=2&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=Virus's Tangled Genes Straddle Continents, Raising a Mystery About Its Origins |format=| work=The New York Times | first=Donald G. | last=McNeil Jr. | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist|2}}
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
--&gt;

== Wacan terusan ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-2}}
'''Umum'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM |display-authors=etal |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=N Engl J Med. |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1374–85 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16192482 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052211 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |access-date=2012-02-09 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104920/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |url-status=dead }}
* Bernd Sebastian Kamps, Christian Hoffmann and Wolfgang Preiser (Eds.) [http://www.InfluenzaReport.com/ Influenza Report], 225 pp, PDF, free download. Flying Publisher 2006
* {{cite book |author=Levine, Arnold J. |title=Viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716750314 |publisher=Scientific American Library |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=0-7167-5031-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Baron, Samuel |title=Medical microbiology |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |location=Galveston, Tex |year=1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |edition=4th |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed }}
* {{cite journal |author=Cox NJ, Subbarao K |title=Influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1999-10-09_354_9186/page/n64 |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9186 |pages=1277–82 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10520648 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01241-6}}
* ISBN 978-3-211-80892-4 The Influenza Viruses Hoyle L 1968 Springer Verlag
{{Refend}}

'''Sajarah'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kilbourne ED |last2=Zhang |first2=Yan B. |last3=Lin |first3=Mèi-Chen |title=Influenza pandemics of the 20th century |journal=Emerging Infect Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494710 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1254.htm }}
* {{cite book |author=Collier, Richard |title=The plague of the Spanish lady: the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 |url=https://archive.org/details/plagueofspanish00coll |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1974 |isbn=0-333-13864-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Barry, John M. |title=The great influenza: the epic story of the deadliest plague in history |url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00barr |publisher=Viking |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |pages=|isbn=0-670-89473-7}}
{{Refend}}

'''Mikrobiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |journal=Microbiol Rev. |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |date=1 Maret 1992|pmid=1579108 |pmc=372859 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=1579108 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA, Skehel JJ |title=Genetics of influenza viruses |journal=Annu. Rev. Genet. |volume=36 |issue=|pages=305–32 |year=2002 |pmid=12429695 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052402.152757}}
{{Refend}}

{{Col-2-of-2}}

'''Patogenesis'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=García-Sastre A |title=Antiviral response in pandemic influenza viruses |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=44–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494716 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1186.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Zambon MC |title=The pathogenesis of influenza in humans |journal=Rev Med Virol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=227–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11479929 |doi=10.1002/rmv.319}}
{{Refend}}

'''Epidemiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dowdle WR |title=Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494714 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1013.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y |title=Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=129–49 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11148006 |pmc=88966 |doi=10.1128/CMR.14.1.129-149.2001}}
* [http://www.who.int/wer/wer8126.pdf Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection]
{{Refend}}

'''Pananganan lan panyegahan'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB |title=Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=54 |issue=RR-8 |pages=1–40 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16086456}}
* {{cite journal |author=Monto AS |title=Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494718 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1068.htm}}
{{Refend}}

'''Panelitèn'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Palese P |title=Making better influenza virus vaccines? |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494719 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1043.htm }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824004040/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/recommendationvaccine.pdf WHO (PDF) contains latest Evolutionary &quot;Tree of Life&quot; for H5N1] article ''Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines'' published 18 August 2006
* [http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_3C.pdf WHO's assessment of Flu Research] as of November 2006.
{{Refend}}
{{Col-end}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://www.ers-education.org/pages/default.aspx?id=331 ERS Online Course on Influenza]
* [http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx Swine and Seasonal Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105753/http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx |date=2011-07-27 }}, [http://www.goodmedicine.org/ Institute for Good Medicine] at the [http://www.pamedsoc.org/ Pennsylvania Medical Society]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ Info on influenza] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
* [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html Summary of the disease] at the [[NYTimes]].
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05virus.html 10 Genes, Furiously Evolving] [[NYTimes]] May 2009
* [http://www.outbreakalerts.com/ Outbreak Alerts] United States based communicable disease notification website
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/influenza/DS00081 Influenza (Mayo Clinic)]
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html Fact Sheet] Overview of influenza at World Health Organization
* [http://origem.info/misms/index.php The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909230155/http://www.origem.info/misms/index.php |date=2016-09-09 }} [[Fogarty International Center]]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/flubiology.html Influenza Virus Resource] from the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]
* [http://www.eiss.org/ European Influenza Surveillance Scheme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013203342/http://www.eiss.org/ |date=2011-10-13 }}
* [http://www.google.org/flutrends/ Flu Trends] – flu activity across the U.S.
* [https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&amp;SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&amp;TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd Cold and flu advice] (NHS Direct)
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 Online video discussing influenza outbreaks and spread of other infectious diseases] (Vega Science Trust)
* [http://www.pandemicflu.gov/ Flu.gov: Know What To Do About the Flu]
* [http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/influenza.php PATH Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources]
* [http://www.fludb.org/ Influenza Research Database] – Database of influenza genomic sequences, serotypes, polymorphisms, structures, epitopes, drugs and related tools.
* [http://www.recombinomics.com/whats_new.html? Recombinomics - What's New]: Up to date details of circulating strains.
{{Refend}}
{{artikel pilihan}}

[[Kategori:Influenza| ]]
[[Kategori:Lelara nular]]
[[Kategori:Pulmanalogi]]
[[Kategori:Lelara ambegan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sempati</title>
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      <text bytes="2418" sha1="lz9r7v2jwc0csqv6v6ozeqc9y7h7fv2" xml:space="preserve">'''Garudha Sempati''' ([[Sanskerta]]: सम्पाति, Sampāti) iku anake [[Garudha Aruni]] (Brihawan) karo [[Dewi Brahmanisri]], nunggal kadang karo [[Jatayu|Garudha Jatayu.]]

Amarga mitulungi [[Kosalya|Dewi Raghu]](Sukasalya), wusana entek wulune, dibrodholi déning [[Rahwana|Prabu Dasamuka.]] Critane mangkene:

Prabu Dasamuka ratu ing [[Ngalengka]] mireng kabar yen [[Prabu Banaputra]] ratu [[Ayodhya]] darbe putra 1, sesilihe Dewi Raghu (Dewi Sukasalya). Pawarta mangkono iku njalari Dasamuka kelingan marang pangandikane [[Begawan Maruta]] yen ta [[Wedawati|Dewi Widawati]] (Dewi Sri) ing tembe bakal manjanma maneh ana ing marcapada kanthi asma: (1) [[Dewi Citrawati]], dadi putrane putri [[Prabu Citradarma]] ratu ing [[Magada]]. (2) Dewi Raghu (Sukasalya), dadi putrane putri Prabu Banaputra ratu ing Ayodhya. (3) [[Dewi Sinta]], dadi putrane putri [[Prabu Janaka]] ratu ing [[Mithila|Mantili]]. (4) [[Sumbadra|Dewi Wara Sembadra]], dadi putrane putri [[Basudéwa|Prabu Basudewa]] ratu ing [[Mandura]].

Kanthi ngirid wadyabala sabregada, Dasamuka budhal menyang praja Ayodhya, nedya nyatakake bener-luputing pawarta. Bareng wis priksa Sang Prabu Banaputra kagungan putra putri kaya kang kasebut ing pawarta, Dasamuka nuli prapta ing praja Ayodhya, nglamar Dewi Raghu. Ananging, panglamare ora ditampa déning Prabu Banaputra, awit Dewi Raghu wis winengku garwa déning [[Begawan Rawatmeja]]. Senadyan panampiking panglamar nganggo wewaton kang maton, parandene Dasamuka meksa muring marang Prabu Banaputra. Ndadekake pasulayan bandayuda. Ora mung Prabu Banaputra kang disedani déning Dasamuka. Begawan Rawatmeja uga dipateni.

Bareng priksa ramane lan garwane seda, Dewi Raghu banjur lumayu menyang [[Grastina|Padhepokan Grastina]], nedya nyuwun pengayoman déning [[Dasarata|Begawan Dasarata]].

Playune Dewi Raghu kapriksanan Dasamuka, gage ditututi. Nanging, nalika Dewi Raghu meh ketututan, Dasamuka semaput. Amarga disamber Garudha Sempati, mitrane Begawan Rawatmeja. Sawise eling, Dasamuka napak jumantara, ngoyak Garudha Sempati. Dadi pancakara rame. Wusana Garudha Sempati kalah, wulune dijabuti Dasamuka. Satemah Garudha Sempati brondhol lan ora bisa mabur.

Playune Dewi Raghu bisa tekan Padhepokan Grastina kanthi slamet. Ditampa becik déning Sang Begawan. Sang Dewi didhawuhi ndelik ana ing sajroning padhepokan.

== Réferènsi ==
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{{Ramayana}}

[[Kategori:Paraga Wayang]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asem urat</title>
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      <text bytes="44911" sha1="3ofa9lhu2v5ips1zu75nfjrazvpcrqk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox disease
 | Name            = Asam urat
 | Image           = The gout james gillray.jpg
 | Alt             = A small creature with sharp teeth is biting into a swollen foot at the base of the big toe
 | Caption         = ''Gout'', a 1799 caricature by [[James Gillray]]
 | DiseasesDB      = 29031
 | ICD10           = {{ICD10|M|10||m|05}}
 | ICD9            = {{ICD9|274.00}} {{ICD9|274.1}} {{ICD9|274.8}} {{ICD9|274.9}}
 | ICDO            =
 | OMIM            = 138900
 | OMIM_mult       = {{OMIM2|300323}}
 | MedlinePlus     = 000422
 | eMedicineSubj   = emerg
 | eMedicineTopic  = 221
 | eMedicine_mult  = {{eMedicine2|med|924}} {{eMedicine2|med|1112}} {{eMedicine2|oph|506}} {{eMedicine2|orthoped|124}}{{eMedicine2|radhio|313}}
 | MeshID          = D006073
}}
'''Gout''' utawa asem urat (kang uga dipahami kanthi jeneng '''podagra''' yèn wis nganti kena jempol sikil)&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt; ya iku [[Disease|kaanan medis]] kang tandha-tandha lumrahé wujud [[inflammatory arthritis]] ya iku [[joint effusion|ros-rosan abuh]]—kang nganti abang, gembuk, lan panas. [[Metatarsophalangeal articulations|Ros metatarsal-phalangeal]] ing poking [[hallux|jempol sikil]] dadi panggonan kang paling umum ketaman (prakira 50% kasus). Asam urat uga bisa tuwuh minangka benjol-benjol saka klumpukan kristal ing sangisoring kulit, sajeroning ros-rosan, lan sajeroning balung kang sinebut [[tophi]], [[watu ginjel]], utawa nglumpuking kristal urat ing ginjel sinebut [[nefropati urat]]. Sebabe ya iku dhuwuré angka kandhutan [[asem urat]] ing [[getih]]. Asam urat malih dadi kristal, banjur kristal-kristal mau nglumpuk ing ros-rosan, [[téndhon]], lan ing sakupenging [[tissue (biology)|jaringan]].

Diagnosis klinis ditegesake kanthi ndeleng sipating kristal ing lenga ros-rosan. Pangobatan nganggo obat anti-abuh non-steroid utawa [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs), [[steroid]], utawa [[kolkisin]] bisa ngatasi tandha-tandha.  Nalika serangan akut kalong, angka asem urat lumrahé bisa dikurangi kanthi ngowahi gaya hidup, utawa nganggo obat [[allopurinol]] utawa [[probenesid]] kang bisa nyegah kedadeyan serangan ing let  suwé  kanggo pasien kang kerep ketaman serangan.

Ing pirang-pirang puluh taun kang keri iki, kasus asem urat saya nambah cacah lelakoné, prakira ana 1-2% populasi nagara-nagara [[Western world|Kulon]] kang ketaman lelara iki ing sawijining umuré. Nambahing kedadeyan iki dinuga amarga nambahing faktor-faktor risiko ing populasi mau, kaya ta [[sindrom metabolik]], tingkat harapan hidup utawa [[life expectancy]] lan owahing diet.  Miturut sajarah, asem urat iki kawentar dadi &quot;penyakite ratu&quot; utawa &quot;lelara priyayi sugih&quot;.

==Tandha lan tandha-tandha==
[[Image:Gout2010.JPG|thumb|alt=gambar sikil saka iringan kang nuduhaké kulit abang sandhuwuring ros-rosan ing pok jempol sikil | Asam urat kang tuwuh ing [[Metatarsophalangeal articulations|ros metatarsal-phalangeal]] jempol sikil: Titeni pérangan kulit kang semu abang ing sandhuwuring ros-rosan.]]

Asam urat bisa tuwuh ing manéka cara, nadyan kang paling umum ya iku serangan [[inflammatory arthritis]] (ya iku ros-rosan abang, gembuk, panas, lan abuh) kang kerep lan bola-bali kedadeyan.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;  Ros metatarsal-phalangeal ing poking [[hallux|jempol sikil]] dadi pérangan kang paling kerep ketaman, kira-kira ing separone kasus kang kedadeyan.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;  Ros-rosan liyané kaya ta tungkak, dhengkul, ros tangan, lan driji, bisa uga mèlu ketaman.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;  Rasa ngilu ros-rosan iki lumrahé wiwit nganti punjul 2–4&amp;nbsp;jam lan lelakoné ing wayah bengi.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;  Sing njalari kedadeyan ing wayah bengi iki ya iku mudhuning témperatur badan ing wayah semono.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt;  Tandha-tandha liya kang arang mèlu tuwuh bareng ros-rosan ngilu kaya ta [[fatigue (medical)|rasa sayah]] lan [[panas]] dhuwur.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;

Angka kandhutan [[asem urat]] kang mundhak terus nganti  suwé  ([[hiperurisemia]]) bisa njalari tandha-tandha liya kaya ta klumpukan asem urat kang atos lan ora krasa lara sinebut [[tophi]]. Tophi kang kebablasen bisa njalari [[arthritis]] kronis jalaran kaanan kang jenenge erosi balung.&lt;ref name=Nature2009/&gt;  Angka asem urat kang saya dhuwur uga bisa njalari kristal-kristal mau mandheg ing njero [[ginjel]] kang  suwé - suwé  dadi [[kidney stone|watu]] banjur njalari [[Acute uric acid nephropathy|nefropati urat]].&lt;ref name=German09/&gt;

==Panyebab==
[[Hiperurisemia]] ya iku jalaran utama asem urat. Hiperurisemia bisa tuwuh jalaran saka manéka sebab kalebu diet, turunan genetis, utawa kuranging ekskresi [[Uric acid#Solubility of uric acid and its salts|urat]], ya iku uyahing asem urat.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;  Kuranging ekskresi asem urat ing ginjel dadi jalaran utama hiperurisemia, kira-kira ing 90% kasus, déné luwih-luwihing produksi asem urat mung dadi panyebabe kurang saka 10% kasus.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;  Prakira 10% wong kang nandhang hiperurisemia bakal kena asem urat ing sawijining umur  uripé.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18327257&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, ''et al.'' |title=SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=437–42 |date=April 2008|pmid=18327257 |doi=10.1038/ng.106 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ewasemono, risikone bisa manéka rupa gumantung karo parah oraning hiperurisemia. Nalika kandhutan asem urat ana ing angka 415 nganti 530&amp;nbsp;μmol/l (7 nganti 8,9&amp;nbsp;mg/dl), risikone ana 0,5% ing saben taune, déné panandhang kang angka kandhutane luwih dhuwur saka 535&amp;nbsp;μmol/l (9&amp;nbsp;mg/dL), risikone 4,5% ing saben taune.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt;

===Gaya Hidup===
Jinis konsumsi pangan njalari 12% kasus asem urat,&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt; kalebu kang ana gegayutan raket karo konsumsi alkohol, ombèn kang ngandhut gula saka jinis [[fruktosa]], daging, lan pangan kang asalé saka sagara.&lt;ref name=Nature2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Weaver|first=AL|title=Epidemiology of gout|journal=Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine|date=2008 Jul|volume=75 Suppl 5|pages=S9–12|pmid=18819329}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pamicu liyané kaya ta [[trauma fisik]] lan oprasi.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Panaliten anyar nemu yèn faktor pangan kang kawit biyèn dipercaya duwé gegayutan, pranyatane malah ora nglebokaké diet pangan kang wujud jejanganan mawa kandhutan [[purin]] dhuwur (kaya ta, buncis, kapri, kacang tholo, lan bayem) lan protéin total.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G |title=Purine-rich foods, dairy and protéin intake, and the risk of gout in men |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=11 |pages=1093–103 |date=March 2004|pmid=15014182 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa035700 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2004-03-11_350_11/page/1093}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Epi2008/&gt;  Konsumsi [[kopi]], [[vitamin C]] lan [[produk saka susu]], tambah kabugaran badan kaya-kaya bisa ngurangi risiko mau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hak AE, Choi HK |title=Lifestyle and gout |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18349748 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f524a2 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Williams PT|title=Effects of diet, physical activity and performance, and body weight on incident gout in ostensibly healthy, vigorously active men |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=1480–7 |date=May 2008|pmid=18469274 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2008-05_87_5/page/1480}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Life2010&gt;{{cite journal |author=Choi HK |title=A prescription for lifestyle change in patients with hyperuricemia and gout |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–72|date=March 2010 |pmid=20035225 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e328335ef38 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Panduga iki separone dijalari efek pepangan mau ing ngudhunake [[resistensi insulin]].&lt;ref name=Life2010/&gt;

===Genetik===
Lelakoné asem urat separone disebabake déning faktor gen, kang njalari prabawa ing prakira 60% [[Genetic variability|mawarna-wernané]] angka asem urat.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Telung [[gen]] sinebut ''[[SLC2A9]]'', ''[[SLC22A12]]'' lan ''[[ABCG2]]'' wis tinemu biyasa gegayutan karo asem urat, kamanekan ing gen-gen mau bisa kira-kira nikelake risiko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Merriman|first=TR|author2=Dalbeth, N|title=The genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout.|journal=Joint, bone, spine: revue du rhumatisme|date=2011 Jan|volume=78|issue=1|pages=35–40|pmid=20472486|doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.02.027}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Reginato2012&gt;{{cite journal |author=Reginato AM, Mount DB, Yang I, Choi HK |title=The genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout |journal=Nat Rev Rheumatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=September 2012 |pmid=22945592 |doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2012.144|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutasi ilange fungsi ing ''SLC2A9'' lan ''SLC22A12'' njalari hipourisemia turunan wujud mudhune panyerepan urat lan sekresi urat kang ora bisa dilawan.&lt;ref name=Reginato2012/&gt; Ana gangguan-gangguan genetik arang kang uga dikomplikasi karo asem urat. Cacahe ora akèh kaya ta nefropati hiperurisemik ing rumaja amarga turunan sinebut [[Tamm-Horsfall protéin|familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy]], lelara ginjel sistik meduler utawa [[medullary cystic kidney disease]], superaktivitas [[PRPSAP1|sintetase fosforibosilpirofosfat]], lan defisiensi [[hipoxantin-guanin fosforibosiltransferase]] kaya kang tuwuh ing [[sindrom Lesch-Nyhan]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;

===Kaanan Medis===
Asam urat kerep tuwuh bareng karo masalah medis liyané.  [[Sindrom metabolik]], banjur [[obesitas abdomen]], [[hipertensi]], [[resistensi insulin]] kang bareng-bareng dadi siji lan [[Dyslipidemia|level lemak abnormal]], tuwuh ing prakira 75% kasus.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;  Kaanan liya kang komplikasi karo asem urat antarané: [[pulisitemia]], [[keracunan timbel]], [[gagal ginjel]], [[anemia hemolitik]], [[psoriasis]], lan [[organ transplant|cangkok organ padhet]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16392875&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stamp L, Searle M, O'Donnell J, Chapman P |title=Gout in solid organ transplantation: a challenging clinical problem |journal=Drugs |volume=65|issue=18 |pages=2593–611 |year=2005 |pmid=16392875 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Indhèks massa tubuh]] utawa indeks aboting badan kang luwih dhuwur utawa padha karo 35 ningkatake risiko asem urat nganti tikel telu tumraping golongan priya.&lt;ref name=Epi2008/&gt;  Kakehan kena logam berat timbel nganti kronis utawa ngombé alkohol kang ngandhut kontaminasi timbel uga dadi faktor-faktor risiko asem urat amarga efek mbebayani timbel tumrap fungsi ginjel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Loghman-Adham M |title=Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_1997-09_105_9/page/928 |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=105 |issue=9 |pages=928–38 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9300927 |pmc=1470371 |doi= 10.2307/3433873|publisher=Brogan &amp; Partners |jstor=3433873}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Sindrom Lesch-Nyhan]] kerep sesambungan karo artritis amarga asem urat.

===Pangobatan===
[[Diuretik]] uga disambungaké marang serangan asem urat. Ewasemono, dosis endhek [[hidroklorotiazid]] katone ora ningkatake risiko.&lt;ref name=CFP09/&gt;  Obat liya kang wis dianggep gegayutan kalebu [[niasin]] lan [[aspirin]] (asem asetilsalisilat).&lt;ref name=Nature2009/&gt; Obat kang ngalangi imun sinebut [[obat immunosupresif]] [[siklosporin]] lan [[takrolimus]] uga duwé gegayutan karo asem urat,&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; mligi yèn siklosporin digunakaké bebarengan karo hidroklorotiazid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-first=Gary S. |editor1-last=Firestein, MD |editor2-first=Ralph C.|editor2-last=Budd, MD |editor3-first=Edward D. |editor3-last=Harris Jr., MD |editor4-first= Iain B.|editor4-last=McInnes PhD, FRCP |editor5-last=Ruddy, MD |editor6-last=Sergent, MD |title=KELLEY'S Textbook of Rheumatology |edition=8th |year=2008 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4160-4842-8 |chapter=Chapter 87: Gout and Hyperuricemia |editor-first=Shaun |editor3-given=John S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Lelakoné==
[[Image:Harnsäure Ketoform.svg|thumb|alt=struktur senyawa organik: 7,9-dihidro-1H-purin-2,6,8(3H)-triona|[[Asam urat]]]]
Asam urat ya iku gangguan [[metabolisme purin]],&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; lan tuwuh nalika metabolit pungkasané, ya iku [[asem urat]], malih dadi kristal-kristal ing wujud monosodium urat, banjur mandheg ing ros-rosan, téndhon, lan ing jaringan sakupenge.&lt;ref name=Nature2009/&gt;  Kristal-kristal mau banjur njalari reaksi abuh kang ditengahi déning [[imun]].&lt;ref name=Nature2009/&gt; Salah sijining protéin kunci kang ana ing sajeroning prosès lelakoné abuh mau ya iku [[interleukin 1β]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;  [[Urikase]] kang fungsine mbongkar asem urat ing manungsa lan [[primata]] kelas dhuwur saya ilang saka sethithik nanging terus-terusan saéngga njalari kaanan iki mau dadi umum kedadeyan.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;

Sing marahi mandheging asem urat ora patiya dimangerteni.  Nalika cacahé normal waé asem urat bisa malih dadi kristal, ewasemono prosès ngristal mau luwih biyasa kedadeyan yèn cacahé mundhak.&lt;ref name=Nature2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17595458&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Virsaladze DK, Tetradze LO, Dzhavashvili LV, Esaliia NG, Tananashvili DE |title=[Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome] |language=Russian |journal=Georgian Med News |volume= |issue=146 |pages=35–7|date=May 2007 |pmid=17595458 |trans-title=Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faktor liya kang diyakini wigati ing nuwuhaké kedadeyan artritis akut kalebu kaanan adhem, owahing cacah asem urat kang rikat banget, [[asidosis]],&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12672211&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author = Moyer RA, John DS| title = Acute gout precipitated by total parenteral nutrition| journal = The Journal of rheumatology| volume = 30| issue = 4|pages = 849–50|date=April 2003| pmid = 12672211| doi = | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_2003-04_30_4/page/849| issn = }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid7783706&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author = Halabe A, Sperling O| title = Uric acid nephrolithiasis| journal = Mineral and electrolyte metabolism| volume = 20| issue = 6| pages = 424–31| year = 1994| pmid = 7783706| doi = | url = | issn =}}&lt;/ref&gt; hidrasi artikular, lan protéin [[matriks ekstraseluler]] kaya ta [[proteoglikan]], [[kolagen]], lan[[chondroitin sulfat]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Ngendheging asem urat nalika kaanan adhem bisa nerangake kenang apa ros-rosan sikil dadi pérangan kang paling kerep kena.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt; Owahing asem urat kang rikat banget busa tuwuh amarga pirang-pirang faktor kaya ta trauma, oprasi, [[kemoterapi]], diuretik, lan [[allopurinol]] kang mandheg utawa wiwit.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt; [[Calcium channel blocker]] utawa pangalang saluran kalsium lan [[losartan]] digandheng-gandhengake karo risiko asem urat kang luwih sithik yèn dibandhingake karo obat liya kanggo [[hipertensi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22240117&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author=Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodríguez LA| title=Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case-control study. | journal=BMJ | year= 2012 | volume= 344 | issue=  | pages= d8190 | pmid=22240117 |doi=10.1136/bmj.d8190 | pmc=3257215 | url= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Diagnosis==
[[File:Gichtfuss im Roentgenbild 002.png|thumb|Asam urat dideleng nganggo [[sinar-X]] ing sikil kiwa: Panggonan kang umum kena ya iku ros-rosan jempol sikil. Gatekake abuh wujud jaringan gembuk ing wates lateral sikil.]]
[[File:Fluorescent uric acid.JPG|thumb|alt=pirang-pirang kristal awujud dom warna-werni katon sangareping latar wungu|Gagang lancip kristal asem urat saka sampel [[lenga sinovial]] difoto nganggo mikroskop mawa [[Polarization (waves)|cahya kang dipolarisasi]]. Formasi kristal asem urat ing ros-rosan gegandhengan karo asem urat.]]

Asam urat bisa didiagnosis lan ditambani tanpa panlesikan sateruse ing wong kang nandhang hiperurisemia lan podagra klasik.  Yèn diagnosis mau kurang tinercaya, banjur analisis lenga sinovial kudu dilakoni.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt; [[Sinar-X]] migunani ing ngidhentifikasi asem urat kronis, nanging ing serangan akut, cara iki ora patiya migunani.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;

===Lenga Sinovial===
Diagnosis definitif asem urat dhedhasar ing idhentifikasi [[urate|kristal monosodium urat]] ing [[lenga sinovial]] utawa [[tophus]].&lt;ref name=PM2010&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N |title=Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=157–61 |date=March 2010|pmid=20203467 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kabèh sampel lenga sinovial kang dijupuk saka ros-rosan abuh kang durung didiagnosis kudu dipriksa ana oraning kristal iki.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;  Dideleng lumantar mikroskopi [[cahya polarisasi]], kristal-kristal mau duwé wujud wujud dom lan asipat négatif kuwat [[birefringens]].  Tes iki angèl dilakoni lan mbutuhake panliti kang wis kalatih.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18299687&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N |title=Diagnosis of gout|journal=Minerva Med. |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=759–67 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18299687 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lenga iku uga kudu dipriksa sacepete sawisé disedhot amarga témperatur lan pH bakal marahi solubilitase owah.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;

===Tes Getih===
[[Hiperurisemia]] ateges sipating asem urat klasik, nanging tuwuhing asem urat iki separone tanpa hiperurisemia, lan sakehing wong kang angka asem urate mundhak ora naté nandhang lara asem urat.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Sturrock R |title = Gout. Easy to misdiagnose | journal = [[British Medical Journal|BMJ]] | volume = 320 | issue = 7228 | pages = 132–33 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10634714 |url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7228/132 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.320.7228.132 | pmc = 1128728}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mula, guna diagnostik ngukur asem urat iku dadine ora akèh.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;  Hiperurisemia ateges angka urat [[blood plasma|plasma]] getih luwih dhuwur saka 420 μmol/l (7,0&amp;nbsp;mg/dl) ing priya lan 360 μmol/l (6,0&amp;nbsp;mg/dl) ing wanita.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sachs L, Batra KL, Zimmermann B |title=Medical implications of hyperuricemia |journal=Med Health R I |volume=92 |issue=11 |pages=353–55|date=November 2009 |pmid=19999892 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tes getih liya kang lumrahé uga ditindakake ya iku [[itungan sèl getih putih]], [[elektrolit]], [[fungsi ginjel]], lan cepeting sedimentasi eritrosit utawa [[lerythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR).  Ewasemono, sèl getih putih lan ESR bisa nambah amarga asem urat sanajan tanpa ana infeksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-diagnosis |title=Gout: Differential Diagnoses &amp; Workup - eMedicine Rheumatology |work= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/808628-diagnosis|title=Gout and Pseudogout: Differential Diagnoses &amp; Workup - eMedicine Emergency Medicine |work= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cacahing sèl getih putih sakehing 40,0×10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/l (40.000/mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) wis naté kacathet.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt;

===Diagnosis bandhing===
[[Diagnosis diferensial]] kang paling wigati ing asem urat ya iku [[arthritis septik]].&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Diagnosis iki kudu lumebu ing tetimbangan tumrap pasien kang nuduhaké tandha-tandha infeksi utawa pasien kang ora mari nadyan wis ditambani.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;  Kanggo mbantu prosese diagnosis, prelu gawé uji [[warna Gram]] lan kultur lenga sinovial.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt; Kaanan liya kang katon memper kaya ta [[pseudo asem urat]] lan [[arthritis reumatoid]].&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt;  Tophi amarga asem urat, kang ora tuwuh ing ros-rosan malah bisa kliru diarani [[karsinoma sèl basal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Jordan DR, Belliveau MJ, Brownstein S, McEachren T, Kyrollos M |title=Medial canthal tophus |journal=Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=403–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18806664 |doi=10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181837a31|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; utawa jinis [[neoplasma]] liyané.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sano K, Kohakura Y, Kimura K, Ozeki S |title=Atypical Triggering at the Wrist due to Intratendinous Infiltration of Tophaceous Gout |journal=Hand (N Y) |volume=4 |issue=1|pages=78–80 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18780009 |doi=10.1007/s11552-008-9120-4 |url= |pmc=2654956}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Panyegahan==
Ngowahi gaya hidup lan ngombé obat bisa ngedhunake angka asem urat. Pilihan diet lan gaya hidup kang efektif kalebu ngurangi mangan jinising daging lan pangan laut, ngonsumsi [[vitamin C]] kang cukup, matesi [[alkohol]] lan konsumsi [[fruktosa]], sarta nginggati lelakoné awak kelemon utawa [[obesitas]].&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt; [[Diet kalori endhek]] ing priya kang kelemon bisa ngedhunake angka asem urat nganti 100&amp;nbsp;µmol/l (1,7&amp;nbsp;mg/dl).&lt;ref name=CFP09/&gt; Konsumsi vitamin&amp;nbsp;C sakehing 1.500&amp;nbsp;mg saben dina bisa ngudhunake risiko asem urat nganti 45%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G |title=Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=169 |issue=5 |pages=502–7 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19273781 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.606 |url= |pmc=2767211}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konsumsi kopi, dudu teh, ana gegayutane karo risiko asem urat kang endhek.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Curhan G |title=Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey|journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=816–21 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17530681|doi=10.1002/art.22762 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Asam urat bisa uga lelara sékundhèr kang tuwuh amarga [[apnea turu]] amarga prosès uwale [[purin]] saka sèl-sèl kang kurang oksigèn.  Pangobatan apnea bisa ngurangi tuwuhing serangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16171252&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Abrams B |title=Gout is an indicator of sleep apnea |journal=Sleep |volume=28 |issue=2 |page=275|date=February 2005 |pmid=16171252|doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pangobatan==
Maksud mulabukaning pangobatan ya iku ngendhegake tandha-tandha serangan akut.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16707532&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, ''et al.'' |title=EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-rheumatic-diseases_2006-10_65_10/page/1312 |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=1312–24 |date=October 2006|pmid=16707532 |pmc=1798308 |doi=10.1136/ard.2006.055269}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serangan kang bola-bali kedadeyan bisa dicegah mawa manéka obat kang kanggo ngurangi angka asem urat serum.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16707532&quot;/&gt;  Es kang ditemplekake sasuwéné 20 nganti 30 menit saben dinane bisa ngurangi rasa lara.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11838852&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N ''et al.''|title=Local ice therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_2002-02_29_2/page/331|journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=331–4|year=2002 |pmid=11838852 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/29.5.331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opsi kanggo nambani asem urat akut kalebu obat anti abuh non-steroid utawa [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs), [[kolkisin]] lan [[steroid]],&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt; déné opsi kanggo panyegahan antarané [[allopurinol]], [[febuksostat]] lan [[probenesid]].  Ngudhunake angka asem urat bisa marekake lelara iki.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;  Pangobatan [[comorbidity|komorbiditas]] uga wigati.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;

===NSAID===
NSAID ya iku obat garis wiwitan kanggo nambani asem urat, ora ana agensia liya kang efektifitase luwih utawa kurang nyata bedane.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;  Lelarane bakal krasa mari ing wektu patang jam, lan becike pangobatan dilakoni sasuwéné siji utawa rong minggu.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;  Ewasemono, wong kang nandhang masalah keséhatan tinemtu, ora prayoga nginum obat iki, kaya ta [[gastrointestinal getihen]], [[gagal ginjel]], utawa [[gagal jantung]].&lt;ref name=JFP09/&gt;  Sanajan [[indometasin]] wis dadi kang paling umum dianggo minangka NSAID wiwit jaman biyèn, nanging ana alternatif kaya [[ibuprofen]] kang lumrahé luwih dipilih amarga profil efek samping kang luwih apik nadyan efektifitas superiore ora ana.&lt;ref name=CFP09&gt;{{cite journal|author=Laubscher T, Dumont Z, Regier L, Jensen B |title=Taking the stress out of managing gout |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=55 |issue=12 |pages=1209–12 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20008601 |doi= |url=|pmc=2793228}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanggo pasien kang duwé efek samping marang padharan amarga NSAID, bokmanawa [[inhibitor pompa proton]] prelu ditambahake.&lt;ref name=&quot;CKS-NLH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Clinical Knowledge Summaries|title=Gout - Management -- What treatment is recommended in acute gout?|url=http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment|publisher=[[National Library for Health]]|accessdate=2008-10-26|archive-date=2008-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120025/http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120025/http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment |date=2008-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kolkisin===
[[Kolkisin]] ya iku alternatif kanggo para panandhang kang ora bisa noleransi obat NSAID.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;  Efek samping NSAID (mligi tumrap padharan lan usus kang dadi krasa ora karuan) njalari panggunane dadi ora akèh.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Warning&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: New Safety Information for Colchicine (marketed as Colcrys) |url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm174315.htm| publisher= [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ewasemono, gangguan gastrointestinal kang tuwuh gumantung karo dosise, yèn dosise dicilikake tanpa ngurangi efektifitase, risiko iki uga bakal kurang.&lt;ref name=CFP09/&gt;  Kolkisin bisa interaksi karo obat-obat resep liyané, kaya ta [[atorvastatin]] lan [[eritromisin]], lan sapunanggalane.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Warning&quot; /&gt;

===Steroid===
[[Glukokortikoid]] tinemu minangka NSAID kang sipate efektif&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17276548&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Man CY, Cheung IT, Cameron PA, Rainer TH |title=Comparison of oral prednisolone/paracetamol and oral indomethacin/paracetamol combination therapy in the treatment of acute goutlike arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-emergency-medicine_2007-05_49_5/page/670 |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=670–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17276548|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.11.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan bisa digunakaké yèn ana kontraindikasi migunakaké NSAID.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;  Obat iki uga bisa marekake nalika [[Joint injection|disuntikake langsung ing ros-rosan]]; kajaba [[septic arthritis|infeksi ros-rosan]] amarga steroid kang malah njalari kaanan penyakite saya parah.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;

===Peglotikase===
[[Peglotikase]] (Krystexxa) diidinake ing AS kanggo nambani asem urat ing taun 2010.&lt;ref name=FDA2010&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm225810.htm |title=FDA approves new drug for gout|work=FDA |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obat iki dadi pilihan kanggo 3% panandhang kang ora bisa noleransi obat liyané.&lt;ref name=FDA2010/&gt;  Peglotikase diwènèhake mawa infus intravena saben rong minggu sapisan,&lt;ref name=FDA2010/&gt; lan wis tinemu bisa ngurangi angka asem urat ing antarané populasi panandhang iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sundy|first=JS|author2=Baraf, HS, Yood, RA, Edwards, NL, Gutierrez-Urena, SR, Treadwell, EL, Vázquez-Mellado, J, White, WB, Lipsky, PE, Horowitz, Z, Huang, W, Maroli, AN, Waltrip RW, 2nd, Hamburger, SA, Becker, MA|title=Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2011-08-17_306_7/page/711|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=2011 Aug 17|volume=306|issue=7|pages=711–20|pmid=21846852|doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1169}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Profilaksis===
Pirang-pirang pangobatan uga migunani kanggo nyegah kedadeyan asem urat sateruse, kalebu [[inhibitor xantin oksidase]] (kaya ta [[allopurinol]] lan [[febuksostat]]) lan [[urikosurik]] (kalebu [[probenesid]] lan [[sulfinpirazon]]). Pangobatan-pangobatan mau racaké ora diwiwiti nganti siji utawa rong minggu sawisé serangan akut mandheg amarga kanthi téyori ana kasamaran manawa bakal marahi serangan saya ndadra.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt; Lumrahé uga luwih kerep disandhingake karo NSAID utawa kolkisin ing wektu telung utawa nem sasi kawitan.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;  Pangobatan-pangobatan mau becike ora dianggo nganti sawijining pasien wis ketaman rong serangan asem urat,&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt; kajaba kedadeyan owahing ros-rosan kang ngrusak, tophi, utawa [[Acute uric acid nephropathy|nefropati urat]],&lt;ref name=German09&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tausche AK, Jansen TL, Schröder HE, Bornstein SR, Aringer M, Müller-Ladner U |title=Gout--current diagnosis and treatment |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=106 |issue=34–35|pages=549–55 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19795010 |pmc=2754667 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2009.0549 }}&lt;/ref&gt; amarga durung ana pangobatan kang murah regane nganti dina iki.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;  Cara-cara kanggo ngudhunake angka urat kudu ditambah nganti angka asem urat serum dadi ing sangisore 300–360&amp;nbsp;µmol/l (5,0-6,0&amp;nbsp;mg/dl), banjur tetep diterusake nganti wektu kang ora diwatesi.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Yèn pangobatan-pangobatan mau digunakaké ing wektu  suwé  nalika kedadeyan serangan, becike obat-obat iku mau diendhegake.&lt;ref name=PM2010/&gt; Yèn angka asem urat ora bisa mudhun nganti sangisore 6,0&amp;nbsp;mg/dl lan serangan isih kedadeyan terus, tegesé padha karo pangobatan wis ora kasil utawa asem urat kang tuwuh asipat refraktori.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=S|author2=Lally, EV|title=Treatment failure gout.|journal=Medicine and health, Rhode Island|date=2009 Nov|volume=92|issue=11|pages=369-71|pmid=19999896}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yèn dideleng sakabehe, probenesid kaya-kaya luwih efektif tinimbang allopurinol.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt;

Pangobatan [[urikosurik]] lumrahé luwih dipilih yèn tinemu kekurangan sekresi asem urat kaya kang wis dituduhake déning pamriksan asem urat saka uyuh kang diklumpukake nganti 24 jam kang kurang saka 800&amp;nbsp;mg.&lt;ref name=agabegi2nd251&gt;{{cite book|author=Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. |title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |pages=251 |isbn=0-7817-7153-6 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=y13wgJyQwkEC&amp;pg=PA251}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging obat iki ora prayoga kanggo pasien kang duwé riwayat [[watu ginjel]].&lt;ref name=agabegi2nd251/&gt; Yèn ing sajeroning 24 jam klumpukan ekskresi urin tinemu punjul 800&amp;nbsp;mg asem urat, kang padha karo keluwihen prodhuksi, obat [[inhibitor xantin oksidase]] luwih dipilih.&lt;ref name=agabegi2nd251/&gt;

Inhibitor xantin oksidase (kalebu allopurinol lan [[febuksostat]]) ngalangi prodhuksi asem urat, lan terapi nganti wektu  suwé  aman lan bisa ditoleransi, lan bisa digunakaké déning pasien kang nandhang ginjel rusak utawa watu urat, nadyan allopurinol naté njalari hipersensitifitas ing saperang individu.&lt;ref name=Review08/&gt; Yèn kaanan mau kang kedadeyan, panggunan obat alternatif, febuksosat, wis dadi pilihan kang becik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1 |title=Febuxostat for the management of hyperuricaemia in people with gout (TA164) Chapter 4. Consideration of the evidence |publisher=Guidance.nice.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-20 |archive-date=2010-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006212851/http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pangarep-arep==
Tanpa pangobatan, serangan asem urat akut lumrahé mari ing limang nganti pitung dina. Ewasemono, 60% pasien bakal kena serangan kapindho ing wektu setaun.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt; Wong-wong kang nandhang asem urat mundhak tambah duwé risiko [[hipertensi]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[sindrom metabolik]], lan ginjel lan [[lelara kardiovaskuler]], mula risikone nemahi pati uga dadi tambah.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=Rh2008&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kim SY, De Vera MA, Choi HK |title=Gout and mortality|journal=Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. |volume=26 |issue=5 Suppl 51 |pages=S115–9 |year=2008 |pmid=19026153 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaanan iki manawa separone amarga gegayutan karo [[resistensi insulin]] lan kelemon utawa [[obesitas]], nanging saperang tetambahing risiko mau kaya-kaya tuwuh dhéwé.&lt;ref name=Rh2008/&gt;

Tanpa pangobatan, kedadeyan-kedadeyan asem urat akut bisa mundhak dadi asem urat akut kang nganti ngrusak rai ros-rosan,  ngowahi wujud ros-rosan, lan tophi kang tanpa rasa lara.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Tophi iki tuwuh ing 30% pasien kang ora ditambani nganti limang taunan, kerep-kerepe ing pérangan [[helix (ear)|heliks]] kuping, sandhuwuring prosès [[olekranon]], utawa ing [[téndhon Achilles/tungkak]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Lumantar pangobatan kang tenanan, kaanan-kaanan mau mesthi bisa ilang. [[Watu ginjel]] kerep dikomplikasi karo asem urat, njalari kaanan iki marang 10 nganti 40% pasien, lan tuwuh jalaran endheking pH urin kang njalari meneping asem urat.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Wujud liya [[Renal failure|disfungsi ginjel kronis]] uga bisa tuwuh.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Case 30-top.jpg|Bintul-bintul ing driji lan heliks kuping kang nandhani kaanan [[tophus|tophi]] asem urat
Image:ChronicGout.jpg|Tophus ing dhengkul
Image:Case 30-bottom.jpg|Tophus ing driji sikil, lan ing kemiri njaba
Image:Tophigout.JPG|Asam urat dikomplikasi karo tophi kang wis njebluk (asil pamriksan jitahe positip ngandhut kristal asem urat)

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Peluang Kedadeyan==
Asam urat njalari lelara marang 1–2% populasi ing nagara kulon ing sawijining wektu urip, lan saiki malah mundhak saya umum tinemu.&lt;ref name=Review08&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chen LX, Schumacher HR |title=Gout: an evidence-based review |journal=J Clin Rheumatol |volume=14 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S55–62 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18830092|doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181896921 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2010&gt;{{cite journal |author=Richette P, Bardin T|title=Gout |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9711 |pages=318–28 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19692116|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-23-29-2010_375_9711/page/318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cacahing wong kang nandhang asem urat kurang luwih dadi tikel loro antarané taun 1990 nganti 2010.&lt;ref name=Nature2009&gt;{{cite journal |author=Terkeltaub R |title=Update on gout: new therapeutic strategies and options|journal=Nat Rev Rheumatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=30–8 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20046204|doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2009.236 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mundhaking cacah iki dipercaya amarga mundhaking angka harapan hidup, owahing pola diet, lan mundhaking lelara kang gegayutan karo asem urat, kaya ta sindrom metabolik lan [[blegudreg]].&lt;ref name=Epi2008&gt;{{cite journal |author=Weaver AL |title=Epidemiology of gout |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=75 Suppl 5|issue= |pages=S9–12 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18819329 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pirang-pirang faktor wis tinemu duwé prabawa marang cacahing asem urat, kalebu umur, ras, lan lakuning mangsa saben taun. Ing priya, sandhuwuring umur 30 lan wanita ing sandhuwuring umur 50, prevalensi 2%.&lt;ref name=JFP09&gt;{{cite journal |author=Winzenberg T, Buchbinder R |title=Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group review: acute gout. Steroids or NSAIDs? Let this overview from the Cochrane Group help you decide what's best for your patient |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=E1–4 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19607767|doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing Amérikah Sarékat, kedadeyan asem urat tikel loro ing populasi priya keturunan Afrika Amérika, padha karo ing populasi keturunan Éropah Amérika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=Rheumatology Therapeutics Medical Center | title=What Are the Risk Factors for Gout? | url=http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk | accessdate=2007-01-26 | archive-date=2007-03-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325104830/http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cacahing panandhang ikuh akèh ing satengahing wong kang urip ing kepuloan Pasifik lan suku [[Māori people|Māori]] ing Niu Sélan, nanging arang ing keturunan aborigin Australi, sanajan konsèntrasi rata-ratane asem urat serum luwih dhuwur ing keturunan aborigin iki.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10225809&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Roberts-Thomson RA, Roberts-Thomson PJ |title=Rheumatic disease and the Ostralin aborigine |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=266–70 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10225809 |pmc=1752880  |url=http://ard.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/58/5/266 |doi=10.1136/ard.58.5.266}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asam urat wis dadi umum ing Cina, Polinesia, lan sub-Sahara Afrika.&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt; Sawetara panaliten nemu serangan asem urat luwih kerep tuwuh ing mangsa semi. Kaanan iki disebabake déning genta-gentining diet, konsumsi alkohol, aktivitas badan, lan témperatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fam AG |title=What is new about crystals other than monosodium urate? |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=228–34 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10803754 |doi= 10.1097/00002281-200005000-00013|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sajarah==
[[File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|thumb|alt=Priya nganggo wig dawa kriting lan jobah dawa, njagong sambi ndelengake. Tangan kiwa diselehake ing méja cilik sambi nyekeli kothak. Mburine dhèwèké ana globe. |[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] nerangake kristal asem urat kang katon kanthi mikroskopis ing taun 1679.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pillinger&quot;/&gt;]]

