Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 26542 1758431 1723647 2026-10-02T15:11:33Z Xqbot 3496 Mbenakaké rong pralihan nèng [[Kawruh petung]] 1758431 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Kawruh petung]] t0k9ac3tsasmyjnfyfgd5l0pxam6lna 0 42606 1758439 1755046 2026-10-03T01:41:11Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = {{Taxobox colour|[[Bacteria]]}} | fossil_range = {{Long fossil range|4200|0|[[Arkean]] utawa sadurunge&nbsp;– Saiki}} | name = Bakteri | image = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg | image_width = 210px | image_caption = ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', salah sawijining bakteri berbentuk batang | domain = '''Bacteria''' | domain_authority = Woese et al., 1990<ref name="Woese">{{cite journal | author = Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 4576–9 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2112744 | pmc = 54159 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87.4576W }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Filum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|title=Bacteria (eubacteria)|accessdate=2008-09-10|work=Taxonomy Browser|publisher=NCBI|date=}}</ref> | subdivision = *'''[[Gram positif]]<!-- /no [[Bacterial outer membrane|outer membrane]]''' --> [[Actinobacteria]] ([[konten GC|G+C]] tinggi)<br /> [[Firmicutes]] ([[konten GC|G+C]] cendhèk)<br /> [[Tenericutes]] (ora ana [[Dinding sèl|dinding]]) *'''[[Gram négatif]]<!-- /[[Bacterial outer membrane|outer membrane]] present''' --> [[Aquificae]]<br/> [[Bacteroidetes]]/[[Fibrobacteres]]–[[Chlorobi]] ([[Sphingobacteria (filum)|grup FCB]])<br/> [[Deinococcus-Thermus]]<br/> [[Fusobacteria]]<br /> [[Gemmatimonadetes]]<br /> [[Nitrospirae]]<br /> [[Planctomycetes]]–[[Verrucomicrobia]]/[[Chlamydiae]] ([[Planctobacteria|grup PVC]])<br/> [[Proteobacteria]]<br /> [[Spirochaetes]]<br /> [[Synergistetes]] *'''Tidak diketahui''' [[Acidobacteria]]<br /> [[Chloroflexi (filum)|Chloroflexi]]<br /> [[Chrysiogenetes]]<br /> [[Cyanobacteria]]<br /> [[Deferribacteraceae|Deferribacteres]]<br /> [[Dictyoglomi]]<br /> [[Thermodesulfobacteria]]<br /> [[Thermotogae]] | synonyms = Eubacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small><ref name=Woese1977>{{cite journal | author = Woese CR, Fox GE | title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 74 | issue = 11 | pages = 5088–90 | year = 1977 | pmid = 270744 | pmc = 432104 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W }}</ref> }} '''Baktèri''', saka tembung [[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''bacterium'' (jamak, ''bacteria''), iku golongan raseksa saka [[organisme]] urip. Baktèri iku cilik banget (mikroskopik) lan akèh-akèhé [[unisèlular]] ([[sèl]] tunggal), kanthi struktur sèl sing rélatif prasaja tanpa [[nukleus]]/inti sel, cytoskeleton, lan organel liya kaya [[mitokondria]] lan [[kloroplas]]. Struktur sèl baktèri dijlentrèhaké luwih pepak sajeroning artikel ngenani [[prokariota]], amarga baktèri minangka prokariota, kanggo mbédakaké saka organisme sing duwé sèl luwih komplèks, diarani [[eukariota]]. Jeneng "baktèri" wis ditrapaké kanggo kabèh prokariota utawa kanggo golongan gedhéné, gumantung marang panyaru ngenani gayutané. Baktèri iku sing paling akèh saka kabèh organisme. Baktèri kasebar ing [[lemah]], [[banyu]], lan minangka [[simbiosis]] saka organisme liya. Akèh [[patogen]] wujud bakteri. Akèh saka baktèri, padatan ukurané mung 0,5-5 μm, sanajan ana jinis sing ukurané bisa nganti 0,3&nbsp;mm ing dhiamèteré. Padatan duwé [[dinding sèl]] kaya ta [[kéwan]] lan [[fungi|jamur]], nanging kanthi komposisi béda banget ([[peptidoglikan]]). Akèh obah nganggo [[flagela]] sing béda ing struktur saka flagela golongan liya. <!-- == Sejarah == Bakteri pertama ditemukan oleh [[Anthony van Leeuwenhoek]] pada [[1674]] dengan menggunakan mikroskop buatannya sendiri. Istilah ''bacterium'' diperkenalkan di kemudian hari oleh Ehrenberg pada tahun 1828, diambil dari kata Yunani βακτηριον yang memiliki arti "''small stick''". == Struktur sel == [[Berkas:Prokaryote cell diagram.svg|thumb|left|300px|Struktur sel prokariota]] ''Artikel utama [[struktur sel bakteri]]'' Seperti prokariota (organisme yang tidak memiliki selaput inti) pada umumnya, semua bakteri memiliki struktur sel yang relatif sederhana. Struktur bakteri yang paling penting adalah [[dinding sel]]. Bakteri dapat digolongkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu Gram positif dan Gram négatif didasarkan pada perbedaan struktur dinging sel. Bakteri Gram positif memiliki dinding sel yang terdiri atas lapisan [[peptidoglikan]] yang tebal dan