Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 7617 1758267 1757934 2026-09-27T05:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Solar System Infobox/Sun}}<!-- [[Gambar:Srengenge.jpg|290px|right|thumb|Srengéngé]]--> '''Srengéngé''' utawi '''surya''' punika [[lintang]] raseksa ingkang kawangun saking gas [[hidrogen]] lan [[helium]].<ref name="ianbraham"> {{Citation | first = I | last = Braham | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Ruang angkasa | series = Seri intisari ilmu | edition = | year = 2009 | pages = 120 | place = | publisher = Erlangga For Kids |ISBN=9789797419233}} ({{google books with page|5mPAikDG5WYC|lihat|10| srengéngé bola raksasa}}) </ref> Srengéngé kalebet [[lintang]] kanthi warna pethak ingkang gadhah peran minangka pusat [[Tata Surya|tata surya]].<ref name="Cappacio"> {{Citation | first = G | last = Cappacio | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = The Sun | edition = | year = 2009 | pages = 13 | place = Tarrytown, New York | publisher = Marshall Cavendish |ISBN=9780761442424}} ({{google books with page|N_1psGBOwtcC|lihat|13| bintang berukuran sedang}}) </ref><ref name="cain">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18689/color-of-the-sun/ | title = Color of The Sun | first = F | last = Cain | date = 26 |date=September 2009 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-05-29 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref><ref name="solar nasa">{{cite web |url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=OverviewLong |title = Solar System Explanation Planet Sun |first = S |last = Harvey |first2 = Phil |last2 = Davis |date = |year = |work = |publisher = NASA |location = |access-date = 2011-05-25 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2011-06-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624130631/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=OverviewLong |url-status = dead }}</ref> Sedaya komponèn tata surya kalebet 8 [[planit]] lan satelitipun, planit-planit kerdhil, [[asteroid]], [[komèt]], lan lebu akasa mubeng ngiteri srengéngé.<ref name="fcain">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/47725/about-the-sun/ | title = About the Sun | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2009 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Sasanèsipun minangka punjer ubengan, srengéngé ugi wujud sumber [[ènergi|ènèrgi]] kanggé kagesangan ingkang teras-terasan.<ref name="Lang2"> {{Citation | first = KR | last = Lang | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Sun, Earth, and Sky | edition = 2 | year = 2006 | pages = 284 | place = Canada | publisher = Springer |ISBN=9780387304564}} ({{google books with page|WlHNCRwbQdUC|lihat|5| srengéngé sumber ènergi}}) </ref> [[Panas]] srengéngé ndadosaken [[bumi]] anget lan mbentuk [[iklim]], éwadéné [[cahyanipun]] maringi pepadhang dhumateng [[bumi]] sarta dipunpigunakkaen déning tetuwuhan kanggé prosès [[fotosintesis]].<ref name="Lang2" /> Tanpa srengéngé, boten bakal wonten kagesangan ing bumi amargi kathah réaksi [[kimia]] ingkang boten saged dumados.<ref name="Lang2" /> [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] punika tiyang sepisanan ingkang ngajengaken téyori bilih srengéngé punika pusat parédharan tata surya ing abad 16.<ref name="cainf">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18383/history-of-the-sun/ | title = History of The Sun | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Téyori punika lajeng dipunbuktèkaken déning [[Galileo Galilei]] lan pangamat akasa sanèsipun.<ref name="cainf" /> Téyori ingkang salajengipun dipuntepangi kanthi nama [[heliosentrisme]] punika nugelaken téyori [[Geosentrik|geosentrisme]] (bumi minangka pusat tata surya) ingkang dipunajengaken déning [[Ptolemeus]] lan sampun tahan wiwit abad kaping kalih sadèrèngipun masèhi.<ref name="jeffrycoffey">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/75594/heliocentric/ | title = Heliocentric | first = J | last = Coffey | date = | year = 2010 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-23 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Konsèp [[fusi nuklir]] ingkang dipunajengaken déning [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] lan [[Hans Bethe]] nalika taun [[1930]] pungkasanipun saged njelasaken punapa punika srengéngé kanthi tepat.<ref name="cainf" /> == Karakteristik umum srengéngé == Srengéngé awangun bal pijar kanthi senyawa panyusun utami wujud gas hidrogen (74%) lan helium (25%) kaionisasi.<ref name="solar nasa" /><ref name="fcain" /><ref name="Marshall">{{cite web | url = http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/ | title = Sun Facts | first = | last = | author = Dr. David H. Hathaway | authorlink = | date = | year = | work = | publisher = NASA Marshall Space Flight Center | location = | access-date = 2011-05-31 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Senyawa panyusun sanèsipun kapérang saking [[wesi]], [[nikel]], [[silikon]], [[sulfur]], [[magnesium]], [[karbon]], [[neon]], [[kalsium]], lan [[kromium]].<ref name="fcain2">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18088/what-is-the-sun-made-of/ | title = What is the Sun Made Of? | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Cahya srengéngé asalipun saking asil réaksi fusi hidrogen dados helium.<ref name="jcoffey">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/16338/the-sun/ | title = The Sun | first = J | last = Coffey | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Adhedhasar pangétangan migunakaken [[Hukum Newton]] kanthi nglibataken pangaji kacepetan [[orbit bumi]], let srengéngé, lan [[gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]], dipunpikantuk massa srengéngé inggih punika 1,989x10³⁰ [[kilogram]].<ref name="Marshall"/><ref name="Boyd">{{cite web | url = http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970609f.html | title = Measuring the Weight of Stars | first = | last = | author = Boyd P | authorlink = | date = 09 |date=June 1997 | work = | publisher = NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | location = | access-date = 2011-05-31 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Angka kasebat sami kaliyan kaping 333.000 massa bumi.<ref name="Marshall"/> Sauntawisipun punika dhiameter srengéngé inggih punika 1.392.000 kilomèter utawi 865.000 mil, sami kaliyan kaping 109 dhiameter bumi.<ref name="fcain"/> Minangka pabandhingan, 1,3 yuta planit saukuran bumi saged mlebet dhumateng srengéngé.<ref name="fcain"/> Mila, srengéngé dados objék paling ageng ing tata surya kanthi massa dumugi 99,85% saking total massa tata surya.<ref name="JetPro">{{cite web | url = http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf1-1.php | title = Basic of Space Flight Section 1 Chapter 1. The Solar System | first = D | last = Doody | author = | authorlink = | date = | year = | work = | publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology | location = California, USA | access-date = 2011-05-31 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Srengéngé wujud lintang ingkang paling caket kaliyan bumi, inggih punika letipun rata-rata 149.600.000 [[kilomèter]] (92,96 yuta mil).<ref name="solar nasa"/><ref name="Green"> {{Citation | first = SF | last = Green | first2 = MH | last2 = Jones | first3 = SJ | last3 = Burnell | title = An Introduction to The Sun and Stars | edition = | year = 2009 | pages = 13 | place = Cambridge, United Kingdom | publisher = Cambridge University Press |ISBN=9780521546225}} ({{google books with page|LqlW1RestpYC|pirsani|15| lintang paling caket kaliyan bumi}})</ref> Let srengéngé dhumateng bumi punika dipuntepangi minangka [[ékan astronomi]] lan biyasa dipunbulataken (kanggé panyedherhanan étangan) dados 150 yuta km.<ref name="solar nasa" /><ref name="JetPro" /> Adhedhasar pangétangan kanthi métodhe analisis [[radhioaktif]], dipunmangertosi bilih batuan [[rembulan]], [[meteorit]] lan batuan bumi paling sepuh ingkang naté kapanggih yuswanipun watawis 4,6 milyar taun.<ref name="Lang"> {{Citation | first = KR | last = Lang | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = The Cambridge Guid to The Solar System | edition = | year = 2003 | pages = 183 | place = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press |ISBN=9780521813068}} ({{google books with page|RdCUsMy3l7EC|pirsani|183| 4,6 milyar taun}}) </ref> Sauntawisipun punika conto batuan srengéngé dèrèng naté dipunpikantuk saéngga pangétangan dipunlampahaken kanthi [[matématika]] migunakaken modhèl interior srengéngé.<ref name="Seeds"> {{Citation | first = MA | last = Seeds | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = The Solar System | edition = 6 | year = 2008 | pages = 426 | place = Canada | publisher = Thompson Learning Inc. |ISBN=9780495387879}} ({{google books with page|EckCC-x6024C|pirsani|183| pangétangan dipunlampahaken kanthi matématika}}) </ref> Adhedhasar asil pangétangan matématika inggih punika srengéngé dipunkintenaken yuswanipun 5 ± 1,5 milyar taun.<ref name="Seeds"/> Nanging, amargi tata surya dipunkawruhi kawangun minangka satunggil kasatuwan salebetipun wekdal ingkang cecaketan mila sapunika kanthi umum srengéngé dipunanggep yuswanipun 4,6 milyar taun.<ref name="Lang"/><ref name="Seeds"/> Srengéngé kagolong lintang tipe G V, kanthi ciri gadhah suhu lumahipun watawsis 6.000 K lan limrahipun tahan salaminipun 10 milyar taun.<ref name="jcoffey"/> Srengéngé dipunkintenaken yuswanipun watawis 7 milyar taun malih, sadèrèngipun hidrogen ing intinipun telas.<ref name="fcain"/> Manawi prakawis kasebat dumados, srengéngé bakal èkspansi dados lintang raseksa warna abrit ingkang asrep lan mangan planit-planit alit ing sakupengipun (manawi kalebet bumi) sadèrèngipun pungkasanipun wangsul dados lintang kerdhil warna pethak malih.<ref name="fcain"/> Gaya gravitasi ing srengéngé sabandhing kaliyan kaping 28 gravitasi ing bumi.<ref name="fcain3">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18373/gravity-of-the-sun// | title = Gravity of The Sun | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Sacara téyori prakawis kasebat ateges bilih satunggiling tiyang gadhah bobot 100&nbsp;kg ing bumi mila manawi lelampahan ing lumahipun srengéngé bobotipun bakal karaos kados 2.800&nbsp;kg.<ref name="fcain3"/> Gravitasi srengéngé mungkinaken narik sadaya komponèn-komponèn panyusunipun mbentuk satunggil wangun bal sampurna.<ref name="fcain3"/> Gravitasi srengéngé ugi ingkang nahan planit-planit ingkang ngupengi tetep wonten ing orbitipun piyambak-piyambak.<ref name="fcain3"/> Prabawa saking gravitasi srengéngé taksih saged karaos dumugi let 2 [[taun cahya]].<ref name="fcain3"/> [[Radhiasi]] srengéngé, langkung dipuntepangi minangka cahya srengéngé, inggih punika campuran gelombang èlèktromagnètik ingkang kapérang saking [[infraabang|gelombang infraabrit]], [[cahya katingal]], [[sinar ultraviolèt]].<ref name="jcvillanueva">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/60065/radiation-from-the-sun/ | title = Color of The Sun | first = JC | last = Villanueva | date = | year = 2010 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-23 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Sesaya gelombang èlèktromagnètik punika obah kanthi kacepetan watawis 3,0 x 10⁸ m/s.<ref name="jcvillanueva"/> Mila radhiasi utawi cahya merlokaken wekdal 8 menit kanggé dumugi dhumateng bumi.<ref name="jcvillanueva"/> Srengéngé ugi ngasilaken [[sinar gamma]], nanging frékuènsinipun tansaya alit sairing kaliyan letipun nilaraken inti.<ref name="jcvillanueva"/> == Struktur srengéngé == [[Gambar:Sun diagram.svg|thumb|290px|Ilustrasi pérangan-pérangan srengéngé. (1) Inti (2) Zona radhiatif (3) Zona konvèktif (4) Fotosfèr (5) Kromosfèr (6) Korona (7) Bintik srengéngé (8) Granula (9) Prominènsa.]] Srengéngé gadhah enem lapisan ingkang saben lapisan gadhah karakteristik tartamtu.<ref name="solar nasa"/> Kaenem lapisan kasebat ngambah inti srengéngé, zona radhioaktif, lan zona konvèktif ingkang mbentuk lapisan lebet (interior); fotosfèr; kromosfèr; lan korona minangka laladan paling njawi saking srengéngé.<ref name="solar nasa"/> === Inti srengéngé === Inti inggih punika aréa paling lebet saking srengéngé ingkang gadhah suhu watawis 15 yuta drajat [[Celcius]] (27 yuta drajat [[Fahrenheit]]).<ref name="solar nasa"/><ref name="yohkoh">{{cite web | url = http://solar.physics.montana.edu/ypop/Spotlight/SunInfo/Core.html | title = The Sun's Energy Source | first = | last = | publisher = Yohkoh Public Outreach Program | location = | access-date = 2011-06-05 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Adhedhasar pabandhingan radhius/dhiameter, pérangan inti kanthi ukuran saprasekawan let saking pusat dhumateng lumahipun lan 1/64 total volume srengéngé.<ref name="Pugh"> {{Citation | first = P | last = Pugh | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Observing the Sun with Coronado Telescopes | series = Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series | edition = | year = 2007 | pages = 320 | place = | publisher = シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社 |ISBN= 9780387681269}} ({{google books with page|tuv4z1dHey8C|pirsani|284| let inti, fusi helium dados hidrogen}}) </ref> Kapadhetanipun inggih punika watawis 150 g/cm³. Suhu lan tekanan ingkang kados makaten inggilipun mungkinaken wontenipun pamecahan [[atom|atom-atom]] dados [[èlèktron]], [[proton]], lan [[neutron]].<ref name="yohkoh"/><ref name="Pugh"/> Neutron ingkang boten gadhah momotan bakal nilar inti nuju pérangan srengéngé ingkang langkung njawi.<ref name="yohkoh"/> Sauntawis punika ènèrgi panas ing lebet inti njalari paobahan èlèktron lan proton rikat sanget lan silih tabrakan satunggal kaliyan sanèsipun njalari réaksi fusi nuklir (asring ugi dipunsebat termonuklir).<ref name="solar nasa"/><ref name="yohkoh"/> Inti srengéngé inggih punika papan dumadosipun réaksi fusi nuklir helium dados hidrogen.<ref name="Pugh"/> Ènèrgi asil réaksi termonuklir ing inti wujud [[gamma|sinar gamma]] lan [[neutrino]] maringi tenaga ageng sanget ugi ngasilaken sadaya ènèrgi panas lan [[cahya]] ingkang dipuntampi ing bumi.<ref name="solar nasa"/><ref name="yohkoh"/><ref name="cohen">{{cite web | url = http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/cpep/chart_pages/5.plasmas/sunlayers.html | title = From Core to Corona Layers of the Sun | first = H | last = Cohen | publisher = FusEdWeb Fusion Energy Education | location = | access-date = 2011-06-05 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Ènèrgi kasebat dipunbeta medal saking srengéngé liwat [[radhiasi]].<ref name="solar nasa"/> === Zona radhiatif === Zona radhiatif inggih punika laladan ingkang nylubungi inti srengéngé.<ref name="yohkoh2">{{cite web | url = http://solar.physics.montana.edu/ypop/Spotlight/SunInfo/Radzone.html | title = A Slow Means of Energy Transport | first = | last = | publisher = Yohkoh Public Outreach Program | location = | access-date = 2011-06-05 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Ènèrgi saking inti salebetipun wangun radhiasi kempal ing laladan punika sadèrèngipun dipunterasaken dhumateng pérangan srengéngé ingkang langkung njawi.<ref name="yohkoh2"/> Kapadhetan zona radhiatif inggih punika watawis 20 g/cm³ kanthi suhu saking pérangan lebet dhumateng njawi antawisipun 7 yuta dumugi 2 yuta drajat Celcius.<ref name="Pugh2"> {{Citation | first = P | last = Pugh | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Observing the Sun with Coronado Telescopes | series = Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series | edition = | year = 2007 | pages = 320 | place = | publisher = シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社 |ISBN= 9780387681269}} ({{google books with page|tuv4z1dHey8C|pirsani|285| suhu zona radhioaktif}}) </ref> Suhu lan dhènsitas zona radhiatif taksih cekap inggil, nanging boten mungkinaken dumadosipun réaksi fusi nuklir.<ref name="Pugh2"/> === Zona konvèktif === Zona konvèktif inggih punika lapisan ing pundi suhu wiwit mandhap.<ref name="solar nasa"/> Suhu zona konvèktif inggih punika watawis 2 yuta drajat Celcius (3.5 yuta drajat Fahrenheit).<ref name="solar nasa"/> Sasampunipun medal saking zona radhiatif, atom-atom kanthi ènèrgi saking inti srengéngé bakal obah nuju lapisan langkung njawi ingkang gadhah suhu langkung asor.<ref name="yohkoh3">{{cite web | url = http://solar.physics.montana.edu/ypop/Spotlight/SunInfo/Conzone.html | title = The Boiling Zone | first = | last = | publisher = Yohkoh Public Outreach Program | location = | access-date = 2011-06-12 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Pamandhapan suhu kasebat njalari dumadosipun saya alonipun obahan atom saéngga paobahan kanthi radhiasi dados kirang èfisièn malih.<ref name="cohen"/> Ènèrgi saking inti srengéngé mbetahaken wekdal 170.000 taun kanggé nggayuh zona konvèktif.<ref name="solar nasa"/> Nalika wonten ing zona konvèktif, paobahan atom bakal dumados kanthi [[konvèksi]] ing aréa sadawanipun sapérangan atus kilomèter ingkang kasusun saking sèl-sèl gas raseksa ingkang teras sirkulasi.<ref name="cohen"/> Atom-atom kanthi suhu inggil ingkang nembé medal saking zona radhiatif bakal obah kanthi alon nggayuh lapisan paling njawi zona konvèktif ingkang langkung asrep njalari atom-atom kasebat "dhawah" malih dhumateng lapisan paling inggil zona radhiatif ingkang panas ingkang salajengĞipun minggah malih.<ref name="yohkoh3"/> Prastawa punika bola-bali teras njalari wontenipun paobahan wolak-walik ingkang njalari transfer ènèrgi kados déné ingkang dumados nalika manasaken toya ing salebetipun panci.<ref name="yohkoh3"/> Mila, zona konvèktif dipuntepangi ugi kanthi nama zona pangumuban (''the boiling zone'').<ref name="yohkoh3"/> Matèri ènèrgi bakal dumugi pérangan inggil zona konvèktif salebetipun wekdal sapérangan minggu.<ref name="yohkoh3"/> === Fotosfèr === Fotosfèr utawi lumahipun srengéngé ngambah wewengkon ingkang kandelipun 500 [[kilomèter]] kanthi suhu watawis 5.500 drajat Celcius (10.000 drajat Fahrenheit).<ref name="solar nasa"/> Sapérangan ageng radhiasi srengéngé ingkang dipunuwalaken medal asalipun saking fotosfèr.<ref name="solar nasa"/> Ènèrgi kasebat dipunobservasi minangka sinar srengéngé ing bumi, 8 menit sasampunipun nilar srengéngé.<ref name="solar nasa"/> === Kromosfèr === Kromosfèr inggih punika lapisan ing sainggilipun fotosfèr.<ref name="solar nasa"/> Werna saking kromosfèr limrahipun boten katingal amargi katutup cahya ingkang padhang sanget ingkang dipunasilaken fotosfèr.<ref name="solar nasa"/> Nanging nalika dumados [[grahana srengéngé total]], ing pundi [[rembulan]] nutupi fotosfèr, pérangan kromosfèr bakal katingal minangka pigura kanthi warna [[abang|abrit]] ing sakupengipun srengéngé.<ref name="solar nasa"/><ref name="cohen"/> Warna abrit kasebat dipunsebabaken déning inggilipun kandhutan helium ing mrika.<ref name="cohen"/> === Korona === Korona wujud lapisan paling njawi saking srengéngé.<ref name="cohen"/> Lapisan punika gadhah warna [[putih|pethak]], nanging namung saged dipuntingali nalika dumados grahana amargi cahya ingkang dipunpancaraken boten sami kiyatipun pérangan srengéngé ingkang langkung lebet.<ref name="cohen"/> Nalika grahana total dumados, korona katingal mbentuk makutha cahya kanthi warna pethak ing sakupengipun srengéngé.<ref name="solar nasa"/> Lapisan korona gadhah suhu ingkang langkung inggil tinimbang pérangan lebet srengéngé kanthi rata-rata 2 yuta drajat Fahrenheit, nanging ing sapérangan pérangan saged dumugi suhu 5 yuta drajat Fahrenheit.<ref name="cohen"/> == Paobahan srengéngé == [[Gambar:Sun turn.gif|thumb|290px|Ilustrasi rotasi srengéngé. Wonten éwah-éwahan posisi bintik srengéngé salaminipun dumados paobahan]] Srengéngé gadhah kalih jinis paobahan, inggih punika: * Srengéngé [[Rotasi|nglampahi rotasi]] ing sumbunipun laminipun watawis 27 dinten kanggé pikantuk satunggil puteran.<ref name="hathaway">{{cite web |url = http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/sunturn.shtml |title = Solar Rotation |first = DH |last = Hathaway |date = |year = 2003 |work = |publisher = NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center |access-date = 2011-06-16 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2023-06-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230606120853/https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/sunturn.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref> Gerakan rotasi punika sepindhaipun dipunkawruhi liwat pangamatan dhumateng éwah-éwahan posisi bintik srengéngé.<ref name="hathaway"/> Sumbu rotasi srengéngé miring tebihipun 7,25° saking sumbu orbit bumi saéngga kutub lèr srengéngé bakal langkung katèingal ing wulan [[September]] sauntawis kutub kidul srengéngé langkung katingal ing wulan [[Maret]].<ref name="hathaway"/> Srengéngé sans bal padhet, nanging bal gas, saéngga srengéngé boten rotasi kanthi kacepetan ingang sragam.<ref name="hathaway"/> Ahli astronomi nélakaken bilih rotasi pérangan interior srengéngé boten sami kaliyan pérangan lumahanipun.<ref name="cain2">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18565/rotation-of-the-sun/ | title = Rotation of the Sun | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-16 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Pérangan inti lan zona radhiatif rotasi sesarengan, éwadéné zona konvèktif lan fotosfèr ugi rotasi sesarengan nanging kanthi kacepetan ingkang bènten.<ref name="cain2"/> Pérangan ékuatorial (tengah) mbetahaken wekdal rotasi watawis 24 dinten éwadéné pérangan kutubipun rotasi laminipun watawis 31 dinten.<ref name="hathaway"/><ref name="coffey">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/60192/does-the-sun-rotate/ | title = Does The Sun Rotate? | first = J | last = Coffey | date = | year = 2010 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-16 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Sumber bèntenipun wekdal rotasi srengéngé kasebat taksih dipuntliti.<ref name="hathaway"/> * Srengéngé lan sadaya isi tata surya obah ing orbitipun ngupengi galaksi [[bimasakti]].<ref name="coffey"/> Srengéngé mapan tebihipun 28.000 [[taun cahya]] saking pusat galaksi bimasakti.<ref name="coffey"/> Kacepetan rata-rata paobahan punika inggih punika 828.000&nbsp;km/jam saéngga dipunkintenaken bakal mbetahaken wekdal 230 yuta taun kanggé pikantuk satunggil puteran sampurna ngupengi galaksi.<ref name="coffey"/> == Let srengéngé dhumateng lintang paling caket == [[Gambar:Solar system scale-2.jpg|thumb|290px|Ilustrasi pambandhing wujud srengéngé lan ukuran déning planit-planit salebetipun sistèm tata surya. Garis tengah srengéngé kaping 11 garis tengah Jupiter, planit ingkang paling ageng.]] Sistem lintang ingkang paling caket kaliyan srengéngé inggih punika [[Alpha Centauri]].<ref name="Tam">{{cite web |url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/KathrynTam.shtml |title = Distance to The Nearest Star |first = K |last = Tam |date = |year = 1996 |work = |publisher = The Physics Factbook™ |access-date = 2011-06-17 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2016-12-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161210144732/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/KathrynTam.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref> Lintang ing salebetipun komplèks kasebat ingkang gadhah posisi paling caket kaliyan srengéngé inggih punika [[Proxima Centauri]], satunggiling lintang kanthi warna [[abang|abrit]] redhup ingkang wonten salebetipun konstélasi [[Centaurus]].<ref name="Tam"/> Let srengéngé dhumateng Proxima Centauri inggih punika 4,3 taun cahya (39.900 yuta km utawi 270 éwu unit astronomi), kirang langkung kaping 270 éwu let srengéngé dhumateng bumi.<ref name="Tam"/> Para ahli astronomi mangertosi bilih bendha-bendha akasa mesthi obah salebetipun orbitipun piyambak-piyambak.<ref name="heasarc">{{cite web |url = http://heasarc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/nearest_star_info.html |title = The Nearest Star |first = M |last = Gib |date = |year = |work = |publisher = NASA'S HEASARC High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center |access-date = 2011-06-17 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2012-01-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118220010/http://heasarc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/nearest_star_info.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Mila, pangétangan let dipunlampahaken dhedhasar éwah-éwahan posisi satunggiling lintang salebetipun kurun wekdal tartamtu kanthi pathokan dhumateng posisinipun tumrap lintang-lintang ing sakupengipun.<ref name="heasarc"/> Métodhe pangukuran punika dipunsebat [[parallaks]] (''parallax'').<ref name="heasarc"/> == Ciri khas srengéngé == [[Gambar:Sun parts big.jpg|thumb|290px|Pérangan-bagéyanipun srengéngé]] Ing ngandhap punika sapérangan ciri khas ingkang dipungadhahi srengéngé: === Prominènsa (lathi latu srengéngé) === Prominènsa inggih punika salah satunggil ciri khas srengéngé, wujud pérangan srengéngé mèmper lathi latu ingkang ageng sanget lan padhang ingkang nyiprat medal saking pérangan lumahanipun srengéngé sarta asring ugi awangun ''loop'' (puteran).<ref name="prominence">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/55646/solar-prominence/ | title = Solar Prominence | first = JC | last = Villanueva | date = | year = 2010 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-17 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref><ref name="braham"> {{Citation | first = I | last = Braham | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Ruang angkasa | series = Seri intisari ilmu | edition = | year = 2009 | pages = 120 | place = | publisher = Erlangga For Kida |ISBN=9789797419233}} ({{google books with page|5mPAikDG5WYC|pirsani|10| prominènsa lathi latu}}) </ref> Prominènsa dipunsebat ugi minangka filamèn srengéngé amargi sanadyan juluranipun padhang sanget manawi dipuntingali ing akasa ingkang peteng, nanging boten langkung padhang tinimbang sadaya srengéngé punika piyambak.<ref name="prominence"/> Prominènsa namung saged dipuntingali saking bumi kanthi bantuan [[teleskop]] lan filter.<ref name="prominence"/> Prominènsa paling ageng ingkang naté dipuntangkep déning SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) dipunèstimasi ukuran panjangipun 350 éwu km.<ref name="prominence"/> Sami kados korona, prominènsa kawangun saking [[plasma]] nanging gadhah suhu ingkang langkung asrep.<ref name="prominence"/> Prominènsa isinipun matèri kanthi massa dumugi 100 milyar kg.<ref name="prominence"/> Prominènsa dumados ing lapisan fotosfèr srengéngé lan obah medal nuju korona srengéngé.<ref name="prominence"/> Plasma prominènsa obah ing sadawanipun [[médhan magnèt]] srengéngé.<ref name="nasa prominence">{{cite web |url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/News022411-monsterprom.html |title = Monster Prominence Erupts from the Sun |first = H |last = Zell |date = |year = 2011 |work = |publisher = NASA |access-date = 2011-06-17 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2022-12-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221205111800/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/News022411-monsterprom.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Érupsi]] saged dumados nalika struktur prominèsa dados boten stabil saéngga bakal pecah lan ngedalaken plasmanipun.<ref name="nasa prominence"/> Nalika dumados érupsi, matérial ingkang dipunwedalaken dados péranganing struktur magnètik ingkang ageng sanget dipunsebat semburan massa korona (''coronnal mass ejection''/ CME).<ref name="prominence"/><ref name="nasa prominence"/> Paobahan semburan korona kasebat dumados ing kacepetan ingkang inggil sanget, inggih punika antawis 20 éwu m/s dumugi 3,2 yuta km/s.<ref name="prominence"/> Paobahan kasebat ugi njalari paningkatan suhu dumugi puluhan yuta drajat salebetipun wekdal ingkang singkat.<ref name="prominence"/> Manawi érupsi semburan massa korona ngarah dhumateng bumi, bakal dumados interaksi kaliyan médhan magnèt bumi lan njalari dumadosipun [[badhai géomagnètik]] ingkang gadhah potènsi ngganggu jaringan komunikasi lan [[listrik]].<ref name="nasa prominence"/> Satèunggiling prominènsa ingkang stabil saged tahan ing korona dumugi mawulan-wulan dangunipun lan ukuranipun taras tansaya ageng saben dinten.<ref name="nasa prominence"/> Para ahli taksih teras nliti kepripun lan kénging punapa prominènsa saged dumados.<ref name="nasa prominence"/> === Bintik srengéngé === Bintik srengéngé inggih punika granula-granula cembung alit ingkang kapanggih ing pérangan fotosfèr srengéngé kanthi gunggung ingkang boten kaétang.<ref name="nasa sunspot">{{cite web | url = http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2007/locations/ttt_atob.php | title = Issue #52: Sunspots From A To B-Solar Magnetism | first = T | last = Cline | date = | year = | work = | publisher = NASA | access-date = 2011-06-17 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Bintik srengéngé karipta nalika garis médhan magnèt srengéngé nembus pérangan fotosfèr.<ref name="sunspot">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/47728/what-are-sunspots/ | title = What Are Sunspots? | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2009 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-17 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Ukuran bintik srengéngé saged langkung ageng tinimbang bumi.<ref name="braham"/> Bintik srengéngé gadhah laladan ingkang peteng ingkang namanipun [[umbra]], ingkang dipunkupengi déning laladan ingkang langkung padhang ingkang aranipun [[penumbra]].<ref name="nasa sunspot"/> Warna bintik srengéngé katingal langkung peteng amargi suhunipun ingkang tebih langkung asor saking fotosfèr.<ref name="nasa sunspot"/> Suhu ing laladan umbra inggih punika watawis 2.200&nbsp;°C éwadéné ing laladan penumbra inggih punika 3.500&nbsp;°C.<ref name="nasa sunspot"/> Amargi émisi cahya ugi dipunprabawai déning suhu mila pérangan bintik srengéngé umbra namung ngémisikaken kaping 1/6 cahya manawi dipunbandhingaken lumahipun srengéngé ing ukuran ingkang sami.<ref name="nasa sunspot"/> === Angin srengéngé === Angin srengéngé kawangun saking aliran konstan saking partikel-partikel ingkang dipunwedalaken déning pérangan inggil atomosfèr srengéngé, ingkang obah dhumateng sadaya tata surya.<ref name="frasercain">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18269/solar-wind/ | title = Solar Wind | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-23 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Partikel-partikel kasebat gadhah ènèrgi ingkang inggil, nanging prosès paobahanipun medal médhan gravitasi srengéngé ing kacepetan ingkang inggil sanget dèreng dipunmangertos kanthi sampurna.<ref name="frasercain"/> Kacepetan angin srengéngé kapérang dados kalih, inggih punika angin rikat ingkang nggayuh 400&nbsp;km/s lan angin rikat ingkang nggayuh langkung saking 500&nbsp;km/s.<ref name="radiman">Radiman I, Soegiatini E, Sungging E. Soegianto E. 2007. The motion of solar wind charged particle in a sinusoidal vibrating magnetic field. ''J Mat Sains 12:127:133.</ref> Kecepetan punika ugi saya tambah kanthi èksponènsial selaras letipun saking srengéngé.<ref name="radiman"/> Angin srengéngé ingkang umum dumados gadhah kacepetan 750&nbsp;km/s lan asalipun saking bolongan korona ing atmosfèr srengéngé.<ref name="radiman"/> Sapérangan bukti wontenipun angin srengéngé ingkang saged dipunraosaken utawi dipuntingali saking bumi inggih punika badhai géomagnetik kanthi ènèrgi inggil ingkang nrisak satelit lan sistem listrik, [[aurora]] ing [[Kutub Lèr]] utawi [[Kutub Kidul]], lan partikel mèmper buntut panjang ing komèt ingkang mesthi ngedohi srengéngé amargi siliran angin srengéngé.<ref name="frasercain"/> Angin srengéngé saged mbebayani kanggé kagesangan ing Bumi manawi boten wonten médhan magnèt bumi ingkang ngreksa saking radhiasi.<ref name="frasercain"/> Ing sanyatanipun, ukuran lan wangun médhan magnèt bumi ugi dipuntemtokaken déning kakiyatan lan kacepetan angin srengéngé ingkang liwat.<ref name="frasercain"/> === Badai srengéngé === Badai srengéngé dumados nalika wonten panguwalan sanalika ènèrgi magnètik ingkang kawangun ing atmosfèr srengéngé.<ref name="gholman">{{cite web | url = http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm | title = Solar Flares | first = G | last = Holman | date = | year = 2007 | work = | publisher = NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center | access-date = 2011-06-23 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Plasma srengéngé ingkang mundhak suhunipun dumugi mayuta-yuta Kelvin sesarengan kaliyan partikel-partikel sanèsipun nglampahi akselerasi nyaketi kacepetan cahya.<ref name="frascain">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18273/solar-flares/ | title = Solar Flares | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-23 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Total ènèrgi ingkang dipunuwalaken sami kaliyan mayuta-yuta bom hidrogen kanthi ukuran 100 megaton.<ref name="gholman"/> Gunggung lan kakiyatan badai srengéngé kathah variasinipun.<ref name="frascain"/> Nalika srengéngé aktif lan gadhah kathah bintik, badai srengéngé langkung asring dumados. Badai srengéngé asring ugi dumados sesarengan kaliyan lubèripun massa korona.<ref name="frascain"/> Badai srengéngé maringaken risiko radhiasi ingkang ageng sanget dhumateng satelit, montor mabur ulang alik, astronot, lan mliginipun sistem télékomunikasi bumi.<ref name="frascain"/><ref name="sudibyo">{{cite web |url = http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2011/04/21/mengenal-badai-matahari/ |title = Mengenal Badai Matahari |first = M |last = Sudibyo |date = |year = 2011 |work = |publisher = Kompasiana |access-date = 2011-06-23 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2011-04-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110424125925/http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2011/04/21/mengenal-badai-matahari |url-status = dead }}</ref> Badai srengéngé ingkang sepindhahipun kacathet ing pustaka astronomi inggih punika nalika tanggal 1 September 1859.<ref name="gholman"/> Kalih panliti, Richard C. Carrington lan Richard Hodgson ingkang nembé ngobservasi bintik srengéngé liwat teleskop ing papan kapisah, ngamati badai srengéngé ingkang katingal minangka cahya pethak ageng ing sakupengipun srengéngé.<ref name="gholman"/> Kadadosan punika dipunsebat Carrington Event lan njalari lumpuhipun jaringan télégraf transatlantik antawisipun Amérika lan Éropa.<ref name="sudibyo"/> == Èksplorasi srengéngé == [[Gambar:Smm.jpg|thumb|290px|Solar Maximum Mission, salah satunggil satelit ingkang dipunluncuraken Amérika Sarékat kanggé nyinaoni srengéngé.]] [[Montor mabur ulang-alik]] ingkang kaping sepindhah kasil mlebet dhumateng orbit srengéngé inggih punika Pioneer 4.<ref name="space">{{cite web | url = http://www.space-exploration.org/?page_id=8 | title = The Space Exploration Timeline That Reflects The History Of Space Exploration | first = | last = | date = | year = | work = | publisher = | access-date = 2011-06-17 | quote = | ref = | postscript = | archive-date = 2022-10-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221027120514/http://www.space-exploration.org/?page_id=8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pioneer 4, ingkang dipunluncuraken tanggal 3 Maret 1959 déning [[Amérika Sarékat]], dados pionir salebetipun sajarah èksplorasi srengéngé.<ref name="space"/><ref name="hamiltoncj">{{cite web | url = http://www.solarviews.com/span/craft2.htm#sun | title = Chronology of Space Exploration | first = CJ | last = Hamilton | date = | year = 2000 | work = | publisher = | access-date = 2011-06-17 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Kasilipun Pioneer 4 dipunterasaken déning paluncuran Pioneer 5-Pioneer 9 salaminipun 1959-1968 ingkang panci gadhah tujuan kanggé nyinaoni prakawis srengéngé.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Nalika tanggal 26 Mèi 1973, [[stasiun njawi akasa]] Amérika Sarékat kanthi nama Skylab dipunluncuraken kanthi mbeta 3 awak.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Skylab mbeta Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) ingkang dipungunakaken kanggé mundhut langkung saking 150.000 gambar srengéngé.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Montor mabur ulang-alik sanèsipun, Helios I kasil ngorbit dumugi nggayuh let 47 yuta km saking srengéngé (nglabeti orbit Merkuri).<ref name="hamiltoncj"/><ref name="bob">{{cite web | url = http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/spacevisitsdest.htm | title = Timeline of Space Exploration | first = | last = | date = | year = 2009 | work = | publisher = | access-date = 2011-06-17 | quote = | ref = | postscript = | archive-date = 2016-03-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310082709/http://bobthealien.co.uk/spacevisitsdest.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Helios I teras mubeng kanggé mesthèkaken sadaya pérangan montor mabur pikantuk gunggung panas ingkang sami saking srengéngé.<ref name="bob"/> Helios I gadhah tugas ngempalaken data-data prakawis srengéngé.<ref name="bob"/> Montor mabur ulang-alik asil karya sesarengan antawisipun Amérika Sarékat lan [[Jerman]] punika operasinipun wiwit 10 Dhésèmber 1974 dumugi akir 1982.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/><ref name="bob"/> Helios II dipunluncuraken tanggal 16 Januari 1976 lan kasil nggayuh let 43 yuta km saking srengéngé.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Misi Helios II rampung wulan April 1976 nanging dipunnengké kémawon tetep wonten ing orbit.<ref name="bob"/> Solar Maximum Mission dipundhesain kanggé nglampahaken observasi aktivitas srengéngé mliginipun bintik lan latu srengéngé nalika srengéngé wonten ing périodhe aktivitas maksimum.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/><ref name="bob"/> SMM dipunluncuraken déning Amérika Sarékat tanggal 14 Fèbruari 1980.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Salaminipun lelampahanipun, SMM naté ngalami karisakan nanging kasil dipunleresaken déning awak [[montor mabur ulang alik Challenger]].<ref name="bob"/> SMM teras wonten ing orbit bumi salaminipun nglampahaken observasi.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/><ref name="bob"/> SMM ngempalaken data dumugi 24 November 1989 lan kobong nalika mlebet malih dhumateng atmosfèr bumi tanggal 2 Dhésèmber 1989.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/><ref name="bob"/> Montor mabur ulang alik Ulysses inggih punika asil proyèk internasional kanggé nyinaoni kutub-kutub srengéngé, dipunluncuraken tanggal 6 Oktober 1990.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Éwadéné Yohkoh inggih punika montor mabur ulang alik ingkang dipunluncuraken kanggé nyinaoni radhiasi ènèrgi inggil saking srengéngé.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Yohkoh wujud asil karya sesarengan Jepang, Amérika Sarékat, lan Inggris ingkang dipunluncuraken tanggal 31 Agustus 1991.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Misi èksplorasi srengéngé ingkang paling misuwur inggih punika Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) ingkang dipunkembangaken déning Badan Antariksa Amérika Sarékat (NASA) nyambut damel sesarengan kaliyan Agènsi Njawi Angkasa Éropa (ESA) lan dipunluncuraken tanggal 12 Dhésèmber 1995.<ref name="cain4">{{cite web | url = http://www.universetoday.com/18114/nasa-and-the-sun/ | title = NASA and The Sun | first = F | last = Cain | date = | year = 2008 | work = | publisher = Universe Today | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> SOHO gadhah tugas ngempalaken data struktur internal, prosès fisik ingkang dumados, sarta pamundhutan gambar lan dhiagnosis spèktroskopis srengéngé.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> SOHO dipunpanggènaken ing let 1,5 yuta km saking bumi lan taksih operasi dumugi sapunika.<ref name="hamiltoncj"/> Misi èksplorasi paling énggal saking NASA inggih punika montor mabur ulang alik kembar kanthi nama STEREO ingkang dipunluncuraken tanggal 26 Oktober 2006.<ref name="bob"/><ref name="cain4"/> STEREO gadhah tugas kanggé nganalisis lan mundhut gambar srengéngé salebetipun wangun 3 dhimènsi.<ref name="bob"/> Solar Dynamics Observatory Mission inggih punika misi èksplorasi NASA ingkang nembé wonten pangembangan lan sampun dipunpublikasikaken wulan April 2008.<ref name="bob"/> Solar Dynamics Observatory Mission dipunkintenaken bakal ngorbit kanggé nyinaoni dhinamika srengéngé ingkang ngambah aktivitas srengéngé, évolusi atmosfèr srengéngé, lan prabawa radhiasi srengéngé dhumateng planit-planit sanès.<ref name="bob"/> == Srengéngé minangka simbol kapitadosan lan kabudayan == Srengéngé sampun dados simbol wigatos ing kathah kabudayan salamipipun peradhaban manungsa.<ref name="deepak">{{cite web |url = http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/sunil_deepak/sun_myths.htm |title = Ra, Surya, Rangi, Atea Myths of Sun God |first = S |last = Deepak |date = |year = 2003 |work = |publisher = Kalpana |access-date = 2011-06-16 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201949/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/sunil_deepak/sun_myths.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Salebetipun mitologi ingkang dipungadhahi déning manéka bangsa ing donya, srengéngé gadhah peranan ingkang wigatos sanget ing salebetipun kagesangan masarakatipun.<ref name="deepak"/> Srengéngé dipuntepangi kanthi nama ingkang bèntèn-bènten ing saben kabudayan lan asring ugi dipunsembah minangka déwa.<ref name="solar nasa"/><ref name="deepak"/> === Peran srengéngé ing manéka kabudayan lan kapitadosan === * Ra (utawi Re) punika dipunsembah minangka Déwa Srengéngé ugi pangripta ing [[Mesir Kuna|kabudayan Mesir Kuna]].<ref name="deepak"/><ref name="nesta">{{cite web | url = http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/ra_sun.html | title = Re | author = National Earth and Science Teacher Assosiation | last = | date = | year = 2011 | work = | publisher = NESTA | access-date = 2011-06-16 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Ing [[hieroglif Mesir|hieroglif]], srengéngé dipungambaraken minangka satunggiling cakram.<ref name="deepak"/> Ra nyimbulaken paningalan langit saéngga asring dipungambaraken minangka cakram ingkang wonten ing sirah [[manuk falkon]] utawi cakram mawi swiwi.<ref name="deepak"/> Déwa Ra dipunpitados nitih kréta perang nglintasi langit ing wektu siyang.<ref name="touregypt">{{cite web | url = http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/ra.htm | title = The Goddess of Ancient Egypt | first = | last = | date = | year = 2011 | work = | publisher = Tour Egypt | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Déwa Ra ugi dipungambaraken minangka panjagi ''pharaoh'' utawi Raja Mesir.<ref name="touregypt"/> Sasanèsipun punika Ra dipungambaraken minangka déwa ingkang sampun sepuh lan manggèn ing langit kanggé ngawasi donya.<ref name="touregypt"/> * Salebetipun mitologi India, srengéngé dipunsebat kanthi nama Surya.<ref name="deepak"/> Sasanèsipun minangka srengéngé punika piyambak, Surya ugi dipuntepangi minangka déwa srengéngé.<ref name="Prophet"> {{Citation | first = ML | last = Prophet | first2 = EC | last2 = Prophet | first3 = A | last3 = Booth | editor-last = Booth | editor-first = A | contribution = | title = The Masters and Their Retreats | series = Climb the highest mountain series | edition = | year = 2003 | pages = 560 | place = USA | publisher = Summit University Press |ISBN=9780972040242}} ({{google books with page|nBlOwrLYiHEC|pirsani|354| Surya asalipun saking basa Sansekekerta}}) </ref> Tembung ''surya'' asalipun saking basa Sansekerta ''sur'' utawi ''svar'' ingkang gadhah akir gadhah sinar.<ref name="Prophet"/> Surya dipungambaraken minangka déwa ingkang nyipeng kaseimbangan ing lumahing bumi.<ref name="Prophet"/> Panyembahan srengéngé sampun dipunlampahaken déning panganut kapitadosan Hindhu salaminipun éwonan taun.<ref name="deepak"/> Sapunika pèngetan riyaya srengéngé mlethèk taksih dipunlangsungaken ing pinggiran [[Kali Gangga]] ingkang wonten ing kitha paling suci ing [[India]], kitha [[Benares]].<ref name="Lang"/> Surya Namaskar utawi pangurmatan dhuateng srengéngé inggih punika satunggiling obahan wigatos salebetipun [[yoga]].<ref name="deepak"/> * [[Helios]] inggih punika déwa srengéngé salebetipun mitologi [[Yunani]].<ref name="deepak"/> Helios dipunsebat ugi minangka [[Sol Invictus]] ing [[Romawi Kuna|kabudayan Romawi]].<ref name="Littleton"> {{Citation | first = CS | last = Littleton | first2 = | last2 = Marshall Cavendish Corporation | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Gods, goddesses, and mythology, Volume 1 | edition = | year = 2005 | pages = 709 | place = | publisher = Marshall Cavendish |ISBN= 9780761475590}} ({{google books with page|QfXP_teqPrgC|lihat|641| Helios}}) </ref> Sasanèsipun punika Helios ugi wujud sisih sanès saking [[Apollo]].<ref name="deepak"/> Dipuncariyosaken Helios inggih punika déwa ingkang nganggé makutha halo srengéngé lan nitih kréta perang nuju dhumateng akasa.<ref name="Finzi"> {{Citation | first = C | last = Vita-Finzi | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = The Sun: A User's Manual | edition = | year = 2008 | pages = 156 | place = | publisher = Springer |ISBN= 9781402068805}} ({{google books with page|EUEanvjZD|pirsani|7| makutha halo}}) </ref> Helios inggih punika déwa ingkang kanggungan tanggel waler maringi cahya dhumateng swarga lan bumi kanthi cara nyandhet srengéngé ing kréta ingkang dipuntitih.<ref name="Littleton"/> * Bangsa [[Inca]] nyembah déwa srengéngé ingkang namanipun [[Inti]], minangka déwa paling inggil.<ref name="Roza"> {{Citation | first = G | last = Roza | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Incan Mythology and Other Myths of the Andes | series = Mythology around the world | edition = | year = 2007 | pages = 64 | place = | publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group |ISBN=9781404207394}} ({{google books with page|vGuHuTzEXM4C|pirsani|22| Intihuatana}}) </ref> Déwa Inti dipunpitados nganugerahaken peradhaban Inca dhumateng putranipun, [[Manco Capac]], ingkang ugi wujud raja bangsa Inca ingkang sepindhah.<ref name="Roza"/> Bangsa Inca nyebat dhirinipun minangka putra-putri srengéngé.<ref name="Roza"/> Saben taun bangsa Inca maringaken pasembahan asil panèn kanthi gunggung ingkang ageng kanggé upacara-upacara ingkang sesambetan kaliyan panyembahan srengéngé.<ref name="Roza"/> * Déwa srengéngé ingkang dipunsembah déning bangsa [[Maya]] inggih punika Kinich-ahau.<ref name="James"> {{Citation | first = | last = James Lewis Thomas Chalmbers Spence | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = The Myths of Mexico and Peru: Aztec, Maya and Inca | edition = | year = 2009 | pages = 123 | place = | publisher = Forgotten Books |ISBN=9781605068329}} ({{google books with page|Z0suHkdFLTcC|pirsani|123| Kinich-ahau}}) </ref> Kinich-ahau inggih punika pamimpin pérangan lèr.<ref name="James"/> * Suku [[Aztec]] nyembah [[Huitzilopochtli]], ingkang wujud déwa perang lan simbul srengéngé.<ref name="history">Histrory World. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=ezq#ezq dipunaksès tanggal 24 Juni 2011</ref> Saben dinten Huitzilopochtli dipuncariyosaken migunakaken sinar srengéngé kanggé ngusir pepeteng saking langit, nanging saben ndalu déwa punika pejah lan pepeteng dhateng malih.<ref name="history"/> Kanggé maringi kakiyatan dhumateng déwaipun, bangsa Aztec nyaosaken pasembahan [[jantung]] manungsa saben dinten.<ref name="Lang"/> * [[Shintoisme]] wujud agami ingkang gadhah inti dhumateng panyembahan srengéngé ingkang taksih wonten ing [[Jepang]].<ref name="Lang"/> Jepang gadhah jejuluk "Nagara Srengéngé Mlethèk".<ref name="Lang"/> === Wangunan lan bendha ingkang sesambetan kaliyan srengéngé === * [[Jam srengéngé]] ingging punika saprangkat piranti ingkang dipunpigunakaken minangka panedah wekdal dhedhasar ayang-ayang gnomon (batang utawi lèmpèngan panenger) ingkang éwah teras panggènanipun selaras kaliyan paobahan bumi dhumateng srengéngé.