Tembung asem urat utawa ing Basa Inggris diarani &quot;gout&quot; sepisanane dianggo déning Randolphus of Bocking, kira-kira ing taun 1200 Masehi. Asale saka tembung [[Latin]] ''gutta'', ateges &quot;satetes&quot; (banyu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pillinger&quot;/&gt; Miturut kamus Oxford English Dictionary, kaanan iki asalé saka [[humorisme]] lan &quot;kaanan 'netesing' materi kang ngandhut lelara saka getih menyang lan ing sakupenging ros-rosan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/80290 |title=gout, n.1. |work=Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition, 1989 |access-date=18 Sèptèmber 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pokoke, asem urat iku wis dipahami kawit jaman kuna.  Ing sajarahé, asem urat diarani &quot;rajane lelara lan penyakite ratu&quot;&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kubitz possibly has gout.{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2003/04/01/cx_cd_0401feat.html |title=The Disease Of Kings - Forbes.com |work=Forbes|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; utawa &quot;lelara priyayi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease |title=Rich Man's Disease - definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |work=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Cathetan pisanan lelara iki asalé saka Mesir ing taun 2.600 SM bab katrangan ngenani arthritis jempol sikil.  Dhokter [[ancient Greece|Yunani]] [[Hippocrates]] kira-kira ing taun 400 SM gawé komentar babagan lelara iki ing ''[[Aforisme]]'', nggarisi ilange lelara iki ing wong lanang kang dadi [[kasim]] lan wanita ing mangsa sadurungé menopause utawa [[premenopause]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pillinger&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Pillinger | first=MH | author2=Rosenthal P, Abeles AM | title=Hyperuricemia and gout: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment | journal=Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases | volume=65 | issue=3 |pages=215–221 | year=2007 | url=http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669 | pmid=17922673 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html |title=The Internet Classics Archive Aphorisms by Hippocrates |work= |accessdate=July 27, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] (30 M) nerangake gegayutane karo alkohol, kedadeyan ing wektu liya ing wanita, lan masalah ginjel kang gegandhengan:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Sepisan manèh uyuh kang kenthel, ndhep-ndhepan kang metu wernane putih, iku nandhani yèn rasa lara lan penyakite bakal dirasakaké ing pérangan ros-rosan utawa jeroan... Lara ros-rosan tangan lan sikil kerep banget dirasakaké lan ora ilang-ilang, persis kaya kang kedadeyan ing kaanan podagra lan cheiragra. Lelara iki arang nyerang kasim utawa bocah lanang sadurungé sanggama karo wong wadon, utawa wanita kajaba kang wis ora haid manèh...saperang wong iku bisa aman sadawa umuré yèn gelem ninggal anggur, ciu, lan [[sexual intercourse|sanggama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4*.html |title=LacusCurtius • Celsus — On Medicine — Book IV |work= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ing taun 1683, [[Thomas Sydenham]], dhokter saka Inggris, nerangake kedadeyan asem urat ing wayah pajar, lan kacenderungan lelakoné ing priya kang wis umur:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Pasien asem urat, lumrahé, priya umur, utawa priya kang enome seneng ngrusak awake saéngga tuwa sadurungé mangsane—kaya ta priya kang senengane nglakoni kebiyasaane wong lanang lumrahé ya iku medok sadurungé mangsane lan kebablasen, lsp. kang ngentèkaké daya urip. Kurban mangkat turu ing kaanan bagas waras. Kira-kira jam loro bengi, dhèwèké tangi amarga lara kang ora ketulungan ing jempol sikil; kadhangkala ing tungkak, ugel-ugel sikil, utawa dlamakan. Lara mau rasané kaya kesleo, nanging separone rasané kaya disiram banyu adhem. Banjur ditambahi kadhemen lan ndrodhok, lan awake dadi rada panas... Sewengi nutug kesiksa, ora bisa turu, mbolak-mbalik gedabigan; awak diuncalake mrana-mrene saben ros-rosan ngilu ora karuan, malah bisa luwih nemen manèh yèn nganti kejang-kejang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11102491 |title=BBC - h2g2 - Gout - The Affliction of Kings |work=BBC |accessdate=July 27, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ilmuwan Landa [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] kang pisanan nerangake wujud mikroskopis kristal urat ing taun 1679.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pillinger&quot;/&gt; Ing taun 1848, dhokter Inggris [[Alfred Baring Garrod]] rumangsa yèn asem urat kang luwih-luwih ing getih iki kang dadi sebab lara asem urat.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11600751&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Storey GD |title=Alfred Baring Garrod (1819-1907) |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England) |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=1189–90 |date=October 2001|pmid=11600751 | url=http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/10/1189 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1189 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ing jinis kéwan liyané==
Asam urat arang ing kehe kéwan amarga kabisane kéwan ngasilaké [[urikase]], kang mecah asem urat.&lt;ref name=Animals01&gt;{{cite journal |author=Agudelo CA, Wise CM |title=Gout: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=234–9 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11333355 |doi= 10.1097/00002281-200105000-00015|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Manungsa lan jinis [[munyuk gedhé]] ora duwé kabisan iki, mula bisa kena asem urat.&lt;ref name=Egg2007&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eggebeen AT |title=Gout: an update |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=76|issue=6 |pages=801–8 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17910294 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-09-15_76_6/page/801}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Animals01/&gt;  Nanging spésimèn ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' kang dipahami kanthi aran &quot;[[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]]&quot;, diyakini wis naté nandhang lara asem urat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rothschild&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Rothschild | first=BM | author2=Tanke D, Carpenter K |title=Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout | journal=Nature | volume=387 | issue=6631 | page=357 | year=1997 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v387/n6631/abs/387357a0.html | doi=10.1038/387357a0 | pmid=9163417 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Riset==
Pirang-pirang obat anyar saiki lagi ditliti kanggo nambani asem urat, kalebu [[anakinra]], [[canakinumab]], lan[[rilonacept]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.musculoskeletalnetwork.com/gout/content/article/1145622/1533314|title=New therapeutic options for gout here and on the horizon - The Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine |work=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Enzim [[Recombinant DNA|rekombinan]] [[urikase]] ([[rasburikase]]) wis sumadhiya; nanging panggunane sih winates amarga bisa micu reaksi [[autoimun]].  Versi kang luwih ora [[antigenik]] saiki lagi dikembangake.&lt;ref name=Egg2007/&gt;

==Réferènsi==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ferroglobus</title>
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      <text bytes="5166" sha1="qf7klrsflc3233qgssy81w14sdlozrw" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| domain = [[Archaea]]
| regnum = [[Euryarchaeota]]
| phylum = [[Euryarchaeota]]
| classis = [[Archaeoglobi]]
| ordo = [[Archaeoglobales]]
| familia = [[Archaeoglobaceae]]
| genus = '''''Ferroglobus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Spesies
| subdivision = 
* ''[[Ferroglobus placidus|F. placidus]]'' &lt;small&gt; Hafenbradl ''et al.'', 1997&lt;/small&gt;
| binomial = ''Ferroglobus''
| binomial_authority = Hafenbradl ''et al.'' 1997 
}}

Sajeroning [[taksonomi]], '''''Ferroglobus''''' ya iku [[genus]] saka [[Archaeoglobaceae]].&lt;ref&gt;See the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=54260 webpage on Ferroglobus].  Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | accessdate=2007-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Réferènsi==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal | author=Hafenbradl, D., Keller, M., Dirmeier, R., Rachel, R., Roßnagel, P., Burggraf, S., Huber, H. and Stetter, K.O. | title=''Ferroglobus placidus ''gen. nov., sp. nov., a novèl hyperthermophilic archaeum that oxidizes Fe&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; at neutral pH under anoxic conditions | url=https://archive.org/details/archives-of-microbiology_1996-11_166_5/page/308 | journal=Archives of Microbiology | date=1996 | volume=166 | pages=308–314 | pmid = 8929276 | doi=10.1007/s002030050388 | issue=5}}
* {{cite book | author=Madigan, M.T. and Martinko, J.M. | title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th Ed. | publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall | date=2005 }}
* {{cite journal | author=Tor, J.M., Kashefi, K., and Lovley, D.R. | title=Acetate oxidation coupled to Fe(III) reduction in hyperthermophilic microorganisms | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2001-03_67_3/page/1363 | journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology | date=2001 | volume=67 | pages=1363–1365 | doi=10.1128/AEM.67.3.1363-1365.2001 | pmid=11229932 | issue=3 | pmc=92735}}
* {{cite journal | author=Tor, J.M., and Lovley, D.R. | title=Anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds coupled to Fe(III) reduction by ''Ferroglobus placidus'' | journal=Environmental Microbiology | date=2001 | volume=3 | pages=281–287 | doi=10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00192.x | pmid=11359514 | issue=4}}

==Wacan liyan==

===Jurnal ilmiah===

*{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Iain|last2=Risso|first2=Carla|last3=Holmes|first3=Dawn|last4=Lucas|first4=Susan|last5=Copeland|first5=Alex|last6=Lapidus|first6=Alla|last7=Cheng|first7=Jan-Fang|last8=Bruce|first8=David|last9=Goodwin|first9=Lynne|last10=Pitluck|first10=Samuel|title=Complete genome sequence of Ferroglobus placidus AEDII12DO|journal=Standards in Genomic Sciences|date=2011|volume=5|issue=1|pages=50–60|doi=10.4056/sigs.2225018|pmid=22180810|accessdate=November 14, 2014|pmc=3236036}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=Dawn E.|last2=Risso|first2=Carla|last3=Smith|first3=Jessica A.|last4=Lovley|first4=Derek R.|title=Anaerobic Oxidation of Benzene by the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Ferroglobus placidus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2011-09_77_17/page/5926|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=2011|volume=77|issue=17|pages=5926–5933|doi=10.1128/AEM.05452-11}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=Dawn E|last2=Risso|first2=Carla|last3=Smith|first3=Jessica A|last4=Lovley|first4=Derek R|title=Genome-scale analysis of anaerobic benzoate and phenol metabolism in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ferroglobus placidus|journal=ISME Journal|date=2012|volume=6|issue=1|pages=146–157|doi=10.1038/ismej.2011.88}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Vorholt|first1=Julia A.|author1-link=Julia Vorholt|last2=Hafenbradl|first2=Doris|last3=Stetter|first3=Karl O.|last4=Thauer|first4=Rudolf K.|title=Pathways of autotrophic CO-2 fixation and of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to N-2O in Ferroglobus placidus|url=https://archive.org/details/archives-of-microbiology_1997-01_167_1/page/19|journal=Archives of Microbiology|date=1997|volume=167|issue=1|pages=19–23|doi=10.1007/s002030050411}}

===Buku ilmiah===

* {{cite book | author = Huber H, Stetter KO | date = 2001 | chapter = Family I. Archaeoglobaceae fam. nov. Stetter 1989, 2216 | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria | edition = 2nd | editor = DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds. | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-387-98771-2 | page = 169 }}
* {{cite book | last = Stetter | first = KO | date = 1989 | chapter = Group II. Archaeobacterial sulfate reducers. Order Archaeoglobales | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3 | edition = 1st | editor = JT Staley, MP Bryant, N Pfennig, and JG Holt, eds. | publisher = The Williams &amp; Wilkins Co. | location = Baltimore | page = 169}}

===Database ilmiah===

{{Taxonomic references|taxon=Ferroglobus}}

==Pranala njaba==

{{Taxonomic links|microbe=yes|NCBI_taxID=54260|taxoname=Ferroglobus|LSPN_letter=f|LSPN_taxoname=ferroglobus}}

[[Kategori:Arkea]]
[[Kategori:Euryarchaeota]]


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    <title>Wong Puyuma</title>
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      <text bytes="2998" sha1="snx7s24o3igwsm119imr4dmn0htui1e" xml:space="preserve">'''Wong Puyuma''' ([[Basa Tionghoa|Tyonghowa]]: 卑南族; pinyin: Bēinán-zú; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Puyuma-cho̍k, Pi-lâm-cho̍k), utawa uga diarani minangka Pinuyumayan, Peinan utawa Beinan, iku salah sawijining [[Wong pribumi Taiwan|bangsa pribumi Taiwan]]. Wong-wong iki kerepé dipérang ing golongan Chihpen lan Nanwang, lan loro-loroné manggon in [[Kabupatèn Taitung]] ing pasisir wétan Taiwan.

Ing taun 2000 wong Puyuma cacahé ana 9.606 jiwa. Iki cacahé sakiwa-tengené 2,4% padunung pribumi Taiwan, lan nggawé suku bangsa iki dadi nomor enem sing gedhé dhéwé. Wong Puyuma ngomong nganggo [[basa Puyuma]], lan uga basa Mandarin, saha [[basa Hokkien|Hokkien Taiwan]].

Jeneng &quot;Puyuma&quot; iku tegesé &quot;kamanunggalan&quot; utawa &quot;pasemon&quot;, lan wiwitané jeneng otonim para pacatur dialèk Nanwang. Zeitoun lan Cauquelin (2006) uga duwé panemu menawa tembung Puyuma bisa dianalisis minangka pu'-uma, sing tegesé &quot;dikirim menyang tegal.&quot;

== Situs Peinan ==
Patilasan awal dhéwé saka jaman prasajarah ditemokaké ing situs Peinan ing [[Kutha Taitung]]. Sing nemokaké ya iku [[Torii Ryūzō]], nalika jaman pendhudhukan Jepang. Nalika nekani Taiwan ping papat, dhèwèké moto-moto pilar-pilar watu ing situs iki. [[Beinan Cultural Park]] dibuka taun 1997 kanggo mamèraké lan nglestarèkaké situs arkéologi iki, sing dianggep wigati dhéwé ing Taiwan. Sawijining Museum Nasional Prasajarah Taiwan dibuka ing taun 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.go2taiwan.net/culture_park.php | title= The National Museum of Prehistory and Beinan Culture Park | publisher= Taiwan the Heart of Asia | date= 2013 | accessdate= 2016-12-14 | archive-date= 2015-09-24 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022730/http://www.go2taiwan.net/culture_park.php | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Désa-désa ==
Désa-désa Puyuma (dipratélakaké saka lor banjur ngidul):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Cauquelin |first1=Josiane |title=Dictionnaire puyuma-français |date=1991 |publisher=Ecole Française d'Extreme-Orient |location=Paris |isbn=9782855395517 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ulibulibuk
* Bankio
* Alipai
* Pinaski
* Tamalakaw
* Rikabung
* Puyuma (Nanwang)
* Peinan
* Balangaw
* Apapalo
* Kasabakan
* Katipul
* Nirbuaqan

== Wong Puyuma sing misuwur ==
[[Gambar:A-Mei World Tour in Taipei Arena 20100319.jpg|jmpl|[[A-mei]]]]
* [[A-mei]], penyanyi [[Mandopop|pop]]
* [[Paelabang Danapan]], Mantri [[Pasamuan Bangsa Pribumi]] (2009-2013)
* [[Saya Chang]], penyanyi lan adhiné A-mei
* [[Erica Chiang]], penyanyi
* [[Jane Huang]], penyanyi band rock duo Taiwan [[Y2J (band)|Y2J]]
* [[Samingad]], penyanyi
* [[Purdur]], penyanyi
* [[Panai (penyanyi Taiwan)|Panai]], penyanyi
* [[Tank (penyanyi Taiwan)|Tank]], penyanyi
* [[Sangpuy Katatepan Mavaliyw]], penyanyi Puyuma language singer
* [[Baday (panulis)|Baday]], panulis
* [[Kuciling Katatepan]], juru ukir tradhisional
* [[Iming]], juru ukir reca

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons category|Puyuma People|Wong Puyuma}}

[[Kategori:Taiwan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naraguna:Sam Hidayat</title>
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      <text bytes="409" sha1="ev3nglpihlu2t0ruyxejeoxw69mw341" xml:space="preserve">Wilujeng kanca-kanca, tepangaken nama kula '''Sam''' minangka salah satunggaling kontributor wonten Wikipédia basa Jawi. Sumangga sinau sesarengan wonten papan punika.

{{Naralila Adipusaka Project}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{Panyarta Wiyata Adipusaka}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{Panyarta WikiLatih|ing=Kulon Praga|tanggal=11 Fèbruari 2026}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{Naralila Swarajati Project}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{Naraguna WikiLatih BBY tanggal 24 Sèptèmber 2026}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tuak</title>
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      <text bytes="9336" sha1="506z23s0f4kwipn1dez4hbxuxidsxfu" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Palm wine bottle on palm.jpg|jmpl|Tuak ing botol ingkang taksih dipundèrès]]
'''Tuak''' inggih punika satunggaling [[omben-ombenan|unjukan]] mawi [[alkohol]] Nuswantara. Unjukan punika kalebet asiling [[fermentasi]] saking [[nira]], [[beras]] utawi bahan unjukan/ woh ingkang gadhah kandhutan [[gula]]. Tuak punika prodhuk unjukan ingkang gadhah kandhutan alkohol. Bahan baku ingkang saged dipun-ginakaken inggih punika: beras utawi cairan ingkang dipunpendhet saking tuwuhan kados déné [[nira]] wit [[enau]] utawi [[nipah]], utawi [[legen|legèn]] saking wit [[siwalan]] utawi [[tal]], utawi sumber sanèsipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;jak&quot;&gt;[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/21/enjoying-tuak-batak-country.html Enjoying ‘tuak’ in Batak country] by Wan Ulfa Nur Zuhra, NORTH SUMATRA, Feature, January 21, 2013 Jakarta Post&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume5number4/Thechileanwinepalm.html Rundel, Philip W. ''The Chilean Wine Palm''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104073913/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume5number4/Thechileanwinepalm.html|date=2006-01-04}} in the ''Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden Newsletter'', Fall 2002, Volume 5(4). Retrieved 2008-08-31&lt;/ref&gt; Kadar alkoho tuak wonten ing pasaran punika béda-béda gumantung kaliyan papan anggènipun damel. Tuak ingkang jinis [[arak]] ingkang dipundamel wonten ing Pulo [[Bali]] ingkang kondhang minangka [[Brem Bali]], punika dipunmangertosi gadhah kandhutan alkohol ingkang radi inggil.

Sapérangan papan wonten ing Pulo [[Madura]] rumiyin punika kondhang minangka papan ingkang ngasilaken tuak, nanging tiyang [[Suku Madura|Madura]] punika boten gadhah pakulinan ngunjuk ingkang kiyat. Tumrap masyarakat [[Tapanuli]], [[Sumatra Lor]], mliginipun masyarakat [[Batak]] punika mastani bilih tuak punika gadhah khasiat damel badan séhat amargi wonten kandhutan ingkang saged damel badan punika anget. Pérangan ingkang sami punika ugi kapanggihaken wonten ing pakulinan masyarakat [[Suku Toraja]] ing [[Tana Toraja]], [[Sulawesi Kidul]] ingkang gadhah pakulinan ngunjuk tuak. Kejawi kanggé ngangetaken awak, tuak saking wit enau wonten ing [[Toraja]] punika sampun dados unjukan wonten ing ritual-ritual adat. Satemah saben wonten ritual adat sampun mesthi wonten tuak.

== Jinising tuak ==
=== Tuak beras ===
'''Tuak beras''' inggih punika satunggaling jinis unjukan [[suku Iban|masyarakat Iban]] wonten ing [[Kalimantan]]. Padatanipun, tuak beras punika dipunolah saking jinising beras ingkang sinebat ''[[beras pulut]]'' (beras ketan). Beras kasebat dipunkum toya wonten ing tempayan ingkang sinebat &quot;[[Tajau]]&quot;. Proses kasebat mbetahaken wekdal kirang langkung 2 minggu sadèrèngipun saged dipununjuk lan beras kasebat ugi dados dhaharan ingkang sinebat tapé. Nanging samenika prosès anggènipun damel tuak beras punika radi béda, inggih punika kejawi dipundamel ngginakaken beras ketan ugi dipuncampur kaliyan gula pasir supados raosipun langkung legi.

Limrahipun tuak beras punika dipuncawisaken nalika wonten adicara tartamtu kados déné [[Gawai Dayak]], [[Gawai Hantu]], [[Gawai Kenyalang]] lab sanèsipun. Kejawi saking masyarakat Iban, wonten ugi masyarakat sanès kados déné Bidayuh, tiyang Ulu ingkang damel tuak kanthi caranipun piyambak. Tuak ingkang jinis punika gadhah kandhutan alkohol ingkang cekap damel tiyang punika mabuk menawi dipununjuk kathah.

=== Tuak nira ===
{{utama|Tuak nira}}
'''Tuak nira''' punika limrahipun dipunasilaken saking mendhet [[nira]] saking mayang (tongkol kembang) saking wit [[enau]] utawi [[nipah]]. Mayang enau utawi nipah punika dados woh, ingkang dipuntugel lan toya legi ingkang medal saking woh ingkang dipuntugel kasebat dipunkempalaken wonten satunggaling wadhah, limrahipun saking [[pring]]. Toya nira ingkang sampun dados setunggal lan dèrèng nglampahi [[fermentasi]] punika dèrèng gadhah kandhutan alkohol lan padatanipun dipunsadé minangka unjukan jajanan [[legen]]. Menawi dipunleremaken, kandhutan gula wonten lajeng éwah dados alkohol medal prosès fèrmentasi sedangunipun pinten dinten kanthi kandhutan alkohol kirang langkung 4%. Tuak enau utawi nipah punika saged dipununjuk sasampunipun pinten dinten.

Padatanipun tuak nira punika dipuncawisaken wonten ing adicara tartamtu kados déné pesta mantenan. Menawi tuak enau utawi nipah punika dipunleremaken ingkang dangu lajeng dados asem lan sanyaya dangu dados [[cuka]] kanthi alami tanpa campuran saking bahan asing sanèsipun.

== Nama sanèsipun ==
Wonten sapérangan nama wewengkon kanggé tua, kadosta:
{| style=&quot;float:left;&quot;  class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#f99;&quot;
! Negara / Wewengkon !! Nama ingkang kaginakaken
|-
| {{ALG}} / {{TUN}} || lagmi {{IPA-arz|'la?gmi|}}, ingkang gadhah kanthutan alkohol menapa boten.
|-
| {{BAN}} || ????? ''ta?i'', ????? ''ta?u'', tuak&lt;ref name=&quot;Popular fermented foods and beverages in South-east Asia&quot; /&gt; 
|-
| {{CAM}} || Tuk tnout choo&lt;ref&gt;Gnarfgnarf:[http://www.gnarfgnarf.com/Blog/Gnarfgnarf-Travel-Blog-Drinks-Palm-Rice-Wines-Beers-Cambodia.html  Palm wine, rice wine, grape wine, beers and other drinks and beverages of Cambodia], 9 April 2012, diakses 15 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{CMR}} || mimbo,&lt;ref&gt;[http://iteslj.org/Articles/Anchimbe-CameroonEnglish.html Anchimbe - Creating New Names for Common Things in  Cameroon English (I-TESL-J)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; matango, mbuh
|-&lt;!--muluh--&gt;
| {{PRC}} ||??? (dipunaturaken &quot;zong lu jiu&quot;)&lt;ref name='English-Chinese Translation of &quot;palm wine&quot;'&gt;{{cite web|title=English-Chinese Translation of &quot;palm wine&quot;|url=http://www.websaru.com/palm%20wine.html|publisher=Websaru Dictionary|accessdate=20 Januari 2012|archive-date=2013-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512170658/http://www.websaru.com/palm%20wine.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| {{COD}} || malafu ya ngasi (Kikongo), masanga ya mbila (Lingala), vin de palme
|- 
| {{GAB}} || toutou
|- 
| {{GAM}} || singer
|-
| {{GHA}} || doka, nsafufuo, palm wine, yabra, deha (dipunaturaken &quot;der 'ha&quot;)
|-
| {{GUM}} || tuba 
|-
| {{IND}} ||  (Tamil -?????-kallu) Kallu(????? - Kerala ), kali (daerah Karnataka lan Kerala mawi[[basa Tulu]] ), kaLLu-?????(Karnataka), Thati kallu ???? ????? ([[Andhra Pradesh]]), Tadi (Bihar and Assam), Tã?i (?????) ([[Odisha]]), Taadi ([[Bahasa Marathi|Marathi]]), toddy, tuak,&lt;ref name=&quot;Popular fermented foods and beverages in South-east Asia&quot; /&gt; Jogèd, neera,  ?????/????? ''ta?i/ta?u'' (Bengal Barat), Tadi (Charwada) 
|-
| {{INA}} || [[arak]] (tuak ingkang sampun nglampahi ''distilasi''),&lt;ref name=&quot;Popular fermented foods and beverages in South-east Asia&quot; /&gt; ''tuak'' ing Indonesia, mliginipun [[Suku Batak]], [[Sumatra Lor]], kedai kanggé tuak punika sinebat ''lapo tuak''. Wonten ing [[Sulawesi Kidul]] (mliginipun [[Tana Toraja]]) sinebat ''ballo''', lan wonten [[Sulawesi Lor]] ''saguer''.
|-
| {{KEN}} || Mnazi
|- 
| {{KIR}} || Karawe 
|-
| {{LBA}} || lagbi {{IPA-arz|'la?gbi|}}. Dipunginakaken kanggé ingkang ngginakaken alkohol lan boten.
|-
| {{MLI}} || bandji, sibiji, chimichama
|-
| {{MAS}} || kallu (?????),  ''tuak''&lt;ref name=&quot;Popular fermented foods and beverages in South-east Asia&quot; /&gt; (Sarawak), toddy (Inggris), bahar (Kadazan/Dsun), goribon (Rungus)
|-
| {{MDV}} || Dhoaraa, Rukuraa, Meeraa
|-
| {{MYA}} || htan yay
|-
| {{MEX}} || tuba (dipunwur-wuri kacang), asalipun saking Filipina
|-
| {{NAM}} || omulunga, palm-wine
|-
| {{NGR}} || Palm-wine, Palmy, Uk?t nsuñ, Mmin efik, Emu, Oguro, Tombo liquor, Mmanya ngwo, Nkwu enu, Nkwu Ocha.
|-
| {{PNG}} || segero, tuak
|-
| {{PHL}} || tubâ,soom,&lt;ref name=&quot;Popular fermented foods and beverages in South-east Asia&quot; /&gt; lambanog (tubâ yang didistilasi), bahal (Visaya)
|-
| {{ZAF}} || ubusulu
|-
| {{SEY}} || kalou
|-
| {{SLE}} || poyo
|-
| {{SRI}} || Raa (Sinhala), kallu (Tamil), panam culloo&lt;ref name=&quot;Popular fermented foods and beverages in South-east Asia&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Law, S.V.|display-authors=etal|title=MiniReview- Popular fermented foods and beverages in Southeast Asia|journal=International Food Research Journal|year=2011|issue=18|url=http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(02)%202011/(2)%20IFRJ-2010-122.pdf|access-date=20 Januari 2012|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617014217/http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(02)%202011/(2)%20IFRJ-2010-122.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| {{TLS}} || tuaka, tua mutin, (jinis [[brendi]]nipun sinebat tua sabu)
|-
| {{TUV}} || kaleve (dèrèng nglampahi fermentasi), kao (kenging fermentasi), utawi wonten Basa Inggris, toddy (dèrèng nglampahi fermentasi), sour toddy (kenging fermentasi)
|-
| {{VNM}} || ru?u d?a;&lt;ref name=&quot;Popular fermented foods and beverages in South-east Asia&quot; /&gt; ruou dua, coconut wine (Inggris)
|}
{{clear}}

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Barkas:Toddy Bottle and Glass.jpg
Barkas:Fresh Palm Wine.jpg
Barkas:Hot Toddy (10808952313).jpg
Barkas:Es Legen Sari Pohon Kelapa.jpg
Barkas:Legen Buah Siwalan.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Pirsani ugi ==
* [[Ciu]],  unjukan mawi alkohol ingkang bahanipun saking beras saking negeri [[Tiongkok]].
* [[Sake]], unjukan mawi alkohol ingkang bahanipun beras saking negeri [[Jepang]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}{{Masakan Indonesia}}

[[Kategori:Unjukan Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Fermentasi]]
[[Kategori:Hasil hutan non-kayu]]
[[Kategori:WikiWastra]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lipida dwilapis</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for  (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="20840" sha1="bpxjlqqvuw8d82fn9bc3t1vu9waphcc" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Lipid_bilayer_section.gif|ka|jmpl|300x300px| Sesawangan cuwéran lipid dumadi saka  fosfatidil kolina]]
'''Lipid Dwilapis''' (utawa '''fosfolipid dwilapis''' ) yaiku lapisan membran tipis sing dumadi saka rong lapisan [[molekul]] lipid . Membran iki ana lembar warata sing dadi alangan terus ing [[Sèl (biologi)|sèla]] . [[Mémbran sèl|Membran sèl]] meh saben [[Organisme|organisme urip]] lan akéh jinis [[virus]], uga membran sing ngubengi [[Inti sel|inti sèl]] lan struktur sub-sèl liyané, dibentuk dening lapisan lipid Lapis. Lipid dwilapis minangka alangan sing njaga [[ion]], [[Protéin|protein]] lan molekul liyané ing endi sing dibutuhaké lan ngalangi supaya ora nglewati menyang wilayah liyané sing ora dibutuhaké. Bilayered lemak sampurna cocog kanggo muter peran iki amarga sanajan iku mung sawetara [[Nanometer|nanomèter]] sudhut,&lt;ref name=&quot;andersen2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Andersen|first=Olaf S.|last2=Koeppe, II|first2=Roger E.|date=June 2007|title=Bilayer Thickness and Membrane Protein Function: An Energetic Perspective|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132643|journal=Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure|volume=36|issue=1|pages=107–130|doi=10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132643|access-date=12 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku bisa ora bakal penetrated dening paling molekul telat ing banyu ( hidrofilik ). Kajaba iku, dwilapis kasebut ora bisa ditembus dening ion, ngidini sèl kanggo ngatur konsentrasi uyah lan tingkat pH kanthi ngompa ion ing membran nggunakaké protein sing diarani pompa ion .

Dwilapis alami biasané kalebu [[fosfolipid]] sing duwé sirah hidrofilik lan loro buntut hidrofobik ing saben molekul. Nalika phospholipid kapapar banyu, disusun kanggo mbentuk rong lapisan (siji dwilapis) kanthi saben molekul nuding ing tengah lembaran iki. Pusat dwilapis meh ora duwé banyu lan rahasia molekul kaya ta [[gula]] lan uyah sing bisa larut ing banyu nanging ora ana minyak. Proses instalasi iki meh padha karo proses tetesan minyak sing ana ing banyu lan didorong dening daya sing padha, sing diarani efek hidrofobik . Amarga lipid dwilapis rada ringkih lan tipis nganti ora bisa ndeleng nggunakaké mikroskop tradisional, overlay banget angel sinau. Penghapusan suku dwilapis asring mbutuhaké teknik sing canggih kaya ta mikroskop elektron lan mikroskopis atom .

Phosolipid kanthi pirang-pirang pepanthan sirah bisa ngganti kimia lumahing dwilapis lan bisa nindakaké barang kaya ta menehi sèl supaya bisa dirusak dening [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan]] . Buntut lipid uga bisa mangaruhi karakteristik membran, kaya ta kanthi nemtokaké fase dwilapis. Wilayah kasebut bisa duwé bentuk gel padhet ing suhu sing luwih murah, nanging fase dadi bentuk Cairan kanthi suhu sing luwih dhuwur. Komposisi lipid ing dwilapis uga menehi pengaruh karakteristik mekanik, kalebu resistensi kanggo mbengkongaké lan mbengkongaké. Umumé fitur kasebut diteliti nganggo lapisan &quot;model&quot; gawean ing laboratorium. Vesikel sing diasilaké model dwilapis uga digunakaké sacara klinik kanggo obat.

[[Mémbran sèl|Membran biologis]] biasané ngemot pirang-pirang jinis lipid saliyané fosfolipid. Conto utama kanggo sèl kewan yaiku [[kolesterol]] sing mbantu nguataké dwilapis lan nyuda wolung. Kolesterol uga mbantu ngontrol kegiatan sawetara protein membran integral . Protein membran integral bisa digunakaké nalika digabung dadi lapisan lipid. Amarga dwilapis nemtokaké wates kanggo siji sèl lan komponen, protein membran iki melu macem-macem proses pangolahan ing jero lan sèl. Sawetara jinis protein membran melu proses gawe putih rong lapisan bebarengan. Bunder iki ngidini nggabungaké rong struktur sing beda kaya ta ing proses persenyawaan [[endhog]] kanthi [[Spermatozoid|sperma]] utawa ngetik [[virus]] menyang sèl.

== Struktur lan organisasi ==
[[Gambar:Bilayer_hydration_profile.svg|ka|jmpl|275x275px| Rencana profil lipid salib khas. Ana telung wilayah sing béda: pepanthan sirah sing dihidrat kanthi lengkap, inti alkané dehidrasi lan area antara hidrasi sing cekak lan sebagean. Sanajan pepanthan sirah ora netral, dheweke duwé wektu dipole sing signifikan sing mengaruhi susunan molekul.&lt;ref&gt;Mashaghi et al. Hydration strongly affects the molecular and electronic structure of membrane phospholipids. 136, 114709 (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Lipid dwi-lipid, uga dikenal minangka fosfolipid dual -lipid, yaiku rong lembar lipid-lipid sing disusun supaya sirah fosfat hidrofilik langsung metu menyang banyu ing sisih loro glosari, lan buntut hidrofobik uga ngadhepi lumebu menyang inti dwarfic. Pengaturan iki ngasilaké rong &quot;lembar&quot;; saben lembar siji lapisan molekuler. Lipid sing nyusun awaké dhewe nggawe struktur iki amarga efek hidrofobik sing nyebabaké reaksi sing sregep antarané buntut hidrofobik lipid lan banyu ing sekitare. Dadi, formasi lipid dwilapis biasané dipertahanaké dening pasukan non-kovalen sing ora kalebu penampilan [[Roncèn kimia|ikatan kimia ing]] antarané siji molekul.

Ana sawetara persamaan ing antarané struktur iki lan [[sabun]] scum biasa, sanajan ana uga bedané penting. Minangka ditampilaké, loro struktur nglibataké rong lapisan molekul bahan amphiphilic . Kanggo sinetron scum, rong lapisan sabun nutupi lapisan banyu ing antarané loro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Divecha1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Divecha|first=Nullin|last2=Irvine|first2=Robin F|date=27 January 1995|title=Phospholipid signaling|url=http://ac.els-cdn.com/0092867495904093/1-s2.0-0092867495904093-main.pdf?_tid=98202c6e-dc68-11e3-85aa-00000aacb35e&amp;acdnat=1400182934_aecb2735d6748a91f12b61ce3dfbc000|format=PDF, 0.04 MB|journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]|volume=80|issue=2|pages=269–278|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(95)90409-3|pmid=7834746}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sirah hidrofilik ngadhepi lumebu menyang inti banyu iki, déné buntut hidrofobik nuding menyang udara. Kanggo dwilapis lipid uga, struktur iki dibalik, yaiku sirah ing njaba lan buntut ing njero. Bedané liyané antarané dwidapis lipid lan sinetron yaiku ukuran sing relatif. Sabun umumé biasané ana sawetara atus nanomèter - luwih utawa kurang padha karo gelombang gelombang, lan iki minangka sababe pengaruh gangguan nggawe pelangi ing permukaan umpluk. Beda, siji dwilapis lipid mung kira-kira limang nanomèter tebal, luwih cilik tinimbang gelombang gelombang. Dadi, lapisan iki ora bisa didelok mripat manungsa, utawa uga mikroskop sing entheng.

=== Analisis penampang  ===
[[Gambar:Bacillus_subtilis.jpg|kiri|jmpl|240x240px| Gambar bakteri TEM . Penampilan wulu ing njaba amarga ana gula dawa sing dipasang ing membran sèl. Lapisan iki mbantu banyu trobosan supaya bakteri ora dadi séhat.]]
Dwilapis lipid banget lancip dibandhingaké karo dimensi tambahan. Yen sèl mamalia khas (~ 10 mikromèter diamèter) ditambahaké ukuran semangka (~ 1 &amp;nbsp; ft / 30 &amp;nbsp; cm), lipid dwilapis sing arus [[Mémbran sèl|membran plasma]] meh padha karo kertas kertas. Sanajan mung sawetara nanomèter sing kandel, dwilapis kalebu pirang-pirang wilayah kimia sing beda ing bagean kasebut. Wilayah lan interaksi karo banyu lingkungan wis di wènèhi pratandha ing dekadé anyar kanthi nggunakaké reflectometry x-ray,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis1983&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=May 1983|title=Lipid bilayer thickness varies linearly with acyl chain length in fluid phosphatidylcholine vesicles|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1983-05-15_166_2/page/211|journal=J. Mol. Biol.|volume=166|issue=2|pages=211–7|doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(83)80007-2|pmid=6854644}}&lt;/ref&gt; semprotané saka neutron &lt;ref name=&quot;Zaccai1975&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1975|title=Neutron Diffraction Studies on the Location of Water in Lecithin Bilayer Model Membranes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1975-01_72_1/page/376|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=72|issue=1|pages=376–380|bibcode=1975PNAS...72..376Z|doi=10.1073/pnas.72.1.376|pmc=432308|pmid=16592215}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan resonansi magnetik nuklir .

Wilayah pisanan ing sisih loro dwilapis yaiku pepanthan kepala hidrofilik. Bagean iki membran dihidrat kanthi lengkap lan biasané ana ing sekitar 0.8-0.9 &amp;nbsp; nm nglukis. Ing [[Fosfolipid|phospholipids]] bilayered grup, [[fosfat]] ing area iki hydrated, kira-kira 0,5 &amp;nbsp; Nm ing njaba inti hidrofobik &lt;ref name=&quot;Nagle2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 2000|title=Structure of lipid bilayers|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-4157(00)00016-2|journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta|volume=1469|issue=3|pages=159–95|doi=10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00016-2|pmc=2747654|pmid=11063882}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sawetara kasus, wilayah terhidrat bisa luwih adoh, umpamané ing lipid kanthi protein gedhé utawa chain gula sing dawa digabung menyang sirah. Salah sawijining conto modifikasi sing umum yaiku lapisan [[Lipopolisakarida|lipopolysakarida]] ing membran njaba bakteri,&lt;ref name=&quot;Brock2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Brock biology of microorganisms|url=https://archive.org/details/brockbiologyofmi00madi|vauthors=Parker J, Madigan MT, Brock TD, Martinko JM|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2003|isbn=0-13-049147-0|edition=10th|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J}}&lt;/ref&gt; sing mbantu njaga lapisan banyu ing sekitar [[Baktèri|bakteri]] supaya nyegah dehidrasi.

Sabanjuré menyang area sing ana hydrated yaiku area penengah sing mung ana hydrated. Lapisan bates iki udakara 0.3 &amp;nbsp; nm nglukis. Ing jarak cendhak kasebut, konsentrasi banyu nyelehaké saka 2M ing sisih endhas nganti meh nul ing buntut (inti).&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsh2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marsh D|date=July 2001|title=Polarity and permeation profiles in lipid membranes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2001-07-03_98_14/page/7777|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=98|issue=14|pages=7777–82|bibcode=2001PNAS...98.7777M|doi=10.1073/pnas.131023798|pmc=35418|pmid=11438731}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsh2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marsh D|date=December 2002|title=Membrane water-penetration profiles from spin labels|journal=Eur. Biophys. J.|volume=31|issue=7|pages=559–62|doi=10.1007/s00249-002-0245-z|pmid=12602343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Intine hidrofobik Dwilapis biasané 3-4 tebal &amp;nbsp; nm, nanging nilai kasebut beda karo dawa rantai lan kimia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis1983&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rawicz2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2000|title=Effect of chain length and unsaturation on elasticity of lipid bilayers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biophysical-journal_2000-07_79_1/page/328|journal=Biophys. J.|volume=79|issue=1|pages=328–39|bibcode=2000BpJ....79..328R|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76295-3|pmc=1300937|pmid=10866959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kekandelan inti uga beda karo suhu, utamané kanthi owah-owahan fase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trauble1971&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1971|title=The volume change in lipid bilayer lamellae at the crystalline-liquid crystalline phase transition|journal=Chem. Phys. Lipids.|volume=7|issue=4|pages=324–35|doi=10.1016/0009-3084(71)90010-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kimia panampang ===
Nalika buntut lipid utamané modifikasi tumindak fase dwilapis, iku pepanthan kepala sing nemtokaké kimia permukaan dwilapis. Umumé dwilapis alami kalebu [[fosfolipid]], sanajan sphingolipid kaya ta sphingomyelin lan sterol kaya ta [[kolesterol]] uga dadi komponen penting. Saka fosfolipid, pepanthan sirah sing paling umum yaiku fosfatidil kolin (PC), kira-kira setengah saka phospholipid ing sèl-sèl mamalia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yeagle1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The membranes of cells|url=https://archive.org/details/membranesofcells0000unse|last=Yeagle, Philip|publisher=Academic Press|year=1993|isbn=0-12-769041-7|edition=2nd|location=Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; PC minangka pepanthan kepala zwitterionic, amarga nduwéni biaya negatif marang pepanthan fosfat lan biaya positif ing amine nanging, amarga biaya lokal iki seimbang, ora ana biaya net.

Pepantah sirah liyané uga ana ing macem-macem tingkat lan bisa kalebu fosfatidilserine (PS) fosfatidiletanolamine (PE) lan fosfatidilgliker (PG). Kluster alternatif iki asring nyedhiyakaké fungsi biologis spesifik sing gumantung banget karo konteks. Contone, anané PS ing permukaan membran ekstrasèl [[Eritrosit|erythrocyte]] minangka panandha apoptosis sèl,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fadoka1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 1998|title=The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes|journal=Cell Death Differ.|volume=5|issue=7|pages=551–62|doi=10.1038/sj.cdd.4400404|pmid=10200509}}&lt;/ref&gt; déné PS ing piring tuwuh dibutuhaké kanggo inti saka kristal hidroksisapatit lan mineralisasi sakteruse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 2005|title=The role of matrix vesicles in growth plate development and biomineralization|url=http://www.bioscience.org/2005/v10/af/1576/fulltext.htm|journal=Front. Biosci.|volume=10|issue=1–3|pages=822–37|doi=10.2741/1576|pmid=15569622|access-date=2019-11-16|archive-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527060747/http://www.bioscience.org/2005/v10/af/1576/fulltext.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eanes1987&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1987|title=Calcium phosphate precipitation in aqueous suspensions of phosphatidylserine-containing anionic liposomes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_calcified-tissue-international_1987-01_40_1/page/43|journal=Calcif. Tissue Int.|volume=40|issue=1|pages=43–8|doi=10.1007/BF02555727|pmid=3103899}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ora kaya PC, sawetara pepanthan sirah liyané nggawa muatan, sing bisa ngganti interaksi elektrostatik molekul cilik kanthi dwilapis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 1991|title=Binding of peptides with basic residues to membranes containing acidic phospholipids|journal=Biophys. J.|volume=60|issue=1|pages=135–48|bibcode=1991BpJ....60..135K|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(91)82037-9|pmc=1260045|pmid=1883932}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sejarah ==
Awal abad kaping 20 para wasis wiwit percaya yen sèl dikubengi alangan kaya minyak tipis,&lt;ref name=&quot;Loeb1904&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Loeb J|date=December 1904|title=The recent development of Biology|journal=Science|volume=20|issue=519|pages=777–786|bibcode=1904Sci....20..777L|doi=10.1126/science.20.519.777|pmid=17730464}}&lt;/ref&gt; nanging sifat strukture membran iki ora dingerteni. Loro eksperimen ing taun 1925 nggawe dhasar kanggo ngisi sèla iki. Kanthi ngukur kapasitase larutan [[Eritrosit|erythrocyte]], Hugo Fricke nemtokaké manawa membran sèl duwé ketebalan 3,3 &amp;nbsp; n.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fricke1925&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fricke H|year=1925|title=The electrical capacity of suspensions with special reference to blood|journal=Journal of General Physiology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=137–52|doi=10.1085/jgp.9.2.137|pmc=2140799|pmid=19872238}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan asil eksperimen iki akurat, Fricke salah ngelingaké data manawa membran sèl minangka lapisan molekuler. Prof. Pak Dr. Evert Gorter &lt;ref name=&quot;Gorterbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1986|title=On bimolecular layers of lipids on the chromocytes of the blood|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-pediatrics_1986-10_145_5/page/329|journal=Journal of European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=145|issue=5|page=329|doi=10.1007/BF00439232}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1881-1954) lan F. Grendel saka Universitas Leiden nyedhaki perkara kasebut saka perspektif sing beda, nyebar lipid erythrocyte minangka monolapis ing bolongan Langmuir-Blodgett . Nalika mbandhingaké area monolitik karo area permukaan sèl, dheweke nemokaké rasio loro nganti siji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorter1925&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1925|title=On bimolecular layers of lipids on the chromocytes of the blood|journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=41|issue=4|pages=439–43|doi=10.1084/jem.41.4.439|pmc=2130960|pmid=19868999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analisa sakteruse ngungkapaké pirang-pirang kesalahan lan asumsi sing salah karo eksperimen iki nanging, bebarengan, kasalahan kasebut dibatalaké lan saka data kekurangan Gorter lan Grendel, narik kesimpulan sing bener - manawa membran sèl minangka dwilapis lipid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yeagle1993&quot;/&gt;

Teori iki dikonfirmasi kanthi nggunakaké mikroskop elektron ing pungkasan taun 1950an. Sanajan dheweke ora nerbitaké sinau mikroskop elektron pisanan saka lipid dwilapis &lt;ref name=&quot;Sjöstrand1958&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=April 1958|title=The ultrastructure of the intercalated discs of frog, mouse and guinea pig cardiac muscle|journal=J. Ultrastruct. Res.|volume=1|issue=3|pages=271–87|doi=10.1016/S0022-5320(58)80008-8|pmid=13550367}}&lt;/ref&gt; J. David Robertson minangka wong sing pisanan nyatakaké yen rong pita gelap elektron sing padhet yaiku pepanthan sirah lan protein sing gegandhengan karo loro monolither lipid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robertson1960&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Robertson JD|year=1960|title=The molecular structure and contact relationships of cell membranes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-biophysics-and-molecular-biology_1960_10/page/343|journal=Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol.|volume=10|issue=|pages=343–418|pmid=13742209}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Robertson1959&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Robertson JD|year=1959|title=The ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives|journal=Biochem. Soc. Symp.|volume=16|issue=|pages=3–43|pmid=13651159}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing karya iki, Robertson ngutarakaké konsep &quot;unit membran&quot;. Iki minangka struktur dwilapis sing diwenehaké sacara universal ing kabèh [[Mémbran sèl|membran sèl]] lan membran [[Organel|organél]] .

Sawetara wektu sing padha, pangembangan modhèl membran dikonfirmasi manawa lipid dwilapis minangka struktur stabil sing bisa ana kanthi mandhiri [[Protéin|protein]] . Kanthi &quot;nglukis&quot; larutan lipid ing pelarut organik ing ndhuwur ''aperture'', Mueller lan Rudin bisa nggawe lapisan ganda tiruan lan nemtokaké manawa cairan iki mengko lateral, resistensi listrik sing dhuwur lan penyembuhan diri kanggo nanggepi cublesan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller1962&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=June 1962|title=Reconstitution of cell membrane structure in vitro and its transformation into an excitable system|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1962-06-09_194_4832/page/979|journal=Nature|volume=194|issue=4832|pages=979–80|bibcode=1962Natur.194..979M|doi=10.1038/194979a0|pmid=14476933}}&lt;/ref&gt; kabèh kalebu sipat membran. sèl alami. Sawetara taun sabanjuré, Alec Bangham nuduhaké yen dwilapis, ing bentuk vesikel lipid, bisa uga mung dibentuk kanthi nganalisa sampel lipid garing menyang banyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bangham1964&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bangham|first=A. D.|last2=Horne|first2=R. W.|year=1964|title=Negative Staining of Phospholipids and Their Structural Modification by Surface-Active Agents As Observed in the Electron Microscope|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1964-05_8_5/page/660|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=8|issue=5|pages=660–668|doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80115-7|pmid=14187392}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki minangka kemajuan penting, amarga nuduhaké yen dwilapis lipid dibentuk sacara spontan liwat swarakit lan ora mbutuhaké struktur dhukungan pola.