<ref name="puspaiptek">{{cite web |url = http://www.thebiggestsundial.com/php/thebiggestsundial/main_exhibits.php?id=13 |title = Apa Jam Matahari itu? |first = |last = PUSPA IPTEK |date = |year = 2006 |work = |publisher = Yayasan Parahyangan Satya |access-date = 2011-06-24 |quote = |ref = |postscript = |archive-date = 2011-07-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713071438/http://www.thebiggestsundial.com/php/thebiggestsundial/main_exhibits.php?id=13 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Jam srengéngé ngrembaka ing antawisipun kabudayan kuna [[Babylonia]], [[Yunan]], [[Mesir]], [[Romawi]], [[Cina]], lan [[Jepang]]. Jam srengéngé paling sepuh ingkang naté kapanggih déning Chaldean Berosis, ingkang gesang watawis 340 SM. Sapérangan artèfak jam srengéngé sanèn kapanggih ing Tivoli, [[Italia]] taun 1746, ing Castel Nuovo taun 1751, ing Rigano taun 1751, lan ing [[Pompeii]] taun 1762. * [[Stonehenge]] ingkang wonten ing [[Wiltshire]], [[Inggris]], gadhah pilar watu paling ageng ingkang dipunsebat Heelstone nengeri posisi mlethèkipun srengéngé tanggal 21 Juni (posisi srengéngé tepat ing lèr bumi).<ref name="phillips"> {{Citation | first = KJH | last = Phillips | first2 = | last2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = Guide to the Sun | edition = | year = 1995 | pages = 1 | place = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press |ISBN=9780521397889}} ({{google books with page|N_1psGBOwtcC|pirsani|1| lintang mawi ukuran sedheng}}) </ref> * Observatorium kuna ingkang dipunyasa kanggé Déwa Ra taksih saged kapanggih ing [[Luxor]], satunggiling kitha caket [[Kali Nil]] ing [[Mesir]].<ref name="Lang"/> Éwadéné [[El Karmak]] inggih punika kuil ingkang ugi dipunyasa kanggé Déwa Ra lan mapan ing lèr-wétan Luxor.<ref name="Cline2">{{cite web | url = http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2005/locations/elkarnak.htm | title = El Karmak | first = T | last = Cline | date = | year = | work = | publisher = NASA | access-date = 2011-06-20 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Atusan obelisk Mesir ingkang gadhah fungsi minangka jam srengéngé ing jamanipun ugi saged kapanggih ing Luxor lan Heliopolis (kitha srengéngé).<ref name="Lang"/> * Salah satunggil yasan misuwur ingkang dipundhèdhikasikaken kanggé Surya dipunyasa nalika abad kaping 13 kanthi nama Surya Deula (Candhi Srengéngé) ingkang wonten ing Konarak, India.<ref name="Prophet"/> * [[Pilar Intihuatana]] ingkang wonten ing kawasan [[Machu Picchu]] inggih punika yasan ingkang dipundegaken déning bangsa Inca.<ref name="Roza"/> Nalika tengah dinten saben tanggal 21 Maret lan 21 September, posisi srengéngé bakal wonten mèh tepat ing sainggiling pilar saéngga boten badhé wonten ayang-ayang pilar sakedhik kémawon.<ref name="Roza"/><ref name="macchu pichu">Sacred Place. 2010. Macchu Pichu [terhubung berkala]. http://www.sacredsites.com/americas/peru/machu_picchu.html [dipunaksès tanggal 22 Juni 2011]</ref> Ing wekdal punika masarakat Inca bakal ngawontenaken upacara ing papan kasebat amargi masarakat kasebat pitados bilih srengéngé nembé dipuniket ing langit.<ref name="Roza"/><ref name="macchu pichu"/> Intihuatana dipunpigunakaken kanggé nemtokaken dinten ing pundi dumados ''equinox'' (laminipun siyang sami kaliyan ndalu) lan périodhe-périodhe astronomis sanèsipun<ref name="macchu pichu"/> * Bangsa [[Maya]] misuwur kanthi kalèndher isi 365 dinten lan 260 dinten ingkang dipundamel dhedhasar pangamatan astronomis, kalebet dhumateng srengéngé.<ref name="Clow"> {{Citation | first = BH | last = Clow | first2 = CJ | last2 = Calleman | editor-last = | editor-first = | contribution = | title = The Mayan Code: Time Acceleration and Awakening the World Mind | edition = | year = 2007 | pages = 282 | place = | publisher = Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. |ISBN=9781591430704}} ({{google books with page|wziziNT_0vEC|pirsani|6| Haab}}) </ref> Kalèndher 365 dinten punika dipunsebat [[Haab]], éwadéné kalèndher 260 dinten dipunsebat [[Tzolkin]].<ref name="Clow"/> * Kalèndher Aztec dipunpahat ing sainggilipun satunggiling watu wangun bunderan. Isinipun inggih punika 365 siklus kalèndher dhedhasar srengéngé lan 260 siklus ritual.<ref name="crystalllink">Aztec Calendar-Sun Stone. http://www.crystalinks.com/aztecalendar.html dipunaksès tanggal 24 Juni 2011</ref> Kalèndher watu Aztec punika sapunika dipunsimpen ing National Museum of Anthropology and History ing Chapultepec Park, Mexico City.<ref name="crystalllink"/> * Srengéngé ugi sampun dados objék ingkang nengsemaken kanggé pelukis lan panulis misuwur donya.<ref name="Lang"/> [[Claude Monet]], [[Joan Miro]], [[Caspar David Friedrich]] (irah-irahan lukisan: ''Woman in Morning Sun''-Wanita salebetipun Srengéngé Éjang, lan [[Vincent van Gogh]] (irah-irahan lukisan: ''Another Light, A Stronger Sun''-Cahya Sanès, Srengéngé ingkang Langkung Kiyat) inggih punika sapérangan pelukis ingkang naté ndadosaken srengéngé minangka objék lukisanipun.<ref name="Lang"/> Éwadéné [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] lan [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] inggih punika panulis lan filsuf ingkang naté damel cariyos, puisi, ugi tembung-tembung mutiara kanthi subjèk srengéngé.<ref name="Lang"/> == Mupangat lan peran srengéngé == Srengéngé punika sumber ènèrgi kanggé kagesangan.<ref name="Lang"/> Srengéngé gadhah kathah mupangat lan peran ingkang wigatèos sanget kanggé kagesangan kados ta: * Panas srengéngé maringi suhu ingkang pas kanggé kalangsungan gesang [[organisme]] ing bumi.<ref name="Lang"/> Bumi ugi nampi ènèrgi srengéngé kanthi cacah ingkang samadya kanggé damel [[banyu|toya]] tetep wangun cuwèr, ing pundi wujud salah satunggil panyokong kagesangan.<ref name="Lang"/> Sasanèsipun punika panas srengéngé mungkinaken wontenipun angin, siklus [[udan|jawah]], cuaca, lan iklim.<ref name="Lang"/> * Cahya srengéngé dipunmupangataken kanthi langsung déning tetuwuhan mawi [[klorofil]] kanggé nglangsungaken fotosintesis, saéngga tetuwuhan saged tuwuh sarta ngasilaken oksigèn lan gadhah peran minangka sumber pangan kanggé kéwan lan manungsa.<ref name="Lang"/> Makluk gesang ingkang sampun mati bakal dados fosil ingkang ngasilaken [[lenga bumi]] lan [[batu bara]] minangka sumber ènèrgi.<ref name="Lang"/> Perkawis punika wujud peran saking ènèrgi srengéngé kanthi boten langsung <ref name="Lang"/> * [[Pambangkit listrik tenaga srengéngé]] inggih punika modhèl énggal pambangkit listrik kanthi sumber ènèrgi kaénggalaken.<ref name="greenpeace">Greenpeace. 2011. Energi srengéngé [terhubung berkala]. http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_matahari/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065444/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ |date=2014-10-06 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065444/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ |archive-date=2014-10-06 |url-status=dead}} [diakses 23 Juni 2011]</ref> Pambangkit listrik punika kapérang saking kaca-kaca ageng utawi panèl ingkang bakal nangkep cahya srengéngé lan ngonsèntrasikaken dhumateng satunggal titik.<ref name="greenpeace"/> Panas ingkang dipuntangkap salajengipun dipun-ginakaken kanggé ngasilaken uwap panas mawi tekanan, ingkang bakal dipunpigunakaken kanggé nglampahaken turbin saéngga ènèrgi listrik saged dipunasilaken.<ref name="greenpeace"/> Prinsip panèl surya inggih punika panggunaan [[sèl surya]] utawi sèl ''photovoltaic'' ingkang kadamel saking [[silikon]] kanggé nangkep sinar srengéngé.<ref name="greenpeace"/> Sèl surya sampun kathah dipungunakaken kanggé [[kalkulator]] tenaga surya. Panèl surya sampun kathah dipunpasang ing atep yasan lan griya ing laladan pakuthan kanggé pikantuk listrik kanthi gratis.<ref name="greenpeace"/> * Paobahan rotasi bumi njalari wonten pérangan ingkang nampi sinar srengéngé lan wonten ingkang boten.<ref name="wilson">{{cite web | url = http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth2.htm | title = How the Earth Works | first = TV | last = Wilson | date = | year = 2011 | work = | publisher = HowStuffWorks | access-date = 2011-06-23 | quote = | ref = | postscript = }}</ref> Perkawis punika ingkang ngripta wontenipun diten siyang lan ndalu ing bumi.<ref name="wilson"/> Lajeng paobahan bumi ngupengi srengéngé njalari dumadosipun mungsa.<ref name="wilson"/> * Srengéngé dados pamanunggal planit-planit lan bendha akasa sanès ing sistem tata surya ingkang obah utawi gadhah rotasi ngupengi srengéngé.<ref name="ianbraham"/> Sedaya sistem saged mubeng ing njawi akasa amargi dipuntahan déning gaya gravitasi srengéngé ingkang ageng sanget.<ref name="ianbraham"/> == Dasanama == * Arka * Aruna * Bagaskara * Bagaspati * Baskara * Dewangkara * Pradangga * Raditya * Radite * Rawi * Sasrabanu * Surya * We == Priksani ugi == * [[Grahana srengéngé]] * [[Astronomi]] * [[Lintang]] *[[Prubeng srengenge|Prubêng srengenge]] *[[Prapentog Srengege|Prapêntog srengege]] *[[Prasor Srengenge|Prasor srengenge]] * [[Bathara Surya]] == Réferènsi == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Pranala njawi == {{wiktionary|Srengéngé}} {{Commons|Sun|Srengéngé}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=OverviewLong Situs web [[NASA]] prakawis srengéngé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902115451/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=OverviewLong |date=2011-09-02 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065444/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ Situs web [[Greenpeace]] prakawis Ènèrgi Srengéngé] * [http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2011/04/21/mengenal-badai-matahari/ Situs web Kompasiana prakawis ''badai'' srengéngé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424125925/http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2011/04/21/mengenal-badai-matahari |date=2011-04-24 }} {{Tata surya}} {{artikel pilihan}} [[Kategori:Astronomi]] [[Kategori:Tata Surya]] [[Kategori:Srengéngé| ]] [[Kategori:Lintang]] [[Kategori:Dhèrèt utama kuning]] [[Kategori:Fisika plasma]] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] jaib79nl5fadl1tpf5xbzsudt5ic0f7 0 19488 1758266 1757905 2026-09-27T05:24:14Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} [[Gambar:ArabicSahihBukhari.jpg|top|right|200px|thumb| Sampul buku '''Shahih Bukhari]] '''Kitab Shahih Bukhari''' iku kitab (buku) kolèksi [[kadis]] kang disusun déning '''[[Imam Bukhari]]''' (jeneng dawa: Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim bin al-Mughirah al-Ja'fai) kang urip antara taun [[194]] nganti [[256]] [[hijriah]]. Kolèksi kadis iki ing kalangan muslim [[Sunni]] minangka salah siji kang paling apik amarga Bukhari nggunakaké kritéria kang ketat banget sajeroning milih [[kadis]]. Bukhari ngentèkaké wektu 16 taun kanggo nyusun kolèksi iki lan ngasilaké 2.602 kadis ing kitabé (9.802 kanthi dibalèni). == Pratélan Kitab == {| | * Kitab Wahyu Pisanan * Kitab [[Iman]] * Kitab [[Èlmu]] * Kitab [[Wudhu']] * Kitab [[Adus]] * Kitab [[Haid]] * Kitab [[Tayammum]] * Kitab [[Salat]] * Kitab Wektu-Wektu [[Salat]] * Kitab [[Adzan]]<ref name="id">Achmad Sunarto dkk. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid I''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pertama, Dhésèmber 1991.</ref> * Kitab [[Salat]] Jum'at * Kitab Kaji<ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid II''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Maret 1993.</ref> * Kitab [[Pasa]] * Kitab [[Salat]] Trawèh [lan I'tikaf] * Kitab Dol-Tinuku * Kitab Salam (Tempah, Pemesanan) * Kitab ''Syuf'ah'' (Panyewaan) * Kitab ''Ijarah'' (Opah) * Kitab ''Wakalah'' (Perwakilan) * Kitab Bab Tetanèn * Kitab Distribusi Banyu * Kitab Masalah Utang * Kitab Bab Pasulayan * Kitab ''Luqathah'' (Barang Temon) * Kitab Bab Lelaku Zalim * Kitab ''Syirkah'' (Perseroan) * Kitab Pegadéan * Kitab Pambebasan Budhak * Kitab [[Hibah]] (Bebungah) lan Kautamané * Kitab ''Syahadah'' (Persaksian) * Kitab Perdaméan * Kitab Persyaratan<ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid III''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Fèbruari 1992.</ref> * Kitab Wasiat * Kitab Jihad lan Ekspedisi * Kitab Permulaan Makluk * Kitab ''Manaqib'' (Biografi)<ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari'', Jilid IV. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Maret 1993.</ref> | * Kitab Werna-warna Kautaman Shahabat-Shahabat [[Nabi]] * Kitab [[Perang]]<ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid V''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Mèi 1993.</ref> * Kitab [[Tapsir]]<ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid VI''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Juli 1993.</ref> * Kitab Nikah * Kitab ''Thalaq'' * Kitab Nafkah * Kitab Panganan * Kitab ''Akikah'' * Kitab Sembelihan, Berburu, lan Maca Bismillah tumrap kéwan Buron * Kitab Kurban-Kurban * Kitab Ombènan * Kitab Musibah Lara * Kitab Pangobatan * Kitab Bab Panganan <ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid VII''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Juli 1993.</ref> * Kitab Adab (Budi Pekerti) * Kitab ''Isti`dzan'' (Njaluk Idin) * Kitab Donga-Donga * Kitab Kalimat-Kalimat yang Melunakkan Hati * Kitab Katentuan Allah * Kitab Sumpah lan Nadzar * Kitab ''Kafarat'' Sumpah * Kitab ''Faraidh'' (Hukum Waris) * Kitab ''Had'' (Pidana) * Kitab kang njelasaké bab wong kang diperangi <ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid VIII''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Juli 1993.</ref> * Kitab ''Diyat'' (Tebusan Kajahatan) * Kitab Wong kang Murtad * Kitab Peksan * Kitab ''Helah'' (Upaya Sidhem) * Kitab Tapsir Mimpi * Kitab Fitnah-Fitnah (Ujian/Siksan) * Kitab Hukum-Hukum * Kitab Harapan (Angan-Angan) * Kitab Kadis-Kadis Ahad * Kitab Pathokan marang Qur`an lan Sunat * Kitab [[Tauhid]]<ref>-----. ''Tarjamah Shahih Bukhari, Jilid IX''. CV Asy Syifa`, Semarang. Cetakan Pisanan, Juli 1993.</ref> |} Shahih Bukhari nduwé 71 kitab miturut terjemah Ahmad Sunarto lan kanca-kancané. Déné miturut pertalan M. Muhsin Khan, 93 kitab.<ref name="en">M. Muhsin Khan. ''[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/ Translation of Sahih Bukhari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108213137/http://www.usc.edu/dept/msa/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/ |date=2009-01-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/msa/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108213137/http://www.usc.edu/dept/msa/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/ |archive-date=2009-01-08 |url-status=dead}}''.</ref> Bab iki akibat sawatara gèsèh ana ing pamérangan kitab. Contoné Kitab Salat miturut pertalan Ahmad Sunarto lkk<ref name="id"/> diitung dadi rong kitab sajeroning pertalan M. Muhsin Khan, yaiku [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/008.sbt.html Book of Prayers (Salat)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217175342/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/008.sbt.html |date=2007-12-17 }} lan [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/008.sbt.html Book of Virtues of the Prayer Hall (Sutra of the Musalla)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217175342/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/008.sbt.html |date=2007-12-17 }}.<ref name="en"/> == Deleng uga == * [[Kadis]] * [[Imam Muslim]] * [[Shahih Muslim]] == Pranala njaba == * {{ar}} [http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Hier.asp?Doc=0&n=0 Shahih Bukhari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222023814/http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Hier.asp?Doc=0&n=0 |date=2006-12-22 }}, lengkap dengan sanad, penomoran al-Alamiyah. * [http://www.sahihalbukhari.com/sps/sbk/sahihalbukhari.cfm?scn=contents Sahih al-Bukhari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231080101/http://sahihalbukhari.com/sps/sbk/sahihalbukhari.cfm?scn=contents |date=2010-12-31 }}, dengan tèks Arab. * Translation of Sahih Bukhari ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090108213137/http://www.usc.edu/dept/msa/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/ pranala 1], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/bukhari/index.htm pranala 2]), tanpa tèks Arab. * [http://bewley.virtualave.net/bukhcont.html The Sahih Collection of al-Bukhari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205174641/http://bewley.virtualave.net/bukhcont.html |date=2007-12-05 }}, sapérangan terjemah Shahih Bukhari beserta sesirah babnya dalam basa Inggris. === Unduhan === * {{ar}} Shahih Bukhari dari Syaikh Utsaimin ([http://www.ibnothaimeen.com/all/eBook-o.shtml pranala unduhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406215535/http://www.ibnothaimeen.com/all/eBook-o.shtml |date=2007-04-06 }}, [http://www.binothaimeen.com/soft/moton/SaheehAlbokhari-1.exe unduhan Jilid 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210062757/http://www.binothaimeen.com/soft/moton/SaheehAlbokhari-1.exe |date=2011-02-10 }}, [http://www.binothaimeen.com/soft/moton/SaheehAlbokhari-2.exe unduhan Jilid 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210062805/http://www.binothaimeen.com/soft/moton/SaheehAlbokhari-2.exe |date=2011-02-10 }}). * {{ar}} Shahih Bukhari dari Sahab.Org ([http://www.sahab.org/books/count.php?book=496&action=download&goto=files/hadeeth/albqari.zip unduhan lengkap 7124 hadits]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) * Translation of Sahih Bukhari ([http://www.islamspirit.com/ebooks/ebooks_c_bok_0058.php pranala unduhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423023218/http://islamspirit.com/ebooks/ebooks_c_bok_0058.php |date=2007-04-23 }}, [http://www.islamspirit.com/ebooks/click/go.php?id=61 unduhan 3.99 MB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211093259/http://www.islamspirit.com/ebooks/click/go.php?id=61 |date=2008-02-11 }}). == Cathetan == <references/> [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] p3qerim4m93vpdbo8t2dprso9ouoz6m 0 26532 1758241 1750284 2026-09-27T00:23:00Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hak manungsa''' utawa '''asasi manungsa''' (dicekak '''HAM''') iku hak-hak sing wis didarbèni [[manungsa]] wiwit lair lan minangka pawèwèh saka [[Pangèran]]. Dhasar-dhasar HAM kapacak sajeroning dhéklarasi kamardikan [[Amérika Sarékat]] (''[[Declaration of Independence of USA]]'') lan kapacak ing [[UUD'45|UUD 1945]] Républik Indonésia, ya iku ing [[Tèks UUD 1945#BAB X-WARGA NEGARA|pasal 27 ayat 1]], [[Teks UUD 1945#BAB X-WARGA NEGARA|pasal 28]], [[Teks UUD 1945#BAB XI-AGAMA|pasal 29 ayat 2]], [[Teks UUD 1945#BAB XII-PERTAHANAN NEGARA|pasal 30 ayat 1]], lan [[Teks UUD 1945#BAB XIII-PENDIDIKAN|pasal 31 ayat 1]] Conto hak asasi manungsa (HAM): * Hak kanggo urip. * Hak kanggo nampa pendidikan. * Hak kanggo urip bebarengan kaya wong liya. * Hak kanggo nampa ''perlakuan'' sing padha. * Hak kanggo ngéntukaké pagawéan. == Pranala njaba == === Informasi === * [http://www.ihrc.org/ IHRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914132445/http://www.ihrc.org/ |date=2008-09-14 }} [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Human_Rights_Commission The Islamic Human Rights Commission] is an independent, not-for-profit, campaign, research and advocacy organization based in London, UK * [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/hr/c1470.htm Country reports on human rights] from the U.S. Department of State * [http://www.unholywars.org/category/human-rights/ Human Rights Blog]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Blog maintained by a senior journalist. * [http://www.ngochr.org/custom/index.php ngoCHR.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404094927/http://www.ngochr.org/custom/index.php |date=2006-04-04 }} – Volunteer reporting on the United Nations Commission on Human Rights * [http://pages.globetrotter.net/pcbcr/dr1789.html human rights history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509095554/http://pages.globetrotter.net/pcbcr/dr1789.html |date=2008-05-09 }} * [http://www.justice.gouv.fr/textfond/ddhc.htm Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321025304/http://www.justice.gouv.fr/textfond/ddhc.htm |date=2007-03-21 }} * [http://www.betterworldlinks.org/menschenrechte.htm Better World Links on Human Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202101713/http://betterworldlinks.org/menschenrechte.htm |date=2007-02-02 }} * [http://www.le.ac.uk/library/hmb11/law/humanr.html University of Leicester, UK, list of sources and links.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503125145/http://www.le.ac.uk/library/hmb11/law/humanr.html |date=2006-05-03 }} * [http://www.tamilnation.org/humanrights.htm Introduction to Human Rights & Humanitarian Law] {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://hropunika.info/?l=en Human Rights in Russia]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.detroitfocus.org/Issues/0410/CryForCompassion/index.html Photojournalist's approach to human rights in Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331030133/http://www.detroitfocus.org/Issues/0410/CryForCompassion/index.html |date=2022-03-31 }} * [http://www.liberalislam.net/adam.html A Muslim approach to human rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212233009/http://www.liberalislam.net/adam.html |date=2014-02-12 }} from LiberalIslam.net * [http://www.missionandjustice.org Mission and Justice] – Human Rights, Justice and Peace news from the Asia Pacific region. * [http://www.tamilnation.org/humanrights/tamil.htm Sri Lanka – Human Rights of the Tamil People] {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.childrensrights.ie/convention.php Children's Rights Alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127035646/http://www.childrensrights.ie/convention.php |date=2008-01-27 }} * [http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/onu/hr-ing-fra.htm French human rights] * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry] * [http://www.aasgaard.com/home/publications/thesis/inquiry-into-basic-rights.html Inquiry Into Basic Rights: Advancing Rights in the Theories of Lomasky, Shue and Gewirth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227201358/http://www.aasgaard.com/home/publications/thesis/inquiry-into-basic-rights.html |date=2008-02-27 }}-foundations and derivations of basic rights; justifications for going beyond basic rights === Organisasi hak asasi manungsa === * [http://www.betterworldlinks.org/index.php?cat=1312 Better World Links on Human Rights Organizations] * [http://www.amnesty.org Amnesty International] * [http://www.antislavery.org Anti Slavery] * [http://www.article19.org ARTICLE 19] * [http://www.justicefortheworld.org Justice For The World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105161040/http://justicefortheworld.org/ |date=2009-01-05 }} * [http://www.freedomhouse.org Freedom House] * [http://www.globalrights.org Global Rights: Partners for Justice] * [http://www.ihf-hr.org International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights] * [http://www.forum18.org Forum 18 News Service] pelayanan berita kebebasan beragama * [http://www.cchr.com Citizens Commission on Human Rights]-didirikan olèh Gréja [[Scientology]] yang kontroversial * [http://www.memo.ru/eng/ Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210065801/http://memo.ru/eng/ |date=2015-12-10 }} * [http://www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916211729/http://www.cartercenter.org/ |date=2006-09-16 }} * [http://www.hrw.org Human Rights Watch] * [http://www.ohchr.org UN High Commissioner for Human Rights] * [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts University of Minnesota Human Rights Library] * [http://www.ifex.org International Freedom of Expression eXchange] * [http://www.hrc.org Human Rights Campaign] * [http://www.splcenter.org Southern Poverty Law Center] * [http://www.tolerance.org Tolerance] * [http://www.montagnard-foundation.org/homepage.html Yayasan Montagnard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207183336/http://www.montagnard-foundation.org/homepage.html |date=2005-02-07 }} * [http://www.olympicwatch.org/ Olympic Watch: Hak Asasi Manusia di Tiongkok dan Beijing 2008] * [http://www.aprodeh.org.pe APRODEH] (Péru) * [http://www.imparsial.org] (Indonésia) [[Kategori:Hak manungsa]] [[Kategori:Hubungan internasional]] {{stub}} pi462ypvaw06585sk64v0b0izvvx5ky 0 42430 1758253 1714439 2026-09-27T02:10:28Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Monophyletic.svg|thumb|300px|Panglompokan reptilia lan manuk lumrahé dianggep monofiletik.]] '''Klad''' utawa '''klade''' iku golongan [[taksonomi]] kang duwé siji leluhur bebarengan lan kabèh katurunané uga asal saka moyang mau. Golongan kaya ngéné iku diarani golongan [[monofiletik]], kang bisa digambaraké liwat analisis [[filogenetika]], kaya kacetha sajeroning [[diagram pohon]] utawa siji [[kladistika|kladogram]]. Yèn siji klad kanthi konsisten tansah muncul sajeroning manéka analisis kladistika kanthi migunakaké manéka himpunan data, klad mau bisa diadopsi sajeroning [[taksonomi]] lan bisa dadi siji [[takson]]. Sanadyan mangkono, ora kabèh takson kang diakoni wektu iki bisa dianggep klad. [[Reptilia]], umpamané, minangka golongan [[parafiletik]] amarga ora nglebokaké [[aves]] (manuk) kang uga dianggep ngalami [[évolusi]] saka leluhur kang padha karo [[reptilia]]. Sajeroning kladistika, siji klad kang ana ing sawiji klad liya diarani "tersarang" sajeroning klad mau. Klad kang ''tersarang'' mau duwé sawatara kagunaan, umpamané bisa mènèhi cakupan èkspansi ing sawiji wewengkon géografis kang kaisolasi. <!-- Berkembangnya penggunaan teknik-teknik [[biologi molekuler]] membuat penggunaan kladistika menjadi populer, dan banyak pengelompokan klasifikasi klasik yang sekarang harus ditinjau ulang karena tidak menggambarkan proses evolusi yang semestinya, sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan oleh hasil analisis kladistika. Contoh yang paling populer adalah pada klasifikasi [[Chordata]]/[[Vertebrata]] dan [[Tumbuhan Berbunga]] (Angiospermae). --> == Pranala njaba == * [http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2007/01/clade_1.php Evolving Thoughts: Clade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428011946/http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2007/01/clade_1.php |date=2012-04-28 }} * [http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm A poster-sized cladogram showing the Tree of Life (Evolution)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210112109/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm |date=2015-02-10 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141102121622/http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/DownloadfilesToL.html DM Hillis, D Zwickl & R Gutell: ~3000 species Tree of Life] * [http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/phylogenetics_01 Phylogenetic systematics, an introductory slide-show on evolutionary trees] [[Kategori:Filogenetika]] {{biologi-stub}} [[de:Monophylie]] [[fi:Kliini]] [[simple:Clade]] fwyzcxttd1730jskrl99atnach8l4e0 0 45942 1758270 1757964 2026-09-27T05:52:31Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanggal''' sajeroning sawijining kalèndher iku rujukan marang sawenèh [[dina]] sajeroning sawijining sistem kalèndher. Tanggal kalèndher ndadèkaké siji dina bisa dikenali. Cacahing dina antara rong tanggal bisa diitung. Upamané, "[[24 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]" iku sepuluh dina sawisé "[[14 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]" ing [[Kalèndher Grégorius]]. Tanggal kadadéan gumantung marang [[zona wektu]]. Upamané [[serangan Pearl Harbor]] kadadéan ing 7 Dhésèmber 1941, ing [[Hawai]], nanging ing tanggal 8 Dhésèmber miturut dhaéah wektu [[Jepang]]. Siji tanggal bisa dadi tanggal liya ing sistem sing béda kaya sajeroning kalèndher Grégorius lan kalèndher [[Julius]]. Ing sawatara sistem kalèndher panulisan tanggal dumadi saka telung pérangan, ya iku: tanggal, [[sasi]] utawa wulan lan [[taun]]. Ana uga sing ditambahi dina. == Format == === dd/mm/yyyy, dd.mm.yyyy utawa dd-mm-yyyy(tanggal, sasi, taun) === Migunaké format iki tanggal 30 Dhésèmber 2006 bakal ditulis: 30/12/2006. Format iki akèh dipigunakaké ing: <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> *[[Albania]]<ref>{{sq icon}} [http://www.tirana.gov.al/ Municipality of Tirana (Bashkia e Tiranës)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708034503/http://www.tirana.gov.al/?cid=1,10 |date=2010-07-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/?cid=1,10 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708034503/http://www.tirana.gov.al/?cid=1,10 |archive-date=2010-07-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Albania-Albanian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Albania | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (some use of ISO 8601)<ref name=MSAlbania>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=041C&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=NLS information page-Albanian (Albania) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Algeria-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Algeria | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=1401&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Algeria) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Argentina]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Argentina-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Argentina | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2C0A&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Spanish (Argentina) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Armenia]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{hy icon}} [http://www.parliament.am/ National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=042B&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Armenian (Armenia) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Australia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pm.gov.au/media/index.cfm?type=1 |title=Prime Minister of Australia: News Centre |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2009-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709084156/http://www.pm.gov.au/media/index.cfm?type=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ostrali-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ostrali | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0C09&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-English (Ostrali) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Ostenrik]] (using dots (which denote ordinal numbering) as in “d.m.(yy)yy” or sometimes "d. month (yy)yy")<ref>{{de icon}} [http://www.bka.gv.at/site/1/default.aspx Federal Chancellery of Austria (Bundeskanzleramt)]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0C07&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-German (Ostenrik) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Azerbaijan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=042C&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Azeri (Latin, Azerbaijan) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}, also [http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=082C&OS=Windows%20Vista NLS information page - Azeri (Cyrillic, Azerbaijan)]</ref> *[[Bahrain]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Bahrain-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bahrain | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Bangladesh]] (century digits may be omitted, e.g. dd-mm-yy)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0845&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Bengali (Banggaladésa) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Barbados]] *[[Bélarus]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{be icon}} [http://www.president.gov.by/by/ President of the Republic of Belarus (Прэзідэнта Рэспублікі Беларусь)]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Belarus-Belarusian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bélarus | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Bèlgi]]<ref>[http://www.belgium.be Belgian Federal Government - Portal]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_eu.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Belgium (Dutch, English, French) | publisher=IBM }}</ref> *[[Bolivia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Bolivia-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bolivia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Brasil]] (dd/mm/yyyy)<ref>{{pt icon}} [http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/ultimas_noticias/ Government of Brazil - Últimas Notícias (Latest Notices)]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Brazil-Portuguese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Brazil | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Bulgaria]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.parliament.bg/ Parliament of Bulgaria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624002434/http://www.parliament.bg/ |date=2005-06-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Bulgaria-Bulgarian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Bulgaria | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Kanadha]] (All 3 main types are used in Canada-in French and in English){{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} *[[Chile]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Chile-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Chile | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Colombia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Colombia-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Colombia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Costa Rica]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/CostaRica-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Costa Rica | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Kroasia]] (d. m. yyyy. or d. month yyyy.; yyyy-mm-dd also used widely)<ref>{{hr icon}} [http://www.vlada.hr/hr/aktualne_teme_i_projekti Government of the Republic of Croatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225195720/http://vlada.hr/hr/aktualne_teme_i_projekti |date=2010-12-25 }}</ref><ref name=IBMCroatia>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Croatia-Croatian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Croatia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Siprus]] *[[Céko]] (d. m. yyyy or d. month yyyy)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/CzechRepublic-Czech_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Czech Republic | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.radio.cz/cz/ Radio Praha (Radio Prague)]</ref> *[[Dhénemarken]] (The format dd-mm-(yy)yy is the traditional Danish date format.<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Dhènemarken-Danish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Dhènemarken | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The international format yyyy-mm-dd or yyyymmdd is also accepted. There are no preferences, although the traditional format is the most widely used. The formats d. 'monthname' yyyy and in handwriting d/m/yy are also acceptable.<ref name="DK-LAC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsn.dk/oss_faq.htm#datoer |title=The Danish language advisory committee |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2004-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615223857/http://www.dsn.dk/oss_faq.htm#datoer |url-status=dead }}</ref>) *[[Dominica]] *[[Republik Dominika]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/DominicanRepublic-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Dominican Republic | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Ekuador]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ecuador-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ecuador | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Mesir]]<ref>{{ar icon}} [Arab Republic of Egypt: Cabinet/Office of the Prime Minister]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Egypt-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Egypt | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[El Salvador]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/ElSalvador-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: El Salvador | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Éstlan]] (d.m.yyyy or d. month yyyy)<ref>{{et icon}} [http://www.valitsus.ee/?lang=et Government of the Republic of Estonia]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Estonia-Estonian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Éstlan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Finlan]] (d.m.yyyy or d. month yyyy)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Finland-Finnish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Finland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Prancis]] (dd-mm-yyyy or dd/mm/yyyy)<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/fr/ Government of France - Prime Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120220408/http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/fr/ |date=2011-01-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/France-French_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: France | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (dd.mm.yyyy) *[[Jerman]] (using dots (which denote [[Ordinal numbers (linguistics)|ordinal numbering]]) as in “d.m.(yy)yy” or sometimes "d. month (yy)yy")<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Germany-German_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Germany | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Yunani]]<ref>{{gr icon}} [http://www.parliament.gr/default.asp Hellenic Parliament (Greece)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207225851/http://www.parliament.gr/default.asp |date=2010-02-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Greece-Greek_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Greece | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Grunlan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>Oqaasileriffik/Grunlanic Language Secretariat</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=046F&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Grunlanic (Grunlan) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2009-02-08 }}</ref> *[[Grenada]] *[[Guatemala]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Guatemala-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Guatemala | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Guyana]] *[[Hong Kong]] (in English)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/HongKong-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Hong Kong (English) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Honduras]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Honduras-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Honduras | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Iclandia]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{is icon}} [http://www.stjornarrad.is/ Government of Iceland (Stjórnarráðið))]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Iceland-Icelandic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Iceland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[India]] (dd.mm.yyyy in Bengali; dd-mm-yyyy in Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil; d-m-yyyy in Telugu, no leading zeroes used)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/outerwin.htm?id=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/ |title=President of India |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2008-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219231347/http://india.gov.in/outerwin.htm?id=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_pr.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data (Pacific Region) | publisher=IBM }}</ref> *[[Indonésia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Indonésia-Indonésian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Indonésia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Iraq]] (dd/mm/yyyy)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0801&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Iraq) | accessdate=2008-10-21 | publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> *[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (dd-mm-yyyy)<ref>[http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp Department of the Taoiseach]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ireland-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ireland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Israèl]] (dd/mm/yyyy)<ref>{{he icon}} [http://www.gov.il/firstgov Israèl Government Portal]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Israèl-Hebrew_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Israèl | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Italia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Italy-Italin_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Italy | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Jamaica]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2009&OS=Windows%20Vista | title=NLS information page-English (Jamaica) | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Yordania]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Jordan-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Jordan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2C01&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Jordan) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Kazakhstan]] (dd.mm.(yy)yy)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Kazakhstan-Kazakh_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Kazakhstan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Kénya]] (dd/mm/yyyy)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2009-09-21 |archive-date=2008-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022110047/http://www.communication.go.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>} *[[Kuwait]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Kuwait-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Kuwait | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Kirgistan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0440&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page- Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Lètlan]] (dd.mm.yyyy<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Latvia-Latvian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Lètlan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>; yyyy.mm.dd is also used<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0426&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page-Lètlann (Lètlan) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Lebanon]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Lebanon-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Lebanon | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Libya]]<ref name=MSLibya>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=1001&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Libya) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Luksemburg]](dd/mm/yyyy in French,<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Luxembourg-French_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Luxembourg (French) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> d.m.yyyy in German<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Luxembourg-German_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Luxembourg (German) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) *[[Makau]] (in Portuguese & English) *[[Republik Makedonia]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Macedonia-Macedonian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Macedonia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Malaysia-BahasaMalaysian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Malaysia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Mèksiko]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Mexico-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Mexico | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Montenegro]] (d.m.yyyy)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gov.me/ | title=Vlada Crne Gore (Government of Montenegro) | language=Montenegrin | accessdate=2009-02-08 }}</ref> *[[Maroko]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Morocco-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Morocco | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Netherlands]] (using hyphens as in “dd-mm-(yy) yy”, very often "d month (yy)yy")<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Netherlands-Dutch_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Netherlands | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[New Zealand]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/NewZealand-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: New Zealand | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Nikaragua]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Nicaragua-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Nicaragua | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Norway]] (d.m.y; the fraction form <SUP>d</SUP>/<SUB>m</SUB>-y is common, but incorrect{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}) *[[Oman]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Oman-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Oman | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/ | publisher=Government of Pakistan | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0420&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Urdu (Islamic Republic of Pakistan) }}</ref> (dd/mm/(yy)yy) *[[Panama]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Panama-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Panama | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Paraguay]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Paraguay-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Paraguay | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Péru]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Peru-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Péru | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Filipina]] (Filipino) *[[Polen]] (dd.mm.yyyy<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Poland-Polish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Poland | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, often with dots as separators; more official is d <month in genitive> yyyy, or, less frequently, d <month in Roman numerals> yyyy)<ref>{{pl icon}} [http://www.kprm.gov.pl/ Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów (Republic of Poland - The Chancellery of the Prime Minister)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212163653/http://www.kprm.gov.pl/ |date=2009-12-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Polish Reference Grammar | url=https://archive.org/details/polishreferenceg0000broo | first=Maria | last=Zagórska Brooks | page=[https://archive.org/details/polishreferenceg0000broo/page/35 35] | isbn=9027933138 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | year=1975 }}</ref> *[[Portugal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Portugal-Portuguese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Portugal | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Qatar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Qatar-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Qatar | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Romania]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.gov.ro/ Guvernul României (Government of Romania)]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Romania-Romanian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Romania | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Russia]] (dd.mm.