== Deleng uga ==
{{Div col||22em}}
* [[Surfaktan]]
* [[Protein]]
* [[Eksositosis]]
* [[Membran sel]]
* [[Polimorfisme lipid]]
* [[Liposom]]
* [[Lipidomik]]
{{Div col end}}

== Cathetan ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://avantilipids.com/ Avanti Lipids] Salah sawijining [http://avantilipids.com/ suplemen] lipid komersial paling gedhé. Informasi teknis babagan sifat lipid lan teknik nangani lan nyiapaké dwilapis lipid. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830182312/http://www.lipidat.ul.ie/search.htm LIPIDAT] Database ekstensif situs fisik lipid 
* [http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html Struktur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411145853/http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html |date=2011-04-11 }} Simulasi [http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html Fluid Lipid Bilayers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411145853/http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html |date=2011-04-11 }} lan pranala sing ana hubungané karo publikasi ing struktur cross-section lipid dwidapis. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030133335/http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model2/bilayer/en/inicio.htm Lipid Bilayers lan Saluran Gramicidin] (mbutuhaké plugin Java) Gambar lan film sing nuduhaké simulasi asil dinamika molekuler lipid dwilapis. 
* [http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html Struktur Fluid Lipid Bilayers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411145853/http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html |date=2011-04-11 }}, saka laboratorium Stephen White ing Universitas California, Irvine 
* [http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/biology/MembranePage/index2.html Animasi dinamika lipid Dwilapis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612051816/http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/biology/MembranePage/index2.html |date=2007-06-12 }} (mbutuhaké plugin Flash)

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'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Halaman [[Special:CreateAccount|Istimewa:Buat akun]] telah disederhanakan sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk memodernisasi pengalaman pembuatan akun. Panel yang menampilkan statistik proyek kini tidak lagi muncul di samping formulir, baik pada tampilan web desktop maupun seluler. Berbagai eksperimen pembuatan akun menunjukkan bahwa formulir yang lebih sederhana membantu pendatang baru menyelesaikan proses pendaftaran. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* Untuk meningkatkan kinerja halaman, gambar kini dimuat ketika gambar tersebut ditampilkan atau dilihat oleh pembaca. Dengan demikian, gambar yang berada lebih jauh di bagian bawah suatu artikel tidak akan dimuat apabila pembaca tidak pernah menggulir hingga ke bagian tersebut. Perubahan ini dapat memengaruhi sejumlah metrik yang berkaitan dengan gambar. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:42}} {{PLURAL:42|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya adalah masalah yang menyebabkan keluku pada Wikipedia Abstrak tidak dapat ditampilkan setelah berkas terkait dipindahkan di Wikimedia Commons. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. Keluku akan diperbarui dengan benar ketika berkas dipindahkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Kartu Informasi Pengguna adalah fitur yang membantu para pengawas melihat informasi mengenai akun pengguna. Selama ini, fitur tersebut hanya tersedia di tempat-tempat seperti riwayat halaman, log, dan perubahan terbaru. Kini, kartu tersebut juga dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|ditempatkan di dalam isi halaman]] dengan menggunakan fungsi pengurai &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Fitur ini dapat sangat berguna pada templat seperti [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] atau varian khususnya, karena akan memudahkan pengguna melihat konteks mengenai suatu akun pada berbagai halaman papan pengumuman. Kartu tersebut hanya akan ditampilkan kepada pengguna yang telah mengaktifkannya melalui [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferensi mereka]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Karena adanya risiko terhadap keamanan dan privasi pengguna, akses ke URL &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; telah dinonaktifkan apabila URL tersebut secara khusus digunakan bersama &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Jika Anda terdampak oleh perubahan ini, pertimbangkan apakah Anda dapat menggunakan pendekatan lain. URL &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tetap dapat diakses dan digunakan tanpa &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. URL halaman pengguna tertentu, misalnya &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, juga tetap dapat digunakan bersama &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Sebagai bagian dari pembaruan, perangkat lunak untuk membuat keluku telah ditingkatkan. Pembaruan ini mencakup peningkatan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; ke versi 2.60 dan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; ke versi 7, serta penyelesaian sejumlah masalah lama dalam pembuatan keluku, seperti galat dalam proses perenderannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 24 Agustus 2026 20.44 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30961208 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Format baru Daftar Harapan Komunitas kini telah dibuka untuk mendapatkan masukan. Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|membaca gagasan-gagasan yang diusulkan di Meta]]. Proses baru ini dirancang untuk meningkatkan cara harapan komunitas diseleksi dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan prioritas, dipungut suaranya, dan ditetapkan prioritas pengerjaannya, dengan cara yang transparan dan seimbang di berbagai kelompok proyek dan edisi bahasa. Konsultasi ini dibuka selama dua pekan.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Rilis terbaru aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android mencakup pembaruan pada fitur Tersimpan, sehingga pengalaman menyimpan artikel di aplikasi kini lebih mendekati pengalaman di aplikasi iOS dan Web. Pembaruan ini mendesain ulang tab Tersimpan dengan tampilan &quot;Semua artikel&quot;, menghapus daftar bacaan &quot;Tersimpan&quot; yang sebelumnya tersedia secara bawaan, mengganti nama daftar bacaan menjadi &quot;Koleksi&quot;, dan memodernisasi pengalaman menyimpan artikel. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Daftar Bacaan]] telah diaktifkan untuk semua pengguna yang masuk log pada Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, dan Vietnam pada 25 Agustus, setelah tersedia sebagai fitur beta selama beberapa bulan. Fitur ini akan tersedia untuk semua pengguna yang masuk log di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, dan Indonesia pada 1 September, kemudian di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 September, dan di seluruh wiki Wikipedia lainnya pada 28 September.
* Pada akhir bulan ini, sebagian pembaca yang belum masuk log di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Ceko, Persia, Inggris, dan Polandia, yang menggunakan kulit Minerva pada perangkat seluler, akan melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|bilah navigasi yang diperbarui]] dalam sebuah [[w:A/B test|uji A/B]]. Pengujian ini akan membandingkan bilah navigasi saat ini dengan versi baru yang dirancang agar pembaca dapat menemukan informasi dengan lebih cepat dan mudah. Tujuannya adalah mengetahui apakah perubahan tersebut mendorong pembaca untuk lebih sering kembali. Eksperimen ini tidak akan mengubah pengalaman pengguna yang telah masuk log dan/atau para penyunting.
* Para penyunting yang mengelola pengalihan, templat, dan kategori yang digunakan pada halaman pengalihan kini memiliki cara yang lebih baik untuk menemukan dan mengelola pengalihan. Sebelumnya, halaman pengalihan tidak dapat dicari. Dua kata kunci pencarian baru, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, kini memungkinkan pengalihan dicari secara langsung dan dapat digabungkan dengan kata kunci yang sudah ada, seperti &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, dan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* Perangkat pencarian ISBN yang digunakan untuk membuat sitasi baru-baru ini tidak berfungsi karena terdapat masalah pada layanan eksternal. Para pengembang sedang mengupayakan solusinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pencarian halaman berdasarkan kategori menggunakan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tidak memberikan hasil atau justru memberikan hasil yang tidak berkaitan kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Domain URL untuk keluku berubah dari upload.wikimedia.org menjadi thumb.wikimedia.org. URL lama masih dapat digunakan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan, tetapi MediaWiki akan menggunakan domain baru tersebut dalam URL yang ditampilkannya. URL untuk jenis media lainnya, seperti berkas, video, dan hasil transkode asli, tetap akan disajikan melalui upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] kini telah berstatus usang. Titik akhir API tersebut akan dihentikan sepenuhnya pada akhir September 2026. Para pengembang yang menggunakan titik akhir ini harus beralih ke solusi perenderan matematika alternatif, seperti [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] atau [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax] bawaan. Instalasi MediaWiki pihak ketiga yang menggunakan ekstensi Math untuk merender rumus diwajibkan melakukan peningkatan ke versi 1.43 atau yang lebih baru agar layanan tetap dapat digunakan.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''Lebih lanjut'''
* Baca lebih lanjut mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] dalam tulisan di Diff berjudul [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Saran penyuntingan khusus untuk setiap wiki: Bagaimana komunitas membentuk Mode Saran dengan TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 31 Agustus 2026 20.52 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30990659 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: August 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 8 • August 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities|Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish|The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil|Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines|Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wikidata for research in the UI1|Wikidata for research in the UI1]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey |Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool|Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World|Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026|More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook|Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers|EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia|Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 Sèptèmber 2026 17.54 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30917014 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Tambahkan Pranala]] telah ditingkatkan untuk pengguna Wikipedia bahasa Inggris dengan kemampuan mendeteksi pranala yang memiliki perbedaan penggunaan huruf besar dan kecil. Perubahan ini akan membantu mengurangi saran yang ambigu akibat perbedaan kapitalisasi dalam judul artikel, termasuk artikel tentang benda budaya. Tahap peningkatan kedua direncanakan akan dilakukan dan juga akan mempersiapkan fitur ini untuk dirilis dalam bahasa lainnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Panduan artikel]] akan diaktifkan secara bawaan bagi penyunting pemula di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris Sederhana dan Wikipedia bahasa Turki mulai 10 September 2026, setelah sebelumnya melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|tahap uji coba]]. Penyunting pemula dengan jumlah suntingan 0 hingga 99 akan secara otomatis melihat fitur ini ketika mereka mengeklik pranala merah atau menggunakan opsi &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; di Wikipedia bahasa Turki untuk membuat artikel baru. Perubahan ini ditujukan untuk membantu pengguna baru dalam membuat artikel dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dan memenuhi standar setiap Wikipedia. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Peningkatan lebih lanjut]] akan terus dilakukan berdasarkan hasil eksperimen dan masukan dari komunitas.
* Perkakas [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis], yang memungkinkan pengguna membandingkan jumlah kunjungan pada beberapa halaman, genap berusia 10 tahun pada tahun ini dan telah memperoleh sejumlah fitur baru. Fitur-fitur tersebut mencakup [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]], yang memberikan gambaran mengenai cara pembaca Wikipedia menjelajahi konten, statistik penyuntingan di [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], kemampuan [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org mencari artikel yang termasuk dalam suatu ProyekWiki], dan dukungan untuk mode gelap. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* Bilah navigasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|Minerva yang disederhanakan secara visual]] sedang diuji kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log dan menggunakan tampilan web seluler di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Ceko, Inggris, Farsi, dan Polandia. Uji coba ini bertujuan mengetahui apakah penyederhanaan navigasi dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca. Pengujian akan berlangsung dari 31 Agustus hingga 28 September dan pengguna tidak perlu melakukan tindakan apa pun dalam uji coba ini.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Harapan Teknis WMDE]] sedang mengupayakan peningkatan pada [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|nama referensi yang dibuat secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Penyunting hanya akan melihat sedikit perubahan mulai pekan ini. Saat nama referensi dibuat secara otomatis, penomoran akan dimulai dari &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, bukan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|halaman proyek]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  Semua wiki akan berada dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|kondisi hanya-baca selama beberapa menit]] pada 23 September. Hal ini dijadwalkan berlangsung pada pukul 14.00 UTC. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diterbitkan melalui Berita Teknis dan juga akan dipasang di spanduk setiap wiki dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:25}} {{PLURAL:25|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] salah menangani tag nowiki yang bersarang, sehingga konten dapat hilang dan teks yang tidak diinginkan dapat ditampilkan, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Pengurus antarmuka dapat mengatur gawai melalui [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. Format definisinya telah diperbarui dan kini tidak lagi memerlukan opsi &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, karena gawai selalu dimuat melalui &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Perubahan ini menyederhanakan konfigurasi gawai dengan menghapus opsi yang tidak lagi diperlukan, sehingga definisi gawai menjadi lebih mudah dikelola oleh para pengurus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 7 Sèptèmber 2026 18.43 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31008437 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VIII, August 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Hot August/Cold August
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Love Monuments and new phase of Museu Paulista collaboration
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: The Catalan public domain: An application to identify Catalan works in public domain
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Explore the Colombian public domain app: Browse works an authors in the public domain
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wikimedia CR introduces new members of GLAM/partnership team
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: Egypt’s GLAM Team Brings Egyptian Postal History and Public Libraries to Wikimedia 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: The Musical Heritage of the Santa Cecilia Conservatory
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Thesis Project Update and the upcoming TDWG 2026 conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Connecting Culture and Free Knowledge - Wikimedia MKD’s GLAM Partnerships 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: August in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Summer, Follow-up in Aarau, CoCreation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikimedia gets Gazetted + Islamic Calligraphy on English Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: OpenGLAM Summer 2026 in Ukraine
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM USA Report (Past &amp; Upcoming)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Ghana national register
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Wikimedia Commons report|Wikimedia Commons report]]: Media loading change affects Commons Impact Metrics and GLAM analytics
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Sèptèmber 2026 08.36 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=31028447 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Tim Audiens Masa Depan (Future Audiences) telah memulai [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|diskusi di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]] mengenai usulan eksperimen baru untuk menampilkan pemberitahuan sementara tentang fitur [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Sumber Pilihan Google] kepada pembaca Wikipedia yang datang dari Google. Eksperimen ini bertujuan menguji apakah pemberitahuan tersebut dapat membuat pengunjung lebih sering kembali ke Wikipedia. Fitur Sumber Pilihan memungkinkan pengguna memilih situs web yang mereka percayai sehingga Google dapat menampilkan konten dari sumber-sumber tersebut secara lebih menonjol dalam Penelusuran dan berbagai pengalaman berbasis kecerdasan buatan. Kami tertarik untuk menguji fitur ini pada bahasa lain yang didukung Google dan menyambut bantuan untuk memulai diskusi di wiki lainnya. Jika berminat, silakan hubungi Tim Audiens Masa Depan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|halaman pembicaraan]].

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Platform percakapan Discord sedang merilis kerangka kerja mandiri baru yang dapat digunakan oleh situs web untuk menentukan tampilan pranala mereka ketika dibagikan di Discord. Tim Audiens Masa Depan berencana mulai menggunakan kerangka kerja ini untuk meningkatkan tampilan pranala Wikipedia ketika dibagikan di Discord, sekaligus memberikan atribusi dan penghargaan yang lebih baik kepada para kontributor. Pada tahap pertama proyek ini, tampilan dan perilaku pranala tidak akan berubah karena kami ingin terlebih dahulu mengumpulkan data dasar untuk menilai dampak perubahan pada tahap berikutnya. Namun, jika anggota komunitas yang aktif di Discord menemukan masalah, mereka dapat melaporkannya melalui [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] atau [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Meta-Wiki]].
* &lt;span class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca akan menjalankan eksperimen untuk menguji apakah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|pemadatan bagian pembuka artikel]] dengan menambahkan tombol &quot;baca selengkapnya&quot; dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca. Pengujian akan dimulai pada 17 September di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Spanyol, Prancis, Indonesia, Italia, Jepang, Portugis, Vietnam, dan Tionghoa, serta berlangsung selama empat pekan.&lt;/span&gt;
* Semua wiki akan berada dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|mode hanya-baca selama beberapa menit]] pada 23 September. Hal ini dijadwalkan berlangsung pada pukul 14.00 UTC. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diterbitkan dalam Berita Teknis dan juga akan diinformasikan ke setiap wiki pada pekan mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] untuk Wikipedia mengembalikan galat HTTP 500, sehingga tidak dapat diakses, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Pengembang yang memelihara perkakas yang melakukan kueri terhadap tabel pranala Wikimedia Commons perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar terhubung ke gugus basis data x4 yang baru. Tabel pranala tersebut telah dipindahkan dari gugus s4 ke x4 dan tidak akan lagi menerima pembaruan di s4. Tabel halaman dan tabel pengalihan tetap tersedia di kedua gugus. Replika wiki untuk klaster x4 akan disiapkan setelahnya. Perubahan ini dilakukan karena gugus s4 telah berkembang terlalu besar untuk dapat dioperasikan secara efisien. [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di sini]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14 Sèptèmber 2026 15.30 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31039826 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wiki Anda akan segera menjadi mode hanya baca&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya. Hal ini akan memastikan bahwa Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya dapat tetap beroperasi bahkan selepas bencana.

Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. 

Sebuah papan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum pelaksanaan operasi ini. Papan pengumuman tersebut akan selalu terlihat hingga akhir pengerjaan. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Anda masih bisa membaca, tetapi tidak bisa menyunting, seluruh wiki dalam waktu terbatas.'''

* Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|id}}.
* Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga.

''Pengaruh lainnya'':

* Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan.
* Kami berharap penerapan kode akan terjadi seperti minggu-minggu lainnya. Namun, beberapa kasus pembekuan kode dapat terjadi secara cepat jika proses operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit.

Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. 

'''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini kepada komunitas Anda.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15 Sèptèmber 2026 12.58 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=30513874 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 16 September 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/News and notes|The Balance of Power]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/In the media|Shocking photos may be changed on Wikipedia]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Disinformation report|Have UN Secretary-General candidates manipulated Wikipedia?]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Recent research|Google's AI overviews may have reduced search engine referrals to English Wikipedia by 5%]]

* WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/WikiConference report|The backwater symbiosis – reflections from Wiki Conference India 2026]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Traffic report|Heaven let your light shine down]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Serendipity|Wikipedia Family Mosh Pit]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Obituary|Passing of Gobonobo, community leader advocating for women and minorities]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/On the bright side|Fantasy video games, hopeful science fiction, and the change of seasons]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Comix|The Adventure of the Unknown Corpse]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 16 Sèptèmber 2026 02.11 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=31028446 --&gt;

== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 21 Sèptèmber 2026 15.26 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&amp;oldid=31067433 --&gt;

== Books &amp; Bytes – Issue 76 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px&quot;&gt; [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif&quot;&gt;'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books &amp; Bytes''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Issue 76, July–August 2026 &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em&quot;&gt; 
* New partnership: The Chronicle of Higher Education
* New Partnership Manager joins the team
* Spotlight: TWL page on Meta
&lt;big&gt;'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/July-August 2026|Read the full newsletter]]'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;small&gt;Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team – 23 Sèptèmber 2026 11.45 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samwalton9 (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&amp;oldid=31063353 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Parembugan Naraguna:Lemakjei</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Manchiu</username>
        <id>62066</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Manchiu ngalih kaca [[Parembugan Naraguna:Lmkjgmo]] menyang [[Parembugan Naraguna:Lemakjei]]: Otomatis ngalih kaca nalika ngganti jeneng naraguna &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Lmkjgmo|Lmkjgmo]]&quot; dadi &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Lemakjei|Lemakjei]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2931" sha1="b6hlnd7jku7dl5txd9myehstz56zl07" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;width: 99%; color: #111; {{box-shadow|0|1px|3px|rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35)}} {{border-radius|2px}}&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 36px; margin-top: 24px;margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height: 1.2em;&quot;&gt;Sugeng rawuh, Jgmo30!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 24px; padding-top: 0px; margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; color: #666; &quot;&gt;
꧌ꦱꦸꦒꦼꦁꦫꦮꦸꦃꦲꦶꦁꦮꦶꦏꦶꦥꦺꦣꦶꦪꦗꦮ꧍[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan sing mlebu ing wulan Juni 2020]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;vertical-align:middle; color: black; background-color:#fff&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; background-color:#e7e7e7; padding: 10px; padding-left: 20px; &quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;[[File:HelpPage IconPack-03.png|51px|alt=|link=]] Miwiti&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 51px; margin-top: -15px;&quot;&gt;
* Wacanana kaca &lt;u&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Prakawis|Pambukané Wikipédia]]'''&lt;/u&gt; dhisik.
* Wacanana uga '''[[Pitulung:Isi|katerangan bab carané urun ing Wikipédia]]'''.{{#ifexist:Panganggo:Jgmo30||
* Isènana uga profilé panjenengan ing [{{fullurl:Panganggo:Jgmo30|action=edit&amp;preload=Cithakan:Sugeng-rawuh}}&amp;editintro=Cithakan:Sugeng-rawuh Panganggo:Jgmo30], minangka kaca kang nepungaké panjenengan supaya kita bisa tepung panjenengan.}}
* Wacanana uga [[Wikipedia:Aturan sing diringkes|aturan kang karingkes iki]] sadurungé mbacutaké.
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1 1 300px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;[[File:HelpPage IconPack-05.png|51px|alt=|link=]] Pituduh&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 51px; margin-top: -15px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Pitulung:Tapak tangan|Tansah tandha-tangani]] pitakoné panjenengan manawa nulis ing [[Wikipedia:Warung Kopi|Angkringan]] utawa ing [[Wikipedia:Kaca parembugan|parembugan]] kanthi ngetik &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; ing pungkasané ukarané panjenengan.
* [[Wikipedia:Aja kasusahan déning aturan|'''''Aja wedi!''''']] Panjenengan ora perlu wedi salah nalika mbesut utawa nggawé kaca anyar, nambah utawa nyuda ukara.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 10px; padding-left: 20px; &quot;&gt;
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'''Mangga jajal-jajalana''', kita ngantu-antu pasumbang kawruhé panjenengan ing Wikipédia Jawa iki!
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-style: italic; font-size: 90%&quot;&gt;
'''Welcome!''' If you do not understand Javanese language, you may want to visit [[Wikipedia:Kadutan|the embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/jv-0|find users who speak your language]]. Enjoy!
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Naraguna:Wagino Bot|Wagino Bot]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:Wagino Bot|rembugan]]) 9 Juni 2020 04.02 (UTC)
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  <page>
    <title>Tampon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1823" sha1="lnysyea07syjyr8g29e5sj0vcg1h1xy" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Gestion_menstrual_tampon_toallitas_menstruación_periodicas_06.jpg|jmpl|262x262px| Tampon non-aplikator]]
'''Tampon''' minangka salah sawijining produk haid sing dirancang kanggo nyerep sekresi  kanthi disisipake menyang [[pawadonan]] nalika [[Nggarap sari|haid]] . Beda karo bantalan, nanging diselehake ing njero [[Pawadonan|kanal pawadonan]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uthealthaustin.org/blog/period-products|title=Period Products: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly|website=UT Health Austin|language=en-us|access-date=2020-08-04}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawise dilebokake kanthi bener, tampon ditrapake ing pawadonan lan tuwuh nalika nyedhot getih haid. Saliyane getih haid, tampon uga nyerep pelumasan lan bakteri alami, sing bisa ngganti [[pH]] normal, nambah risiko infeksi saka bakteri [[Staphylococcus aureus]] (S. aureus), sing bisa nyebabake sindrom kejut beracun (TSS) .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Vostral 447–459&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vostral|first=Sharra L.|date=December 2011|title=Rely and Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Technological Health Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-yale-journal-of-biology-and-medicine_2011-12_84_4/page/447|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|volume=84|issue=4|pages=447–459|issn=0044-0086|pmc=3238331|pmid=22180682}}&lt;/ref&gt; TSS minangka infeksi langka, nanging ngancam nyawa sing mbutuhake perawatan medis langsung. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/toxic-shock-syndrome-tss|title=Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)|website=Saint Luke's Health System|language=en|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109212719/https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/toxic-shock-syndrome-tss|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kalkun domestik</title>
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      <text bytes="2465" sha1="0z78knpb1y0ahwzcc4hx4xw888byyul" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Black_Spanish_toms_and_hen.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Kalkun Spanyol ireng]]
[[Barkas:Baby_turkey_in_FL.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Kalkun enom diarani poult.]]
'''Turkey domestik''' ( ''[[Meleagris gallopavo]]'' ) iku sawijining [[Unggas|fowl]], salah siji saka loro [[Sepésiyes|spesies]] ing [[Gènus|genus]] ''[[Kalkun|Meleagris]]'' lan padha karo [[Kalkun liar|kalkun alasan]] . Sanajan peternakan kalkun dikira wis kedadeyan ing tengah Mesoamerica paling ora 2.000 taun kepungkur, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-08/uof-urd080812.php|title=UF researchers discover earliest use of Mexican turkeys by ancient Maya|date=August 8, 2012|website=EurekAlert!|access-date=November 24, 2020|archive-date=June 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629155258/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-08/uof-urd080812.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; riset anyar nuduhake kemungkinan kedadeyan peternakan kaloro ing Southwestern Amerika Serikat antarane 200 SM lan AD 500. Nanging, kabeh jinis kalkun domestik utama saiki teka saka kalkun sing diangkat ing Meksiko tengah sing sabanjure diimpor menyang Eropa dening Spanyol ing abad kaping 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;Speller2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Speller, C. F.|last2=Kemp, B. M.|last3=Wyatt, S. D.|last4=Monroe, C.|last5=Lipe, W. D.|last6=Arndt, U. M.|last7=Yang, D. Y.|year=2010|title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American Canham domestication|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-02-16_107_7/page/2807|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=7|pages=2807–2812|doi=10.1073/pnas.0909724107|pmc=2840336|pmid=20133614}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peternakan kalkun intensif wiwit pungkasan taun 1940-an nyuda rega murah, dadi luwih terjangkau kanggo kelas pekerja. Kanthi kasedhiya saka kulkas, kabeh kalkun bisa dikirim beku menyang pasar sing adoh. Mengko kemajuan ing kontrol penyakit tambah akeh produksi. Kemajuan pengiriman, ganti preferensi konsumen lan panyebaran tanduran unggas komersial ndadekake kalkun seger ora larang uga kasedhiya.
[[Barkas:Anatomy_of_turkey_head.jpg|jmpl| Struktur anatomi ing endhas lan tenggorokan kalkun domestik. 1. Caruncles, 2. Snood, 3. Wattle (Dewlap), 4. Caruncle utama, 5. Jenggot]]
[[Barkas:Thanksgiving_Turkey.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Kalkun panggang disiapake kanggo panganan [[Dinten Pamuji Sukur|Thanksgiving]] tradisional AS]]

== Cathetan sikil ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tong sui</title>
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{{Infobox food|name=Tong sui|image=10 Thousand Buddhas Monastery 豆腐花 Bean Curd 2.jpg|caption=[[Tofu]] ''tong sui'' at [[Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery|10,000 Buddhas Monastery]]|alternate_name=|country=[[China]]|region=|creator=|course=[[Dessert]]|type=[[Soup]] or [[custard]]|served=|main_ingredient=|variations=|calories=|other=}}
[[Barkas:BlacksesameSoup.jpg|jmpl| Sup wijen ireng]]
[[Barkas:SweetpotatoTongsui.jpg|jmpl| Sup ubi jalar]]
[[Barkas:Eggtongsui.jpg|jmpl| Endhog tong sui]]
[[Barkas:Green_bean_soup.jpg|jmpl| Sup kacang mung nganggo kelp ekstra]]
'''''Tong sui''''' ( {{lit|sugar water}}   ), uga dikenal minangka '''''tim tong''''', minangka istilah kolektif kanggo [[Sop|sup]] utawa [[Custard|kasturi sing]] legi, dadi [[Panganan cuci mulut|panganan]] cuci [[Panganan cuci mulut|mulut]] ing pungkasan panganan ing masakan Kanton . &lt;ref&gt;''So Good Blog.'' [http://www.sogoodblog.com/2014/10/09/hong-kong-sugar-land-sweet-soup-tong-sui/ &quot;Hong Kong: the Sugar Land of Sweet Soup (Tong Sui).&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927133312/http://www.sogoodblog.com/2014/10/09/hong-kong-sugar-land-sweet-soup-tong-sui/ |date=2020-09-27 }} Wenna Pang. Retrieved 2017-06-07.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Tong sui'' minangka spesialisasi Kanton lan akeh jinis sing jarang ditemokake ing [[Masakan Cinten|masakan regional China liyane]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travelerdoor.com/2020/06/08/tong-sui-a-dessert-that-has-no-end/|title=Tong Sui: A Dessert That Has No End|date=2020-06-08|website=Traveler Door|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-08}}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing njaba komunitas sing nganggo basa Kanton, panganan cuci mulut sup biasane umume ora diarani kategori sing beda, lan istilah ''tong sui'' ora digunakake.

Ing [[Hong Kong]], [[Makau|Macao]] lan [[Malaysia]], macem-macem jinis tong sui diwenehake ing toko khusus tong sui. Toko Tong sui uga wis misuwur ing komunitas [[Cina Tionghoa|Tionghoa jaban rangkah]], lan ditemokake ing macem-macem wilayah [[Kanadhah|Kanada]], [[Ostrali|Australia]] lan [[Amérika Sarékat|Amerika Serikat]] .

[[Barkas:Chinese_tongsui_-_Assorted_bean_sweet_soup.jpg|jmpl| Macam-macam kacang tong sui]]

== Sumber ==

[[Kategori:Artikel ngandhut tulisan abasa Cina padatan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel ngandhut tulisan abasa Cina prasaja]]
[[Kategori:Artikel ngandhut tulisan abasa Cina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pinakbet</title>
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      <text bytes="3158" sha1="26nqcph3aqbua257nfkqect7kn4c6yz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|name=Pinakbet|image=Pinakbet3.jpg|caption=True pinakbet from [[Ilocos region]] with shrimp|alternate_name=Pakbet|country=[[Philippines]]|region=|creator=|course=[[Main course]]|served=Hot|main_ingredient=[[Bagoong]] or [[alamang]], vegetables, fish, meat|variations=|calories=|other=}}
[[Barkas:Pakbetjf.JPG|jmpl| Otentik Bulakan paling anyar (La Familia saka Baliuag)]]
'''Pinakbet''' (uga diarani '''pakbet''' utawa '''taruhan paling anyar''' ) minangka panganan khas Filipina saka wilayah sisih lor [[Filipina]] . Pinakbet digawe saka sayuran campuran tumis ing iwak utawa saos udang. &lt;ref name=&quot;WuCheung2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmGoXCmdIdIC&amp;pg=PA183|title=Wu: Globalization of Chinese Food|last=David Yen Ho Wu|last2=Sidney C. H. Cheung|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8248-2582-9|page=183|access-date=24 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tembung kasebut minangka wujud kontrak saka tembung [[Basa Ilokano|Ilokano]] ''pinakebbet'', tegese &quot;nyusut&quot; utawa &quot;nyusut.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanpablocity.com.ph/san-pablo-city-recipe/239-pakbet-pinakbet.html|title=Pakbet / Pinakbet|year=2010|publisher=San Pablo City|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141227/http://www.sanpablocity.com.ph/san-pablo-city-recipe/239-pakbet-pinakbet.html|archive-date=2018-04-08|access-date=2012-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asli Ilocano ''pinakbet'' Efesus [[Bagoong térong|bagoong]] saka fermented [[Bagoong monamon|monamon]] utawa iwak liyane, kanggo seasoning sauce, nalika kidul luwih, ''bagoong alamang'' digunakake. Panganan biasane kalebu [[Paré|melon pait]] (ampalaya). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson-Kozlow|first=Marilyn|last2=Matt|first2=Georg E.|last3=Rock|first3=Cheryl L.|last4=de la Rosa|first4=Ruth|last5=Conway|first5=Terry L.|last6=Romero|first6=Romina A.|year=2011|title=Assessment of Dietary Intakes of Filipino-Americans: Implications for Food Frequency Questionnaire Design|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition-education-and-behavior_november-december-2011_43_6/page/505|journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior|publisher=Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior|volume=43|issue=6|pages=505–510|doi=10.1016/j.jneb.2010.09.001|pmc=3204150|pmid=21705276}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sayuran liyane sing digunakake kalebu [[Térong|terong]], [[tomat]], [[Bendi|okra]], [[Kacang lanjaran|kacang-kacangan senar]], [[Lombok abang|mrica]], parda, [[Kecipir|kacang bersayap]], lan liya-liyane. Tanduran oyot lan sawetara kacang buncis kayata [[Ketéla rambat|camote]], patani, [[Kacang dara|kadios]] ditambahake kanthi opsional. Pod enom [[Kélor|marunggay]] ditambahake. Biasane dibumbui nganggo [[Jaé|jahe]], [[Bawang bombay|bawang]], utawa [[Bawang|bawang putih]] . Versi Tagalog biasane kalebu calabaza ( ''kalabasa'' ).

Umume sayuran kasebut gampang diakses lan ditandur ing kebon mburi kebon lan kebon rumah tangga Ilocano. Kaya jenenge, umume dimasak nganti meh garing lan garing; ing versi Tagalog, rasa sayuran ditandhesake karo pasta udang. Ing sawetara kasus, [[lechon]], [[Chicharrón|chicharon]], utawa daging liyane (umume daging babi) ditambahake.

== Rujukan ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Susu organik</title>
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      <text bytes="3491" sha1="lv617vb0zg2kw89h37mi8y0tdww374j" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Glass_of_milk_on_tablecloth.jpg|jmpl| Segelas susu]]
'''Susu organik''' nuduhake pirang-pirang produk susu saka ternak sing ditandur miturut cara tani organik . Ing umume yuridiksi, panggunaan tembung &quot;organik&quot; utawa padha karo &quot;bio&quot; utawa &quot;eco&quot;, ing produk apa wae diatur dening panguwasa panganan. Umumé, angger-angger kasebut negesake manawa ternak kudu: diijini golek, diwenehi panganan [[pakan]] utawa senyawa senyawa sing disertifikasi sacara organik, ora bisa diobati kanthi obat-obatan (kalebu hormon pertumbuhan ), lan umume kudu diobati kanthi manusiawi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofp.shtml|title=Organic Production and Organic Food: Information Access Tools|last=Mary Gold|date=June 2007|website=USDA|access-date=18 Dhésèmber 2012|archive-date=2007-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807082049/http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofp.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Organic Dairy Industry in Canada, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada http://www.dairyinfo.gc.ca/pdf/organic_profile_eng.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana macem-macem alangan kanggo nggawe kesimpulan sing kuat babagan kemungkinan keamanan utawa kesehatan entuk manfaat saka susu organik utawa susu konvensional, kalebu ora ana studi klinis jangka panjang. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dangour20092&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=September 2009|title=Nutritional quality of organic foods: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2009-09_90_3/page/680|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=90|issue=3|pages=680–5|doi=10.3945/ajcn.2009.28041|pmid=19640946|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panaliten sing kasedhiya duwe kesimpulan sing beda-beda babagan prabédan mutlak ing konten nutrisi antara susu organik lan produksi sacara umum, kayata protein utawa kandungan asam lemak. &lt;ref name=&quot;Smith-Spangler20122&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Smith-Spangler|first=C|display-authors=etal|year=2012|title=Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives?: A Systematic Review|url=http://media.dssimon.com/taperequest/acp75_study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=157|issue=5|pages=348 (p. 11, webversion)|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00007|pmid=22944875|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012904/http://media.dssimon.com/taperequest/acp75_study.pdf|archive-date=2013-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blair2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/organicproductio00blai|title=Organic production and food quality : a down to earth analysis|last=Blair|first=Robert|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8138-1217-5|location=Ames, Iowa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/organicproductio00blai/page/n176 163]–180|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Palupi2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 2012|title=Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis|journal=J. Sci. Food Agric.|volume=92|issue=14|pages=2774–81|doi=10.1002/jsfa.5639|pmid=22430502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bobot bukti sing kasedhiya ora ndhukung posisi manawa ana bedane [[Makna klinis|klinis sing relevan]] antara susu organik lan produksi umum, ing babagan nutrisi utawa keamanan. 

&lt;ref name=&quot;Forman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 2012|title=Organic foods: health and environmental advantages and disadvantages|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1406.long|journal=Pediatrics|volume=130|issue=5|pages=e1406–15|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2579|pmid=23090335|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==</text>
      <sha1>lv617vb0zg2kw89h37mi8y0tdww374j</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>KFC</title>
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      <text bytes="5536" sha1="ggshq9d3x5z2tv9fqft88h36qu6j1bf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company|name=KFC Corporation|type=[[Subsidiary]]}}'''KFC''' (singkatan saka '''Kentucky Fried Chicken''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/70275/12-finger-lickin-facts-about-kfc|title=12 Finger-Lickin' Facts About KFC - 8. &quot;KFC&quot; Doesn't Stand For Anything. Technically.|last=Keyser|first=Hannah|date=October 27, 2015|website=[[Mental Floss]]|access-date=January 2, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) minangka rantai restoran [[Panganan cepet saji|panganan cepat saji]] Amerika sing bermarkas ing Louisville, Kentucky, sing duwe spesialisasi [[Ayam gorèng|pitik goreng]] . Iki minangka rantai restoran paling gedhe nomer loro ing donya (sing diukur kanthi adol) sawise McDonald's, kanthi 22.621 lokasi global ing 150 negara ing {{As of|December 2019|}} .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/256793/kfc-restaurants-worldwide-by-geographic-region/|title=KFC: restaurants worldwide 2019|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rantai kasebut minangka anak perusahaan Yum! Merek, perusahaan restoran sing uga duwe jaringan Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, lan WingStreet .&lt;ref name=&quot;YUM!-Brands-Feb-2018-10-K&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2549/104106118000013/filing-main.htm|title=YUM! Brands, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 22, 2018|publisher=secdatabase.com|access-date=May 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

KFC didegake dening [[Kolonel Sanders|Kolonel Harland Sanders]], wirausaha sing wiwit adol pitik goreng saka restoran pinggir dalan ing [[Corbin, Kentucky]], nalika [[Depresi Gedhe|Great Depression]] . Sanders ngenali potensial konsep [[waralaba]] restoran, lan [[Waralaba|franchise]] &quot;Kentucky Fried Chicken&quot; sing kaping pisanan dibukak ing [[Utah]] ing taun 1952. KFC ngapopulerake pitik ing industri panganan cepat saji, nggawe pasar kanthi nantang dominasi [[hamburger]] . Kanthi menehi jeneng &quot;Kolonel Sanders&quot;, Harland dadi tokoh [[Sejarah budaya Amerika Serikat|sejarah budaya Amerika sing misuwur]], lan citrane tetep digunakake ing pariwara KFC nganti saiki. Nanging, ekspansi perusahaan kanthi cepet ngluwihi Sanders sing wis tuwa, lan dheweke adol menyang klompok investor sing dipimpin dening [[John Y. Brown Jr.]] lan [[Jack C. Massey]] ing taun 1964.

[[Barkas:KFC_Bandung_Supermall.jpg|ka|jmpl| Konter ing KFC ing [[Kutha Bandhung|Bandung]], [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]]]
Ing [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], KFC minangka rantai restoran paling gedhe ing Kulon, kanthi 466 outlet ing Desember 2013  &lt;ref name=&quot;rappeport&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1c6e8168-aa6c-11e1-9331-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wmH5Xd5J|title=Finger lickin' all over the world|last=Rappeport|first=Alan|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=November 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rantai kasebut tuwuh kanggo ngramal pangsa pasar 32 persen, lan item menu kalebu spaghetti, bungkus lan bubur pitik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-24/kfc-growth-seen-slowing-as-indonesia-limits-franchisees.html|title=KFC Growth Seen Slowing as Indonesia Limits Franchisees|last=Patton|first=Leslie|date=February 25, 2013|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=February 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Master franchisee yaiku PT Fastfood Indonesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated45&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kfcindonesia.kfcku.com/profil-perusahaan-1|title=Profil Perusahaan|date=May 4, 2013|publisher=KFC Indonesia|language=id|access-date=February 2, 2021|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118052406/http://kfcindonesia.kfcku.com/profil-perusahaan-1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Outlet pertama dibukak ing Jakarta taun 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated45&quot;/&gt; Salim Group, konglomerat paling gedhe ing Indonesia, dadi pemegang saham utama ing taun 1990, sing nyedhiyakake dana kanggo perusahaan kanggo ekspansi utama.  Francaise utama, PT Fastfood Indonesia, terdaftar ing [[Bursa Èfèk Indonésia|Bursa Efek Indonesia]] ing taun 1993. 
==Galeri==
[[Barkas:KFC_Cheesy_Potato_Wedges.jpg|jmpl| [[Kenthang rajang|Wedges]] KFC &quot; [[Saos cheddar|Cheezy]] &quot;, mung kasedhiya ing negara kasebut. Pisanan dikenalake udakara taun 2005, iki minangka salah sawijining barang laris ing KFC Malaysia.]]
[[Barkas:KFC_Rice_Set_(Malaysia)_and_Chicken_Nuggets.jpg|jmpl| 2 potong kombo Ayam &quot;Panas &amp; Pedhes&quot; disedhiyakake karo nasi kolonel, [[coleslaw]] lan [[Saos pedhes legi|saus cabai Thailand]] ; nganggo Nugget Ayam KFC kanthi saos [[krim asem]] ing sisih kiwa ndhuwur gambar. Akin kanggo umume pasar Asia, KFC Malaysia uga nawakake nasi ing menu wiwit taun 2010. Ngemot tradisi kuliner lokal, nasi KFC Malaysia entuk inspirasi saka [[Sega pitik Hainan|nasi pitik Hainanese]] lokal. Kajaba iku, Nugget pitik KFC uga asale saka Malaysia sadurunge ditambahi menyang akeh outlet internasional.]]
[[Barkas:KFC_Hot_Wings_Fries.jpg|jmpl|KFC Panas Wings lan kentang goreng]]
[[Barkas:KFC_Shrimp_Burger_2007.jpg|jmpl|Burger udang KFC ing KFC Vietnam, 2007]]
[[Barkas:16-03-02-Hot-Wings-KFC-Berlin-N3S_3711.jpg|jmpl|Menu Hot Wings disetel ing KFC Berlin]]
[[Barkas:KFC_Zinger.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Zinger KFC dadi [[Kenthang gorèng|kentang goreng]] lan [[Saos pedhes legi|saus cabai Thailand]] ing [[Shah Alam]], Malaysia. Zinger lumebu pasar Malaysia ing wulan April 1995.]]
[[Barkas:Dragon_Twister_from_KFC_Delivery_(20201213202030).jpg|jmpl| KFC Dragon Twister, [[Wungkus|bungkus sing]] didol ing China]]
[[Barkas:KFC_Original_Recipe_chicken_in_bucket.jpg|ka|jmpl| KFC Resep Asli pitik goreng]]

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{Chicken chains}}
[[Kategori:Perusahaan sing didagangaké ing Bursa Saham Tokyo]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5436" sha1="p3dwncmgyaa0tf9hl0w0qsgrecmvtg4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company|name=KFC Corporation|type=[[Subsidiary]]}}'''KFC''' (singkatan saka '''Kentucky Fried Chicken''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/70275/12-finger-lickin-facts-about-kfc|title=12 Finger-Lickin' Facts About KFC - 8. &quot;KFC&quot; Doesn't Stand For Anything. Technically.|last=Keyser|first=Hannah|date=October 27, 2015|website=[[Mental Floss]]|access-date=January 2, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) minangka rantai restoran [[Panganan cepet saji|panganan cepat saji]] Amerika sing bermarkas ing Louisville, Kentucky, sing duwe spesialisasi [[Ayam gorèng|pitik goreng]] . Iki minangka rantai restoran paling gedhe nomer loro ing donya (sing diukur kanthi adol) sawise McDonald's, kanthi 22.621 lokasi global ing 150 negara ing {{As of|December 2019|}} .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/256793/kfc-restaurants-worldwide-by-geographic-region/|title=KFC: restaurants worldwide 2019|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rantai kasebut minangka anak perusahaan Yum! Merek, perusahaan restoran sing uga duwe jaringan Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, lan WingStreet .&lt;ref name=&quot;YUM!-Brands-Feb-2018-10-K&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2549/104106118000013/filing-main.htm|title=YUM! Brands, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 22, 2018|publisher=secdatabase.com|access-date=May 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

KFC didegake dening [[Kolonel Sanders|Kolonel Harland Sanders]], wirausaha sing wiwit adol pitik goreng saka restoran pinggir dalan ing [[Corbin, Kentucky]], nalika [[Depresi Gedhe|Great Depression]] . Sanders ngenali potensial konsep [[waralaba]] restoran, lan [[Waralaba|franchise]] &quot;Kentucky Fried Chicken&quot; sing kaping pisanan dibukak ing [[Utah]] ing taun 1952. KFC ngapopulerake pitik ing industri panganan cepat saji, nggawe pasar kanthi nantang dominasi [[hamburger]] . Kanthi menehi jeneng &quot;Kolonel Sanders&quot;, Harland dadi tokoh [[Sejarah budaya Amerika Serikat|sejarah budaya Amerika sing misuwur]], lan citrane tetep digunakake ing pariwara KFC nganti saiki. Nanging, ekspansi perusahaan kanthi cepet ngluwihi Sanders sing wis tuwa, lan dheweke adol menyang klompok investor sing dipimpin dening [[John Y. Brown Jr.]] lan [[Jack C. Massey]] ing taun 1964.