(yy)yy)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Russia-Russian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Russia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] *[[Saint Lucia]] *[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] *[[Arab Saudi]] (dd/mm/yyyy in [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]] and [[Grégorius calendar]] systems,<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/SaudiArabia-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Saudi Arabia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=MSSaudiArabia>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0401&OS=Windows%20Vista| accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Saudi Arabia) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> except for major companies, which conventionally use the American mm/dd/yyyy format{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}) *[[Serbia]] (d.m.yyyy)<ref>{{sr icon}} [http://www.srbija.gov.rs/?change_lang=cr Влада Републике Србије (Serbian Government)]</ref><ref name=MSSerbiaCy>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0C1A&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-11-16 | title=NLS information page-Serbian (Cyrillic) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref><ref name=MSSerbiaLa>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=081A&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-11-16 | title=NLS information page-Serbian (Latin) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Singapura]] (basa Inggris)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Singapore-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Singapore (English) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Slowak]] (d.m.yyyy, some use of dd-mm-yyyy)<ref>{{sk icon}} [http://www.vlada.gov.sk/ Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky (Government Office of the Slovak Republic)]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Slovakia-Slovak_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Slowak | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Slowén]] (d.m.yyyy or d. mmmm yyyy)<ref name=MSSlowén>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0424&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Slowénn (Slowén) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Spanyol]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Spain-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Spain | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Catalan language locale for Spain also indicates dd/mm/yyyy for Common Date format.</ref> *[[Sri Lanka]] *[[Swèdhen]] (as d/m yyyy, although the yyyy-mm-dd form is more common and the national standard.) *[[Switserlan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref>[http://www.news.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en Switzerland Federal Administration - Press releases and speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117172145/http://www.news.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en |date=2011-01-17 }} dd.mm.yyyy format seen in all languages.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_eu.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Switzerland (French, German, Italin) | publisher=IBM }}</ref> *[[Suriah]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Syria-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Syria | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Tajikistan]] (dd.mm.yyyy)<ref name=MSTajikistan>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0428&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Tajik (Cyrillic, Tajikistan) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Thailand]] (with [[Thai solar calendar|Buddhist Era]] years instead of [[Common Era]])<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Thailand-Thai_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Thailand | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Trinidad lan Tobago]]<ref name=MSTrinTob>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2C09&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-English (Trinidad and Tobago) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Tunisia-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Tunisia | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Turki]]<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.tccb.gov.tr/ Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (Presidency of the Republic of Turkey)]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Turkey-Turkish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Turkey | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Turkmenistan]] (dd.mm.(yy)yy)<ref>{{tk icon}} [http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/ Government of Turkmenistan]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0442&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Turkmen (Turkmenistan) }}</ref> *[[Ukraine]] (dd.mm.yyyy<ref>{{ua icon}} [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk Government of the Ukraine]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0422&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Ukrainian (Ukraine) }}</ref>; some cases of dd/mm/yyyy<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Ukraine-Ukrainian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Ukraine | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) *[[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/UnitedArabEmirates-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: United Arab Emirates | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=3801&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Arabic (U.A.E.) }}</ref> *[[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/ |title=Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) - Newsroom |access-date=2008-04-06 |archive-date=2008-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406222915/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/UnitedKingdom-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: United Kingdom | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Uruguay]]<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/pages/docs.htm Government of Uruguay: Documentos de Interés (documents of interest)]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Uruguay-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Uruguay | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Uzbekistan]] (dd.mm.yyyy Cyrillic, dd/mm yyyy Latin)<ref>{{uz icon}} [http://www.gov.uz/uz/ Government of Uzbekistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123022925/http://www.gov.uz/uz/ |date=2012-11-23 }}</ref><ref name=MSUzbekCyrillic>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0843&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Uzbek (Cyrillic, Uzbekistan) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref><ref name=MSUzbekCyrillic/> *[[Venezuela]]<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/noticias-view/ver_noticias.pag?sw=1 Government of Venezuela: Noticias (News)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205204844/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/noticias-view/ver_noticias.pag?sw=1 |date=2011-02-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Venezuela-Spanish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Venezuela | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=200A&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-08 | publisher=Microsoft | title=NLS information page-Spanish (Venezuela) }}</ref> *[[Vietnam]]<ref name=MSVietnam>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=042A&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Vietnamese (Vietnam) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> *[[Yemen]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Yemen-Arabic_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Yemen | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=MSYemen>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=2401&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-29 | title=NLS information page-Arabic (Yemen) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> </div> === mm/dd/yy utawa mm/dd/yyyy (sasi, tanggal, taun) === Migunakaké format iki,tanggal 18 Oktober 2008 bakal ditulis 10/18/08. Format iki tinemu ing: *[[Belize]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.governmentofbelize.gov.bz/pressoffice.php | publisher=Government of Belize | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=Government of Belize Press Office | archive-date=2007-07-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714220307/http://www.governmentofbelize.gov.bz/pressoffice.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Kanadha]] (Although most official government documents use the yyyy-mm-dd format, the mm/dd/yy format is also understood due to influences from the United States.)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Canada-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Canada | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Federated States of Micronesia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fsmgov.org/ | publisher=Government of the Federated States of Micronesia | title=Welcome to the Federated States of Micronesia | accessdate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> *[[Palau]] *[[Filipina]] (yèn tinulis ing basa Inggris)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Philippines-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Philippines | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Amérikah Sarékat]] (civilian vernacular: mm/dd/yy or mm/dd/yyyy<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/UnitedStates-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: United States | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0409&OS=Windows%20Vista | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2009-02-08 | title=NLS information page-English (United States) }}</ref>; other formats, including dd Month yyyy and yyyy-mm-dd, are common or prescribed—particularly in military, academic, scientific, computing, industrial, or governmental contexts. See [[Date and time notation by country#United States]].) === yyyy-mm-dd (taun, sasi, tanggal) === Migunakaké format iki, tanggal 30 Dhésèmber 2006 bakal ditulis 2006-12-30. *Dipigunakaké kanthi internasional ing sawatara kontèks minangka syandar [[ISO 8601]] <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> *[[Albania]] (more references indicate use of dd/mm/yyyy, see above)<ref name=MSAlbania /> *[[Kanadha]] (yyyy-mm-dd, government all-numeric standard)<ref>{{cite web | title=TBITS 36: All-Numeric Representation of Dates and Times-Implementation Criteria | url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/its-nit/standards/tbits36/crit36-eng.asp | publisher=[[Treasury Board of Canada]] | accessdate=2008-10-12 | date=18 Dhésèmber 1997 | archive-date=2008-10-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010084536/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/its-nit/standards/tbits36/crit36-eng.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref> (All 3 main types are used in Canada-in French and in English){{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} *[[Republik Rakyat Cina]] (yyyy-mm-dd or yyyy年m月d日 with no leading zeroes)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/China-SimplifiedChinese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Cina (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Republik Cina|Taiwan]]; padha karo Cina. kajaba taun manawa ditulis nganggo [[Chinese era name|ROC era system]]: 民國95年12月30日.<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Taiwan-TraditionalChinese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Taiwan (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Dhénemarken]] (The format dd-mm-(yy)yy is the traditional Danish date format. The international format yyyy-mm-dd or yyyymmdd is also accepted. There are no preferences, although the traditional format is the most widely used. The formats dd.'monthname' yyyy and in handwriting d/m/yy are also acceptable.<ref name="DK-LAC" />) *[[Éropa]]<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/salmonella/data_dictionary_pigs_en.pdf</ref> *[[Hong Kong]] (yyyy年m月d日 with no leading zeroes;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/locales_pr.jsp | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Pacific Region (Hong Kong-Simplified and Traditional Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}</ref> and dd/mm/yyyy for English<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/HongKong-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Hong Kong (English) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) *[[Hungary]] (yyyy.mm.dd.<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Hungary-Hungarian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Hungary | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=MSHungary>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=040E&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2009-02-03 | title=NLS information page-Hungarian (Hungary) | publisher=Microsoft }}</ref> and traditionally the number of the month is sometimes written in Roman numerals<ref>''A magyar helyesírás szabályai'', 2005 (ISBN 963-218-980-9)</ref>) *[[Iran]] (yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{fa icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.cbi.ir/default.aspx | accessdate=2009-04-30 | title=بانک مرکزی ایران | publisher=The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran | archive-date=2009-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421214557/http://www.cbi.ir/default.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> in Persian Calendar system ("yy/m/d" is a common alternative), yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx | accessdate=2009-04-30 | title=The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran | archive-date=2021-02-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203093839/https://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> in Grégorius Calendar system) *[[Japan]], often in the form yyyy年mm月dd日;<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Japan-Japanese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Japan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sometimes [[Japanese era name|Japanese era year]] is used, e.g. [[Heisei|平成]]18年12月30日.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/ | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet }}</ref> *[[Kénya]] (yy/mm/dd) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://kobesearch.cpan.org/htdocs/DateTime-Locale/sw_KE.html#Short | accessdate=2009-08-31 | title=Date Time Local }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Koréa]] (yyyy년 mm월 dd일; yyyy/mm/dd also used)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Korea- Korean_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Koréa (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Lètlan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Latvia-Latvian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Lètlan | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (But often dd.mm.yyyy. is used{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}) *[[Litowen]] (yyyy-mm-dd)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Litowen-Litowenn_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Litowen | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Makau]] (same as Hong Kong)<ref>{{cn icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/rkw/public/view/area.jsp?id=21 | title=Government News | accessdate=2008-10-13 | publisher=Macao SAR Government Portal | archive-date=2008-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912124045/http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/rkw/public/view/area.jsp?id=21 | url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Mongolia]] (yyyy.mm.dd)<ref>{{mn icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.president.mn/index.php | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч | publisher=President of Mongolia}}</ref> *[[Nepal]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} (also see [[Nepal Sambat]] which is also in use) *[[Norway]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Norway-Nurwègenn_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Norway | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Singapore]] (Chinese representation: yyyy年m月d日, no leading zeroes)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Singapore-SimplifiedChinese_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Singapore (Simplified Chinese) | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Slowén]]<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Slovénia-Slovénian_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Slowén | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[South Africa]] (yyyy/mm/dd;<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/SouthAfrica-English_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: South Africa | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx?submitted=0436&OS=Windows%20Vista | accessdate=2008-10-21 | title=NLS information page-Afrikaans (South Africa) | publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> "d/m/yy" is a common alternative{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}) *[[Spain]] (Basque: yyyy.mm.dd)<ref>[https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/stdcxx/trunk/etc/nls/src/eu_ES.euro]</ref> *[[Sweden]] (national standard format)<ref>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/Sweden-Swedish_Date.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2008-10-12 | title=Globalization Library-Locale Data: Sweden | publisher=IBM }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> </div> === Pola tanggal sing dlokalaké === *[[Céko]] d.m.rrrr (den/měsíc/rok) *[[Prancis]] jj/mm/aaaa (jour/mois/année) *[[Jerman]] tt.mm.jjjj (Tag/Monat/Jahr) *[[Walanda]] dd-mm-jjjj (dag/maand/jaar) *[[Ruslan]] дд/мм/гггг (день/месяц/год) *[[Slowak]] d.m.rrrr (deň/mesiac/rok) *[[Spanyol]] dd/mm/aaaa (día/mes/año) *[[Amérikah Sarékat]] mm/dd/yyyy (sasi/tanggal/taun) ==Réferènsi== <div class="reflist4" style="height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px" > {{reflist|2}} </div> ==Pranala njaba == *[[IETF]]: RFC 3339 *[http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime W3C Date and Time Formats] Internet date/time format<!-- retrieved [[23 September]] *[http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/formats.htm The ISO 8601 Date Format]<!-- Retrieved [[23 September]] 2006 --> *{{cite web | url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/locales/index.jsp | title=Globalization locale database | accessdate=2008-10-13 | publisher=IBM}} *{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/nlsweb/default.mspx | title=NLS (National Language Support) information page | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2008-10-13 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Calendar Date}} [[Kategori:Pananggalan]] 8f3m1z427a54srdoi9pxiw6gg7cha5h 0 64194 1758258 1653827 2026-09-27T04:51:28Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | name = Sir Roger Moore <br /> | image = Sir_Roger_Moore_Allan_Warren.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Roger Moore minangka Agen 007 sajeroning ''[[Live and Let Die (filem)|Live and Let Die]] | birthname = Roger George Moore | birthdate = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1927|10|14}} | birthplace = {{Flagicon|Inggris}} [[Stockwell]], [[London]], [[Inggris]] | occupation = [[Aktor]], Pekerja amal | yearsactive = 1945–saiki | spouse = Doorn van Steyn <br /> (1946–53) <br /> [[Dorothy Squires]] <br /> (1953–68) <br /> Luisa Mattioli <br /> (1969–96) <br /> Kristina Tholstrup <br /> (2002–...) | homepage =http://www.roger-moore.com }} '''Sir Roger George Moore''' [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] ({{lahirmati|[[Stockwell]], [[London]], [[Inggris]]|14|10|1927}}) iku aktor filem asal [[Inggris]]. Roger More kaloka minangka pemeran loro jagoan Inggris, Simon Templar sajeroning versi serial TV ''The Saint'' wiwit 1962 nganti 1969, lan pameran [[James Bond]] sajeroning pitung filem antara taun 1973 nganti 1985. Roger Moore banjur dadi duta [[UNICEF]] wiwit 1991 nganti saiki. == Statistik == [[Gambar:Roger_Moore_at_the_sets_of_Sea_Wolves.jpg|thumb|right|Roger Moore sedang menjalani syuting untuk filem Sea Wolves.]] === Bebungah === '''Kanggo amal''' * 2008: Medali Dag Hammarskjöld (saka PBB) * 2005: UNICEF Snowflake Audrey Hepburn Humanitarian Award * 2003: German Federal Service Cross: atas hasil kerjanya untuk memberantas penjualan anak-anak, sebagai salah satu tugas makarya dari UNICEF. * 2003: Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire * 1999: Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) '''Minangka pribadi''' * 2008: Commander of the National Order of Arts and Letters (Prancis) * 2007: Hollywood Walk of Fame * 2002: Monte Carlo TV Festival (Lifetime Achievement Award) * 2001: Lifetime Achievement Award (Festival filem Jamaika) * 1997: Lifetime Achievement Award (Festival filem Palm Springs di AS) * 1995: TELE GATTO (Italian TV; Lifetime Achievement Award) * 1991: GOLDEN CAMERA (German TV; Lifetime Achievement Award) * 1990: BAMBI (Lifetime Achievement Award dari kalawarta Jerman BUNTE) '''Minangka aktor''' * 1981: OTTO (Bintang Film Terpopuler, saka kalawarta Jerman BRAVO) * 1980: SATURN Award (Most Popular International Performer) * 1980: GOLDEN GLOBE: World Film Favorite-Male * 1973: BAMBI (berbagi bersama Tony Curtis untuk: "The Persuaders", dari kalawarta Jerman BUNTE) * 1973: BEST ACTOR IN TV, pangaji-aji saka kalawarta Prancis TELE-7-JOURS, bebarengan karo Tony Curtis * 1967: ONDAS-AWARD (Spanish TV for "The Saint") * 1967: OTTO (Most popular TV-star for "The Saint"; from German magazine BRAVO) == Filmografi == {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 99%;" |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" align="center" ! Taun !! Sesirah !! Peran !! Cathetan |- | rowspan="2"| [[1945]] || ''[[Perfect Strangers (filem)|Perfect Strangers]]'' || || |- | ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (filem)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' || Wadya Roma || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1946]] || ''Gaiety George'' || || |- | ''Piccadilly Incident'' || || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1949]] || ''[[Paper Orchid]]'' || || |- | ''Trottie True'' || || |- | [[1950]] || ''Honeymoon Deferred'' || || |- | [[1951]] || ''[[One Wild Oat]]'' || || |- | [[1954]] || ''[[The Last Time I Saw Paris]]'' || || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1955]] || ''[[Interrupted Melody]]'' || || |- | ''[[The King's Thief]]'' || Jack || |- | [[1956]] || ''[[Diane (filem)|Diane]]'' || [[Henry II dari Prancis|Prince Henri]] || |- | [[1959]] || ''[[The Miracle (filem)|The Miracle]]'' || Captain Michael Stuart || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1961]] || ''The Sins of Rachel Cade'' || || |- | ''[[Gold of the Seven Saints]]'' || || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1962]] || ''Romulus and the Sabines'' || || |- | ''[[No Man's Land]]'' || || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1968]] || ''[[Vendetta for the Saint]]'' || [[Simon Templar]] || |- | ''[[The Saint and the Fiction Makers|The Fiction Makers]]'' || [[Simon Templar]] || |- | [[1969]] || ''[[Crossplot (filem)|Crossplot]]'' || Gary Fenn || |- | [[1970]] || ''[[The Man Who Haunted Himself]]'' || Harold Pelham || |- | [[1973]] || ''[[Live and Let Die (filem)|Live and Let Die]]'' || [[James Bond]] || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1974]] || ''[[Gold (filem 1974)|Gold]]'' || Rod Slater || |- | ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (filem)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' || [[James Bond]] || |- | [[1975]] || ''That Lucky Touch'' || || |- | rowspan="4"| [[1976]] || ''London Conspiracy'' || || |- | ''[[Sherlock Holmes in New York]]'' || [[Sherlock Holmes]] || |- | ''[[Street People]]'' || || |- | ''[[Shout at the Devil (filem)|Shout at the Devil]]'' || Sebastian Oldsmith || |- | [[1977]] || ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (filem)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' || [[James Bond]] || |- | [[1978]] || ''[[The Wild Geese]]'' || Lieutenant Shaun Fynn || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1979]] || ''[[Escape to Athena]]'' || Major Otto Hecht || |- | ''[[Moonraker (filem)|Moonraker]]'' || [[James Bond]] || |- | rowspan="3"| [[1980]] || ''[[North Sea Hijack]]'' || Rufus Excalibur ffolkes || uga kaloka minangka ''ffolkes'' |- | ''[[The Sea Wolves]]'' || Captain Gavin Stewart || |- | ''[[Sunday Lovers]]'' || || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1981]] || ''[[The Cannonball Run (filem)|The Cannonball Run]]'' || Seymour Goldfarb as Roger Moore|| |- | ''[[For Your Eyes Only (filem)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' || [[James Bond]] || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1983]] || ''[[Octopussy]]'' || [[James Bond]] || |- | ''[[Curse of the Pink Panther]]'' || Chief Insp. Jacques Clouseau || |- | [[1984]] || ''[[The Naked Face (filem)|The Naked Face]]'' || || |- | [[1985]] || ''[[A View to a Kill]]'' || [[James Bond]] || |- | [[1987]] || ''The Magic Snowman'' || || Pangisi swara |- | rowspan="2"| [[1990]] || ''[[Fire, Ice and Dynamite]]'' || Sir George Windsor || |- | ''[[Bullseye!]]'' || || |- | [[1992]] || ''Bed and Breakfast'' || || |- | [[1994]] || ''[[The Man Who Wouldn't Die]]'' || || TV |- | [[1996]] || ''[[The Quest (filem)|The Quest]]'' || Lord Edgar Dobbs || |- | rowspan="2"| [[1997]] || ''[[The Saint (filem)|The Saint]]'' || Penyiar radhio || |- | ''[[Spiceworld (filem)|Spice World]]'' || The Chief || |- | [[2001]] || ''[[The Enemy (2001 filem)|The Enemy]]'' || || |- | rowspan="2"| [[2002]] || ''Na Svoji Vesni'' || || |- | ''[[Boat Trip]]'' || Lloyd Faversham || |- | rowspan="2"| [[2005]] || ''Charles Lindbergh: The True Story'' || || Documentary, Narrator |- | ''[[Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie]]'' || January Q. Irontail || Pangisi swara, Film TV |- | [[2008]] || ''[[Agent Crush]]'' || Burt Gasket || Pangisi swara |- | rowspan="2"| [[2010]] || ''[[Gnomes & Trolls: The Forest Trial]]'' || Leif || Pengisi swara |- | ''[[Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore]]'' || Unknown || Pengisi swara |} == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.roger-moore.com/ Situs resmi] – uga isi artikel ngenani pakaryan Sir Roger ing UNICEF saliyané karir minangka ''entertainer''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091215184510/http://obr.lh.pl/sirrogermoore/ Sir Roger Moore – Sawijining ''fan site'' (wiwit 2002)] * {{imdb name|id=0000549|name=Roger Moore}} * {{tvtome person|id=38416|name=Roger Moore}} * [http://www.cinemaretro.com/index.php?/archives/1021-EXCLUSIVE!-CINEMA-RETRO-ATTENDS-SURPRISE-BIRTHDAY-PARTY-FOR-SIR-ROGER-MOORE.html Kejutan ultah ke-80 kanggo Sir Roger Moore] * [http://www.cinemaretro.com/index.php?/archives/2579-SIR-ROGER-MOORE-RECEIVES-THE-CINEMA-RETRO-ACHIEVEMENT-AWARD-AT-PINEWOOD-STUDIOS-SPY-WHO-LOVED-ME-REUNION-EVENT.html Sir Roger Moore nampa Lifetime Achievement Award ing Pinewood Studios jroning acara reuni film The Spy Who Loved Me] * [http://www.cinemaretro.com/index.php?/archives/2630-SIR-ROGER-MOORE-TRIBUTE-AT-THE-PLAYERS-CLUB-NEW-YORK-CITY.html Sir Roger Moore masuk ke dalam Legendary Players Club, New York City] * [http://www.lettersonpages.com/2008/12/my-word-is-my-bond-by-roger-moore/ Review saka ''My Word Is My Bond'' jroning Letters On Pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321200530/http://www.lettersonpages.com/2008/12/my-word-is-my-bond-by-roger-moore/ |date=2012-03-21 }} {{start box}} {{succession box| before=[[Sean Connery]] <br /> [[Diamonds Are Forever (filem)|1971]]| after=[[Sean Connery]] <br /> [[Never Say Never Again|1983]]| title=Pemeran ''[[James Bond]]''| years=<small>[[Live and Let Die (filem)|1973]]-[[Octopussy|1983]]</small>| }} {{succession box| before=[[Sean Connery]] <br /> [[Never Say Never Again|1983]]| after=[[Timothy Dalton]] <br /> [[The Living Daylights|1987]]-[[Licence to Kill|1989]]| title=Pemeran ''[[James Bond]]''| years=<small>[[Octopussy|1983]]-[[A View to a Kill|1985]]</small>| }} {{succession box| before = [[George Sanders]] |title = [[Simon Templar|Pemeran Simon Templar]] |years =<small>[[1962]]-[[1969]]</small> |after = [[Ian Ogilvy]]}} {{end box}} {{James Bond actors}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Roger}} [[Kategori:James Bond]] [[Kategori:Aktor Inggris]] [[Kategori:Lair 1927]] 5xf40ylobzi2o9fz9kkuoht1itop5ph 0 67572 1758240 1757474 2026-09-27T00:11:36Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Anglicanism}} {{Main|Anglikanisme}} '''Gréja Anglikan''' iku afiliasi sadonya saka Gréja-gréja [[Anglikan]]. "Gréja Anglikan" mesthi duwé otoritas yuridis sing universal, amarga saben gréja nasional utawa régional duwé otonomi sing ''penuh''. <!--Kayadéné sing tersirat dari namanya, ''Komuni'' Anglikan adalah asosiasi dari gereja-gereja ini yang memiliki [[komuni penuh]] atau persekutuan dengan [[Gereja Inggris]] (yang dapat dianggap sebagai "gereja induk" dari komuni sedunia, dan secara khusus dengan [[primat]]nya, [[Uskup Agung Canterbury]].--> Kanthi punjul 70 yuta anggotané, Gréja Anglikan iku gréja gedhé dhéwé angka telu ing donya, sawisé [[Gréja Katulik Roma]] lan [[Gréja Ortodoks Wétan|Gréja-gréja Ortodoks Wétan]]. <!--Status komuni penuh berarti bahwa semua [[ritus]] yang diselenggarakan di sebuah gereja diakui oleh yang lainnya. Beberapa dari gereja-gereja ini dikenal sebagai Anglikan, yang secara eksplisit mengakui hubungannya dengan Inggris (''Ecclesia Anglicana'' berarti "Gereja Inggris"); yang lainnya, seperti mislanya [[Gereja Episkopal di Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Gereja Episkopal Skotlandia]], atau [[Gereja Irlandia]], lebih suka menggunakan nama yang lain. Masing-masing Gereja mempunyai [[Doktrin Anglikan|doktrin]] dan [[liturgi]]nya sendiri, yang pada umumnya didasarkan pada doktrin dan lilturgi Gereja Inggris. Masing-masing Gereja juga mempunyai proses legislatifnya serta peraturan episkopalnya sendiri, di bawah kepemimpinan seorang primat setempat.--> == Logo == [[Gambar:CompassRose.gif|left]]Komuni Anglikan migunakaké [[mawar kompas]] minangka lambang, sing nuduhaké jangkauané marang saindhenging donya lan sifaté sing didesentralisasikaké. Kayadéné lambang gréjané, ing sadhuwuré mawar iki ana [[topi biskop]]; ing tengahé ana [[salib St. George]] sing ngélingaké asal-usul komuni iki ing [[Gréja Inggris]]. Mottoné sajeroning [[basa Yunani]], {{polytonic|Ἡ ἀλήθεια ἐλευθερώσει ὑμᾶς}} ("Kabenaran bakal ngluwaraké kowé") iku kutipan saka [[Injil Yohanes|Yohanes]] 8:32. Lambang iki dirancang déning [[Edward Nason West]], [[Kanon (imam)|Kanon]] saka [[Katedral Saint John the Divine, New York|Katedral St. John the Divine]] ing [[New York City]]. == Pirsani uga == * [[Affirming Catholicism]] * [[Jaringan Komuni Anglikan]] * [[Sakramèn Anglikan]] * [[Kitab Sembayang Bebarengan]] * [[Ka-39 Artikel]] * [[Pelayanan Anglikan]] == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ Official website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101211200658/http://anglican.org/church/NoCentral.html Decentralised nature of worldwide Anglicanism] * [http://www.gshep.org/information/vocabulary.htm Comprehensive Anglican vocabulary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814223234/http://www.gshep.org/information/vocabulary.htm |date=2006-08-14 }} * [http://www.anglican.tk/ the conservative ''Classical Anglican Net News'' website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621065036/http://www.anglican.tk/ |date=2007-06-21 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190408210709/http://www.anglicansonline.org/ Anglicans Online] * [http://descant.classicalanglican.net/?p=2126 A Letter From The Episcopal Church Historical Society On Bishop Polk And Sewanee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412041656/http://descant.classicalanglican.net/?p=2126 |date=2010-04-12 }} {{Anglican Churches}} [[Kategori:Anglikanisme]] [[cs:Anglikánství#Anglikánské společenství]] lsmnu14smdtw1hx67q99cytpab901if 0 79143 1758269 1757959 2026-09-27T05:49:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Name = Kim Tae-yeon |Img = Kim Tae-yeon at fansigning event on August 13, 2017.jpg |Img_capt = |Imge_size =350px | caption = [[Singer]], [[musician]], [[dancer]], [[Promotional model|model]], [[presenter]], [[actress]], [[voice actress]] |Landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> |Background =solo_singer | birth_place = [[Jeonju]], [[Jeollabuk-do|North Jeolla]], {{nowrap|[[South Koréa]]}} |Born = {{Birth date and age|1989|3|9|mf=y}} |Origin =[[Seoul]], [[Koréa Kidul]] |alma_mater = [[Jeonju Art High School, Graduated]] |Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dance-pop]] |Alias =Taeyeon<br />Taeng, Taengoo,Tae-Tae, Kid Leader, Umma, Ahjumma<br /> |Years_active = {{start date|2007}}–present |Label =[[SM Entertainment]]<br />[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Japan]]<br />[[Interscope Records]] | Associated_acts = [[Girls' Generation]] (2007-sapunika)<br />[[SM Town]]<br />Route 0 (2002-2003) | siblings = |Current_members = |Past_members = |URL = [http://girlsgeneration.smtown.com Official website]<br /><br /> <br />Signature of Taeyeon }} {{Infobox Korean name |title=김태연 |color=khaki |hangul={{linktext|김|태|연}} |rr=Gim Tae-yeon |mr=Kim T'aeyŏn |hangulborn= |rrborn= |mrborn= |othername1= |hangul1= |hanja1= |rr1= |mr1= }} '''Tae yeon''' inggih punika wargi saking SNSD/[[Girls Generation]] == Karir Tae yeon == Karir saking Taeyoen inggih punika: # Debut ing tanggal [[3]] [[Agustus]] [[2007]] kaliyan single, Into The New World, kaliyan SNSD/ [[Girls Generation]]<ref>[http://www.crunchyroll.com/group/Kim_Tae_Yeon www.crunchyroll.com](dipuntingali tanggal 23 Agustus 2011)</ref> # Dadi anggotane subgrup [[Girls' Generation-TTS]] bareng [[Tiffany]] lan [[Seohyun]]<ref>[http://detectiveindonesia.forumotion.com/t1234-fakta-taeyeon-snsd detectiveindonesia.forumotion.com](dipuntingali tanggal 23 Agustus 2011)</ref> == Panghargyan == {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! '''Taun''' ! Panghargyan ! Cathetan ! Ket |- | align="center"|2004 | ''8th Annual Best Contest'' | Best Singer 1st Place & Grand Award | Won |- | rowspan=4 align="center"|2008 | ''[[Cyworld]] Song of the Month: February'' | "''If''"<ref name="ifcyworld">{{ko icon}} [http://www.cbs.co.kr/Nocut/Show.asp?IDX=780109 (영상)소녀시대 태연, 혼자서도 인기] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416180615/https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/428198 |date=2020-04-16 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/428198 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416180615/https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/428198 |archive-date=2020-04-16 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, nocutnews.co.kr. March 20, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2010.</ref> | Won |- | ''2008 Mnet Music Award – Best OST'' | "''If''" | Nom |- | ''[[Mnet 20's Choice Awards]] | Hot DJ | Won |- | ''23rd [[Golden Disk Awards]]'' | Yepp Popularity Award for "Deullinayo" | Won |- | rowspan=2 align="center"|2009 | ''Program Production'' | "Good Friend Radio (ChinChin)" | Won |- | ''2009 MBC Drama Awards [Radio Newcomer Award]'' | "Good Friend Radio (ChinChin)"<ref>{{ko icon}} [http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200912301752431001&search=title&searchstring=%C5%C2%BF%AC 태연 “늦은 밤 나와 얘기나눠준 청취자에 감사” 라디오 신인상]. Newsen. December 30, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2009.</ref> | Won |- | rowspan=2 align="center"|2010 | ''16th Republic of Koréa Entertainment Arts Awards'' | Female Radio Award | Won |- | Yahoo Buzz! Award's Top Buzz Star:Female Category | Herself | Nom<ref>{{ko icon}} [http://kr.promotion.yahoo.com/asiabuzz2010/?goPage=11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804114744/http://kr.promotion.yahoo.com/asiabuzz2010/?goPage=11|date=2019-08-04}}. Yahoo Buzz Awards.</ref> |- | rowspan=4 align="center"|2011 | ''The 5th Musical Awards'' | Best Newcomer | Won |- | ''2011 Mnet Music Award – Best OST'' | "''I Love You''" | Nom |- | ''2011 Mnet Music Award – Song of the Year'' | "''I Love You''" | Nom |- | ''2011 MelOn Music Awards – Best OST'' | "''I Love You''" | Nom |} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategoti:Aktris Internasional]] [[Kategori:Member Girls Generation]] [[Kategori:Penyanyi Internasional]] {{stub}} id75agog2ouorwsmvzazja78z94mmyr 0 80890 1758259 1757865 2026-09-27T04:54:11Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | honorific-prefix = <small> '''[[Jenderal]] [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn.]])''' | name = {{PAGENAME}} | image = Ryamizard Ryacudu.jpg | office = [[Daftar Mantri Pertahanan Republik Indonesia|Mantri Pertahanan Indonesia]] ke-24 | term_start = 27 Oktober 2014 | term_end = 20 Oktober 2019 | president = [[Joko Widodo]] | vicepresident = [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla]] | predecessor = [[Purnomo Yusgiantoro]] | successor = [[Prabowo Subianto]] | office2 = [[Kepala Staf TNI Angkatan Dharat]] ke-24 | term_start2 = [[4 Juni]] [[2002]] | term_end2 = [[18 Fèbruari]] [[2005]] | president2 = [[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] <br> [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] | vicepresident2 = [[Hamzah Haz]] <br> [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla]] | predecessor2 = [[Endriartono Sutarto]] | successor2 = [[Djoko Santoso]] | order3 = [[:id: Panglima Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat|Panglima Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat]] ke-26 | term_start3 = [[2000]] | term_end3 = [[2002]] | president3 = [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] <br> [[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] | vicepresident3 = [[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] <br> [[Hamzah Haz]] | predecessor3 = [[:id: Agus Wirahadikusumah|Agus Wirahadikusumah]] | successor3 = [[Bibit Waluyo]] | birth_date = 21 April 1950 | birth_place = {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Palembang]], [[Sumatera Selatan]] | death_date = 31 Mei 2026 (usia 76) | death_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | restingplace = Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia | nationaltiy = {{Flag|Indonesia}} | alma_mater = [[:id: Akademi Militer|Akademi Militer]] (1973) | spouse = Nora Tristyana | children = Ryano Patria Amanzha<br>Dwinanda Patria Noryanzha<br>Trynanda Patria Nugraha | parents = [[:id: Musannif Ryacudu|Musannif Ryacudu]] <br>R. A. Zuhariah Ryacudu | religion = [[Islam]] }} [[Jenderal]] [[TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn]].) '''Ryamizard Ryacudu''' ({{lahirmati|[[Palembang]], [[Sumatra Kidul]]|21|4|1950|[[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]|31|5|2026}}).<ref name="internet2"/><ref name="internet3"/> adalah [[Daftar Mantri Pertahanan Republik Indonesia|Mantri Pertahanan Republik Indonesia]] pada [[Kabinet Kerja]] yang menjabat sejak [[27 Oktober]] [[2014]], Tilas pangarsanipun Tamtama Nasional Nasional [[Angkatan Dharat]], panjenenganipun ugi tilas Pangkostrad ingkang naté dipuncalonaken dados présidhèn [[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] dados Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI).<ref name="internet2"/> Ryamizard Ryacudu punika lulusan Akadhemi Angkatan Bersenjata Républik Indonésia (Akabri) taun [[1973]].<ref name="internet3">[http://www.tokohindonesia.com/biografi/article/285-ensiklopedi/2028-prajurit-profesional-sejati '''Prajurit Proesional Sejati'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501045719/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/biografi/article/285-ensiklopedi/2028-prajurit-profesional-sejati |date=2012-05-01 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 19 September 2011)</ref> Ryamizard Ryacudu punika dados mantu tilas Wakil Présidhén [[Try Sutrisno]].<ref name="internet2"/> Ryamizard Ryacudu miyos lan ageng saking kulawargi tamtama.<ref name="internet2"/> Ramanipun ingkang namanipun Ryacudu (almarhum), inggih punika satunggalipun [[Brigadir Jéndral]] TNI purnawirawan ingkang nalika taksih aktif dhines dados tiyang kapitadosanipun Présidhén [[Soekarno]].<ref name="internet2"/> Ryamizard Ryacudu ingkang tilas Pangdam Jaya punika gadhah garwa ingkang namanipun Nora Trystiana, putrinipun Jenderal TNI [[Try Sutrisno]] tilas Wakil Présidhèn Indonésia.<ref name="internet2"/> Kagungan putra cacah tiga, Ryano Patriot, Dwinanda Patriot, lan Tryananda Patriot.<ref name="internet2">[http://ikasake-liting.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=235:h-ryamizard&catid=10:serba-serbi&Itemid=24 '''Jendral Purn. H Ryamizard Ryacudu'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310044601/http://ikasake-liting.com/index.php?catid=10:serba-serbi&id=235:h-ryamizard&itemid=24&option=com_content&view=article |date=2016-03-10 }} {{Cite web |url=http://ikasake-liting.com/index.php?catid=10:serba-serbi&id=235:h-ryamizard&itemid=24&option=com_content&view=article |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310044601/http://ikasake-liting.com/index.php?catid=10:serba-serbi&id=235:h-ryamizard&itemid=24&option=com_content&view=article |archive-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=bot: unknown}} dipunundhuh tanggal 19 September 2011)</ref> Karier Ryamizard Ryacudu ing jagad militèr ing antawisipun: Komandan Brigade Infanteri [[17]] Kostrad, Aspos Kasdam VII/Wirabuana, Kepala Staf Divif 2/Kostrad, Kasdam II/Sriwijaya, Panglima divisi 2/Kostrad, Kepala Staf Kostrad, Panglima Kodam V/Brawijaya ([[1999]]), Pangdam Jaya ([[1999]]-[[2000]]), Pangkostrad ([[Agustus]] [[2000]]-[[2002]]), lan Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat (KSAD) ing taun ([[2002]]-[[2005]]).<ref name="internet1">[http://tempo.co.id/hg/narasi/2004/05/30/nrs,20040530-02,id.html '''Profil Ryamizard Ryacudu'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035105/http://tempo.co.id/hg/narasi/2004/05/30/nrs,20040530-02,id.html |date=2016-03-05 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 19 September 2011)</ref> == Karier militèr == Ing ngisor kababar kanthi kaurut kalungguhan panjenengané Ryamizard:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.polarhome.com/pipermail/marinir/2004-October/000397.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2020-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130053035/http://www.polarhome.com/pipermail/marinir/2004-October/000397.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Komandan [[Peleton]] [[Komando Daerah Militer XII/Tanjungpura|Kodam XII/Tanjung Pura]] (15 November 1976) * Komandan Kompi Pelajar, Komando Pendidikan (Dodik), Kodam XII/Tanjung Pura * Komandan Kompi Secaba, Dodik, Kodam XII/Tanjungpura (28 Dhésèmber 1977) * Komandan [[Batalyon infanteri 641]] dan [[Batalyon Infanteri 642|642]], Kodam XII/Tanjungpura (22 Juli 1980) * Kepala Seksi-2/Operasi Yonif 641 (18 Januari 1982) * Kepala Seksi Operasi Brigif Linud 17 Kujang I (1 Januari 1987) * Wakil Komandan Yonif Linud 305/Tengkorak (1 Juli 1988) * Komandan [[Yonif Linud 305/Tengkorak]] (1 Juni 1990) * Kepala Staf Brigif Linud 17/Kujang I Kostrad * Komandan [[Brigade infanteri lintas udara 17|Brigif Linud 17/Kujang I]] Kostrad (1 Juni 1994) * Asisten Operasi [[Kodam VII/Wirabuana]] (1 April 1995) * Komandan Kontingen Garuda XII-B ka Kamboja (1992) * Komandan Sektor 5 Barat, dipercayaake déning wadyabala PBB ing Kamboja ([[UNTAC]]) * Komandan [[Komando resort militèr 044]]/Garuda Dempo, Kodam II/Sriwijaya (1 September 1995) * Kepala Staf Divif 2/Kostrad (1 Agustus 1996) * Kepala Staf [[Kodam II/Sriwijaya]], ngerangkep sminangka dadi Wakil Ketua Tim Pengamanan Hutan Terpadu (15 Juli 1997) * Panglima [[Divif 2/Kostrad]] (15 Maret 1998) * Kepala Staf [[Kostrad]] (15 Juni 1998) * Pangdam V/Brawijaya (14 Januari 1999–4 November 1999) * Pangdam Jaya/Jayakarta (4 November 1999–1 Agustus 2000) * [[Pangkostrad]] (1 Agustus 2000–4 Juni 2002) * [[Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat]] (4 Juni 2002–5 Fèbruari 2005) == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310044601/http://ikasake-liting.com/index.php?catid=10:serba-serbi&id=235:h-ryamizard&itemid=24&option=com_content&view=article '''Jendral Purn. H Ryamizard Ryacudu'''] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Lair 1950]] {{stub}} jqb36rd8amq7l1cnerkzjl71uc7qmpr 0 81124 1758262 1757876 2026-09-27T04:58:56Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Salamander punggung merah | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | trend = stable | image =Plethodon cinereus.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Caudata]] | familia = [[Lungless salamander|Plethodontidae]] | genus = ''[[Plethodon]]'' | species = '''''P. cinereus''''' | binomial = ''Plethodon cinereus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Hijau (taksonomi)|Hijau]], [[1818]]) }} '''Salamander geger abang''' utawi '''Salamander geger abrit''' (''Plethodon cinereus'') punika salah setunggaling [[salamander alas]] ingkang ukuranipun alit.<ref name="internet1">[http://www.beritaunik.net/unik-aneh/inilah-5-jenis-salamander.html beritaunik.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904033522/http://www.beritaunik.net/unik-aneh/inilah-5-jenis-salamander.html |date=2011-09-04 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 28 September 2011)</ref> Salamander geger abrit limrahipun manggèn wonten pèrèng alas ing [[Amérika Lor|Amérika Lèr]] pérangan wétan, inggih punika tlatah [[Missouri]]; [[Carolina Utara]]; [[Quebec]] saha [[Provinsi Maritimes]]wonten ing [[Kanada]] ngantos [[Minnesota]].<ref name="internet1"/> Salamander geger abang ugi misuwur dados '''Salamander geger abang lor'''.<ref name="internet1"/> Nama punika kanggé mbéntenaken saking [[Salamander geger abang kidul]] (''P. serratus'').<ref name="internet1"/> Salamander geger abang gadhah kalih variasi warna.<ref name="internet1"/> Inggih punika variasi geger abang saha warni ingkang langkung peteng inggih punika geger ireng.<ref name="internet1"/> Kajawi punika wonten variasi sanèsipun inggih punika warni belang kuning, oranye saha pethak.<ref name="internet1"/> == Reproduksi saha biomassa == Salamander geger abarit jaler lan èstri gadhah ciri ingkang bènten.<ref name="internet2"/> Bèntenipun punika wujud pakananipun saha teritori kawin inggih punika wonten ing sangandhapipun karang saha [[kayu]].<ref name="internet2"/> Nanging kathah-kathahipun salamander geger abang punika [[monogami|sistem monogami sosial]].<ref name="internet2"/> Salamander punika wiyaraken tlatah sareng-sareng kaliyan salamander geger abang sanèsipun.<ref name="internet2"/> Salamander geger abang punika gadhah anak nalika wulan [[Juni]] saha [[Juli]].<ref name="internet2"/> Salamander geger abang wadon limrahipun ngasilaken [[tigan]] ingkang cacahipun sekawan ngantos pitulas saben satunggal taunipun.<ref name="internet2"/> Tigan punika lajeng netes nalika sampun [[6]]-[[8]] [[minggu]].<ref name="internet2">[http://m-search.jp/ms/n_news.cgi?MoN=g&UoN=wapedia.mobi%2Fid%2FSalamander_punggung_merah%231. m-search.jp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306223551/http://m-search.jp/ms/n_news.cgi?mon=g&uon=wapedia.mobi/id/salamander_punggung_merah%231. |date=2016-03-06 }} {{Cite web |url=http://m-search.jp/ms/n_news.cgi?mon=g&uon=wapedia.mobi/id/salamander_punggung_merah%231. |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306223551/http://m-search.jp/ms/n_news.cgi?mon=g&uon=wapedia.mobi/id/salamander_punggung_merah%231. |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=bot: unknown}}(dipunundhuh tanggal 29 September 2011)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Amfibi Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Fauna Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Fauna Delaware dan Maryland]] [[Kategori:Fauna Kanada]] [[Kategori:Amfibia Michigan]] {{stub}} d1rfd0t2plyn546md8so4ubt45k2psv 0 92028 1758260 1757866 2026-09-27T04:54:26Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Hydrochloric acid ammonia.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Uap [[hidrogen klorida]] dalam beker dan [[amonia]] dalam tabung percobaan bereaksi membentuk awan [[amonium klorida]]]] [[Gambar:ThermiteFe2O3.JPG|miniatur|[[Thermitreaktion]]]] '''Réaksi kimia''' inggih punika prosés alam ingkang asring ngasilaken éwahan [[Senyawa Kimia]].<ref>[GoldBookRef|title=chemical reaction|file=C01033 Pengertian Reaksi Kimia](dipununduh Tanggal 30 September 2012)</ref> Senyawa utawi senyawa-senyawa wiwit ingkang gegayutan ing réaksi saged dipunsébapaken dados [[réaktan]]. Réaksi kimia dipunkaraktérisasikakén kaliyan [[Pérubahan kimiawi]], lan badhé ngasilaken sétunggal utawi langkung [[produk]] ingkang gadhah titikan ingkang bèntén saking réaktan. Sécara klasik, réaksi kimia ngayutakén kaewahan pérgérakan [[Èlèktron]] ing pémbéntukan lan pémutusan [[ikatan kimia]], manawi konsèp umum réaksi kimia ugi saged dipuntérapakè ing [[diagram Feynman|transformasi partikel-partikel elementer]] sami kaliyan [[reaksi nuklir]]. Reaksi-reaksi kimia ingkang panggènipun dipun-ginakaken sami ing [[sintesis kimia]] kanggé ngasilakné produk senyawa ingkang sampun dados ancasipun. Ing salébéting [[biokimia]] reaksi kimia dipun[[katalisis]] kaliyan [[enzim]] mbéntuk lintasan [[métabolismé]], ing sintesèis saha [[dekomposisi]] ingkang limrahipun botén kédadosan ing [[sèl]] == Séjarah == [[Gambar:David - Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Antoine Lavoisier]] mengembangkan téyori pangobong minangka reaksi kimia kaliyan oksigèn]] [[Gambar:ThermiteReaction.jpg|thumb|A [[thermite]] reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake.]] [[Gambar:Chemical reactions3.ogv|thumb|Video demonstrating a chemical reaction.]] Rèaksi kimia kados ta [[pangobong]], [[férméntasi]], lan rèduksi saking bijih dados logam sampun dipunmangértosi jaman rumiyèn.Téyori-téyori wiwit transformasi saking matérial-matérial punika dirémbakaké déning filsuf [[Yunani]] Kina, kadas [[Èlèmèn klasik]] saking [[Empedocles]] ingkang ngendika manawi substansi kèmawon kasusun saking èlèmèn dhasar inggih punika: [[Lati]],[[toya]], [[udara]], lan [[bu.ing abad perètengahan, transformasi kimia dipunsinauni déning para [[alkemis]]. Sédaya nyobi, tuladhanipun, ngubah [[timbal]] dados [[émas]], kaliyan ngèrèaksiakén [[timbal]] kaliyan campuran [[témbaga]] [[timbal]] kaliyan [[sulfur]].<ref>[cite journal|last1=Weyer|first1=Jost|title=Neuere Interpretationsmglichkeiten der Alchemie|volume=7|pages=177|journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit|language=German|year=1973|doi=10.1002/ciuz.19730070604|issue=6 Sajarah Reaksi Kimia] (dipununduh Tanggal 30 September)</ref> Produksi saking sényawa-sényawa kimia ingkang botén wonten kanthi alami ing donya, sampun lami para ilmuan, kados sintèsis saking [[asem sulfur]] lan [[asem nitrat]] saking alkemis [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]]. Prosès punika dipunlampahi kanthi cara béntérakèn [[minéral-minéral]] [[sulfat]], saha [[nitrat]], kados [[témbaga sulfat]], [[alum]] lan [[kalium nitrat]]. Ing abad kaping 17, [[Johann Rudolph Glauber]] mroduksi [[asem klorida]] lan [[natrium sulfat]] kaliyan ngréaksiakén [[asem sulfat]] kaliyan [[natrium klorida]]. Wontén ananè parémbagan ''[[lead chamber process]]'' ing taun [[1746]] lan [[prosès Leblanc]], pramila manawi wonten [[asem sulfat]] lan [[natrium karbonat]] ing jumlah ageng, mila rèaksi kimia saged dipunaplikasikakén ing indhustri. Tèknologi [[asem sulfat]] sampun majéng, pungkasaning saged ngasilaken [[prosès kontak]] ing taun [[1880]]-an,<ref>Leonard J. Friedman & Samantha J. Friedman [http://www.aiche-cf.org/Clearwater/2008/Paper2/8.2.7.pdf The History of the Contact Sulfuric Acid Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526112703/http://www.aiche-cf.org/Clearwater/2008/Paper2/8.2.7.pdf |date=2012-05-26 }}, Acid Engineering & Consulting, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida] (dipununduh Tanggal 30 September 2012)</ref> lan [[prosès Haber]] dipunembagagen ing taun 1909–1910 kanggé sintesis [[amonia]].<ref>John E. Lesch [http://books.google.com/books?id=VJIztvolC8cC&pg=PA170 The German chemical industry in the twentieth century], Springer, 2000, ISBN 0-7923-6487-2 p. 170 Sajarah Reaksi Kimia]</ref> Saking abad 16 peneliti kaya déné [[Jan Baptist van Helmont]], [[Robert Boyle]] saha [[Isaac Newton]]nyobi kanggé némtuakén téyori-téyori saking transformasi-transformasi kimia ingkang sampun dipuneksperimenaken ing [[Tèori plogiston]] dipuncetusaken ing taun [[1667]] déning [[Johann Joachim Becher]]. Téyori punika mempostulataken ananè èlèmèn kayadènè [[lati]] ingkang saged dipunwastani "plogiston", ing salébéting bandha-bandha ingkang sagét kabakar saha dipunuwalakén ngantas [[pangobong]]. Téyori punika dipunbuktiaken luput ing taun [[1785]] déning [[Antoine Lavoisier]], ing pungkasan nyukani pangèrtosan ingkang lérés babagan pangobong.<ref>Brock, pp. 34–55</ref> Ing taun [[1808]], [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] mangertosi karakteristik [[gas]] sapunika sami. Adédasar ing téyori saking [[John Dalton]], [[Joseph Proust]] saha ngerembakaken [[ukum perbandingan tetap]]ingkang badhé dados konsèp wiwit saking [[stoikiometri]] saha [[persamaan reaksi]].<ref>Brock, pp. 104–107</ref> == Saminipun == [[Persamaan rèaksi]] dipunginakakén kanggé rèaksi kimia. Sami rèaksi saking [[rumus kimia]] utawi [[rumus struktur]] saking rèaktan sisih kiwa lan produk ing sisih téngèn. Antawis [[produk]] lan [[rèaktan]] dipunpisahakén kaliyan pratitis(→) ingkang nunjukakè arah lan tipé rèaksi. Ujung saking pratanda kasébut nuduhaké rèaksi owah saking arah pundhi. Pratitis panah ganda ({{eqm}}), ingkang gadhah kalih ujung tanda panah ingkang bènten arahipun, diginakakè ing [[rèaksi kéetimbangan]]. Saminipun kimia kédhahipun séimbang, jumbuh kaliyan [[stoikiometri]], jumlah [[atom]] sabén unsur ing sisih kiwa kédhah sami kaliyan jumlah [[atom]] sabén unsur ing sisih téngén. Pényéimbangan punika dipunlampahi supadas nambah angka ing ngajéng [[molèkul senyawa]] (dipunlambangaken kaliyan ''A, B, C'' dan ''D'' dipundiagramaken skèma ing ngandap) kaliyan angka alit (''a, b, c'' dan ''d'') ing ngajengipun.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=chemical reaction equation|file=C01034}}</ref> :<math>\mathrm{a\ A + b\ B \longrightarrow c\ C + d\ D}</math> [[Gambar:Baeyer-Villiger-Oxidation-V1.svg|thumb|center|750px|Sebuah contoh reaksi organik: [[Oksidasi Baeyer–Villiger|oksidasi]] [[keton]] menjadi [[ester]] kaliyan [[Asam peroksi]]karboksilat]] Rèaksi ingkang langkung rumit dipungambaraken kaliyan skèma réaksi, ancasipun kanggé mangertosi sényawa wiwit utawi pungkasan, utawi ugi nunjukakén [[fasé transisi]]. Pintén-pintén rèaksi kimia ugi saged dipuntambahakén sératan ing inggil tanda panah, tuladhanipu [[penambahan toya]], [[béntèr]], [[iluminasi]], [[katalisasi]], ugi pintén-pintén produk [[minor]] saged dipunpanggénakén ing ngandap panah. [[Gambar:Baeyer-Villiger-Oxidation-V1.svg|thumb|center|750px|Sebuah contoh reaksi organik: [[Oksidasi Baeyer–Villiger|oksidasi]] [[kéton]] dados [[Èstér]] kaliyan [[Asam péroksi]]karboksilat]] [[Analisis rétrosintetik]] saged diginaakèn kanggé désain rèaksi sintèsis komplèks. Analisis dipunwiwiti saking produk, tuladhanipun mécah ikatan kimia ingkang kapilih dados [[reagen]] ènggal. Tanda panah mirunggan (⇒) diginakakén ing réaksi [[rètro]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Corey|first1=E. J.|title=Robert Robinson Lecture. Retrosynthetic thinking?essentials and examples|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chemical-society-great-britain-chemical-society-reviews_1988-03_17_1/page/n58|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=17|pages=111|year=1988|doi=10.1039/CS9881700111}}</ref> == Rèaksi Èlèmèntèr == [[Rèaksi Èlèmèntèr]] inggih punika pemecahan prasaja lan asil saking rèaksi punika botén gadhah produk sampingan..<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=elementary reaction|file=E02035}}</ref> Kathah rèaksi ingkang kasilipun kapanggih inggih punika ngérémbag saking rèaksi [[Èlèmèntèr]] ingkang tuwuh kanthi [[paralèl]] tuwin [[runtut]]. Sebuah rèaksi [[Èlèmèntèr]] saking pintén-pintén.<ref>Gernot Frenking: ''Elementarreaktionen.'' In: Römpp Chemie-Lexikon, Thieme, 2006</ref> :<math>\mathrm{AB \longrightarrow A + B}</math> : <small> Disoasi dari molekul AB menjadi fragmen A dan B </small> Ing reaksi bimolekular, 2 molekul badhé bertabreakan lan saling bereaksi. kasil reaksinipun dipunnamani [[sintesis kimia]] utawa [[reaksi adisi]]. :<math>\mathrm{A + B \longrightarrow AB}</math> Kemungkinan reaksi ingkang sanès inggih punika péranganing sebuah molekul gantos ing sanèsipun. Reaksi jinis kados ta punika, tuladhané inggih punika reaksi redoks lan reaksi asem-basa. Ing reaksi redoks partikel ingkang gantos inggih punika èlèktron, nanging ing reaksi asem-basa ingkang gantos proton. Reaksi kados ta punika ugi dipunsebat kaliyan [[reaksi metatesis]]. :<math>\mathrm{HA + B \longrightarrow A + HB}</math> contohnya :[[Natrium klorida|NaCl]]<sub>(aq)</sub> + [[Pérak nitrat|AgNO<sub>3</sub>]]<sub>(aq)</sub> → [[Natrium nitrat|NaNO<sub>3</sub>]]<sub>(aq)</sub> + [[Pérak klorida|AgCl]]<sub>(s)</sub> == Termodinamika == Reaksi kimia saged kapanggih déning ukum-ukum [[termodinamika]]. Reaksi saged kadadosan kaliyan piyambakipun manawi senyawa mau [[eksergonik]] utawi nguwalaken ènergi. Energi bébas ingkang dipunkasilaken reaksi punika kapérang saking 2 besaran termodinamika inggih punika [[entalpi]] lan entropi]]:<ref>Atkins, pp. 106–108</ref> :<math>\mathrm{\Delta G = \Delta H - T \cdot \Delta S}</math> : <small> G: ènergi bébas, H: entalpi, T: suhu, S: entropi, Δ: perbedaan </small> [[Reaksi eksotermik]] kadadosan manawi ΔH gadhah aji négatif lan ènergi dipunuwalaken. Tuladhaipun reaksi eksotermik inggih punika [[presipitasi (kimia)|presipitasi]] lan kawalikanipun, salebeting reaksi [[endotermik]], benter dipunpendet saking lingkungan. Sapunika saged dipunlampahi kaliyan ningkataken entropi sistem. amargi kenaikan entropi bandinganipun lurus kaliyan ingkang boten kasunyatan, kathah reaksi eksotermik dipunlampahi ing suhu ingkang cendhèk. Owah-owahan témperatur punika saged ngewahi arah reaksi, kados ta tuladha ing [[reaksi Boudouard]]: :<math>\mathrm{CO_2 + C \rightleftharpoons 2\ CO\ ; \quad \Delta H = +172.45\ kJ \cdot mol^{-1}}</math> Reaksi antawis [[karbon dioksida]] lan [[karbon]] kanggé minangka [[karbon monoksida]] punika reaksi endotermik kaliyan suhu ing inggil 800&nbsp;°C lan dados reaksi eksotermik mila suhunipun ing ngandap punika <ref>Wiberg, pp. 810–811</ref> Reaksi ugi saged nglampahi saged ningali lan ugi saged dipunmangertosi kaliyan [[ènergi dalam]] ingkang nyebataken kauwalan ing entropi, volume, lan [[potensial kimia]].<ref>Atkins, p. 150</ref> :<math>\mathrm{d}U = T\, {d}S - p\, {d}V + \mu\, {d}n \!</math> : <small> U: ènergi ing, S: entropi, p: tekanan, μ: po]tensial kimia, n: jumlah molekul, d: [[kalkulus diferensial|tanda ingkang tegesipun kaewahan alit]] </small> == Pengelompokan Reaksi Kimia == Aneka warni reaksi-reaksi kimia lan pendekatan-pendekatanipun ingkang dipunlampahi ing pasinaon njalari kathah cara kanggé klasifikasiaken reaksi-reaksi mau, ingkang asring tumpang tindih. ing ngandap punika tuladha-tuladha klasifikasi reaksi kimia ingkang limrahipun dipun-ginakaken. === Sekawan reaksi dhasar === ==== Sintesis ==== Ing reaksi [[Reaksi kombinasi|kombinasi langsung]] utawi [[Sintesis kimia|sintesis]], kalih utawi langkung senyawa prasaja gegayutan minangka senyawa énggal ingkang langkung kompleks. Kalih reaktan utawi langkung ingkang bereaksi ngasilaken satunggal produk ugi punika salah satunggaling cara kanggé mangertosi manawi reaksi sintesis. Tuladha saking reaksi punika inggih punika gas hidrogen gegayutan kaliyan gas oksigèn ingkang kasilipun inggih punika toya.<ref name="to react or not to react">[http://www.schools.utah.gov/curr/science/sciber00/8th/matter/sciber/chemtype.htm To react or not to react?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825171739/http://schools.utah.gov/curr/Science/sciber00/8th/matter/sciber/chemtype.htm |date=2010-08-25 }} {{Cite web |url=http://schools.utah.gov/curr/Science/sciber00/8th/matter/sciber/chemtype.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825171739/http://schools.utah.gov/curr/Science/sciber00/8th/matter/sciber/chemtype.htm |archive-date=2010-08-25 |url-status=bot: unknown}}. Utah State Office of Education. Retrieved 4 June 2011.</ref> Tuladha sanès inggih punika gas nitrogen gegayutan kaliyan gas hidrogen badhé minangka amoniak, kaliyan sami reaksi: :[[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub> + 3 [[Hidrogen|H]]<sub>2</sub> → 2 [[Amonia|NH<sub>3]]</sub> ==== Dekomposisisi ==== Reaksi [[dekomposisi kimiawi|dekomposisi]] utawi '''analisis''' inggih punika ingkang boten kasunyatan saking reaksi sintesis. Sebuah senyawa ingkang langkung kompleks badhé dipunpecah dados senyawa ingkang langkung prasaja.<ref name="to react or not to react"/><ref name="chemical reactions">[http://misterguch.brinkster.net/6typesofchemicalrxn.html Six Types of Chemical Reactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719060410/http://misterguch.brinkster.net/6typesofchemicalrxn.html |date=2023-07-19 }} – MrGuch ChemFiesta.</ref> Tuladhanipun inggih punika molekul toya ingkang dipunpecah dados gas oksigèn lan gas hidrogen, kaliyan sami reaksi: :2 [[Air|H<sub>2</sub>O]] → 2 H<sub>2</sub> + [[Oksigèn|O]]<sub>2</sub> ==== Panggantosan tunggal ==== Ing [[reaksi penggantian tunggal]] utawi [[reaksi substitusi|substitusi]], sebuah unsur tunggal gantosaken unsur tunggal sanèsipun ing suatu senyawa. Tuladhanipun inggih punika logam natrium ingkang bereaksi kaliyan asem klorida badhé ngasilaken [[natrium klorida]] utawi uyah dapur, kaliyan persamaaan reaksi: :2 [[Natrium|Na]](s) + 2 [[Asam klorida|HCl]][[(aq)]] → 2 [[Natrium klorida|NaCl]](aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g) ==== Pangertosan ganda ==== Ing reaksi pargantosan ganda, kalih senyawa punika gantos [[ion]] utawi ikatan kanggé minangka senyawa énggal ingkang bènten.<ref name="to react or not to react"/> punika kadadosan ing wanci kation lan anion saking 2 senyawa ingkang bènten saling gantos panggènan, lan minangka kalih senyawa énggal.<ref name="chemical reactions"/> Rumus umum saking reaksi punika inggih punika: :AB + CD → AD + CB Tuladha saking reaksi gantosan ganda inggih punika timbal(II) nitrat bereaksi kaliyan kalium iodida kanggé minangka timbal(II) iodida lan kalium nitrat, kaliyan sami reaksi: :Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2 KI → PbI<sub>2</sub> + 2 KNO<sub>3</sub> Tuladha sanès inggih punika natrium klorida (uyah dapur) bereaksi kaliyan pérak nitrat minangka natrium nitrat lan pérak klorida, kaliyan persamaan reaksi: :NaCl(aq) + [[Pérak nitrat|AgNO<sub>3</sub>]](aq) → [[Natrium nitrat|NaNO<sub>3</sub>]](aq) + [[Pérak klorida|AgCl]](s) === Oksidasi dan reduksi === [[Gambar:redox reaction.png|thumb|right|300px|Ilustrasi dari reaksi redoks (reduksi oksidasi)]] <!-- html could be replaced by [[:en:Template:Image frame]] --> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="thumbimage"> <div style="width:300px; text-align:center;"> Reduction<br /> Oxidant + e<sup>&ndash;</sup> &xrarr; Product<br /> (Electrons '''gained'''; oxidation number '''decreases''')<br /> <br /> Oxidation<br /> Reductant &xrarr; Product + e<sup>&ndash;</sup><br /> (Electrons '''lost'''; oxidation number '''increases''') </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption">Dua pérangan reaksi redoks</div> </div> </div> Reaksi [[redoks]] saged dipunpahami dados transfer èlèktron saking salah satunggaling senyawa (dipunsebat [[reduktor]]) ing senyawa sanèsipun (dipunsebat [[oksidator]]). Ing prosès punika, senyawa ingkang satunggal badhé teroksidasi lan senyawa sanèsipun badhé tereduksi, amargi punika mau ''redoks''. Oksidasi piyambak dipunmangertosi dados kenaikan [[bilangan oksidasi]], lan reduksi inggih punika penurunan [[bilangan oksidasi]]. ing praktekipun, transfer saking èlèktron punika badhé ngewahi wilangan oksidasinipun, nanging kathah reaksi ingkang dipunklasifikasiaken dados reaksi redoks manawi sajatosipun boten wonten èlèktron ingkang gantos (kados ta ingkang gayutaken ikatan [[kovalen]]).<ref>Christian B. Anfinsen [http://books.google.com/books?id=HvARsi6S-b0C&pg=PA7 Advances in protéin chemistry], Academic Press, 1991 ISBN 0-12-034242-1 p. 7</ref><ref>A. G. Sykes [http://books.google.com/books?id=qnRkjATn0YUC&pg=PA359 Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 36], Academic Press, 1991 ISBN 0-12-023636-2 p. 359</ref> Tuladha reaksi redoks inggih punika: :2 S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + I<sub>2</sub>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + 2 I<sup>−</sup>(aq) :Yang mana I<sub>2</sub> dipunreduksi dados I<sup>-</sup> lan S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> (anion [[tiosulfat]]) dipunoksidasi dados S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>. Kangge mangertosi reaktan pundhi ingkang badhé dados agen pereduksi lan pundhi ingkang badhé dados agen teroksidasi saged dipunmangertosi saking [[keelektronegatifan]] unsur mau. Elemen ingkang gadhah aji keelektronegatifan ingkang cendhèk, kados ta kathah unsur [[logam]], mila badhé gampil maringi èlèktron punika lan teroksidasi-unsur punika dados reduktor. sakwalike, kathah ion ngadahi bilangan oksidasi inggil, kados ta {{chem|link=hidrogen peroksida|H|2|O|2}}, {{chem|link=permanganat|MnO|4|-}}, {{chem|link=kromium trioksida|CrO|3}}, {{chem|link=dikromat|Cr|2|O|7|2-}}, {{chem|link=Osmium(VIII) oksida|OsO|4}}) saged pikoleh satu utawi langkung tambahan èlèktron, ngantos dipunsebat oksidator. Jumlah èlèktron ingkang dipunparingake utawi dipuntampi ing reaksi redoks saged dipunmangertosi saking [[konfigurasi elektronn]] unsur reaktanipun. Saben unsur badhé usaha kanggé dadosaken konfigurasi elektronipun sami kaliyan konfigurasi unsur [[gas mulia]]. Logam alkali lan halogen badhé maringi lan nampi satunggal èlèktron. Elemen gas alam piyambak sajatosipun boten aktif kanthi kimiawi.<ref>Wiberg, pp. 289–290</ref> Salah satunggaling pérangan ingkang wigatos ing reaksi redoks inggih punika reaksi [[elektrokimia]], ing pundhi èlèktron saking sumber listrik dipung reduktor. ingkang dados Reaksi punika wigati sadaya kanggé ndamel unsur-unsur kimia, kados ta [[klorin]]<ref>Wiberg, p. 409</ref> utawi [[aluminium]]. Prosès reaksi redok boten kasunyatan ing pundhi dipun-ginakaken kanggé ngasilaken listrik ugi boten lan prinsip punika dipun-ginakaken ing [[baterai]]. === Reaksi asem-basa === [[Reaksi asem-basa]] inggih punika reaksi ingkang ndonoraken [[proton]] saking sebuah molekul [[asem]] ing molekul [[basa]]. Ing ngriki, [[asem]] gadhah peran dados donor proton lan [[basa]] gadhah peran dados akseptor proton. :<math>\mathrm{HA + B \rightleftharpoons A^- + HB^+}</math> : <small> Reaksi asem basa, HA: asem, B: Basa, A<sup>–</sup>: basa konjugasi, HB<sup>+</sup>: asem konjugasi </small> Kasil saking transfer proton punika ya iku [[asem konjugasi]] lan [[basa konjugasi]].<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=conjugate acid–base pair|file=C01266}}</ref> Reaksi kesetimbangan (bolak-balik) ugi wonten, lan amargi punika asem utawi basa lan asem utawi basa konjugasinipun punika wonten ing kesetimbanganipun. Reaksi kesetimbangan punika dipuntitiki kaliyan wontenipun [[konstanta diasosiasi asem|konstanta diasosiasi asem lan basa]] (''K''<sub>a</sub> dan ''K''<sub>b</sub>) saking saben substansinipun. Sebuah reaksi ingkang mliginipun saking reaksi asem-basa inggih punika [[netralisasi (kimia)|netralisasi]] ing pundhi asem lan basa ing jumlah ingkang sami badhé minangka [[garam (kimia)|garam]] ingkang asifat nétral. Reaksi asem basa gadhah pinten-pinten dhéfinisi gumantung ing konsèp asem basa ingkang dipun-ginakaken. Pinten-pinten dhéfinisi ingkang paling umum inggih punika: ** Dhéfinisi [[Arrhenius]]: asem berdisosiasi ing toya ngelepasaken ion H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>; basa berdisosiasi ing toya ngelepasaken ion OH<sup>-</sup>. ** Dhéfinisi [[Téyori asem-basa Brønsted-Lowry|Brønsted-Lowry]]: Asam inggih punika pendonor proton (H<sup>+</sup>) donors; basa inggih punika nampi (akseptor) proton. anglingkupi dhéfinisi Arrhenius ** Dhéfinisi [[Lewis]]: Asam inggih punika akseptor pasangan èlèktron; basa inggih punika pendonor pasangan èlèktron. Dhéfinisi punika anglingkupi dhéfinisi Brønsted-Lowry. === Presipitasi === [[Gambar:Chemical precipitation diagram multilang.svg|thumb|Presipitasi]] [[Presipitasi (kimia)|Presipitasi]] inggih punika prosès reaksi dumadi padatan (endapan) ing salebeting sebuah larutan dados kasil saking reaksi kimia. Presipitasi punika limrahipun dumadi ing konsèntrasi ion ingkang larut sampun gayuh wates [[kelarutan]]<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=precipitation|file=P04795}}</ref> lan kasilipun inggih punika minangka [[garam (kimia)|garam]]. Reaksi punika saged dipuncepetake manawi nambahaken agen presipitasi utawi ngirangi pelarutnipun. Reaksi presipitasi punika ingkang ngasilaken residu mikrokristalin lan prosès ingkang lambat badhé ngasilaken [[kristal]] tunggal. Kristal tunggal ugi saged pikoleh saking [[rekristalisasi (kimia)|rekristalisasi]] saking garam mikrokristalin.<ref>Jörg Wingender, Stefanie Ortanderl ''Ausfällung.'' In: ''Römpp Chemie-Lexikon.'', Thieme, July 2009</ref> === Reaksi ing Zat Padat === Reaksi saged kadadosan ing antawisipun kalih bandha padat. nanging makaten, amargi tingkat [[difusi]] ing zat padat sanget cendhèk, mila reaksi kimia ingkang kalangsungaken dados sangat lambat. Reaksi saged dipuncepetake kaliyan cara ningkataken suhu pramila badhé mecah reaktan, pramila amba lumah kontak dados langkung ageng.<ref>Ralf Alsfasser, Erwin Riedel, C Janiak, HJ Meyer ''Modern Inorganic Chemistry.'' 3. Edition. de Gruyter, 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019060-1, p. 171</ref> === Reaksi fotokimia === [[Gambar:Paterno-Buchi reaction.svg|thumb|Dalam [[reaksi Paterno–Büchi]], sebuah gugus karbonil yang tereksitasi akan diamahkan ke [[olefin]] yang tidak tereksitasi, lan ngasilaken [[oksetan]].]] Ing[[reaksi fotokimia]], atom lan molekul badhé nyerap ènergi ([[foton]]) saking cahya lan gayutaken ing[[eksitasi]]. Atom lan molekul punika lajeng saged ngelepasake ènergi kaliyan mecahake ikatan kimia, mila ngasilaken radikal. Reaksi ingkang kalebet ing reaksi fotokimia ing natawisipun reaksi hidrogen-oksigèn, [[polimerisasi radikal]], [[reaksi berantai]] lan [[reaksi penataan ulang]].<ref>Atkins, pp. 937–950</ref> Kathah prosès-prosès ingkang wigati ngginakaken fotokimia. Tuladha ingkangg paling umum inggih punika [[fotosintesis]], ing pundhi tuwuhan ngginakaken ènergi srengéngé kanggé ngubah [[karbon dioksida]] lan [[toya]] dados [[glukosa]] lan [[oksigèn]] dados kasil sampingan. Manungsa ngandalaken fotokimia ing pembentukan vitamin D, lan [[persepsi visual]] dipunkasilaken saking reaksi fotokimia ing [[rhodopsin]].<ref name="rh">Christophe Dugave [http://books.google.com/books?id=udSCHPq5Ii0C&pg=PA56 Cis-trans isomerization in biochemistry], Wiley-VCH, 2006 ISBN 3-527-31304-4 p. 56</ref> Ing [[kunang-kunang]], sebuah [[enzim]] ing abdomen ngkatalisasi reaksi ingkang ngasilaken [[bioluminesensi]].<ref>David Stanley Saunders [http://books.google.com/books?id=3qJOw5Gh_UMC&pg=PA179 Insect clocks], Elsevier, 2002, ISBN 0-444-50407-9 p. 179</ref> Kathah reaksi fotokimia, kados ta pembentukan ozon, kadadosan ing atmosfer bumi ingkang angliputi péranganing [[kimia atmosfer]]. == Katalisis == [[Gambar:Activation energy.svg|thumb|right|Diagram skema ènergi yang menunjukkan efek dari pemberian katalis padha sebuah reaksi kimia endotermik. Adanya katalis akan mempercepat reaksi dengan cara menurunkan ènergi aktivasi. Hasil akhirnya akan sama dengan reaksi tanpa katalis.]] Ing [[katalisis]], reaksinipun boten kalangsungan kanthi spontan, nanging nglampahi substansi katiga ingkang dipunsebat kaliyan [[katalis]]. Boten kados ta reagen sanèsipun ingkang ndhèrèk ing reaksi kimia, katalis boten ndhèrèk sarta ing reaksi punika piyambak, nanging saged nghambat, matikan, utawi ngajuraken nglampahi prosès sékundhèr. Katalis saged dipun-ginakaken ing fase ingkang bènten-bènten ([[katalis heterogen]]) utawi ing fase ingkang sami ([[katalis homogen]]) dados reaktan. Fungsi katalis namung mempercepat reaksi-zat kimia ingkang ngelambataken reaksi dipunsebat kaliyan inhibitor.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=catalyst|file=C00876}}</ref><ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=inhibitor|file=I03035}}</ref> Substansi yang meningkatkan aktivitas katalis dipunsebat promoter, lan substansi ingkang mematikan katalis dipunsebat racun katalis. Sebuah reaksi kimia ingkang sajatosipun boten kalangsungan amargi ènergi aktivasinipun langkung inggil, saged dados kalangsungan amargi wonten katalis punika. Katalis heterogen limrahipun padat lan wujud bubuk supados saged maksimalaken luas lumah ingkang bereaksi. Zat-zat ingkang wigati ing katalisis heterogen ing antawisipun logam-logam [[grup platinum]] lan logam transisi sanèsipun. Zat-zat punika limrahipun dipun-ginakaken ing [[hidrogenasi]], [[pembentukan katalitik]] lan sintesis saking senyawa-senyawa kimia kados ta [[asem nitrat]] lan [[amonia]]. Asam inggih punika tuladha saking katalis homogen, punika ningkataken nukleofilitas saking [[karbonil]]. Kalangkungan saking katalis homogen inggih punika gampil kanggé dipuncampurake kaliyan reaktanipun, nanging kekiranganipun anggel anggene dipunpisahake saking produk pungkasanipun. Mekawi mekate, katalis heterogen langkung dipunpilih kathah prosès indhustri.<ref>Christoph Elschenbroich: ''Organometallchemie.'' 6th edition, Wiesbaden, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8351-0167-8, p. 263</ref> == Reaksi ingm kimia organik == Ing kimia organik, kathah reaksi ingkang saged kadadosan ingkang ngelibataken [[ikatan kovalen]] ing antawisipun atom karbon lan heteroatom sanèsipun kados ta [[oksigèn]], [[nitrogen]], utawi atom-atom [[halogen]] sanèsipun. Pinten-pinten reaksi ingkang langkung spesifik badhé njelentrehake ing ngandap punika. === Substitusi === Ing [[reaksi substitusi]], sebuah [[gugus fungsi]] ing salebeting [[senyawa kimia]] dipungantosaken kaliyan gugus fungsi sanèsipun.<ref name=jerry>{{JerryMarch}}</ref> Reaksi punika saged dipunbentenaken ugi dados pinten-pinten subtipe inggih punika [[substitusi nukleofilik|nukleofilik]], [[substitusi elektrofilik]], utawi [[substitusi radikal]]. [[multiple image|direction = vertical | image1 = SN1 reaction mechanism.png|width1 = 300|image2 = SN2 reaction mechanism.png|width2 = 300| caption1 = S<sub>N</sub>1 mechanism| caption2 = S<sub>N</sub>2 mechanism]] Ing jinis ingkang kawiwitan, [[nukleofil]], atom utawi molekul ingkang gadhah kalangkungan èlèktron pramila bermuatan négatif, badhé gantosaken atom sanèsipun utawi pérangan sanèsipun saking molekul "substrat". Pasangan èlèktron nukleofil badhé nyatu kaliyan substrat minangka ikatan énggal, nanging [[gugus lepas]] badhé nglepas sami kaliyan sebuah pasangan èlèktron. Nukleofil saged bermuatan nétral utawi positif, nanging substrat limrahipun bermuatan positif utawi nétral. Tuladhané nukleofil inggih punika ion [[hidroksida]], [[alkoksida]], [[amina]], lan [[halida]]. Reaksi sairib punika limrahipun dipuntemuaken ing [[hidrokarbon alifatik]] lan boten dipuntemtuaken ing [[hidrokarbon aromatik]]. Hidrokarbon aromatik gadhah rapatan èlèktron inggal lan ngantos saged kalangsungan [[substitusi aromatik nukleofilik]] namung kaliyan gugus penarik èlèktron ingkang sangat kiat. Substitusi nukleofilik saged kalangsungan nglampahi 2 mekanisme, [[Reaksi SN1|Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>1]] lan [[Reaksi SN2|S<sub>N</sub>2]]. Miturut namanipun, S cekakan saking substitusi, N singkatan dai nukleofilik, lan, angka nedahaken [[ordho (kimia)|ordo kinetik]] reaksi, unimolekuler utawi bimolekuler.<ref>S. R. Hartshorn, [http://books.google.com/books?id=bAo4AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution''], Cambridge University Press, London, 1973. ISBN 0-521-09801-7 pp. 1 ff</ref> {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 120 | image1= Walden-inversion-3D-balls.png |caption1=3 tahap dalam [[Reaksi SN2|Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>2]]. Nukleofil berwarna hijau dan gugus lepas berwarna merah |image2=SN2-Walden-before-and-after-horizontal-3D-balls.png |caption2=Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>2 menyebabkan inversi stereo (inversi Walden) }} Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>1 kalangsungan ing kalih tahap. Tahap kawiwitan, [[gugus lepas]] badhé ngelepas lan minangka [[karbokation]]. Tahap punika badhé dipundereaken reaksi ingkang sanget rikat kaliyan nukleofil.<ref>{{Cite journal|author = Leslie C. Bateman, Mervyn G. Church, Edward D. Hughes, Christopher K. Ingold and Nazeer Ahmed Taher|doi = 10.1039/JR9400000979|title = 188. Mechanism of substitution at a saturated carbon atom. Part XXIII. A kinetic demonstration of the unimolecular solvolysis of alkyl halides. (Section E) a general discussion|year = 1940|journal = Journal of the Chemical Society|pages = 979}}</ref> Ing mekanisme S<sub>N</sub>2, nukleofil badhé minangka tahap transisi kaliyan molekul ingkang uwal lan namung terlekang. Kalih mekanisme punika bènten-bènten ing kasil [[stereokimia]]nipun. Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>1 ngasilaken [[adisi]] non-stereospesifik lan boten ngasilaken punjer ''chiral'', nanging ing wujud [[Isomerisme cis–trans|isomer geometri]] (''cis/trans''). kawalikane, inversi Warden-punika ingkang dipunamati ing mekanisme S<sub>N</sub>2.<ref>Brückner, pp. 63–77</ref> [[Substitusi elektrofilik]] punika kawalikan saking substitusi nukleofilik ing pundhi atom utawi molekul ingkang ngelepas, utawi [[elektrofil]]nipun, gadhah kerepetan èlèktron ingkang cendhèk ngantos bermuatan positif. Limrahipun elektrofil punika atom karbon saking [[gugus karbonil]], karbokation utawi [[sulfur]] utawi kation [[nitronium]]. Reaksi punika kalangsungan ing hidrokarbon aromatik kemawon, pramila dipunsebat [[substitusi aromatik elektrofilik]]. Serangan elektrofil badhé nyiptaaken kompleks ingkang dipunsebat dados σ-compleks, sebuah fase transisi ing pundhi sistem aromatikipun ical. lajeng, gugus lepas (limrahipun proton), badhé kapisah lan sipat kearomatikipun balik. Alternatif sanès kanggé substitusi aromatik inggih punika substitusi alifatik elektrofilik. Substitusi punika sami kaliyan substitusi aromatik elektrofilik lan ugi gadhah kalih jinis utami inggih punika S<sub>E</sub>1 lan S<sub>E</sub>2<ref>Brückner, pp. 203–206</ref> [[Gambar:Electrophilic aromatic substitution.svg|center|thumb|648px|Mekanisme dari substitusi aromatik elektrofilik]] === Adisi lan eliminasi === [[Reaksi adisi|Adisi]] lan pasanganipu [[reaksi eliminasi|eliminasi]] punika reaksi ingkang ngubah jumlah substituen ing atom karbon, lan minangka [[ikatan kovalen]]. [[Ikatan ganda]] lan [[ikatan tiga|tiga]] saged kaasilaken kaliyan mengeliminasi gugus lepas ingkang jumbuh. Kadasta substitusi nukleofilik, wonten pinten-pinten mekanisme reaksi ingkang kadadosan. Ing mekanisme E1, gugus lepas kalangkungan rumiyen ngelepas lan minangka karbokation. Salajengipun, minangka ikatan ganda kadadosan nglampahi eliminasi proton ([[deprotonasi]]). Dalam mekanisme E1cb, urutan pelepasan terbalik: proton dieliminasi terlebih dahulu. Dalam mekanisme punika ngelibataken suatu basa kedah wonten.<ref>Brückner, hal. 192</ref> Reaksi ing eliminasi E1 utawi E1cb punika bersaing kaliyan substitusi S<sub>N</sub>1 amagi gadhah kaanan reaksi kondisi ingkang sami.<ref>Brückner, hal. 183</ref> {{double image|center|E1-mechanism.svg|400|E1cb-mechanism.svg|400|Eliminasi E1|eliminasi E1cb}} {{clear}} [[Gambar:E2-mechanism.svg|thumb|300px|Eliminasi E2]] Mekanisme E2 ugi mbetahaken basa. nanging, gantos panggènan basa lan eliminasi gugus uwal ingkang kalangsungan kanthi serentak lan boten ngasilaken zat antawisipun ionik. Benten kaliyan eliminasi E1, konfigurasi stereokimia ingkang bènten saged dipunkasilaken ing reaksi ingkang gadhah mekanisme E2 amargi basa badhé langkung memfavoritkan eleminasi proton ingkang wonten ing panggènan-anti kaliyan gugus uwal. Amargi kaanan lan reagen reaksi ingkang sami, eliminasi E2 punika bersaing dengan substitusi S<sub>N</sub>2.<ref>Brückner, hal. 172</ref> [[Gambar:HBr-addition.svg|thumb|300px|Adisi elektrofilik hidrogen bromida]] Kawalikan saking reaksi eliminasi inggih punika reaksi adisi. Ing reaksi adisi, ikatan rangkep kalih utawi rangkap tiga dipunubah dados ikatan rangkap tunggal. Sami kaliyan reaksi substitusi, wonten pinten-pinten jinis saking adisiingkang dipunbentenaken saking partikel ingkang ngadisi. Tuladhanipun, ing [[adisi elektrofilik]] hidrogen bromida, sebuah elektrofil (proton) badhé gantos ikatan rangkep ganda lan minangka [[karbokation]], lajeng ngereaksi kaliyan nukleofil (bromin). Karbokation saged dumadi ing salah satunggaling ikatan rangkep gumantung saking gugus ingkang ngeleket ing pungkasan. Konfigurasi ingkang langkung trep saged dipunprediksiaken kaliyan [[aturan Markovnikov]].<ref>Wiberg, pp. 950, 1602</ref> Aturan Markovnikov ngendikan: "Ing adisi heterolitik saking sebuah molekul polar ing alkena utawi alkuna, atom ingkang gadhah keelektronegatifan ingkang ageng, mila badhé kaiket ing atom karbon ingkang ngikat atom hidrogen ingkang langkung kedhik."<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=Markownikoff rule|file=M03707}}</ref> === Reaksi kimia organik sanèsipun === [[Gambar:Cope Rearrangement Scheme.png|left|thumb|Penataan ulang dari 3-metil-1,5-heksadiena]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 220 | image1= Diels Alder Mechanismus.svg |caption1=Mekanisme dari reaksi Diels-Alder | image2= Diels Alder Orbitale.svg |caption2=Orbital overlap in a Diels-Alder reaction}} Ing [[reaksi penataan ulang]], kerangka karbon saking sebuah [[molekul]] dipunsusun malih pramila minangka [[isomer struktur]] saking molekul aslinipun. Reaksi punika kalebet [[reaksi sigmatropik]] kados ta [[penataan ulang Wagner-Meerwein]], ing pundhi gugus [[hidrogen]], [[alkil]], utawi [[aril]] gantos-gantos panggènan saking suatu atom karbon ing atom karbon sanèsipun. Kathah reaksi penataan malih inggih punika pemutusan lan pambentukan ikatan karbon-karbon énggal. Tuladha sanès saking reaksi punika ya iku [[penataan ulang cope]].<ref>Marye Anne Fox, James K. Whitesell [http://books.google.com/books?id=xx_uIP5LgO8C&pg=PA699 Organic chemistry], 2004, ISBN 0-7637-2197-2 p. 699</ref> == Reaksi sanèsipun == * [[Isomerisasi]], ing senyawa kimia nglampahi penataan malih struktur tanpa kauwahan ing komposisi atomipun * [[Pembakaran]], inggih punika sejinis reaksi redoks ingkang bahan-bahanipun ingkang saged kabakar gegayutan kaliyan unsur-unsur oksidator, limrahipun oksigèn, kange ngasilaken benter lan minangka produk ingkang teroksidasi. Istilah pangobong limrahipun dipun-ginakaken kanggé ngerujuk namung ing oksidasi skala ageng ing sadaya molekul. Oksidasi terkontrol namung ing satunggal gugus fungsi tunggal boten kalebet ing prosès pangobong. :C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub>+ 12 O<sub>2</sub> → 10 CO<sub>2</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O :CH<sub>2</sub>S + 6 [[fluorin|F<sub>2</sub>]] → [[karbon tetrafluorida|CF<sub>4</sub>]] + 2 [[hidrogen fluorida|HF]] + [[sulfur heksafluorida|SF<sub>6</sub>]] * [[Disproporsionasi]], kaliyan satunggal reaktan minangka kalih jinis produk ingkang bènten namung ing kaanan oksidasinipun. : 2 Sn<sup>2+</sup> → Sn + Sn<sup>4+</sup> == Kinetika kimia == {{main|Kinetika kimia}} [[Laju reaksi]] suatu reaksi kimia punika pengukuran [[konsèntrasi]] utawi [[tekanan]] zat-zat ingkang gegayutan ing reaksi kauwah ing kalampahan wekdal. Analisis laju reaksi punika wigati lan gadhah kathah mupangatipun, tuladhané ing [[tèhnik kimia]] lan kajian [[kesetimbangan kimia]]. Lajeng reaksi kanthi ndasar ngumantung ing: * Konsentrasi [[reaktan]], ingkang limrahipun ndamel reaksi kalampahan kaliyan langkung rikat manawi konsentrasinipun dipununggahake. punika amargi peningkatan pertumbukan atom per ékan wekdal, * [[Jembar lumah]] ingkang kasedia kanggé reaktan kanggé saling berinteraksi, mliginipun reaktan padet ing sistem heterogen. Amba lumah ingkang ageng badhé ningkataken laju reaksi. * [[Tekanan]], kaliyan ningkataken tekanan, punika nurunaken volume antawis molekul pramila badhé ningkataken frekuensi tumbukan molekul. * [[Energi aktivasi]], ingkang dipundefinisiaken dados jumlah ènergi ingkang dipunbetahaken kanggé ndamel reaksi kawiwitan lan berjalan kanthi spontan. Energi aktivasi ingkang langkung inggil ngimplikasiaken manawi reaktan punika langkung mbetahaken kathah kanggé kawiwitan reaksi manawi reaksi ingkang berenergi aktivasi langkung cendhèk. * [[Temperatur]], ingkang ningkataken laju reaksi manawi dipunnaikaken, punika amargi témperatur ingkang inggil ningkaatken ènergi molekul, pramila ningkataken tumbukan antawis molekul per ékan wakdal. * Panggènan utawi ketiadaan [[katalis]]. Katalis inggih punika zat ingkang ngubah lintasan (mekanisme) suatu reaksi lan badhé ningkataken laju reaksi kaliyan nurunaken [[ènergi aktivasi]] ingkang dipunbetahaken supados reaksi saged kalampahan. Katalis boten dipunkonsumsi utawi kaewah selama reaksi, pramila punika saged dipun-ginakaken malih. * Kangge pinten-pinten reaksi, keberadaan [[radiasi èlèktromagnètik]], utamanipun [[ultraviolet]], dipunmbetahaken kanggé mutusaken ikatan ingkang dipunbetahaken supados reaksi saged wiwit. Utaminipun kadadosan ing reaksi ingkang ngelibataken [[radikal]]. Laju reaksi gegayutan kaliyan [[konsèntrasi]] zat-zat ingkang gegayutan ing reaksi. Gegayutan punika dipuntemtuaken déning [[persamaan laju]] saben reaksi. Kedhah dipun-gantos manawi pinten-pinten reaksi gadhah kelajuan ingkang ''boten gumantung'' ing konsèntrasi reaksi. punika dipunsebat dados reaksi orde nol. == Reaksi biokimia == [[Gambar:Induced fit diagram.svg|thumb|left|380px|Ilustrasi dari aktivitas enzim padha reaksi biokimia]] [[Biokimia|Reaksi biokimia]] ing limrahipun dipunkendaliaken déning [[enzim]]. [[Protein|Protein-protéin]] punika namung saged [[Katalisis enzim|mengkatalis]] satunggal jinis reaksi ingkang spesifik, pramila reaksinipun punika saged dipunkontrol. Reaksi punika kalangsungan ing [[sisih aktif]] saking substrat. Reaksi katalisasi enzim punika gumantung ing kathah prekawis, ing antawisipun inggih punika wujud enzimipun, jinis iketanipun, interaksi elektrostatik, kaawehan lan panampi proton (ing reaksi asem utawi basa), lan sanèsipun.<ref>Peter Karlson, Detlef Doenecke, Jan Koolman, Georg Fuchs, Wolfgang Gerok. ''Karlson Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry,'' 16th edition, Georg Thieme, 2005, ISBN 978-3-13-357815-8, pp. 55–56</ref> Reaksi kimia ingkang kalangsungan ing salebeti salira makluk urip limrahipun ugu dipuntepang kaliyan sebatan [[metabolisme]]. Ing antawisipun sadaya reaksi-reaksi punika, reaksi ingkang wigatos inggih punika reaksi [[anabolisme]], ing pundhi [[DNA]] lan enzim-terkontrol memproses pembentukan [[protéin]] lan [[karbohidrat]] saking senyawa-senyawa ingkang langkung alit.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=anabolism|file=A00314}}</ref> [[Bioenergitika]] nyinaoni sumber ènergi kanggé reaksi biokimia. Sumber ènergi ingkang wigati ing reaksi punika [[glukosa]], ingkang dipunproduksi tuwuhan nglampahi prosès [[fotosintesis]]. Sedaya organisme mbetahaken glukosa kanggé memproduksi [[adenosin trifosfat]] (ATP), ingkang dipun-ginakaken makhlukurip kanggé njalanaken aktivitaipun. == Penggunaan reaksi kimia == [[Gambar:Velp-thermitewelding-1.jpg|thumb|Reaksi termit digunakan dalam prosès pengelasan.]] Reaksi kimia punika asring dipun-ginakaken déning para ahli [[tèhnik kimia]] kanggé mensintesis senyawa énggal saking sumber daya alam mentah ing alam, kados ta [[lenga bumi]] lan bijih-bijih mineral. punika ingkang wigati kanggé ndamel reaksi ingkang seefisien, memaksimalkan kasil ingkang saged pikoleh lan meminimalkan reagen ingkang dipunagem, ènergi mlebet lan ènergi medhal. [[Katalis]] limrahipun dipun-ginakaken kanggé ngirangi ènergi aktivasi pramila ningkataken laju reaksinipun.<ref>Gerhard Emig, Elias Klemm. Technical Chemistry. 5th edition, Springer, 2005, ISBN 978-3-540-23452-4, pp. 33–34</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trost|first1=B.|title=The atom economy—a search for synthetic efficiency|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-12-06_254_5037/page/1471|journal=Science|volume=254|pages=1471|year=1991|doi=10.1126/science.1962206|issue=5037|pmid=1962206}}</ref> Pinten-pinten reaksi ingkang spesifik gadhah ngginakaken ingkang mlipun. Tuladhané, reaksi [[termit]] dipundamel kanggé ngasilaken surya lan benter ing [[piroteknik]] lan [[pengelasan]]. Manawi reaksi punika langkung anggel dipunkontrol manawi reakai-reaksi sadèrèngipun, nanging piranti-piranti ingkang dipunbetahaken tebih langkung kedhik lan ngantos punika taksih dipun-ginakaken kanggé ngowahi jalur-jalur kereta api ing panggènan terpelosok.<ref>John J. McKetta, Guy E Weismantel [http://books.google.com/books?id=MfjDlUe8Kc0C&pg=PA109 Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design: Volume 67 – Water and Wastewater Treatment: Protective Coating Systems to Zeolite, Volume 67]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, CRC Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8247-2618-9, p. 109</ref> == Ndelengen uga == * [[Reaksi organik]] * [[Reaksi kimia anorganik]] * [[Stoikiometri]] * [[Téyori keadaan transisi]] * [[Stoikiometri gas]] * [[Reaksi autokatalitik]] * [[Coefficients]] * [[Q values]] * [[Reaksi endoterm]] * [[Reaksi eksoterm]] == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Reaksi kimia| ]] b93exybievcadlyt3flirb35e857o6v 0 92146 1758271 1758065 2026-09-27T06:06:33Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Tirich Mir | photo =Hindukush.JPG | photo_caption = | elevation_m = 7708 | elevation_ref = <br /><small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 33rd]]</small> | prominence_m = 3098 | prominence_ref = <br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 30th]]</small> | map = Pakistan | map_caption = Location in Pakistan | map_size = 260 | label_position = right | listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] | location = [[Pakistan]] | range = [[Hindu Kush]] | lat_d = 36 | lat_m = 15 | lat_s = 15 | lat_NS = N | long_d = 71 | long_m = 50 | long_s = 36 | long_EW = E | coordinates_ref = <ref>http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/afghan.html</ref> | first_ascent = 1950 | easiest_route = glacier/snow/ice }} '''Tirich Mir''' inggih punika salah satunggaling puncak saking sewelas puncak. Mir Tirich inggilipun 7.708 mèter, gunung punika minangka gunung ingkang paling inggil ingkang wonten ing pegunungang [[Hindukush]]. Gunung punika dipunminggahi nalika taun 1950 déning èkspèdhisi saking [[Nurwègen]] ingkang dipunpandegani déning [[Arne Naess]], filsuf saking Nurwègen ingkang misuwur. Anggota èkspèdhisi sanèsipun inggih punika [[P. Kyem berg]] kaliyan [[H.berg]].<ref name="internet 1">[http://www.hindukushtrails.com/mountaineering/tirich_mir.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014222703/http://www.hindukushtrails.com/mountaineering/tirich_mir.asp |date=2008-10-14 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 29 September 2012)</ref> Tirich Mimir ingkang sisih wétan inggilipun 7.692 mèter. Sampun dipunminggahi déning èkspèdhisi Nurwègen langkung rumiyin wonten ing taun 1964. Kalih naggotanipun, inggih punika R. Hoibakk kaliyan A. Opdal saged dumugi puncak Tirich Mir sisih wétan. Tirich Mir ingkang sisih kilèn, ingkang inggilipun 7.500 mèter dipunminggahi nalika taun 1974 déning Beppe Re kaliyan Machetto Guido saking èkspèdhisi [[Italia]]. Sabibaripun ngadhegaken base camp, tim ngadhegaken kalih camp tambahan. Piyambakipun sami minggah dhateng pucuking Mmir Tirich supados saged kados Dir Gol, ingkang sadèrèngipun sampun saged minggah wonten ing pucuk ingkang paling inggil. Nalika tanggal 20 Juli 1967, Tirich ingkang sisih kilèn dipunminggahi kanthi rute lèr-kilèn kaliyan ekspedidi ingkang dipunpandegani déning Cekoslowakia Insinyur Vladimir Sedovy. J. Cervinka, I. Galfy, V. Smida kaliyan V.Smida. Urbanovic saged ngantos dumugi puncak. Tirich Mir ingkang sisih kilèn ingkang inggilipun 7.400 ugi naté dipunminggahi déning Groupe de Ski Universitaire Montagne et de Perancis ingkang dipunpandegani déning olèh Guy Lucazeau kaliyan Bernard Amy. Puncak nomer enem Tirich Mir inggih punika ingkang Sisih Kilen IV, inggiulipun 7.338 mèter. Puncak punika naten dipunminggahi déning Kurt Diemberger kaliyan Dietmar Proske kanthi rute sisih lèr. Nalika wekdal punika Diemberge ugi ndamel bunderan dhateng sakiwa-tengenipun Tirich Mir, punika dipun-ginakaken kanggé ngasta medal survei géologi saking laladan. Puncaj sanèsipun ingkang éndah inggih punika Un-noname kanthi inggil 7.100 mèter. Puncak punika papanipun manggèn wonten ing ssih lèr Puncak Tirich Mir ingkang utami. Puncak punika kaping pisan dipunminggahi déning 1965 déning Kurt Diemberger, Herwig Handler kaliyan Fritz Lindner saking [[Jerman]]-èkspèdhisi [[Ostenrik]]. Nalika wonten ing taun 1969, Tirich Mir ugi dipunminggahi déning èkspèdhisi saking [[Inggris]]. Angkatan Darat ingkang dipunpandegani déning Mayor JW Fleming saking Angkatan Darat Inggris. == Rute == '''Gletser Tirich''' * Lewat Gletser Tirich ingkang salajengipun medal gletser Tirich inggil kaliyan mandhapipun. * Base Camp dipundamel nalika wonten ing inggilipun gunung kinten-kinten 4724 mèter, Base camp punika dipunsukani nama [[Babu Hindukush Trails]]. * Tumuju [[Shargrom]], rute ingkang saé piyambak tumuju Shargon inggih punika liwat rute alternatif. Inggih punika kanthi rute [[Zani]] '''jalur Nurwègen''' * Llewat [[Désa]] [[Barum]] tumuju gletser barum ingkang sisih inggil ==Jadwal Paminggahan Gunung Tirich Mir<ref name="internet 2">[http://www.saltorosummits.com/Tirich%2520Mir.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909025333/http://www.saltorosummits.com/Tirich%20Mir.php |date=2011-09-09 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.saltorosummits.com/Tirich%20Mir.php |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909025333/http://www.saltorosummits.com/Tirich%20Mir.php |archive-date=2011-09-09 |url-status=bot: unknown}}(dipunundhuh tanggal 29 September 2012)</ref>== * Dinten 1: Dugi Papan Anggegana Internasiomal Benazir [[Islamabad]], salajengipun tumuju dhateng Hotèl * Dinten 2: Briefing wonten ing Alpine Club of [[Pakistan]] Islamabad. Dipunlajengaken tumuju [[Chitral]]. Lan Nginep wonten ing Hotèl * Dinten 3: Pungkasaning nyamaptakaken uba rampe kanggé paminggahan gunung * Dinten 4: Tumuju dhateng [[Shagrom]] kirang langkung inggilipun 2760 mèter. Wonten ngriku nginep wonten ing tenda. * Dinten 5: Tumuju [[Sherniak]] kirang langkung 3540 mèter inggilipun. 5 ngantos dumugi 6 jam anggènipun mlampah. Wonten ing ngriku satunggal dalu nginep wonten ing tenda. * Dinten 6 – 7: Tumuju [[Shogor]] utawi [[Biasun]]. 6 ngantos dumugi 7 jam anggènipun mlampah tumuju papan wau. Wonten ing Shogor, nginep satunggal dalu wonten ing tenda. * Dinten 8: Tumuju dhateng base Camp Tirich Mir ingkang inggilipun 4726 mèter. 6 ngantos dumugi 7 jam anggenipunmlampah. Setunggal dalu wonten ing camp. * Dinten 9 ngantos 34: Paminggahan dumugi puncak gunung. Panjang wekdalipun minggah wonten ing gunung punika gumantung kaliyan cuaca, kasarasan badan kaliyan pangalamanipun paminggah. * Dinten 35: Tumuju Shargon * Dinten 37:: Tumuju Chitral, satunggal dalu nginep wonten ing Hotèl * Dinten 38: Tumuju dhateng Islamabad, manawi cuaacanipun boten awon. Setunggal dinten punika saged dumugi Islamabad * Dinten 39: Briefing wonten ing Alpine Club of Pakistan, salajengipun tumuju Papan Anggegana Internasional Benazir kanggé tujuan salajengipun. == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gunung]] 8na6w5q2myzb3i8c1iall33owca81q4 0 95700 1758261 1757868 2026-09-27T04:54:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Révolusi ngèlmiah''' ya iku masa nalikane gagasan anyar ing babagan [[fisika]], [[astronomi]], [[biologi]], [[anatomi manungsa]], [[kimia]], lan ngèlmu kawruh liyané, tumuwuh pesat lan dadi dhasar [[ngèlmu kawruh modern]].<ref>"Scientific Revolution" in ''[[Encarta]]''. 2007. [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205204251/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html |date=2003-12-05 }} {{Cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028110638/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Meyurut cathetan-cathetan, revolusi iki diwiwiti ing [[Éropah]] saka masa [[Renaisans]] nganti akir abad 18, periode sing dikenal [[Abad Pencerahan]]. Filsuf lan sejarawan [[Alexandre Koyré]] nciptaake istilah ''revolusi ilmiah'' ing taun 1939 kanggo njelaske masa iki.<ref>Shapin, Steven (1996). ''The Scientific Revolution''.