[[Barkas:KFC_Bandung_Supermall.jpg|ka|jmpl| Konter ing KFC ing [[Kutha Bandhung|Bandung]], [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]]]
Ing [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], KFC minangka rantai restoran paling gedhe ing Kulon, kanthi 466 outlet ing Desember 2013  &lt;ref name=&quot;rappeport&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1c6e8168-aa6c-11e1-9331-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wmH5Xd5J|title=Finger lickin' all over the world|last=Rappeport|first=Alan|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=November 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rantai kasebut tuwuh kanggo ngramal pangsa pasar 32 persen, lan item menu kalebu spaghetti, bungkus lan bubur pitik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-24/kfc-growth-seen-slowing-as-indonesia-limits-franchisees.html|title=KFC Growth Seen Slowing as Indonesia Limits Franchisees|last=Patton|first=Leslie|date=February 25, 2013|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=February 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Master franchisee yaiku PT Fastfood Indonesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated45&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kfcindonesia.kfcku.com/profil-perusahaan-1|title=Profil Perusahaan|date=May 4, 2013|publisher=KFC Indonesia|language=id|access-date=February 2, 2021|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118052406/http://kfcindonesia.kfcku.com/profil-perusahaan-1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Outlet pertama dibukak ing Jakarta taun 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated45&quot;/&gt; Salim Group, konglomerat paling gedhe ing Indonesia, dadi pemegang saham utama ing taun 1990, sing nyedhiyakake dana kanggo perusahaan kanggo ekspansi utama.  Francaise utama, PT Fastfood Indonesia, terdaftar ing [[Bursa Èfèk Indonésia|Bursa Efek Indonesia]] ing taun 1993. 
==Galeri==
&lt;gallery&gt;
KFC_Cheesy_Potato_Wedges.jpg|[[Kenthang rajang|Wedges]] KFC &quot; [[Saos cheddar|Cheezy]] &quot;, mung kasedhiya ing negara kasebut. Pisanan dikenalake udakara taun 2005, iki minangka salah sawijining barang laris ing KFC Malaysia.
KFC_Rice_Set_(Malaysia)_and_Chicken_Nuggets.jpg|2 potong kombo Ayam &quot;Panas &amp; Pedhes&quot; disedhiyakake karo nasi kolonel, [[coleslaw]] lan [[Saos pedhes legi|saus cabai Thailand]] ; nganggo Nugget Ayam KFC kanthi saos [[krim asem]] ing sisih kiwa ndhuwur gambar. Akin kanggo umume pasar Asia, KFC Malaysia uga nawakake nasi ing menu wiwit taun 2010. Ngemot tradisi kuliner lokal, nasi KFC Malaysia entuk inspirasi saka [[Sega pitik Hainan|nasi pitik Hainanese]] lokal. Kajaba iku, Nugget pitik KFC uga asale saka Malaysia sadurunge ditambahi menyang akeh outlet internasional.
KFC_Hot_Wings_Fries.jpg|jmpl|KFC Panas Wings lan kentang goreng
KFC_Shrimp_Burger_2007.jpg|jmpl|Burger udang KFC ing KFC Vietnam, 2007
16-03-02-Hot-Wings-KFC-Berlin-N3S_3711.jpg|jmpl|Menu Hot Wings disetel ing KFC Berlin
KFC_Zinger.jpg|kiri|Zinger KFC dadi [[Kenthang gorèng|kentang goreng]] lan [[Saos pedhes legi|saus cabai Thailand]] ing [[Shah Alam]], Malaysia. Zinger lumebu pasar Malaysia ing wulan April 1995.
Dragon_Twister_from_KFC_Delivery_(20201213202030).jpg|KFC Dragon Twister, [[Wungkus|bungkus sing]] didol ing China
KFC_Original_Recipe_chicken_in_bucket.jpg|KFC Resep Asli pitik goreng
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{Chicken chains}}
[[Kategori:Perusahaan sing didagangaké ing Bursa Saham Tokyo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pozol</title>
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      <text bytes="3874" sha1="4icuf2ffvvjbkusqbut1re8du0x4c5o" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:CloseServingPozol.jpg|ka|jmpl|448x448px| Pozol dilayani ing boardwalk Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas]]
'''Pozol''' (saka Nahuatl &quot; ''Pozōlli&quot;'' ) minangka jeneng [[Jagung|adonan jagung sing]] difermentasi lan minuman sing digawe saka asale, sing asale saka Meksiko Pra-Columbian . Bahan-bahan liyane kajaba adonan jagung lan banyu, kayata [[Woh Kakao|coklat]], bisa ditambahake. Minuman iki dikonsumsi ing sisih kidul Meksiko ing negara bagian Chiapas lan Tabasco . Iki minangka rasa ngelak sing uga digunakake kanggo nglawan penyakit. Uga mbantu wong-wong [[Wong Indian|pribumi ing Amerika]] minangka rezeki nalika lelungan adoh ing alas.

== Gawe ==
Pozol digawe kanthi adonan adonan jagung, banjur digulung dadi bal utawa roti lan bisa disimpen ing [[godhong gedhang]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=ben Omar N, Ampe F|date=September 2000|title=Microbial community dynamics during production of the Mexican fermented maize dough pozol|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2000-09_66_9/page/3664|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol.|volume=66|issue=9|pages=3664–73|doi=10.1128/aem.66.9.3664-3673.2000|pmc=92204|pmid=10966374|quote=Cobs of white maize are shelled, and the kernels are cooked in the presence of lime and washed to remove the pericarps. The grains are then coarsely ground, shaped into balls, wrapped in banana leaves, and allowed to ferment at ambient temperature for 2 to 7 or more days. The resulting fermented dough is suspended in water and drunk daily as a refreshing beverage.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minuman, sing minangka &quot;bubur keputihan,&quot; digawe kanthi ngrendhem adonan ing banyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;steinkraus2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlHKIvrogUC&amp;pg=PA253|title=Handbook of indigenous fermented foods|last=Steinkraus|first=Keith H.|publisher=CRC|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8247-9352-4|pages=252–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahan-bahan ekstra umum kalebu cabai, [[madu]], lan gula.
[[Barkas:Tabasco_Pozol.jpg|kiri|jmpl|300x300px|pozol soklat]]
[[Barkas:Tabasco_Pozol_sin_cacao.jpg|ka|jmpl| Pozol putih, siyap arep ngombe, ing pasar Villahermosa, Tabasco .]]


Pozol putih digawe saka adonan sing dicampur karo banyu sing legi utawa ora legi. Bisa digawe legi nganggo gula utawa ora. Sawetara wong saka Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas uga seneng nyiyapake [[Roti asem|asem asam]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;pozolseis 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.expresochiapas.com/noticias/mas-opiniones/6053-pozol-de-cacao-y-blanco.htm|title=Pozol de Cacao|last=Enrique Hidalgo Mellanes|location=Mexico|language=es|access-date=2010-11-04|archive-date=2011-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710212603/http://www.expresochiapas.com/noticias/mas-opiniones/6053-pozol-de-cacao-y-blanco.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ora nguntungke Pozol umume ing Tuxtla Gutierrez. Adonan asem difermentasi telung dina lan bisa dijupuk nganggo gula utawa tanpa. Bisa dikonsumsi adhem kanthi jiwit [[uyah]] lan irisan [[Lombok abang|cabai]] (utawa ngulu uyah sing dicampur karo [[Bubuk lombok|bubuk cabai]] ). Saiki, Lacandones nggunakake pozol sing dicampur karo [[madu]] kanggo nyuda demam lan ngontrol [[Diaré|diare]] lan gangguan usus liyane, kanthi cara sing padha karo wong liya nggunakake obat-obatan utawa mangan panganan sing ngandung [[Khamir|ragi]] utawa laktobacillus . &lt;ref name=&quot;pozolsiete 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.conecultachiapas.gob.mx/paginas_historicas/?%CDndice_de_temas:El_Pozol_en_Chiapas|title=Pozol Agrio|last=Coneculta Chiapas|location=Mexico|language=es|access-date=2010-11-04}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saiki, pozol uga disiapake nggunakake susu lan horchata. Adonan jagung dicampur karo susu, tinimbang banyu, lan gula. Kombinasi iki nggawe versi pozol tradisional sing luwih legi. Pozol manis karo coklat minangka versi pozol sing paling populer ing Tabasco.

== Referensi ==</text>
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    <title>Asem linoléat</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for  (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10908" sha1="i79gskktmg1m3rp6phjx8mhrhgl6cso" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Linoleic_acid.svg|jmpl|Struktur kimiya asem linoléat]]
{{chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 476999843
| Name = Linoleic acid
| OtherNames = ''cis'',''cis''-9,12-octadecadienoic acid&lt;br&gt;C18:2 ([[Fatty acid#Nomenclature|Lipid numbers]])
| ImageFile = LAnumbering.png
| ImageSize = 300px
| ImageFile1 = Linoleic-acid-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png
| ImageSize1 = 300px
| ImageFile2 = Linoleic-acid-from-xtal-1979-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSize2 = 300px
| IUPACName = (9''Z'',12''Z'')-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid
| SystematicName = 
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| IUPHAR_ligand = 1052
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4444105
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C01595
| Gmelin = 57557
| Beilstein = 1727101
| PubChem = 5280450
| EC_number = 200-470-9
| DrugBank = DB14104
| 3DMet = B00328
| UNII = 9KJL21T0QJ
| InChI = 1/C18H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h6-7,9-10H,2-5,8,11-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20)/b7-6-,10-9-
| InChIKey = OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNBX
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 267476
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C18H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h6-7,9-10H,2-5,8,11-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20)/b7-6-,10-9-
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 60-33-3
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 17351
| SMILES = CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)O
  }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=18 | H=32 | O=2
| Appearance = Colorless oil
| Density = 0.9 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=Merck&gt;''The [[Merck Index]]'', 11th Edition, '''5382'''&lt;/ref&gt;
| MeltingPt = {{convert|-12|C|F}}&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{convert|-6.9|C|F}}&lt;ref name=&quot;crc97&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=William M. Haynes | title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition=97th | year=2016 | publisher=CRC Press | location=Boca Raton | isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3 | pages=3–338 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVezDAAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{convert|-5|C|F}}&lt;ref name=GESTIS&gt;{{GESTIS|ZVG=14230|CAS=60-33-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| BoilingPt = {{convert|229|C|F}} at 16 mmHg&lt;ref name=&quot;crc97&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{convert|230|C|F}} at 21 mbar&lt;ref name=GESTIS/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{convert|230|C|F}} at 16 mmHg&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt;
| Solubility = 0.139 mg/L&lt;ref name=GESTIS/&gt;
| VaporPressure = 16 Torr at 229&amp;nbsp;°C{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
  }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 1
| NFPA-R = 0
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt = {{convert|112|C|F}}&lt;ref name=GESTIS/&gt;
| AutoignitionPt = }}
| Section4 = 
| Section5 = 
| Section6 = 
}}

'''Asem linoléat''' minangka senyawa organik kanthi formula COOH (CH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ) &lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt; CH = CHCH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; CH = CH (CH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ) &lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; CH &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. Kaloro klompok alkena yaiku ''cis'' . Iki minangka asem lemak sing asring diarani '''18: 2 (n-6)''' utawa '''18: 2 ''cis'' -9,12''' . '''Linoléat''' minangka uyah utawa ester saka asem iki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyberlipid.org/fa/acid0001.htm|title=Fatty Acids|publisher=Cyber Lipid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011853/http://www.cyberlipid.org/fa/acid0001.htm|archive-date=28 October 2018|access-date=31 July 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011853/http://www.cyberlipid.org/fa/acid0001.htm |date=28 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Asem linoléat minangka asem lemak oméga-6 sing dipolietaturasi . Iki minangka lenga tanpa warna utawa putih sing méh ora larut ing [[banyu]] nanging larut ing akèh pelarut organik.  Biasané kedadeyan ing alam minangka trigliserida (ester gliserin) lan ora kalebu [[asem lemak]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Is there a fatty acid taste&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mattes|first=RD|year=2009|title=Is there a fatty acid taste?|journal=Annu. Rev. Nutr.|volume=29|pages=305–27|doi=10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141108|pmc=2843518|pmid=19400700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki minangka salah siji saka rong asem lemak penting kanggo manungsa, sing kudu ana ing pola mangan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Simopoulos, Artemis P.|year=2008|title=The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9b03f5f0edd6694d2eb90b8ee2081d53624c36b2|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=233|issue=6|pages=674–688|doi=10.3181/0711-mr-311|pmid=18408140}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tembung &quot;linoleic&quot; asalé saka basa Latin &quot;flax&quot; + ''oleum'' ''&quot;linum'' [[Basa Latin|Latin,]] nuduhaké kasunyatan manawa zat iki pisanan diisolasi karo lenga wiji [[rami]].

== Sejarah asem linoléat ==
Ing taun 1844, F. Sacc, makarya ing [[laboratorium]] Justus von Liebig, ngisolasi asem linoléat saka lenga wiji rami. &lt;ref name=&quot;sacc1844&quot;&gt;F. Sacc (1844) &quot;Ueber das Leinöl, seine physicalischen und chemischen Eigenscharften und seine Oxydationsproducte&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sacc1845&quot;&gt;F. Sacc (1845): &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pYk1AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA9-PA3&amp;lpg=RA9-PA3 Expériences sur les propriétés physiques et chimiques de l'huile de Lin]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ing taun 1886, K. Peters nemtokaké anané rong obligasi dobel. &lt;ref name=&quot;mona1887&quot;&gt;(1886), ''Monatsch''., volume 7, pages 522-&lt;/ref&gt; Peran penting ing [[panganan]] manungsa ditemokaké dening GO Burr lan liyané ing taun 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;burr1930&quot;&gt;(1930: ''J Biol Chem'', volume 86, pages 587-&lt;/ref&gt; Struktur kimia kasebut ditemtokaké dening TP Hilditch lan liyané ing taun 1939, lan disintesis dening RA Raphael lan F. Sondheimer ing taun 1950. &lt;ref name=&quot;raph1950&quot;&gt;R. A. Raphael and Franz Sondheimer (1950): &quot;The synthesis of long-chain aliphatic acids from acetylenic compounds.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Peran asem linoléat ==
[[Barkas:Linoleic-acid-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png|jmpl|Asem linoléat ing telung dhimènsi]]
Konsumsi asem linoléat iku penting banget kanggo kesehatan, amarga iku asem lemak penting. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whelan &amp; Fritsche&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Whelan|first=Jay|last2=Fritsche|first2=Kevin|date=May 2013|title=Linoleic Acid|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=4|issue=3|pages=311–312|doi=10.3945/an.113.003772|pmc=3650500|pmid=23674797}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing tikus, panganan sing kurang linoléat ( bentuk uyah asam) wis kabukten nggawé kulit sisik, [[Rambut brodhol|rambut rontok]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Cunnane&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1 April 1997|title=Pure linoleate deficiency in the rat: influence on growth, accumulation of n-6 polyunsaturates, and (1-&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C) linoleate oxidation|url=http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/38/4/805|journal=J Lipid Res|volume=38|issue=4|pages=805–12|pmid=9144095|access-date=2007-01-15|archive-date=2007-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228144840/http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/38/4/805|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228144840/http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/38/4/805 |date=2007-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan lelara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruthig&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1 October 1999|title=Both (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids stimulate wound healing in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_1999-10_129_10/page/1791|journal=Journal of Nutrition|volume=129|issue=10|pages=1791–8|doi=10.1093/jn/129.10.1791|pmid=10498749|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reaksi asem linoléat lan gunané ==
Asem linoléat minangka komponèn lenga sing cepet garing, sing migunani kanggo cèt lenga lan varnis . Iki kerja kanthi ngedhuk labilitas saka kurva kelompok CH (-CH = CH-C ''H'' &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; -CH = CH-) menyang [[Oksigèn|oksigén]] ing udhara. Tambahan oksigén nyebabaké ranté silang lan pembentukan film stabil. Pangurangan klompok asem karboksilat asem linoléat ngasilaké alkohol linoleil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Adkins|first=Homer|last2=Gillespie|first2=R. H.|year=1949|title=Oleyl Alcohol|journal=Organic Syntheses|volume=29|page=80|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.029.0080}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asem linoléat minangka surfaktan kanthi konsentrasi misèl kritis 1,5 x 10 &lt;sup&gt;−4&lt;/sup&gt; M @ pH 7,5.

Asem linoléat dadi sansaya populer ing industri produk kecantikan amarga khasiat ing kulit. Panliten nuduhaké asem anti-inflamasi, ngurangi kukul, pancerah kulit lan sifat retènsi kelembapan nalika ditrapaké ing kulit. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Diezel|first=W.E.|last2=Schulz|first2=E.|last3=Skanks|first3=M.|last4=Heise|first4=H.|year=1993|title=Plant oils: Topical application and anti-inflammatory effects (croton oil test)|journal=Dermatologische Monatsschrift|volume=179|page=173}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Letawe|first=C|last2=Boone|first2=M|last3=Pierard|first3=GE|date=March 1998|title=Digital image analysis of the effect of topically applied linoleic acid on acne microcomedones|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=23|issue=2|pages=56–58|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2230.1998.00315.x|pmid=9692305}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ando|first=H|last2=Ryu|first2=A|last3=Hashimoto|first3=A|last4=Oka|first4=M|last5=Ichihashi|first5=M|date=March 1998|title=Linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin.|journal=Archives of Dermatological Research|volume=290|issue=7|pages=375–381|doi=10.1007/s004030050320|pmid=9749992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darmstadt|first=GL|last2=Mao-Qiang|first2=M|last3=Chi|first3=E|last4=Saha|first4=SK|last5=Ziboh|first5=VA|last6=Black|first6=RE|last7=Santosham|first7=M|last8=Elias|first8=PM|year=2002|title=Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: possible implications for neonatal health in developing countries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2002_91_5/page/546|journal=Acta Paediatrica|volume=91|issue=5|pages=546–554|citeseerx=10.1.1.475.1064|doi=10.1080/080352502753711678|pmid=12113324}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panganan sing ngandhung asem linoléat ==
Asem linoléat kasedhiya ana akèh ing kembang saf, [[Lenga kembang srengéngé|lenga kwaci]], lenga [[Lenga jagung|jagung]], lan kalebu luwih saka separo komposisi kanthi bobot. Saiki kasedhiya ing jumlah sedhengan kanggo [[Lenga kedhelé|lenga kedeleé]], [[Wijèn|wijén]], lan [[Almond|almon]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;USDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl|title=Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page|year=2007|website=USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414070404/http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl|archive-date=14 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaur|first=Narinder|last2=Chugh|first2=Vishal|last3=Gupta|first3=Anil K.|date=October 2014|title=Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods- a review|journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology|volume=51|issue=10|pages=2289–2303|doi=10.1007/s13197-012-0677-0|pmc=4190204|pmid=25328170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paripustaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Asem]]
[[Kategori:Senyawa organik]]</text>
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    <title>Imunologi</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for  (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8347" sha1="39nmjwhrx2koo8y5errhczaacbiyxgg" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Applied_immunology_-_the_practical_application_of_sera_and_bacterins_prophylactically,_diagnostically,_and_therapeutically_(1916)_(14788924923).jpg|jmpl|Terapané imunologi]]
'''Imunologi''' minangka cabang [[biologi]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnu.edu/biology/about-us/what-is-biology|title=What is Biology?|last=Fossen|first=Christian|website=www.ntnu.edu|access-date=2018-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; sing ngliputi panélitian [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Systems Immunology: Learning the Rules of the Immune System|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=36|issue=1|pages=813–42|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053035|pmc=6597491|pmid=29677477}}&lt;/ref&gt; ing kabèh [[organisme]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=imm.TOC&amp;depth=2 Janeway's Immunobiology textbook] Searchable free online version at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bagan imunologi, langkah, lan kontekstualisasi [[Fisiologi|fungsi fisiologis]] sistem kekebalan awak ing kesehatan lan penyakit; malfungsi sistem kekebalan awak ing kelainan imunologis (kayata penyakit otoimun,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/autoimmune-disorders|title=Autoimmune Diseases: Types, Symptoms, Causes and More|work=Healthline|access-date=2018-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; hipersensitivitas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/hypersensitivities/|title=Hypersensitivities {{!}} Microbiology|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=2018-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kurangé kekebalan awak,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://primaryimmune.org/about-primary-immunodeficiencies/specific-disease-types|title=Specific Disease Types {{!}} Immune Deficiency Foundation|website=primaryimmune.org|access-date=2018-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan penolakan transplantasi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000815.htm|title=Transplant rejection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=2018-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ); lan ciri fisik, kimia, lan fisiologis komponen sistem kekebalan ''in vitro'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=March 1972|title=Immune responses in vitro. IV. Suppression of primary M, G, and A plaque-forming cell responses in mouse spleen cell cultures by class-specific antibody to mouse immunoglobulins|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-medicine_1972-03_135_3/page/675|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=135|issue=3|pages=675–97|doi=10.1084/jem.135.3.675|pmc=2139142|pmid=4536706}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''in situ'', and ''in vivo''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1983|title=Regeneration and the immune system. I. In vitro and in vivo activation of lymphocytes by liver regeneration and the role of Kupffer cells in stimulation|journal=European Journal of Immunology|volume=13|issue=11|pages=878–83|doi=10.1002/eji.1830131104|pmid=6227489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imunologi duwé aplikasi ing pirang-pirang disiplin ilmu kedhokteran, utamané ing bidang transplantasi organ, onkologi, rheumatologi, virologi, bakteriologi, parasitologi, psikiatri, lan dermatologi.

Istilah kasebut digawe dening ahli biologi [[Ruslan]] yaiku Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/ilya-ilyich-mechnikov-elie-metchnikoff-1845-1916|title=Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Elie Metchnikoff) (1845–1916)|website=The Embryo Project|publisher=Arizona State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyinaoni babagan imunologi lan nampa Hadiah Nobel kanggo karyané ing taun 1908. Dhéwéke nyelehaké eri cilik menyang larva lintang laut lan ngerteni sèl sing ora biasa ing sekitar eri kasebut. Iki minangka reaksi aktif awak sing nyoba njaga integritas. Mechnikov sing pisanan ngamati fenomena fagositosis,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/phagocytosis|title=Phagocytosis: Definition, Process, &amp; Examples|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2018-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ing endi awak mbela awaké dhéwé nglawan benda asing.

Sadurunge sebutan kekebalan,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/immunity|title=Definition of immunity in English|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=2021-04-30|archive-date=2018-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153512/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/immunity|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; saka ''imunitas oyot etymological'', sing [[basa Latin]] kanggo &quot;dibebasaké&quot;, dokter awal duwé ciri organ sing mengko bakal kabukten dadi komponen penting sistem kekebalan awak. Organ limfoid sing penting ing sistem kekebalan yaiku [[timus]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=The thymus and the immune system: layered levels of control|journal=Journal of Thoracic Oncology|volume=5|issue=10 Suppl 4|pages=S273–76|doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181f20474|pmc=2951290|pmid=20859118}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sungsum balung|sumsum tulang]], lan jaringan limfatik utama kayata [[limpa]], [[Amandhel|amandel]], [[Sistem limfatik|pembuluh]] limfa, kelenjar getah bening, adenoid, lan [[ati]]. Nalika kahanan kesehatan saya parah kanggo status darurat, bagean organ sistem kekebalan awak, kalebu timus, limpa, sumsum balung, kelenjar getah bening, lan jaringan limfa liyané, bisa diilangi kanthi [[Bedhah|bedah]] nalika pasien isih urip. akéh komponen sistem kekebalan biasané sipate seluler lan ora ana gandhengané karo organ tartamtu, nanging luwih becik ditempelaké utawa sirkulasi ing macem-macem [[Jaringan (Biologi)|jaringan]] sing ana ing saindenging awak.

== Imunologi klasik ==
Imunologi klasik hubungané karo bidang epidemiologi lan [[Kedhokteran|obat]]. Sinau babagan hubungan antara sistem awak, patogen, lan kekebalan. Sebutan kakébalan sing paling awal ditulis bisa ditrapaké manéh ing wabah [[Aténa|Athena]] ing taun 430 SM. Thucydides nyathet manawa wong sing wis pulih saka penyakit sadurunge, bisa menehi [[Juru rawat|perawat]] marang wong sing lara tanpa kena penyakit kaping pindho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html|title=The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications.|last=Gherardi|first=E|date=2007-01-02|website=Immunology Course Medical School, University of Pavia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102170207/http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html|archive-date=2007-01-02|access-date=2018-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; akéh masarakat kuno liyané duwé referensi babagan fenomena iki, nanging nalika abad kaping 19 lan 20 sadurunge konsep kasebut tuwuh dadi téori ilmiah.

== Imunologi klinis ==
Imunologi klinis yaiku panélitian babagan [[Lelara|penyakit]] sing disebabaké kelainan sistem kekebalan awak (kegagalan, tumindak nyimpang, lan tuwuh ganas unsur-unsur sèl sistem kasebut). Uga kalebu penyakit sistem liyané, ing ngendi reaksi kekebalan nyebabaké patologi lan fitur klinis. Imunologis klinis uga sinau cara kanggo nyegah upaya sistem kekebalan awak supaya bisa ngrusak allograf (nolak transplantasi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/organs-and-tissues/transplant-rejection-t-helper-cell|title=Transplant rejection: T-helper cell paradigm {{!}} British Society for Immunology|website=www.immunology.org|access-date=2019-04-23|archive-date=2019-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423151148/https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/organs-and-tissues/transplant-rejection-t-helper-cell|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imunologi diagnostik ==
Kekhususan ikatan antarané antibodi lan antigen ndadekaké antibodi minangka alat sing apik banget kanggo ndeteksi zat kanthi macem-macem teknik diagnostik. Antibodi khusus kanggo antigen sing dipengini bisa digandhengaké karo isotop (radio) utawa label neon utawa karo enzim sing mbentuk warna supaya bisa ndeteksi. Nanging, kamiripan antarané sawetara antigen bisa nyebabaké positip palsu lan kesalahan liyané ing tes kasebut kanthi reaksi anti-reaksi antibodi karo antigen sing ora pas.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1993317&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=February 1991|title=Approaches to minimizing interference by cross-reacting molecules in immunoassays|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-chemistry_1991-02_37_2/page/144|journal=Clinical Chemistry|volume=37|issue=2|pages=144–53|doi=10.1093/clinchem/37.2.144|pmid=1993317|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paripustaka ==

&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Kedhokteran]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siklus asem sitrat</title>
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      <id>1756970</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T17:41:08Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for  (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11096" sha1="sypicbnra1w35rgeo66iuk4w3x26wq9" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Citric_acid_cycle_with_aconitate_2.svg|jmpl|Ringkesan siklus asem sitrat]]
'''Siklus asem sitrat''' ( '''CAC''' )&amp;nbsp;- uga dikenal minangka '''siklus TCA (siklus asem trikarboksilat)''' utawa '''siklus Krébs''' &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-12-181870-5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Methods in Enzymology, Volume 13: Citric Acid Cycle|url=https://archive.org/details/citricacidcycle0013unse_c7u7|last=Lowenstein JM|publisher=Academic Press|year=1969|isbn=978-0-12-181870-8|location=Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-904498-22-0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/krebscitricacidc0000unse/page/25|title=Krebs' citric acid cycle: half a century and still turning|vauthors=Kay J, Weitzman PD|publisher=Biochemical Society|year=1987|isbn=978-0-904498-22-6|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/krebscitricacidc0000unse/page/25 25]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;- minangka serangkaian [[reaksi kimia]] sing digunakaké dening èorganisme aerobik kanggo ngeculaké énérgi sing disimpen liwat oksidasi asetil-CoA sing asalé saka [[karbohidrat]], [[Gajih|lemak]], lan [[Protéin|protein]]. Kajaba iku, siklus kasebut nyedhiyakaké prekursor [[asem amino]] tartamtu, uga agén rédhuksi NADH, sing digunakaké ing pirang-pirang reaksi liyane. Pentinge utamané kanggo akèh jalur biokimia sing nuduhaké yen iku salah sawijining komponèn [[Métabolisme|metabolisme sing]] paling awal lan bisa uga wis ana sacara [[Sangkané kauripan|abiogenik]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Arrival of the Fittest|url=https://archive.org/details/arrivaloffittest0000wagn|last=Wagner|first=Andreas|date=2014|publisher=PenguinYork|isbn=9781591846468|edition=first|page=[https://archive.org/details/arrivaloffittest0000wagn/page/100 100]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-393-06596-0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeascendingten0000lane|title=Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution|last=Lane, Nick|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Co|year=2009|isbn=978-0-393-06596-1|location=New York|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kasebut minangka 'siklus', metabolit ora mung kudu ngetutaké siji rute tartamtu; paling ora telung segmén siklus asem sitrat wis dingerténi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=August 2013|title=Which way does the citric acid cycle turn during hypoxia? The critical role of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex|url=http://real.mtak.hu/56447/1/Which_way_does_the_citric_acid_cycle_turn_during_hypoxia_u.pdf|journal=Journal of Neuroscience Research|volume=91|issue=8|pages=1030–43|doi=10.1002/jnr.23196|pmid=23378250}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jeneng jalur metabolisme iki asalé saka [[asem sitrat]] (asem trikarboksilat, asring diarani sitrat, amarga wujud ionisasi ndominasi ing pH biologis &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|vauthors=Voet D, Voet JG|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|year=2004|edition=3rd|location=New York|page=615}}&lt;/ref&gt;) sing dikonsumsi lan banjur direnovasi dening urutan reaksi iki kanggo ngrampungaké siklus. Siklus kasebut nganggo asetat (ing bentuk asetil-CoA ) lan [[banyu]], nyuda NAD &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; nganti NADH, ngeculaké karbon dioksida. NADH sing digawe dening siklus asem sitrat diwenehaké menyang jalur fosforilasi oksidatif (transportasi èlèktron). Asil bersih saka rong jalur sing ana gandhengané iki yaiku oksidasi [[Hara|nutrisi]] kanggo ngasilaké énérgi kimia sing bisa digunakaké ing bentuk [[Adenosin Triphosphate|ATP]]. Ing [[Eukariota|sèl eukariotik]], siklus asem sitrat ana ing matrik [[Mitokondria|mitokondrion]] . Ing [[Prokariota|sèl prokariotik]], kayata bakteri, sing ora duwé mitokondria, urutan reaksi siklus asem sitrat ditindakaké ing sitoskol kanthi gradien proton kanggo prodhuksi ATP sing ana ing permukaan sèl ([[Mémbran sèl|membran plasma]]) lan ora ana membran utama [[mitokondria]] . Hasil umum senyawa sing ngemot énérgi saka siklus TCA yaiku telung NADH, siji FADH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, lan siji GTP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Marks' basic medical biochemistry : a clinical approach|url=https://archive.org/details/marksbasicmedica0000lieb_i4z1|last=Lieberman|first=Michael|date=2013|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|others=Marks, Allan D., Peet, Alisa.|isbn=9781608315727|edition=Fourth|location=Philadelphia|oclc=769803483}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Barkas:Acetyl-CoA-2D_colored.svg|jmpl|Diagram struktural asetil-CoA : Pérangan warna biru, ing sisih kiwa, yaiku klompok asetil ; perangan sing ireng yaiku koenzim A.]]

== Panemuan siklus asem sitrat ==
Sawetara komponèn lan reaksi siklus asem sitrat digawe ing taun 1930-an kanthi risèt Albert Szent-Györgyi, sing nampa Hadiah Nobel ing Fisiologi utawa Kedokteran taun 1937 khusus kanggo panemune sing ana gandhengané karo asem fumaric, komponèn utama siklus &lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel_Prize_1937&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|access-date=2011-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké nemokaké iki kanthi nyinaoni otot dada merpati. Amarga jaringan iki njaga kapasitas oksidatif kanthi apik sawisé rusak ing pabrik &quot;Latapie&quot; lan ngeculaké solusi berair, otot payudara dara kasebut nduweni kualifikasi kanggo panelitian reaksi oksidatif. &lt;ref&gt;Chandramana, Sudeep. (2014). Inclusive Growth And Youth Empowerment: Adevelopment Model For Aspirational India. Journal of Science, Technology and Management. 7. 52–62.&lt;/ref&gt; Siklus asem sitrat dhewe pungkasané diidentifikasi ing taun 1937 dening Hans Adolf Krebs lan William Arthur Johnson nalika ana ing Universitas Sheffield, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=April 1937|title=Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=31|issue=4|pages=645–60|doi=10.1042/bj0310645|pmc=1266984|pmid=16746382}}&lt;/ref&gt; sing saduré nampa Hadiah Nobel Fisiologi utawa Kedokteran taun 1953, lan kadang siklus kasebut dijenengi (siklus Krebs). &lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel_Prize_1953&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|access-date=2011-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Langkah siklus asem sitrat ==
Rong atom [[karbon]] dioksidasi dadi [[Karbon dioksida|CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], énérgi saka reaksi kasebut ditransfer menyang proses metabolisme liyané liwat GTP (utawa ATP), lan uga èlèktron ing NADH lan QH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; . NADH sing digawe ing siklus asem sitrat mengko bisa dioksidasi (nyumbang èlèktron) kanggo ndorong sintesis ATP ing jinis proses sing disebut fosforilasi oksidatif . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|vauthors=Voet D, Voet JG|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|year=2004|edition=3rd|location=New York|page=615}}&lt;/ref&gt; FADH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ditempelaké kanthi kovalen kanggo ''succinate dehydrogenase'', enzim sing berfungsi loro ing CAC lan rantai transportasi èlèktron mitokondria ing fosforilasi oksidatif. Mula &lt;sub&gt;, FADH 2&lt;/sub&gt; nggampangaké transfer èlèktron menyang koenzim Q, yaiku akseptor èlèktron pungkasan saka reaksi sing dikatalisis karo sucisinat: komplèks ubiquinone oxidoreductase, uga tumindak minangka penengah ing rantai transportasi èlèktron.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stryer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|vauthors=Stryer L, Berg J, Tymoczko JL|publisher=W. H. Freeman|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7167-4684-3|location=San Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mitokondria]] ing kewan, kalebu manungsa, duwé rong ''sintetis succinyl''-''CoA'' : siji sing ngasilaké GTP saka PDB, lan liyané sing ngasilaké ATP saka ADP. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9765291&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 1998|title=Genetic evidence for the expression of ATP- and GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetases in multicellular eucaryotes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_1998-10-16_273_42/page/27580|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=273|issue=42|pages=27580–6|doi=10.1074/jbc.273.42.27580|pmid=9765291|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanduran duwé jinis sing ngasilaké sintetis ''succinyl-CoA'' sing mbentuk ADP). &lt;ref name=&quot;Biochemistryofplants&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistrymole00buch|title=Biochemistry &amp; molecular biology of plants|vauthors=Jones RC, Buchanan BB, Gruissem W|publisher=American Society of Plant Physiologists|year=2000|isbn=978-0-943088-39-6|edition=1st|location=Rockville, Md}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawetara enzim ing siklus kasebut bisa uga ana gandhengané karo komplèks protein multi-enzim ing matrik [[mitokondria]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid3086126&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=June 1986|title=Organization of citric acid cycle enzymes into a multienzyme cluster|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_febs-letters_1986-06-09_201_2/page/267|journal=FEBS Letters|volume=201|issue=2|pages=267–70|doi=10.1016/0014-5793(86)80621-4|pmid=3086126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

GTP sing digawe dening sintetis ''succinyl-CoA'' sing mbentuk GDP bisa digunakaké dening nukleosida-difosfat kinase kanggo mbentuk ATP (reaksi sing dikatalisis yaiku GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP). &lt;ref name=&quot;Stryer2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|vauthors=Stryer L, Berg J, Tymoczko JL|publisher=W. H. Freeman|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7167-4684-3|location=San Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prodhuk saka siklus asem sitrat ==
Prodhuk ing puteran kaping pisanan yaiku siji GTP (utawa [[Adenosin Triphosphate|ATP]] ), telung NADH, siji QH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; lan loro [[Karbon dioksida|CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]. Amarga rong [[molekul]] asetil-CoA diprodhuksi saka saben molekul [[glukosa]], rong siklus dibutuhaké saben molekul glukosa. Mula, ing pungkasan rong siklus, produké yaiku: rong GTP, enem NADH, loro QH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, lan papat [[Karbon dioksida|CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biologi untuk SMA kelas XII|last=Tim|publisher=CV Willian|year=2016|location=Kartasura|pages=56}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; |'''Katrangan'''
|'''Reaksi'''
|'''Prodhuk'''
|-
|Jumlah réaksi ing siklus asem sitrat yaiku:
|Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + UQ + PDB + P &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; + 2 H &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; O
|→ CoA-SH + 3 NADH + UQH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + 3 H &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + GTP + 2 CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
|Gabungan reaksi sing ana sajroné oksidasi piruvat karo reaksi asam sitrat, reaksi oksidasi piruvat ing ngisor iki dipikolehi:
|Ion piruvat + 4 NAD &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + UQ + PDB + P &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; + 2 H &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; O
|→ 4 NADH + UQH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + 4 H &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + GTP + 3 CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
|Gabungan réaksi ing ndhuwur karo reaksi [[glikolisis]], réaksi oksidasi glukosa (ora kalebu réaksi ing rantai respirasi):
|Glukosa + 10 NAD &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + 2 UQ + 2 ADP + 2 PDB + 4 P &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; + 2 H &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; O
|→ 10 NADH + 2 UQH &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + 10 H &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|}
Jumlah total molekul ATP sing dipikoléhi sawisé oksidasi lengkap siji glukosa ing glikolisis, siklus asem sitrat, lan fosforilasi oksidatif kira-kira ana ing antarané 30 lan 38. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid7654171&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=September 1995|title=Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+/O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=310|issue=2|pages=379–82|doi=10.1042/bj3100379|pmc=1135905|pmid=7654171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paripustaka ==

[[Kategori:Biologi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Glikogen</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756976</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T18:18:07Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for  (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="17891" sha1="lxjkmtslit81kclcolf34ymysjpid9g" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Glycogen_structure.svg|jmpl|visualisasi lintas bagean skematik glikogen: Protein inti glikogenin dikepung karo cabang-cabang unit [[glukosa]]. Kabeh granula global bisa ngemot udakara 30.000&amp;nbsp;unit glukosa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRptlOx7yj4C|title=Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, and human performance|last=McArdle|first=William D.|last2=Katch|first2=Frank I.|last3=Katch|first3=Victor L.|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7817-4990-9|edition=6th|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Barkas:Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg|jmpl|Tampilan [[Atom|struktur atom]] saka siji untai unit [[glukosa]] [[Molekul|ing molekul]] glikogen.]]
[[Barkas:Parasite130059-fig7_Spermiogenesis_in_Pleurogenidae_(Digenea).tif|ka|jmpl|Glikogen (granula ireng) ing spermatozoa saka cacing pipih; mikroskop elektron transmisi, skala: 0,3&amp;nbsp;m]]
'''Glikogen''' ya iku [[polisakarida]] [[glukosa]] rantai akéh sing dadi salah sawijining bentuk panyimpenan energi ing [[Sato kéwan|kewan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Life|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781429255417|last=Sadava|first=David E.|last2=Purves|first2=William K.|last3=Hillis|first3=David M.|last4=Orians|first4=Gordon H.|last5=Heller|first5=H. Craig|publisher=W. H. Freeman|year=2011|isbn=9781429254311|edition=9th, International}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fungi|jamur]], lan bakteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcat.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000berg_w1i5|vauthors=Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Gatto GJ, Stryer L|date=2015-04-08|publisher=W. H. Freeman|isbn=9781464126109|edition=Eighth|location=New York|oclc=913469736}}&lt;/ref&gt; Struktur polisakarida nuduhaké wujud panyimpenan utama glukosa ing awak. Fungsi glikogen minangka salah siji saka rong bentuk cadangan energi, glikogen kanggo jangka pendek lan bentuk liyané yaiku toko trigliserida ing jaringan adipose (yaiku lemak awak) kanggo panyimpenan jangka panjang. Ing [[manungsa]], glikogen digawé lan disimpen utamané ing sel [[ati]] lan otot balung.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 2009|title=Four grams of glucose|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=296|issue=1|pages=E11–21|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008|pmc=2636990|pmid=18840763|quote=Four grams of glucose circulates in the blood of a person weighing 70&amp;nbsp;kg. This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types. In accordance with the importance of these 4&amp;nbsp;g of glucose, a sophisticated control system is in place to maintain blood glucose constant. Our focus has been on the mechanisms by which the flux of glucose from liver to blood and from blood to skeletal muscle is regulated. ... The brain consumes ∼60% of the blood glucose used in the sedentary, fasted person. ... The amount of glucose in the blood is preserved at the expense of glycogen reservoirs (Fig.&amp;nbsp;2). In postabsorptive humans, there are ∼100&amp;nbsp;g of glycogen in the liver and ∼400&amp;nbsp;g of glycogen in muscle. Carbohydrate oxidation by the working muscle can go up by ∼10&amp;nbsp;fold with exercise, and yet after 1&amp;nbsp;{{sup|h}}, blood glucose is maintained at ∼4&amp;nbsp;g.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1615908&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1992|title=Glycogen storage: Illusions of easy weight loss, excessive weight regain, and distortions in estimates of body composition|url=http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/56/1/292S.full.pdf|journal=[[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=56|issue=1, Suppl|pages=292s–293s|doi=10.1093/ajcn/56.1.292S|pmid=1615908}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing ati, glikogen bisa ngasilaké 5-6% bobot seger organ, lan ati saka wong diwasa, bobote 1,5&amp;nbsp;kg, bisa disimpen udakara 100-120&amp;nbsp;gram glikogen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X491kgEACAAJ|title=Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology|last=Guyton|first=Arthur C.|last2=Hall|first2=John Edward|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|year=2011|isbn=978-5-98657-013-6|location=New York, New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing otot balung, glikogen ditemokaké ing konsentrasi kurang (1-2% massa otot) lan otot balung kanggo wong diwasa kanthi bobote 70&amp;nbsp;toko kg udakara 400&amp;nbsp;gram glikogen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot;/&gt;

Jumlah glikogen sing disimpen ing awak, utamané ing otot lan ati, biasané gumantung karo latihan fisik, tingkat [[métabolisme]] basal, lan pola makan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bergström|first=Jonas|last2=Hermansen|first2=Lars|last3=Hultman|first3=Eric|last4=Saltin|first4=Bengt|date=1967|title=Diet, Muscle Glycogen and Physical Performance|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x|journal=Acta Physiologica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=71|issue=2–3|pages=140–150|doi=10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x|issn=1365-201X|pmid=5584523}}&lt;/ref&gt; (khusus serat tipe oksidatif 1 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jensen|first=Rasmus|last2=Ørtenblad|first2=Niels|last3=Stausholm|first3=Marie-Louise Holleufer|last4=Skjærbæk|first4=Mette Carina|last5=Larsen|first5=Daniel Nykvist|last6=Hansen|first6=Mette|last7=Holmberg|first7=Hans-Christer|last8=Plomgaard|first8=Peter|last9=Nielsen|first9=Joachim|date=2020|title=Heterogeneity in subcellular muscle glycogen utilisation during exercise impacts endurance capacity in men|url=https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/JP280247|journal=The Journal of Physiology|language=en|volume=598|issue=19|pages=4271–4292|doi=10.1113/JP280247|issn=1469-7793|pmid=32686845}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jensen 1272–1284&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jensen|first=Rasmus|last2=Ørtenblad|first2=Niels|last3=Stausholm|first3=Marie‐Louise H.|last4=Skjærbæk|first4=Mette C.|last5=Larsen|first5=Daniel N.|last6=Hansen|first6=Mette|last7=Holmberg|first7=Hans‐Christer|last8=Plomgaard|first8=Peter|last9=Nielsen|first9=Joachim|date=May 2021|title=Glycogen supercompensation is due to increased number, not size, of glycogen particles in human skeletal muscle|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/EP089317|journal=Experimental Physiology|language=en|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1272–1284|doi=10.1113/EP089317|issn=0958-0670|pmid=33675088}}&lt;/ref&gt; ). Tingkat glikogen otot istirahat sing beda bisa digayuh kanthi ngganti jumlah partikel glikogen, tinimbang nambah ukuran partikel sing ana &lt;ref name=&quot;Jensen 1272–1284&quot;/&gt; sanajan umume partikel glikogen ing istirahat luwih cilik tinimbang maksimal teoritis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marchand|first=I.|last2=Chorneyko|first2=K.|last3=Tarnopolsky|first3=M.|last4=Hamilton|first4=S.|last5=Shearer|first5=J.|last6=Potvin|first6=J.|last7=Graham|first7=T. E.|date=2002-11-01|title=Quantification of subcellular glycogen in resting human muscle: granule size, number, and location|url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2001|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|language=en|volume=93|issue=5|pages=1598–1607|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2001|issn=8750-7587|pmid=12381743}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jumlah glikogen uga akéh ditemokaké ing jaringan lan sel liyané, kalebu [[ginjel]], [[Eritrosit|sel getih abang]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=December 1972|title=Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_blood_1972-12_40_6/page/836|journal=Blood|volume=40|issue=6|pages=836–843|doi=10.1182/blood.V40.6.836.836|pmid=5083874|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1987|title=Glycogen content and release of glucose from red blood cells of the sipunculan worm themiste dyscrita|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/129/1/141.pdf|journal=J Exp Biol|volume=129|pages=141–149|doi=10.1242/jeb.129.1.141}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 2002|title=An improved quantitative assay of glycogen in erythrocytes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-clinical-biochemistry_2002-11_39_6/page/612|journal=Annals of Clinical Biochemistry|volume=39|issue=Pt 6|pages=612–13|doi=10.1258/000456302760413432|pmid=12564847}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Leukosit|sel getih putih]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=Bob|date=April 2018|title=Fundamentals of glycogen metabolism for coaches and athletes|journal=Nutrition Reviews|volume=76|issue=4|pages=243–259|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuy001|pmc=6019055|pmid=29444266}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan sel glial [[Utek|ing otak]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=June 2016|title=Glycogen distribution in the microwave-fixed mouse brain reveals heterogeneous astrocytic patterns|journal=Glia|volume=64|issue=9|pages=1532–1545|doi=10.1002/glia.23020|pmc=5094520|pmid=27353480}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahim uga nyimpen glikogen sajrone meteng kanggo menehi nutrisi kanggo embrio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html|title=Biology: Exploring Life|last=Campbell|first=Neil A.|last2=Williamson|first2=Brad|last3=Heyden|first3=Robin J.|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|year=2006|isbn=978-0-13-250882-7|location=Boston, MA|access-date=2021-08-30|archive-date=2014-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kira-kira 4&amp;nbsp;gram glukosa ana ing [[getih]] manungsa sawayah-wayah;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot;/&gt; ing individu sing pasa, [[Gula darah|glukosa getih]] tetep tetep ing level iki kanthi biaya nyimpen glikogen ing ati lan otot balung.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot; /&gt; Toko glikogen ing otot balung minangka salah sawijining panyimpenan energi kanggo otot kasebut;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot; /&gt; Nanging, gangguan glikogen otot ngalangi penyerapan glukosa otot saka getih, saengga nambah jumlah glukosa getih sing kasedhiya kanggo digunakaké ing jaringan liya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot; /&gt; Toko glikogen ati dadi toko glukosa kanggo digunakaké ing awak, utamané [[sistem saraf pusat]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot; /&gt; Otak manungsa nganggo udakara 60% glukosa getih ing individu sing cepet lan ora aktif.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glucose-Glycogen storage review2&quot; /&gt;

Glikogen minangka analog [[Pathi|pati]], [[Polimèr|polimer]] glukosa sing fungsine minangka panyimpenan energi ing [[ꦠꦼꦠꦸꦮꦸꦲꦤ꧀|tanduran]] . Nduweni struktur sing padha karo ''amylopectin'' (komponen pati), nanging luwih akéh bercabang lan kompak tinimbang pati. Kalorone minangka [[bubuk]] putih ing kahanan garing. Glikogen ditemokaké ing bentuk granula ing [[Cytosol|sitoskol]] / [[sitoplasma]] ing pirang-pirang [[Sèl (biologi)|jinis sel]], lan duwe peran penting ing siklus glukosa . Glikogen dadi [[Ènergi|cadangan energi]] sing bisa cepet dikepungaké kanggo nyukupi kebutuhan glukosa, nanging glukosa sing kurang kompak tinimbang cadangan energi trigliserida ( [[Gajih|lipid]] ). Kuwi uga ditemokaké minangka cadangan panyimpenan ing akéh protokol parasit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ryley|first=J.F.|date=March 1955|title=Studies on the metabolism of the protozoa. 5:&amp;nbsp;Metabolism of the parasitic flagellate Trichomonas foetus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biochemical-journal_1955-03_59_3/page/361|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=59|issue=3|pages=361–369|doi=10.1042/bj0590361|pmc=1216250|pmid=14363101}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Benchimol|first=Marlene|last2=Elias|first2=Cezar Antonio|last3=de&amp;nbsp;Souza|first3=Wanderley|date=December 1982|title=''Tritrichomonas foetus'': Ultrastructural localization of calcium in the plasma membrane and in the hydrogenosome|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=277–284|doi=10.1016/0014-4894(82)90036-4|issn=0014-4894|pmid=7151939}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mielewczik|first=Michael|last2=Mehlhorn|first2=Heinz|last3=al&amp;nbsp;Quraishy|first3=Saleh|last4=Grabensteiner|first4=E.|last5=Hess|first5=M.|date=1 September 2008|title=Transmission electron microscopic studies of stages of ''histomonas meleagridis'' from clonal cultures|journal=Parasitology Research|language=en|volume=103|issue=4|pages=745–750|doi=10.1007/s00436-008-1009-1|issn=0932-0113|pmid=18626664}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur saka Glikogen ==
[[Barkas:Glycogen2.PNG|jmpl|Hubungan 1,4-α-glycosidic ing oligomer glikogen]]
[[Barkas:Glycogen.svg|jmpl|Hubungan 1,4-α-glycosidic lan 1,6-glikosidik ing oligomer glikogen]]
Glikogen minangka biopolimer bercabang sing kalebu rantai linear residu [[glukosa]] kanthi dawa rantai rata-rata udakara 8-12 unit glukosa lan 2.000-60.000&amp;nbsp;residu saben molekul glikogen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manners1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Manners|first=David J.|year=1991|title=Recent developments in our understanding of glycogen structure|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_carbohydrate-polymers_1991_16_1/page/37|journal=Carbohydrate Polymers|volume=16|issue=1|pages=37–82|doi=10.1016/0144-8617(91)90071-J|issn=0144-8617}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Netter's Essentials Biochemistry|last=Ronner|first=Peter|publisher=Elsevier|year=2018|isbn=978-1-929007-63-9|location=USA|pages=254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unit glukosa digandhengaké kanthi linear kanthi ikatan glikosida α (1 → 4) saka siji glukosa menyang glukosa liyané. Cabang digandhengaké karo rantai sing diikat saka glikosidik α (1 → 6) antara glukosa pertama cabang anyar lan glukosa ing rantai batang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistrythed00berg|title=Biochemistry|publisher=W. H. Freeman|year=2012|isbn=978-1429203142|edition=7th, International|page=[https://archive.org/details/biochemistrythed00berg/page/n375 338]|url-access=limited|authors=Berg, Tymoczko, &amp; Stryer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga cara glikogen disintesis, saben granul glikogen duwe inti protein glikogenin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000berg|last=Berg|publisher=W. H. Freeman|year=2012|edition=7th, International|page=[https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000berg/page/650 650]|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Glikogen ing sel otot, ati, lan lemak disimpen ing bentuk hidrasi, kasusun saka telu utawa patang bagean banyu saben bagean glikogen sing ana gandhengané karo 0,45&amp;nbsp;millimole (18&amp;nbsp;mg) kalium saben gram glikogen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16159082&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1992|title=Glycogen storage: Illusions of easy weight loss, excessive weight regain, and distortions in estimates of body composition|url=http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/56/1/292S.full.pdf|journal=[[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=56|issue=1, Suppl|pages=292s–293s|doi=10.1093/ajcn/56.1.292S|pmid=1615908}}&lt;/ref&gt; Glukosa minangka molekul osmosis, lan bisa mengaruhi tekanan osmosis ing konsentrasi dhuwur sing bisa nyebabaké kerusakan sel utawa mati yen disimpen ing sel tanpa dimodifikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcat.org2&quot;/&gt; Glikogen minangka molekul non-osmosis, mula bisa digunakaké minangka solusi kanggo nyimpen glukosa ing sel tanpa ngganggu tekanan osmosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcat.org2&quot; /&gt;

== Fungsine Glikogen ==

=== Ing Ati ===
Ana ing panganan sing ngemot [[karbohidrat]] utawa protein sing dipangan lan dicerna, [[Gula darah|tingkat glukosa getih]] mundhak, lan [[Pankréas|pankreas]] gawé [[insulin]] . Glukosa getih saka vena portal lumebu ing sel ati ( hepatosit ). Insulin tumindak ing hepatosit kanggo ngrangsang tumindak sawétara [[Ènzim|enzim]], kalebu sintesis glikogen . Molekul glukosa ditambahaké ing rantai glikogen sajrone insulin lan glukosa isih akéh. Ing kahanan postprandial utawa &quot;panganan&quot; iki, ati njupuk luwih akéh glukosa saka getih tinimbang sing dibabaraké.

Sawise panganan dicerna lan tingkat glukosa wiwit mudhun, sekresi insulin dikurangi, lan sintesis glikogen mandheg. Yen dibutuhaké kanggo energi, glikogen dipecah lan malih dadi glukosa. Fosforilase glikogen minangka enzim utama gangguan glikogen. Sajrone 8-12 jam sabanjure, glukosa sing asale saka glikogen ati minangka sumber utama glukosa getih sing digunakaké dening sisa awak kanggo bahan bakar.

Glukagon, [[hormon]] liya sing diproduksi dening pankreas, ing pirang-pirang aspek minangka countersignal kanggo insulin. Kanggo nanggepi tingkat insulin sing kurang normal (nalika kadar glukosa getih mudhun ing kisaran normal), glukagon disekresi nambah jumlah lan ngrangsang kalorone glikogenolisis (pemecahan glikogen) lan glukoneogenesis (produksi glukosa saka sumber liyané).

=== Ing Otot ===
Glikogen sel otot bisa uga digunakaké minangka sumber glukosa sing kasedhiya kanggo sel otot. Sel liyané sing ngemot jumlah sithik nggunakaké lokal uga. Amarga sel otot ora duwe glukosa-6-fosfatase, sing dibutuhaké kanggo ngirim glukosa menyang getih, glikogen sing disimpen kasedhiya mung kanggo panggunaan internal lan ora dituduhaké karo sel liyané. Iki beda karo sel ati, sing, yen dikarepaké, gampang ngilangi glikogen sing disimpen dadi glukosa lan dikirim liwat aliran getih minangka bahan bakar kanggo organ liya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb450/summer09/lecture/glycogennotes.html|title=Glycogen Biosynthesis; Glycogen Breakdown|website=oregonstate.edu|access-date=2018-02-28|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512113448/https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb450/summer09/lecture/glycogennotes.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sejarahe Glikogen ==
Glikogen ditemokaké dening Claude Bernard. Eksperimen kasebut nuduhaké manawa ati ngemot zat sing bisa nyebabaké nyuda gula kanthi tumindak &quot;fermentasi&quot; ing ati. Ing taun 1857, dheweke nerangaké isolasi zat sing diarani &quot; ''la matière glycogène'' &quot;, utawa &quot;zat pembentuk gula&quot;. Ora suwe sawise ditemokaké glikogen ing ati, A.&amp;nbsp;Sanson nemokaké manawa jaringan otot uga ngemot glikogen. Formula empiris kanggo glikogen saka ( {{Chem|C|6|H|10|O|5}}  ) &lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; diadegaké karo Kekulé ing taun 1858.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=F.G.|date=22 June 1957|title=Claude Bernard and the discovery of glycogen|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=5033|pages=1431–1437|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5033.1431|jstor=25382898|pmc=1973429|pmid=13436813}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paripustaka ==</text>
      <sha1>lxjkmtslit81kclcolf34ymysjpid9g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pratélan penggawa gendéra Koréa Kidul ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>181406</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
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      <text bytes="5595" sha1="aw354ab1oqxzonys63p85wai99j5p54" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = KOR
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Korea]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.sports.or.kr }}&amp;nbsp;{{in lang|ko|en}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 121
| silver = 112
| bronze = 104
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Korea Kidul|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Korea Kidul|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| seealso = 
}}
Ing ngisor iki menika pratelan '''penggawa gendera seing ngewakili Korea Kidul ing Olimpiade.'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041612/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/KOR/ South Korea]. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed 25 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Penggawa gendera nggawa gendera negarane ing acara pambuka [[Gim Olympiadé]].

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! # !! Taun acara !! Musim !! Penggawa gendera !! Ulahraga
|-
| 20 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|2020]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Kim|Yeon-koung}}&lt;br/&gt;{{sortname|Hwang|Sun-woo}} || [[Voli ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|Voli]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Langi ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|Langi]]
|-
| 19 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|2018]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Won|Yun-jong}}{{refn|Korea Kidul ora melu pawai ing Parade Nehgara. Para delegasine beberangan karo para delegasi [[Korea Lor ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|Korea 
Lor]] melu pawai ing acara pambuka déning sebutan &quot;[[Korea ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|Korea]]&quot;. Atlet bobsleigh Korea Kidul [[Won Yun-jong]] bebarengan karo pemain hoki es Korea Lor [[Hwang Chung-gum]] dadi penggawa gendera tim Korea nyawiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;news_Olym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Olympics' most powerful moment | work = NewsComAu | date = 10 February 2018 | access-date = 2018-02-09 | url = http://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/team-sports/north-and-south-korea-march-as-one-in-powerful-moment-during-winter-olympic-opening-ceremony/news-story/837c973dd926c93354cbe453efb5e54f }}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=&quot;note&quot;|name=&quot;flagbearer&quot;}} || [[Bobsleigh ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|Bobsleigh]]
|-
| 18 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|2016]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Gu|Bon-gil}} || [[Anggar ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|Anggar]]
|-
| 17 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014|2014]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Kyou-hyuk}} || [[Seluncur cepat ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014|Seluncur cepat]]
|-
| 16 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|2012]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Yoon|Kyung-shin}} || [[Bola tangan ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|Bola tangan]]
|-
| 15 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010|2010]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Kang|Kwang-bae}} || [[Bobsleigh ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010|Bobsleigh]]
|-
| 14 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|2008]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Jang|Sung-ho|Jang Sung-ho (judoka)}} || [[Judo ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|Judo]]
|-
| 13 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006|2006]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Bo-ra}} || [[Seluncur cepat ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006|Seluncur cepat]]
|-
| 12 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|2004]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Ku|Min-jung}} || [[Bola voli ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|Bola voli]]
|-
| 11 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2002|2002]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Hur|Seung-Wook}} || [[Ski alpen ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2002|Ski alpen]]
|-
| 10 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2000|2000]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Jeong|Eun-Sun}} || [[Basket ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2000|Basket]]
|-
| 9 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1998|1998]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Hur|Seung-Wook}} || [[Ski alpen ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1998|Ski alpen]]
|-
| 8 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996|1996]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Choi|Cheon-Sik}} || [[Bola voli ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996|Bola voli]]
|-
| 7 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1994|1994]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Joon-ho|Lee Joon-ho (atlet seluncur bebas)}} || [[Seluncur cepat trek pendek ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1994|Seluncur cepat trek pendek]]
|-
| 6 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1992|1992]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Yeong-Ha}} || [[Seluncur cepat ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1992|Seluncur cepat]]
|-
| 5 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988|1988]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Cho|Yong-Chul}} || [[Judo ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988|Judo]]
|-
| 4 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1988|1988]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Hong|Kun-Pyo}} || [[Ski lintas alam ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1988|Ski lintas alam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|1984]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Ha|Hyung-Joo}} || [[Judo ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|Judo]]
|-
| 2 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1972|1972]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Kim|Ji-Hak|nolink=1}} || Pelatih
|-
| 1 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1948|1948]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|An|Byeong-seok}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://m.kmib.co.kr/view.asp?arcid=0006227756|title=1948년 런던올림픽 한국대표단 기수는 故 안병석씨(Korean)|publisher=국민일보|date=July 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Basket ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1948|Basket]]
|}

==Cathetan==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Deleng uga==
*[[Koréa Kidul ing Olimpiade]]

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}

{{dhaptar penggawa gendera nasional Olimpiade miturut negara}}

[[Category:Koréa Kidul ing Olimpiade]]
[[Category:Pratélan penggawa gendéra Olimpiade miturut nagara|Korea Kidul]]
[[Category:Pratélan ulahragawan Korea Kidul|Penggawa gendera Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>aw354ab1oqxzonys63p85wai99j5p54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756947</id>
      <parentid>1756930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:36:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5598" sha1="pn97b3fgye5a4a3aybo4p7meuy7k52d" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = KOR
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Korea]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.sports.or.kr }}&amp;nbsp;{{in lang|ko|en}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 121
| silver = 112
| bronze = 104
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Korea Kidul|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Korea Kidul|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| seealso = 
}}
Ing ngisor iki menika pratelan '''penggawa gendera seing ngewakili Korea Kidul ing Olimpiade.'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041612/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/KOR/ South Korea]. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed 25 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Penggawa gendera nggawa gendera negarane ing acara pambuka [[Gim Olympiadé]].

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! # !! Taun acara !! Musim !! Penggawa gendera !! Ulahraga
|-
| 20 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|2020]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Kim|Yeon-koung}}&lt;br/&gt;{{sortname|Hwang|Sun-woo}} || [[Voli ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|Voli]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Langi ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|Langi]]
|-
| 19 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|2018]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Won|Yun-jong}}{{refn|Korea Kidul ora melu pawai ing Parade Nehgara. Para delegasine beberangan karo para delegasi [[Korea Lor ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|Korea 
Lor]] melu pawai ing acara pambuka déning sebutan &quot;[[Korea ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|Korea]]&quot;. Atlet bobsleigh Korea Kidul [[Won Yun-jong]] bebarengan karo pemain hoki es Korea Lor [[Hwang Chung-gum]] dadi penggawa gendera tim Korea nyawiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;news_Olym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Olympics' most powerful moment | work = NewsComAu | date = 10 February 2018 | access-date = 2018-02-09 | url = http://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/team-sports/north-and-south-korea-march-as-one-in-powerful-moment-during-winter-olympic-opening-ceremony/news-story/837c973dd926c93354cbe453efb5e54f }}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=&quot;note&quot;|name=&quot;flagbearer&quot;}} || [[Bobsleigh ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|Bobsleigh]]
|-
| 18 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|2016]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Gu|Bon-gil}} || [[Anggar ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|Anggar]]
|-
| 17 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014|2014]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Kyou-hyuk}} || [[Seluncur cepat ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014|Seluncur cepat]]
|-
| 16 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|2012]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Yoon|Kyung-shin}} || [[Bola tangan ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|Bola tangan]]
|-
| 15 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010|2010]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Kang|Kwang-bae}} || [[Bobsleigh ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010|Bobsleigh]]
|-
| 14 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|2008]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Jang|Sung-ho|Jang Sung-ho (judoka)}} || [[Judo ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|Judo]]
|-
| 13 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006|2006]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Bo-ra}} || [[Seluncur cepat ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006|Seluncur cepat]]
|-
| 12 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|2004]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Ku|Min-jung}} || [[Bola voli ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|Bola voli]]
|-
| 11 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2002|2002]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Hur|Seung-Wook}} || [[Ski alpen ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2002|Ski alpen]]
|-
| 10 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2000|2000]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Jeong|Eun-Sun}} || [[Basket ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2000|Basket]]
|-
| 9 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1998|1998]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Hur|Seung-Wook}} || [[Ski alpen ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1998|Ski alpen]]
|-
| 8 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996|1996]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Choi|Cheon-Sik}} || [[Bola voli ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996|Bola voli]]
|-
| 7 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1994|1994]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Joon-ho|Lee Joon-ho (atlet seluncur bebas)}} || [[Seluncur cepat trek pendek ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1994|Seluncur cepat trek pendek]]
|-
| 6 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1992|1992]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Lee|Yeong-Ha}} || [[Seluncur cepat ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1992|Seluncur cepat]]
|-
| 5 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988|1988]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Cho|Yong-Chul}} || [[Judo ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988|Judo]]
|-
| 4 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1988|1988]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Hong|Kun-Pyo}} || [[Ski lintas alam ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1988|Ski lintas alam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|1984]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Ha|Hyung-Joo}} || [[Judo ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|Judo]]
|-
| 2 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1972|1972]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Kim|Ji-Hak|nolink=1}} || Pelatih
|-
| 1 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1948|1948]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|An|Byeong-seok}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://m.kmib.co.kr/view.asp?arcid=0006227756|title=1948년 런던올림픽 한국대표단 기수는 故 안병석씨(Korean)|publisher=국민일보|date=July 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Basket ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1948|Basket]]
|}

==Cathetan==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Deleng uga==
*[[Koréa Kidul ing Olimpiade]]

==Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

{{dhaptar penggawa gendera nasional Olimpiade miturut negara}}

[[Category:Koréa Kidul ing Olimpiade]]
[[Category:Pratélan penggawa gendéra Olimpiade miturut nagara|Korea Kidul]]
[[Category:Pratélan ulahragawan Korea Kidul|Penggawa gendera Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>pn97b3fgye5a4a3aybo4p7meuy7k52d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pratélan kabiskopan ing Laos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756889</id>
      <parentid>1756871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:32:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1306" sha1="l6a4f836zrbmyt7dyqylqxb9gij00mv" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan kabiskopan ing Laos''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin déning [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Laos]].

Konferensi para biskop ing Laos bebarengan karo para biskop ing [[Kamboja]] gabung ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Laos lan Kamboja]] ([[bahasa Prancis]]: ''Conférence Episcopale du Laos et du Cambodge'', CELAC).

Saiki, ana papat [[vikariat apostolik]].

== Pratelan vikariat ==
* [[Vikariat Apostolik Luang Prabang]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik R.D. [[Tito Banchong Thopanhong]]
* [[Vikariat Apostolik Paksé]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik R.D. [[Andrew Souksavath Nouane Asa]]
* [[Vikariat Apostolik Savannakhet]]: [[Jean Marie Prida Inthirath]]
* [[Vikariat Apostolik Vientiane]]: Kardinal [[Louis-Marie Ling Mangkhanekhoun]], [[I.V.D.]]

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Laos]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/blaqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/LA.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Laos}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Asia}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Laos| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Laos]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Laos|K]]</text>
      <sha1>l6a4f836zrbmyt7dyqylqxb9gij00mv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pratélan kabiskopan ing Koréa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756893</id>
      <parentid>1756876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:33:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3753" sha1="1uwb742hjivvucm9dc7r2lp0vxktao8" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratelan kabiskopan ing Korea''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin déning [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Korea Lor]] lan [[Korea Kidul]].

Konferensi para biskop Korea Kidul lan Korea Lor gabung ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/058.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2023-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604113305/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/058.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki ana 19 kabiskopan, sing endi 3 menika [[kabiskopan agung]], 14 [[kabiskopan sufragan]], 1 [[ordinariat militer]], lan 1 [[keabasan teritorial]].

== Pratelan kabiskopan ==
[[Barkas:Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg|jmpl|ka|290px|Pambagian wilayah kabiskopan ing Korea.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Daegu ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Daegu]]: Mgr. [[Thaddeus Cho Hwan-Kil]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[John Bosco Chang Shin-Ho]]
** [[Kabiskopan Andong]]: Mgr. [[John Chrisostom Kwon Hyok-ju]]
** [[Kabiskopan Busan]]: ''lowong''
**: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Joseph Son Sam-seok]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cheongju]]: Mgr. [[Gabriel Chang Bong-hun]]
** [[Kabiskopan Masan]]: Mgr. [[Constantine Bae Ki Hyen]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Gwangju ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Gwangju]]: Mgr. [[Hyginus Kim Hee-jong]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Simon Ok Hyun-jjn]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cheju]]: Mgr. [[Peter Kang U-il]]
**: Biskop Koajutor, Mgr. [[Pius Moon Chang-woo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Jeonju]]: Mgr. [[John Kim Son-Tae]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Seoul ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Seoul]], ''uga kalebu wilayah Korea Lor'': Kardinal [[Andrew Yeom Soo-jung]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Peter Chung Soon-taek]], [[O.C.D.]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Job Koo Yobi]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Benedictus Son Hee-Song]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Timothy Yu Gyoung-chon]]
** [[Kabiskopan Chunchon]], ''uga kalebu wilayah Korea Lor'': Mgr. [[Lucas Kim Woon-hoe]]
** [[Kabiskopan Daejeon]]: Mgr. [[Lazarus You Heung-sik]]
**: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Augustinus Kim Jong Soo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Incheon]]: Mgr. [[John Baptist Jung Shin-chul]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suwon]]: Mgr. [[Mathias Ri Iong-hoon]]
**: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[Linus Lee Seong-hyo]]
**: Biskop Auksilier, Mgr. [[John Moon Hee Jong]]
** [[Kabiskopan Uijeongbu]]: Mgr. [[Peter Lee Ki-heon]]
** [[Kabiskopan Wonju]]: Mgr. [[Basil Cho Kyu-man]]

;Mung kalebu wilayah Korea Loro
* [[Kabiskopan Hamhung]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik Mgr. [[Lucas Kim Woon-hoe]]
* [[Kabiskopan Pyongyang]]: ''lowong'', déning Administrator Apostolik Kardinal [[Andrew Yeom Soo-jung]]

=== Liyane ===
* [[Ordinariat Militer Korea]]: Mgr. [[Francis Xavier Yu Soo-il]], [[O.F.M.]]
;Mung ing wilayah Korea Lorr
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Tŏkwon]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik, Abbas [[Blasio Park Hyun-dong]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Korea Lor]]
* [[Greja Katulik ing Korea Kidul]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bkpqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bkrqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/KP.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/KR.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Koréa}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Asia}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{Korea Kidul-stub}}
{{Korea Lor-stub}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Koréa Lor| ]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Koréa Kidul| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Korea]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Koréa Lor|K]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Koréa Kidul|K]]</text>
      <sha1>1uwb742hjivvucm9dc7r2lp0vxktao8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pratélan kabiskopan ing Itali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756895</id>
      <parentid>1756880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:34:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19631" sha1="ejsgme8qqsw7q7g69teb829gdh3fs98" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Arcidiocesi e sedi.jpg|450px|ka|jmpl|Provinsi grejawi ing Itali (dhuwur) lan &lt;br/&gt; Regio grejawi ing Itali (ngisor).]]
{{Image label begin|image=Regioni ecclesiastiche Italia.png|width=400|float=right|alt = Regio grejawi ing Itali.}}
{{Image label|x=-245.0|y=-240|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''1'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-310.0|y=-310|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''2'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-320.0|y=-370|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''3'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-270.0|y=-290|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''4'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-155.0|y=-130|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''5'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-200.0|y=-240|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''6'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-95.0|y=-110|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''7'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-115.0|y=-80|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''8'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-215.0|y=-180|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''9'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-60.0|y=-100|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''10'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-315.0|y=-285|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''11'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-70.0|y=-310|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''12'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-235.0|y=-430|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''13'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-155.0|y=-180|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''14'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-180.0|y=-70|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''15'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-190.0|y=-195|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''16'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label end}}
'''Pratelan kabiskopan ing Itali''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin déning [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Itali]].

Para biskop ing Itali gabung ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Itali]].

Ing Juli 2020, ana 227 yurisdiksi, sing ngaliputi 1 [[Takhta Suci|Takhta Kepausan]], 1 [[patriarkat]], 40 [[kabiskopan agung|kabiskopan agung metropolit]], 20 [[kabiskopan agung]], 155 [[kabiskopan suffragan]], 2 prelatur teritorial, 6 keabasan teritorial, 1 eksarkat apostolik, lan 1 ordinariat militer.

== Pratelan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Roma ===
* {{flagicon|Vatikan}} [[Kabiskopan Roma]]: [[Paus Fransiskus]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Guerino Di Tora]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Daniele Libanori]], [[S.J.]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Gianpiero Palmieri]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Paolo Ricciardi]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Paolo Selvadagi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Albano]]: [[Marcello Semeraro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Frascati]]: [[Raffaello Martinelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Ostia]]: diisi déning Administrator Apostolik, [[Kardinal vikaris]] [[Angelo De Donatis]]{{fn|1}}
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Palestrina]]: [[Mauro Parmeggiani]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Porto-Santa Rufina]]: [[Gino Reali]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Sabina-Poggio Mirteto]]: [[Ernesto Mandara]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Velletri-Segni]]: [[Vincenzo Apicella]]

===Provinsi Grejawi Venesia===
* [[Patriarkat Venesia]]: Patriark [[Francesco Moraglia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Adria-Rovigo]]: [[Pierantonio Pavanello]]
** [[Kabiskopan Belluno-Feltre]]: [[Renato Marangoni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Chioggia]]: [[Adriano Tessarollo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Concordia-Pordenone]]: [[Giuseppe Pellegrini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Padova]]: [[Claudio Cipolla]]
** [[Kabiskopan Treviso]]: [[Michele Tomasi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Verona]]: [[Giuseppe Zenti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vicenza]]: [[Beniamino Pizziol]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vittorio Veneto]]: [[Corrado Pizziolo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Agrigento ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Agrigento]]: Kardinal [[Francesco Montenegro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Caltanissetta]]: [[Mario Russotto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Piazza Armerina]]: [[Rosario Gisana]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Ancona-Osimo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Ancona-Osimo]]: [[Angelo Spina]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fabriano-Matelica]]: [[Francesco Massara]] (''in persona episcopi'' [[Kabiskopan Agung Camerino–San Severino Marche]])
** [[Kabiskopan Jesi]]: [[Gerardo Rocconi]]
** [[Prelatur Teritorial Loreto]]: [[Fabio Dal Cin]]
** [[Kabiskopan Senigallia]]: [[Francesco Manenti]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Bari-Bitonto ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Bari-Bitonto]]: [[Francesco Cacucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Altamura-Gravina-Acquaviva delle Fonti]]: [[Giovanni Ricchiuti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Andria]]: [[Luigi Mansi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Conversano-Monopoli]]: [[Giuseppe Favale]]
** [[Kabiskopan Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi]]: [[Domenico Cornacchia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Trani-Barletta-Bisceglie]]: [[Leonardo D'Ascenzo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Benevento ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Benevento]]: [[Felice Accrocca]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia]]: [[Sergio Melillo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Avellino]]: [[Arturo Aiello]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cerreto Sannita–Telese–Sant'Agata de' Goti]]: [[Domenico Battaglia]]
** [[Keabasan Teritorial Montevergine]]: [[Riccardo Luca Guariglia]], [[O.S.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia]]: [[Pasquale Cascio]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Bologna ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Bologna]]: Kardinal [[Matteo Maria Zuppi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Faenza-Modigliana]]: [[Mario Toso]], [[S.D.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Ferrara-Comacchio]]: [[Gian Carlo Perego]]
** [[Kabiskopan Imola]]: [[Giovanni Mosciatti]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Cagliari ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Cagliari]]: [[Giuseppe Salvatore Baturi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Iglesias]]: [[Giovanni Paolo Zedda]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lanusei]]: [[Antonio Mura]] (''in persona episcopi'' [[Kabiskopan Nuoro]])
** [[Kabiskopan Nuoro]]: [[Antonio Mura]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Campobasso–Boiano ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Campobasso–Boiano]]: [[Giancarlo Maria Bregantini]], [[C.S.S.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Isernia-Venafro]]: [[Camillo Cibotti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Termoli-Larino]]: [[Gianfranco De Luca]]
** [[Kabiskopan Trivento]]: [[Claudio Palumbo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Catania ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Catania]]: [[Salvatore Gristina]]
** [[Kabiskopan Acireale]]: [[Antonino Raspanti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Caltagirone]]: [[Calogero Peri]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Catanzaro–Squillace ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Catanzaro–Squillace]]: [[Vincenzo Bertolone]], [[S.d.P.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Crotone-Santa Severina]]: [[Angelo Raffaele Panzetta]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lamezia Terme]]: [[Giuseppe Schillaci]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Chieti-Vasto ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Chieti-Vasto]]: [[Bruno Forte]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Lanciano-Ortona]]: [[Emidio Cipollone]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Cosenza-Bisignano ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Cosenza-Bisignano]]: [[Francescantonio Nolè]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cassano all'Jonio]]: [[Francesco Savino]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Rossano-Cariati]]: [[Giuseppe Satriano]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Marco Argentano-Scalea]]: [[Leonardo Antonio Paolo Bonanno]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Fermo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Fermo]]: [[Rocco Pennacchio]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ascoli Piceno]]: [[Giovanni D'Ercole]], [[F.D.P.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Camerino–San Severino Marche]]: [[Francesco Massara]]
** [[Kabiskopan Macerata-Tolentino-Recanati-Cingoli-Treia]]: [[Nazzareno Marconi]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Benedetto del Tronto–Ripatransone–Montalto]]: [[Carlo Bresciani]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Firenze ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Firenze]]: Kardinal [[Giuseppe Betori]]
** [[Kabiskopan Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro]]: [[Riccardo Fontana]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fiesole]]: [[Mario Meini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pistoia]]: [[Fausto Tardelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Prato]]: [[Giovanni Nerbini]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Miniato]]: [[Andrea Migliavacca]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Foggia-Bovino ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Foggia-Bovino]]: [[Vincenzo Pelvi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano]]: [[Luigi Renna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lucera–Troia]]: [[Giuseppe Giuliano]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Manfredonia-Vieste-San Giovanni Rotondo]]: [[Franco Moscone]], [[C.R.S.]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Severo]]: [[Giovanni Checchinato]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Genoa ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Genoa]]: [[Marco Tasca]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Nicolò Anselmi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Albenga-Imperia]]: [[Guglielmo Borghetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Chiavari]]: [[Alberto Tanasini]]
** [[Kabiskopan La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato]]: [[Luigi Ernesto Palletti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Savona-Noli]]: [[Calogero Marino]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tortona]]: [[Vittorio Francesco Viola]], [[O.F.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ventimiglia-San Remo]]: [[Antonio Suetta]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Gorizia ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Gorizia]]: [[Carlo Roberto Maria Redaelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Trieste]]: [[Giampaolo Crepaldi]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi L'Aquila ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung L'Aquila]]: Kardinal [[Giuseppe Petrocchi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Avezzano]]: [[Pietro Santoro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Sulmona-Valva]]: [[Michele Fusco]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Lecce ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Lecce]]: [[Michele Seccia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Brindisi–Ostuni]]: [[Domenico Caliandro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nardò-Gallipoli]]: [[Fernando Tarcisio Filograna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Otranto]]: [[Donato Negro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ugento-Santa Maria di Leuca]]: [[Vito Angiuli]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela]]: [[Giovanni Accolla]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Cesare Di Pietro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nicosia]]: [[Salvatore Muratore]]
** [[Kabiskopan Patti]]: [[Guglielmo Giombanco]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Milan ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Milan]] ([[Ritus Ambrosian]]): [[Mario Enrico Delpini]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Franco Maria Giuseppe Agnesi]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Paolo Martinelli (rohaniwan)|Paolo Martinelli]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Giovanni Luca Raimondi]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Giuseppe Natale Vegezzi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Bergamo]]: [[Francesco Beschi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Brescia]]: [[Pierantonio Tremolada]]
** [[Kabiskopan Como]]: [[Oscar Cantoni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Crema]]: [[Daniele Gianotti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cremona]]: [[Antonio Napolioni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lodi]]: [[Maurizio Malvestiti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mantova]]: [[Gianmarco Busca]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pavia]]: [[Corrado Sanguineti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vigevano]]: [[Maurizio Gervasoni]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Modena-Nonantola ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Modena-Nonantola]]: [[Erio Castellucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Carpi]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Erio Castellucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fidenza]]: [[Ovidio Vezzoli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Parma]]: [[Enrico Solmi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Piacenza-Bobbio]]: [[Adriano Cevolotto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Reggio Emilia-Guastalla]]: [[Massimo Camisasca]], [[F.S.C.B.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Napoli ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Napoli]]: Kardinal [[Crescenzio Sepe]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Gennaro Acampa]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Lucio Lemmo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Acerra]]: [[Antonio Di Donna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alife-Caiazzo]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Orazio Francesco Piazza]]
** [[Kabiskopan Aversa]]: [[Angelo Spinillo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Capua]]: [[Salvatore Visco]]
** [[Kabiskopan Caserta]]: [[Giovanni D'Alise]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ischia]]: [[Pietro Lagnese]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nola]]: [[Francesco Marino]]
** [[Prelatur Teritorial Pompei|Prelatur Teritorial Santa Perawan Maria Ratu Rosario Suci Pompei]]: [[Tommaso Caputo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pozzuoli]]: [[Gennaro Pascarella]]
** [[Kabiskopan Sessa Aurunca]]: [[Orazio Francesco Piazza]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Sorrento-Castellammare di Stabia]]: [[Francesco Alfano]]
** [[Kabiskopan Teano-Calvi]]: [[Giacomo Cirulli]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Oristano ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Oristano]]: [[Roberto Carboni]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ales-Terralba]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Roberto Carboni]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Palermo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Palermo]]: [[Corrado Lorefice]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cefalù]]: [[Giuseppe Marciante]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mazara del Vallo]]: [[Domenico Mogavero]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Monreale]]: [[Michele Pennisi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Trapani]]: [[Pietro Maria Fragnelli]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Perugia-Città della Pieve ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Perugia-Città della Pieve]]: Kardinal [[Gualtiero Bassetti]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Marco Salvi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino]]: [[Domenico Sorrentino]]
** [[Kabiskopan Città di Castello]]: [[Domenico Cancian]], [[F.A.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Foligno]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Gualtiero Sigismondi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Gubbio]]: [[Luciano Paolucci Bedini]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Pesaro ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Pesaro]]: [[Piero Coccia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fano-Fossombrone-Cagli-Pergola]]: [[Armando Trasarti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Urbino-Urbania-Sant'Angelo di Vado]]: [[Giovanni Tani]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Pescara-Penne ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Pescara-Penne]]: [[Tommaso Valentinetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Teramo-Atri]]: [[Lorenzo Leuzzi]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Pisa ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Pisa]]: [[Giovanni Paolo Benotto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Livorno]]: [[Simone Giusti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Massa Carrara-Pontremoli]]: [[Giovanni Santucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pescia]]: [[Roberto Filippini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Volterra]]: [[Alberto Silvani]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo]]: [[Salvatore Ligorio]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Acerenza]]: [[Francesco Sirufo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Matera-Irsina]]: [[Antonio Giuseppe Caiazzo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa]]: [[Ciro Fanelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tricarico]]: [[Giovanni Intini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tursi-Lagonegro]]: [[Vincenzo Carmine Orofino]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Ravenna-Cervia ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Ravenna-Cervia]]: [[Lorenzo Ghizzoni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cesena-Sarsina]]: [[Douglas Regattieri]]
** [[Kabiskopan Forlì-Bertinoro]]: [[Livio Corazza]]
** [[Kabiskopan Rimini]]: [[Francesco Lambiasi]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Marino-Montefeltro]], ''juga mencakup wilayah [[San Marino]]'': [[Andrea Turazzi]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Reggio Calabria-Bova ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Reggio Calabria-Bova]]: [[Giuseppe Fiorini Morosini]], [[O.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Locri-Gerace]]: [[Francesco Oliva]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mileto-Nicotera-Tropea]]: [[Luigi Renzo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Oppido Mamertina-Palmi]]: [[Francesco Milito]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Salerno-Campagna-Acerno ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Salerno-Campagna-Acerno]]: [[Andrea Bellandi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Amalfi-Cava de' Tirreni]]: [[Orazio Soricelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nocera Inferiore-Sarno]]: [[Giuseppe Giudice]]
** [[Keabasan Teritorial Santissima Trinità di Cava de' Tirreni]]: [[Michele Petruzzelli]], [[O.S.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Teggiano-Policastro]]: [[Antonio De Luca]], [[C.SS.R.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vallo della Lucania]]: [[Ciro Miniero]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Sassari ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Sassari]]: [[Gian Franco Saba]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alghero-Bosa]]: [[Mauro Maria Morfino]], [[S.D.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ozieri]]: [[Corrado Melis]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tempio-Ampurias]]: [[Sebastiano Sanguinetti]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino]]: [[Augusto Paolo Lojudice]]
** [[Kabiskopan Grosseto]]: [[Rodolfo Cetoloni]], [[O.F.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Massa Marittima-Piombino]]: [[Carlo Ciattini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Montepulciano-Chiusi-Pienza]]: [[Stefano Manetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello]]: [[Giovanni Roncari]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Siracusa ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Siracusa]]: [[Francesco Lomanto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Noto]]: [[Antonio Staglianò]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ragusa]]: [[Carmelo Cuttitta]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Taranto ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Taranto]]: [[Filippo Santoro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Castellaneta]]: [[Claudio Maniago]]
** [[Kabiskopan Oria]]: [[Vincenzo Pisanello]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Torino ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Torino]]: [[Cesare Nosiglia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Acqui]]: [[Luigi Testore]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alba Pompeia]]: [[Marco Brunetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Aosta]]: [[Franco Lovignana]]
** [[Kabiskopan Asti]]: [[Marco Prastaro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cuneo]]: [[Piero Delbosco]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fossano]]: [[Piero Delbosco]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ivrea]]: [[Edoardo Aldo Cerrato]], [[C.O.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mondovì]]: [[Egidio Miragoli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pinerolo]]: [[Derio Olivero]]
** [[Kabiskopan Saluzzo]]: [[Cristiano Bodo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Susa]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Cesare Nosiglia]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Trento ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Trento]]: [[Lauro Tisi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Bolzano-Brixen]]: [[Ivo Muser]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Udine ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Udine]]: [[Andrea Bruno Mazzocato]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Vercelli ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Vercelli]]: [[Marco Arnolfo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alessandria]]: [[Guido Gallese]]
** [[Kabiskopan Biella]]: [[Roberto Farinella]]
** [[Kabiskopan Casale Monferrato]]: [[Gianni Sacchi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Novara]]: [[Franco Giulio Brambilla]]

=== Yurisdiksi Takhta Suci ===
;Ritus Latin
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Lucca]]: [[Paolo Giulietti]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Monte Oliveto Maggiore]]: [[Diego Gualtiero Rosa]], [[O.S.B.]]
* [[Kabiskopan Orvieto-Todi]]: [[Gualtiero Sigismondi]]
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Spoleto-Norcia]]: [[Renato Boccardo]]
* [[Kabiskopan Terni-Narni-Amelia]]: [[Giuseppe Piemontese]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]

;Ordinariat Militer
* [[Ordinariat Militer Italia]]: [[Santo Marcianò]]

;[[Greja Katulik Albani-Itali|Albani-Itali]]
* [[Eparki Lungro]]: [[Donato Oliverio]]
* [[Eparki Piana]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Giorgio Demetrio Gallaro]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Santa Maria di Grottaferrata]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Marcello Semeraro]]

;Ritus Wetan
* [[Eksarkat Apostolik Itali]] kanggo Umat Greja Ukraina
*: Delegatus Apostolik, [[Dionisio Lachovicz]]
*: Administrator Apostolik, Kardinal [[Angelo De Donatis]]

;Gegandhengan karo [[Kabiskopan Roma]]
* [[Kabiskopan Anagni-Alatri]]: [[Lorenzo Loppa]]
* [[Kabiskopan Civita Castellana]]: [[Romano Rossi]]
* [[Kabiskopan Civitavecchia-Tarquinia]]: [[Gianrico Ruzza]]
* [[Kabiskopan Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino]]: [[Ambrogio Spreafico]]
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Gaeta]]: [[Luigi Vari]]
* [[Kabiskopan Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno]]: [[Mariano Crociata]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Montecassino]]: [[Donato Ogliari]], [[O.S.B.]]
* [[Kabiskopan Rieti]]: [[Domenico Pompili]]
* [[Kabiskopan Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo]]: [[Gerardo Antonazzo]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Subiaco]]: [[Mauro Meacci]], [[O.S.B.]]
* [[Kabiskopan Tivoli]]: [[Mauro Parmeggiani]]
* [[Kabiskopan Viterbo]]: [[Lino Fumagalli]]

== Cathetan ==
* {{fnb|1}} [[Kepala Dewan Kardinal]] dadi Biskop Ostia sawise [[1150]]. [[Kardinal vikaris]] tumindak minangka Administrator Apostolik Ostia sawise 18 November 1966.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/IT-province.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Italia]]

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bitqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/IT.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Itali}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Eropa}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{negara-stub|Italia}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Itali]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Itali|K]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19632" sha1="asfb7kjhli5gsj9nmdmn5o9njsvhs99" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Arcidiocesi e sedi.jpg|450px|ka|jmpl|Provinsi grejawi ing Itali (dhuwur) lan &lt;br/&gt; Regio grejawi ing Itali (ngisor).]]
{{Image label begin|image=Regioni ecclesiastiche Italia.png|width=400|float=right|alt = Regio grejawi ing Itali.}}
{{Image label|x=-245.0|y=-240|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''1'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-310.0|y=-310|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''2'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-320.0|y=-370|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''3'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-270.0|y=-290|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''4'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-155.0|y=-130|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''5'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-200.0|y=-240|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''6'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-95.0|y=-110|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''7'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-115.0|y=-80|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''8'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-215.0|y=-180|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''9'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-60.0|y=-100|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''10'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-315.0|y=-285|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''11'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-70.0|y=-310|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''12'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-235.0|y=-430|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''13'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-155.0|y=-180|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''14'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-180.0|y=-70|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''15'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=-190.0|y=-195|scale=-1|text=&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot;&gt;'''16'''&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{Image label end}}
'''Pratelan kabiskopan ing Itali''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin déning [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Itali]].

Para biskop ing Itali gabung ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Itali]].

Ing Juli 2020, ana 227 yurisdiksi, sing ngaliputi 1 [[Takhta Suci|Takhta Kepausan]], 1 [[patriarkat]], 40 [[kabiskopan agung|kabiskopan agung metropolit]], 20 [[kabiskopan agung]], 155 [[kabiskopan suffragan]], 2 prelatur teritorial, 6 keabasan teritorial, 1 eksarkat apostolik, lan 1 ordinariat militer.