</ref> == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Réferènsi == {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book|ref=MARG|language=fr|title=Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642-1942|first=Jean|last=Marguin|year=1994|publisher=Hermann|location=|isbn=978-2705661663}} *{{cite book|ref=TAT1963|language=fr|title=Le calcul mécanique|first=René|last=Taton|year=1963|publisher=Presses universitaires de France|location=Paris|isbn=}} *{{cite book|title=A Source Book in Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmath00smit|last=Smith|first=David Eugene|year=1929|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.|location=New York and London|ref=SMITH}} {{Refend}} [[Kategori:Sajarah ngèlmu kawruh]] {{sajarah-stub}} [[de:Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften#Die naturwissenschaftliche Revolution in der frühen Neuzeit Europas]] lj21rszpjwnietvp5hqf17ov5qwl88k 0 95884 1758273 1758138 2026-09-27T06:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:All-trans-Retinol2.svg|thumb|300px|Struktur retinol vitamin A]] '''Vitamin A''' yaiku jinis vitamin kang larut sajeroning [[lemak]] kang duwé peran wigati kanggo pambentukan sistem panyawangan kang apik.<ref name=vita>[http://buahuntukdiet.com. Vitamins & Health Supplements Guide.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314024449/http://buahuntukdiet.com/ |date=2016-03-14 }} {{Cite web |url=http://buahuntukdiet.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314024449/http://buahuntukdiet.com/ |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=bot: unknown}} 2006</ref> ana pirang-pirang senyawa kang digolongake sajeroning kelompok vitamin A, ing antarané [[retinol]], [[retinil palmitat]], lan [[retinil asetat]].<ref name=vita /> nanging istilah vitamin A luwih asring ngrujuk marang senyawa retinol katandhing senyawa-senyawa liyané amarga senyawa iki kang paling duwé peran akèh sajeroning awak.<ref name=vita /> Vitamin A akèh tinemu sajeroning [[wortel]], [[lenga iwan]], [[susu]], [[keju]], lan [[ati]]. Rumus kimia kanggo Vitamin A yaiku C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>30</sub>O.<ref>Rutherford D. 2007. [http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/focus/nutrition/facts/vitamins_minerals/vitamin.htm. Sources of vitamins]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == cathetan sikil == {{Reflist}} {{Vitamin}} [[Kategori:Vitamin]] hqpfqasf2l1da3pcpdcu3mjqcl9kdbj 0 95960 1758256 1757814 2026-09-27T04:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:Pt pupuk sriwijadja.jpg|thumb|240px]] {{for|perusahaan kang dahulu bernama PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero)|Pupuk Indonésia}} {{Kotak info perusahaan | company_name = PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang | company_logo = [[Berkas:Pusri.jpeg‎|center|150px]] | company_type = | foundation = [[12 November]] [[2010]] | location = [[Palembang]], [[Indonésia]] | key_people = Parikesit Suprapto, PhD , Komisaris {{br}}Edy Putra Irawady, SH , Direktur Utama |Ir. Arifin Tasrif | industry = [[Urea]] dan [[Amoniak]] | products = {{br}}Urea{{br}} Amoniak | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = (organik){{br}} (non-organik) | parent = [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]] | subsid = {{br}}PT Sri Melamin Rejeki {{br}}PT Puspetindo | homepage = http://www.pusri.co.id/ | footnotes = }} '''PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang''', kang kondhang minangka PT Pusri, wujud anak perusahaan saka [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]] (Persero)<ref name="anak perusahaan pihc">{{Cite web |url=http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |title=Anak Perusahaan PT Pupuk Indonésia |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115064736/http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |url-status=dead }}</ref> kang bergerak ing babagan [[produksi]] lan [[pemasaran]] [[pupuk]]. == Sajarah == ==== Pupuk Sriwidjaja minangka Induk Pupuk Indonésia ==== Nalika taun 1997, Pusri ditunjuk minangka perusahaan induk membawahi papat BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan indhustri pupuk lan petrokimia, ya iku PT Petrokimia Gresik ing [[Gresik]], [[Jawa Timur]]; PT Pupuk Kujang ing [[Cikampek]], [[Jawa Barat]]; PT Pupuk Kaltim ing [[Bontang]], [[Kalimantan Timur]]; lan PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda ing [[Lhokseumawe]], [[Acèh]]; sarta BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan engineering, procurement & construction (EPC), ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri (kantore pusat ing Jakarta). Nalika taun 1998, anak perusahaan Pusri bertambah siji BUMN manhe, ya iku PT Mega Eltra ing Jakarta kang bergerak ing babagan perdagangan. awit Pamaréntah Indonésia mindahake sekabehane sahamnya kang dipanggonake ing Industri Pupuk Dalam Negeri lan ing PT Mega Eltra marang PUSRI, liwat Peraturan Pamaréntah (PP) nomer 28 taun 1997 lan PP nomer 34 taun 1998, mangka PUSRI, kang berkedudukan ing Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, dadi Induk Perusahaan (Operating Holding) kanti membawahi 6 (enam) anak perusahaan kalebu anak perusahaan penyertaan langsung ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri, masing-masing perusahaan bergerak sajrone babagan usaha: * PT Petrokimia Gresik kang berkedudukan ing Gresik, Jawa Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea, ZA, SP-36/SP-18, [[Phonska]], DAP, NPK, ZK, lan indhustri kimia lliyane sarta Pupuk Organik. * PT Pupuk Kujang, kang berkedudukan ing Cikampek, Jawa Barat. Memproduksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané. * PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur, kang kedudukane ing Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané. * PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, kang kedudukane ing Lhokseumawe, Nangroe Acèh Darussalam. Produksi an masarake pupuk Urea lan indhustri kimia liyané. * PT Rekayasa Industri, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta, Bergerak sajrone penyediaan Jasa Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC) guna yasa indhustri gas & lenga bumi, pupuk, kimia dan petrokimia, pertambangan, pembangkit listrik (panas bumi, batu bara, micro-hydro, diesel). * PT Mega Eltra, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta kanti babagan usaha mligi ya iku Perdagangan Umum. === Periode Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang === Nalika taun [[2010]], dilakokake pemisahan ('''Spin-Off''') saka PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero) (Pusri) marang PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (Pusri Palembang)<ref>[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/ekonomi/11/01/02/155887-pusri-resmi-jadi-holding-bumn-pupuk Pusri resmi jadi holding bumn pupuk]</ref>. Owah-owahan iki terutang sajrone owah-owahan anggaran dhasar<ref name="sajarah pusri">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |title=Sejarah Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710060935/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Pengalihan hak lan kewajiban Pusri marang Pusri Palembang tertuang sajrone [[Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham]] - Luar Biyasa nalika [[24 Dhésèmber]] 2010<ref name="sajarah pusri" />. Serah tampa kalungguhan lan pengalihan hak lan kewajiban efektif nalika [[1 Januari]] 2011<ref name="sajarah pusri" />. Pusri Palembang tetep migunakaké logo lan merk dagang Pusri<ref name="sajarah pusri" />. Pusri dhéwé ganti jeneng dadi [[Pupuk Indonésia]] lan migunakaké merk Pupuk Indonésia lan logo Pupuk Indonésia<ref name="ganti nama dan logo ke pupuk indonesia">[http://www.pupuk-kujang.co.id/allmenu.php?idn=36&idd=166&PHPSESSID=d75250648bd1364e7d411e70d66d8ad9 Lauching Nama dan Logo Baru Holding Pupuk]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Anak Perusahaan == # PT Sri Melamin Rejeki<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111035224/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> (20%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri 2 |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717073925/http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>, kang bergerak sajrone produksi melamin. # [http://www.puspetindo.com PT Puspetindo]<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri" /> (5.3%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri 2" />, kang bergerak sajrone produksi peralatan pabrik. # [http://twinplazahotèl.co.id/ PT Slipi Sri Indopuri] {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot 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sajrone hotèl lan apartemen. == Wewengkon Pemasaran == Surat Dudutan (SK) Menperindag No 70/MPP/Kep/2/2003 tanggal 11 Fèbruari 2003 wis mengatur manèh pola Pengadaan lan Penyaluran Pupuk Bersubsidi kanggo Sektor Pertanian, ya iku kanti pola rayonisasi distribusi pupuk kanggo produsen pupuk. Wewengkon Pemsaran Pupuk Sriwidjaja diduduhake kanti warna biru sarta anakan perusahaane. [[Gambar:Insetpemasaran02.jpg|center|500px]] == Prastawa wigati == # Pusri didegake nalika tanggal 24 Dhésèmber 1959 di Palembang, kanti kagiyatan usaha produksi pupuk urea. # nalika taun [[1963]] beroperasi pabrik pupuk urea pertama ya iku: ” PUSRI I ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 100.000 ton per taun. # Tahun [[1974]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kapindho ya iku “ PUSRI II “ kanti kapasitas terpasang 380.000 ton pertahun (awit taun 1992 kapasitase ditingkatake / optimasi dadi 570.000 ton/taun). # Tahun [[1976]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea ketelu, ya iku “ PUSRI III ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun. # Tahun [[1977]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kepapat, ya iku “ PUSRI IV ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun. # Tahun [[1979]], pamaréntah ngukuhaké PT.Pusri minangka perusahaan kang bertanggung jawab sajrone pengadaan lan penyaluran sekabehane jinis pupuk bersubsidi, baik kang berskala saka produksi sajrone nagari utawa import kanggo memenuhi kebutuhan program intensivikasi pertanian (Bimas lan Inmas). # Tahun [[1990]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea, ya iku “ PUSRI I B ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun minangka pengganti pabrik Puri I kang diendeg operasine amarga usia teknis lan wis ora efisien manèh. Pabrik iki wiwit produksi nalika taun 1994, wujud pabrik pertama kang digarap sapérangan besar déning ahli-ahli bangsa Indonésia, kang dibangun kanti konsèp hemat ènergi lan migunakaké sistem kendali komputer “Distributed Control System” # Tanggal [[12 November]] [[2010]], pemisahan PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang saka PT Pusri. == Struktur Kepemilikan Saham == * PT Pupuk Indonésia (99,99%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri" /> * Yayasan Kesejahteraan Karyawan Pusri (0,01%)<ref name="anak perusahaan pusri" /> [[Gambar:Strukturholding.jpg|center|600px]] == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.pusri.co.id/ Situs Resmi PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326054110/http://pusri.co.id/ |date=2013-03-26 }} [[Kategori:Kota Palembang]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pupuk]] 1hn2bjec7yfva7q5x5d2paoy41riljs 0 96241 1758272 1758066 2026-09-27T06:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Celebrity | name = Titis Retnoningrum Basino | image = Titis Basino.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|1|17}} | birth_place = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Kota Magelang|Magelang]], [[Jawa Tengah]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = [[Penulis]], [[Sastrawan]], [[Jurnalis]] | spouse = }} '''Titis Retnoningrum Basino''' ingkang miyos wonten ing [[Kota Magelang|Magelang]], [[Jawa Tengah]] tanggal [[17 Januari]] [[1939]] inggih punika salah satunggaling sastrawan èstri ing [[Indonésia]] ing wekdal [[1960]]-[[1990]]-an. Sadèrèngipun taun [[1980]]-an, Titis boten kathah dipunkenl déning tiyang amargi seratanipun nembé wujud carita pendek dèrèng dados [[novèl]]. Nembé ing pungkasaning taun [[1980]]-an saha ing taun [[1990]]-an novèl-nvelipun kathah ingkang medal.<ref name="internet 1">[http://www.tamanismailmarzuki.com/tokoh/titis.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010014309/http://www.tamanismailmarzuki.com/tokoh/titis.html |date=2023-10-10 }} Titis Basino] (dipunundhuh tanggal 22 Januari 2013)</ref> Titis nikah kaliyan Ir. Purnomo Ismadi ing tanggal [[5 Mèi]] [[1964]]. == Riwayat Pendhidhikan == Titis Basino inggih putri saking pasangan Basino Atmodisuryo saha Suparmi. Piyambakipun sekolah ing tingkat sekolah dhasar (SD) saha [[SMP]] lan [[SMA]] wonten ing kitha [[Purwokerto]]. Piyambakipun rampung sekolah dhasar ing taun [[1945]]; SMP rampung ing taun [[1955]], lan SMA rampung ing taun [[1958]]. Sabibaripun lulus saking SMA, lajeng Titis pindhah dhateng [[Jakarta]] lan nerasaken kuliah wonten ing [[Fakultas Sastra]]. [[Universitas Indonésia]]. Piyambakipun ngrampungaken sarjana mudh ing taun [[1961]], lajeng makarya dados karyawan ing pabukon FSUI dangunipun satunggal taun ing taun [[1962]]. Lajeng, Titis makarya aos [[pramugari]] ing maskapé penerbangan [[Garuda Indonésia|Garuda Indonésia Airways]] (1963-1964). == Wiwitan dados Pujangga == Titis wiwitan nyerat ing taun [[1957]], nalika piyambakipun taksih sekolah ing SMA. Ing wekdal punika asiling seratanipun, kathah ingkang mlebet ing kalawarta sekolahipun. Lajeng ing taun [[1963]], piyambakipun wiwitan kaloka déning pamaos sastra Indonésia saking cariyos cekakipun ingkang gadhah irah-irahan "Dia, Hotèl, dan Surat Dudutan" ingkang dipunwedalaken déning kalawarta "[[Sastra (kalawarta)|Sastra]]" lan nampi bebungah panglipur. Karyanipun ingkang sapisan inggih punika “Meja Gambar” dipunterjemahaken wonten ing basa [[Inggris]] dados “The Drafting Table” ingkang dipunseat déning Claine Sivensen saha dipunwedalaken déning [[Yayasa Lontar]]. Titis lajeng rmen nyerat lan ngasilaken kathah karyanipun, ngantos diken mandheg nyerat kaliyan kulawarganipun ing taun [[1997]]. == Pangaji-aji == Ing taun [[1998]] Titis pikantuk Pangaji-aji Sastra saking [[Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Basa]] awit saking karyanipun [[Dari Lembah ke Coolibah]]. Lajeng ing taun [[1999]], pamarѐntah [[Malaysia]] maringaken pangaji [[Mastra]], satunggaling pangaji dhateng karya sastra ingkang dipunanggep kompetitif ing [[Asia Tenggara]]. Sanajan ingkang dipunserat déning Ttis punika ing samubarang topik, nanging asiling karya ingkang misuwur inggih ingkang ngengingi bab kaum wanita saha prakawis-prakawis ingkang kadadosan ing salebeting gesang pribadi kaum wanita.<ref name="internet 2">[https://www.asian-studies.org/eaa/her.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829071601/http://www.asian-studies.org/EAA/her.htm |date=2011-08-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.asian-studies.org/EAA/her.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829071601/http://www.asian-studies.org/EAA/her.htm |archive-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=bot: unknown}} HER: An Indonésia Short Story (dipunundhuh tanggal 22 Januari 2013)</ref> == Karya tulis == === Cerita pendek === * Pelarian (1962) * Dia, Hotèl, Surat Dudutan (1963) * Aku Melihat Senyumnya (1964) * Lesbian (1976) * Rumah Dara (1977) * Sarang Burung (1997) * Mendaratnya Sebuah Kapal (1997) * Mawar Hari Esok (1997) * [[Susuk (carkak)|Susuk]] (carkak, dalam John H. McGlynn, ''Menagerie I'', Jakarta: Lontar Foundation) === Novèl === * [[Bukan Rumahku]] (1976) * [[Pelabuhan Hati]] (1978) * [[Di Bumi Aku Bersua di Langit Aku Bertemu]] (1983) * Trilogi: [[Dari Lembah Ke Coolibah]] (1997); [[Welas Asih Merengkuh Tajali]] (1997); [[Menyucikan Perselingkuhan]] (1998) * [[Aku Supiah Istri Wardian]] (1998) * [[Tersenyumpun Tidak Untukku Lagi]] (1998) * [[Terjalnya Gunung Batu]] (1998) * [[Aku Kendalikan Air, Api, Angin, dan Tanah]] (1998) * [[Rumah Kaki Seribu]] (1998) * [[Tangan-Tangan Kehidupan]] (1999) * [[Bila Binatang Buas Pindah Habitat]] (1999) * [[Mawar Hitam Milik Laras]] (1999) == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sastrawan Indonésia]] 9dxmzo8ss46xe6q7xpurw2vdu2qyc0f 0 96595 1758264 1757898 2026-09-27T05:10:29Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:Sekjen Kemenkeu.jpg|thumb|gedung Sekjen Kemenkeu]] '''Sekretariat Jenderal''' inggih punika unit eselon I ingkang mapan ing sangandhaping [[Kamenterian Keuangan Indonesia|Kamenterian Keuangan]]. Sekretariat Jenderal, asring dipuncekak kanthi nama '''Setjen''', inggih dipunpandhegani déning Sekretaris Jenderal ingkang asring dipuncekak dados "Sekjen".<ref name="internet 3">[http://www.sdm.depkeu.go.id// Situs web resmi Biro Sumber Daya Manusia Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Keuangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202080319/http://www.sdm.depkeu.go.id/ |date=2013-02-02 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.sdm.depkeu.go.id/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202080319/http://www.sdm.depkeu.go.id/ |archive-date=2013-02-02 |url-status=bot: unknown}} (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 Januari 2013)</ref> Wonten ing tanggal [[13 Januari]] [[2012]], [[Mantri Keuangan]] nglantik [[Kiagus Ahmad Badaruddin]]<ref name="Sekjen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.depkeu.go.id/ind/Data/Siaran_Pers/SP_5_130112.pdf |title=Menkeu Lantik Pejabat Eselon I dan II Kemenkeu |access-date=2013-01-28 |archive-date=2012-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127194308/http://www.depkeu.go.id/ind/Data/Siaran_Pers/SP_5_130112.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> dados Sekjen ing Sekretariat Jendral Kamentrian Keuangan Indonesia nggantosaken sekjen ingkang rumiyin inggih punika [[Mulia P. Nasution]]. Gedung Sekretariat Jenderal Kamentrian Keuangan Indonesia mapan wonten ing Gedung E(Gedung Juanda I) Lantai 4 Jl. Dr.Wahidin Raya Nomor 1 [[Jakarta]] 10710. == Tugas lan Fungsi == Miturut Peraturan Mantri Keuangan Nomor 184/PMK.01/2010 babagan Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Keuangan, Sekretariat Jenderal gadhah tugas kanggé nindakaken koordinasi pelaksanaan tugas, ''pembinaan'', lan paring panjurung administrasi dhateng sedaya unit organisasi ing lingkungan Kamentrian Keuangan. Kajawi punika, Sekretariat Jenderal gadhah fungsi-fungsi kados ta:<ref name="internet 2">[http://www.setjen.depkeu.go.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202081543/http://www.setjen.depkeu.go.id/ |date=2013-02-02 }} Situs web resmi Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Keuangan (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 Januari 2013)</ref> Sekretariat Jenderal gadhah tugas kanggé nindakaken koordinasi tugas saha pembinaan lan paring panyengkuyung administrasi Kamentria Keuangan kados kebijakan ingkang sampun dipuntemtokaken déning Mantri Keuangan, lan dhedhasar peraturan perundang-undangan ingkang sampun dipuntemtokaken. # Koordiansi kagiyatan Kamentrian Keuangan # penyelenggaraan pengelolaan administrasi umum kanggé njurung lancar botenipun pelaksanaan tugas lan fungsi Kementerian Keuangan # penyelenggaraan gayutan makarya ing babagan administrasi kaliyan Kementerian Koordinator, Kementerian Nagara, Kementerian lain, Lembaga Pamaréntah Non Kementerian, lan lembaga sanèsipun ingkang taksih wonten gayutanipun # Koordinasi lan penyusunan rencana lan program Kamenterian Keuangan; # Pembinaan lan paring panyengkuyung administrasi ingkang nglingkupi ketatausahaan, kepegawaian, keuangan, kerumahtanggaan, arsip, lan dokumentasi Kementerian Keuangan; # Pembinaan lan penyelenggaraan organisasi lan tata laksana, makarya sama, saha gayutan masarakat; # Koordinasi lan penyusunan peraturan perundang-undangan lan bantuan hukum; # Penyelenggaraan pengelolaan barang milik/kekayaan nagara; saha # Pelaksanaan tugas sanèsipun ingkang dipunparingaken déning Mantri Keuangan. == Struktur Organisasi == Sekretariat Jenderal kapérang dados:<ref name="internet 1">[http://www.depkeu.go.id/ Situs web resmi Kementerian Keuangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807170516/http://www.depkeu.go.id/ |date=2003-08-07 }} (dipunudhuh tanggal 28 Januari 2013)</ref> # Biro Perencanaan dan Keuangan; # Biro Organisasi dan Ketatalaksanaan; # Biro Hukum; # Biro Bantuan Hukum; # [[Biro Sumber Daya Manusia Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Keuangan|Biro Sumber Daya Manusia]]; # Biro Komunikasi dan Layanan Informasi; # Biro Perlengkapan; # Biro Umum. == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kamenterian Keuangan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sekretariat Jenderal Kamenterian Keuangan Indonésia|Sekretariat Jenderal]] jkcjrtx6nhs028dh4vumpe1c61y6373 0 98060 1758257 1757828 2026-09-27T04:45:19Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[File:Estadio Benito Villamarín 2018001.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Stadhion Benito Villamarin Kandhang Betis Balompié]] {{Football club infobox | clubname = Betis Balompié| image = [[Gambar:Real Betis.jpg|Center|Real Betis]]| fullname = Real Betis Balompié | nickname = Béticos {{br}} Verdiblancos {{br}} | founded = [[12 September]] [[1907]]{{br}}(as ''Betis Futbol Club'')| ground = [[Estadio Benito Villamarín]]{{br}} [[Sevilla]], [[Andalusia]], [[Spanyol]]| capacity = 56.432 | | chairman = Ángel Haro | manager = [[Manuel Pellegrini]] | league = [[La Liga]] | season = [[La Liga 2023–24|2023–24]] | position = 7º, La Liga |pattern_la1 = |pattern_b1 = _betis2324h |pattern_ra1 = |pattern_sh1 = _betis2324h |pattern_so1 = _betis2324hl |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = FFFFFF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _betis2324a |pattern_b2 = _betis2324a |pattern_ra2 = _betis2324a |pattern_sh2 = _betis2324a |pattern_so2 = _betis2324al |leftarm2 = 009B00 |body2 = 009B00 |rightarm2 = 009B00 |shorts2 = 009B00 |socks2 = 009B00 |pattern_la3 = _betis2324t |pattern_b3 = _betis2324t |pattern_ra3 = _betis2324t |pattern_sh3 = _betis2324t |pattern_so3 = _betis2324tl |leftarm3 = 000000 |body3 = 000000 |rightarm3 = 000000 |shorts3 = 000000 |socks3 = 000000 | website = http://www.realbetisbalompie.es/ | current = La Liga 2012–13 }} '''Real Betis Balompié''', tim bal-balan profésional ingkang basisipun wonten ing [[Sevilla]]. Real Betis Balompié main ing [[Divisi I Spanyol|la liga]] lan mapan ing posisi 10 wonten ing klasifikasi historik liga Spanyol,<ref>[http://www.lfp.es/historico/primera/clasificaciones/clasificacion_historica.asp Tabla de la Liga Española de todos los tiempos en LFP]</ref>: dumugi taun [[2007]] sampun ndhèrèk 45 mangsa kompetisi Divisi I, pikantuk 3 gelar juara resmi, 1 gelar juara liga, 2 gelar juara Piala Raja Spanyol lan kaping 4 tampil minangka finalis [[Copa del Rey|Piala raja]]. Real Betis minangka tim angka 1 saking [[Andalusia]] ingkang main ing [[La Liga]], lan saged dado juwara [[Copa del Rey]] , [[La Liga]] lan main ing [[Piala Champions]]. Tim punika minangka tim ingkang angka 4 ingkang dados juara La Liga (1934/35) lan minangka tim angka 7 ingkang naté pikantuk 2 gelar paling wigati ing Spanyol: La Liga taun [[1935]] lan [[Copa del Rey]] taun [[1977]]. Real Betis naté mlebet ing salebting pratélan tim bal-balan paling apik ing donya ingkang dipunrilis déning [[IFFHS]] rikala taun [[1995]],<ref>[http://www.iffhs.de/?6edbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d311 Top 25 de clubes del mundo de IFFHS]</ref> [[1997]],<ref>[http://www.iffhs.de/?6edbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d112 Top 25 de clubes del mundo de IFFHS]</ref> lan [[2005]],<ref>[http://www.iffhs.de/?6edbca388d85691a55685fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d30d Top 25 de clubes del mundo de IFFHS]</ref> , lan minangka tim Andalusia angka 2 ingkang paling asring mlbet ing pratélan mau. Raja Spanyol [[Juan Carlos I|Don Juan Carlos de Borbón]], ibu Raja, lan Pangeran [[Felipe de Borbón y Grecia|Don Felipe de Borbón]] minangka anggota kehormatan Real Betis Balompié. == Sajarah == === 1907-1929: Taun-taun wiwitan === [[Gambar:PAGINACOMPLETA.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Kaca 36 Cathetan Sipil Sevilla ing pundi kadhaptar klub Real Betis Balompié lan Sevilla Football Club.]] Rikala taun [[1907]], sekelompok pelajar akademi militèr lan fakultas kadhokteran saking '''Escuela Politécnica''', kanthi resmi ndhirikaken [[Sevilla Balompié]]. Cikal bakal tim punika kawiwitan taun [[1904]] ing pundi kelompok pelajar punika sampun miwiti main bal-balan kanthi kala mangsa. Para juru main wiwitan tim punika asalipun sakin sapérangan kulawarga antawisipun: kulawarga Hermosa, Wesolousky, Castillo, Cáscales lan Gutiérrez ingkang migunakaken kostum kanthi warni biru-pethak. Présidhèn angka 1 saking klub inggih punika Juan del Castillo Ochoa lan kapten ingkang kapisanan –ingkang ugi ngrangkep minangka pelatih-, rikala taun [[1914]], inggih punikaManuel Ramos Asencio. Nalika taun-taun wiwitan klub punika ngalami wola-wali gantos markas saking calle Alfonso XII ([[1907]]-[[1909]]), ke Federico de Castro ([[1910]]-[[1911]]) lan dhateng Jerónimo Hernández (1912-1914). Nama kesebelasan ingkang kapilih déning lare-lare enem punika ngambaraken pamanggih ingkang kepéngin nentang prabawa bal-balan Inggris: “Sevilla BALOMPIÉ” (saderengipun gadhah nama, “España Balompié”). Klub kadhaptar kanthi resmi minangka satunggaling organisasi ing tanggal 1 Fèbruari [[1909]].<ref>Página nº 36 del Libro de Registro del Gobierno Civil que se conserva en la Delegación del Gobierno de Sevilla. http://www.tuyossiempre.com/Historia/imagenesBD/img1163738966774.jpg{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Boten dangu sasampunipun punika, “Balompié” saged kasil dados tim pisanan ingkang dados juara Piala Sevilla taun [[1910]], lan minangka juara bertahan dumugi taun [[1913]]. Tim punika ugi partisipasi kompetisi Piala Andalusia ingkang kawiwitan taun [[1910]] lan dipunundhang saperlu ndhèrèk Piala Spanyol, nanging wonten pepalang dana.<ref>"La Historia jamás contada del Real Betis Balompié" (2001), Manuel Carmona Rodríguez</ref><ref>Web Oficial del Centenario del RBB, Manuel Carmona Rodríguez, http://www.tuyossiempre.com/historia/historia.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028062218/http://www.tuyossiempre.com/Historia/historia.htm |date=2007-10-28 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.tuyossiempre.com/Historia/historia.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028062218/http://www.tuyossiempre.com/Historia/historia.htm |archive-date=2007-10-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rikala taun [[1909]] jumeneng Betis Foot-ball Club, ingkang minangka pecahan saking Sevilla Foot-ball Club. == Data klub == * '''Anggota resmi''': 39500<ref name="lfp.es">http://www.lfp.es</ref> * '''Rata-rata jumlah penonton per tetandhingan:''' 35473<ref name="lfp.es"/> * '''Fans-clubs''': 362<ref>http://www.realbetisbalompie.es/noticias/comunicados.html?id=3512</ref> * '''Modal''': 24000000 [[euro|€]] ([[2007]]) * '''Jumlah mangsa kompetisi Divisi I ingkang natè dipundhèrèki''': 45 (kalebu 2007-2008) * '''Jumlah mangsa kompetisi Divisi IIA ingkang natè dipundhèrèki''': 25 * '''Jumlah mangsa kompetisi Divisi IIB ingkang natè dipundhèrèki''': 0 * '''Jumlah mangsa kompetisi Divisi III ingkang natè dipundhèrèki''': 7 * '''Partisipasi ing tingkat internasional''': ** kaping 1 partisipasi ing [[Liga de Campeones de la UEFA|Liga de Campeones]]: (Peringkat 3 ing penyisihan group th 05/06) ** kaping 1 partisipasi ing [[Copa de la UEFA|Copa de Ferias]]: (babak 1/32 th 64/65) ** kaping 6 pertisipasi ing [[Copa de la UEFA]]: (babak 1/32 th 82/83 y 84/85, babak 1/8 th 95/96 y 98/99, babak penyisihan angka 3 th 02/03, babak 1/805/06) ** kaping 2 partisipasi ing [[Recopa de Europa]]: (babak ¼ Final 77/78 y 97/98) == Pratélan pemain == === Skuad utama === ''Per 29 Agustus 2012''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realbetisbalompie.es/plantillas|title=PLANTILLAS.- PRIMER EQUIPO|trans-title=Templates: First team|publisher=Real Betis|language=Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627124057/https://www.realbetisbalompie.es/plantillas|archive-date=27 Juni 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=7 Juli 2012}}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no= 1|nat= ESP |name=[[Casto]]|pos=GK|other=kapten}} {{Fs player|no= 2|nat= ESP |name=[[Javier Chica]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no= 3|nat= ESP |name=[[Pedro Mario Álvarez|Mario]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no= 4|nat= ESP |name=[[Antonio Amaya]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no= 5|nat= ESP |name=[[José Antonio Dorado|José Dorado]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no= 6|nat=Spain|name=[[Álex Martínez]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no= 8|nat= ESP |name=[[Rubén Pérez del Mármol|Rubén Pérez]]|pos=MF|other=pinjaman dari [[Atlético Madrid]]}} {{Fs player|no= 9|nat= ESP |name=[[Jonathan Pereira Rodríguez|Jonathan Pereira]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat= ESP |name=[[Beñat Etxebarria]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat= ESP |name=[[Alejandro Pozuelo]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat= BRA |name=[[Paulo Afonso Santos Júnior|Paulão]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=13|nat=Spain|name=[[Adrián San Miguel del Castillo|Adrián]]|pos=GK}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=14|nat= ESP |name=[[Salva Sevilla]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat= CRC |name=[[Joel Campbell]]|pos=FW|other=pinjaman dari [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]}} {{Fs player|no=17|nat= ESP |name=[[Juan Carlos Pérez López (footballer born 1990)|Juan Carlos]]|pos=MF|other=pinjaman dari [[Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat= POR |name=[[Salvador Agra]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat= ESP |name=[[Jorge Molina Vidal|Jorge Molina]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat= NGR |name=[[Nosa Igiebor]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat= ESP |name=[[José Cañas Ruiz-Herrera|José Cañas]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat= POR |name=[[Nélson Marcos|Nélson]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat= ESP |name=[[Ignacio Pérez Santamaría|Nacho]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat= ESP |name=[[Rubén Castro]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=25|nat= ESP |name=[[Fabricio Agosto Ramírez|Fabricio]]|pos=GK}} {{Fs player|no=|nat= ESP |name=[[Ángel López]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=|nat= POL |name=[[Damien Perquis]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs end}} ===Kaampilaken=== {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no= 8|nat= ESP |name=[[Javier Matilla]]|pos=MF|other=di [[Real Murcia]]}} {{Fs player|no=33|nat= ESP |name=[[Ezequiel Calvente|Ezequiel]]|pos=MF|other=di [[SC Freiburg]]}} {{Fs end}} === Prestasi individual === * Pelatih kanthi tetandhingan ingkang kathah piyambak: [[Lorenzo Serra Ferrer]] (198 tetandhingan) * Pemain kanthi tetandhingan ingkang kathah piyambak: [[Julio Cardeñosa]] (306 tetandhingan) (74/75 dumugi 84/85) * Pemain kanthi jumlah menit ingkang kathah piyambak: [[José Ramón Esnaola]] (27.172 menit) (74/75 dumugi 84/85) * Pemain kanthi gol ingkang kathah piyambak ing Divisi I: [[Hipólito Rincón]] (78 gol) (81/82 dumugi 88/89) * Pemain kanthi jumlah gol ingkang kathah piyambak: [[Domínguez (futbolista)]] (94 gol) * Pemain ingkang saged damel gol kanthi turut: [[Fernando Ansola]] (8 gol) * Pemain ingkang paling asring dipunusir saking lapangan: [[Jaime Quesada]] (dipunusir ing 7 tetandhingan) * Pemain kanthi gol ingkang kathah piyambak ing kompetisi eropa: [[Alfonso Pérez]] (8 Gol) * Pemain pisanan ingkang dipundhawuhi mlebet tim nasional Spanyol: [[Lecue]] (1934) * Pemain pungkasan ingkang dipundhawuhi mlebet tim nasional Spanyol: [[Juan Gutiérrez Moreno|Juanito]] ([[2008]]) == Présidhèn klub == <div style="float:right;"> <timeline> #Todas las longitudes se miden en píxeles ImageSize = width:200 height:400 #Tamaño de la imagen: ancho, alto PlotArea = width:50 height:380 left:50 bottom:10 #Tamaño de la gráfica en sí dentro de la imagen: ancho, alto, margen izquierdo, margen derecho DateFormat = yyyy #Formato de fechas= y-cifra de año, m-cifra de mes, d-cifra de día. Period = from:1955 till:2009 #Período de tiempo representado: desde, hasta TimeAxis = orientation:vertical #Orientación del eje de tiempos: horizontal o vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1955 #Escala # No se da cuenta de cuándo chocan dos frases, así que hay # que moverlas a mano con la variable $dx Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData= #barra, color, ancho, ?, alineamiento, tamaño de fuente (XS,S,M,L,XL) bar:Líderes color:green width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S #wiwit dumugi desplazamiento($dx, píxeles) texto y enlace from:start till:1965 shift:($dx,9) text:[[Benito Villamarín]] from:1965 till:1967 shift:($dx,3) text: Andrés Gaviño~Avelino Villamarín from:1967 till:1970 shift:($dx,4) text: [[José León Gómez|José León]]~Julio de la Puerta from:1970 till:1978 shift:($dx,8) text:José Núñez Naranjo from:1978 till:1983 shift:($dx,4) text:Juan Manuel Mauduit from:1983 till:1989 shift:($dx,5) text:Gerardo Martínez~Retamero from:1989 till:1992 shift:($dx,3) text:Hugo Galera from:1992 till:1996 shift:($dx,3) text:[[José León Gómez| José León]] from:1996 till:2006 shift:($dx,7) text:Manuel~[[Manuel Ruiz de Lopera| Ruiz de Lopera]] from:2006 till:end shift:($dx,2) text:[[José León Gómez| José León]] </timeline> </div> * '''Sevilla Balompié: ''' {| {{tablabonita}} |- style="background:#eeeeee;" !Període !Présidhèn |- |[[1907]]-[[1909]] |[[Alfonso del Castillo Ochoa]] |- |[[1909]]-[[1911]] |[[Juan del Castillo Ochoa]] (1er Mandato) |- |[[1911]]-[[1912]] |[[José Gutiérrez Fernández]] |- |[[1912]]-[[1914]] |[[Juan del Castillo Ochoa]] (2º Mandato) |- |[[1914]] |[[Herbert Richard Jones]] |} * '''Betis F.C: ''' {| |- style="background:#eeeeee;" !Període !Présidhèn |- |[[1909]]-[[1912]] |[[Eladio García de la Borbolla]] |- |[[1912]]-[[1913]] |[[Guillermo Comesaña Arahal]] |- |[[1913]]-[[1914]] |[[Pedro Rodríguez de la Borbolla]] |} * '''Real Betis Balompié: ''' {| {{tablabonita}} |- style="background:#eeeeee;" !Període !Présidhèn |- |[[1914]]-[[1915]] |[[Herbert Richard Jones]] |- |[[1915]]-[[1917]] |[[Pedro Rodríguez de la Borbolla]] |- |[[1917]] |[[Roberto Vicente de Mata]] |- |[[1917]]-[[1919]] |[[Eduardo Hernández Nalda]] |- |[[1919]]-[[1920]] |[[Carlos Alarcón de la Lastra]] |- |[[1920]]-[[1921]] |[[Jerónimo Domínguez]] |- |[[1921]]-[[1924]] |[[Gil Gómez Bajuelo]] |- |[[1924]] |[[Juan del Castillo Ochoa]] |- |[[1924]]-[[1925]] |[[Antonio Poll Roma]] |- |[[1925]]-[[1928]] |[[Ramón Navarro Cáceres]] |- |[[1928]]-[[1929]] |[[Antonio Laguardia]] |- |[[1929]] |[[Camilo Romero Sánchez]] |- |[[1929]]-[[1930]] |[[Daniel Mezquita]] |- |[[1930]]-[[1932]] |[[Ignácio Sánchez Mejías]] |- |[[1932]]-[[1933]] |[[José Ignácio Mantecón Navasal]] |- |[[1933]]-[[1936]] |[[Antonio Moreno Sevillano]] |- |[[1936]]-[[1940]] |[[Valentín Pérez Martínez]] |- |[[1940]]-[[1942]] |[[Ramón Poll Carbonell]] |- |[[1942]]-[[1943]] |[[Alfonso Alarcón de Lastra]] |- |[[1943]]-[[1944]] |[[Francisco Cantalapiedra]] |- |[[1944]]-[[1945]] |[[Eduardo Benjumea Vázquez]] |- |[[1945]]-[[1946]] |[[Manuel Romero Puerto]] |- |[[1946]]-[[1947]] |[[Filomeno de Aspe Martínez]] |- |[[1947]]-[[1950]] |[[Pascual Aparicio García]] |- |[[1950]]-[[1952]] |[[Francisco de la Cerda Carmona]] |- |[[1952]]-[[1955]] |[[Manuel Ruiz Rodríguez]] |- |[[1955]]-[[1965]] |[[Benito Villamarín|Benito Villamarín Prieto]] |- |[[1965]]-[[1966]] |[[Avelino Villamarín Prieto]] |- |[[1966]] |[[Andrés Gaviño]] |- |[[1966]] |[[José María Domenech]] (Provisional) |- |[[1967]]-[[1968]] |[[Julio de la Puerta Castro]] |- |[[1968]]-[[1969]] |[[José León Gómez]] (1er Mandato) |- |[[1969]]-[[1978]] |[[José Nuñez Naranjo]] |- |[[1979]]-[[1983]] |[[Juan Manuel Mauduit]] |- |[[1983]]-[[1989]] |[[Gerard Martínez Retamero]] |- |[[1989]]-[[1992]] |[[Hugo Galera Davidson]] |- |[[1992]]-[[1996]] |[[José León Gómez]] (2º Mandato) |- |[[1996]]-[[2006]] |[[Manuel Ruiz de Lopera]] |- |[[2006]]-Actualidad |[[José León Gómez]] (3er Mandato) |} == Pelatih == ** '''1911-1914''' - Manuel Ramos Asensio ** '''1914''' - [[Herbert Richard Jones]] ** '''1914-1915''' - Manuel Ramos Asensio ** '''1916''' - [[Herbert Richard Jones]] ** '''1917''' - J.P. Bryce ** '''1918''' - Carmelo Navarro ** '''1918''' - Basilio Clemente ** '''1920''' - Salvador Llinat ** '''1922''' - Andrés Aranda ** '''1923''' - Ramón Porlan y Merlo ** '''1924''' - Alberto Álvarez ** '''1925''' - Carlos Castañeda ** '''1927-1930''' - Juan Armet "Kinké" ** '''1930-1932''' - Emilio Sampere ** '''1932-1933''' - Patrick O`Connell ** '''1933-1934''' - Patrick O`Connell ** '''1934-1935''' - Patrick O`Connell ** '''1935-1936''' - Patrick O`Connell ** '''1939-1940''' - Andrés Aranda ** '''1940-1941''' - Patrick O`Connell ** '''1941-1942''' - Patrick O`Connell ** '''1942-1943''' - Baragaño - Francisco Gómez ** '''1943-1944''' - Andrés Aranda ** '''1944-1945''' - Pedro Solé -Andrés Aranda ** '''1945-1946''' - Andrés Aranda - Patrick O`Connell ** '''1946-1947''' - Patrick O`Connell - José Suárez "Peral" ** '''1947-1948''' - [[José Quirante Pineda]] ** '''1948-1949''' - José Suárez "Peral" ** '''1949-1950''' - Andrés Aranda ** '''1950-1951''' - Andrés Aranda ** '''1951-1952''' - Andrés Aranda ** '''1952-1953''' - Manuel Olivares ** '''1953-1954''' - Francisco Gómez ** '''1954-1955''' - Francisco Gómez - Sabino Barinaga ** '''1955-1956''' - Pepe Valera ** '''1956-1957''' - Pepe Valera - Iturraspe ** '''1957-1958''' - Antonio Barrios ** '''1958-1959''' - Antonio Barrios - José Seguer ** '''1959-1960''' - Enrique Fernández - Sabino Barinaga ** '''1960-1961''' - [[Fernando Daucik]] ** '''1961-1962''' - Fernando Daucik ** '''1962-1963''' - Fernando Daucik - Ernesto Pons ** '''1963-1964''' - [[Domingo Balmanya]] ** '''1964-1965''' - [[Luis Hon]] - Hernández - Andrés Aranda - Ernesto Pons ** '''1965-1966''' - Martim Francisco - Ernesto Pons ** '''1966-1967''' - Luis Belló - Antonio Barrios ** '''1967-1968''' - César Reyes - Pepe Valera - Sabino Barinaga ** '''1968-1969''' - Sabino Barinaga - Fernando Daucik - Tejera ** '''1969-1970''' - Miguel González - Antonio Barrios ** '''1970-1971''' - Antonio Barrios ** '''1971-1972''' - Antonio Barrios - Estebán Areta - Ferenc Szusza ** '''1972-1973''' - [[Ferenc Szusza]] ** '''1973-1974''' - [[Ferenc Szusza]] ** '''1974-1975''' - [[Ferenc Szusza]] ** '''1975-1976''' - [[Ferenc Szusza]] ** '''1976-1977''' - [[Ferenc Szusza]] - [[Rafael Iriondo]] ** '''1977-1978''' - [[Rafael Iriondo]] ** '''1978-1979''' - García Traid - León Lasa ** '''1979-1980''' - León Lasa - Luis Cid Carriega ** '''1980-1981''' - [[Luis Cid Carriega]] ** '''1981-1982''' - [[Luis Aragonés]] - Rafael Iriondo- Pedro Buenaventura ** '''1982-1983''' - Antal Dunai - Marcel Domingo ** '''1983-1984''' - Pepe Alzate ** '''1984-1985''' - Pepe Alzate - Luis Cid Carriega ** '''1985-1986''' - Luis Cid Carriega - Luis del Sol ** '''1986-1987''' - [[Luis del Sol]] ** '''1987-1988''' - John Mortimore - [[Pedro Buenaventura]] ** '''1988-1989''' - [[Eusebio Ríos]] - Cayetano Re - Pedro Buenaventura ** '''1989-1990''' - Juan Corbacho - Julio Cardeñosa ** '''1990-1991''' - [[Julio Cardeñosa]] - Romero - [[José Ramón Esnaola]] ** '''1991-1992''' - Josef Jarabinsky - [[Felipe Mesones]] ** '''1992-1993''' - [[Jorge D'Alessandro]] - [[José Ramón Esnaola]] ** '''1993-1994''' - [[Sergio Kresic]] - Lorenzo Serra Ferrer ** '''1994-1997''' - [[Lorenzo Serra Ferrer]] ** '''1997-1998''' - [[Luis Aragonés]] ** '''1998-1999''' - Antonio Oliveira - [[Vicente Cantatore]] - [[Javier Clemente]] ** '''1999-2000''' - [[Carlos Timoteo Griguol]] - [[Guus Hiddink]] - [[Faruk Hadzibegic]] ** '''2000-2001''' - [[Fernando Vázquez Pena]] - [[Luis del Sol]] ** '''2001-2002''' - [[Juande Ramos]] ** '''2002-2003''' - [[Víctor Fernández]] ** '''2003-2004''' - Víctor Fernández ** '''2004-2006''' - [[Lorenzo Serra Ferrer]] ** '''2006-2007''' - [[Javier Irureta]] - [[Luis Fernández (futbolista)|Luis Fernández]] - [[Paco Chaparro]] ** '''2007-2008''' - [[Héctor Cúper]] - [[Paco Chaparro]] ** '''2008-2009''' - [[Victor Fernandez]] - [[Antonio Tapia]] ** '''2010-sekarang''' - [[Pepe Mel]] Nota: dumugi taun 1925 kapten kesebelasan gadhah peran ugi minangka pelatih. == Gelar juara == === Tingkat regional === * '''[[Copa de Andalucía]] (1):''' [[1928]] * '''[[Copa de Sevilla]] (6):''' [[1910]], [[1911]], [[1913]], [[1914]], [[1915]] y [[1920]]. * '''[[Copa Spencer]] (2):''' [[1911]] y [[1926]] * '''[[Copa Artistica]] (1):''' [[1915]] * '''[[Copa Sarasua]] (1):''' [[1916]] * Runner Up [[Copa de Andalucía]] (9): [[1919]]-[[1920|20]], [[1920]]-[[1921|21]], [[1922]]-[[1923|23]], [[1923]]-[[1924|24]],[[1926]]-[[1927|27]], [[1929]]-[[1930|30]], [[1930]]-[[1931|31]], [[1931]]-[[1932|32]] y [[1938]]-[[1939|39]] === Tingkat nasional === * '''[[La Liga]] (1):''' [[1934]]-[[1935|35]] * '''[[Copa del Rey]] (2):''' [[1977]] dan [[2005]] * Runner-up [[Copa del Rey]] (2): [[1931]] dan [[1997]] * Runner-up [[Piala Super Spanyol]] (1): [[2005]] === Kejuaraan tingkat nasional sanès === * Runner up [[Copa de la Liga (España)|Copa de la Liga]] (1): [[1986]] * '''[[Segunda División de España]] (5):''' [[1931]]-[[1932|32]], [[1941]]-[[1942|42]], [[1957]]-[[1958|58]], [[1970]]-[[1971|71]] y [[1973]]-[[1974|74]] * Subcampeon de la [[Segunda División de España]] (5): [[1955-56]],[[1966-67]],[[1989-90]],[[1993-94]] y [[2000-01]] * '''[[Tercera División de España]] (1):''' [[1953]]-[[1954|54]] * Runner up [[Tercera División de España]] (2): [[1947-48]] y [[1950-51]] * Runner up [[Copa de Andalucía|Campeonato Centro-Sur]] en sus 2 ediciones ([[1932]]-[[1933|33]] y [[1933]]-[[1934|34]]) === Kejuaraan Mangsa Panas === * '''[[Trofeo Ramón de Carranza]] (5):''' [[1966]], [[1999]], [[2000]], [[2001]] y [[2007]] * '''[[Trofeo Ciudad de Sevilla]] (4):''' [[1974]], [[1975]], [[1977]] y [[1980]] * '''[[Trofeo Colombino]] (3):''' [[1968]], [[1983]] y [[1995]] * '''[[Copa Marques de Miguelturra]] (1):''' [[1911]] * '''[[Trofeo Luis Otero]] (1) * '''[[Trofeo Torre del Oro]] (1):''' [[1972]] * '''[[Trofeo Concepción Arenal]] (1):''' [[1958]] * '''[[Trofeo Ciudad de Granada]] (1):''' [[2007]] * '''[[Trofeo Ciudad de la Línea]] (1):''' [[1973]] * '''[[Trofeo Ciudad de Mallorca]] (1):''' [[1977]] * '''[[Trofeo Ciudad de Valladolid]] (1):''' [[1998]] * '''[[Trofeo Bahia de Cartagena]] (1):''' [[2002]] * '''[[Trofeo Guadiana]] (1):''' [[2004]] * '''[[Trofeo Bodas de Oro del Real Betis Balompié]] (3):''' [[1957]] * '''[[Trofeo Centenario del Real Betis Balompié]] (1):''' [[2007]] == Fans klub == Real Betis minangka tim bal-balan Andalusia kanthi jumlah cabang fans-klub ingkang kathah piyambak (362 fans klub).<ref>Guía Marca, temporada 2006-2007</ref> Jumlah total fans clubs ingkang kadhaptar kanthi resmi 340, Saking segi jumlah pendukungipun, Real Betis mapan ing urutan angka 6 (3,3%) antawising tim-tim bal-balan Spanyol miturut angket CIS wulan mei 2007, ing wingkingipun Real Madrid (32,8%), Barcelona (25,7%), Valencia (5,3%), Athletic (5,1%) lan [[Atlético de Madrid]] (4,3%).<ref>http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/2700_2719/2705/Es2705mar_A.pdf</ref> == Cathetan suku == <div class="reflist4" style="height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px noprint" > {{reflist|2}} </div> === Rujukan sajarah === * Libro de Registro que se conserva en la Delegación del Gobierno Civil de Sevilla en la Plaza de España (página 36, apunte nº 283) * Hemeroteca Municipal de Sevilla, diarios "La Unión", "El Liberal", "Sevilla", ABC y otros (1908-1914, 1926, 1932, 1936-40, 1947-54, 1958) * Enciclopedia de los Deportes, tomo sobre el RBB (1950, Francisco Narbona) * Especial revista "Oiga"- Historia RBB (1954, Nicolás Salas) * "50 años de fútbol sevillano" (1958, Manuel Benítez Salvatierra "Cesar del Arco", Editorial Selecciones Gráficas) * Especial Revista "Oiga" (Diciembre de 1958) * Especial ABC (Diciembre de 1958) * Historia del Real Betis Balompié (1985, Furest y Rodríguez, Biblioteca de Ediciones Andaluzas) * "Historia viva del Real Betis Balompié" (1993, Prensa Española) * La historia jamás contada del Real Betis Balompié" (2001, Manuel Carmona, Editorial Castillejo) * "Primeros pasos del fútbol sevillano" (2005, Juan Castro Prieto, Puntorojo libros) * Sección Historia, web oficial del centenario https://web.archive.org/web/20071028062218/http://www.tuyossiempre.com/Historia/historia.htm (2006-2007, Manuel Carmona Rodríguez, historiador del Centenario) == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.realbetisbalompie.es/ Situs resmi] * [http://www.tuyossiempre.com/ Web Situs resmi peringatan 100 th] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321135027/http://www.tuyossiempre.com/ |date=2007-03-21 }} {{La Liga}} [[Kategori:Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Tim La Liga]] [[Kategori:Real Betis]] sypxc31y78xgfkeggb4ycud84i2fb9v 0 98585 1758247 1449015 2026-09-27T00:58:57Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_President |name=John Kufuor |nationality=Ghana |image=John Kufuor 29112006.jpg |office=Présidhèn Ghana |order=11 |term_start=[[7]] [[Januari]] [[2001]] | term_end = [[7]] [[Januari]] [[2009]] |predecessor=[[Jerry Rawlings]] | successor = [[John Atta Mills]] |birth_date={{birth date and age |1938|12|8}} |birth_place=[[Kumasi, Ghana|Kumasi]], [[Wewengkon Ashante]] |dead=alive |death_date= |death_place= |spouse=[[Theresa Kufuor]] |party=[[Parté Patriotik Baru]] |vicepresident=[[Aliu Mahama]] |religion=[[Katulik Roma]] |profession =[[Pengacara]] |vicepresident=[[Aliu Mahama|Alhaji Aliu Mahama]] }} '''John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor''' ({{lahirmati||8|12|1938}}) inggih punika [[présidhèn]] [[Ghana]] wiwit tanggal [[7]] [[Januari]] [[2001]] dumugi tanggal [[7]] [[Januari]] [[2009]]. Piyambakipun nyalonaken dhiri wonten ing pemilu [[2000]] lan menang, nggantosaken [[Jerry Rawlings]], ingkang ngawonaken piyambakipun wonten ing pemilu sadèrèngipun, taun [[1996]], lan ngalami peralihan kekuasaan ingkang pisanan damai wiwit kamardikan nagara punika dipunbiwarakaken. kekalih pihak saking tiyang sepuhipun Kufuor asalipun saking kulawarga-kulawarga ingkang misuwur ingkang anggota-anggotanipun kalebet kepala suku, profésional, lan pulitikus. J.A. Kufuor palakrama kaliyan Theresa Kufuor, ingkang miyos kanthi namakulawarga Mensah. Palakramanipun dipunparingi 5 putra. Kufuor lan kulawarganipun minangka anggota [[Gréja Katulik Roma]].<ref>http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Ka-M/Kufuor-John-Agyekum.html</ref> ==Kabinet I John Kufuor ([[Januari]] [[2001]])== * John Agyekum Kufuor — Présidhèn Ghana * Hon. Aliu Mahama — Wakil Présidhèn * Prof. Christopher Ameyaw Akumfi — Mantri Pendidikan, kagantos déning; * Mr. Kwadwo Baah Wiredu— Mantri Pendidikan, Pemuda, dan Ulah raga * Mrs. Cecilia Bannerman — Mantri Tenaga Kerja Pembangunan & Pekerjaan * Prof. Albert Kan-Dapaah — Mantri Komunikasi * Hon. Yaw Osafo-Marfo — Mantri Keuangan * Mr. Jake Okanta Obetsebi-Lamptey — Mantri Informasi * Dr Kwame Addo-Kufuor — Mantri Pertahanan Lajeng tumindak minangka Mantri Dalam Negeri * Madam Hawa Yakubu — Mantri Pariwisata * Hon. Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu — Kementerian Pamaréntah Laladan & Pembangunan Pedésaan, kagantos déning; * Mr. Charles Bintim — Kementerian Pamaréntah Laladan & Pembangunan Pedésaan * Hon. Hackman Owusu-Agyeman — Mantri Urusan Luar Negeri, kagantos déning; * Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo — Mantri Urusan Luar Negeri * Major (Rtd) Courage Emmanuel Kobla Quashigah — Mantri Pangan lan Pertanian * Hon. Richard W. Anane — Mantri Keséhatan * Prof. Mike Oquaye — Mantri Lingkungan dan Pengetahuan * Hon. Kwamina Bartels — Mantri Pembangunan Sektor Swasta & PSI * Hon. Dr. Richard Winfred Anane — Mantri Transportasi Jalan * Prof. Christopher Ameyaw-Akumfi — Mantri untuk Habours & Kereta Api * Mr. Alan Kyeremanten — Mantri Perdagangan lan Industri * Hon. Malik Al-Hassan Yakubu — Mantri Urusan Dalam Negeri, kagantos déning; * Hon. Hackman Owusu-Agyeman — Mantri Urusan Dalam Negeri * Mr. Nana Addo Danquah Akufo-Addo — Jaksa Agung & Mantri Kehakiman, kagantos déning; * Hon. Papa Owusu Ankomah — Mantri Urusan Luar Negeri * Alhaji Mallam Issah — Mantri Pemuda dan Ulah raga, kagantos déning; * Hon. Papa Owusu Ankomah — Mantri Pemuda dan Ulah raga, kagantos déning; * Hon. Osei Kwaku — Mantri Pemuda dan Ulah raga * Hon. Albert Kan-Dapaah — Mantri Energi, kagantos déning; * Dr. Paa Kwesi Nduom — Mantri Energi * Dr. Paa Kwesi Nduom — Mantri Perencanaan Ékonomi & NEPAD * Hon. Felix Owusu Agyapong — Mantri Luar Parlemen * Miss Elizabeth Ohene — Mantri Nagara in Charge Pendidikan Tersier * Miss Christine Churcher — Mantri Nagara in Charge Dasar, Pendidikan Menengah & Gadis-Anak<ref>http://www.ghanacastle.gov.gh/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403180534/http://www.ghanacastle.gov.gh/ |date=2007-04-03 }} Official website of the Office of the President of Ghana</ref> ==Kabinet II John Kufuor ([[Januari]] [[2005]])== * John Agyekum Kufuor — Présidhèn * Hon. Aliu Mahama — Wakil Présidhèn * Yaw Osafo-Maafo — Mantri Pendidikan dan Ulah raga * Joseph K. Ada — Mantri Tenaga Kerja, Pemuda dan Pembangunan * Prof. Mike Oquaye — Mantri Energi * Hajia Alima Mahama — Mantri Urusan Perempuan dan Anak-anak * Kwadwo Baah Wiredu — Mantri Keuangan dan Perencanaan Ékonomi * Dan Botwe — Mantri Komunikasi * Dr Kwame Addo-Kufuor — Mantri Pertahanan * Jake Okanka Obetsebi-Lamptey — Mantri Pariwisata dan Modernisasi Ibu Kota * Charles Bintim — Mantri untuk Pamaréntahan Setempat dan Pembangunan Pedésaaan * Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo — Mantri Luar Negeri dan Urusan Persemakmuran * Ny. Gladys Asmah — Mantri Perikanan * Ernest Akobuor Debrah — Mantri Pertanian dan Pangan * Mayor (pens.) Courage Emmanuel Kobla Quashigah — Mantri Keséhatan * Nn. Christine Churcher — Mantri Lingkungan Hidup dan Ilmu Pengetahuan * Kwamina Bartels — Mantri untuk Pembangunan Sektor Swasta dan PSI * Dr. Richard Winfred Anane — Mantri Transportasi Jalan * Prof. Christopher Ameyaw-Akumfi — Mantri Urusan Pelabuhan dan Jalan Kereta Api * Alan Kyeremanten — Mantri Perdagangan dan Industri ==Kabinet III John Kufuor (2006)== * John Agyekum Kufuor — Présidhèn Ghana * Hon. Aliu Mahama — Wakil Présidhèn * Hon. Papa Owusu Ankama — Mantri Pendidikan, Ilmu Pengetahuan, dan Ulah raga * Hon. Joseph K. Adda — Mantri Tenaga Kerja, Pemuda dan Pembangunan * Prof. Mike Oquaye — Mantri Komunikasi * Hajia Alima Mahama — Mantri Urusan Perempuan dan Anak-anak * Hon. Kwadwo Baah Wiredu — Mantri Keuangan dan Perencanaan Ékonomi * Mr. Kwamina Bartels — Mantri Informasi dan Orientasi Nasional * Dr. Kwame Addo-Kufuor — Mantri Pertahanan * Mr Jake Okanka Obetsebi-Lamptey — Mantri Hubungan Pariwisata & Diaporan * Mr. Asamoah Boateng — Kementerian Laladan, Pembangunan Pedésaan Pamaréntah & Lingkungan * Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo — Mantri Luar Negeri dan NEPAD * Mrs. Gladys Asmah — Mantri Perikanan * Mr. Ernest Akobuor Debrah — Mantri Pangan dan Pertanian * Major (Rtd) Courage Emmanuel Kobla Quashigah — Mantri Keséhatan * Hon. Dr. Richard Winfred Anane — Mantri Perhubungan (Later Resigned) * Prof. Christopher Ameyaw-Akumfi — Mantri kanggé Ports, Habours & Kereta Api * Mr. Alan Kyeremanten — Mantri Perdagangan dan Industri, Private Sector Development & PSI * Mr. Albert Kan-Dapaah — Mantri Urusan Dalam Negeri * Mr. Joe Ghartey — Jaksa Agung & Mantri Kehakiman * Hon. Felix Owusu Agyapong — Mantri Luar Parlemen & Acting Mantri Perhubungan * Mr. Francis Poku — Mantri Keamanan Nasional * Mr. Kwadwo Mpiani — Mantri Luar Présidhèn * Hon. S.K. Boafo — Mantri Nagara in Charge Urusan Budaya & Chieftancy * Miss Elizabeth Ohene — Mantri Nagara ing Kepresidenan<ref>http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ Situs resmi Pamaréntah Ghana</ref> ==Cathetan suku== {{reflist}} {{start box}} {{succession box|title=[[Mantri Pamaréntahan Lokal]]|before=—|after=[[Acquah Harrison]]|years=1982}} {{succession box|title=[[Présidhèn Ghana]]|before=[[Jerry Rawlings]]|after=[[John Atta Mills]]|years=[[7]] [[Januari]] [[2001]]— [[7]] [[Januari]] [[2009]]}} {{incumbent succession box|title=[[Ketua Uni Afrika]]|before=[[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]]|after=Sedang Menjabat|start=[[2007]]}} {{incumbent succession box|title=[[Parté Patriotik Baru|Ketua Parté Patriotik Baru]]|before=[[Albert Adu Boahen]]|after=Saweg Njabat|start=[[2006]]}} {{end box}} [[Kategori:Lair 1938]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Présidèn Ghana]] 7r1to8vvw0olh6ljvgin8fxr13usglu 0 100338 1758265 1757900 2026-09-27T05:12:56Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox stadium | stadium_name = Seoul Olympic Stadium | nickname = Jamsil Olympic Stadium | image = [[File:Seoul.Olympic.Stadium.01 copy.jpg|250px]] | location = Songpa-gu, Seoul, Koréa Kidul | broke_ground = 28 November 1977 | opened = 29 September 1984 | closed = | demolished = | owner = Seoul Sports Facilities Management Center | operator = Seoul Sports Facilities Management Center | surface = Grass | construction_cost = 1,025 billion won | architect = | tenants = [[Seoul United FC|Seoul United]] (2007–2009) | former_names = | seating_capacity = 69,950 seats <br> 72,000 (Concerts) <br> 100,000 (Olympic Games) | dimensions = 110 x 75m }} {{Infobox Korean name | title = [[Korean name]] | hangul = 서울올림픽주경기장 | hanja = 首爾奧林匹克主竞技场 | rr = Seoul Olrimpik Jugyeonggijang | mr = Seoul Olrimp'ik Chukyŏngkichang }} ''Seoul Olympic Stadium''',<ref>[http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/south_korea/seoul/seoul_olympic.shtml "Seoul Olympic Stadium"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203113708/http://worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/south_korea/seoul/seoul_olympic.shtml |date=2009-02-03 }} ''World Stadiums''. Retrieved 12 Oktober 2011</ref> aka ''Jamsil Olympic Stadium'' (sadurungé romanisasi minangka ''Chamshil'') dumunung ing [[Seoul]], [[Koréa Kidul]]. Iki minangka stadium utama kang dibangun [[1988 Summer Olympics]] lan [[1986 Asian Games|10th Asian Games]] taun 1986. Iki uga minangka inti saka [[Seoul Sports Complex]] ing [[Songpa-gu]] District, ing wétan laut saka kidul kutha [[Han River (Koréa)|Han River]].<ref>[http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=10908&lang=en&m=0004003002019&p=03 "Seoul Jamshil Sports Complex"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612121014/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004003002019&p=03&art_id=10908&lang=en |date=2010-06-12 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004003002019&p=03&art_id=10908&lang=en |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612121014/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004003002019&p=03&art_id=10908&lang=en |archive-date=2010-06-12 |url-status=bot: unknown}} ''Seoul Tourism Organization''. Retrieved 12 Oktober 2011</ref> ==Désain lan konstruksi== Stadium didésain déning [[Kim Swoo Geun]]. Garis profil stadium nuladha kurva elegan saka [[Dinasti Joseon]] Koréa vas porselen. Kursi penonton didistribusekake ing rong tataran, bener-bener katutup. Wiwitane dibangun kanthi kapasitas udakara 100.000, saiki ngemot 69.950. Sadurunge konstruksi, papan panggonan gedhé dhéwé ing Seoul ya iku [[Dongdaemun Stadium]] lan [[Stadion Hyochang]]. Panggonan lungguhe ya iku 30.000 lan 20.000. Kabèh iki banget sitihike yèn kanggo narik acara ulah raga kelas dunya. Pambangunan stadion anyar diwiwiti ing taun 1977 kanthi ancas pementasan [[Asian Games]] taun 1986. Nanging, nalika Seoul dianugerahi Tetandhingan Olimpiade XXIV wulan September 1981, stadion iki dadi pusate. ==Ulah raga== Stadium dibukak tanggal 29 September 1984, lan disiapake minangka papan panggonan kanggo [[1986 Asian Games|10th Asian Games]] rong taun candhaké, banjur Olympics ing taun 1988. Nanging, ora kanggo nganakake acara utama dunya wiwit wektu iku. Babagan iki saiki digunakaké minangka stadium omah [[Seoul United FC]] ing [[Challengers League]]. Prastawa iki dianakake déning stadion sasuwéné Olimpiade ya iku Pambuka lan Panutup Upacara, [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics|atletik]], final [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|sepakbola]] finals, lan final lompat individu [[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|equestrian]].<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/1988v1p1.pdf "1988 Summer Olympics official report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118220933/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/1988v1p1.pdf |date=2008-11-18 }} Volume 1. Part 1. pp. 162-3.</ref> ==Konser== Wiwit Olimpiade wis nganakake manéka acara, wong paling kondhang manggoni papan panggonan konser kanggo seniman Koréa lan seniman internasional. * [[Seo Taiji]] * [[H.O.T]] * ''SM Summer Town Festival'' olèh [[SM Town]]: 15 - 17 Juli 2006: Kangta, TVXQ, The Trax, TSZX, Super Junior dan Black Beat<ref>{{cite news|title=K-Pop and Magic to Go On Stage|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/content/cms_view_294977.jsp|accessdate=11 November 2012|newspaper=Koréa Tourism Organization|date=30 June 2006}}</ref> * ''[[SMTown Live '08]]''<ref>Han, Sang-hee [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/include/print.asp?newsIdx=29078 "Concerts to Rock Independence Day"] ''Koréa Times''. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2012</ref> * [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]] (MAMA), diselenggarakan olèh [[Mnet Media]]: 21 November 2009<ref>{{cite news|last=Ji-Eun|first=Choi|title=2009 MAMA: Mama, where is my other half?|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009112409202069535|accessdate=26 April 2012|newspaper=Asiae|date=25 November 2009}}</ref> * [[Asia Song Festival|4th Asia Song Festival]], diselenggarakan olèh ''Koréa Foundation for International Culture Exchange'', pada 2010.<ref>[http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2010y.asp "7th Asia Song Festival"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612015209/http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2010y.asp |date=2011-06-12 }} ''KOFICE''. 23 October 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2011</ref> * ''[[SMTown Live '10 World Tour]]'' olèh [[SM Town]]: [[Kangta]], [[BoA]], [[TVXQ]], [[The Grace (grup musik)|The Grace]], [[Super Junior]], [[TRAX]], [[Girls' Generation]], [[Zhang Liyin]], [[SHINee]], [[f(x) (grup musik)|f(x)]].<ref>[http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/07/178_68702.html "SM Entertainment to launch world tour"]. ''[[The Korea Times]]''. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010</ref> * ''[[SMTown Live World Tour III]]'' olèh [[SM Town]]: [[Kangta]], [[BoA]], [[TVXQ]], [[The Grace (grup musik)|The Grace Dana & Sunday]], [[Super Junior]], [[Girls' Generation]], [[J-Min]], [[SHINee]], [[f(x) (grup musik)|f(x)]], [[EXO (grup musik)|EXO]].<ref>{{cite news|title=S.M. Entertainment artists to hold joint performance in Seoul|url=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120705000965|accessdate=29 March 2013|newspaper=Koréa Herald|date=5 July 2012|archive-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328113352/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120705000965|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Konser (Internasional)== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Date!!Performer(s)!!Notes |- |style="text-align: left;"|11–13 Oktober 1996 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Michael Jackson]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: 135,000 |- |style="text-align: left;"|25 Juni 1999 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Michael Jackson]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: 70,000 |- |style="text-align: left;"|7 Oktober 2000 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Ricky Martin]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: |- |style="text-align: left;"|2 April 2002 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Roger Waters]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: |- |style="text-align: left;"|2002/2004 |style="text-align: left;"|[[ETPFEST]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: |- |style="text-align: left;"|2004 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Elton John]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: 25,000 |- |style="text-align: left;"|15 Agustus 2006 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Metallica]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: |- |style="text-align: left;"|27 April 2012 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Lady Gaga]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: 51,684 |- |style="text-align: left;"|17 Agustus 2013 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Muse]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: |- |style="text-align: left;"|18 Agustus 2013 |style="text-align: left;"|[[Metallica]] |style="text-align: left;"|Attendance: |- |} ==Réferènsi== {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{commons category|Seoul Sports Complex}} * [http://stadium.seoul.go.kr/reserve/reserve_01_01_01.html Seoul Sports Facilities Management Center] {{ko icon}} {{s-start}} {{succession box | before = [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] <br> [[Los Angeles]] | title = [[Summer Olympics]]<br>Opening and Closing Ceremonies (Olympic Stadium) | years = [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]] | after = [[Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys|Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc]] <br> [[Barcelona, Spain|Barcelona]] }} {{succession box | before = [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] <br> [[Los Angeles]] | title = [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Athletics competitions]]<br>Main Venue | years = [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]] | after = [[Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys|Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc]] <br> [[Barcelona, Spain|Barcelona]] }} {{Succession box | before = [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]] <br> [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] | title = [[Summer Olympics]] <br> [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Football Men's Finals]] (Olympic Stadium) | years = [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]] | after = [[Camp Nou]] <br> [[Barcelona]] }} {{s-end}} {{coord|37|30|57.2|N|127|04|21.9|E|type:landmark|display=title}} == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Songpa District]] [[Kategori:Olympic stadiums|Seoul]] [[Kategori:Venue atletik di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Venue ulah raga di Seoul]] [[Kategori:Venue sepakbola di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Stadion nasional|Koréa, South]] [[Kategori:1988 Summer Olympic venues]] [[Kategori:Venue atletik Olimpiade]] [[Kategori:Stadion Asian Games]] rjedkg2p6472gtkivs7em16zbp3oxop 0 134335 1758254 1748915 2026-09-27T02:27:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758254 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Infobox starts !--> {{Infobox settlement | name = Lagos | official_name = Lagos Metropolitan Area <br> {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:85%; |{{native name|yo|Ìlú Èkó}}}} | native_name ={{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:85%; |Èkó}} | type = Metropolis | image_skyline = | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Searah jarum jam dari atas: [[Pulau Victoria, Lagos|Pulau Victoria]] dari Teluk Guinea, [[Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge]], [[Apapa|Apapa Port]], [[National Arts Theatre|National Arts Theatre, Iganmu]], [[Ikeja City Mall|The Ikeja City Mall]], dan [[Pulau Lagos|The Lagos Island CBD]]. | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = '''Lasgidi'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|title=18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website|date=18 Juni 2012|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=2 Oktober 2012|location=Abuja, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027230021/http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|archive-date=2012-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|title=Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles|date=22 Agustus 2012|work=[[ThisDay]]|accessdate=2 Oktober 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | motto = Èkó ò ní bàjé o! | image_map = Location of Lagos.png | map_caption = Lagos dalam [[Lagos (praja Nigeria)|Negara Pérangan Lagos]] | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Lagos di Nigeria | latd = 6.455027 | longd = 3.384082 | coordinates_display = title | coordinates_region = NG | subdivision_type = Negara | subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Pratélan praja di Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lagos (praja Nigeria)|Negara Pérangan Lagos]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA(s)]]{{refn|group=note|Metropolitan Lagos terdiri dari 16 dari 20 LGA di Negara Pérangan Lagos, yang tidak mencakup: [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Lagos State|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] dan [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop">{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php | title=Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas | publisher=City Population | date=21 Maret 2015 | accessdate=26 Oktober 2015}}</ref><ref name="metropolitan Lagos">{{cite web | url=https://ng.boell.org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth | title=Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth | date=2 Juli 2015 | accessdate=26 Oktober 2015}}</ref>}} | subdivision_name2 = {{collapsible list|title=Pratélan |'''Pulau'''<hr>[[Amuwo-Odofin]]<br>[[Apapa]]<br>[[Eti-Osa]]<br>[[Lagos Island]]<br>'''Daratan utama'''<hr>[[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]]<br>[[Lagos Mainland]]<br>[[Surulere]]<br>'''Suburban'''<hr>[[Agege]]<br>[[Alimosho]]<br>[[Ifako-Ijaiye]]<br>[[Ikeja]]<br>[[Kosofe]]<br>[[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]]<br>[[Ojo, Lagos State|Ojo]]<br>[[Oshodi-Isolo]]<br>[[Shomolu]] |}} | established_title = Dihuni | established_date = Abad kaping 15 | founder = Subgrup [[Suku Awori|Awori]] dari [[Bangsa Yoruba|Yoruba]] | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_title1 = [[Oba dari Lagos|Oba]] | leader_name1 = [[Rilwan Akiolu]] I | area_footnotes = <ref name="metrolagospop"/> | area_total_km2 = 1171.28 | area_land_km2 = 999.6 | area_water_km2 = 171.68 | area_urban_km2 = 907 | area_metro_km2 = 1535.4 | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 135 | population_footnotes ={{refn|group=note|Metropolitan Lagos terdiri dari 16 dari 20 LGA di Negara Pérangan Lagos, yang tidak mencakup: [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Negara Pérangan Lagos|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] dan [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA025 | title=Lagos (State, Nigeria) | publisher=population.de | accessdate=25 Juli 2016}}</ref>}} | population_total = 8,048,430 | population_density_km2 = 6,871 | population_as_of = sensus 2006 | population_rank = [[Pratélan kutha di Nigeria menurut populasi|1]] | population_est = 16,060,303<ref name="LASG">{{cite web | url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 | title=Population-Lagos State | publisher=[[Lagos State Government]] | accessdate=21 Fèbruari 2016 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 | archive-date=18 Oktober 2015}}</ref> | pop_est_as_of = 2012 olèh [[Lagos State Government|LASG]] | pop_est_as_of_density_km2 = 13,712 | population_urban = 13,123,000<ref name=Demographia>{{cite book|author1=Demographia|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|date=Januari 2015|edition=11th|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|accessdate=2 Maret 2015}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 =14,469 | population_metro = 21,000,000 (perkiraan)<ref name="Lagos State Government" /> | population_density_metro_km2 = 13,677 | population_demonym = Lagosian | demographics_type1 = [[Pratélan kutha menurut PDB|PDB]] | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = | demographics1_info3 = | gini = | gini_year = | gini_category = | area_code = [[Nomor telepon di Nigeria|010]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA87&redir_esc=y|title= Bradt Travel Guides|edition=3rd|publisher=Paperback|isbn=978-1-8416-2397-9|author=Lizzie Williams|page=87|accessdate=26 Juli 2014}}</ref> | timezone = [[Waktu Afrika Barat|WAT]] (UTC+1) | utc_offset = +1 | blank_name = [[Klasifikasi iklim Köppen|Iklim]] | blank_info = [[Iklim sabana tropis|Aw]] | website = | footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends !--> '''Lagos''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|ɡ|ɒ|s}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/lagos | title=Lagos | publisher=Oxford Dictionary | accessdate=28 Novèmber 2015 | archive-date=2016-08-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820020917/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/lagos | url-status=dead }}</ref> ([[basa Yoruba|Yoruba]]: '''Èkó''') iku sawijining kutha ing [[Negara pérangan ing Nigéria|Negara Pérangan]] [[Negara Pérangan Lagos|Lagos]] ing [[Nigéria]]. Kutha, karo konurbasi kang gandhengan, iku gedhé dhéwé ing Nigéria, sarta ing bawana Afrika. Iku salah siji kutha kang paling rikat tuwuh ing donya<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5TP7bsXnkC&pg=PA202&dq=|title=African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative|publisher=UN-HABITAT|year=2006|isbn= 9789211318159|page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMnj88kYVmcC&pg=PT60&dq=|title=Key Concepts in Creative Industries|page=47|author1=John Hartley|author2=Jason Potts|author3=Terry Flew|author4= Stuart Cunningham|author5= Michael Keane|author6= John Banks|publisher= SAGE|year=2012|isbn=978-1-446-2028-90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJb1QpZz_4C&pg=PA118&dq=|title=Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance|page=118|author1=Helmut K Anheier|author2=Yudhishthir Raj Isar|publisher=SAGE|year=2012|isbn=9781446258507}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy-de29AtvYC&pg=PA163&dq=|title=Hidden Innovation: Policy, Industry and the Creative Sector (Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series) |author=Stuart Cunningham|publisher=Univ. of Queensland Press|page=163|year=2013|isbn= 978-0-702-2509-89}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ_ZLuqZT54C&pg=PA71&dq=|title=Cities and Nature|page=71|publisher=Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City|author1=Lisa Benton-Short|author2=John Rennie Short|year=2013|isbn=9781134252749}}</ref><ref name=afropolis>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&pg=PA18&dq=|title=Afropolis: City Media Art|author1=Kerstin Pinther|author2=Larissa Förster|author3=Christian Hanussek|publisher=Jacana Media|year=2012|page=18|isbn=978-1-431-4032-57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JPIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&dq=|title=The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World|author1=Salif Diop|author2= Jean-Paul Barusseau|page=66|author3=Cyr Descamps|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=978-3-319-0638-81}}</ref> lan uga siji saka [[aglomerasi urban]] paling akèh sing ndunungi donya.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/08/opinion/what-makes-lagos-a-model-city.html?_r=0 | title=What Makes Lagos a Model City | publisher=New York Times | date=7 Januari 2014 | accessdate=16 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref name="John Campbell">{{cite news |url= http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/this-is-africas-new-biggest-city-lagos-nigeria-population-25-million/259611/ |title=This Is Africa's New Biggest City: Lagos, Nigeria, Population 21 Million |author=John Campbell |date=10 Juli 2012 |work=The Atlantic |location =Washington DC |accessdate=23 Sèptèmber 2012}}</ref> Lagos minangka [[pusat finansial]] utama ing Afrika; [[kutha mega]] iki duwé PDB gedhé dhéwé,<ref name="metropolitan Lagos"/> lan uga nggoné siji saka [[Apapa|plabuhan gedhé dhéwé lan paling sibuk]] ing Afrika.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/81995/africas-biggest-shipping-ports/ | title=Africa's biggest shipping ports | publisher=Businesstech | date=8 Maret 2015 | accessdate=26 Oktober 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-VwMKQlGjIC&q=|title=Africa, Volume 1 of Cities of the world: a compilation of current information on cultural, geographical, and political conditions in the countries and cities of six continents, based on the Department of State's "post reports"|author1=Brian Rajewski,|publisher=Gale Research International, Limited,|year=1998|isbn=9780810376922}}</ref><ref name=global>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lzt7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315&dq=|page=315|title=Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement|author1=Loretta Lees|author2=Hyun Bang Shin|author3=Ernesto López Morales|publisher=Policy Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-447-3134-89}}</ref> ==Géografi== ===Iklim=== {{Weather box |location = Lagos ([[Bandar Udara Internasional Murtala Muhammed]]) 1961–1990, ekstrem: 1886–saiki |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 40.0 |Feb record high C = 37.1 |Mar record high C = 37.0 |Apr record high C = 39.6 |May record high C = 37.0 |Jun record high C = 37.6 |Jul record high C = 33.2 |Aug record high C = 33.0 |Sep record high C = 33.2 |Oct record high C = 33.7 |Nov record high C = 39.9 |Dec record high C = 36.4 |year record high C = 40.0 |Jan high C = 32.2 |Feb high C = 33.2 |Mar high C = 32.9 |Apr high C = 32.2 |May high C = 30.9 |Jun high C = 29.3 |Jul high C = 28.2 |Aug high C = 28.3 |Sep high C = 28.9 |Oct high C = 30.3 |Nov high C = 31.4 |Dec high C = 31.8 |year high C = 30.8 |Jan mean C = 27.3 |Feb mean C = 28.4 |Mar mean C = 28.5 |Apr mean C = 28.0 |May mean C = 27.0 |Jun mean C = 25.6 |Jul mean C = 25.2 |Aug mean C = 25.0 |Sep mean C = 25.5 |Oct mean C = 26.4 |Nov mean C = 27.2 |Dec mean C = 27.2 |year mean C = 26.8 |Jan low C = 22.4 |Feb low C = 23.7 |Mar low C = 24.1 |Apr low C = 23.7 |May low C = 23.2 |Jun low C = 21.9 |Jul low C = 22.3 |Aug low C = 21.8 |Sep low C = 22.1 |Oct low C = 22.4 |Nov low C = 23.0 |Dec low C = 22.5 |year low C = 22.8 |Jan record low C = 12.6 |Feb record low C = 16.1 |Mar record low C = 14.0 |Apr record low C = 14.9 |May record low C = 20.0 |Jun record low C = 21.2 |Jul record low C = 15.0 |Aug record low C = 19.0 |Sep record low C = 13.0 |Oct record low C = 17.9 |Nov record low C = 11.1 |Dec record low C = 11.6 |year record low C = 11.1 |Jan precipitation mm = 13.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 40.6 |Mar precipitation mm = 84.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 146.3 |May precipitation mm = 202.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 315.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 243.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 121.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 160.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 125.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 39.7 |Dec precipitation mm = 14.8 |year precipitation mm = 1506.6 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1.5 |Feb precipitation days = 2.8 |Mar precipitation days = 6.6 |Apr precipitation days = 9.0 |May precipitation days = 12.5 |Jun precipitation days = 16.2 |Jul precipitation days = 13.2 |Aug precipitation days = 11.6 |Sep precipitation days = 12.7 |Oct precipitation days = 11.2 |Nov precipitation days = 4.9 |Dec precipitation days = 2.1 |year precipitation days = 104.3 |Jan humidity = 81 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 76 |Apr humidity = 82 |May humidity = 84 |Jun humidity = 87 |Jul humidity = 87 |Aug humidity = 85 |Sep humidity = 86 |Oct humidity = 87 |Nov humidity = 84 |Dec humidity = 82 |year humidity = 83 |Jan sun = 164.3 |Feb sun = 168.0 |Mar sun = 173.6 |Apr sun = 180.0 |May sun = 176.7 |Jun sun = 114.0 |Jul sun = 99.2 |Aug sun = 108.5 |Sep sun = 114.0 |Oct sun = 167.4 |Nov sun = 186.0 |Dec sun = 192.2 |year sun = 1843.9 | source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (kelembaban, 1952–1967),<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_652010_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Lagos-Ikeja (Flugh.) / Nigeria | publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure | accessdate = 7 Juli 2016}}</ref> NOAA (srengéngé)<ref name = NOAA> {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65201.TXT | title = Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | accessdate = 7 Juli 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = Meteo Climat (rekor tinggi dan cendhèk)<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1769 | title = Station Murtala | publisher = Meteo Climat | language = bahasa Prancis | accessdate = 7 Juli 2016}}</ref> }} ==Cathetan== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==Réferènsi== {{Reflist|30em}} == Pranala njaba == {{Sister project links | commons=Lagos, Nigeria | voy=Lagos}} * {{Official website|http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/}} * [http://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ State Judiciary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124234551/http://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ |date=2005-01-24 }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kutha ing Nigéria]] {{Nigeria-stub}} 8athn9qegrru0cxult0y2g1irifmkrc 0 160956 1758268 1733887 2026-09-27T05:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=Steve Jobs|image=SteveJobsposter.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Poster film ''Steve Jobs''|director=[[Danny Boyle]]|producer=Danny Boyle<br>Guymon Casady<br>Christian Colson<br>Mark Gordon<br>[[Scott Rudin]]|screenplay=[[Aaron Sorkin]]|based on={{Based on|''[[Steve Jobs (buku)|Steve Jobs]]''|[[Walter Isaacson]]}}|starring=[[Michael Fassbender]]<br>[[Kate Winslet]]<br>[[Seth Rogen]]<br>[[Jeff Daniels]]|music=Daniel Pemberton|cinematography=Alwin H. Küchler|editing=Elliot Graham|studio=[[Legendary Pictures]]<br>Scott Rudin Productions<br>Mark Gordon Company<br>Entertainment 360<br>Decibel Films<br>Cloud Eight Films|distributor=[[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3604784/steve-jobs-movie-universal/|title=Steve Jobs Movie Scooped Up by Universal|last=Luckerson|first=Victor|work=TIME.com|date=November 25, 2014|accessdate=December 29, 2014|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165719/http://time.com/3604784/steve-jobs-movie-universal/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|released={{film date|2015|9|5|[[Festival Film Telluride]]|2015|10|9|terbatas di Amerika Serikat|2015|10|23|secara luas di Amerika Serikat}}|runtime=122 menit<!--Theatrical runtime: 122:16--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/steve-jobs-film|title=''STEVE JOBS'' (15)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=October 8, 2015|accessdate=October 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305205050/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/steve-jobs-film|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>|country=Amerika Serikat|language=Bahasa Inggris|budget=$30 juta<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jobs2015.htm|title=Steve Jobs (2015)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=([[Amazon.com]])|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref>|gross=$34,441,873<ref name="BOM" />}} '''''Steve Jobs''''' yaiku film biografi Amerika Serikat taun 2015 sing diarahake dening [[Danny Boyle]] lan digawé dening Danny Boyle, Guymon Casady, Christian Colson, Mark Gordon lan Scott Rudin . Naskah film iki ditulis dening Aaron Sorkin adhedhasar buku ''Steve Jobs'' dening Walter Isaacson lan kisah nyata saka pendiri [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] yaiku [[Steve Jobs]] . Juru paragane [[Michael Fassbender]], [[Kate Winslet]], Seth Rogen lan Jeff Daniels . Film kasebut bakal ditindakake ing dina-dina sing bakal ngetokake produk utama kalebu Apple Macintosh 128K, NeXT Komputer lan iMac G3. Film ''Steve Jobs'' wiwit ditayangke ing Festival Film Telluride tanggal 5 September 2015 <ref name="prvar">{{Cite news|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/jobs-michael-fassbender-new-york-film-festival-1201549347/|title=''Steve Jobs'' Starring Michael Fassbender to Screen at New York Film Festival|last=Setoodeh|first=Ramin|date=July 1, 2015|work=Variety|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fjobs-michael-fassbender-new-york-film-festival-1201549347%2F&date=2016-09-03|archive-date=2016-09-03|url-status=live}}</ref> lan dirilis ing Amerika Serikat tanggal 9 Oktober 2015 kanthi winates lan tanggal 23 Oktober 2015.<ref name="early">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/universal-s-steve-jobs-release-822408|title=Universal's ''Steve Jobs'' to Release Early in New York, Los Angeles|last=Washington|first=Arlene|date=September 11, 2015|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Funiversal-s-steve-jobs-release-822408&date=2016-09-03|archive-date=2016-09-03|url-status=live|access-date=September 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="tweeks">{{Cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/universal-tweaks-steve-jobs-release-1201591040/|title=Universal Tweaks ''Steve Jobs'' Release|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=September 11, 2015|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Funiversal-tweaks-steve-jobs-release-1201591040%2F&date=2016-09-03|archive-date=2016-09-03|url-status=live|access-date=September 12, 2015}}</ref> Film iki ditampa kanthi ulasan apik saka juru kritik. == Paraga == * [[Michael Fassbender]] minangka [[Steve Jobs]], pangadeg [[Apple Inc.]] <ref name="cast">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cultofmac.com/310397/meet-official-cast-steve-jobs-movie/|title=Meet the official cast of the Steve Jobs movie|last=Hein|first=Buster|date=January 28, 2015|publisher=Cultofmac|access-date=July 12, 2015}}</ref> * [[Kate Winslet]] minangka Joanna Hoffman, eksekutif marketing Apple lan NeXT lan kanca saka Steve Jobs.<ref name="cast" /> * Seth Rogen minangka Steve Wozniak, pangadeg Apple lan panyipta Apple II.<ref name="cast" /> * Jeff Daniels minangka John Sculley, CEO saka Apple wiwit taun 1983 nganti 1993.<ref name="cast" /> * Katherine Waterston minangka Chrisann Brennan, bekas kekasih Jobs lan ibu Lisa Brennan-Jobs.<ref name="cast" /> * Michael Stuhlbarg minangka Andy Hertzfeld, anggota tim Mac pisanan.<ref name="cast" /> * Makenzie Moss, Ripley Sobo lan Perla Haney-Jardine minangka Lisa Brennan-Jobs (pirang-pirang abad), putri saka Steve Jobs lan Chrisann Brennan.<ref name="cast" /> * Sarah Snook minangka Andrea Cunningham, Macintosh lan manajer acara launch iMac.<ref name="cast" /> * Adam Shapiro minangka Avie Tevanian, teknisi perangkat lunak NeXT lan Apple.<ref name="cast" /> * John Ortiz minangka Joel Pforzheimer, wartawan ''GQ sing'' diwawancarai Proyek ing saindhenging film.<ref name="cast" /> * Stan Roth minangka George Coates, direktur teater situs peluncuran kanggo NeXT Computer. == Tanggepane juru kritik == Film ''Steve Jobs'' nampa ulasan apik saka juru kritik. Adhedhasar ''Tomat Rotten'', film kang nduweni rating 86%, miturut 288 review, kanthi rating rata-rata 7.6 / 10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/steve_jobs_2015|title=Steve Jobs (2015)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Adhedhasar ''Metacritic'', pikantuk nilai 82 saking 100, adhedhasar 45 kritik, nuduhake "pangenalan universal".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/steve-jobs|title=Steve Jobs reviews|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Adhedhasar ''CinemaScore'', film iki pikantuk nilai "A-" saka panonton film kanggo skala A + nganti F.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com/|title=CinemaScore|website=cinemascore.com}}</ref> == Box office == Film ''Steve Jobs'' pikantuk $ 17,766,658 ing Amerika Utara lan $ 16,675,215 ing negara liya. Total pendapatane sing ditampa dening film iki mencapai $ 34,441,873, ngluwihi anggaran produksi film $ 30 yuta.<ref name="BOM" /> Ing bukaan akhir minggu sing winates, film iki entuk $ 521,522, ana ing posisi kaping 16 ing box office. Nanging, ing bukune akhir minggu iki, film kasebut entuk $ 7,105,735, urutan 7 ing box office.<ref name="BOM" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{IMDb title|2080374|Steve Jobs}} * {{Mojo title|jobs2015|Steve Jobs}} * {{Metacritic film|steve-jobs|Steve Jobs}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|steve_jobs_2015|Steve Jobs}} [[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Filem drama]] [[Kategori:Filem abasa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Kaca mawa pertalan kang durung kapriksa]] jjeez4vccsfn9cqoj9ctm2werpahm6g 0 161952 1758243 1754762 2026-09-27T00:46:57Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jaka''' punika wong lanang kang enom, lan biasane isih [[Bocah|anak]] utawa cah cilik . Nalika dhèwèké dadi wong diwasa, dhèwèké diarani wong [[lanang]] . Pambeda paling katingal antarane jaka lan bocah wadon perawan sing khas yaiku saka kelamin dhèwèké. Nanging, sawetara bocah interseks yaiku duweni kelamin kang ambigu, uga wong transgender genetika wadon, bisa ngenali dhèwèké dhewe minangka jaka. Jaka yaiku istilah umum digunakake kanggo nunjukake pambeda biologis, pambeda budaya ana ing peran jender, utawa loro-lorone. Istilah iki bisa digabungake karo macem-macem tembung liyane kanggo ngreksa label sing gegayutan karo jender iki minangka tembung majemuk. == Gladri== <gallery> Gambar:Fayum02.jpg|| Gambar:WalterRaleighandson.jpg|| Gambar:C L Vogel Die Söhne des Künstlers.jpg|| Gambar:Ernst Weise Geschwister an der Ostsee 1915.jpg|| Gambar:Human baby.JPG|| Gambar:Kid boy.jpg|| Gambar:Felicidade A very happy boy 2.jpg|| Gambar:Ethtigregch2.jpg|| Kathmandu 2007-12-0146 (2567727788).jpg Lete, Boy, Kali Gandaki Valley, Nepal.jpg Varanasi, India, Boy.jpg Muktinath Valley, Boy, Nepal.jpg U Bein, Happiness, Mandalay, Myanmar.jpg Lete, Boys 2, Kali Gandaki Valley, Nepal.jpg Gambar:Puppetry.jpg|| Gambar:Mesa Grande refugee camp 1987 099.jpg|| </gallery> == Deleng uga == * Boy band * Shōnen * Mangan == Rujukan == {{Portal|Maskulinisme|Hak asasi manusia}} * [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=boy&searchmode=none Étimologi Online] - entri kanggo "bocah" * HH Malincrodt, ''Latijn-Nederlands woordenboek'' (kamus Latin-Belanda) * Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary * {{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsele0000carl_w7x4|last=Buck|first=Carl Darling|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-226-07937-0|location=Chicago|author-link=Carl Darling Buck|orig-year=1949}} {{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsele0000carl_w7x4|last=Buck|first=Carl Darling|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-226-07937-0|location=Chicago|author-link=Carl Darling Buck|orig-year=1949}} {{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsele0000carl_w7x4|last=Buck|first=Carl Darling|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-226-07937-0|location=Chicago|author-link=Carl Darling Buck|orig-year=1949}} {{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsele0000carl_w7x4|last=Buck|first=Carl Darling|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-226-07937-0|location=Chicago|author-link=Carl Darling Buck|orig-year=1949}} == Wacan liyane == * Sommers, Christina Hoff (2000). ''Perang nglawan Gadjah Mada: Cacahé Feminisme Sialan Ngrabag Kita Enom Wong'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. 251 p. {{ISBN|0-684-84956-9}} == Pranala njaba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060501135951/http://www.boyhoodstudies.com/ Studi Bocah], situs web lan jurnal kanggo sinau babagan bocah lanang * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150610195707/http://boyhoodstudies.com/board Forum Studi Bocah-bocah], ngrembug babagan warta, riset anyar * [http://members.tripod.com/~histclo/ Sejarah Boys 'Clothing] [[Kategori:Wong]] [[Kategori:Manungsa]] hrxy3jf7i35xapwoxw0q3406h3uxp67 4 165026 1758278 1757071 2026-09-27T11:55:33Z MediaWiki message delivery 19967 /* Berita Teknis: 2026-39 */ pérangan anyar 1758278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Pambuka}} <div style="display: none;"> {{Naraguna:LabdajiwaBot/konfig arsip |archive = Wikipédia:Angkringan Warta/Arsip %(year)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 0 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} </div> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-36</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Format baru Daftar Harapan Komunitas kini telah dibuka untuk mendapatkan masukan. Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|membaca gagasan-gagasan yang diusulkan di Meta]]. Proses baru ini dirancang untuk meningkatkan cara harapan komunitas diseleksi dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan prioritas, dipungut suaranya, dan ditetapkan prioritas pengerjaannya, dengan cara yang transparan dan seimbang di berbagai kelompok proyek dan edisi bahasa. Konsultasi ini dibuka selama dua pekan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Rilis terbaru aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android mencakup pembaruan pada fitur Tersimpan, sehingga pengalaman menyimpan artikel di aplikasi kini lebih mendekati pengalaman di aplikasi iOS dan Web. Pembaruan ini mendesain ulang tab Tersimpan dengan tampilan "Semua artikel", menghapus daftar bacaan "Tersimpan" yang sebelumnya tersedia secara bawaan, mengganti nama daftar bacaan menjadi "Koleksi", dan memodernisasi pengalaman menyimpan artikel. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Daftar Bacaan]] telah diaktifkan untuk semua pengguna yang masuk log pada Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, dan Vietnam pada 25 Agustus, setelah tersedia sebagai fitur beta selama beberapa bulan. Fitur ini akan tersedia untuk semua pengguna yang masuk log di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, dan Indonesia pada 1 September, kemudian di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 September, dan di seluruh wiki Wikipedia lainnya pada 28 September. * Pada akhir bulan ini, sebagian pembaca yang belum masuk log di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Ceko, Persia, Inggris, dan Polandia, yang menggunakan kulit Minerva pada perangkat seluler, akan melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|bilah navigasi yang diperbarui]] dalam sebuah [[w:A/B test|uji A/B]]. Pengujian ini akan membandingkan bilah navigasi saat ini dengan versi baru yang dirancang agar pembaca dapat menemukan informasi dengan lebih cepat dan mudah. Tujuannya adalah mengetahui apakah perubahan tersebut mendorong pembaca untuk lebih sering kembali. Eksperimen ini tidak akan mengubah pengalaman pengguna yang telah masuk log dan/atau para penyunting. * Para penyunting yang mengelola pengalihan, templat, dan kategori yang digunakan pada halaman pengalihan kini memiliki cara yang lebih baik untuk menemukan dan mengelola pengalihan. Sebelumnya, halaman pengalihan tidak dapat dicari. Dua kata kunci pencarian baru, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, kini memungkinkan pengalihan dicari secara langsung dan dapat digabungkan dengan kata kunci yang sudah ada, seperti <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * Perangkat pencarian ISBN yang digunakan untuk membuat sitasi baru-baru ini tidak berfungsi karena terdapat masalah pada layanan eksternal. Para pengembang sedang mengupayakan solusinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pencarian halaman berdasarkan kategori menggunakan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> tidak memberikan hasil atau justru memberikan hasil yang tidak berkaitan kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Domain URL untuk keluku berubah dari upload.wikimedia.org menjadi thumb.wikimedia.org. URL lama masih dapat digunakan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan, tetapi MediaWiki akan menggunakan domain baru tersebut dalam URL yang ditampilkannya. URL untuk jenis media lainnya, seperti berkas, video, dan hasil transkode asli, tetap akan disajikan melalui upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] kini telah berstatus usang. Titik akhir API tersebut akan dihentikan sepenuhnya pada akhir September 2026. Para pengembang yang menggunakan titik akhir ini harus beralih ke solusi perenderan matematika alternatif, seperti [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] atau [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax] bawaan. Instalasi MediaWiki pihak ketiga yang menggunakan ekstensi Math untuk merender rumus diwajibkan melakukan peningkatan ke versi 1.43 atau yang lebih baru agar layanan tetap dapat digunakan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Baca lebih lanjut mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] dalam tulisan di Diff berjudul [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Saran penyuntingan khusus untuk setiap wiki: Bagaimana komunitas membentuk Mode Saran dengan TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 31 Agustus 2026 20.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == This Month in Education: August 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 8 • August 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities|Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish|The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil|Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines|Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wikidata for research in the UI1|Wikidata for research in the UI1]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey |Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool|Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World|Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026|More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook|Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers|EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia|Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 Sèptèmber 2026 17.54 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30917014 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-37</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Tambahkan Pranala]] telah ditingkatkan untuk pengguna Wikipedia bahasa Inggris dengan kemampuan mendeteksi pranala yang memiliki perbedaan penggunaan huruf besar dan kecil. Perubahan ini akan membantu mengurangi saran yang ambigu akibat perbedaan kapitalisasi dalam judul artikel, termasuk artikel tentang benda budaya. Tahap peningkatan kedua direncanakan akan dilakukan dan juga akan mempersiapkan fitur ini untuk dirilis dalam bahasa lainnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Panduan artikel]] akan diaktifkan secara bawaan bagi penyunting pemula di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris Sederhana dan Wikipedia bahasa Turki mulai 10 September 2026, setelah sebelumnya melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|tahap uji coba]]. Penyunting pemula dengan jumlah suntingan 0 hingga 99 akan secara otomatis melihat fitur ini ketika mereka mengeklik pranala merah atau menggunakan opsi "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" di Wikipedia bahasa Turki untuk membuat artikel baru. Perubahan ini ditujukan untuk membantu pengguna baru dalam membuat artikel dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dan memenuhi standar setiap Wikipedia. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Peningkatan lebih lanjut]] akan terus dilakukan berdasarkan hasil eksperimen dan masukan dari komunitas. * Perkakas [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis], yang memungkinkan pengguna membandingkan jumlah kunjungan pada beberapa halaman, genap berusia 10 tahun pada tahun ini dan telah memperoleh sejumlah fitur baru. Fitur-fitur tersebut mencakup [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]], yang memberikan gambaran mengenai cara pembaca Wikipedia menjelajahi konten, statistik penyuntingan di [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], kemampuan [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org mencari artikel yang termasuk dalam suatu ProyekWiki], dan dukungan untuk mode gelap. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * Bilah navigasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|Minerva yang disederhanakan secara visual]] sedang diuji kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log dan menggunakan tampilan web seluler di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Ceko, Inggris, Farsi, dan Polandia. Uji coba ini bertujuan mengetahui apakah penyederhanaan navigasi dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca. Pengujian akan berlangsung dari 31 Agustus hingga 28 September dan pengguna tidak perlu melakukan tindakan apa pun dalam uji coba ini. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Harapan Teknis WMDE]] sedang mengupayakan peningkatan pada [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|nama referensi yang dibuat secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Penyunting hanya akan melihat sedikit perubahan mulai pekan ini. Saat nama referensi dibuat secara otomatis, penomoran akan dimulai dari <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi>, bukan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|halaman proyek]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * Semua wiki akan berada dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|kondisi hanya-baca selama beberapa menit]] pada 23 September. Hal ini dijadwalkan berlangsung pada pukul 14.00 UTC. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diterbitkan melalui Berita Teknis dan juga akan dipasang di spanduk setiap wiki dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:25}} {{PLURAL:25|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] salah menangani tag nowiki yang bersarang, sehingga konten dapat hilang dan teks yang tidak diinginkan dapat ditampilkan, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengurus antarmuka dapat mengatur gawai melalui [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. Format definisinya telah diperbarui dan kini tidak lagi memerlukan opsi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>, karena gawai selalu dimuat melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. Perubahan ini menyederhanakan konfigurasi gawai dengan menghapus opsi yang tidak lagi diperlukan, sehingga definisi gawai menjadi lebih mudah dikelola oleh para pengurus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 7 Sèptèmber 2026 18.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VIII, August 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Hot August/Cold August * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Love Monuments and new phase of Museu Paulista collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: The Catalan public domain: An application to identify Catalan works in public domain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Explore the Colombian public domain app: Browse works an authors in the public domain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wikimedia CR introduces new members of GLAM/partnership team * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: Egypt’s GLAM Team Brings Egyptian Postal History and Public Libraries to Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: The Musical Heritage of the Santa Cecilia Conservatory * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Thesis Project Update and the upcoming TDWG 2026 conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Connecting Culture and Free Knowledge - Wikimedia MKD’s GLAM Partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: August in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Summer, Follow-up in Aarau, CoCreation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikimedia gets Gazetted + Islamic Calligraphy on English Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: OpenGLAM Summer 2026 in Ukraine * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM USA Report (Past & Upcoming) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Ghana national register * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Wikimedia Commons report|Wikimedia Commons report]]: Media loading change affects Commons Impact Metrics and GLAM analytics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Sèptèmber 2026 08.36 (UTC)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=31028447 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-38</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Audiens Masa Depan (Future Audiences) telah memulai [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|diskusi di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]] mengenai usulan eksperimen baru untuk menampilkan pemberitahuan sementara tentang fitur [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Sumber Pilihan Google] kepada pembaca Wikipedia yang datang dari Google. Eksperimen ini bertujuan menguji apakah pemberitahuan tersebut dapat membuat pengunjung lebih sering kembali ke Wikipedia. Fitur Sumber Pilihan memungkinkan pengguna memilih situs web yang mereka percayai sehingga Google dapat menampilkan konten dari sumber-sumber tersebut secara lebih menonjol dalam Penelusuran dan berbagai pengalaman berbasis kecerdasan buatan. Kami tertarik untuk menguji fitur ini pada bahasa lain yang didukung Google dan menyambut bantuan untuk memulai diskusi di wiki lainnya. Jika berminat, silakan hubungi Tim Audiens Masa Depan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|halaman pembicaraan]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Platform percakapan Discord sedang merilis kerangka kerja mandiri baru yang dapat digunakan oleh situs web untuk menentukan tampilan pranala mereka ketika dibagikan di Discord. Tim Audiens Masa Depan berencana mulai menggunakan kerangka kerja ini untuk meningkatkan tampilan pranala Wikipedia ketika dibagikan di Discord, sekaligus memberikan atribusi dan penghargaan yang lebih baik kepada para kontributor. Pada tahap pertama proyek ini, tampilan dan perilaku pranala tidak akan berubah karena kami ingin terlebih dahulu mengumpulkan data dasar untuk menilai dampak perubahan pada tahap berikutnya. Namun, jika anggota komunitas yang aktif di Discord menemukan masalah, mereka dapat melaporkannya melalui [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] atau [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Meta-Wiki]]. * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca akan menjalankan eksperimen untuk menguji apakah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|pemadatan bagian pembuka artikel]] dengan menambahkan tombol "baca selengkapnya" dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca. Pengujian akan dimulai pada 17 September di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Spanyol, Prancis, Indonesia, Italia, Jepang, Portugis, Vietnam, dan Tionghoa, serta berlangsung selama empat pekan.</span> * Semua wiki akan berada dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|mode hanya-baca selama beberapa menit]] pada 23 September. Hal ini dijadwalkan berlangsung pada pukul 14.00 UTC. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diterbitkan dalam Berita Teknis dan juga akan diinformasikan ke setiap wiki pada pekan mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] untuk Wikipedia mengembalikan galat HTTP 500, sehingga tidak dapat diakses, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengembang yang memelihara perkakas yang melakukan kueri terhadap tabel pranala Wikimedia Commons perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar terhubung ke gugus basis data x4 yang baru. Tabel pranala tersebut telah dipindahkan dari gugus s4 ke x4 dan tidak akan lagi menerima pembaruan di s4. Tabel halaman dan tabel pengalihan tetap tersedia di kedua gugus. Replika wiki untuk klaster x4 akan disiapkan setelahnya. Perubahan ini dilakukan karena gugus s4 telah berkembang terlalu besar untuk dapat dioperasikan secara efisien. [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di sini]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Sèptèmber 2026 15.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Wiki Anda akan segera menjadi mode hanya baca</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya. Hal ini akan memastikan bahwa Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya dapat tetap beroperasi bahkan selepas bencana. Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. Sebuah papan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum pelaksanaan operasi ini. Papan pengumuman tersebut akan selalu terlihat hingga akhir pengerjaan. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Anda masih bisa membaca, tetapi tidak bisa menyunting, seluruh wiki dalam waktu terbatas.''' * Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|id}}. * Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga. ''Pengaruh lainnya'': * Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan. * Kami berharap penerapan kode akan terjadi seperti minggu-minggu lainnya. Namun, beberapa kasus pembekuan kode dapat terjadi secara cepat jika proses operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit. Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. '''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini kepada komunitas Anda.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15 Sèptèmber 2026 12.58 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == ''The Signpost'': 16 September 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/News and notes|The Balance of Power]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/In the media|Shocking photos may be changed on Wikipedia]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Disinformation report|Have UN Secretary-General candidates manipulated Wikipedia?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Recent research|Google's AI overviews may have reduced search engine referrals to English Wikipedia by 5%]] * WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/WikiConference report|The backwater symbiosis – reflections from Wiki Conference India 2026]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Traffic report|Heaven let your light shine down]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Serendipity|Wikipedia Family Mosh Pit]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Obituary|Passing of Gobonobo, community leader advocating for women and minorities]] * On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/On the bright side|Fantasy video games, hopeful science fiction, and the change of seasons]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Comix|The Adventure of the Unknown Corpse]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 16 Sèptèmber 2026 02.11 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=31028446 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 21 Sèptèmber 2026 15.26 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Books & Bytes – Issue 76 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px"> [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br /> Issue 76, July–August 2026 </div> <div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> * New partnership: The Chronicle of Higher Education * New Partnership Manager joins the team * Spotlight: TWL page on Meta <big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/July-August 2026|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big> </div> </div> <small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team – 23 Sèptèmber 2026 11.45 (UTC)</small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samwalton9 (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&oldid=31063353 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-39</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 23 September 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 pukul 14.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menguji pencadangan saat pengalihan peladen pusat data, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang berlangsung dua kali setahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia dialihkan dari satu pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan dan mencegah gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam situasi darurat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan menguji pemberitahuan baru setelah penyuntingan yang dirancang untuk mendorong [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|pengguna Akun Sementara agar mendaftarkan akun permanen]]. Pemberitahuan baru ini menggantikan beberapa kotak dialog dan pemberitahuan sambutan yang muncul secara bersamaan dengan satu pesan yang menyoroti manfaat dalam membuat akun. Eksperimen tersebut meningkatkan persentase pembuatan akun permanen dari 1,94% menjadi 3,66%, atau peningkatan relatif sebesar 87%. Perubahan ini selanjutnya akan diterapkan di seluruh wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * Bagi kontributor Wikipedia yang menggunakan [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur Beta "Mode Saran"]], kini tersedia [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|preferensi pengguna baru yang dapat diaktifkan secara sukarela]] untuk menampilkan pemeriksaan penyuntingan dan saran uji coba. Jenis-jenis ini tercantum di halaman [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]] dan ditujukan untuk pengujian awal oleh pengembang dan pengumpulan masukan dari pengguna berpengalaman. Pengurus dapat mengubah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|konfigurasi]] setiap saran seperti biasa. Pengurus juga dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|menggunakan fitur ini]] untuk membantu menguji gagasan komunitas mereka dalam hal pemeriksaan dan saran yang dibuat secara lokal. Jenis eksperimental akan memiliki tampilan visual yang lebih berbeda pada akhir minggu ini. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Masukan dari pengguna dipersilakan]]. * [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|Warung Kopi Teknis Eropa Tengah dan Timur]] telah diluncurkan sebagai ruang untuk diskusi teknis dan kolaborasi antarkomunitas Wikimedia di Eropa Tengah dan Eropa Timur. * Perkakas baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]] kini tersedia bagi komunitas Wikipedia dalam bahasa-bahasa yang masih baru dan berukuran kecil. Perangkat ini menggabungkan tugas terpandu, perangkat, dan sumber daya untuk membantu komunitas memulai, memantau perkembangan, serta berkolaborasi dengan komunitas Wikimedia yang lebih luas. Starter Kit diinang di Wikimedia Toolforge dan dirancang untuk Wikipedia yang memiliki kurang dari 50.000 artikel. Pelajari lebih lanjut cara kerja Starter Kit dan bagaimana komunitas telah menggunakannya melalui [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|artikel Diff ini]]. * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca meluncurkan pengujian ulang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|eksperimen karusel gambar]]. Pengujian ulang ini akan menggunakan tiga versi desain baru yang telah diperbarui berdasarkan masukan komunitas. Tim tersebut akan menilai hasilnya dan bersama komunitas menentukan apakah fitur ini akan dilanjutkan atau tidak. Eksperimen akan dimulai pada pekan tanggal 28 September dan dilaksanakan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Persia, Prancis, Jerman, Indonesia, Jepang, Polandia, Portugis, Spanyol, Swedia, dan Vietnam. * Setelah berhasil diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|fitur Daftar Bacaan]] dari tim Pengalaman Pembaca akan tersedia bagi seluruh pengguna yang telah masuk log di semua wiki Wikipedia mulai 28 September. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan skrip status mentor berulang kali memperbarui status mentor meskipun tidak ada perubahan, sehingga menghasilkan entri yang tidak diperlukan di Perubahan Terbaru, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi>, yang digunakan untuk mengambil informasi tertentu tentang penyaring penyalahgunaan yang aktif maupun historis dan dikonfigurasi di suatu wiki, telah diperbarui untuk mendukung parameter konfigurasi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi>. Pembaruan ini menyebabkan perubahan yang tidak kompatibel pada respons API. Semua pengguna yang memelihara skrip pengguna atau kode lainnya perlu memeriksa apakah mereka menggunakan API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> dan menyesuaikan kodenya terhadap perubahan yang tidak kompatibel tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Sèptèmber 2026 11.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> 3mu5hsno37as3zqjup2zqyp08ajgeee 0 175841 1758274 1758162 2026-09-27T06:35:43Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Smile (115758675).jpeg|thumb|Wedhus saka kebun binatang]] '''Wedhus domestik''' utawa mung '''wedhus''' ''(Capra aegagrus hircus)'' iku subspesies saka ''[[C. aegagrus]]'' [[Didominasi|dipunjinakaken]] saka wedhus alam bébas saka [[Asia Kidul-kulon]] lan [[Éropah Wétan|Eropah Wétan]] . Wedhus kasebut minangka anggota kulawarga kewan [[Bovidae]] lan kulawarga [[Caprinae|Caprinae sing kalebu]] kulawarga, tegese ana gandheng cenenge karo [[Wedhus gèmbèl|wedhus kasebut]] . Ana liwat 300 béda [[Keturunan|anakan]] saka wedhus. <ref name="hadog2">Hirst, K. Kris. [http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/goats.htm "The History of the Domestication of Goats".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319011333/http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/goats.htm |date=2012-03-19 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-domestication-history-of-goats-170661 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407093537/https://www.thoughtco.com/the-domestication-history-of-goats-170661 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |url-status=bot: unknown}} ''[[About.com]]''. Accessed August 18, 2008.</ref> Iki minangka salah sawijining spesies kewan sing paling tuwa, miturut bukti arkeologis manawa peternakan paling wiwitan kedadeyan ing Iran kanthi 10.000 kalender kalibrasi taun kepungkur. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeder|first=Melinda A.|last2=Hesse|first2=Brian|year=2000|title=The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/287/5461/2254|journal=Science|volume=287|issue=5461|page=2254|bibcode=2000Sci...287.2254Z|doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2254}}</ref> Wedhus sing nyebut pola tan duwe pigmen pigmen kanthi lengkap karo pheomelanin (pigmen samak / coklat). [[Alel]] sing kode kanggo pola iki ''dununge ana'' ing ''lokomotom'' [[genom]] ''domba agouti'' . Iki pancen dominan kanggo kabeh alel liyane ing lokus iki. Ana macem-macem gen modifikasi sing ngontrol pigmen warna tan sing nyata, mula wedhus kanthi pola tan bisa duwe jas wiwit putih murni nganti abang tuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sindonews.com/topic/64022/kambing|title=Berita Kambing Terkini dan Terbaru Hari Ini - SINDOnews|website=www.sindonews.com|access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref> == Gladri == <gallery mode="packed"> Barkas:Grenadine_Goat_and_Kids.jpg| Wedhus wadon lan bocah loro Barkas:Domestic_goat_feeding_on_capeweed.jpg|Kewan wedhus ingon-ingon ing kebon capeweed, gulma sing umume beracun kanggo kewan stock Barkas:Domestic_goat_May_2006.jpg|Kambing Coklat / samak kanthi sawetara bintik putih </gallery> == Referensi == cmyjmfaztj6fbtk55ejy4zntz3g10kx 0 182605 1758275 1758223 2026-09-27T06:50:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dwiaksara-jv|Kipo}} [[Gambar:Kipo.jpg|thumb|ꦏꦶꦥꦺꦴ]] '''ꦏꦶꦥꦺꦴ''' ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦃ ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ ꦱꦭꦃ ꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦭꦶꦁ ꦣꦼꦣꦲꦂꦫꦤ꧀ ꦠꦿꦣꦶꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ [[Jawa|ꦗꦮ]] ꦏꦱ꧀ [[Kuthagedhé, Kutha Ngayogyakarta|ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦣꦺ]], ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ꦱꦏꦶꦁ [[wos|ꦮꦺꦴꦱ꧀]] [[ketan|ꦏꦼꦠꦤ꧀]].<ref name="internet 1">[http://www.bilatour.com/2009/11/kipo-merupakan-makanan-khas-dari.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605110125/http://www.bilatour.com/2009/11/kipo-merupakan-makanan-khas-dari.html |date=2014-06-05 }}(ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦃ ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀ 14 ꦤꦺꦴꦥ꦳ꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ 2012)</ref> ꦮꦸꦗꦸꦢ꧀ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦏꦺꦶꦥꦺꦴ ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ ꦧꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦂ ꦲꦭꦶꦠ꧀-ꦲꦭꦶꦠ꧀, ꦲꦒꦼꦁꦔꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦧꦺꦴꦠꦼꦤ꧀ ꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁ ꦱꦏꦶꦁ ꦱꦚꦫꦶ ꦗꦼꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦭ꧀ ꦠꦶꦪꦁ ꦢꦶꦮꦱ.<ref name="internet 2">[http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/107/kipo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213074814/http://jogjatrip.com/id/107/Kipo |date=2013-12-13 }} {{Cite web |url=http://jogjatrip.com/id/107/Kipo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213074814/http://jogjatrip.com/id/107/Kipo |archive-date=2013-12-13 |url-status=bot: unknown}}(ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦃ ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀ 14 ꦤꦺꦴꦥ꦳ꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ 2012)</ref> ꦏꦁꦒꦺ ꦏꦸꦭꦶꦠ꧀ ꦥꦺꦫꦁꦔꦤ꧀ ꦚ꧀ꦗꦮꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ꦱꦏꦶꦁ ꦲꦢꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ [[glepung|ꦒ꧀ꦭꦼꦥꦸꦁ]] [[ketan|ꦏꦼꦠꦤ꧀]], ꦢꦺꦤꦺ ꦲꦶꦱꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ꦱꦏꦶꦁ ꦥꦫꦸꦠ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ [[klapa|ꦏ꧀ꦭꦥ]] ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦮꦶꦤꦱ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ ꦲꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀-ꦲꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀.<ref name="internet 3">[http://www.pojokejogja.com/kipo-makanan-dari-ketan-yang-dipanggang-khas-kotagede/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528123129/http://www.pojokejogja.com/kipo-makanan-dari-ketan-yang-dipanggang-khas-kotagede/ |date=2013-05-28 }}(ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦃ ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀ 14 ꦤꦺꦴꦥ꦳ꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ 2012)</ref> == ꦱꦗꦫꦃ == ꦏꦶꦥꦺꦴ ꦏꦥꦺꦫꦁ ꦱꦏꦶꦁ ꦕꦼꦏꦏ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁ 'ꦲꦶꦏꦶ ꦲꦥ' ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦠꦼꦒꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦲꦶꦁ ꦧꦱ [[Indonesia|ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ]] 'ꦲꦶꦤꦶ ꦲꦥ'. ꦏꦶꦥꦺꦴ ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ ꦮꦸꦗꦸꦢ꧀ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦲꦭꦶꦠ꧀, ꦮꦼꦂꦤꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ [[ijo|ꦲꦶꦗꦺꦴ]], ꦲꦶꦱꦶ ꦊꦧꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ [[klapa|ꦏ꧀ꦭꦥ]] ꦢꦶꦥꦫꦸꦠ꧀ ꦭꦤ꧀ [[gula jawa|ꦒꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦱ꧀ ꦗꦮꦶ]]. ꦏꦶꦥꦺꦴ ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦃ ꦣꦼꦣꦲꦂꦫꦤ꧀ ꦠꦿꦣꦶꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦤꦩꦸꦁ ꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ ꦏꦥꦁꦒꦶꦃ ꦲꦶꦁ [[Ngayogyakarta|ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ]] ꦩ꧀ꦭꦶꦒꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ [[Kuthagedhé, Kutha Ngayogyakarta|ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦣꦺ]].<ref name="internet 4">[http://wisata.kompasiana.com/kuliner/2012/07/09/kipo-kuliner-sangat-aseli-dari-kotagede/]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦃ ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀ 15 ꦤꦺꦴꦥ꦳ꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ 2012)</ref> == ꦧꦲꦤ꧀-ꦧꦲꦤ꧀ == ꦧꦲꦤ꧀-ꦧꦲꦤ꧀ ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦒꦶꦤꦏꦏꦼꦤ꧀ ꦏꦁꦒꦺ ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ꦏꦸꦭꦶꦠ꧀ ꦏꦶꦥꦺꦴ ꦲꦶꦁ ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦱꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦃ:<ref name="internet 5">[http://www.wonosari.com/t1400-kue-khas-jogja-kue-kipo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204533/http://www.wonosari.com/t1400-kue-khas-jogja-kue-kipo |date=2016-03-04 }}(ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦃ ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀ 16 ꦤꦺꦴꦥ꦳ꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ 2012)</ref> * 250 ꦒꦿꦩ꧀ [[glepung|ꦒ꧀ꦭꦼꦥꦸꦁ]] [[ketan|ꦏꦼꦠꦤ꧀]] * 150 ml [[santen|ꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]] ꦥꦤꦱ꧀ * 25 ml [[toya|ꦠꦺꦴꦪ]] [[ron|ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀]] [[suji|ꦱꦸꦗꦶ]] ꦭꦤ꧀ ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ [[pandan|ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦤ꧀]] ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶ ꦥꦼꦮꦂꦤ ꦲꦶꦗꦺꦴ ꦢꦺꦤꦺ ꦏꦁꦒꦺ ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ꦲꦶꦱꦶ ꦏꦶꦥꦺꦴ, ꦧꦲꦤ꧀-ꦧꦲꦤ꧀ ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦧꦼꦠꦃꦲꦏꦼꦤ꧀ ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦃ ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ:<ref name="internet 5" /> * 150 ꦒꦿꦩ꧀ [[klapa|ꦏ꧀ꦭꦥ]] ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦥꦫꦸꦠ꧀ ꦢꦮ-ꦢꦮ * 50 ml ꦠꦺꦴꦪ * 100 ꦒꦿꦩ꧀ [[gula jawa|ꦒꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦱ꧀ ꦗꦮꦶ]] * 2 ꦊꦩ꧀ꦧꦂ ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦤ꧀ * [[sarem|ꦱꦉꦩ꧀]] ꦱꦕꦼꦏꦥ꧀ꦥꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ == ꦕꦫ ꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ == # ꦏꦁꦒꦺ ꦲꦶꦱꦶ. [[Gula jawa|ꦒꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦱ꧀ ꦗꦮꦶ]] ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦒꦺꦴꦣꦺꦴꦒ꧀ ꦱꦼꦱꦉꦁꦔꦤ꧀ ꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ [[toya|ꦠꦺꦴꦪ]] ꦭꦤ꧀ [[godhong pandan|ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦤ꧀]]. # ꦱꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦲꦸꦩꦸꦧ꧀, [[klapa|ꦏ꧀ꦭꦥ]] ꦥꦫꦸꦠ꧀ ꦭꦤ꧀ [[sarem|ꦱꦉꦩ꧀]] ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦊꦧꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦏꦼꦤ꧀. # ꦭꦗꦼꦁ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦣꦼꦒ꧀ ꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ ꦫꦠ. ꦩꦤꦮꦶ ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦥꦶꦱꦃꦲꦏꦼꦤ꧀. # [[Glepung|ꦒ꧀ꦭꦼꦥꦸꦁ]] [[ketan|ꦏꦼꦠꦤ꧀]] ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦕꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦂ ꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ [[santen|ꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]] ꦥꦤꦱ꧀ ꦱꦏꦼꦣꦶꦏ꧀-ꦱꦏꦼꦣꦶꦏ꧀ ꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ ꦒ꧀ꦭꦼꦥꦸꦁꦔꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦏ꧀. # ꦭꦗꦼꦁ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦚ꧀ꦕꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦂ ꦩꦭꦶꦃ ꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ [[toya|ꦠꦺꦴꦪ]] [[godhong suji|ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ꦱꦸꦗꦶ]] ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶ ꦥꦮꦂꦤ ꦲꦶꦗꦼꦩ꧀. # ꦥꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦠ꧀ ꦱꦼꦠꦼꦔꦃ ꦕꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦏ꧀ ꦲꦢꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ ꦏꦸꦭꦶꦠ꧀ ꦭꦗꦼꦁ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦼꦭ꧀ ꦠꦶꦥꦶꦱ꧀-ꦠꦶꦥꦶꦱ꧀. # ꦩꦤꦮꦶ ꦏꦸꦭꦶꦠ꧀ꦠꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀, ꦭꦗꦼꦁ ꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦭꦼꦧꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦏꦼꦤ꧀ ꦱꦼꦠꦼꦔꦃ ꦕꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦏ꧀ [[tèh|ꦠꦺꦃ]] ꦲꦢꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ ꦲꦶꦱꦶ ꦲꦶꦁ ꦊꦧꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀. # ꦩꦤꦮꦶ ꦲꦶꦱꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦭꦼꦧꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦏꦼꦤ꧀, ꦭꦗꦼꦁ ꦥꦶꦁꦒꦶꦂꦫꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦏꦸꦏꦶꦠ꧀ ꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦫꦥꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦏꦼꦤ꧀, ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦮꦸꦗꦸꦢ꧀ ꦮꦸꦗꦸꦢ꧀ ꦱꦼꦥꦫꦺꦴ ꦧꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦂꦫꦤ꧀. # ꦱꦭꦗꦼꦁꦔꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀, ꦱꦒꦼꦢ꧀ ꦩꦤꦱ꧀ꦱꦏꦼꦤ꧀ [[waja|ꦮꦗ]] ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦊꦱ꧀ꦱꦶ [[ron|ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀]] [[gedhang|ꦒꦺꦣꦁ]]. # ꦲꦢꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁ ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦮꦸꦗꦸꦢ꧀ ꦏꦭ ꦮꦲꦸ ꦭꦗꦼꦁ ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦁ ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀. == ꦕꦛꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ ꦱꦸꦏꦸ == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Panganan]] [[Kategori:Jajanan]] [[Kategori:ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ]] 3o5kl6cgxn5mcuer06gg73lgqhkgkyn 0 183000 1758239 1750592 2026-09-26T17:33:46Z Alexsandroclaudino92 65489 /* */ 1758239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese |image = St Francis Xavier Cathedral (Terukunichō, Kagoshima) VLux5 hdsr 05.jpg |caption = Katedral St. Fransiskus Xaverius |jurisdiction = Kabiskopan |name = Kagoshima |local = {{lang|ja|カトリック鹿児島教区}} |latin = Dioecesis Kagoshimaensis |country = Jepang |metropolitan = [[Kabiskopan Agung Nagasaki|Nagasaki 長崎]] |rite = [[Ritus Latin]] |cathedral = ザビエル教会<br>(''Katedral St. Fransiskus Xaverius'') |cocathedral = |area_km2 = 7140 |population = 1,773,301 |population_as_of = 2004 |catholics = 9,287 |catholics_percent= 0.5 |pope = {{Incumbent pope}} |bishop = [[Paul Kenjiro Koriyama]] |coadjutor = |auxiliary_bishops= }} '''Kabiskopan Katulik Roma Kagoshima''' ({{lang-la|Kagoshimaen(sis)}}, {{lang-ja|カトリック鹿児島教区}}) yaiku [[kabiskopan]] sing ana ing kutha [[Kagoshima]] ing [[provinsi grejani]] [[Kabiskopan Agung Nagasaki|Nagasaki 長崎]] ing Jepang. == Ordinaris == * [[Biskop]]-biskop Kagoshima (Ritus Roma) * [[Egide Marie Roy]], O.F.M. † (23 Nov 1927 - 1936 ) * [[Paul Aijirô Yamaguchi]] † (9 Nov 1936 - 15 Sep 1937) * [[Francis Xavier Ichitaro Ideguchi]] † (10 Jun 1940 - 1955 ) * [[Joseph Asjiro Satowaki]] † (25 Feb 1955 - 19 Des 1968 ) * [[Paul Shinichi Itonaga]] (15 Nov 1969 - 3 Des 2005 ) * [[Paul Kenjiro Koriyama]] (3 Des 2005 - ) == Deleng uga == * [[Greja Katulik ing Jepang]] == Kutipan == * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kago0.htm GCatholic.org] * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkago.html Catholic Hierarchy] == Pranala jaba == * [http://sdemo.net/cdk Situs web keuskupan] (bahasa Jepang) * [http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/jpn/diocese/kagosima.htm Keuskupan di situs web Konferensi Waligereja Jepang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726061750/http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/jpn/diocese/kagosima.htm |date=2016-07-26 }} (bahasa Jepang) {{DEFAULTSORT:Kagoshima}} {{kabiskopan ing Jepang}} [[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Jepang]] [[Kategori:Organisasi Kristen sing didegaké taun 1927]] t1q9kch475hs1gb7nlprirunuxce98c 0 184700 1758263 1757882 2026-09-27T05:03:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox country at games | NOC = VIN | NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]] | games = Olimpiade | year = | flagcaption = | oldcode = | website = {{url|www.svgnoc.org }} | location = | competitors = | sports = | flagbearer = | rank = | gold = 0 | silver = 0 | bronze = 0 | officials = | appearances = | app_begin_year = | app_end_year = | summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Santa Vincent lan Grénadines|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1988|end_year= }} | winterappearances = | seealso = }} '''[[Santa Vincent lan Grénadines]]''' melu ing 8 [[Olimpiade Musim Panas]]. Nagara kasebut ora tau melu ing [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin]]. Nganti saiki, ora ana atlet Santa Vincent lan Grénadines sing menangke medhali Olimpiade.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-The-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718233005/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html |date=2012-07-18 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718233005/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/countries/8664295/St.-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines-London-2012-Olympics.html |archive-date=2012-07-18 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, ''The Telegraph''</ref> [[Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] Santa Vincent lan Grénadines didegake ing 1982 lan dirasmike déning [[IOC]] ing 1987. == Tabel medhali == === Medhali miturut Permainan === {{Medals table | caption = | team = Permainan | hide_rank = yes | leading = | gold_1 = 0 | silver_1 = 0 | bronze_1 = 0 | name_1 = {{GamesName|SOG|1988}} | gold_2 = 0 | silver_2 = 0 | bronze_2 = 0 | name_2 = {{GamesName|SOG|1992}} | gold_3 = 0 | silver_3 = 0 | bronze_3 = 0 | name_3 = {{GamesName|SOG|1996}} | gold_4 = 0 | silver_4 = 0 | bronze_4 = 0 | name_4 = {{GamesName|SOG|2000}} | gold_5 = 0 | silver_5 = 0 | bronze_5 = 0 | name_5 = {{GamesName|SOG|2004}} | gold_6 = 0 | silver_6 = 0 | bronze_6 = 0 | name_6 = {{GamesName|SOG|2008}} | gold_7 = 0 | silver_7 = 0 | bronze_7 = 0 | name_7 = {{GamesName|SOG|2012}} | gold_8 = 0 | silver_8 = 0 | bronze_8 = 0 | name_8 = {{GamesName|SOG|2016}} }} == Réferènsi == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{cite web |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/st-vincent-and-the-grenadines }} * {{cite web |title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093121/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/VIN/ |url-status=dead }} * [http://www.svgnoc.org/ SVGOC Official website] {{Nagara ing Olimpiade}} {{Olympic-stub}} [[Kategori:Santa Vincent lan Grénadines ing Olimpiade| ]] miwshe0les7sv8kz7kel9vyis8zcgbp 0 184990 1758252 1704562 2026-09-27T01:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction = Kabiskopan | name = Jerez de la Frontera | latin = Dioecesis Assidonensis-Ierezensis | local = Diócesis de Jerez de la Frontera | image = Catedral de Jerez.jpg | image_size = 230px | image_alt = | caption = [[Katedral Jerez de la Frontera]] <!---- Locations ----> | country = {{flag|Spanyol}} | territory = | province = [[Kabiskopan Agung Sevilla|Sevilla]] | metropolitan = [[Kabiskopan Agung Sevilla|Sevilla]] | archdeaconries = | deaneries = | subdivisions = | coordinates = <!-- Use {{coord}} --> <!---- Statistics ----> | area_km2 = 3,928 | area_sqmi = <!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --> | area_footnotes = | population = 507,331 | population_as_of = 2006 | catholics = 449,914 | catholics_percent = 88.7 | parishes = <!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --> | churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese --> | congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> | schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --> | members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> | denomination = [[Katulik Roma]] | sui_iuris_church = [[Greja Latin]] | rite = [[Ritus Roma]] | established = 3 Maret 1980 | cathedral = [[Katedral Jerez de la Frontera|Katedral Allah Juruselamat Kami ing Jerez de la Frontera]] | cocathedral = | patron = <!-- Patron saint(s) of the diocese (or archdiocese) --> | patron_title = <!-- Use to override the default label "Patron saint" --> | priests = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese --> <!---- Current leadership ----> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --> | patriarch = | major_archbishop = | bishop = ''sede vacante'' | bishop_title = <!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --> | metro_archbishop = | coadjutor = | suffragans = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --> | auxiliary_bishops = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --> | apostolic_admin = | vicar_general = | episcopal_vicar = | archdeacons = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--> | emeritus_bishops = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --> <!---- Map ----> | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = <!---- Website ----> | website = [http://www.diocesisdejerez.org/ Situs Web Kabiskopan] | footnotes = }} '''Keuskupan Jerez de la Frontera''' yaiku [[kabiskopan]] [[Ritus Latin]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]]. Jenenge asale saka wilayah [[Medina-Sidonia]] lan [[Jerez de la Frontera]]. Kabiskopan kasebut didegake ing 3 Maret 1980 liwat [[bulla kepausan]], kanggo ngelingi Kabiskopan lawas Asidonense lan amargi tahta saikine ana ing Jerez de la Frontera. == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927091012/http://www.diocesisdejerez.org/Seminario/ Bishopric Asidonia-Jerez Diocese] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927091012/http://www.diocesisdejerez.org/Seminario/ Asidonia-Jerez Seminary Catholic] {{kabiskopan ing Spanyol}} {{coord|36.6820|N|6.1411|W|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:ES|display=title}} [[Kategori:kabiskopan ing Spanyol|Jerez de la Frontera]] [[Kategori:Jerez de la Frontera]] n3kch77cref4lrjgo3xmt77kj1ecxwc 0 191497 1758242 1722915 2026-09-27T00:35:40Z 663highland 10845 1758242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox station | name = {{JRCSN|CG|25|size=50}}<br />Setatsiyun Takayama | native_name = 高山駅 | native_name_lang = ja | type = | image = 260922 Takayama Station Takayama Japan02s3.jpg | alt = | caption = | other_name = | address = 1-22-2 Showa-cho, Takayama-shi, Gifu-ken 509-0141 | country = Jepang | coordinates = {{coord|36.1406|N|137.2519|E|type:railwaystation_region:JP|display=inline, title}} | operator = [[File:JR logo (central).svg|20px]] [[JR Central]] | line = [[File:JR Central Takayama Line.svg|18px]] [[Jalur Utami Takayama]] | distance = 136.4 km saka {{STN|Gifu}} | platforms = 1 peron samping + 1 peron pulo | tracks = 3 | connections = | structure = | code = CG25 | status = Nduweni staf (''[[Midori no Madoguchi]]'') | website = | opened = 25 Oktober 1934 | closed = | former = | passengers = 1,539 per dina<ref name="Gifu2016stats">{{cite web |url= http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/kensei/tokei/tokei-joho/11111/tokeisyo-youran/gifuken-tokeisho/H28.data/H28-11unyutuusin.pdf|script-title=ja: 岐阜県統計書（平成２８年）|trans-title= Gifu Prefecture Statistics (Fiscal 2016)|year= 2017|publisher= Gifu Prefecture|location= Japan|language= Japanese|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002907/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/kensei/tokei/tokei-joho/11111/tokeisyo-youran/gifuken-tokeisho/H28.data/H28-11unyutuusin.pdf|archivedate=2017-10-26|url-status= dead|accessdate= 11 October 2017}}</ref> | pass_year = FY2015 | map_type = Japan Gifu Prefecture#Japan | map_dot_label = Setatsiyun Takayama }} {{nihongo|'''Setatsiyun Takayama'''|高山駅|Takayama-eki}} yaiku setatsiyun sepur ing [[Jalur Utami Takayama]] ing kutha [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]], [[Prefektur Gifu]], Jepang, sing digarap déning [[Central Japan Railway Company]] (JR Central). ==Jalur== Setatsiyun Takayama diladèni déning JR Central [[Jalur Utami Takayama]], lan adohé 136,4 kilometer saka titik awal rasmi jalur kasebut ing {{STN|Gifu}}. ==Réferènsi== {{reflist}} ==Pranala njaba== {{commons category-inline}} {{Jalur Utami Takayama (JR Central)}} [[Category:Takayama, Gifu]] qcdtvu04h4selp6kwr53rg2qfiwqefu 0 199117 1758244 1756296 2026-09-27T00:49:42Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Jawa|꧁ꦗꦩ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦺꦱ꧀꧂}} [[File:PhotoJames.jpg|thumb|James Peace ing Wiesbaden]] '''Kenneth James Peace''' lair wonten ing Paisley, tanggal [[28 Sèptèmber]] [[1963]]. Panjenenganipun punika satunggaling [[komponis]], pianis konser, lan [[seniman]] visual saking [[Sekotlan]].        == Biografi == James Peace lair wonten ing Paisley, Sekotlan, tanggal 28 Sèptèmber 1963.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. "Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge", Wiesbadener Tagblatt (koran Jerman), 10 Febuari 2011]</ref><ref name=":1">Julia Anderton. "Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte". Wiesbadener Kurier (koran Jerman), 24 Maret 2012</ref><ref name=":2">[https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ Soledad Carrizo-Araya. "Una entrevista al compositor James Peace". Hoja de Ruta Digital. Disyembre, 2022]{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Piyambakipun nglampahi agengipun wekdal alit wonten ing Helensburgh, satunggaling kutha pesisir ing sisih kulon Sekotland. Kulawarganipun kathah ingkang dados [[seniman]] (kados ta John McGhie), lan piyambakipun ugi kagungan hubungan kulawarga kaliyan Felix Burns, satunggaling komponis misuwur saking [[musik]] dansa ing separo kapisan abad kaping 20.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sabine Klein. "Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch". Frankfurter Rundschau (koran Jerman), 1992, nomer 254, kaca 2</ref> Piyambakipun wiwit sinau [[piano]] nalika yuswa wolung taun, lan pagelaran umum kapisanipun lumampah nalika yuswa sekawan welas taun kanthi mainaken musik saking [[Scott Joplin]].<ref name=":2" /> Nalika yuswa nem belas taun, piyambakipun ditampi dados siswa paling enom ing ''Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama'' (ingkang sakmenika sinebat ''[[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]]'') minangka siswa penuh wekdal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (koran Jerman). Maret 2001, pahina 5</ref> Ing taun 1983 piyambakipun lulus saking Glasgow University kanthi gelar B.A. ing pangajaran piano.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Setahun salajengipun, piyambakipun pikantuk diploma ing babagan penampilan musik sasampunipun mainaken ''Piano Concerto No. 1'' anggitanipun Felix Mendelssohn sesarengan kaliyan [[orkestra]] RSAMD.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (majalah Jerman), Januari 2001, kaca 5</ref> [[Barkas:James Peace - Idylls Op.4b.webm|pus|jmpl|393x393px|James Peace - Idylls Op.4b]] Sasampunipun rampung sinau formal, piyambakipun dados pianis ingkang kathah dipun jaluk, lan gesang wonten ing [[Edinburgh]] antawisipun taun 1988–1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> James Peace lajeng manggen wonten ing Bad Nauheim, [[Jerman]] ([[basa Jerman]]: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) wiwit taun 1991 dumugi 2009.<ref>Manfred Merz. "Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik", Wetterauer Zeitung (koran Jerman), 12 Desember 1992, kaca 19</ref><ref>"James Peace". The Tango Times (majalah wonten New York), Édisi 2002/2003 (39), kaca 1–5</ref> Wiwit taun 1998 piyambakipun miwiti sinau babagan Tango, lan ngasilaken CD ''Tango escocés'' (Tango Skotlandia) ingkang ngemot komposisi piano anggitanipun piyambak piyambak.<ref name=":6">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&context=L&vid=44NLS_VU1&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOPE1&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés''] </ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |title=Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés'' |access-date=2025-10-21 |archive-date=2025-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928140339/https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |title=de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés'' |access-date=2025-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928195355/https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |archive-date=2025-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing taun 2002 piyambakipun dados anggota kehormatan Victoria College of Music.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">"James Peace". La Cadena (majalah Belanda), September 2002, kaca 26</ref> Ing taun ingkang sami, piyambakipun nglaksanani tur konser solo wonten ing sisih lor Jerman (September–Oktober) lan dhateng wetan adoh (ing november), ing pundi piyambakipun maringi pagelaran kapisan Tango XVII anggitanipun piyambak piyambak wonten [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>''TangoTang'' (Hong Kong), Newsletter, 8 Oktober 2002</ref><ref>[https://www.scmp.com/article/393890/james-peace "James Peace". 南華早報 (koran ing Hong Kong), 9 Oktober 2002]</ref> [[Barkas:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|kiri|jmpl|Tango Milonga op. 26]] [[Barkas:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|kiri|jmpl|Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano)]] Sasampunipun punika, kathah pagelaran piyambakipun dipusataken wonten ing [[Éropa|Eropa]]. Piyambakipun sampun nate nampilaken karya tango anggitanipun piyambak piyambak wonten ing kitha-kitha krajan kados ta [[Amsterdam]], [[Aténa|Athéna]],<ref>Brosur program konser, Athéna ''{Για σένα Αγγελική}'', 27 April 2016</ref> [[Berlin]],<ref>Tangodanza (majalah Jerman), Édisi 1/2002 – 9</ref> [[Brussel]], [[Helsinki]],<ref>Poster konser (tur konser ing Finlandia, 2014)</ref> [[Lisabon]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster konser (tur konser ing Portugal, 2016)</ref> [[London]], [[Madrid]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster konser (tur konser ing Spanyol, ''¡Feliz Cincuenta Cumpleaños - 2013!'')</ref> [[Oslo]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt |title=Listen.no. James Peace (flygel). Munch Museet, Oslo, 16 Oktober 2004 |access-date=2025-10-21 |archive-date=2020-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608114526/https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Reykjavík]],<ref>[https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/823608/ Ríkarður Ö. Pálsson. "Skozkir Slaghörputangoár". Morgunblaðið (koran Islandia), 14 Oktober 2004]</ref> lan [[Wènen]].<ref>Brosur program konser (Wina), 23 Januari 2005</ref> Ing taun 2008 piyambakipun pikantuk pangajeng-ajeng dados anggota kehormatan London College of Music minangka pangalembana tumrap jasa-jasanipun ing jagad tango.<ref name=":10">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=44NLS_VU1&tab=default_tab&docid=44NLS_ALMA21438757900004341&lang=en_US&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,K.%20James%20Peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":11">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D1022200380 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":12">[https://whittakerlive.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-dvd-interview-with-wiesbaden.html Whittaker Live. "Wiesbadener Highlander K. James Peace - New DVD"]</ref> Sasampunipun manggen sekedhap ing Edinburgh, piyambakipun wangsul dhateng Jerman ing wulan [[Fèbruari 2010|Februari 2010]] lan manggen ing [[Wiesbaden]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Lelampahan punika maringi inspirasi enggal tumrap karya kreatifipun, saha piyambakipun damel film-film cekak adhedhasar komposisi anggitanipun piyambak piyambak. Salah satunggaling karyanipun punika [[film]] dokumenter ''James Peace in Wiesbaden''.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> == Hadiah lan Pangajeng-ajeng == ●     Hadiah kapisan, Agnes Millar kompetisi. [[Glasgow]], 1983<ref name=":4" /> ●     Hadiah kapisan, Dunbartonshire EIS kompetisi. [[Glasgow]], 1984<ref name=":4" /> ●     Hadiah kapisan, Sibelius Essay Prize. [[Glasgow]], 1985<ref name=":4" /> ●     Diploma pakurmatan, TIM kompetisi. [[Roma]], 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     Diploma pakurmatan, IBLA Foundation. [[New York]], 2002<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     Medhali pangeling, International Piano Duo Association. [[Tokyo]], 2002<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |url=http://ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |title=International Piano Duo Association (東京), Daftar para pamenang hadiah, 2002 |access-date=2025-10-21 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164059/http://www.ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ●     Medhali emas, Académie Internationale de Lutèce. [[Paris]], 2008<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Barkas:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|jmpl|353x353px|Kaca panutup, Eternal Song (Lagu Abadi) Op.32 dening James Peace (skor sinau)]] == Pakaryan Pokokipun == ●     ''The Waterfall (Grojogan)''<ref>Hessisches Staatstheater. Brosur program konser, 12/19 September 2021</ref> ●     ''Idylls (Serenada Énjing)'' ●     ''Lento Lacrimoso (Luhing Meneng)'' ●     ''Forgotten Leaves (Godhong Kasepéan)'' ●     ''Ceremonial March No.1 (Ladrang Upacara no.1)'' ●     ''Ceremonial March No.2 (Ladrang Upacara no.2)'' ●     ''Autumn Gold (Emas Mangsa Gugur)''<ref>"Violine schwebt über das Orchester". Schwäbische Post (koran Jerman), 4 Juni 1994</ref> ●     ''Eternal Song (Tembang Langgeng)''<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935400923804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Eternal Song Op.32, Peace, K. James'']</ref> ●     "Kangge [[Géorgia|Georgia]]" (basa Géorgia: საქართველოსთვის)          (lirik: Tamari Chikvaidze, Zurabi Chikvaidze lan James Peace) ●     24 Ténggo Kangge Piano Tunggal<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>[https://www.britishviolasociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Latest-news-from-the-British-Viola-Society.-August-2023-compressed.pdf ''British Viola Society'', Koran, Agustus 2023] </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135254/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-corta-historia-del-tango/ Hoja de Ruta Digital, México. "Una corta historia del tango", 22 Komon, 2024]</ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941547953804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tangos op.33, Peace, K. James'']</ref> == Pranala Njawi == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcMRNnwNJhk&list=RDZcMRNnwNJhk&start_radio=1 Lento Lacrimoso - ''youtube''] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSX1c8EUukg&list=RDsSX1c8EUukg&start_radio=1 Souvenir de Buenos Aires - ''youtube''] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VKxG2dmQn4&list=RD_VKxG2dmQn4&start_radio=1 Autumn Gold - ''youtube''] == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Tokoh Britania Raya]] [[Kategori:Lair 1963]] [[Kategori:Komponis]] i7k3pllky69blwlpx93wwoc7817j2qn 0 199140 1758276 1754478 2026-09-27T06:51:43Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|James Peace|ꦗꦩ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦺꦱ꧀}} [[File:PhotoJames.jpg|thumb|ꦗꦺꦩ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦺꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦮꦶꦪꦺꦱ꧀ꦧꦢꦺꦤ꧀]] ꧋'''ꦏꦺꦤꦺꦠ꧀ꦗꦺꦩ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦺꦱ꧀'''ꦭꦲꦶꦂ​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦥꦺꦱ꧀ꦭꦶꦪꦺ꧈​ꦠꦁ​ꦒꦭ꧀​꧇꧒꧘꧇​​ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦂ​꧇꧑꧙꧖꧓꧇​꧉​ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦺꦤꦺꦔꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ​ꦱꦠꦸꦁ​ꦒꦭꦶꦁ​​[[ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤꦶꦱ꧀]]꧈​​ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦶꦱ꧀​ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦂ꧈​​ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦱꦺꦤꦶꦩꦤ꧀​ꦮ꦳ꦶꦱꦸꦮꦭ꧀​ꦱꦏꦶꦁ​​ꦱꦺꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀꧉​ == ꦧꦶꦪꦺꦴꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶ == ꧋ꦗꦺꦩ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦺꦲꦶꦱ꧀ꦭꦲꦶꦂ​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦥꦺꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦲꦶ꧈​​ꦱꦺꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀꧈​ꦠꦁ​ꦒꦭ꧀​꧇꧒꧘꧇​​ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦂ​꧇꧑꧙꧖꧓<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. "Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge", Wiesbadener Tagblatt (koran Jerman), 10 Febuari 2011]</ref><ref name=":1">Julia Anderton. "Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte". Wiesbadener Kurier (koran Jerman), 24 Maret 2012</ref><ref name=":2">[https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ Soledad Carrizo-Araya. "Una entrevista al compositor James Peace". Hoja de Ruta Digital. Disyembre, 2022]{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦔ꧀ꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦲꦶ​ꦲꦒꦺꦔꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦮꦺꦏ꧀ꦢꦭ꧀​ꦲꦭꦶꦠ꧀​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦲꦺꦭꦺꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ꧈​​ꦱꦠꦸꦁ​ꦒꦭꦶꦁ​​ꦏꦸꦛ​ꦥꦺꦱꦶꦱꦶꦂ​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦱꦶꦱꦶꦃ​ꦏꦸꦭꦺꦴꦤ꧀​ꦱꦺꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀꧉​ꦏꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦏꦛꦃ​ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦏꦁ​​ꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀​ꦱꦺꦤꦶꦩꦤ꧀꧌ꦏꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀​ꦠ꧇ꦗꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦒꦶꦪꦺ꧍꧈​​ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦲꦸꦒꦶ​ꦏꦒꦸꦔꦤ꧀​ꦲꦸꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀​ꦏꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒ​ꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦥ꦳ꦺꦭꦶꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦧꦸꦂꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀꧈​ꦱꦠꦸꦁ​ꦒꦭꦶꦁ​​ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤꦶꦱ꧀​ꦩꦶꦱꦸꦮꦸꦂ​ꦱꦏꦶꦁ​​[[ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦏ꧀]]​ꦢꦤ꧀ꦱ​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦱꦺꦥꦫꦺꦴ​ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤ꧀​ꦲꦧꦢ꧀​ꦏꦥꦶꦁ​​꧇꧒꧐꧇​꧉<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sabine Klein. "Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch". Frankfurter Rundschau (koran Jerman), 1992, nomer 254, kaca 2</ref> ꧋ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠ꧀​ꦱꦶꦤꦲꦸ​ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦺꦴ​ꦤꦭꦶꦏ​ꦪꦸꦱ꧀ꦮ​ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦁ​​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀꧈ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦥꦒꦺꦭꦫꦤ꧀​ꦲꦸꦩꦸꦩ꧀​ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦭꦸꦩꦩ꧀ꦥꦃ​ꦤꦭꦶꦏ​ꦪꦸꦱ꧀ꦮ​ꦱꦺꦏꦮꦤ꧀​ꦮꦺꦭꦱ꧀​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀​ꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶ​ꦩꦲꦶꦤꦏꦺꦤ꧀​ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦏ꧀​ꦱꦏꦶꦁꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦗꦺꦴꦥ꧀ꦭꦶꦤ꧀​꧉<ref name=":2" />ꦤꦭꦶꦏ​ꦪꦸꦱ꧀ꦮ​ꦤꦺꦩ꧀​ꦧꦺꦭꦱ꧀​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀꧈​​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦢꦶꦠꦩ꧀ꦥꦶ​ꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀​ꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦮ​ꦥꦭꦶꦁ​​ꦲꦺꦤꦺꦴꦩ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁꦫꦺꦴꦲꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦠꦶꦱꦏꦢꦺꦩꦶꦪꦺꦴꦮ꧀ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀ꦢꦿꦩ꧌ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦏꦁ​​ꦱꦏ꧀ꦩꦺꦤꦶꦏ​ꦱꦶꦤꦺꦧꦠ꧀꧇ꦫꦺꦴꦲꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦂꦮꦠꦸꦮꦫꦺꦴꦥ꦳꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀꧍ꦩꦶꦤꦁ​ꦏ​ꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦮ​ꦥꦺꦤꦸꦃ​ꦮꦺꦏ꧀ꦢ꧉<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (koran Jerman). Maret 2001, pahina 5</ref>ꦭ꧀ꦒ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦒꦺꦴꦲꦸꦤꦶꦧꦺꦂꦱꦶꦢꦢ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶ​ꦒꦺꦭꦂB.A.ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦥꦔꦗꦫꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦺꦴ꧉<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />ꦱꦺꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀​ꦱꦭꦗꦺꦔꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀꧈​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦏ꧀​ꦢꦶꦥ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦩ​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦧꦧꦒꦤ꧀​ꦥꦺꦤꦩ꧀ꦥꦶꦭꦤ꧀​ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦏ꧀​ꦱꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦩꦲꦶꦤꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦺꦴꦕꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦂꦠꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦺꦂꦱꦶꦗꦶꦲꦁ​ꦒꦶꦠꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦥ꦳ꦺꦭꦶꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦭ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦧꦂꦠꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦢꦶꦱꦺꦱꦫꦺꦔꦤ꧀​ꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦂ[[ꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦸꦁ|ꦏꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦿ]]''RSAMD''꧉<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (majalah Jerman), Januari 2001, kaca 5</ref>ꦱꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦫꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦁ​​ꦱꦶꦤꦲꦸ​ꦥ꦳ꦺꦴꦂꦩꦭ꧀꧈​​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦶꦱ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦏꦁ​​ꦏꦛꦃ​ꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦗꦭꦸꦏ꧀꧈​​ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦒꦺꦱꦁ​​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁꦲꦺꦢꦶꦤ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ꧉<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />ꦗꦩꦺꦱ꧀​ꦥꦺꦪꦕꦺ​ꦭꦗꦺꦁ​​ꦩꦁ​ꦒꦺꦤ꧀​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁꦧꦢ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦲꦸꦲꦺꦲꦶꦩ꧀꧈​ꦗꦺꦂꦩꦤ꧀ꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠ꧀​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀​꧇꧑꧙꧙꧑꧇​​ꦢꦸꦩꦸꦒꦶ​꧇꧒꧐꧐꧙꧉<ref>Manfred Merz. "Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik", Wetterauer Zeitung (koran Jerman), 12 Desember 1992, kaca 19</ref><ref>"James Peace". The Tango Times (majalah wonten New York), Édisi 2002/2003 (39), kaca 1–5</ref>ꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠ꧀​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀​꧇꧑꧙꧙꧘꧇​​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦩꦶꦮꦶꦠꦶ​ꦱꦶꦤꦲꦸ​ꦧꦧꦒꦤ꧀​ꦠꦔꦺꦴ꧈​​ꦭꦤ꧀CD''Tangoescocés''꧌ꦠꦔꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪ꧍ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦏꦁ​​ꦔꦺꦩꦺꦴꦠ꧀​ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦱꦶꦱꦶ​ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦺꦴ​ꦲꦁ​ꦒꦶꦠꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀ꦲꦶ꧀ꦤ꧉<ref name=":6">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&context=L&vid=44NLS_VU1&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOPE1&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés''] </ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |title=Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés'' |access-date=2025-11-10 |archive-date=2025-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928140339/https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |title=de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés'' |access-date=2025-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928195355/https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |archive-date=2025-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀​꧇꧒꧐꧐꧒꧇​​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀​ꦲꦁ​ꦒꦺꦴꦠ​ꦏꦺꦲꦺꦴꦂꦩꦠꦤ꧀ꦮꦶꦏ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦫꦶꦪꦕꦺꦴꦭꦺꦗꦺꦴꦥ꦳꧀ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦶ꧀ꦤ​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​ꦏꦁ​​ꦱꦩꦶ꧈​​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦔ꧀ꦭꦏ꧀ꦱꦤꦤꦶ​ꦠꦸꦂ​ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦂ​ꦱꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴ​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦱꦶꦱꦶꦃ​ꦭꦺꦴꦂ​ꦗꦺꦂꦩꦤ꧀꧈​​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦶ​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦩꦫꦶꦔꦶ​ꦥꦒꦺꦭꦫꦤ꧀​ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤ꧀​ꦠꦔꦺꦴ​ꦄꦼꦮ꦳꧀ꦆꦆ​ꦲꦁ​ꦒꦶꦠꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦺꦴꦁ​​ꦏꦺꦴꦁ꧉<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">"James Peace". La Cadena (majalah Belanda), September 2002, kaca 26</ref> ꧋ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦤꦠꦺ​ꦤꦩ꧀ꦥꦶꦭꦏꦺꦤ꧀​ꦏꦂꦪ​ꦠꦔꦺꦴ​ꦲꦁ​ꦒꦶꦠꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀​ꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦏꦶꦛ​ꦏꦶꦛ​ꦏꦿꦗꦤ꧀​ꦏꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀​ꦠꦲꦩ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦂꦢꦩ꧀꧈​ꦲꦠꦺꦤ꧈​ꦧꦺꦂꦭꦶꦤ꧀꧈​ꦧꦿꦸꦱꦺꦭ꧀꧈​ꦲꦺꦭ꧀ꦱꦶꦤ꧀ꦏꦶꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀꧈​ꦭꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤ꧀꧈​ꦩꦢꦿꦶꦢ꧀꧈​ꦲꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦴ꧈​ ꦫꦺꦲꦶꦏꦶꦪꦮ꦳ꦶꦏ꧀꧈​ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦮꦺꦤꦺꦤ꧀꧉<ref name=":0" /> ꧋ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦮꦺꦤꦺꦤ꧀ꦲꦶ꧀ꦤ​ꦠꦲꦸꦤ꧀​꧇꧒꧐꧐꧘꧇​​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦏ꧀​ꦥꦔꦗꦺꦁ​​ꦲꦗꦺꦁ​​ꦢꦢꦺꦴꦱ꧀​ꦲꦁ​ꦒꦺꦴꦠ​ꦏꦺꦲꦺꦴꦂꦩꦠꦤ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦭꦺꦗꦺꦴꦥ꦳꧀ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦏ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦁ​ꦏ​ꦥꦔꦭꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦤ​ꦠꦸꦩꦿꦥ꧀​ꦗꦱ​ꦗꦱꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦗꦒꦢ꧀​ꦠꦔꦺꦴ꧉​<ref name=":0" /> ꧋ꦱꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦩꦁ​ꦒꦺꦤ꧀​ꦱꦺꦏꦺꦝꦥ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁꦲꦺꦢꦶꦤ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ꧈​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦮꦁ​ꦱꦸꦭ꧀​ꦝꦠꦺꦁ​​ꦗꦺꦂꦩꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦮꦸꦭꦤ꧀​ꦥ꦳ꦺꦧꦿꦸꦮꦫꦶ​꧇꧒꧐꧑꧐꧇​​ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦩꦁ​ꦒꦺꦤ꧀​ꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦮꦶꦪꦺꦱ꧀ꦧꦢꦺꦤ꧀꧉​<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ꦭꦺꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦲꦤ꧀​ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ​ꦩꦫꦶꦔꦶ​ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦶꦫꦱꦶ​ꦲꦺꦁ​ꦒꦭ꧀​ꦠꦸꦩꦿꦥ꧀​ꦏꦂꦪ​ꦏꦿꦺꦪꦠꦶꦥ꦳ꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀꧈​​ꦱꦲ​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦢꦩꦺꦭ꧀​ꦥ꦳ꦶꦭ꧀ꦩ꧀​ꦥ꦳ꦶꦭ꧀ꦩ꧀​ꦕꦺꦏꦏ꧀​ꦲꦝꦺꦝꦱꦂ​ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦱꦶꦱꦶ​ꦲꦁ​ꦒꦶꦠꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀​ꦥꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀꧉​ꦱꦭꦃ​ꦱꦠꦸꦁ​ꦒꦭꦶꦁ​​ꦏꦂꦪꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀​ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ​ꦥ꦳ꦶꦭ꧀ꦩ꧀​ꦢꦺꦴꦏꦸꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦂ''K.JamesPeaceinWiesbaden꧉''<ref name=":1" /> [[Barkas:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|pus|jmpl]] [[Barkas:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|pus|jmpl]] == ꦲꦢꦶꦪꦃ​ꦭꦤ꧀​ꦥꦔꦗꦺꦁ​​ꦲꦗꦺꦁ​ == [[Barkas:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|kiri|jmpl|287x287px]] ●     ꦲꦢꦶꦪꦃ​ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤ꧀꧈​ꦲꦒ꧀ꦤꦺꦱ꧀ꦩꦶꦭꦂꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦠꦶꦱꦶ꧉​ꦒ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦒꦺꦴ꧇꧑꧙꧘꧓<ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (koran Jerman). Maret 2001, pahina 5</ref> ●      ꦲꦢꦶꦪꦃ​ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤ꧀꧈​ꦢꦸꦤ꧀ꦧꦂꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦯꦺꦲꦶꦱ꧀​ꦌꦆꦱ꧀​ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦠꦶꦱꦶ꧉​ꦒ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦒꦺꦴ꧇꧑꧙꧘꧔ <ref name=":4" /> ●     ꦲꦢꦶꦪꦃ​ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤ꧀꧈​ꦱꦶꦧꦺꦭꦶꦪꦸꦱꦺꦱꦲꦶꦥꦿꦶꦱ꧀꧉ꦒ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦒꦺꦴ꧇꧑꧙꧘꧕<ref name=":4" /> ●     ꦢꦶꦥ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦩ​ꦥꦏꦸꦂꦩꦠꦤ꧀''꧈​TIM''ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦠꦶꦱꦶ꧉ꦫꦺꦴꦩ꧇꧒꧐꧐꧐<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (majalah Jerman), Januari 2001, kaca 5</ref> ●     ꦢꦶꦥ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦩ​ꦥꦏꦸꦂꦩꦠꦤ꧀''꧈​IBLA''ꦥ꦳ꦺꦴꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦱꦺꦴꦤ꧀꧉ꦤꦺꦮꦾꦺꦴꦂꦏ꧀꧇꧒꧐꧐꧒<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     ꦩꦺꦝꦭꦶ​ꦥꦔꦺꦭꦶꦁ​꧈​ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦂꦤꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦺꦴꦢꦸꦮꦺꦴꦮꦱꦺꦴꦱꦶꦪꦱ꧀ꦗꦺꦴꦤ꧀꧉ꦠꦺꦴꦏꦶꦪꦺꦴ꧇꧒꧐꧐꧒<ref name=":2" /> ● ꦩꦺꦝꦭꦶ​ꦲꦺꦩꦱ꧀꧈​ꦲ꧀ꦕꦢꦺꦩꦶꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦂꦤꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦢꦺꦭꦸꦠꦺꦱ꧀꧉ꦥꦫꦶꦱ꧀꧇꧒꧐꧐꧘<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == ꦥꦏꦂꦪꦤ꧀​ꦥꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴꦏꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ == ●     ꦒꦿꦺꦴꦗꦺꦴꦒꦤ꧀ ●     ꦱꦺꦫꦺꦤꦢ​ꦲꦺ꧀ꦤꦁ​ ●     ꦭꦸꦲꦶꦁ​​ꦩꦺꦤꦺꦁ​ ●     ꦒꦺꦴꦝꦺꦴꦁ​​ꦏꦱꦺꦥꦺꦪꦤ꧀ ●     ꦧꦭꦢ ●     ꦭꦢꦿꦁ​​ꦈꦥꦕꦫ​ꦤꦺꦴ꧉​꧇꧑ ●     ꦭꦢꦿꦁ​​ꦈꦥꦕꦫ​ꦤꦺꦴ꧉​꧇꧒ ●     ꦌꦩꦱ꧀​ꦩꦁ​ꦱ​ꦒꦸꦒꦸꦂ ●     ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ​​ꦭꦁ​ꦒꦺꦁ​<ref name=":0" /> ●     ꧌ꦏꦁ​ꦒꦺ​ꦗꦺꦴꦂꦗꦶꦪ꧍꧈ꦭꦶꦫꦶꦏ꧀꧇​ꦠꦩꦫꦶꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦏ꧀ꦮ꦳ꦲꦶꦢ꧀ꦱꦺ꧈​ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦶꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦗꦶꦏ꧀ꦮ꦳ꦲꦶꦢ꧀ꦱꦺꦭꦚ꧀ꦗꦺꦩ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦺꦱ꧀<ref name=":2" /> ●     ꧇꧒꧔꧇​​ꦠꦺꦁ​ꦒꦺꦴ​ꦏꦁ​ꦒꦺ​ꦥꦶꦪꦤꦺꦴ​ꦠꦸꦁ​ꦒꦭ꧀<ref name=":0" /> == ꦫꦸꦗꦸꦏꦤ꧀ == [[Kategori:Musik]] [[Kategori:ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ]] 026qja0uypjbsigu85axfzocxt6tr0m 0 199580 1758238 1756521 2026-09-26T16:59:57Z Presiden revanisme 70645 /* Sistem Penamaan */ 1758238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Aircraft |name=Infoglobal I-22 Sikatan |image=File:I-22 Sikatan Fighter Version Sketchfab.png |type= Block I [[Pesawat tempur multiperan|Zat tempur multiperan]]<br />Block II [[Pesawat tempur superioritas udara|Zat tempur unggul udara]] |national origin=Indonesia |manufacturer=[[Infoglobal Teknologi Semesta|PT. Infoglobal Teknologi Semesta]] |designer=[https://id.linkedin.com/showcase/vlr-consulting-group/ Vimana Litbang & Rekayasa] |first flight=Durung kaweruhan |introduced= |retired= |status=Prototipe (Sajjeroning pangembangan) |primary user=Durung kaweruhan |more users= |produced= |number built= 1 Unit Prototype<ref>https://m.infoglobal.co.id/id/news/i22_Sikatan_jet_tempur_ringan_multirole_di_level_T50_dan_KF21{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|unit cost=|developed from=|variants with their own articles=|developed into= }} '''Infoglobal I-22 Sikatan''' inggih punika program pangembangan [[pesawat tempur multiperan|zat tempur multiperan]] generasi 4.5 lan [[pesawat tempur superioritas udara|zat tempur unggul udara]] generasi 5 [[Indonesia]] ingkang dipuntindakaken dening [[Infoglobal Teknologi Semesta|PT Infoglobal Teknologi Semesta]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infoglobal|url=https://www.infoglobal.co.id/|website=www.infoglobal.co.id|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref> Zat tempur punika dipunrancang minangka zat tempur ukuran menengah-ngeboti kanthi mesin ganda, kursi ganda, mawi sistem [[avionik]] modern lan fitur berkinerja dhuwur, supados saged ngebaki peran wigati minangka sarana pelatihan penerbang modern liwat kinerja ingkang sae piyambak. Mockup saking zat tempur punika sampun dipunpameraken wonten ing arena njawi [[Indo Defence Expo & Forum]] 2022 ing booth OD 60 ingkang dipunawontenaken ing [[Jakarta International Expo|JIExpo]] [[Kemayoran, Jakarta Pusat|Kemayoran]] tanggal 2-5 November 2022.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Rizkia|first=Zulaika|date=2023-11-13|title=I-22 Sikatan Dikembangkan Bukan Buat TNI AU Tapi Infoglobal Rela Kucurkan Uang Karena Indonesia Ternyata Punya Bidikan - Zona Jakarta|url=https://www.zonajakarta.com/nasional/67310851349/i-22-sikatan-dikembangkan-bukan-buat-tni-au-tapi-infoglobal-rela-kucurkan-uang-karena-indonesia-ternyata-punya-bidikan|website=Zona Jakarta|language=id|access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> I-22 Sikatan minangka program pangembangan zat tempur kaping kalih ingkang dipuntindakaken dening Indonesia. Sadurungipun, Indonesia, liwat [[Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional|LAPAN]], nate ngembangaken zat tempur multiperan siluman generasi kaping gansal kanthi nama [[LAPAN Fighter Experimental (LFX)]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liputan6.com|date=2014-04-22|title=LFX, Pengembangan Pesawat Tempur Indonesia yang Tertunda|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/2040091/lfx-pengembangan-pesawat-tempur-indonesia-yang-tertunda|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> ing taun 2012, nanging program kasebat dipunbekukaken ing taun 2013 nganti sapriki tanpa wonten kajelasan. == Sistem Penamaan == [[File:Panoramic Cockpit Display i-22 Sikatan.jpg|thumb|Panoramic Cockpit Display (i-22 Sikatan Block 1) indodefence 2022]] Aksara "I" ing nama pesawat dipunpendhet saking nama perusahaan ingkang ndamel, yaiku Infoglobal, dene angka "22" nuduhaken taun 2022 ing ngendi mock-up pesawat punika kapisan dipuntampilaken wonten ing acara Indo Defence Expo & Forum.<ref name=":0" /> Sauntara punika, nama Sikatan dipunpendhet saking nama jinis manuk [[Ficedula|Sikatan]] ingkang kathah dipunpanggangi ing sawetara negara [[Asia Tenggara]]. Manuk punika misuwur amargi trampil lan gesit nalika miber. Paring nama Sikatan marang pesawat I-22 punika gadhah pangarep-arep benjang I-22 saged miber kanthi gesit kados dene manuk Sikatan ing alam liar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sawiyya|first=Rangga Baswara|date=2022-11-06|title=i-22 Sikatan, jet tempur ringan multirole di level T-50 dan KF-21|url=https://www.airspace-review.com/2022/11/06/i-22-sikatan-jet-tempur-ringan-multirole-di-level-t-50-dan-kf-21/|website=Airspace Review|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref> === Aksara Purwaka === Beda kaliyan Amerika Serikat lan Tiongkok ingkang penamaan pesawatipun nggunakaken aksara purwaka (awalan) kanggē nuduhaken fungsi saking pesawat kasebat,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-01|title=Cracking the Aircraft Designation Code|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/june/cracking-aircraft-designation-code|website=U.S. Naval Institute|language=en|access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Chinese Military Aircraft Designations|url=https://designation-systems.net/non-us/china.html|website=designation-systems.net|access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref> I-22 malah nggunakaken nama perusahaan pembuatipun minangka aksara purwaka. Sistem penamaan punika sami kados ingkang dipun-damel dening [[Rusia]] kanggē pesawat-pesawatipun.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-19|title=Soviet Union military aircraft designation systems|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_military_aircraft_designation_systems&oldid=1150608769|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Minangka conto, aksara SU ing pesawat [[Sukhoi Su-57|Su-57]] nuduhaken perusahaan pembuatipun yaiku [[Sukhoi]]. Bab punika berlaku kanggē meh sedaya pesawat Rusia<ref name=":2" /> kados TU kanggē [[Tupolev]], MIG kanggē [[Mikoyan]], IL kanggē [[Ilyushin]], lan taksih kathah maneh. Beda kaliyan Amerika lan Tiongkok ingkang aksara purwakanipun nuduhaken fungsi pesawat, kados F kanggē Fighter, J kanggē Jianjiji (fighter), B kanggē Bomber, H kanggē Hongzhaji (bomber), lan lintunipun.<ref name=":1" /> Nanging bab punika mboten ateges sedaya pesawat tempur buatan Indonesia ing tembe bakal nggunakaken sistem penamaan kasebat, amargi nama I-22 Sikatan mboten dipunparingi dening pemerintah, nanging dening perusahaan Infoglobal piyambak. == Desain == Konsep desain I-22 Sikatan dipungagas nindakaken kerja sami kaliyan firma desain kedirgantaraan lokal [[Vimana Litbang & Rekayasa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nurw|date=2022-11-26|title=DEFENSE STUDIES: Menengok Konsep Pesawat Tempur Generasi 4,5 dari Infoglobal|url=http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2022/11/menengok-konsep-pesawat-tempur-generasi.html|website=DEFENSE STUDIES|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref> ingkang dipunpangarsi dening tilas penerbang kendaraan udara nirawak komersial ([[Pesawat nirawak|UAV]]), Sunanto Ajidarmo. Wonten pameran kasebat, Sunanto ngandharaken i-22 Sikatan minangka konsep pesawat tempur bermesin ganda kanthi desain ingkang dipun-inspirasi saking [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Militer|first=Garuda|date=Kamis, 08 Desember 2022|title=Garuda Militer: i-22 Sikatan Infoglobal|url=http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2022/12/i-22-sikatan-infoglobal.html#|website=Garuda Militer|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indo Defence 2022: Indonesian aerospace firm unveils 4.5-generation fighter concept|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indo-defence-2022-indonesian-aerospace-firm-unveils-45-generation-fighter-concept|website=Janes.com|language=en|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref> Desain punika nyajikaken wujud [[Penampang lintang radar|penampang radar]] ingkang dipunsuda lan kathah-kathahipun nggunakaken bahan komposit kanggē nambah karakter silumanipun.[[File:Saab JAS 39 Gripen at Kaivopuisto Air Show, June 2017 (altered) copy.jpg|thumb|240px|Saab JAS 39 Gripen wonten ing pagelaran Kaivopuisto Air Show.]] I-22 Sikatan gadhah dimensi ingkang ringkes kanthi dawa 12,5 meter, [[rentang sayap|jembar sayap]] 7 meter, lan dhuwur 3,5 meter. Pesawat punika sengaja dirancang mawi ukuran cilik amargi bakal dipun-ngangge minangka pesawat tempur utama lan saged dipun-ginakaken kanggē patroli jarak tebih.<ref>https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/indo-defence-2022-indonesian-aerospace-firm-unveils-45-generation-fighter-concept</ref> Sudut kemiringan sirip jejegipun dipunrancang kanggē mbuwang pantulan gelombang radar menyang samping, sanes wangsul menyang sumber radar mungsuh. Garis tajam ingkang dawa saking irung nganti tekan sayap (chine) gadhah fungsi memecah turbulensi sarta nyuda Radar Cross Section (RCS).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sawiyya|first=Rangga Baswara|date=2022-11-06|title=i-22 Sikatan, jet tempur ringan multirole di level T-50 dan KF-21|url=https://www.airspace-review.com/2022/11/06/i-22-sikatan-jet-tempur-ringan-multirole-di-level-t-50-dan-kf-21/|website=Airspace Review|language=en-US|access-date=2023-05-22}}</ref> Konsep punika gadhah kalih varian – satunggal mawi konfigurasi sayap canard, lan satunggal malih tanpa sayap canard. Konfigurasi sayap canard gadhah jembar sayap 9 meter, dene ingkang mboten gadhah sayap canard jembar sayapipun 9,6 meter. Loro-loronipun konsep kasebat dipunrancang jangkep wonten ing njero negeri dening para insinyur dirgantara lokal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=KASKUS|title=Indo Defence 2022: PT Infoglobal Tampilkan Mockup Jet Tempur i-22 Sikatan|url=https://www.kaskus.co.id/thread/6368ea4f68f1707c384efdfb/indo-defence-2022-pt-infoglobal-tampilkan-mockup-jet-tempur-i-22-sikatan|website=KASKUS|access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> Mock-up ingkang dipun-pameraken ing Indo Defence 2022 inggih punika varian tanpa canard, lan dipun-damel udakara 90% saking ukuran aslinipun kanggē nggampilaken pangaturan pengiriman lan taksih wujud mockup kasar. Infoglobal ngrancang nggunakaken mesin saking Hawk Mk.209 kanggē prototipe kapisanipun, nanging wonten spekulasi ing tembe wingking babagan potensi panganggean [[mesin jet]] asil reverse engineering.<ref>https://tni-au.mil.id/berita/detail/depohar-30-dislitbangau-dan-pt-its-berkolaborasi-dalam-reverse-engineering-pesawat-hawk-mk-209</ref> == Pangembangan == Program pangembangan bakal dipuntindakaken wonten ing tigang tahap. Wonten ing tahap kapisan, pesawat bakal dipun-kembangaken minangka [[pesawat latih|pesawat latih]]. Tahap kaping kalih bakal dados demonstrator. Lajeng, fase pungkasan bakal dados sistem penuh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infoglobal|url=https://www.infoglobal.co.id/media/news_detail/63bb866f43375|website=www.infoglobal.co.id|access-date=2023-05-21}} Sistem penuh kasebat inggih punika I-22 varian Multirole lan I-22 varian Superioritas Udara ingkang pancen dados kabetahan primer pertahanan udara saking jinis pesawat tempur</ref> Infoglobal sampun ngawiti Program Sikatan i-22 kanthi tujuan penguasaan teknologi pesawat tempur lan ningali potensi pasar kanthi manfaataken pengalaman lan katrampilanipun ing desain/produksi sistem pesawat ingkang hemat biaya.<ref>https://m.infoglobal.co.id/id/news/i22_Sikatan_jet_tempur_ringan_multirole_di_level_T50_dan_KF21{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Indo Defence 2022 === Wonten ing acara [[Indo Defence Expo & Forum]] 2022 ingkang dipun-awontenaken ing [[Jakarta International Expo|JIExpo]] [[Kemayoran, Jakarta Pusat|Kemayoran]] tanggal 2-5 November 2022, PT. Infoglobal kanggē kapisanipun ngenalaken mockup saking pesawat tempur I-22 Sikatan ing arena outdoor booth OD 60.<ref name=":3" /> Mock-up ingkang dipunpameraken inggih punika varian tanpa canard, dipun-damel udakara 90% saking ukuran asli supados gampil dipuntata nalika pengiriman lan taksih rupa mockup kasar. [[File:Mockup I-22 Sikatan Indo Defense 2024.png|thumb|Mockup pesawat tempur I-22 Sikatan sesarengan kaliyan pesawat nirawak Wani-23]] === Indo Defence 2024 === Wonten ing pagelaran Indo Defence 2024 ingkang dipun-awontenaken tanggal 11 - 14 Juni 2025, PT Infoglobal nampilaken pangembangan paling anyar saking program i-22 Sikatan, kalebet model kokpit skala penuh lan simulator penerbanganipun. Kehadiran punika nglanjutaken partisipasi perusahaan wonten ing pameran rong taunan kasebat, sasampunipun sadurungipun ugi memamerkan model lan versi berskala luwih cilik ing taun 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infoglobal Pamerkan Kokpit Skala Penuh i-22 Sikatan|url=https://gbp.com.sg/regional_stories/infoglobal-pamerkan-kokpit-skala-penuh-i-22-sikatan/|website=GBP|language=en-US|access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> I-22 Sikatan Demonstrator ingkang dipun-pameraken nuduhaken kemajuan sajjeroning pangembangan teknologi pesawat tempur, kalebet desain kokpit ingkang modern. Pesawat punika dipunjangkepi fitur [[fly-by-wire]], ing ngendi flight control utawi [[sistem kendali]] penerbangan mlaku kanthi elektronik liwat joystick lan throttle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infoglobal Unveils Full-Scale i-22 Sikatan Cockpit|url=https://www.infoglobal.co.id/media/news_detail/684bdbe9604cc|website=www.infoglobal.co.id|access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> [[File:Full Scale Cockpit & Demonstrator I-22 Sikatan.jpg|thumb|Kokpit lan demonstrator skala penuh pesawat tempur I-22 Sikatan ingkang dipunpameraken ing pameran Indo Defense 2024]] Sebagean gedhe konfigurasi avionikipun terintegrasi sajjeroning siji panoramic display berukuran 25”. Layar punika nampilaken macem-macem data, wiwit saking CNI System, Map-based navigation, Fuel & Engine Monitoring System, Integrated Caution and Warning System (ICAWS), nganti tekan Weapon System. i-22 Sikatan ugi dipunjangkepi IESD minangka backup flight instrument, sarta fitur day/night mode kanggē operasional pesawat ing lingkungan kanthi cahya sithik utawi wektu wengi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Instagram/infoglobal|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DKy7vc2TLcJ/|website=www.instagram.com|access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> Mboten namung wonten ing kokpit, i-22 Sikatan ugi dipunjangkepi Helmet Mounted Display System (HMDS) ingkang ngemungaken data penerbangan wigati dipunproyeksikaken langkung menyang [[retina]] pilot liwat tampilan ing helm, saengga nambah kesadaran situasional pilot sajjeroning misi. I-22 dipunproyeksikaken nggunakaken AESA Radar lan sistem Data Link ingkang ngemungaken pesawat punika bertempur kanthi "senyap" tanpa kudu nyalakaken radar aktif ingkang saged dipundeteksi dening mungsuh. == Kontroversi == [[File:The third prototype of the KF-21 Boramae on display at the 2022 Sacheon Airshow.png|thumb|240px|Prototipe kaping tiga KF-21 Boramae.]] I-22 Sikatan sering dipun-tingali negatif mliginipun dening pengamat militer [[Korea Selatan]] lan [[Tiongkok]]. Desain I-22 Sikatan kerep dipunanggep mirip kaliyan [[KAI KF-21 Boramae|KF-21 Boramae]] saking Korea Selatan lan [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]] saking Tiongkok. Malah sawetara pengamat militer Korea Selatan curiga yen wonten ingkang mbocorken teknologi inti KF-21 menyang Indonesia amargi wektu dipun-kenalaken I-22 terlalau 'kebeneran' ing tengah nunggakipun utang Indonesia ing proyek KF-21. Dheweke curiga yen Indonesia bakal metu saking proyek KF-21 lan mbangun I-22 mawi teknologi KF-21 ingkang sampun dipun-gadhahi kanthi meneng-meneng. Nanging, beda kaliyan fakta ing lapangan amargi kebanyakan masyarakat Korea durung ngerti babagan anane I-22 Sikatan. [[File:J-20 at CCAS2022 (20220827103424).jpg|thumb|240px|J-20 Mighty Dragon gadhahipun Tiongkok.]] Sanadyan durung saged dipunpastiaken kasetenanipun, sawetara pengamat militer Tiongkok ugi tumut nuduh yen Indonesia sampun njiplak rancangan pesawat tempur J-20.<ref>{{Cite web|title=除土耳其无人机之外，又多一国仿制我们的歼20，连DSI进气道都有？_印尼_战机_国家|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/619069242_121432636|website=www.sohu.com|access-date=2023-05-21}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanadyan [[Direktur utama|CEO]] Infoglobal piyambak ngendika yen desain I-22 terinspirasi saking JAS-39 Gripen, nanging mboten saged dipunsangkal yen desain I-22 pancen mirip sanget kaliyan J-20. == Varian (proyeksi) == Wonten tigang versi ingkang dipunrancangkan:<ref name="airspace-review">{{Cite web |last=Sawiyya |first=Rangga Baswara |date=2022-11-06 |title=i-22 Sikatan, jet tempur ringan multirole di level T-50 dan KF-21 |url=https://www.airspace-review.com/2022/11/06/i-22-sikatan-jet-tempur-ringan-multirole-di-level-t-50-dan-kf-21/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Airspace Review |language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Block I''': Generasi kaping 4.5, punika gadhah 2 varian yaiku [[pesawat latih|Pesawat Latih Lanjut]] & [[Pesawat tempur multiperan|Pesawat Tempur Multiperan]] kanthi sistem avionik anyar kanggē kabetahan pelatihan pilot lan pertahanan negara saking ancaman pesawat tempur multiperan lintunipun. * '''Block II''': Generasi kaping 5, varian [[Pesawat tempur superioritas udara|Pesawat Tempur Superioritas Udara]], nanging ugi gadhah kemampuan kanggē nindakaken pertempuran dharat, peperangan elektronik, lan [[SIGINT|sinyal intelijen]] kanthi sistem avionik canggih, kompartemen senjata internal lan kemampuan silumanipun sarta berpotensi ngalami pembesaran desain pesawat. * '''Demonstrator Teknologi''': Versi demonstrasi teknologi sadurunge '''Block I'''. == Spesifikasi (proyeksi) == Adhedhasar data spesifikasi.<ref name="jawapos">{{cite news|url=https://infoglobal.co.id/be/api/media/file/1604602.pdf|publisher=Jawa Pos|title=Alutsista Buatan Lokal Siap Tembus Dominasi Global|date=2025-07-01|first=Azami|last=Ramadhan|location=Surabaya|language=id}}</ref> [[File:Infoglobal_I-22_Sikatan_Sketchfab.png|thumb|Desain Block I saking Infoglobal I-22 Sikatan mawi 3D modelling]] [[File:I-22 Sikatan Fighter Version Sketchfab.png|thumb|Desain Block II saking Infoglobal I-22 Sikatan mawi 3D modelling]] === Karakteristik Utama === * Kapasitas Kru: 1 utawi 2 * Desain Block 1: Wiwitanipun terinspirasi saking [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] nanging luwih mirip kaliyan [[Chengdu J-20]], ngadopsi karakter siluman kanthi citra radar rendah lan nggunakaken [[material komposit]] * Desain Block 2: Ngadopsi konfigurasi canard-delta berbasis blended wing-body (BWB), ingkang ngombinasikaken elemen aerodinamis Chengdu J-20 (sirip canard aktif) kaliyan tata letak siluman F-22 Raptor (twin canted tail lan geometri penampang radar rendah). Konstruksi airframe manfaataken Komposit Serat Karbon Lanjut (Advanced CFRP) lan Titanium-Matrix Composite (TMC), dipundhaptarake kaliyan pelapis Radar-Absorbing Material (RAM) berbasis metamaterial, Diverterless Supersonic Inlet (DSI), sarta Thrust Vectoring Nozzles (TVN) kanggē nyuda jejak inframerah lan penampang radar (RCS). * Dawane: 12.5&nbsp;m (perkiraan 18m kanggē Heavy Fighter) * Jembar sayap: 7m (perkiraan 13m kanggē Heavy Fighter) * Dhuwur: 3.5m (5.3m kanggē Heavy Fighter) * Bobot: Durung kaweruhan (Fase mockup) * [[Berat lepas landas maksimum|Bobot lepas landas maksimum]]: Durung kaweruhan (Fase mockup) * Mesin: Dipunsengkuyung dening Mesin Turbofan 2x Reverse engineering / WS-10 series kanggē block 1 (Varian Block 2 durung dipuntentukan, kemungkinan ''Low-bypass Afterburning Turbofan'') * Sistem kontrol: Block 1, Digital Fly-by-Wire (DFBW) Quad-redundant mawi Flight Envelope Protectional mawi layar panorama 25 inci lan Sistem Tampilan Terpasang Helmet-Mounted Display System (HMDS) kanthi integrasi VR/AR. Sauntara punika Block 2, ''Advanced DFBW'' (utawi ''Fly-by-Light'' / FBL) terintegrasi ''Thrust Vector Control'' (TVC) lan kontrol ''High Angle-of-Attack'' (AoA). * Sistem radar: Radar AESA-X (experimental) buatan Infoglobal * Lambung Senjata: Internal Weapon Bay === Fitur siluman === Wonten ing rancangan konsep varian Block 2, I-22 Sikatan dipunproyeksikaken manfaataken lapisan Radar-Absorbing Material (RAM) berbasis metamaterial ingkang dipunintegrasikaken ing struktur komposit pesawat. Penggunaan metamaterial punika dipunmaksudaken kanggē nyuda nilai Radar Cross Section (RCS) kanthi nyerap spektrum gelombang radar ingkang luwih jembar (broadband), sarta nyuda bobot fisik yen dipunbandingaken kaliyan RAM konvensional berbasis ferit utawi polimer konduktif kados dene ingkang dipungunakaken ing F-22 Raptor. Sanadyan katulis sajjeroning dokumen spesifikasi target, penggunaan pelapis metamaterial punika taksih mawi status proyeksi teknis jangka dawa. Secara global, pengaplikasian metamaterial ing kerangka pesawat tempur taksih wonten ing tahap riset lan uji coba terbatas, dene fokus pangembangan I-22 Sikatan wektu punika taksih dipunprioritasaken ing varian latih & multiperan (Block 1) lan integrasi avionik. === Performa === * Kecepatan maksimum: 2,1 Mach udakara 2.350 km/jam nggunakaken twin-engine aircraft (Block 1). * Kecepatan maksimum: 2,1 Mach nganti 2,6 Mach (udakara 2. == Referensi == jimsxn3nvdhzxbq01nar92zowmukesn 0 200920 1758255 1757371 2026-09-27T03:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een rebabspeler TMnr 60052115.jpg|jmpl|210x210px|Notoprojo]] '''Kanjeng Pangeran Haryo (K.P.H.) Notoprojo''' (lair ing [[Ngayogyakarta]], 17 Maret 1909 - tilar donya ing Ngayogyakarta 30 Agustus 2007) utawi '''Ki Tjokrowasito''', '''K.R.T. Wasitodiningrat''', '''Wasi Jolodoro''' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Yogya: ragam ekspresi budaya : kumpulan esai|last=Admadipurwa|first=Purwadmadi|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|year=2018|isbn=978-602-53183-6-8|pages=390}}</ref> iku [[empu]] [[karawitan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.tempo.co/MajalahTeks/detail/ARM2018061292231/100-tahun-pengabdian-kisah-seorang-empu-karawitan|title=100 Tahun Pengabdian: Kisah Seorang Empu Karawitan|date=2004-08-01|website=data.tempo.co|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> lan salah satunggaling seniman [[gamelan]] [[Jawa]] sing paling dihurmati.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maestro|last=L|first=Imam Wahjoe|publisher=HM Sampoerna|year=2007|isbn=978-979-97907-3-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jogjabudaya.jogjaprov.go.id/pencarian/hasil/26/5062|title=Kanjeng Pangeran Haryo Notoprojo (Ki Cokrowasito)|date=2019-12-12|website=jogjabudaya.jogjaprov.go.id|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> Dhéwéké mimpin gamelan [[Pura Pakualaman]] sarta gamelan [[Radio Republik Indonesia Yogyakarta]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Karawitan: Source Readings in Javanese Gamelan and Vocal Music, Volume 2|last=Becker|first=Judith|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-472-90165-4|location=Ann Arbor|pages=290}}</ref>, lan mulang gamelan ing univèrsitas-univèrsitas ing saindenging jagat. Dhéwéké uga minangka [[komposer]] lan pemain rebab sing misuwur. Dhéwéké misuwur uga minangka karya komposisi gamelané sing raket karo masyarakat, kayata "''Kuwi Opo Kuwi''", ''"Gugur Gunung''", lan "''Modernisasi Desa''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2007/08/30/brk%2C20070830-106592%2Cid.html|title='Hari Ini, Empu Karawitan' Berpulang di Usia 104 Tahun|last=Amin|first=Syaiful|date=2007-08-30|website=tempointeraktif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031543/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2007/08/30/brk%2C20070830-106592%2Cid.html|archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref> == Urip lan Karier == Notoprojo nyipta luwih saka 250 karya, kalebu manèka gending gamelan ringan lan karya èksperimèntal, sing akèh ing antarane dados pérangan wigati ing rèpertoar gamelan modérn. Ana ing taun 2004, dhéwéké nampi penghargaan bergengsi yaiku [[Nugraha Bhakti Musik Indonesia]]. Minangka bocah sing tuwuh ing lingkungan Pura Pakualaman, dhéwéké wiwit nyinaoni musik nalika umur limang taun ing sangisoré bimbingané bapaké, yaiku [[R.W. Padmowinangun]] (pemimpin gamelan kraton). Déné pendhidhikan formal sing ditempuh yaiku ana ing sekolah menengah [[Taman Siswa]]. Nalika diwasa, dhéwéké ndhidhikaké dhiriné minangka pamulangan ing [[Konservatori Tari Indonesia]] lan [[Akademi Seni Tari Indonesia]]. Dhéwéké uga ngadegaké [[Pusat Olah Vokal Wasitodipuro]], yaiku sawijining sekolah kanggo nyinaoni seni vokal. Wiwit taun 1953, dhéwéké olèh kalodhangan kanggo mulang gamelan Jawa ing manca negara. Ing ajang [[New York World's Fair]] taun 1964 ing [[Amérika Sarékat|Amèrika Sarèkat]], dhéwéké jejibahan mimpin kelompok gamelan ing [[Paviliun Indonesia]]. Banjur, ing kurun wektu 1971-1992, dhéwéké pindhah menyang kutha Valencia, [[California]], minangka pamulangan ing [[California Institute of the Arts]]. Kampus liyané sing uga dadi papan dhéwéké mulang antarané [[University of California]], [[Berkeley]], [[San Jose University]], lan manéka kampus liyané ing Amèrika Sarèkat lan [[Kanadha]]. Bali menyang Indonésia ing taun 1992 amarga dhéwéké wis mlebu masa pensiun. Sawisé bali menyang Ngayogyakarta, omah panggonané banjur didarmabaktèkaké minangka papan panggonan para seniman enom, uga dadi papan kanggo pagelaran lan patemon rutin para seniman saka [[Jawa Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforworldmusic.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/K.P.H.-Notoprojo-Bio.pdf|title=K.P.H. Notoprojo|website=CENTER FOR WORLD MUSIC AND RELATED ARTS|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> Dhéwéké séda ing Ngayogyakarta ing tanggal Agustus 2007, nalika umure 104 taun ([[kalèndher Jawa]]). Sajroning uripé, Notoprojo nduwèni peran wigati sajroning ngenalaké lan ngrembakaké aprèsiasi sarta kawruh ngenani gamelan Jawa ing manéka penjuru donya. Miturut [[Profésor|profèsor]] lan [[ètnomusikologis]] Amérika Sarèkat, [[Mantle Hood]] "Wis diakoni yèn ora ana wong liya ing Indonésia sing wis nyedhaki sumbangan saka tokoh iki (Cokrowarsito) sajroning mbiyantu donya supaya bisa mengertèni agungé tradhisi gamelan Jawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lib.umd.edu/ETC/ReadingRoom/Newsletters/EthnoMusicology/Digest/92-089.erd|title=Ethnomusicology Research Digest No. 89|date=1992-08-08|website=UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084058/http://www.lib.umd.edu/ETC/ReadingRoom/Newsletters/EthnoMusicology/Digest/92-089.erd|archive-date=2014-08-19|access-date=2026-09-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Album == * Gending Djawa (1966) * Javanese Court Gamelan From the Pura Paku Alam, Jogyakarta (1971) * A Musical Anthology of the Orient Indonesia I - Java Court Music (1972) * Java - l'art du gamelan 3 (1973) * Jamuran, Gending Dolanan (2006) * Gamelan Music from Java (direkam ing 1963) * Album rekaman pagelaran langsung: "A Concert of Court Music of Central Java" (1978)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/k_r_t__wasitodiningrat|title=K.R.T. Wasitodiningrat|website=https://rateyourmusic.com|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Lagu/Tembang == * Ketawang Puspawarna * Gending Tejanata / Ladrang Sembawa / Ladrang Playon * Gending Mandulpati / Ladrang Agun-Agun * Bubaran Hudan Mas * Gending "Kombang Mara" * Gending Babat * Gending Wedikengser * Bonangan Gending "Tukung" * Gending Bonangan Wedikengser (Pélog Baran Mode) * Gending Corobalen, Minggah Ketawa * Gending Gambirsawit Pantjerana (Pl. 6 Djangkep) * Ketawang Angleng (Sl. 9) * Gending Kenjawudu - Ladrang Bribil (Sl. 9) * Gending Gambirsawit Sembunggilang (Sl. 9) * Ladrang Pangkur Tromolrem (Sl. 9)<ref name=":1" /> == Pangajèn == * Tandha Kehormatan Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma ing Istana Negara, Jakarta (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2990828/jokowi-beri-tanda-kehormatan-ke-46-orang-dari-paloh-sampai-goenawan-mohamad|title=Jokowi Beri Tanda Kehormatan ke 46 Orang, dari Paloh Sampai Goenawan Mohamad|last=Hutasoit|first=Moksa|date=2015-08-13|website=news.detik.com|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == razvea819f0cdp2c6e3wvqfo0k0jir8 0 200934 1758245 1758235 2026-09-27T00:56:06Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{inuse}} '''Orla Brady''' (lair 1961) iku sawijiné aktris Irlan. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1962]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] 5b7nan9897qfptklugaiuuavf4sqkf1 1758246 1758245 2026-09-27T00:57:58Z Meursault2004 3 + foto 1758246 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Orla Brady 2020 1 cropped.jpg|thumb|Orla Brady (2020)]] '''Orla Brady''' (lair 28 Maret 1961) iku sawijiné aktris Irlan. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1962]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] a151x2ppypml5vlcxozjnp579lnqnx0 0 200935 1758248 2026-09-27T01:03:57Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Chase Masterson|]] 1758248 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: '''Chase Masterson''' (lair 1963) iku sawijining aktris Amérika Sarékat. ==Pranala njaba == 8xq47wzgt9xf293q2nnr8uqmkorqnic 1758249 1758248 2026-09-27T01:09:23Z Meursault2004 3 /* */ Tambah sithik 1758249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chase Masterson.jpg|thumb|Chase Masterson (2012)]] '''Chase Masterson''' (lair 26 Fébruari 1963) iku sawijining aktris Amérika Sarékat. Jeneng asliné yaiku Chase Carafanno. Bapakné nyambut gawé ing Angkatan Dharat Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == ==Pranala njaba == r8qjqe9xx4mq9e0991p6fxqkrgvfu9t 1758250 1758249 2026-09-27T01:10:40Z Meursault2004 3 /* */ Typo 1758250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chase Masterson.jpg|thumb|Chase Masterson (2012)]] '''Chase Masterson''' (lair 26 Fébruari 1963) iku sawijining aktris Amérika Sarékat. Jeneng asliné yaiku Christianne Carafano. Bapakné nyambut gawé ing Angkatan Dharat Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == ==Pranala njaba == eiezvhgpw458k2lkmqdbg8f3a6ixy0i 1758251 1758250 2026-09-27T01:13:13Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chase Masterson.jpg|thumb|Chase Masterson (2012)]] '''Chase Masterson''' (lair 26 Fébruari 1963) iku sawijining aktris Amérika Sarékat. Jeneng asliné yaiku Christianne Carafano. Bapakné nyambut gawé ing Angkatan Dharat Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1963]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] 2u1gsfw7x9hjc2ndv1oytbycnxnov95 1758277 1758251 2026-09-27T07:06:31Z Meursault2004 3 /* */ Sithik 1758277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chase Masterson.jpg|thumb|Chase Masterson (2012)]] '''Chase Masterson''' (lair 26 Fébruari 1963) iku sawijining aktris, penyanyi lan produser Amérika Sarékat. Jeneng asliné yaiku Christianne Carafano. Bapakné nyambut gawé ing Angkatan Dharat Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé maragakaké Leeta ing [[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]. Dhèwèké wis tau tampil ing acara TV General Hospital, Sliders, lan ER lan dadi pengisi swara karakter ing sawetara film animasi. Minangka penyanyi, dhèwèké wis ngrilis sawetara album. Ing taun 2008, Masterson menang penghargaan Produser Film Fitur Terbaik ing Festival Film LA Femme kanggo film Yesterday Was a Lie, sing uga dadi bintangé. Ing taun 2013, Masterson dadi salah siji pendiri Koalisi Pahlawan Budaya Pop kanggo nglawan bullying, rasisme, misogini, homofobia, lan bentuk kebencian liyané. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1963]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] 178eeg0bvtppdhmilb4w88k6uktpm30