== Pratelan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Roma ===
* {{flagicon|Vatikan}} [[Kabiskopan Roma]]: [[Paus Fransiskus]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Guerino Di Tora]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Daniele Libanori]], [[S.J.]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Gianpiero Palmieri]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Paolo Ricciardi]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Paolo Selvadagi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Albano]]: [[Marcello Semeraro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Frascati]]: [[Raffaello Martinelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Ostia]]: diisi déning Administrator Apostolik, [[Kardinal vikaris]] [[Angelo De Donatis]]{{fn|1}}
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Palestrina]]: [[Mauro Parmeggiani]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Porto-Santa Rufina]]: [[Gino Reali]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Sabina-Poggio Mirteto]]: [[Ernesto Mandara]]
** [[Kabiskopan Suburbikaris Velletri-Segni]]: [[Vincenzo Apicella]]

===Provinsi Grejawi Venesia===
* [[Patriarkat Venesia]]: Patriark [[Francesco Moraglia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Adria-Rovigo]]: [[Pierantonio Pavanello]]
** [[Kabiskopan Belluno-Feltre]]: [[Renato Marangoni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Chioggia]]: [[Adriano Tessarollo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Concordia-Pordenone]]: [[Giuseppe Pellegrini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Padova]]: [[Claudio Cipolla]]
** [[Kabiskopan Treviso]]: [[Michele Tomasi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Verona]]: [[Giuseppe Zenti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vicenza]]: [[Beniamino Pizziol]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vittorio Veneto]]: [[Corrado Pizziolo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Agrigento ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Agrigento]]: Kardinal [[Francesco Montenegro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Caltanissetta]]: [[Mario Russotto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Piazza Armerina]]: [[Rosario Gisana]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Ancona-Osimo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Ancona-Osimo]]: [[Angelo Spina]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fabriano-Matelica]]: [[Francesco Massara]] (''in persona episcopi'' [[Kabiskopan Agung Camerino–San Severino Marche]])
** [[Kabiskopan Jesi]]: [[Gerardo Rocconi]]
** [[Prelatur Teritorial Loreto]]: [[Fabio Dal Cin]]
** [[Kabiskopan Senigallia]]: [[Francesco Manenti]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Bari-Bitonto ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Bari-Bitonto]]: [[Francesco Cacucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Altamura-Gravina-Acquaviva delle Fonti]]: [[Giovanni Ricchiuti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Andria]]: [[Luigi Mansi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Conversano-Monopoli]]: [[Giuseppe Favale]]
** [[Kabiskopan Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi]]: [[Domenico Cornacchia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Trani-Barletta-Bisceglie]]: [[Leonardo D'Ascenzo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Benevento ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Benevento]]: [[Felice Accrocca]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia]]: [[Sergio Melillo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Avellino]]: [[Arturo Aiello]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cerreto Sannita–Telese–Sant'Agata de' Goti]]: [[Domenico Battaglia]]
** [[Keabasan Teritorial Montevergine]]: [[Riccardo Luca Guariglia]], [[O.S.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia]]: [[Pasquale Cascio]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Bologna ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Bologna]]: Kardinal [[Matteo Maria Zuppi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Faenza-Modigliana]]: [[Mario Toso]], [[S.D.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Ferrara-Comacchio]]: [[Gian Carlo Perego]]
** [[Kabiskopan Imola]]: [[Giovanni Mosciatti]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Cagliari ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Cagliari]]: [[Giuseppe Salvatore Baturi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Iglesias]]: [[Giovanni Paolo Zedda]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lanusei]]: [[Antonio Mura]] (''in persona episcopi'' [[Kabiskopan Nuoro]])
** [[Kabiskopan Nuoro]]: [[Antonio Mura]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Campobasso–Boiano ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Campobasso–Boiano]]: [[Giancarlo Maria Bregantini]], [[C.S.S.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Isernia-Venafro]]: [[Camillo Cibotti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Termoli-Larino]]: [[Gianfranco De Luca]]
** [[Kabiskopan Trivento]]: [[Claudio Palumbo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Catania ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Catania]]: [[Salvatore Gristina]]
** [[Kabiskopan Acireale]]: [[Antonino Raspanti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Caltagirone]]: [[Calogero Peri]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Catanzaro–Squillace ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Catanzaro–Squillace]]: [[Vincenzo Bertolone]], [[S.d.P.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Crotone-Santa Severina]]: [[Angelo Raffaele Panzetta]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lamezia Terme]]: [[Giuseppe Schillaci]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Chieti-Vasto ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Chieti-Vasto]]: [[Bruno Forte]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Lanciano-Ortona]]: [[Emidio Cipollone]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Cosenza-Bisignano ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Cosenza-Bisignano]]: [[Francescantonio Nolè]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cassano all'Jonio]]: [[Francesco Savino]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Rossano-Cariati]]: [[Giuseppe Satriano]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Marco Argentano-Scalea]]: [[Leonardo Antonio Paolo Bonanno]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Fermo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Fermo]]: [[Rocco Pennacchio]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ascoli Piceno]]: [[Giovanni D'Ercole]], [[F.D.P.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Camerino–San Severino Marche]]: [[Francesco Massara]]
** [[Kabiskopan Macerata-Tolentino-Recanati-Cingoli-Treia]]: [[Nazzareno Marconi]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Benedetto del Tronto–Ripatransone–Montalto]]: [[Carlo Bresciani]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Firenze ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Firenze]]: Kardinal [[Giuseppe Betori]]
** [[Kabiskopan Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro]]: [[Riccardo Fontana]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fiesole]]: [[Mario Meini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pistoia]]: [[Fausto Tardelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Prato]]: [[Giovanni Nerbini]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Miniato]]: [[Andrea Migliavacca]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Foggia-Bovino ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Foggia-Bovino]]: [[Vincenzo Pelvi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano]]: [[Luigi Renna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lucera–Troia]]: [[Giuseppe Giuliano]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Manfredonia-Vieste-San Giovanni Rotondo]]: [[Franco Moscone]], [[C.R.S.]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Severo]]: [[Giovanni Checchinato]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Genoa ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Genoa]]: [[Marco Tasca]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Nicolò Anselmi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Albenga-Imperia]]: [[Guglielmo Borghetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Chiavari]]: [[Alberto Tanasini]]
** [[Kabiskopan La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato]]: [[Luigi Ernesto Palletti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Savona-Noli]]: [[Calogero Marino]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tortona]]: [[Vittorio Francesco Viola]], [[O.F.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ventimiglia-San Remo]]: [[Antonio Suetta]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Gorizia ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Gorizia]]: [[Carlo Roberto Maria Redaelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Trieste]]: [[Giampaolo Crepaldi]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi L'Aquila ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung L'Aquila]]: Kardinal [[Giuseppe Petrocchi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Avezzano]]: [[Pietro Santoro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Sulmona-Valva]]: [[Michele Fusco]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Lecce ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Lecce]]: [[Michele Seccia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Brindisi–Ostuni]]: [[Domenico Caliandro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nardò-Gallipoli]]: [[Fernando Tarcisio Filograna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Otranto]]: [[Donato Negro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ugento-Santa Maria di Leuca]]: [[Vito Angiuli]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela]]: [[Giovanni Accolla]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Cesare Di Pietro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nicosia]]: [[Salvatore Muratore]]
** [[Kabiskopan Patti]]: [[Guglielmo Giombanco]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Milan ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Milan]] ([[Ritus Ambrosian]]): [[Mario Enrico Delpini]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Franco Maria Giuseppe Agnesi]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Paolo Martinelli (rohaniwan)|Paolo Martinelli]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Giovanni Luca Raimondi]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Giuseppe Natale Vegezzi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Bergamo]]: [[Francesco Beschi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Brescia]]: [[Pierantonio Tremolada]]
** [[Kabiskopan Como]]: [[Oscar Cantoni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Crema]]: [[Daniele Gianotti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cremona]]: [[Antonio Napolioni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lodi]]: [[Maurizio Malvestiti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mantova]]: [[Gianmarco Busca]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pavia]]: [[Corrado Sanguineti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vigevano]]: [[Maurizio Gervasoni]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Modena-Nonantola ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Modena-Nonantola]]: [[Erio Castellucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Carpi]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Erio Castellucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fidenza]]: [[Ovidio Vezzoli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Parma]]: [[Enrico Solmi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Piacenza-Bobbio]]: [[Adriano Cevolotto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Reggio Emilia-Guastalla]]: [[Massimo Camisasca]], [[F.S.C.B.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Napoli ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Napoli]]: Kardinal [[Crescenzio Sepe]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Gennaro Acampa]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Lucio Lemmo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Acerra]]: [[Antonio Di Donna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alife-Caiazzo]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Orazio Francesco Piazza]]
** [[Kabiskopan Aversa]]: [[Angelo Spinillo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Capua]]: [[Salvatore Visco]]
** [[Kabiskopan Caserta]]: [[Giovanni D'Alise]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ischia]]: [[Pietro Lagnese]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nola]]: [[Francesco Marino]]
** [[Prelatur Teritorial Pompei|Prelatur Teritorial Santa Perawan Maria Ratu Rosario Suci Pompei]]: [[Tommaso Caputo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pozzuoli]]: [[Gennaro Pascarella]]
** [[Kabiskopan Sessa Aurunca]]: [[Orazio Francesco Piazza]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Sorrento-Castellammare di Stabia]]: [[Francesco Alfano]]
** [[Kabiskopan Teano-Calvi]]: [[Giacomo Cirulli]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Oristano ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Oristano]]: [[Roberto Carboni]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ales-Terralba]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Roberto Carboni]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Palermo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Palermo]]: [[Corrado Lorefice]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cefalù]]: [[Giuseppe Marciante]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mazara del Vallo]]: [[Domenico Mogavero]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Monreale]]: [[Michele Pennisi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Trapani]]: [[Pietro Maria Fragnelli]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Perugia-Città della Pieve ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Perugia-Città della Pieve]]: Kardinal [[Gualtiero Bassetti]]
*: Biskop Auksilier, [[Marco Salvi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino]]: [[Domenico Sorrentino]]
** [[Kabiskopan Città di Castello]]: [[Domenico Cancian]], [[F.A.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Foligno]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Gualtiero Sigismondi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Gubbio]]: [[Luciano Paolucci Bedini]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Pesaro ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Pesaro]]: [[Piero Coccia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fano-Fossombrone-Cagli-Pergola]]: [[Armando Trasarti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Urbino-Urbania-Sant'Angelo di Vado]]: [[Giovanni Tani]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Pescara-Penne ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Pescara-Penne]]: [[Tommaso Valentinetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Teramo-Atri]]: [[Lorenzo Leuzzi]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Pisa ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Pisa]]: [[Giovanni Paolo Benotto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Livorno]]: [[Simone Giusti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Massa Carrara-Pontremoli]]: [[Giovanni Santucci]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pescia]]: [[Roberto Filippini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Volterra]]: [[Alberto Silvani]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo]]: [[Salvatore Ligorio]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Acerenza]]: [[Francesco Sirufo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Matera-Irsina]]: [[Antonio Giuseppe Caiazzo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa]]: [[Ciro Fanelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tricarico]]: [[Giovanni Intini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tursi-Lagonegro]]: [[Vincenzo Carmine Orofino]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Ravenna-Cervia ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Ravenna-Cervia]]: [[Lorenzo Ghizzoni]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cesena-Sarsina]]: [[Douglas Regattieri]]
** [[Kabiskopan Forlì-Bertinoro]]: [[Livio Corazza]]
** [[Kabiskopan Rimini]]: [[Francesco Lambiasi]]
** [[Kabiskopan San Marino-Montefeltro]], ''juga mencakup wilayah [[San Marino]]'': [[Andrea Turazzi]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Reggio Calabria-Bova ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Reggio Calabria-Bova]]: [[Giuseppe Fiorini Morosini]], [[O.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Locri-Gerace]]: [[Francesco Oliva]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mileto-Nicotera-Tropea]]: [[Luigi Renzo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Oppido Mamertina-Palmi]]: [[Francesco Milito]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Salerno-Campagna-Acerno ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Salerno-Campagna-Acerno]]: [[Andrea Bellandi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Agung Amalfi-Cava de' Tirreni]]: [[Orazio Soricelli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Nocera Inferiore-Sarno]]: [[Giuseppe Giudice]]
** [[Keabasan Teritorial Santissima Trinità di Cava de' Tirreni]]: [[Michele Petruzzelli]], [[O.S.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Teggiano-Policastro]]: [[Antonio De Luca]], [[C.SS.R.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Vallo della Lucania]]: [[Ciro Miniero]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Sassari ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Sassari]]: [[Gian Franco Saba]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alghero-Bosa]]: [[Mauro Maria Morfino]], [[S.D.B.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ozieri]]: [[Corrado Melis]]
** [[Kabiskopan Tempio-Ampurias]]: [[Sebastiano Sanguinetti]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino]]: [[Augusto Paolo Lojudice]]
** [[Kabiskopan Grosseto]]: [[Rodolfo Cetoloni]], [[O.F.M.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Massa Marittima-Piombino]]: [[Carlo Ciattini]]
** [[Kabiskopan Montepulciano-Chiusi-Pienza]]: [[Stefano Manetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello]]: [[Giovanni Roncari]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Siracusa ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Siracusa]]: [[Francesco Lomanto]]
** [[Kabiskopan Noto]]: [[Antonio Staglianò]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ragusa]]: [[Carmelo Cuttitta]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Taranto ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Taranto]]: [[Filippo Santoro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Castellaneta]]: [[Claudio Maniago]]
** [[Kabiskopan Oria]]: [[Vincenzo Pisanello]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Torino ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Torino]]: [[Cesare Nosiglia]]
** [[Kabiskopan Acqui]]: [[Luigi Testore]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alba Pompeia]]: [[Marco Brunetti]]
** [[Kabiskopan Aosta]]: [[Franco Lovignana]]
** [[Kabiskopan Asti]]: [[Marco Prastaro]]
** [[Kabiskopan Cuneo]]: [[Piero Delbosco]]
** [[Kabiskopan Fossano]]: [[Piero Delbosco]]
** [[Kabiskopan Ivrea]]: [[Edoardo Aldo Cerrato]], [[C.O.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Mondovì]]: [[Egidio Miragoli]]
** [[Kabiskopan Pinerolo]]: [[Derio Olivero]]
** [[Kabiskopan Saluzzo]]: [[Cristiano Bodo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Susa]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Cesare Nosiglia]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Trento ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Trento]]: [[Lauro Tisi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Bolzano-Brixen]]: [[Ivo Muser]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Udine ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Udine]]: [[Andrea Bruno Mazzocato]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Vercelli ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Vercelli]]: [[Marco Arnolfo]]
** [[Kabiskopan Alessandria]]: [[Guido Gallese]]
** [[Kabiskopan Biella]]: [[Roberto Farinella]]
** [[Kabiskopan Casale Monferrato]]: [[Gianni Sacchi]]
** [[Kabiskopan Novara]]: [[Franco Giulio Brambilla]]

=== Yurisdiksi Takhta Suci ===
;Ritus Latin
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Lucca]]: [[Paolo Giulietti]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Monte Oliveto Maggiore]]: [[Diego Gualtiero Rosa]], [[O.S.B.]]
* [[Kabiskopan Orvieto-Todi]]: [[Gualtiero Sigismondi]]
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Spoleto-Norcia]]: [[Renato Boccardo]]
* [[Kabiskopan Terni-Narni-Amelia]]: [[Giuseppe Piemontese]], [[O.F.M. Conv.]]

;Ordinariat Militer
* [[Ordinariat Militer Italia]]: [[Santo Marcianò]]

;[[Greja Katulik Albani-Itali|Albani-Itali]]
* [[Eparki Lungro]]: [[Donato Oliverio]]
* [[Eparki Piana]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Giorgio Demetrio Gallaro]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Santa Maria di Grottaferrata]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Marcello Semeraro]]

;Ritus Wetan
* [[Eksarkat Apostolik Itali]] kanggo Umat Greja Ukraina
*: Delegatus Apostolik, [[Dionisio Lachovicz]]
*: Administrator Apostolik, Kardinal [[Angelo De Donatis]]

;Gegandhengan karo [[Kabiskopan Roma]]
* [[Kabiskopan Anagni-Alatri]]: [[Lorenzo Loppa]]
* [[Kabiskopan Civita Castellana]]: [[Romano Rossi]]
* [[Kabiskopan Civitavecchia-Tarquinia]]: [[Gianrico Ruzza]]
* [[Kabiskopan Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino]]: [[Ambrogio Spreafico]]
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Gaeta]]: [[Luigi Vari]]
* [[Kabiskopan Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno]]: [[Mariano Crociata]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Montecassino]]: [[Donato Ogliari]], [[O.S.B.]]
* [[Kabiskopan Rieti]]: [[Domenico Pompili]]
* [[Kabiskopan Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo]]: [[Gerardo Antonazzo]]
* [[Keabasan Teritorial Subiaco]]: [[Mauro Meacci]], [[O.S.B.]]
* [[Kabiskopan Tivoli]]: [[Mauro Parmeggiani]]
* [[Kabiskopan Viterbo]]: [[Lino Fumagalli]]

== Cathetan ==
* {{fnb|1}} [[Kepala Dewan Kardinal]] dadi Biskop Ostia sawise [[1150]]. [[Kardinal vikaris]] tumindak minangka Administrator Apostolik Ostia sawise 18 November 1966.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/IT-province.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Italia]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bitqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/IT.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Itali}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Eropa}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{negara-stub|Italia}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Itali]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Itali|K]]</text>
      <sha1>asfb7kjhli5gsj9nmdmn5o9njsvhs99</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prefektur Apostolik Xinjiang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756939</id>
      <parentid>1579426</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756939</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1631" sha1="kgv95hs2grc6szb23nusf9rf3qwxwbp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction     = Kabiskopan
|name             = Xinjiang
|local            = 天主教新绛教区
|latin            = Dioecesis Ceucevensis
|country          = [[China]]
|metropolitan     = 
|province         = [[Kabiskopan Agung Shanxi|Shanxi]]
|rite             = [[Greja Latin]]
|cathedral        = Katedral Ati Suci Maria ing Xinjiang
|cocathedral      = 
|area_km2         = 
|population       = 
|population_as_of = 
|catholics        = 
|catholics_percent= 
|pope             = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop           = [[Peter Wu Junwei]]
|metro_archbishop = 
|coadjutor        = 
|auxiliary_bishops= 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Xinjiang''' yaiku [[kabiskopan]] sing ana ing kutha [[Yuncheng]], [[Shanxi]], [[Tiongkok]].

== Riwayat ==
Ing 25 Mei 1936, Kabiskopan Xinjiang (Jiangzhou) didegake déning keputusan [[Paus Pius XI]].

== Pimpinan ==
* Quintinus Pessers OFM (1936-1983), diusir saka Tiongkok ing 1954, ora duwe kekuasaan sabenere ing kabiskopan kasebut sawise wektu kuwi.

* Biskop Agustinus Zheng Shouduo (1982/3-2006)

* Biskop Yosafat Li Hongguang (2006)

* Biskop [[Petrus Wu Junwei]] (2009-saiki)

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kian1.htm Giga-Catholic Information]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkngc.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426061253/http://www.brender.eu/default.asp?iId=KELEK#xinjiang Catholic Hierarchy in China since 1307]
* [http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-28-1936-ocr.pdf Bulla ''Ad Christi Evangelium''], AAS 28

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Tiongkok|Xinjiang]]</text>
      <sha1>kgv95hs2grc6szb23nusf9rf3qwxwbp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756953</id>
      <parentid>1756939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:37:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1633" sha1="s5lo3e11a12q3mako4m70c64bsvovbr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction     = Kabiskopan
|name             = Xinjiang
|local            = 天主教新绛教区
|latin            = Dioecesis Ceucevensis
|country          = [[China]]
|metropolitan     = 
|province         = [[Kabiskopan Agung Shanxi|Shanxi]]
|rite             = [[Greja Latin]]
|cathedral        = Katedral Ati Suci Maria ing Xinjiang
|cocathedral      = 
|area_km2         = 
|population       = 
|population_as_of = 
|catholics        = 
|catholics_percent= 
|pope             = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop           = [[Peter Wu Junwei]]
|metro_archbishop = 
|coadjutor        = 
|auxiliary_bishops= 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Xinjiang''' yaiku [[kabiskopan]] sing ana ing kutha [[Yuncheng]], [[Shanxi]], [[Tiongkok]].

== Riwayat ==
Ing 25 Mei 1936, Kabiskopan Xinjiang (Jiangzhou) didegake déning keputusan [[Paus Pius XI]].

== Pimpinan ==
* Quintinus Pessers OFM (1936-1983), diusir saka Tiongkok ing 1954, ora duwe kekuasaan sabenere ing kabiskopan kasebut sawise wektu kuwi.

* Biskop Agustinus Zheng Shouduo (1982/3-2006)

* Biskop Yosafat Li Hongguang (2006)

* Biskop [[Petrus Wu Junwei]] (2009-saiki)

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kian1.htm Giga-Catholic Information]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkngc.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426061253/http://www.brender.eu/default.asp?iId=KELEK#xinjiang Catholic Hierarchy in China since 1307]
* [http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-28-1936-ocr.pdf Bulla ''Ad Christi Evangelium''], AAS 28

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Tiongkok|Xinjiang]]</text>
      <sha1>s5lo3e11a12q3mako4m70c64bsvovbr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756964</id>
      <parentid>1756953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:46:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1634" sha1="kijm7tstdxep7625yj6um0hflw2o196" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction     = Kabiskopan
|name             = Xinjiang
|local            = 天主教新绛教区
|latin            = Dioecesis Ceucevensis
|country          = [[China]]
|metropolitan     = 
|province         = [[Kabiskopan Agung Shanxi|Shanxi]]
|rite             = [[Greja Latin]]
|cathedral        = Katedral Ati Suci Maria ing Xinjiang
|cocathedral      = 
|area_km2         = 
|population       = 
|population_as_of = 
|catholics        = 
|catholics_percent= 
|pope             = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop           = [[Peter Wu Junwei]]
|metro_archbishop = 
|coadjutor        = 
|auxiliary_bishops= 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Xinjiang''' yaiku [[kabiskopan]] sing ana ing kutha [[Yuncheng]], [[Shanxi]], [[Tiongkok]].

== Riwayat ==
Ing 25 Mei 1936, Kabiskopan Xinjiang (Jiangzhou) didegake déning keputusan [[Paus Pius XI]].

== Pimpinan ==
* Quintinus Pessers OFM (1936-1983), diusir saka Tiongkok ing 1954, ora duwe kekuasaan sabenere ing kabiskopan kasebut sawise wektu kuwi.

* Biskop Agustinus Zheng Shouduo (1982/3-2006)

* Biskop Yosafat Li Hongguang (2006)

* Biskop [[Petrus Wu Junwei]] (2009-saiki)

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kian1.htm Giga-Catholic Information]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkngc.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426061253/http://www.brender.eu/default.asp?iId=KELEK#xinjiang Catholic Hierarchy in China since 1307]
* [http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-28-1936-ocr.pdf Bulla ''Ad Christi Evangelium''], AAS 28

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Tiongkok|Xinjiang]]</text>
      <sha1>kijm7tstdxep7625yj6um0hflw2o196</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Parañaque</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756931</id>
      <parentid>1624495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3952" sha1="p4sbxkiknf26rs7ebxg8cmni2mj0hae" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan
| name              = Parañaque
| latin             = Diœcesis Paranaquensis
| local             = Diyosesis ng Parañaque &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diócesis de Parañaque&lt;/small&gt;
| image             = Standrewfacade.jpg
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral Santo Andreas
| coat              = 
| coat_size         = 
| coat_alt          = 
| flag              = &lt;!-- Flag file name (excluding File: prefix) --&gt;
| flag_size         = 
| flag_alt          = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Filipina}}
| territory         = [[Parañaque]]&lt;br&gt;[[Las Piñas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Muntinlupa]]
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Manila|Manila]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Manila]]
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| headquarters      = 8 Villonco Road, West Service Road&lt;br&gt;Sucat, Muntinlupa 1770
| coordinates       = {{coord|14.4488371|121.0405263}}
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 126
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 2,534,321
| population_as_of  = {{start date|2013}}
| catholics         = 2,234,786
| catholics_percent = 94
| parishes          = 50 (4 biara diosesan, 3 biara nasional)
| churches          = 58
| congregations     = 18
| schools           = 12
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik|Katulik]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = {{start date|2002|12|7}}
| dissolved         = 
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Santo Andreas Parañaque]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Rasul Andreas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of secular priests in the diocese --&gt;
| language          = 
| calendar          = 
| music             = 
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| parent_church     = 
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = Jesse E. Mercado
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = 
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = Allen C. Aganon
| episcopal_vicar   =
| judicial_vicar    =
| dean              = 
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = &lt;!-- [http://example.com example.com] --&gt;
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''Kabiskopan Parañaque''' yaiku salah sijining saka 72 wilayah grejawi sing diarani [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik]] ing [[Filipina]]. Kabiskopan kasebut ngeliputi kutha-kutha [[Parañaque]], [[Las Piñas]], lan [[Muntinlupa]]. Ing biyen lumebu [[Kabiskopan Agung Manila]], kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 7 Desember 2002 déning [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]]

== Referensi ==
* [http://dioceseofparanaque.org Situs Web Resmi Keuskupan Parañaque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328205615/http://dioceseofparanaque.org/ |date=2019-03-28 }}

{{kabiskopan ing Filipina}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranaque}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Filipina|Parañaque]]
[[Kategori:Parañaque]]</text>
      <sha1>p4sbxkiknf26rs7ebxg8cmni2mj0hae</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756948</id>
      <parentid>1756931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3954" sha1="mbpha361rvgfjyt010gga8ngkiyy5hc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan
| name              = Parañaque
| latin             = Diœcesis Paranaquensis
| local             = Diyosesis ng Parañaque &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diócesis de Parañaque&lt;/small&gt;
| image             = Standrewfacade.jpg
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral Santo Andreas
| coat              = 
| coat_size         = 
| coat_alt          = 
| flag              = &lt;!-- Flag file name (excluding File: prefix) --&gt;
| flag_size         = 
| flag_alt          = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Filipina}}
| territory         = [[Parañaque]]&lt;br&gt;[[Las Piñas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Muntinlupa]]
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Manila|Manila]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Manila]]
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| headquarters      = 8 Villonco Road, West Service Road&lt;br&gt;Sucat, Muntinlupa 1770
| coordinates       = {{coord|14.4488371|121.0405263}}
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 126
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 2,534,321
| population_as_of  = {{start date|2013}}
| catholics         = 2,234,786
| catholics_percent = 94
| parishes          = 50 (4 biara diosesan, 3 biara nasional)
| churches          = 58
| congregations     = 18
| schools           = 12
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik|Katulik]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = {{start date|2002|12|7}}
| dissolved         = 
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Santo Andreas Parañaque]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Rasul Andreas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of secular priests in the diocese --&gt;
| language          = 
| calendar          = 
| music             = 
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| parent_church     = 
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = Jesse E. Mercado
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = 
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = Allen C. Aganon
| episcopal_vicar   =
| judicial_vicar    =
| dean              = 
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = &lt;!-- [http://example.com example.com] --&gt;
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''Kabiskopan Parañaque''' yaiku salah sijining saka 72 wilayah grejawi sing diarani [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik]] ing [[Filipina]]. Kabiskopan kasebut ngeliputi kutha-kutha [[Parañaque]], [[Las Piñas]], lan [[Muntinlupa]]. Ing biyen lumebu [[Kabiskopan Agung Manila]], kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 7 Desember 2002 déning [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]]

== Réferènsi ==
* [http://dioceseofparanaque.org Situs Web Resmi Keuskupan Parañaque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328205615/http://dioceseofparanaque.org/ |date=2019-03-28 }}

{{kabiskopan ing Filipina}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranaque}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Filipina|Parañaque]]
[[Kategori:Parañaque]]</text>
      <sha1>mbpha361rvgfjyt010gga8ngkiyy5hc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vikariat Apostolik Puerto Princesa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756887</id>
      <parentid>1756868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:30:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3696" sha1="djztlt1v9ewwqrmk1mh2unawopx8t00" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Vikariat Apostolik
| name              = Puerto Princesa
| latin             = Apostolicus Vicariatus Portus Principis in Philippins
| local             = Katoliko Romanong Apostolico Vicariato ng Puerto Princesa &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Vicariato Apostólico de Puerto Princesa&lt;/small&gt;
| image             = 
| image_size        = frameless
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Filipina}}
| territory         = [[Palawan]]
| province          = Yurisdiksi langsung Takhta Suci
| metropolitan      = 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 8.552 
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| population        = 612,014
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 319,768
| catholics_percent = 51.6
| parishes          = 25
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 10 April 1955
| cathedral         = Katedral Bunda Tak Bernoda ing [[Puerto Princesa]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Bunda Tak Bernoda]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = 43
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = [[Socrates Calamba Mesiona]], [[M.S.P.]]
| bishop_title      = Vikaris Apostolik
| metro_archbishop  = 
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one--&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = Juan Felipe Torrecampo
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Pedro Dulay Arigo]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = RC Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Princesa.png
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = Yurisdiksi Vikariat Apostolik Puerto Princesa.
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = &lt;!-- [http://example.com example.com] --&gt;
| footnotes         = Sumber statistik: {{cite web|title=Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Princesa|url=http://www.ucanews.com/diocesan-directory/html/dps-pr_puerto_princesa.php|work=Diocesan Directory|publisher=UCANews|accessdate=28 November 2011}} 
}}

'''Vikariat Apostolik Puerto Princesa''' yaiku [[vikariat apostolik]] ing [[Filipina]]. Ing [[hierarki Greja Katulik]], wilayah grejawi kasebut dioperasikan kayata [[kabiskopan]] lan dikepalai déning [[biskop tituler]].

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/puer8.htm GigaCatholic, with incumbent ordinaties list and linking biographies]
* [http://www.cbcponline.net/puerto/index.html Konferensi Waligereja Filipina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090339/http://www.cbcponline.net/puerto/index.html |date=2016-03-04 }}

{{Kabiskopan ing Filipina}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Filipina|Puerto Princesa]]
[[Kategori:Puerto Princesa]]</text>
      <sha1>djztlt1v9ewwqrmk1mh2unawopx8t00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Darjeeling</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756899</id>
      <parentid>1756885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:35:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1937" sha1="boafdq1dsazw1dfj3ab8cxgjc7sllqt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction     = Kabiskopan
|name             = Darjeeling
|latin            = Dioecesis Darieelingensis
|local            = दार्जिलिंग के सूबा
|image            = Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Darjeeling.jpg
|caption          = Katedral Bunda Tak Bercela ing [[Darjeeling]]
|country          = {{flag|Indhi}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Bhutan}}
|metropolitan     = [[Kabiskopan Agung Kolkata|Kolkata]]
|province         = [[Kabiskopan Agung Kolkata|Kolkata]]
|rite             = [[Ritus Latin]]
|cathedral        = Katedral Bunda Tak Bercela ing [[Darjeeling]]
|cocathedral      = 
|parishes         = 
|patron           = 
|area_km2         = 10,880
|population       = 2,331,153
|population_as_of = 2006
|catholics        = 33,553
|catholics_percent= 1,4
|pope             = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop           = Stefanus Lepcha
|metro_archbishop = Tomas D’Souza
|coadjutor        = 
|auxiliary_bishops= 
|website          = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Darjeeling''' yaiku [[kabiskopan]] [[sufragan]] [[Katulik Roma]] [[Latin]] sing ana ing wetan-lor [[Indhi]], [[provinsi grejawi]] Metropolitan [[Kabiskopan Agung Kolkata]], lan bergantung karo [[Kongregasi Roma kanggo Evangelisasi Bangsa-bangsa]]. Kabiskopan kasebut nglebokake wilayahe ing nagara [[Himalaya]] independen (khususe Buddha) [[Bhutan]], sing endi [[agami Kristen]] dipraktikake déning minoritas lan penyebaran agami menika hal sing dilarang.

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/darj0.htm GCatholic.org with incumbent bio links - data for all sections]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddarj.html www.catholic-hierarchy.org - Statistics on the Diocese of Darjeeling]

{{coord|27.0464|N|88.2643|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darjeeling, Kabiskopan}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Indhi]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Bhutan]]</text>
      <sha1>boafdq1dsazw1dfj3ab8cxgjc7sllqt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eparki Kanjirappally</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756892</id>
      <parentid>1756875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2215" sha1="kivqy4qms8l22gsht28b6ec9sojfvth" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction     = Eparki
|name             = Kanjirapally 
|local            = 
|image            = Kanjirappally Bishop Mathew Arackal at Tomb of Varghese Payapilly Palakkappilly.jpg
|country          = {{flag|Indhi}} 
|province         = [[Eparki Agung Changanassery]]
|metropolitan     = [[Eparki Agung Changanassery]]
|rite             = [[Ritus Siro-Malabar]]
|cathedral        = Katedral Santo Dominikus ing [[Kanjirappally]]
|cocathedral      = 
|established      = 26 Februari 1977
|patron           = [[Mar]]th [[Maria]]m
|parishes         = 
|area_km2         = 2,017 
|population       = 1,383,000
|population_as_of = 2011  
|catholics        = 228,700
|catholics_percent= 16.5  
|pope             = {{incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = Mar [[Yosef Perumthottam]] 
|coadjutor        = 
|bishop           = Mar [[Matius Arackal]]
|major_archbishop = Mar [[Gregorius Alencherry]]
|auxiliary_bishops= Mar [[Jose Pulickal]]
|emeritus_bishops = Mar Mathew Vattackuzhy &lt;small&gt;Biskop Emeritus (1987–2000)&lt;/small&gt;
|website          = [http://archdiocesechanganacherry.org/index.php Situs Web Kabiskopan]
}}
'''Eparki Katulik Siro-Malabar Kanjirapally''' yaiku eparki [[Katulik Wetan]] ing [[India]], ing ngisor [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]. Eparki kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] liwat [[bulla kepausan|bulla]] &quot;Nos Beati Petri Successores&quot; ing Februari 1977, sing misahke bagean wetan saka [[Eparki Agung Changanassery]] lan ngadegake eparki anyar Kanjirapally, minangka suffragan saka Eparki Agung sing padha. Mar [[Mathew Arackal]] menika biskop saikine.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.kanjirapallydiocese.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.kanjirapallydiocese.com/ Diocese of Kanjirappally]
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/kanjirappally.htm Church profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015143458/http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/kanjirappally.htm |date=2006-10-15 }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dknsm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Hierarki Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar}}
{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

[[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Indhi|Kanjirappally]]
[[Kategori:kabiskopan Siro-Malabar|Kanjirappally]]</text>
      <sha1>kivqy4qms8l22gsht28b6ec9sojfvth</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756901</id>
      <parentid>1756892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2216" sha1="0cfs69rt2etx4gq413rtacpkii84ud3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction     = Eparki
|name             = Kanjirapally 
|local            = 
|image            = Kanjirappally Bishop Mathew Arackal at Tomb of Varghese Payapilly Palakkappilly.jpg
|country          = {{flag|Indhi}} 
|province         = [[Eparki Agung Changanassery]]
|metropolitan     = [[Eparki Agung Changanassery]]
|rite             = [[Ritus Siro-Malabar]]
|cathedral        = Katedral Santo Dominikus ing [[Kanjirappally]]
|cocathedral      = 
|established      = 26 Februari 1977
|patron           = [[Mar]]th [[Maria]]m
|parishes         = 
|area_km2         = 2,017 
|population       = 1,383,000
|population_as_of = 2011  
|catholics        = 228,700
|catholics_percent= 16.5  
|pope             = {{incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = Mar [[Yosef Perumthottam]] 
|coadjutor        = 
|bishop           = Mar [[Matius Arackal]]
|major_archbishop = Mar [[Gregorius Alencherry]]
|auxiliary_bishops= Mar [[Jose Pulickal]]
|emeritus_bishops = Mar Mathew Vattackuzhy &lt;small&gt;Biskop Emeritus (1987–2000)&lt;/small&gt;
|website          = [http://archdiocesechanganacherry.org/index.php Situs Web Kabiskopan]
}}
'''Eparki Katulik Siro-Malabar Kanjirapally''' yaiku eparki [[Katulik Wetan]] ing [[India]], ing ngisor [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]. Eparki kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] liwat [[bulla kepausan|bulla]] &quot;Nos Beati Petri Successores&quot; ing Februari 1977, sing misahke bagean wetan saka [[Eparki Agung Changanassery]] lan ngadegake eparki anyar Kanjirapally, minangka suffragan saka Eparki Agung sing padha. Mar [[Mathew Arackal]] menika biskop saikine.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.kanjirapallydiocese.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.kanjirapallydiocese.com/ Diocese of Kanjirappally]
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/kanjirappally.htm Church profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015143458/http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/kanjirappally.htm |date=2006-10-15 }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dknsm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Hierarki Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar}}
{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

[[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Indhi|Kanjirappally]]
[[Kategori:kabiskopan Siro-Malabar|Kanjirappally]]</text>
      <sha1>0cfs69rt2etx4gq413rtacpkii84ud3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eparki Jagdalpur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756933</id>
      <parentid>1582233</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3935" sha1="3u1z0u2pohjo0t0n6ban10obuhx7egi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Eparki
| name              = Jagdalpur 
| local             = जगदलपुर के सूबा
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[India]]
| territory         = 
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Raipur|Raipur]] 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Raipur|Raipur]] 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 39,176 
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 2,953,469
| population_as_of  = 2009
| catholics         = 7,869
| catholics_percent = 0.3
| parishes          = 28
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Siria Wetan]] 
| established       = 23 Maret 1972
| cathedral         = Katedral Santo Yosef ing [[Jagdalpur]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santo Yosef]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = Mar [[George Alencherry]]
| bishop            = Mar Joseph Kollamparampil
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = Victor Henry Thakur
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = Simon Stock Palathara &lt;small&gt;Biskop Emeritus (1993-2013)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.jagdalpurdiocese.org/ Situs Web Kabiskopan] 
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Eparki Siro-Malabar Jagdalpur''' yaiku eparki [[Katulik Wetan]] ing [[India]], ing ngisor [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]. Eparki kasebut didegake ing 1977 nalika wilayah grejawi kasebut ditingkatake dadi kabiskopan déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] liwat Bulla &quot;[[Nobismetipsis]]&quot; ing 26 Februari. Mar Simon Stock Palathra [[Karmelit Maria Imakulata|CMI]] ditahbiskake lan diangkat dadi Biskop Jagdalpur pertami. Ing 16 Juli 2013, Paus Fransiskus nampa pengunduran diri Mar Simon Stock Palathara, CMI lan ngelantik Mar Yosef Kollamparampil minangka biskop anyar.&lt;ref name=hier&gt;
{{cite web
 |url         = http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
 |title       = Appointments, 16/07/2013
 |publisher   = www.vatican.va
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://archive.is/20130717012227/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
 |archivedate = 2013-07-17
 |df          = 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djasm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Hierarki Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar}}

{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagdalpur}}
[[Kategori:kabiskopan Siro-Malabar]]
[[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Indhi]]</text>
      <sha1>3u1z0u2pohjo0t0n6ban10obuhx7egi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756950</id>
      <parentid>1756933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:36:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3937" sha1="p0r1adyby6h1ig963g9dzor0zqxwwbz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Eparki
| name              = Jagdalpur 
| local             = जगदलपुर के सूबा
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[India]]
| territory         = 
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Raipur|Raipur]] 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Raipur|Raipur]] 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 39,176 
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 2,953,469
| population_as_of  = 2009
| catholics         = 7,869
| catholics_percent = 0.3
| parishes          = 28
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Siria Wetan]] 
| established       = 23 Maret 1972
| cathedral         = Katedral Santo Yosef ing [[Jagdalpur]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santo Yosef]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = Mar [[George Alencherry]]
| bishop            = Mar Joseph Kollamparampil
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = Victor Henry Thakur
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = Simon Stock Palathara &lt;small&gt;Biskop Emeritus (1993-2013)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.jagdalpurdiocese.org/ Situs Web Kabiskopan] 
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Eparki Siro-Malabar Jagdalpur''' yaiku eparki [[Katulik Wetan]] ing [[India]], ing ngisor [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]. Eparki kasebut didegake ing 1977 nalika wilayah grejawi kasebut ditingkatake dadi kabiskopan déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] liwat Bulla &quot;[[Nobismetipsis]]&quot; ing 26 Februari. Mar Simon Stock Palathra [[Karmelit Maria Imakulata|CMI]] ditahbiskake lan diangkat dadi Biskop Jagdalpur pertami. Ing 16 Juli 2013, Paus Fransiskus nampa pengunduran diri Mar Simon Stock Palathara, CMI lan ngelantik Mar Yosef Kollamparampil minangka biskop anyar.&lt;ref name=hier&gt;
{{cite web
 |url         = http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
 |title       = Appointments, 16/07/2013
 |publisher   = www.vatican.va
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://archive.is/20130717012227/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
 |archivedate = 2013-07-17
 |df          = 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djasm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Hierarki Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar}}

{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagdalpur}}
[[Kategori:kabiskopan Siro-Malabar]]
[[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Indhi]]</text>
      <sha1>p0r1adyby6h1ig963g9dzor0zqxwwbz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756958</id>
      <parentid>1756950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3938" sha1="k8i0v9emhsa7cbyc4jx2byat5wrz3zm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Eparki
| name              = Jagdalpur 
| local             = जगदलपुर के सूबा
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[India]]
| territory         = 
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Raipur|Raipur]] 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Raipur|Raipur]] 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 39,176 
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 2,953,469
| population_as_of  = 2009
| catholics         = 7,869
| catholics_percent = 0.3
| parishes          = 28
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Siria Wetan]] 
| established       = 23 Maret 1972
| cathedral         = Katedral Santo Yosef ing [[Jagdalpur]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santo Yosef]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = Mar [[George Alencherry]]
| bishop            = Mar Joseph Kollamparampil
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = Victor Henry Thakur
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = Simon Stock Palathara &lt;small&gt;Biskop Emeritus (1993-2013)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.jagdalpurdiocese.org/ Situs Web Kabiskopan] 
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Eparki Siro-Malabar Jagdalpur''' yaiku eparki [[Katulik Wetan]] ing [[India]], ing ngisor [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]. Eparki kasebut didegake ing 1977 nalika wilayah grejawi kasebut ditingkatake dadi kabiskopan déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] liwat Bulla &quot;[[Nobismetipsis]]&quot; ing 26 Februari. Mar Simon Stock Palathra [[Karmelit Maria Imakulata|CMI]] ditahbiskake lan diangkat dadi Biskop Jagdalpur pertami. Ing 16 Juli 2013, Paus Fransiskus nampa pengunduran diri Mar Simon Stock Palathara, CMI lan ngelantik Mar Yosef Kollamparampil minangka biskop anyar.&lt;ref name=hier&gt;
{{cite web
 |url         = http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
 |title       = Appointments, 16/07/2013
 |publisher   = www.vatican.va
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://archive.is/20130717012227/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
 |archivedate = 2013-07-17
 |df          = 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djasm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Hierarki Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar}}

{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagdalpur}}
[[Kategori:kabiskopan Siro-Malabar]]
[[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Indhi]]</text>
      <sha1>k8i0v9emhsa7cbyc4jx2byat5wrz3zm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eparki Gorakhpur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756894</id>
      <parentid>1756878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:34:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3873" sha1="2wfhvjnv4eqk33tgghxejs8i5y9x9a2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Eparki 
| name              = Gorakhpur 
| local             = गोरखपुर के सूबा
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Indhi}}
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Agra|Agra]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Agra|Agra]]
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 19,070 
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 17,200,635
| population_as_of  = 2009
| catholics         = 3,230
| catholics_percent = 0.0
| parishes          = &lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Siria Wetan]]
| established       = 19 Juni 1984
| cathedral         = Katedral Santo Yosef ing [[Gorakhpur]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santa Thérèse saka Lisieux]]&lt;br&gt;[[Santo Yosef]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = [[George Alencherry]]
| bishop            = Thomas Thuruthimattam
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = Albert D'Souza
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = Dominic Kokkat &lt;small&gt;Biskop Emeritus (1984-2005)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.dioceseofgorakhpur.org/ Situs Web Kabiskopan]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Eparki Siro-Malabar Gorakhpur''' yaiku eparki [[Katulik Wetan]] ing [[Indhi]], ing ngisor [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]. Eparki kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] ing 1984 liwat [[bulla kepausan|bulla]] &quot;[[Ex quo Divinum Concilium]]&quot;. Mar [[Thomas Thuruthimattam]], CST diangkat dadi biskop Gorakhpur ing 15 Juli 2006. Ia ditahbiske dadi biskop ing 1 Oktober 2006 lan megang jabatan kasebut ing dina sing padha.

== Mantan biskop ==
* Mar [[Dominic Kokkatt]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/gorakhpur.htm Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015143506/http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/gorakhpur.htm |date=2006-10-15 }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgosm.html Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy]]

{{Hierarki Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar}}

{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorakhpur}}
[[Kategori:kabiskopan Siro-Malabar]]
[[Kategori:Gorakhpur]]
[[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Indhi]]</text>
      <sha1>2wfhvjnv4eqk33tgghxejs8i5y9x9a2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756902</id>
      <parentid>1756894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:35:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3874" sha1="2i6q3gaofg6efuedwsc2s4co5w1m7a0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Eparki 
| name              = Gorakhpur 
| local             = गोरखपुर के सूबा
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Indhi}}
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Agra|Agra]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Agra|Agra]]
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 19,070 
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 17,200,635
| population_as_of  = 2009
| catholics         = 3,230
| catholics_percent = 0.0
| parishes          = &lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Siria Wetan]]
| established       = 19 Juni 1984
| cathedral         = Katedral Santo Yosef ing [[Gorakhpur]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santa Thérèse saka Lisieux]]&lt;br&gt;[[Santo Yosef]]
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = [[George Alencherry]]
| bishop            = Thomas Thuruthimattam
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = Albert D'Souza
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = Dominic Kokkat &lt;small&gt;Biskop Emeritus (1984-2005)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.dioceseofgorakhpur.org/ Situs Web Kabiskopan]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Eparki Siro-Malabar Gorakhpur''' yaiku eparki [[Katulik Wetan]] ing [[Indhi]], ing ngisor [[Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar]]. Eparki kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] ing 1984 liwat [[bulla kepausan|bulla]] &quot;[[Ex quo Divinum Concilium]]&quot;. Mar [[Thomas Thuruthimattam]], CST diangkat dadi biskop Gorakhpur ing 15 Juli 2006. Ia ditahbiske dadi biskop ing 1 Oktober 2006 lan megang jabatan kasebut ing dina sing padha.

== Mantan biskop ==
* Mar [[Dominic Kokkatt]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/gorakhpur.htm Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015143506/http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/gorakhpur.htm |date=2006-10-15 }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgosm.html Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy]]

{{Hierarki Greja Katulik Siro-Malabar}}

{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorakhpur}}
[[Kategori:kabiskopan Siro-Malabar]]
[[Kategori:Gorakhpur]]
[[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Indhi]]</text>
      <sha1>2i6q3gaofg6efuedwsc2s4co5w1m7a0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brunéi Darussalam ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756938</id>
      <parentid>1743760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:31:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2027" sha1="cb41cadlc7yjwmvvj1po967y9oxpj4k" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = BRU
| NOCname = [[Dewan Olimpiade Nasional Brunei Darussalam]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.bruneiolympic.org }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Brunei|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Brunei]]''', minangka ''Brunei Darussalam'', miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' ing 1988, kanthi seorang perwakilan tunggal nanging dudu atlit. Nagara kasebut kembali lan ngirim para atlit kanggo berkompetisi ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Panas]] ing 1996, 2000 lan 2004. Ing setiap kesempatan, nagara kasebut diwakili déning sawijining atlit tunggal.&lt;ref name=A&gt;[http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012 &quot;Qatar decision to send female athletes to London 2012 increases pressure on Saudi Arabia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228065858/http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012 |date=2014-12-28 }}, Inside the Games, July 1, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Brunei ora pernah melu ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Dingin]], lan ora pernah menangke medhali Olimpiade.

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Brunei Darussalam |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/brunei-darussalam }}
* {{cite web |title=Brunei |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BRU |access-date=2020-01-20 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093650/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BRU/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}

[[Kategori:Brunéi Darussalam ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>cb41cadlc7yjwmvvj1po967y9oxpj4k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756952</id>
      <parentid>1756938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:37:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2029" sha1="pqbmtge61qfugnsq3iackoe5l6any4d" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = BRU
| NOCname = [[Dewan Olimpiade Nasional Brunei Darussalam]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.bruneiolympic.org }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Brunei|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Brunei]]''', minangka ''Brunei Darussalam'', miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' ing 1988, kanthi seorang perwakilan tunggal nanging dudu atlit. Nagara kasebut kembali lan ngirim para atlit kanggo berkompetisi ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Panas]] ing 1996, 2000 lan 2004. Ing setiap kesempatan, nagara kasebut diwakili déning sawijining atlit tunggal.&lt;ref name=A&gt;[http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012 &quot;Qatar decision to send female athletes to London 2012 increases pressure on Saudi Arabia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228065858/http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012 |date=2014-12-28 }}, Inside the Games, July 1, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Brunei ora pernah melu ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Dingin]], lan ora pernah menangke medhali Olimpiade.

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Brunei Darussalam |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/brunei-darussalam }}
* {{cite web |title=Brunei |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BRU |access-date=2020-01-20 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093650/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BRU/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}

[[Kategori:Brunéi Darussalam ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>pqbmtge61qfugnsq3iackoe5l6any4d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756963</id>
      <parentid>1756952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2030" sha1="britma4tm8ug4i807adaru0nshi4kq1" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = BRU
| NOCname = [[Dewan Olimpiade Nasional Brunei Darussalam]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.bruneiolympic.org }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Brunei|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Brunei]]''', minangka ''Brunei Darussalam'', miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' ing 1988, kanthi seorang perwakilan tunggal nanging dudu atlit. Nagara kasebut kembali lan ngirim para atlit kanggo berkompetisi ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Panas]] ing 1996, 2000 lan 2004. Ing setiap kesempatan, nagara kasebut diwakili déning sawijining atlit tunggal.&lt;ref name=A&gt;[http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012 &quot;Qatar decision to send female athletes to London 2012 increases pressure on Saudi Arabia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228065858/http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012 |date=2014-12-28 }}, Inside the Games, July 1, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Brunei ora pernah melu ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Dingin]], lan ora pernah menangke medhali Olimpiade.

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Brunei Darussalam |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/brunei-darussalam }}
* {{cite web |title=Brunei |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BRU |access-date=2020-01-20 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093650/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BRU/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}

[[Kategori:Brunéi Darussalam ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>britma4tm8ug4i807adaru0nshi4kq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Eluru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756898</id>
      <parentid>1756884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:35:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3484" sha1="p99o91v8e082scqgg2uk5fh623txnan" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan
| name              = Eluru
| latin             = Dioecesis Eluruensis
| local             = ఏలూరు డియోసెస్
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Indhi}}
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 6,880 
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 7,867,781
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = 281,531
| catholics_percent = 3.6
| parishes          = &lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]] 
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]] 
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]] 
| established       = 9 Desember 1976
| cathedral         =  Katedral Amalodbhavi ing [[Eluru]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = 
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = Jaya Rao Polimera
| bishop_title      = &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = Prakash Mallavarapu
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = &lt;!-- [http://example.com example.com] --&gt;
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Eluru''' ngeliputi kabeh distrik [[Godawari Kulon]] lan ''Mandal-Mandal'' Amalapuram, Kothapeta, Rajole lan Mummidivaram saka [[Godawari Wetan]] ing [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Indhi]]. Wilayah kasebut didegake saka [[Kabiskopan Vijayawada]] lan ditingkatke dadi kabiskopan déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] ing 9 Desember 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|delur|Diocese of Eluru|21 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biskop ==
* [[John Mulagada]] (5 Mei 1977–16 Agustus 2009)
* [[Jaya Rao Polimera]] (25 Juli 2013–saiki)

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16.7143|N|81.0849|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{kabiskopan ing Indhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eluru}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Indhi]]</text>
      <sha1>p99o91v8e082scqgg2uk5fh623txnan</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kosovo ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756936</id>
      <parentid>1712544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2086" sha1="aj5dzqamjp3pmuujl2ek0y9712oi8j7" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = KOS
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Kosovo]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.noc-kosovo.org }}&amp;nbsp;{{in lang|sq|sr}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 3
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Kosovo|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=2016|end_year= }}
| winterappearances =  {{Team appearances list|team=Kosovo|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=2018|end_year= }}
| seealso = {{flagIOC|YUG}} (1920–1992 W, 1996–2002)&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOC|IOP|Musim Panas 1992}} (1992 S)&lt;br/&gt;{{flagIOC|SCG}} (2004–2006)&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOC|SRB}} (2008–2012)
}}

'''[[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}}''' sampun ngegawe debut [[Olimpiade]]-ne minangka nagaara anggota ing [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|2016]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Kosovo granted full IOC recognition; can send own team to Olympics in Rio de Janeiro|url=http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/9d9fe0bb37024802b12925decbbbed3b/OLY--IOC-Kosovo|accessdate=9 December 2014|publisher=The Republic|date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219141436/http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/9d9fe0bb37024802b12925decbbbed3b/OLY--IOC-Kosovo|archivedate=19 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Timne diurus déning [[Komite Olimpiade Kosovo]], sing didegake ing 1992 lan dirasmike déning [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] ing 9 Desember 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Nagara kasebut menangke medhali pertamine ing penampilan debutne ing 2016, nalika [[judo]]ka [[Majlinda Kelmendi]] entuk emas ing kategori -52&amp;nbsp;kg wadon.

==Cathetan==
{{notes
 | notes = 
{{efn|name=status|{{Kosovo-note}}}}
}}

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Kosovo |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/kosovo }}
* [http://www.noc-kosovo.org/ Official website]

{{nagara ing Olimpiade}}

[[Kategori:Kosovo ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>aj5dzqamjp3pmuujl2ek0y9712oi8j7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Belis ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756934</id>
      <parentid>1613021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1747" sha1="o09g5mn6ilnhu8wyu6ao7s3mxudrlzs" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = BIZ
| NOCname = [[Asosiasi Pesta Ulahraga Persemakmuran lan Olimpiade Belis]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = 
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Belis|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Belis]]''' miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' ing 1968. Sawise iku, Belis sampung ngirim para atlet kanggo berkompetisi ing kabeh [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Panas]], kajaba nalika mereka melu ing [[pamboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980]]. Nagara kasebut ora pernah melu ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Dingin]]. Saka 1968 nganti 1972, Belis dikenal kanthi jeneng koloniale [[Honduras Britania]].

Ing 2018, ora ana atlet saka Belis sing menangke medhali Olimpiade.

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] kanggo Belis didegake ing 1967 lan dirasmike déning [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] ing taun sing padha.

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Belize |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/belize }}
* {{cite web |title=Belize |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BIZ |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092650/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BIZ/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}
{{Olimpiade-stub}}
{{Belis-stub}}

[[Kategori:Belis ing Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara ing Olimpiade|Belis]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Belis|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>o09g5mn6ilnhu8wyu6ao7s3mxudrlzs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756959</id>
      <parentid>1756934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1748" sha1="01irvfmj6om7mek9wxc5eacf3mdhcdv" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = BIZ
| NOCname = [[Asosiasi Pesta Ulahraga Persemakmuran lan Olimpiade Belis]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = 
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Belis|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Belis]]''' miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' ing 1968. Sawise iku, Belis sampung ngirim para atlet kanggo berkompetisi ing kabeh [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Panas]], kajaba nalika mereka melu ing [[pamboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980]]. Nagara kasebut ora pernah melu ing [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Dingin]]. Saka 1968 nganti 1972, Belis dikenal kanthi jeneng koloniale [[Honduras Britania]].

Ing 2018, ora ana atlet saka Belis sing menangke medhali Olimpiade.

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] kanggo Belis didegake ing 1967 lan dirasmike déning [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] ing taun sing padha.

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Belize |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/belize }}
* {{cite web |title=Belize |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BIZ |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092650/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BIZ/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}
{{Olimpiade-stub}}
{{Belis-stub}}

[[Kategori:Belis ing Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara ing Olimpiade|Belis]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Belis|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>01irvfmj6om7mek9wxc5eacf3mdhcdv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kapuloan Virgin ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756927</id>
      <parentid>1613404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2098" sha1="ar7j04r7ayoa43sz4u8n928z3h7nyoz" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = ISV
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Kapuloan Virgin]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = [[Gendera Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarékat]]
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.virginislandsolympics.com }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 1
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Kapuloan Virgin|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Kapuloan Virgin|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| seealso = 
}}

'''[[Kepulauan Virgin Amérika Sarékat]]''' kaping pisan berkompetisi ing [[Permainan Olimpiade]] ing 1968. sawise iku, nagara kasebut ngirim para atlet ing kabeh [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]] ing 1980, ning endi mereka melu ing [[pamboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980|pemboikotan Pesta Ulahraga Moskwa]]. Siji-sijine medhali Olimpide sing dimenangke déning Kapuloan Virgin menika medhali perak saka [[Peter Holmberg]] ing cabang ulahraga berlayar ing [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]].

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Virgin Islands, US |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/virgin-islands-us }}
* {{IOC medals|NOC=ISV}}
* {{cite web |title=Olympic Medal Winners |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/athletes?search=1&amp;countryname=virgin%20islands }}
* {{cite web |title=United States Virgin Islands |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ISV |access-date=2020-01-29 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092628/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ISV/ |url-status=dead }}
{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}
{{Olimpiade-stub}}
{{Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Sarekat-stub}}

[[Kategori:Kapuloan Virgin ing Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara ing Olimpiade|Kapuloan Virgin Amerika Sarekat]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarékat|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>ar7j04r7ayoa43sz4u8n928z3h7nyoz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756966</id>
      <parentid>1756927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T15:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2099" sha1="1bdhkrrvycs3rs26etalpaccfzhd1ll" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = ISV
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Kapuloan Virgin]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = [[Gendera Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarékat]]
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.virginislandsolympics.com }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 1
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Kapuloan Virgin|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Kapuloan Virgin|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| seealso = 
}}

'''[[Kepulauan Virgin Amérika Sarékat]]''' kaping pisan berkompetisi ing [[Permainan Olimpiade]] ing 1968. sawise iku, nagara kasebut ngirim para atlet ing kabeh [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]] ing 1980, ning endi mereka melu ing [[pamboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980|pemboikotan Pesta Ulahraga Moskwa]]. Siji-sijine medhali Olimpide sing dimenangke déning Kapuloan Virgin menika medhali perak saka [[Peter Holmberg]] ing cabang ulahraga berlayar ing [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]].

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Virgin Islands, US |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/virgin-islands-us }}
* {{IOC medals|NOC=ISV}}
* {{cite web |title=Olympic Medal Winners |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/athletes?search=1&amp;countryname=virgin%20islands }}
* {{cite web |title=United States Virgin Islands |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ISV |access-date=2020-01-29 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092628/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ISV/ |url-status=dead }}
{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}
{{Olimpiade-stub}}
{{Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Sarekat-stub}}

[[Kategori:Kapuloan Virgin ing Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara ing Olimpiade|Kapuloan Virgin Amerika Sarekat]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarékat|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>1bdhkrrvycs3rs26etalpaccfzhd1ll</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Géorgia ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756935</id>
      <parentid>1585445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2115" sha1="o50ulbc5pilg3obdq2oe81txu4jutkv" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = GEO
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Nasional Georgia]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = [[Gendera Georgia (nagara)|Gendera Georgia]]
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.geonoc.org.ge }}&amp;nbsp;{{in lang|ka|en}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 10
| silver = 12
| bronze = 18
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Géorgia|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1996|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Géorgia|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=1994|end_year= }}
| seealso = {{flagIOC|RU1}} (1900–1912)&lt;br/&gt;{{flagIOC|URS}} (1952–1988)&lt;br/&gt;{{flagIOC|EUN|Musim Panas 1992}} (1992)
}}
'''[[Georgia (nagara)|Georgia]]''' miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' minangka nagara independen ing 1994. Sawise iku, nagara kasebut ngirimi para atlet kanggo melu ing kabeh [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Panas]] lan [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Dingin]].

Sadurunge , para atlet Georgia melu minangka bagean saka [[Uni Sovyet ing Olimpiade]] saka 1952 nganti 1988. Sawise [[pambubaran Uni Sovyet]], Georgia dadi bagean saka [[Tim Gabungan ing Olimpiade|Tim Gabungan]] ing 1992.

Para atlet Georgia menangke total 40 medhali, utamine ing bidang [[gulat]], [[judo]] lan [[angkat wesi]].

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional Georgia]] didegake ing 1989 lan dirasmike déning [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] ing 1993.

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Georgia |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/georgia }}
* {{cite web|title=Georgia |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GEO |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624120741/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GEO/ |archivedate=2016-06-24 }}

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}
{{Olimpiade-stub}}
{{Georgia-stub}}

[[Kategori:Géorgia ing Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara ing Olimpiade|Géorgia]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Géorgia|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>o50ulbc5pilg3obdq2oe81txu4jutkv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756960</id>
      <parentid>1756935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2116" sha1="km9b0i91niuwe2zkgcfwt0euu7ysgfk" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = GEO
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Nasional Georgia]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = [[Gendera Georgia (nagara)|Gendera Georgia]]
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.geonoc.org.ge }}&amp;nbsp;{{in lang|ka|en}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 10
| silver = 12
| bronze = 18
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Géorgia|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1996|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Géorgia|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=1994|end_year= }}
| seealso = {{flagIOC|RU1}} (1900–1912)&lt;br/&gt;{{flagIOC|URS}} (1952–1988)&lt;br/&gt;{{flagIOC|EUN|Musim Panas 1992}} (1992)
}}
'''[[Georgia (nagara)|Georgia]]''' miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' minangka nagara independen ing 1994. Sawise iku, nagara kasebut ngirimi para atlet kanggo melu ing kabeh [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Panas]] lan [[Permainan Olimpiade Musim Dingin]].

Sadurunge , para atlet Georgia melu minangka bagean saka [[Uni Sovyet ing Olimpiade]] saka 1952 nganti 1988. Sawise [[pambubaran Uni Sovyet]], Georgia dadi bagean saka [[Tim Gabungan ing Olimpiade|Tim Gabungan]] ing 1992.

Para atlet Georgia menangke total 40 medhali, utamine ing bidang [[gulat]], [[judo]] lan [[angkat wesi]].

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional Georgia]] didegake ing 1989 lan dirasmike déning [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] ing 1993.

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Georgia |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/georgia }}
* {{cite web|title=Georgia |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GEO |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624120741/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GEO/ |archivedate=2016-06-24 }}

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}
{{Olimpiade-stub}}
{{Georgia-stub}}

[[Kategori:Géorgia ing Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara ing Olimpiade|Géorgia]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Géorgia|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>km9b0i91niuwe2zkgcfwt0euu7ysgfk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Santa Vincent lan Grénadines ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756928</id>
      <parentid>1613665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2823" sha1="7lx7kg19ztv77kpmxkkbjvmx4g8sspm" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = VIN
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.svgnoc.org }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Santa Vincent lan Grénadines|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1988|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}

'''[[Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]]''' melu ing 8 [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]]. Nagara kasebut ora tau melu ing [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin]]. Nganti saiki, ora ana atlet Santa Vincent lan Grénadines sing menangke medhali Olimpiade.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-The-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718233005/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html |date=2012-07-18 }}, ''The Telegraph''&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] Santa Vincent lan Grénadines didegake ing 1982 lan dirasmike déning [[IOC]] ing 1987.

== Tabel medhali ==

=== Medhali miturut Permainan ===
{{Medals table
 | caption     = 
 | team        = Permainan
 | hide_rank   = yes
 | leading     = 
 | gold_1  = 0  | silver_1  = 0  | bronze_1  = 0  | name_1  = {{GamesName|SOG|1988}}
 | gold_2  = 0  | silver_2  = 0  | bronze_2  = 0  | name_2  = {{GamesName|SOG|1992}}
 | gold_3  = 0  | silver_3  = 0  | bronze_3  = 0  | name_3  = {{GamesName|SOG|1996}}
 | gold_4  = 0  | silver_4  = 0  | bronze_4  = 0  | name_4  = {{GamesName|SOG|2000}}
 | gold_5  = 0  | silver_5  = 0  | bronze_5  = 0  | name_5  = {{GamesName|SOG|2004}}
 | gold_6  = 0  | silver_6  = 0  | bronze_6  = 0  | name_6  = {{GamesName|SOG|2008}}
 | gold_7  = 0  | silver_7  = 0  | bronze_7  = 0  | name_7  = {{GamesName|SOG|2012}}
 | gold_8  = 0  | silver_8  = 0  | bronze_8  = 0  | name_8  = {{GamesName|SOG|2016}}
}}

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/st-vincent-and-the-grenadines }}
* {{cite web |title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093121/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN/ |url-status=dead }}
* [http://www.svgnoc.org/ SVGOC Official website]

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}

{{Olympic-stub}}

[[Kategori:Santa Vincent lan Grénadines ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>7lx7kg19ztv77kpmxkkbjvmx4g8sspm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756945</id>
      <parentid>1756928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2825" sha1="n358tj3ziegbgo3rff8o6tzuxxecant" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = VIN
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.svgnoc.org }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Santa Vincent lan Grénadines|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1988|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}

'''[[Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]]''' melu ing 8 [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]]. Nagara kasebut ora tau melu ing [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin]]. Nganti saiki, ora ana atlet Santa Vincent lan Grénadines sing menangke medhali Olimpiade.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-The-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718233005/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html |date=2012-07-18 }}, ''The Telegraph''&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] Santa Vincent lan Grénadines didegake ing 1982 lan dirasmike déning [[IOC]] ing 1987.

== Tabel medhali ==

=== Medhali miturut Permainan ===
{{Medals table
 | caption     = 
 | team        = Permainan
 | hide_rank   = yes
 | leading     = 
 | gold_1  = 0  | silver_1  = 0  | bronze_1  = 0  | name_1  = {{GamesName|SOG|1988}}
 | gold_2  = 0  | silver_2  = 0  | bronze_2  = 0  | name_2  = {{GamesName|SOG|1992}}
 | gold_3  = 0  | silver_3  = 0  | bronze_3  = 0  | name_3  = {{GamesName|SOG|1996}}
 | gold_4  = 0  | silver_4  = 0  | bronze_4  = 0  | name_4  = {{GamesName|SOG|2000}}
 | gold_5  = 0  | silver_5  = 0  | bronze_5  = 0  | name_5  = {{GamesName|SOG|2004}}
 | gold_6  = 0  | silver_6  = 0  | bronze_6  = 0  | name_6  = {{GamesName|SOG|2008}}
 | gold_7  = 0  | silver_7  = 0  | bronze_7  = 0  | name_7  = {{GamesName|SOG|2012}}
 | gold_8  = 0  | silver_8  = 0  | bronze_8  = 0  | name_8  = {{GamesName|SOG|2016}}
}}

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/st-vincent-and-the-grenadines }}
* {{cite web |title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093121/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN/ |url-status=dead }}
* [http://www.svgnoc.org/ SVGOC Official website]

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}

{{Olympic-stub}}

[[Kategori:Santa Vincent lan Grénadines ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>n358tj3ziegbgo3rff8o6tzuxxecant</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756955</id>
      <parentid>1756945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2826" sha1="he5btr02ovniyk3a1e8ju5mk74yjpzy" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = VIN
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.svgnoc.org }}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Santa Vincent lan Grénadines|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1988|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}

'''[[Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]]''' melu ing 8 [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]]. Nagara kasebut ora tau melu ing [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin]]. Nganti saiki, ora ana atlet Santa Vincent lan Grénadines sing menangke medhali Olimpiade.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-The-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718233005/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html |date=2012-07-18 }}, ''The Telegraph''&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] Santa Vincent lan Grénadines didegake ing 1982 lan dirasmike déning [[IOC]] ing 1987.

== Tabel medhali ==

=== Medhali miturut Permainan ===
{{Medals table
 | caption     = 
 | team        = Permainan
 | hide_rank   = yes
 | leading     = 
 | gold_1  = 0  | silver_1  = 0  | bronze_1  = 0  | name_1  = {{GamesName|SOG|1988}}
 | gold_2  = 0  | silver_2  = 0  | bronze_2  = 0  | name_2  = {{GamesName|SOG|1992}}
 | gold_3  = 0  | silver_3  = 0  | bronze_3  = 0  | name_3  = {{GamesName|SOG|1996}}
 | gold_4  = 0  | silver_4  = 0  | bronze_4  = 0  | name_4  = {{GamesName|SOG|2000}}
 | gold_5  = 0  | silver_5  = 0  | bronze_5  = 0  | name_5  = {{GamesName|SOG|2004}}
 | gold_6  = 0  | silver_6  = 0  | bronze_6  = 0  | name_6  = {{GamesName|SOG|2008}}
 | gold_7  = 0  | silver_7  = 0  | bronze_7  = 0  | name_7  = {{GamesName|SOG|2012}}
 | gold_8  = 0  | silver_8  = 0  | bronze_8  = 0  | name_8  = {{GamesName|SOG|2016}}
}}

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/st-vincent-and-the-grenadines }}
* {{cite web |title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093121/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN/ |url-status=dead }}
* [http://www.svgnoc.org/ SVGOC Official website]

{{Nagara ing Olimpiade}}

{{Olympic-stub}}

[[Kategori:Santa Vincent lan Grénadines ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>he5btr02ovniyk3a1e8ju5mk74yjpzy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Papua Niu Guinéa ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756897</id>
      <parentid>1756882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:34:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1921" sha1="3j5zvmd4j5p7mfzjzlml0hqnlxytq14" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = PNG
| NOCname = Komite Olimpiade Papua Niu Guinéa
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.pngolympic.org}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Papua Niu Guinéa|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Papua Niu Guinéa]]''' miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' sawise 1976, lan sampun ngirimi para atlet kanggo melu ing kabeh [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]] sawise iku, kajaba nalika nagara kasebut melu ing [[pamboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980]] sing dipimpin déning Amerika Sarekat. Nagara kasebut ora tau melu ing [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]], lan ora tau menangke medhali ing Olimpiade.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph 2012&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664293/Papua-New-Guinea-London-2012-Olympics.html Papua New Guinea at the Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611143957/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664293/Papua-New-Guinea-London-2012-Olympics.html |date=2020-06-11 }}, ''The Telegraph''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/papua-new-guinea }}
* {{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PNG |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092153/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PNG/ |url-status=dead }}

{{nagara ing Olimpiade}}

[[Kategori:Papua Niu Guinéa pada Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Papua Niu Guinéa|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>3j5zvmd4j5p7mfzjzlml0hqnlxytq14</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756905</id>
      <parentid>1756897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:36:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1922" sha1="ssfayjrmyp50bqt685qpilqums4jwh2" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = PNG
| NOCname = Komite Olimpiade Papua Niu Guinéa
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.pngolympic.org}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Papua Niu Guinéa|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Papua Niu Guinéa]]''' miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' sawise 1976, lan sampun ngirimi para atlet kanggo melu ing kabeh [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]] sawise iku, kajaba nalika nagara kasebut melu ing [[pamboikotan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980]] sing dipimpin déning Amerika Sarekat. Nagara kasebut ora tau melu ing [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]], lan ora tau menangke medhali ing Olimpiade.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph 2012&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664293/Papua-New-Guinea-London-2012-Olympics.html Papua New Guinea at the Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611143957/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664293/Papua-New-Guinea-London-2012-Olympics.html |date=2020-06-11 }}, ''The Telegraph''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/papua-new-guinea }}
* {{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PNG |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092153/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PNG/ |url-status=dead }}

{{nagara ing Olimpiade}}

[[Kategori:Papua Niu Guinéa pada Olimpiade| ]]
[[Kategori:Ulahraga ing Papua Niu Guinéa|Olimpiade]]</text>
      <sha1>ssfayjrmyp50bqt685qpilqums4jwh2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Libya ing Olimpiade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>185008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756906</id>
      <parentid>1756883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:36:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1573" sha1="6scnqjkihfws9n062gilpjzinhpmv3i" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = LBA
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Libya]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|olympic.ly }}&amp;nbsp;{{in lang|ar}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Libya|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = 
| seealso = 
}}
'''[[Libya]]''' miwiti melu ing '''[[Permainan Olimpiade]]''' ing 1964, lan ngirim para atlet kanggo melu ing sabagean gedhe [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]] sawise iku. Nagara kasebut ngaboikot [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1976]] bebarengan karo sabagean gedhe nagara Afrika liyane, lan uga ngaboikot [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984]]. Libya ora tau melu ing [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin]].

Saiki, ora ana atlet Libya sing menangke medhali Olimpiade.

[[Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] kanggo Libya didegake ing 1962 lan dirasmike déning [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] ing 1963.

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web |title=Libya |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/libya }}
* {{cite web |title=Libya |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/LBA |access-date=2020-01-24 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092944/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/LBA/ |url-status=dead }}

{{nagara ing Olimpiade}}

[[Kategori:Libya ing Olimpiade| ]]</text>
      <sha1>6scnqjkihfws9n062gilpjzinhpmv3i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Toledo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>185094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756923</id>
      <parentid>1704572</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2890" sha1="alg9f707r48tzlwymig1ljnovyui42f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung
| name              = Toledo
| latin             = Archidiœcesis Toletana
| local             = Archidiócesis de Toledo
| image             = Escudo de la Archidiócesis de Toledo.svg
| image_size        = 230px
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Spanyol]]
| metropolitan      = 
| territory         = [[Provinsi Toledo]], sabagean [[Provinsi Cáceres]] lan [[Provinsi Badajoz]]
| province          = [[Toledo, Spanyol|Toledo]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 19,333 
| population        = 719,482
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 636,477
| catholics_percent = 88.5
| parishes          = 270
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Latin]]
| established       = Abad ping 1 &lt;small&gt;(minangka Kabiskopan Toledo)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;Abad ping 4 &lt;small&gt;(minangka Kabiskopan Agung Toledo)&lt;/small&gt;
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Toledo|Katedral Primat St Maria ing Toledo]]
| cocathedral       = 
| basilicas         = 
| patron            = 
| priests           = 
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop  = [[Braulio Rodríguez Plaza]]
| bishop_title      = Uskup Agung
| auxiliary_bishops = Ángel Fernández Collado
| vicar_general     = 
| suffragans        = [[Kabiskopan Albacete]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Ciudad Real]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Cuenca]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Sigüenza-Guadalajara]]
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Francisco Álvarez Martínez]] &lt;small&gt;Kardinal Biskop Agung Emeritus (1995-2002)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;Joaquín Carmelo Borobia Isasa &lt;small&gt;Biskop Auksilier Emeritus (2004-2010)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Archidiócesis de Toledo.svg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Media ----&gt;
| newspaper         = 
| website           = [http://www.architoledo.org/ Situs web Kabiskopan Agung]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Agung [[Toledo, Spanyol|Toledo]]''' ({{lang-la|Archidioecesis Toletana}}) yaiku [[tahta metropolitan]] [[Greja Katulik ing Spanyol]]. Biskope uga menika [[Primat]] [[Spanyol]]. Miturut tradhisi, kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing abad ping 1 déning [[Yakobus]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.architoledo.org/ Archdiocese of Toledo] (dalam bahasa Spanyol)
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14755a.htm New Advent]
{{kabiskopan ing Spanyol}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Spanyol|Toledo]]
[[Kategori:Provinsi Grejawi Toledo]]</text>
      <sha1>alg9f707r48tzlwymig1ljnovyui42f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pratélan kabiskopan ing Bénin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>185623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756921</id>
      <parentid>1587194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1595" sha1="i8lyd9iqhjgbg66aprf7j6gle5xmvit" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan kabiskopan ing Bénin''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin dening [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Bénin]].

Konferensi para biskop Bénin gabung ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Bénin]].

Miturut Juni 2020, ana 10 yurisdiksi, ning endi 2 menika [[kabiskopan agung]] lan 8 liyane menika [[kabiskopan sufragan]].

== Pratélan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Cotonou ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Cotonou]]: [[Roger Houngbédji]], [[O.P.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Abomey]]: [[Eugène Cyrille Houndékon]]
** [[Kabiskopan Dassa-Zoumé]]: [[François Xavier Ghanbodè Gnonhossou]], [[S.M.A.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lokossa]]: [[Victor Agbanou]]
** [[Kabiskopan Porto Novo]]: [[Aristide Gonsallo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Parakou ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Parakou]]: [[Pascal N'Koué]]
** [[Kabiskopan Djougou]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Pascal N'Koué]]
** [[Kabiskopan Kandi]]: [[Clet Feliho]]
** [[Kabiskopan Natitingou]]: [[Antoine Sabi Bio]]
** [[Kabiskopan N'Dali]]: [[Martin Adjou Moumouni]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Bénin]]

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bbjqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/BJ.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Bénin}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Afrika}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{nagara-stub|Bénin}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Bénin| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Bénin]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Bénin|K]]</text>
      <sha1>i8lyd9iqhjgbg66aprf7j6gle5xmvit</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756941</id>
      <parentid>1756921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:31:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1597" sha1="5nk5pcbm4zwgfeaps2mh2t0sbofwbt1" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan kabiskopan ing Bénin''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin dening [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Bénin]].

Konferensi para biskop Bénin gabung ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Bénin]].

Miturut Juni 2020, ana 10 yurisdiksi, ning endi 2 menika [[kabiskopan agung]] lan 8 liyane menika [[kabiskopan sufragan]].

== Pratélan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Cotonou ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Cotonou]]: [[Roger Houngbédji]], [[O.P.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Abomey]]: [[Eugène Cyrille Houndékon]]
** [[Kabiskopan Dassa-Zoumé]]: [[François Xavier Ghanbodè Gnonhossou]], [[S.M.A.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lokossa]]: [[Victor Agbanou]]
** [[Kabiskopan Porto Novo]]: [[Aristide Gonsallo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Parakou ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Parakou]]: [[Pascal N'Koué]]
** [[Kabiskopan Djougou]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Pascal N'Koué]]
** [[Kabiskopan Kandi]]: [[Clet Feliho]]
** [[Kabiskopan Natitingou]]: [[Antoine Sabi Bio]]
** [[Kabiskopan N'Dali]]: [[Martin Adjou Moumouni]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Bénin]]

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bbjqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/BJ.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Bénin}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Afrika}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{nagara-stub|Bénin}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Bénin| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Bénin]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Bénin|K]]</text>
      <sha1>5nk5pcbm4zwgfeaps2mh2t0sbofwbt1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756965</id>
      <parentid>1756941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T15:00:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756965</origin>
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      <text bytes="1598" sha1="4a8onsj9aj60xmn6mkbxr2lj6guj0vv" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan kabiskopan ing Bénin''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin dening [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Bénin]].

Konferensi para biskop Bénin gabung ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Bénin]].

Miturut Juni 2020, ana 10 yurisdiksi, ning endi 2 menika [[kabiskopan agung]] lan 8 liyane menika [[kabiskopan sufragan]].

== Pratélan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Cotonou ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Cotonou]]: [[Roger Houngbédji]], [[O.P.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Abomey]]: [[Eugène Cyrille Houndékon]]
** [[Kabiskopan Dassa-Zoumé]]: [[François Xavier Ghanbodè Gnonhossou]], [[S.M.A.]]
** [[Kabiskopan Lokossa]]: [[Victor Agbanou]]
** [[Kabiskopan Porto Novo]]: [[Aristide Gonsallo]]

=== Provinsi Grejawi Parakou ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Parakou]]: [[Pascal N'Koué]]
** [[Kabiskopan Djougou]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik [[Pascal N'Koué]]
** [[Kabiskopan Kandi]]: [[Clet Feliho]]
** [[Kabiskopan Natitingou]]: [[Antoine Sabi Bio]]
** [[Kabiskopan N'Dali]]: [[Martin Adjou Moumouni]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Bénin]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bbjqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/BJ.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Bénin}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Afrika}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{nagara-stub|Bénin}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Bénin| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Bénin]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Bénin|K]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pratélan kabiskopan ing Giri Sima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>185685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756932</id>
      <parentid>1724309</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1590" sha1="5nh8d5szcmo6u2eytlsxmfs7ujoqvwz" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan kabiskopan ing Giri Sima''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin déning [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Giri Sima]].

Para biskop Giri Sima gabung bebarengan karo biskop ing [[Gambia]] ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Inter-teritorial Gambia lan Giri Sima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/042.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-19 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195553/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/042.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki ana 4 yurisdiksi, ning endi 1 menika [[kabiskopan agung]] lan 3 liyane menika [[kabiskopan sufragan]].

== Pratélan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Freetown ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Freetown]]: [[Edward Tamba Charles]]
** [[Kabiskopan Bo]]: [[Charles Allieu Matthew Campbell]]
** [[Kabiskopan Kenema]]: [[Henry Aruna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Makeni]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik, [[Natale Paganelli]], [[Xaverian|S.X.]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Giri Sima]]

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bslqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/SL.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Giri Sima}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Afrika}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{nagara-stub|Giri Sima}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Giri Sima| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Giri Sima|K]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Giri Sima]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756949</id>
      <parentid>1756932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:36:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756949</origin>
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      <text bytes="1593" sha1="ao9yuxy7hg9k71p9vdjyoacmxj17zim" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan kabiskopan ing Giri Sima''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin déning [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Giri Sima]].

Para biskop Giri Sima gabung bebarengan karo biskop ing [[Gambia]] ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Inter-teritorial Gambia lan Giri Sima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/042.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-19 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195553/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/042.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki ana 4 yurisdiksi, ning endi 1 menika [[kabiskopan agung]] lan 3 liyane menika [[kabiskopan sufragan]].

== Pratélan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Freetown ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Freetown]]: [[Edward Tamba Charles]]
** [[Kabiskopan Bo]]: [[Charles Allieu Matthew Campbell]]
** [[Kabiskopan Kenema]]: [[Henry Aruna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Makeni]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik, [[Natale Paganelli]], [[Xaverian|S.X.]]

== Réferènsi  ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Giri Sima]]

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bslqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/SL.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Giri Sima}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Afrika}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{nagara-stub|Giri Sima}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Giri Sima| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Giri Sima|K]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Giri Sima]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756957</id>
      <parentid>1756949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:21Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1594" sha1="rqtymezvdfbqruaut1yy47s4cmg3rgn" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan kabiskopan ing Giri Sima''' yaiku pratelan sing ngalebokake lan njlèntrèhaké pambagian kanggo wilayah administratif [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing dipimpin déning [[biskop]] utawa [[ordinaris]] ing [[Giri Sima]].

Para biskop Giri Sima gabung bebarengan karo biskop ing [[Gambia]] ing [[Konferensi Waligreja Inter-teritorial Gambia lan Giri Sima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/042.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-19 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195553/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/042.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki ana 4 yurisdiksi, ning endi 1 menika [[kabiskopan agung]] lan 3 liyane menika [[kabiskopan sufragan]].

== Pratélan kabiskopan ==
=== Provinsi Grejawi Freetown ===
* [[Kabiskopan Agung Freetown]]: [[Edward Tamba Charles]]
** [[Kabiskopan Bo]]: [[Charles Allieu Matthew Campbell]]
** [[Kabiskopan Kenema]]: [[Henry Aruna]]
** [[Kabiskopan Makeni]]: ''lowong'', diisi déning Administrator Apostolik, [[Natale Paganelli]], [[Xaverian|S.X.]]

== Réferènsi  ==
{{Reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Greja Katulik ing Giri Sima]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/bslqv.html Entri di Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/SL.htm Entri di GCatholic.org]
{{Kabiskopan ing Giri Sima}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Afrika}}
{{Katulik-stub}}
{{nagara-stub|Giri Sima}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Giri Sima| ]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan bertopik Giri Sima|K]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan kabiskopan miturut nagara|Giri Sima]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Cosenza-Bisignano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>185803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756929</id>
      <parentid>1638637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:31Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <text bytes="4066" sha1="fwhpkcuht3yhf7wq6l3ay0jv81xoeqj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung
| name              = Cosenza-Bisignano
| latin             = Archidioecesis Cosentina-Bisinianensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = Cosenza, duomo, esterno, facciata del xiii secolo, 01.jpg
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral [[Cosenza]]
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Itali}}
| territory         = 
| province          = Cosenza-Bisignano
| metropolitan      = 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = &lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 979
| population        = 383,000
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = 381,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 99.5
| parishes          = 127
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = Katulik Roma
| rite              = [[Ritus Latin]]
| established       = Abad ping 7
| cathedral         = Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta ([[Cosenza]])
| cocathedral       = Concattedrale di S. Maria Assunta ([[Bisignano]])
| patron            = Madonna del Pilerio&lt;br&gt;Francesco di Paola&lt;br&gt;Beato Umile da Bisignano
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = 163
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = [[Francescantonio Nolè]]
| bishop_title      = Biskop Agung
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = [[Kabiskopan Cassano all'Jonio]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Agung Rossano-Cariati]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan San Marco Argentano-Scalea]]
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Salvatore Nunnari]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano in Italy.svg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.diocesicosenza.it/ diocesicosenza.it]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Agung Cosenza-Bisignano''' ing [[Calabria]] sampun dadi [[tahta metropolitan]] sawise 2001.&lt;ref name=CathHierCosenza&gt;[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcobi.html &quot;Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano&quot;] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GCathCosenza&gt;[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cose0.htm &quot;Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano&quot;] ''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat ==
Injil wiwitan disebarke ing Cosenza déning para misionaris saka Reggio; biskop wiwitan sing dingerteni menika Palumbus, saka koresponden (599) saka [[Paus Gregorius I|St. Gregorius Agung]].&lt;ref name=ce&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Cosenza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cosenza didegake minangka kabiskopan ing taun 700.&lt;ref name=gci&gt;{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cosenza–Bisignano |url = http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cose0.htm |work=Catholic Dioceses in the World |publisher=GCatholic|accessdate=5 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.diocesicosenza.it/ diocesicosenza.it]

{{Kabiskopan ing Itali}}

{{coord|39.3000|N|16.2500|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali|Cosenza]]
[[Kategori:Provinsi Grejawi Cosenza-Bisignano]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756946</id>
      <parentid>1756929</parentid>
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        <username>Meursault2004</username>
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      <text bytes="4068" sha1="stef8d5lguy846m0wlwwglwdcoikd1u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung
| name              = Cosenza-Bisignano
| latin             = Archidioecesis Cosentina-Bisinianensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = Cosenza, duomo, esterno, facciata del xiii secolo, 01.jpg
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral [[Cosenza]]
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Itali}}
| territory         = 
| province          = Cosenza-Bisignano
| metropolitan      = 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = &lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 979
| population        = 383,000
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = 381,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 99.5
| parishes          = 127
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = Katulik Roma
| rite              = [[Ritus Latin]]
| established       = Abad ping 7
| cathedral         = Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta ([[Cosenza]])
| cocathedral       = Concattedrale di S. Maria Assunta ([[Bisignano]])
| patron            = Madonna del Pilerio&lt;br&gt;Francesco di Paola&lt;br&gt;Beato Umile da Bisignano
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = 163
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = [[Francescantonio Nolè]]
| bishop_title      = Biskop Agung
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = [[Kabiskopan Cassano all'Jonio]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Agung Rossano-Cariati]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan San Marco Argentano-Scalea]]
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Salvatore Nunnari]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano in Italy.svg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.diocesicosenza.it/ diocesicosenza.it]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Agung Cosenza-Bisignano''' ing [[Calabria]] sampun dadi [[tahta metropolitan]] sawise 2001.&lt;ref name=CathHierCosenza&gt;[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcobi.html &quot;Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano&quot;] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GCathCosenza&gt;[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cose0.htm &quot;Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano&quot;] ''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat ==
Injil wiwitan disebarke ing Cosenza déning para misionaris saka Reggio; biskop wiwitan sing dingerteni menika Palumbus, saka koresponden (599) saka [[Paus Gregorius I|St. Gregorius Agung]].&lt;ref name=ce&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Cosenza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cosenza didegake minangka kabiskopan ing taun 700.&lt;ref name=gci&gt;{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cosenza–Bisignano |url = http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cose0.htm |work=Catholic Dioceses in the World |publisher=GCatholic|accessdate=5 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.diocesicosenza.it/ diocesicosenza.it]

{{Kabiskopan ing Itali}}

{{coord|39.3000|N|16.2500|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali|Cosenza]]
[[Kategori:Provinsi Grejawi Cosenza-Bisignano]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756956</id>
      <parentid>1756946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:10Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="4069" sha1="bkvdjna883wkasdnxu2qirb1nwqg8mj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung
| name              = Cosenza-Bisignano
| latin             = Archidioecesis Cosentina-Bisinianensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = Cosenza, duomo, esterno, facciata del xiii secolo, 01.jpg
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral [[Cosenza]]
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Itali}}
| territory         = 
| province          = Cosenza-Bisignano
| metropolitan      = 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = &lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 979
| population        = 383,000
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = 381,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 99.5
| parishes          = 127
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = Katulik Roma
| rite              = [[Ritus Latin]]
| established       = Abad ping 7
| cathedral         = Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta ([[Cosenza]])
| cocathedral       = Concattedrale di S. Maria Assunta ([[Bisignano]])
| patron            = Madonna del Pilerio&lt;br&gt;Francesco di Paola&lt;br&gt;Beato Umile da Bisignano
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = 163
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = [[Francescantonio Nolè]]
| bishop_title      = Biskop Agung
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = [[Kabiskopan Cassano all'Jonio]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Agung Rossano-Cariati]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan San Marco Argentano-Scalea]]
| auxiliary_bishops = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   =
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Salvatore Nunnari]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano in Italy.svg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.diocesicosenza.it/ diocesicosenza.it]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Agung Cosenza-Bisignano''' ing [[Calabria]] sampun dadi [[tahta metropolitan]] sawise 2001.&lt;ref name=CathHierCosenza&gt;[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcobi.html &quot;Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano&quot;] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GCathCosenza&gt;[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cose0.htm &quot;Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano&quot;] ''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat ==
Injil wiwitan disebarke ing Cosenza déning para misionaris saka Reggio; biskop wiwitan sing dingerteni menika Palumbus, saka koresponden (599) saka [[Paus Gregorius I|St. Gregorius Agung]].&lt;ref name=ce&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Cosenza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cosenza didegake minangka kabiskopan ing taun 700.&lt;ref name=gci&gt;{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cosenza–Bisignano |url = http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cose0.htm |work=Catholic Dioceses in the World |publisher=GCatholic|accessdate=5 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.diocesicosenza.it/ diocesicosenza.it]

{{Kabiskopan ing Itali}}

{{coord|39.3000|N|16.2500|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali|Cosenza]]
[[Kategori:Provinsi Grejawi Cosenza-Bisignano]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>186010</id>
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      <id>1756891</id>
      <parentid>1756874</parentid>
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        <username>Meursault2004</username>
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      <text bytes="3206" sha1="h2p5lr3ni6fuddum5imgwqctkw1u8ui" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
| latin             = Dioecesis Sorana-Cassinensis-Aquinatensis-Pontiscurvi
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = Cattedrale di Sora.JPG
| image_size        =  255px
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral [[Sora, Lazio|Sora]]
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = Itali
| metropolitan      =  
| territory         = 
| province          = Gumantung marang Tahta Suci
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 2,016
| population        = 235,750 (kira-kira)
| population_as_of  = 2014
| catholics         = 232,900 (kira-kira)&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 98.8
| parishes          = 144&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = 381 (2014)&lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = Abad ping 3
| cathedral         = Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta (Sora)
| priests           = 116 (diosesan)&lt;br /&gt;26 (Ordo Relijius)&lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| bishop            = [[Gerardo Antonazzo]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Luca Brandolini]], C.M.
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.diocesisora.it/ www.diocesisora.it]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Sorana-Cassiensis-Aquinatensis-Pontiscurvi}}) yaiku [[kabiskopan]] Greja Katulik Roma ing wilayah [[Lazio]] (tengah [[Itali]]).&lt;ref name=CathHierSorCasAqPor&gt;[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dscap.html &quot;Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Portecorvino&quot;] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 27, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GCathSorCasAqPor&gt;[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sora0.htm &quot;Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Portecorvino&quot;] ''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved March 27, 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Kabiskopan kasebut menika gumantung marang [[Tahta Suci]], dudu bagean saka provinsi grejawi. Biskop Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo saiki menika [[Gerardo Antonazzo]], sing ditahbiske dadi biskop ing 8 April 2013 déning [[Paus Fransiskus]].

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|41.7167|N|13.6167|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IT|display=title}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Itali}}
{{Katulik-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali]]
[[Kategori:Cassino]]
[[Kategori:Sora, Lazio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patriarkat Venesia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>186020</id>
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      <parentid>1711066</parentid>
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      <text bytes="7875" sha1="p5embifs4ansr1fbomrgdm32eahweqx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Patriarkat&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Venesia
| latin             = Patriarchatus Venetiarum
| local             = Patriarcato di Venezia 
| image             = Basilica Venecia.jpg
| image_size        =  255px
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Basilika Santo Markus, [[Venesia]]
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Itali]]
| metropolitan      =  
| territory         = 
| province          = Venesia
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 871
| population        = 384,469
| population_as_of  = 2015
| catholics         = 327,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 85.1
| parishes          = 128&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Greja Katulik]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 774
| cathedral         = [[Basilika Santo Markus|Basilica Cattedrale Patriachale di S. Marco]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = 
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| bishop_title      = Patriark
| bishop            = [[Francesco Moraglia]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  =
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Roman Catholic Patriarchate of Venice in Italy.svg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.patriarcatovenezia.it/ www.patriarcatovenezia.it]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Patriarkat Venesia''', ({{lang-la|Patriarchatus Venetiarum}}), kadhangkala diarani '''Kabiskopan Agung Venesia''', yaiku [[kabiskopan agung]] [[Ritus Latin]] saka [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing [[Itali]]. Pimpinan kabiskopan agung kasebut menika [[Patriark Venesia]], sing asring diangkat dadi [[kardinal]] ing [[konsistori kepausan|konsistori]] déning [[Paus (Katulik)|Sri Paus]]. [[Greja induk]] saka kabiskopan agung kasebut menika [[Basilika Santo Markus|Basilica di San Marco in Venezia]].

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
=== Karya Rujukan (buku) ===
* {{cite book|last1=Eubel|first1=Conradus|title=Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1|date=1913|publisher=Libreria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|edition=second|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft}} (in Latin)
* {{cite book|last1=Eubel|first1=Conradus|title=Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2|date=1914|publisher=Libreria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|edition=second|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft}} (in Latin)
* {{cite book|last1=Eubel|first1=Conradus|title=Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3|date=1923|publisher=Libreria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|edition=second|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft}}
* {{cite book|last=Gams|first=Pius Bonifatius |title=Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ|year=1873|publisher=Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz|location=Ratisbon}} pp.&amp;nbsp;946-947. (Use with caution; obsolete)
* {{cite book|last1=Gauchat|first1=Patritius (Patrice)|title=Hierarchia catholica  IV (1592-1667)|date=1935|publisher=Libraria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft|accessdate=2016-07-06}} (in Latin)
* {{cite book|last1=Ritzler|first1=Remigius|last2=Sefrin|first2=Pirminus|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi  V (1667-1730)|date=1952|publisher=Messagero di S. Antonio|location=Patavii|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft|accessdate=2016-07-06}} (in Latin)
* {{cite book|last1=Ritzler|first1=Remigius|last2=Sefrin|first2=Pirminus|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi  VI (1730-1799)|date=1958|publisher=Messagero di S. Antonio|location=Patavii|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft|accessdate=2016-07-06}} (in Latin)
* {{cite book|last1=Ritzler|first1=Remigius|last2=Sefrin|first2=Pirminus|title=Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series... A pontificatu Pii PP. VII (1800) usque ad pontificatum Gregorii PP. XVI (1846)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ|volume= VII|year=1968|publisher=Libr. Regensburgiana|location=Monasterii|language=Latin}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ritzler, Remigius|author2=Pirminus Sefrin|title=Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi... A Pontificatu PII PP. IX (1846) usque ad Pontificatum Leonis PP. XIII (1903)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ|year=1978|volume= VIII|publisher=Il Messaggero di S. Antonio|language=Latin}}
* {{cite book|last= Pięta|first=Zenon|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi...  A pontificatu Pii PP. X (1903) usque ad pontificatum Benedictii PP. XV (1922)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXuJQwAACAAJ|volume= IX|year=2002|publisher=Messagero di San Antonio|location=Padua|language=Latin|isbn=978-88-250-1000-8}}
=== Artikel ===
* {{cite book|last=Cappelletti|first=Giuseppe|title=Storia della chiesa di Venezia dalla sua fondazione sino ai nostri giorni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCVLAAAAcAAJ|volume=Tomo primo|year=1849|location=Venice|language=Italian}}
* {{cite book|last=Cappelletti|first=Giuseppe |title=Storia della chiesa di Venezia dalla sua fondazione sino ai nostri giorni. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSVLAAAAcAAJ|volume=Tomo secondo|year=1851|location=Venezia|language=Italian}}
* {{cite book|last=Cappelletti|first=Giuseppe|title=Storia della chiesa di Venezia dalla sua fondazione sino ai nostri giorni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSVLAAAAcAAJ|volume= Terzo|year=1853|location=Venezia|language=Italian}}
* {{cite book|last=Cappelletti|first=Giuseppe|title=Storia della chiesa di Venezia dalla sua fondazione sino ai nostri giorni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SVLAAAAcAAJ|volume=Tomo sesto|year=1850|location=Venice|language=Italian}}
* {{cite book|last=Cappelletti|first=Giuseppe |title=Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQEVAAAAYAAJ|volume=Tomo IX|year=1855|publisher=G. Antonelli|location=Venice|language=Italian}}
* {{cite book|last=Lentz|first=Harris M.  III|title=Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXEwCgAAQBAJ|year=2001|publisher=McFarland|location=London|isbn=978-0-7864-4101-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Orsoni|first=Alessandro|title=Serie cronologica dei cardinali veneziani tratta dalle memorie inedite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lN9VAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA55|year=1833|publisher=Picotti|location=Venezia|language=Italian}}
* {{cite book|last=Piva|first=Vittorio |title=Il Patriarcato di Venezia e le sue origini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jo4wSwAACAAJ|year=1938|publisher=tip. San Marco|location=Venice|language=Italian}}
* {{cite book|last=Piva|first=Vittorio|title=Il Patriarcato di Venezia e le sue origini: libro 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqQOAQAAIAAJ|volume= II|year=1960|publisher=Tip S. Marco|location=Venice|language=Italian}}
{{kabiskopan ing Itali}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali|Venesia]]
[[Kategori:Patriarkat Latin|Venesia]]
[[Kategori:Provinsi Grejawi Venesia]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan sing didégake déning Nikolas V]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Saint Paul lan Minneapolis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>186042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756903</id>
      <parentid>1756879</parentid>
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      <text bytes="3316" sha1="giwwfs28wwucncxrx9cl3ra170zjhyg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Saint Paul lan Minneapolis
| latin             = Archidiocesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.svg
| image_size        = 175px 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Lambang kabiskopan agung
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Amerika Sarekat]]
| territory         = 
| province          = Saint Paul lan Minneapolis
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 6,187
| population        = 3,177,207
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 825,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 26
| parishes          = 188&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 19 Juli 1850 ({{age|1850|7|19}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = [[Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul|Cathedral of Saint Paul]] (Saint Paul)
| cocathedral       = [[Basilica of Saint Mary, Minneapolis|Basilica of Saint Mary]] (Minneapolis)
| patron            = [[Saint Paul]]
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| bishop_title      = Biskop Agung
| bishop            = [[Bernard Hebda]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = [[Andrew H. Cozzens]]
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Harry Joseph Flynn]]&lt;br&gt;[[John Clayton Nienstedt]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lee A. Piché]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Archdiocese of Saint Paul &amp; Minneapolis map 1.jpg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.archspm.org/ www.archspm.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Agung Saint Paul lan Minneapolis''' ({{lang-la|Archidioecesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana}}) yaiku [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik]] ing [[Amerika Sarekat]]. Kabiskopan kasebut dipimpin déning [[biskop agung]] sing ngurusi [[kabiskopan agung]] kasebut saka kutha [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul|Saint Paul lan Minneapolis]].

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.archspm.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Official Site]
* [http://www.cathedralsaintpaul.org/ Cathedral of Saint Paul]
* [http://www.thecatholicspirit.com/ The Catholic Spirit, the Archdiocese's official newspaper]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dstpa.html Information and population statistics kept by www.catholic-hierarchy.org (Unofficial)]

{{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|44|56|45|N|93|06|28|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat|Saint Paul lan Minneapolis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Gary</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187136</id>
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      <id>1756937</id>
      <parentid>1739482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:31:03Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3277" sha1="0qezkmfltal9amywaayqda8ofckd42t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Gary
| latin             = Dioecesis Gariensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| coat              = CoA Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary.svg
| image_size        = frameless
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Amerika Sarekat}}
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Indianapolis|Indianapolis]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 1,807&lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| population        = 778,463
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = 185,550&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 23.8
| parishes          = 73&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = 72&lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = 22&lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 17 Dhésèmber 1956 ({{age|1956|12|17}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = [[Cathedral of the Holy Angels (Gary, Indiana)|Cathedral of the Holy Angels]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Malaikat-malaikat Penjaga]]&lt;br&gt;Santo [[Matius]] Rasul
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt; 
| metropolitan      = 
| bishop            = [[Robert John McClory]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Dale Joseph Melczek]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Diocese of Gary map 1.png
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = Teritorial Kabiskopan Gary
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.dcgary.org www.dcgary.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Gary''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Gariensis}}) yaiku [[greja partikuler]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing [[Amerika Sarekat]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 17 Dhésèmber 1956 déning [[Paus Pius XII]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dchis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dcgary.org/bishop-history.htm |title=Catholic Diocese of Gary website, Bishop's Office - Brief History of the Diocese page, Retrieved 10 March 2012 |access-date=2018-12-23 |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214004408/http://www.dcgary.org/bishop-history.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.dcgary.org/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary]
* [http://www.nwicatholic.com NWI Catholic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121857/https://www.nwicatholic.com/ |date=2018-12-24 }} (Diocese of Gary's weekly newspaper)
* [https://www.nwilatin.org NWI Latin Mass Community]

{{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|41|34|51|N|87|20|44|W|source:plwiki|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat|Gary]]</text>
      <sha1>0qezkmfltal9amywaayqda8ofckd42t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756951</id>
      <parentid>1756937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3279" sha1="d7mkznnsdv4bqwjaedez0g461dl1fem" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Gary
| latin             = Dioecesis Gariensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| coat              = CoA Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary.svg
| image_size        = frameless
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Amerika Sarekat}}
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Indianapolis|Indianapolis]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 1,807&lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| population        = 778,463
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = 185,550&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 23.8
| parishes          = 73&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = 72&lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = 22&lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 17 Dhésèmber 1956 ({{age|1956|12|17}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = [[Cathedral of the Holy Angels (Gary, Indiana)|Cathedral of the Holy Angels]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Malaikat-malaikat Penjaga]]&lt;br&gt;Santo [[Matius]] Rasul
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt; 
| metropolitan      = 
| bishop            = [[Robert John McClory]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Dale Joseph Melczek]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Diocese of Gary map 1.png
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = Teritorial Kabiskopan Gary
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.dcgary.org www.dcgary.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Gary''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Gariensis}}) yaiku [[greja partikuler]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing [[Amerika Sarekat]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 17 Dhésèmber 1956 déning [[Paus Pius XII]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dchis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dcgary.org/bishop-history.htm |title=Catholic Diocese of Gary website, Bishop's Office - Brief History of the Diocese page, Retrieved 10 March 2012 |access-date=2018-12-23 |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214004408/http://www.dcgary.org/bishop-history.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.dcgary.org/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary]
* [http://www.nwicatholic.com NWI Catholic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121857/https://www.nwicatholic.com/ |date=2018-12-24 }} (Diocese of Gary's weekly newspaper)
* [https://www.nwilatin.org NWI Latin Mass Community]

{{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|41|34|51|N|87|20|44|W|source:plwiki|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat|Gary]]</text>
      <sha1>d7mkznnsdv4bqwjaedez0g461dl1fem</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756962</id>
      <parentid>1756951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:45:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3281" sha1="8mjboj2l1u85wjbygtwmy8liq28t47a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Gary
| latin             = Dioecesis Gariensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| coat              = CoA Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary.svg
| image_size        = frameless
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Amerika Sarekat}}
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Indianapolis|Indianapolis]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 1,807&lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| population        = 778,463
| population_as_of  = 2006
| catholics         = 185,550&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 23.8
| parishes          = 73&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = 72&lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = 22&lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 17 Dhésèmber 1956 ({{age|1956|12|17}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = [[Cathedral of the Holy Angels (Gary, Indiana)|Cathedral of the Holy Angels]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Malaikat-malaikat Penjaga]]&lt;br&gt;Santo [[Matius]] Rasul
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt; 
| metropolitan      = 
| bishop            = [[Robert John McClory]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Dale Joseph Melczek]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Diocese of Gary map 1.png
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = Teritorial Kabiskopan Gary
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.dcgary.org www.dcgary.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Gary''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Gariensis}}) yaiku [[greja partikuler]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing [[Amerika Sarekat]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 17 Dhésèmber 1956 déning [[Paus Pius XII]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dchis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dcgary.org/bishop-history.htm |title=Catholic Diocese of Gary website, Bishop's Office - Brief History of the Diocese page, Retrieved 10 March 2012 |access-date=2018-12-23 |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214004408/http://www.dcgary.org/bishop-history.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba  ==
* [http://www.dcgary.org/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary]
* [http://www.nwicatholic.com NWI Catholic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224121857/https://www.nwicatholic.com/ |date=2018-12-24 }} (Diocese of Gary's weekly newspaper)
* [https://www.nwilatin.org NWI Latin Mass Community]

{{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|41|34|51|N|87|20|44|W|source:plwiki|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat|Gary]]</text>
      <sha1>8mjboj2l1u85wjbygtwmy8liq28t47a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756925</id>
      <parentid>1589529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3215" sha1="fh43ttut4z18a9n13220fds1x2rxydf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Keuskupan
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung
| name              = Anchorage–Juneau
| latin             = Archidioecesis Ancoragiensis-Junellensis
| local             = Archdiocese of Anchorage
| image             = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Anchorage.svg
| image_size        = 175px
| caption           = Lambang Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau
&lt;!---- Lokasi ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Amerika Sarekat}}
| territory         = {{flagicon|Alaska}} Wilayah kidul [[Alaska]]
| province          = [[Pratélan kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat#Provinsi Grejawi Anchorage|Provinsi Grejawi Anchorage]]
| metropolitan      = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
&lt;!---- Statistik ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 223.674
| population        = 476,720
| population_as_of  = 2015
| catholics         = 44,096
| catholics_percent = 9,2
| parishes          = 33
&lt;!---- Informasi ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 22 Januari 1966 ({{age|1966|1|22}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Kaluwarga Suci (Anchorage, Alaska)|Katedral Kaluwarga Suci]]
| cocathedral       = [[Ko-Katedral Bunda Kita saka Guadalupe (Anchorage, Alaska)|Ko-Katedral Bunda Kita saka Guadalupe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicanchor.org/alaska-news/lady-guadalupe-elevated-co-cathedral-anchorage/|title=Our Lady of Guadalupe becomes Anchorage’s co-cathedral|publisher=Catholic Anchor|accessdate=2014-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| patron            = [[Yosef|St. Yosef Pekerja]]&lt;br&gt;[[Thérèse saka Lisieux|St. Theresia saka Lisieux]]
| priests           = 34
&lt;!---- Kepemimpinan saat ini ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| metro_archbishop  = [[Andrew Eugene Bellisario]], [[C.M.]]
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Roger Lawrence Schwietz]]
&lt;!---- Wilayah ----&gt;
| map               = Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau map.png
| map_caption       = Wilayah Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau
| alamat            = 225 Cordova St., Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
&lt;!---- Situs web ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.archdioceseofanchorage.org www.archdioceseofanchorage.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau''' ({{lang-la|Archidioecesis Ancoragiensis-Junellensis}}, {{lang-en|Archdiocese of Anchorage–Juneau}}) yaiku wilayah grejawi utawa [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing kulon lor [[Amerika Sarekat]], praja [[Alaska]]. Kabiskopan Agung kasebut dipimpin déning [[biskop agung]] [[prelatus]] sing ngejabat minangka [[pastor]] [[greja induk]], [[Katedral Kaluwarga Suci (Anchorage, Alaska)|Katedral Kaluwarga Suci]], [[Anchorage, Alaska|Munisipalitas Anchorage]].

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.archdioceseofanchorage.org Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Anchorage Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205040238/http://archdioceseofanchorage.org/ |date=2006-12-05 }}
* [http://www.cssalaska.org/ Catholic Social Services Alaska]

{{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|61|13|11|N|149|52|44|W|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anchorage}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat]]</text>
      <sha1>fh43ttut4z18a9n13220fds1x2rxydf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756944</id>
      <parentid>1756925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:35:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi  */</comment>
      <origin>1756944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3217" sha1="ntfv8laujxlflwk5qkx3w7wi2fba6mh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Keuskupan
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung
| name              = Anchorage–Juneau
| latin             = Archidioecesis Ancoragiensis-Junellensis
| local             = Archdiocese of Anchorage
| image             = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Anchorage.svg
| image_size        = 175px
| caption           = Lambang Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau
&lt;!---- Lokasi ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Amerika Sarekat}}
| territory         = {{flagicon|Alaska}} Wilayah kidul [[Alaska]]
| province          = [[Pratélan kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat#Provinsi Grejawi Anchorage|Provinsi Grejawi Anchorage]]
| metropolitan      = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
&lt;!---- Statistik ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 223.674
| population        = 476,720
| population_as_of  = 2015
| catholics         = 44,096
| catholics_percent = 9,2
| parishes          = 33
&lt;!---- Informasi ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 22 Januari 1966 ({{age|1966|1|22}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Kaluwarga Suci (Anchorage, Alaska)|Katedral Kaluwarga Suci]]
| cocathedral       = [[Ko-Katedral Bunda Kita saka Guadalupe (Anchorage, Alaska)|Ko-Katedral Bunda Kita saka Guadalupe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicanchor.org/alaska-news/lady-guadalupe-elevated-co-cathedral-anchorage/|title=Our Lady of Guadalupe becomes Anchorage’s co-cathedral|publisher=Catholic Anchor|accessdate=2014-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| patron            = [[Yosef|St. Yosef Pekerja]]&lt;br&gt;[[Thérèse saka Lisieux|St. Theresia saka Lisieux]]
| priests           = 34
&lt;!---- Kepemimpinan saat ini ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| metro_archbishop  = [[Andrew Eugene Bellisario]], [[C.M.]]
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Roger Lawrence Schwietz]]
&lt;!---- Wilayah ----&gt;
| map               = Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau map.png
| map_caption       = Wilayah Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau
| alamat            = 225 Cordova St., Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
&lt;!---- Situs web ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.archdioceseofanchorage.org www.archdioceseofanchorage.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau''' ({{lang-la|Archidioecesis Ancoragiensis-Junellensis}}, {{lang-en|Archdiocese of Anchorage–Juneau}}) yaiku wilayah grejawi utawa [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing kulon lor [[Amerika Sarekat]], praja [[Alaska]]. Kabiskopan Agung kasebut dipimpin déning [[biskop agung]] [[prelatus]] sing ngejabat minangka [[pastor]] [[greja induk]], [[Katedral Kaluwarga Suci (Anchorage, Alaska)|Katedral Kaluwarga Suci]], [[Anchorage, Alaska|Munisipalitas Anchorage]].

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.archdioceseofanchorage.org Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Anchorage Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205040238/http://archdioceseofanchorage.org/ |date=2006-12-05 }}
* [http://www.cssalaska.org/ Catholic Social Services Alaska]

{{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|61|13|11|N|149|52|44|W|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anchorage}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat]]</text>
      <sha1>ntfv8laujxlflwk5qkx3w7wi2fba6mh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756954</id>
      <parentid>1756944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:44:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3218" sha1="qznqbzc6eumezcj37j4v7bzrrmisgqu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Keuskupan
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung
| name              = Anchorage–Juneau
| latin             = Archidioecesis Ancoragiensis-Junellensis
| local             = Archdiocese of Anchorage
| image             = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Anchorage.svg
| image_size        = 175px
| caption           = Lambang Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau
&lt;!---- Lokasi ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Amerika Sarekat}}
| territory         = {{flagicon|Alaska}} Wilayah kidul [[Alaska]]
| province          = [[Pratélan kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat#Provinsi Grejawi Anchorage|Provinsi Grejawi Anchorage]]
| metropolitan      = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
&lt;!---- Statistik ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 223.674
| population        = 476,720
| population_as_of  = 2015
| catholics         = 44,096
| catholics_percent = 9,2
| parishes          = 33
&lt;!---- Informasi ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 22 Januari 1966 ({{age|1966|1|22}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Kaluwarga Suci (Anchorage, Alaska)|Katedral Kaluwarga Suci]]
| cocathedral       = [[Ko-Katedral Bunda Kita saka Guadalupe (Anchorage, Alaska)|Ko-Katedral Bunda Kita saka Guadalupe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicanchor.org/alaska-news/lady-guadalupe-elevated-co-cathedral-anchorage/|title=Our Lady of Guadalupe becomes Anchorage’s co-cathedral|publisher=Catholic Anchor|accessdate=2014-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| patron            = [[Yosef|St. Yosef Pekerja]]&lt;br&gt;[[Thérèse saka Lisieux|St. Theresia saka Lisieux]]
| priests           = 34
&lt;!---- Kepemimpinan saat ini ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| metro_archbishop  = [[Andrew Eugene Bellisario]], [[C.M.]]
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Roger Lawrence Schwietz]]
&lt;!---- Wilayah ----&gt;
| map               = Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau map.png
| map_caption       = Wilayah Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau
| alamat            = 225 Cordova St., Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
&lt;!---- Situs web ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.archdioceseofanchorage.org www.archdioceseofanchorage.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''Kabiskopan Agung Anchorage–Juneau''' ({{lang-la|Archidioecesis Ancoragiensis-Junellensis}}, {{lang-en|Archdiocese of Anchorage–Juneau}}) yaiku wilayah grejawi utawa [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing kulon lor [[Amerika Sarekat]], praja [[Alaska]]. Kabiskopan Agung kasebut dipimpin déning [[biskop agung]] [[prelatus]] sing ngejabat minangka [[pastor]] [[greja induk]], [[Katedral Kaluwarga Suci (Anchorage, Alaska)|Katedral Kaluwarga Suci]], [[Anchorage, Alaska|Munisipalitas Anchorage]].

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.archdioceseofanchorage.org Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Anchorage Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205040238/http://archdioceseofanchorage.org/ |date=2006-12-05 }}
* [http://www.cssalaska.org/ Catholic Social Services Alaska]

{{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|61|13|11|N|149|52|44|W|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anchorage}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat]]</text>
      <sha1>qznqbzc6eumezcj37j4v7bzrrmisgqu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Philadelphia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756900</id>
      <parentid>1756872</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:35:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3188" sha1="mkxgxoqydbmk0bvxmwuzgp1jrwt89bn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Philadelphia
| latin             = Archidioecesis Philadelphiensis
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| coat              = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia.svg
| coat_size         = 175px 
| coat_alt          = 
| flag              = Flag of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia.svg
| flag_size         = 150px
| flag_alt          = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Amerika Sarekat]]
| province          = Provinsi Metropolitan Philadelphia
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_sqmi         = 2,183
| population        = 4,070,000
| population_as_of  = 2013
| catholics         = 1,489,000
| catholics_percent = 36.6
| parishes          = 257
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 8 April 1808
| cathedral         = [[Katedral-Basilika Santo Petrus lan Paulus]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santo Petrus]] lan [[Santo Paulus]]
| priests           = 619
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| bishop            = [[Nelson Jesus Perez]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = {{ubl|[[Edward Michael Deliman]]|[[Michael Joseph Fitzgerald]]|[[John Joseph McIntyre]]|[[Timothy Christian Senior]]}}
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = {{ubl|[[Charles Joseph Chaput]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]]|Kardinal [[Justin Rigali|Justin Francis Rigali]]|[[Robert Patrick Maginnis]]}}
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Archdiocese of Philadelphia map 1.jpg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://archphila.org/ archphila.org]
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''Kabiskopan Agung Philadelphia''' yaiku wilayah grejawi utawa [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing kulon kidul [[Pennsylvania]], [[Amerika Sarekat]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Pius VII]] ing 8 April 1808

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.archphila.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904074307/http://www.archphila.org/ |date=2011-09-04 }}
* [http://www.catholicschools-phl.org/ Office of Catholic Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209163244/http://www.catholicschools-phl.org/ |date=2014-12-09 }}
* {{CathEncy|title=Archdiocese of Philadelphia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11793b.htm}}
{{Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}}
{{coord|39|57|26|N|75|10|04|W|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Organisasi Kristen sing didegaké taun 1808]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat|Philadelphia]]</text>
      <sha1>mkxgxoqydbmk0bvxmwuzgp1jrwt89bn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan San Martín</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756922</id>
      <parentid>1700320</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2804" sha1="mlb4f9s981epopntyuirq1g4rw2m7as" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = San Martín
| latin             = Dioecesis Foromartiniensis
| local             = Diócesis de San Martín
| image             = Catedraldesanmartin.JPG
| image_size        = frameless 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral Yesus Pangon
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Argentina]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 102&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt; 
| population        = 769,000
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 538,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 70
| parishes          = 37
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 10 April 1961 ({{age|1961|4|10}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = Katedral Kristus Pangon Apik ing [[San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martín]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santo Yosef Tukang Kayu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bunda saka Lourdes]]
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| bishop            = [[Martín Fassi]]
| metro_archbishop  = [[Mario Aurelio Poli]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = [[Ham Lim Moon]]
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = 
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = 
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan San Martín''' ana ing kutha [[San Martín, Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Yohanes XXIII]] ing 10 April 1961.

== Pimpinan ==
* [[Manuel Menéndez]] (1961–1991)
* [[Luis Héctor Villalba]] (1991–1999)
* [[Raúl Omar Rossi]] (2000–2003)
* [[Guillermo Rodríguez Melgarejo]] (2003–2020)
* [[Martín Fassi]] (2020-

== Referensi ==
&lt;!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsmar.html]

{{kabiskopan ing Argentina}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Argèntina|San Martin]]</text>
      <sha1>mlb4f9s981epopntyuirq1g4rw2m7as</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756942</id>
      <parentid>1756922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756942</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2806" sha1="texmy77mzid5x0xt6e6d4ljwvce5qij" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = San Martín
| latin             = Dioecesis Foromartiniensis
| local             = Diócesis de San Martín
| image             = Catedraldesanmartin.JPG
| image_size        = frameless 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = Katedral Yesus Pangon
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Argentina]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 102&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt; 
| population        = 769,000
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 538,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 70
| parishes          = 37
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 10 April 1961 ({{age|1961|4|10}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = Katedral Kristus Pangon Apik ing [[San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martín]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Santo Yosef Tukang Kayu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bunda saka Lourdes]]
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| bishop            = [[Martín Fassi]]
| metro_archbishop  = [[Mario Aurelio Poli]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = [[Ham Lim Moon]]
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = 
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = 
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan San Martín''' ana ing kutha [[San Martín, Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Yohanes XXIII]] ing 10 April 1961.

== Pimpinan ==
* [[Manuel Menéndez]] (1961–1991)
* [[Luis Héctor Villalba]] (1991–1999)
* [[Raúl Omar Rossi]] (2000–2003)
* [[Guillermo Rodríguez Melgarejo]] (2003–2020)
* [[Martín Fassi]] (2020-

== Réferènsi ==
&lt;!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsmar.html]

{{kabiskopan ing Argentina}}

[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Argèntina|San Martin]]</text>
      <sha1>texmy77mzid5x0xt6e6d4ljwvce5qij</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan San Justo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756924</id>
      <parentid>1700323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
      <origin>1756924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2910" sha1="dregueziq3h5v9tghbkjcffny3d2aka" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = San Justo
| latin             = Dioecesis Sancti Iusti
| local             = Diócesis de San Justo
| image             = 
| image_size        = frameless 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Argentina]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 130&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt; 
| population        = 1,083,000
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 975,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 90
| parishes          = 40
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 18 Juli 1969 ({{age|1969|7|18}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = Katedral St Justus lan St Pastor ing [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Justus lan Pastor|St Justus lan Pastor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Maria Bunda Allah]]
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| bishop            = [[Baldomero Carlos Martini]]
| metro_archbishop  = [[Mario Aurelio Poli]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = 
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.obispadodesanjusto.org.ar/ Situs Web Kabiskopan]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan San Justo''' ana ing kutha [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]], provinsi [[Buenos Aires]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] ing 18 Juli 1969.

== Pimpinan ==
* [[Jorge Carlos Carreras]] (1969–1982)
* [[Rodolfo Bufano]] (1982–1990)
* [[Jorge Arturo Meinvielle]] [[Salesian Don Bosco|S.D.B.]] (1991–2003)
* [[Baldomero Carlos Martini]] (2004– )

== Referensi ==
&lt;!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsjus.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{kabiskopan ing Argentina}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:San Justo}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Argèntina]]</text>
      <sha1>dregueziq3h5v9tghbkjcffny3d2aka</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1756943</id>
      <parentid>1756924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Réferènsi */</comment>
      <origin>1756943</origin>
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      <text bytes="2912" sha1="k8cynqesjxjk6nkaxg3l95dhe8lffdl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = San Justo
| latin             = Dioecesis Sancti Iusti
| local             = Diócesis de San Justo
| image             = 
| image_size        = frameless 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Argentina]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 130&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt; 
| population        = 1,083,000
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 975,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 90
| parishes          = 40
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 18 Juli 1969 ({{age|1969|7|18}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = Katedral St Justus lan St Pastor ing [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = [[Justus lan Pastor|St Justus lan Pastor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Maria Bunda Allah]]
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| bishop            = [[Baldomero Carlos Martini]]
| metro_archbishop  = [[Mario Aurelio Poli]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = 
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.obispadodesanjusto.org.ar/ Situs Web Kabiskopan]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan San Justo''' ana ing kutha [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]], provinsi [[Buenos Aires]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] ing 18 Juli 1969.

== Pimpinan ==
* [[Jorge Carlos Carreras]] (1969–1982)
* [[Rodolfo Bufano]] (1982–1990)
* [[Jorge Arturo Meinvielle]] [[Salesian Don Bosco|S.D.B.]] (1991–2003)
* [[Baldomero Carlos Martini]] (2004– )

== Réferènsi ==
&lt;!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsjus.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{kabiskopan ing Argentina}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:San Justo}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Argèntina]]</text>
      <sha1>k8cynqesjxjk6nkaxg3l95dhe8lffdl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Quilmes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756940</id>
      <parentid>1700327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>dening → déning</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2631" sha1="t798tocjos72e11sqy3l7x7abaa9mku" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Quilmes
| latin             = Dioecesis Quilmensis
| local             = Diócesis de Quilmes
| image             = 
| image_size        = frameless 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = [[Argentina]]
| metropolitan      = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| territory         = 
| province          = [[Kabiskopan Agung Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| coordinates       = &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt; 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 503&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt; 
| population        = 1,198,000
| population_as_of  = 2010
| catholics         = 1,028,000&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 85.8
| parishes          = 80
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 19 Juni 1976 ({{age|1976|6|19}} taun kepungkur)
| cathedral         = Katedral Dikandung Tanpa Noda ing [[Quilmes]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = 
| priests           = &lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| bishop_title      = Biskop
| bishop            = [[Carlos José Tissera]]
| metro_archbishop  = [[Mario Aurelio Poli]]
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Luis Teodorico Stöckler]]
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Diocesi di Quilmes.jpg
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.obisquil.org.ar/ Situs Web Kabiskopan]
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Quilmes''' ana ing kutha [[Quilmes]], ibu kutha [[Quilmes Partido]], provinsi [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake déning [[Paus Paulus VI]] ing 19 Juni 1976.

== Pimpinan ==
* [[Jorge Novak]] [[Misionaris Firman Ilahi|S.V.D.]] (1976–2001)
* [[Luis Teodorico Stöckler]] (2002–2011)
* [[Carlos José Tissera]] (2011–saiki)

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dquil.html

{{kabiskopan ing Argentina}}

[[Kategori:Quilmes]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Argèntina|Quilmes]]</text>
      <sha1>t798tocjos72e11sqy3l7x7abaa9mku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Dar-es-Salaam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756888</id>
      <parentid>1756870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T12:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Pranala njaba */</comment>
      <origin>1756888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2275" sha1="1jnpw15heuoyfgcqsxmugqnwgd99dyb" xml:space="preserve">'''Kabiskopan Agung Dar-es-Salaam''' ({{lang-la|Archidioecesis Daressalaamensis}}) yaiku [[kabiskopan agung]] Metropolitan Latin [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing [[Tanzania]].

[[Barkas:Metropolitan Cathedral Dar es Salaam.jpg|jmpl|Katedral Santo Yusuf]]
[[Greja induk]] kabiskopan agung kasebut lan kursi biskop agunge menika [[Katedral Santo Yusuf, Dar es Salaam|Katedral Santo Yusuf]]. Biskop agung Dar-es-Salaam saiki menika Kardinal [[Polycarp Pengo]], sing dimunggahke déning [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] ing 22 Juli 1992.
 
== Sajarah ==
* Didegake minangka '''[[prefek apostolik|Prefektur Apostolik]] Zanguebar Kidul''' déning [[Paus Leo XIII]] ing 16 November 1887, ing kawasan sing diparo saka [[Vikariat Apostolik Zanguebar]].
* Dimunggahke dadi '''[[vikariat apostolik|Vikariat Apostolik]] Zanguebar Kidul''' ing 15 September 1902. Ganti jeneng déning [[Paus Pius X]] dadi '''Vikariat Apostolik Dar-es-Salaam''' ing 10 Agustus 1906.
* Kelangan wilayah ing 1913.11.12 kanggo pangadegan [[Prefektur Apostolik Lindi]] lan maneh ing 1922.03.03 kanggo pangadegan [[Prefektur Apostolik Iringa]]
* Dimunggahke dadi [[biskop metropolitan|Kabiskopan Agung Metropolitan]] déning [[Paus Pius XII]] ing 25 Maret 1953
* Kelangan wilayah ing 1964.04.21: kanggo pangadegan [[Kabiskopan Mahenge]] lan maneh ing 1964.12.12 kanggo pangadegan [[Administrasi Apostolik Zanzibar lan Pemba]] (saiki [[Kabiskopan Zanzibar]], kalorone menika suffragane
* Dikunjungi déning [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] ing September 1990.
 
== Provinsi ==
[[Provinsi grejawi]]-ne kalebu kabiskopan Metropolitan-ne iku dhewe lan kabiskopan-kabiskopan suffragan-ne ing ngisor iki:
* [[Kabiskopan Mahenge]]
* [[Kabiskopan Ifakara]]
* [[Kabiskopan Morogoro]]
* [[Kabiskopan Tanga]]
* [[Kabiskopan Zanzibar]]

== Pranala njaba  ==
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Zanzibar|Apostolic Vicariate of Dar-es-Salaam}}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddare.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/dare0.htm GCatholic.org, with incumbent biography links]
{{Kabiskopan ing Tanzania}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dar-es-Salaam, Kabiskopan Agung}}
[[Kategori:Dar es Salaam]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Tanzania]]</text>
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    <title>Musiyum Manungsa Purwa Sangiran</title>
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{{Infobox cagar budaya
| Name        = Sangiran
| Image       = Museum Purbakala Sangiran 1.JPG
|caption = 
| Location    =[[Sragen]], [[Jawa Tengah]]
| Type        = Nasional
| Criteria    =Kawasan
| ID          =	CB.33
|Extension = Menteri
| Year        = 5 Febuari 2015
| Session     =  019/M/2015
| ownership   = {{INA}}
| management  = Balai Pelestarian Situs Manusia Purba Sangiran
| Link        = http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015091000093/sangiran
| map_location  = Jawa Tengah
| map_label     = {{PAGENAME}}
| map_caption   =Lokasi {{PAGENAME}} di [[Kabupaten Sragen]], [[Jawa Tengah]]
| coordinates   = {{coord|-7.4577082|110.8386485}}
|embedded={{Infobox World Heritage Site|child=yes
| WHS         = 
| State Party = {{INA}}
| Type        = Budaya
| Criteria    = iii, vi
| ID          = 593
| Region      = [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Asia dan Oseania|Asia Pasifik]]
| Year        = 1996
| Session     = ke-20
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/593
}}}}
'''Musiyum Manungsa Purwa Sangiran''' inggih punika musiyum arkeologi ingkang papan wonten ing [[Kalijambé, Sragèn|Kalijambé]], Kabupaten [[Sragen|Sragèn]], [[Jawa Tengah|Jawi Tengah]], [[Indhonésia|Indonesia]]. Musiyum puniki caket kaliyan area situs fosil purwakala [[Sangiran]] ingkang dados salah setunggalipun situs tilaran donya [[UNESCO|Unesco]]. Situs Sangiran nggadhahi wiyar dugi 56 km² ngliputi telung kecamatan ing Sragen, yaiku kecamatan Gemolong, Kecamatan [[Kalijambé, Sragèn|Kalijambe]], lan Kecamatan Plupuh saha Kecamatan Gondangrejo ingkang mlebet tlatah Kabupaten [[Karanganyar, Karanganyar|Karanganyar]]. Situs Sangiran wonten ing lebet kawasan Kubah Sangiran ingkang inggih punika dados perangan saking depresi Solo, ing suku Redi Lawu (17 km saking Kutha Solo). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/hesti-pratiwi/museum-manusia-purba-sangiran-solo-c1c2|title=9 Keseruan di Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran Solo|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=wii|first2=pratiwi|website=IDN Times|language=In-Id|access-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/atraksi/museum_manusia_purba_sangiran|title=Atraksi Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran|website=jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id|access-date=2023-09-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kotasurakarta.kemenag.go.id/berita/wisata-edukasi-siswa-mts-muhammadiyah-surakarta-kunjungi-museum-purbakala-sangiran/|title=Wisata Edukasi, Siswa MTs Muhammadiyah Surakarta Kunjungi Museum Purbakala Sangiran|date=2023-03-17|website=Kementerian Agama Kota Surakarta|language=id|access-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musiyum Sangiran kaliyan situs arkeologinipun, kejawi dados objek wisata ingkang menarik dados arena panaliten bab gesang [[prasejarah]] paling wigatos lan paling jangkep ing [[Asia]], malah donya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://profile.perpus.jatengprov.go.id/museum-manusia-purba-sangiran-|title=MUSEUM MANUSIA PURBA SANGIRAN|last=perpus.jatengprov.go.id|website=profile.perpus.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|access-date=2023-09-22}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sitagen.sragenkab.go.id/wisata/240|title=Profil Wisata Kabupaten Sragen - MUSEUM MANUSIA PURBA SANGIRAN|website=sitagen.sragenkab.go.id|access-date=2023-09-26|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926154744/http://sitagen.sragenkab.go.id/wisata/240|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/virtualmuseum/sangiran_EN/index.html|title=Virtual Tour Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran|website=kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2023-09-26|archive-date=2023-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402164441/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/virtualmuseum/sangiran_EN/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2021/11/21/123417527/rute-termudah-menuju-museum-purbakala-sangiran-dari-kota-solo|title=Rute Termudah Menuju Museum Purbakala Sangiran dari Kota Solo Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2021-11-21|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Klaster==
===Klaster Bukuran===
Klaster Bukuran dumunung ing Desa Bukuran, Kalijambe, Kabupaten Sragen, [[Jawa Tengah]]. Jarak saka pusat kutha Solo menyang musiyum kira-kira kanthi wektu  40-50 menit. Musiyum Bukuran gadhah konsep pendhidhikan ingkang nyuguhaken informasi babagan pagesangan manungsa purbakala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tribunnews.com/2023/05/24/museum-bukuran-tempat-wisata-edukatif-di-sragen-untuk-belajar-kehidupan-manusia-purba|title=Museum Bukuran, Tempat Wisata Edukatif di Sragen untuk Belajar Kehidupan Manusia Purba|website=Tribun Travel|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-09-24|archive-date=2023-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524045417/https://travel.tribunnews.com/2023/05/24/museum-bukuran-tempat-wisata-edukatif-di-sragen-untuk-belajar-kehidupan-manusia-purba|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Musiyum Bukuran punika kalebet Musiyum Manungsa Purwa Sangiran ingkang kaperang gugus (klaster). Sawetara gugusanne yaiku gugusan Krikilan, gugusan Dayu, gugusan Ngebung, gugusan Musiyum Manyarejo lan gugusan Bukuran iku dhewe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ditsmp.kemdikbud.go.id/menelisik-situs-purbakala-sangiran-warisan-budaya-dunia-di-tanah-nusantara/|title=Menelisik Situs Purbakala Sangiran, Warisan Budaya Dunia di Tanah Nusantara|last=SMP|first=Admin|date=2022-08-08|website=Direktorat SMP|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-09-28|archive-date=2023-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928173043/https://ditsmp.kemdikbud.go.id/menelisik-situs-purbakala-sangiran-warisan-budaya-dunia-di-tanah-nusantara/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musiyum Bukuran diresmikake dening Wakil Presiden Boediono tanggal 19 Oktober 2014 bebarengan karo kluster musiyum liyane. Museum iki beroperasi wiwit tanggal peresmian lan dikelola dening Musiyum Manungsa Purwa Sangiran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rohman|first=Muhammad Mujibur|date=2020|title=REKAM JEJAK KESAN DAN PESAN: PERSEPSI PENGUNJUNG TERHADAP MUSEUM MANUSIA PURBA SANGIRAN KLASTER BUKURAN|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368575363_REKAM_JEJAK_KESAN_DAN_PESAN_PERSEPSI_PENGUNJUNG_TERHADAP_MUSEUM_MANUSIA_PURBA_SANGIRAN_KLASTER_BUKURAN|journal=Jurnal Sangiran|volume=No.9}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Musiyum Bukuran buka saben Selasa-Minggu jam 08.00-16.00 WIB. Sauntara kuwi, dina Senin, museum kasebut ora beroperasi utawa ora buka. Kanggo pengunjung sing arep mlebu museum mung kudu mbayar tiket Rp. 8000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2022/08/04/museum-bukuran-dan-museum-ngebung-sragen-kembali-dibuka-segini-harga-tiketnya|title=Museum Bukuran dan Museum Ngebung Sragen Kembali Dibuka, Segini Harga Tiketnya|website=Tribunjateng.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kejaba iku, ana biaya parkir tambahan wiwit saka Rp. 2.000 gumantung saka jinis kendaraan. Musiyum Bukuran uga dilengkapi sarana ingkang wonten ing jero musiyum ya iku, kamar mandhi, mushola, parkiran lan sarana pendukung liyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kahanan Umum ==
Bangunan anyar Musiyum Manungsa Purwa Sangiran puniki mujudake museum modern, ingkang  nggadahi isi telung ruangan utama kanthi pajangan ekstensif lan [[diorama]] ingkang nyengsemake wilayah Sangiran ingkang dipun percaya kados wonten ing sekitar 1 yuta warsa kepungkur. Sawetara pusat liyane tesih dipun bangun (awal 2013), mula wonten ing warsa 2014 dikarepake bakal wonten sekawan pusat wonten ing lokasi ingkang benten-benten wonten ing situs Sangiran. Sekawan pusat ingkang dipun rencanakake inggih punika:&lt;ref&gt;Kusumasari Ayuningtyas, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/18/sangiran-museum-open-2014.html Sangiran Museum to open in 2014'], ''The Jakarta Post'', 18 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Krikilan: nyimpen situs ingkang sampun wonten, minangka dados pusat pengunjung.
* Ngebung : isine sajarah panemune situs Sangiran.
* Bukuran: menehi katrangan babagan panemune fosil manungsa prasejarah ing Sangiran.
* Dayu: nyedhiyakake informasi babagan riset paling anyar.

Museum lan pusat pengunjung saiki gadah telung kamar utama. Ruangan kapisan ngemot pirang-pirang diorama ingkang menehi katrangan babagan manungsa lan kewan purbakala ingkang wonten ing situs Sangiran watara 1 yuta warsa kepungkur. Ruangan kaloro ingkang luwih wiyar, nggadahi kathah sanget materi rinci babagan macem-macem fosil ingkang ditemokake wonten ing Sangiran lan babagan sejarah eksplorasi wonten ing situs kasebut. Kamar katelu, kanthi presentasi ingkang nggumunake, ngemot diorama gedhe ingkang nyedhiyakake pemandangan kabeh wilayah Sangiran, kanthi latar mburi gunung geni kayata [[Gunung Lawu]], wong lan kewan ing latar ngarep, kados ingkang dipun bayangake udakara 1 yuta warsa kepungkur. Sawetara presentasi ing aula katelu puniki nggambarake karya pematung paleontologi internasional [[Elisabeth Daynes]].

== Sajarah ==
Musiyum Sangiran dipundhirikaken wonten ing warsa 1977. Pembangunan Musiyum Sangiran dipunlampahaken kaliyan kathahipun pamanggihan benda-benda [[purbakala]] ingkang dipunpanggihaken ing laladan situs manungsa purwa Sangiran. Laladan Situs Sangiran inggih punika puser gesang manungsa purwa wonten ing jaman [[Prasejarah|pra sejarah]]. Area situs inggih punika jejak tilaran umur kalih yuta ngantos 200.000 warsa ingkang rumiyin, taksih angsal dipunpanggihaken ngantos wekdal puniki. Wonten ing warsa 1930-an [[G. H. R. von Königswald|GHR Von Koenigswald]], setunggaling tiyang ahli [[paleoantropoligi]] saking [[Jerman]] ingkang nyambut damel ing pamarintahan walandi wonten ing [[Kutha Bandhung|Bandhung]] neliti manungsa purwa lan kewan purwa ing laladan Sangiran. Piyambakipun manggihaken fosil [[Homo erectus|Homo Erectus]] saha pinten-pinten [[fosil]] [[kewan]]. Koenigswald ugi nglatih masyarakat sak enggen kangge nepangi [[fosil]] kaliyan cara ingkang leres wekdal manggihaken fosil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/07/28/192328678/sejarah-singkat-museum-sangiran-pengertian-koleksi-dan-pengaruh|title=Sejarah Singkat Museum Sangiran: Pengertian, Koleksi, dan Pengaruh Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2022-07-28|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wonten ing awalipun, kasil panaliten dipunkempalaken ing griya Toto Marsono, sirah dhusun krikilan ngantos warsa 1975. Wonten ing wekdal puniku, kathah wisatawan ingkang dugi dhateng papan kasebat. Lajeng muncul ide kangge yasa setunggaling musiyum. Awalipun, musiyum Sangiran dipunbangun kaliyan wiyar 1000 [[mèter]] persegi, panggenan musiyum wonten ing sisi balai Dhusun Krikilan. Bangunan musiyum ingkang representatif enggal dipunlampahaken wonten ing warsa 1980 amargi fosil ingkang dipunpanggihaken saya kathah saha kangge nglayani wisatawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Miturut umumè, sajarah pembangunan Musiyum Manungsa Purwa Sangiran kaperang dados pirang-pirang tahapan, inggih punika:

* 1977: Pamaréntah Indonésia mènèhi dhaérah sing jembaré 56 [[Kilomèter pesagi|kilomèter persegi]] ing saubengé Sangiran minangka Kawasan Cagar Budaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1988: Musiyum lokal prasaja lan situs [[laboratorium]] [[konservasi]] diadegaké wonten ing Sangiran.
* 1996: [[UNESCO]] ndhaptar Sangiran minangka Situs Warisan Donya ing Daftar Warisan Donya minangka [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/593 Situs Manusia Awal Sangiran.]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 2011: Musiyum lan pusat pengunjung saiki dibukak dening [[Menteri Pendidikan lan Kebudayaan]] tanggal 15 Desember.
* 2012: [[Présidhèn]] [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] nekani museum ing wulan Fèbruari didampingi 11 menteri kabinet.
Suwe-suwe, sawise karya wiwitan dening Dubois lan Von Koenigswald ing Sangiran, sarjana liyane kalebu arkeolog Indonesia nindakake karya ing situs kasebut. Cendekiawan Indonésia kang mèlu ngrembakané musiyum antarané [[Teuku Jacob]], [[Etty Indriati]], [[Sartono]], [[Fachroel Aziz]], [[Harry Widianto]], [[Yahdi Zaim]], lan [[Johan Arif]].&lt;ref&gt;Etty Indriati, ''Warisan budaya dan munusia purba Indonesia Sangiran'' [''Cultural heritage and ancient Indonesian man Sangiran''], PT Citra Aji Parama, Yogyakarta, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kontrovèrsi ==
Pangrembakane Situs Sangiran miturut sakabehe boten tanpa ana kontroversi. Penggalian ingkang boten dikendhaleni lan perdagangan fosil ilegal sampun kedadeyan ing macem-macem kesempatan wiwit situs kasebut pisanan ditemokake. Wonten ing sawetara wektu, warga desa ing wilayah kasebut kerep ndudhuk lan ngedol fosil marang para panuku lokal. Sasampunipun dipundadosaken Undang-undang Nasional Nomor 5 Tahun 1992 ngengingi benda cagar budaya, kedadosan menika wonten kontrol ingkang kuat.&lt;ref&gt;Ganug Nugroho Adi, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/11/the-paradox-sangiran.html The paradox of Sangiran'], ''The Jakarta Post'', 11 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, kegiatan ilegal terus kedadeyan ing taun-taun pungkasan.&lt;ref&gt;Lusiana Indriasani, '[http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/12/19/10534667/Kemiskinan.dan.Penjualan.Benda..Purbakala.Sangiran Kemiskinan dan Penjualan Benda Purbakala Sangiran'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100505/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/12/19/10534667/Kemiskinan.dan.Penjualan.Benda..Purbakala.Sangiran|date=2012-01-18}} (''Poverty and the sale of ancient artifacts at Sangiran''), ''Kompas'', 19 December 2011. There are similar problems at other archaeological sites in Indonesia where regulatory controls are weak, such as at [[Padang Lawas archaeological site]] in North Sumatra.&lt;/ref&gt; Wonten ing warsa 2010, contone, warga Amerika Serikat sing ngaku dadi ilmuwan dicekel ing cedhak Sangiran nalika lelungan nganggo truk sing ngemot 43 jinis fosil wonten ing kothak lan karung kanthi rega peken sawentawis $ 2 yuta.&lt;ref&gt;Nurfika Osman, '[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/american-held-over-rare-fossils-theft/403070 American Held Over Rare Fossils Theft'], ''The Jakarta Globe'', 24 October 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Enggal-enggal puniki wonten rembugan ing media Indonesia babagan kepriye pembangunan situs Sangiran boten saged nuwuhake manfaat nyata kanggo masyarakat padesan ing wilayah kasebut.&lt;ref&gt;Sri Rejeksi, 'Sangiran, Bumi manusia Jawa yang tandus' [''Sangiran, Java's barren homelands''], ''Kompas'', 16 March 2013. Also Sri Rejeksi, 'Tanah Air: Wajah Kontradiktif Sangiran' [Homeland: The Contradictory Face of Sangiran], ''Kompas'', 16 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Papan wisata ing Jawa Tengah]]
[[Kategori:WikiPlesir]]</text>
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      <comment>Kaca anyar: == Panyarta == Kategori iki ngamot pratélaning naraguna Wikipédia kang mèlu kagiyatan '''WikiLatih Wikipédia Basa Jawa sareng Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta'''.  [[Kategori:WikiLatih]]</comment>
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Kategori iki ngamot pratélaning naraguna Wikipédia kang mèlu kagiyatan '''WikiLatih Wikipédia Basa Jawa sareng Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta'''.

[[Kategori:WikiLatih]]</text>
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        <id>33992</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T13:07:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sam Hidayat</username>
        <id>33992</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T13:12:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sam Hidayat</username>
        <id>33992</id>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756913</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T13:14:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sam Hidayat</username>
        <id>33992</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T13:26:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Sam Hidayat</username>
        <id>33992</id>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T13:31:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sam Hidayat</username>
        <id>33992</id>
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  <page>
    <title>Parembugan Naraguna:Lmkjgmo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>200891</id>
    <redirect title="Parembugan Naraguna:Lemakjei" />
    <revision>
      <id>1756920</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T14:24:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Manchiu</username>
        <id>62066</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Manchiu ngalih kaca [[Parembugan Naraguna:Lmkjgmo]] menyang [[Parembugan Naraguna:Lemakjei]]: Otomatis ngalih kaca nalika ngganti jeneng naraguna &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Lmkjgmo|Lmkjgmo]]&quot; dadi &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Lemakjei|Lemakjei]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="38" sha1="pc2oe2uv3o3zr9msdryxpnzwkl7ssfv" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Parembugan Naraguna:Lemakjei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mica Burton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1756982</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T01:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rintisan saka [[:en:Mica Burton|]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="111" sha1="jlgh8ary6si4jc4enrep6dc32yu9i2i" xml:space="preserve">Michaela Jean Burton iku sawijiné aktris Amérika Sarékat.

Dhèwèké kawentar minangka anaké Levar Burton.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756983</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T01:59:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ kategori</comment>
      <origin>1756983</origin>
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      <text bytes="233" sha1="opcqgo3nbudh5hojuyghtoj3ccbiia9" xml:space="preserve">'''Michaela Jean Burton''' (lair 8 Juli 1994) iku sawijiné aktris Amérika Sarékat.

Dhèwèké kawentar minangka anaké Levar Burton.

== Pranala njaba ==
[[Kategori:Lair 1994]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1756984</id>
      <parentid>1756983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T03:33:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ gambar</comment>
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      <text bytes="351" sha1="dw0rrcjarkkqfex24sf5rjxayqf3mr6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:RTX 2016 - Mica Burton (28144027606) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mica Burton]]
'''Michaela Jean Burton''' (lair 8 Juli 1994) iku sawijiné aktris lan ''[[cosplay|cosplayer]]'' Amérika Sarékat.

Dhèwèké kawentar minangka anaké aktor [[LeVar Burton]].

== Pranala njaba ==
[[Kategori:Lair 1994]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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