asam ''teichoic''. Sementara bakteri Gram négatif memiliki lapisan luar, [[lipopolisakarida]] - terdiri atas membran dan lapisan peptidoglikan yang tipis terletak pada periplasma (di antara lapisan luar dan membran sitoplasmik). Banyak bakteri memiliki struktur di luar sel lainnya seperti [[flagela]] dan [[fimbria]] yang digunakan untuk bergerak, melekat dan konjugasi. Beberapa bakteri juga memiliki kapsul atau lapisan lendir yang membantu pelekatan bakteri pada suatu permukaan dan ''biofilm formation''. Bakteri juga memiliki [[kromosom]], [[ribosom]] dan beberapa spesies lainnya memiliki [[granula makanan]], [[vakuola gas]] dan [[magnetosom]]. Beberapa bakteri mampu membentuk [[endospora]] yang membuat mereka mampu bertahan hidup pada lingkungan ekstrim. == Morfologi/bentuk bakteri == [[Berkas:Bacterial morphology diagram.svg|right|thumb|350px|Berbagai wujud tubuh bakteri]] Berdasarkan berntuknya, bakteri dibagi menjadi tiga golongan besar, yaitu: * Kokus (''Coccus'') dalah bakteri yang berbentuk bulat seperti bola, dan mempunyai beberapa variasi sebagai berikut: ** ''Mikrococcus'', jika kecil dan tunggal ** ''Diplococcus'', jka bergandanya dua-dua ** ''Tetracoccus'', jika bergandengan empat dan membentuk bujursangkar ** ''Sarcina'', jika bergerombol membentuk kubus ** ''Staphylococcus'', jika bergerombol ** ''Streptococcus'', jika bergandengan membentuk rantai * Basil (''Bacillus'') adalah kelompok bakteri yang berbentuk batang atau silinder, dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut: ** ''Diplobacillus'', jika bergandengan dua-dua ** ''Streptobacillus'', jika bergandengan membentuk rantai * Spiril (''Spirilum'') adalah bakteri yang berbentuk lengkung dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut: ** ''Vibrio'', (bentuk koma), jika lengkung kurang dari setengah lingkaran ** ''Spiral'', jika lengkung lebih dari setengah lingkaran Wujud tubuh/[[morfologi]] bakteri dipengaruhi oleh keadaan lingkungan, medium dan usia. Oleh karena itu untuk membandingkan wujud serta ukuran bakteri, kondisinya harus sama. Pada umumnya bakteri yang usianya lebih muda ukurannya relatif lebih besar daripada yang sudah tua. == Alat gerak bakteri == [[Berkas:flagella.png|thumb|100px|right|Gambar alat gerak bakteri: A-Monotrik; B-Lofotrik; C-Amfitrik; D-Peritrik;]] Banyak [[spesies]] bakteri yang bergerak menggunakan [[flagel]]. Hampir semua bakteri yang berbentuk lengkung dan sebagian yang berbentuk batang ditemukan adanya flagel. Sedangkan bakteri kokus jarang sekali memiliki flagel. Ukuran flagel bakteri sangat kecil, tebalnya 0,02 – 0,1 mikro, dan panjangnya melebihi panjang [[sel]] bakteri. Berdasarkan tempat dan jumlah flagel yang dimiliki, bakteri dibagi menjadi lima golongan, yaitu: * ''Atrik'', tidak mempunyai [[flagel]]. * ''Monotrik'', mempunyai satu [[flagel]] pada salah satu ujungnya. * ''Lofotrik'', mempunyai sejumlah [[flagel]] pada salah satu ujungnya. * ''Amfitrik'', mempunyai sejumlah [[flagel]] pada kedua ujungnya. * ''Peritrik'', mempunyai [[flagel]] pada seluruh permukaan tubuhnya. == Pengaruh lingkungan terhadap bakteri == Kondisi lingkungan yang mendukung dapat memacu pertumbuhan dan [[reproduksi]] bakteri. Faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan reproduksi bakteri adalah [[suhu]], [[kelembapan]], dan [[cahaya]]. === Suhu === Berdasarkan kisaran suhu aktivitasnya, bakteri dibagi menjadi 3 golongan: * Bakteri ''psikrofil'', yaitu bakteri yang hidup pada daerah suhu antara 0°– 30°C, dengan suhu optimum 15°C. * Bakteri ''mesofil'', yaitu bakteri yang hidup di daerah suhu antara 15° – 55°C, dengan suhu optimum 25° – 40°C. * Bakteri ''termofil'', yaitu bakteri yang dapat hidup di daerah suhu tinggi antara 40° – 75°C, dengan suhu optimum 25° – 40°C Pada tahun 1967 di [[Yellow Stone Park]] ditemukan bakteri yang hidup dalam sumber air panas bersuhu 93° – 94°C. === Kelembapan === Pada umumnya bakteri memerlukan kelembapan yang cukup tinggi, kira-kira 85%. Pengurangan kadar air dari protoplasma menyebabkan kegiatan [[metabolisme]] terhenti, misalnya pada proses pembekuan dan pengeringan. === Cahaya === Cahaya sangat berpengaruh pada proses pertumbuhan bakteri. Umumnya cahaya merusak sel [[mikroorganisme]] yang tidak ber[[klorofil]]. Sinar [[ultraviolet]] dapat menyebabkan terjadinya [[ionisasi]] komponen sel yang berakibat menghambat pertumbuhan atau menyebabkan kematian. Pengaruh cahaya terhadap bakteri dapat digunakan sebagai dasar [[sterilisasi]] atau pengawetan bahan [[makanan]]. Jika keadaan lingkungan tidak menguntungkan seperti suhu tinggi, kekeringan atau zat-zat kimia tertentu, beberapa spesies dari ''Bacillus'' yang [[aerob]] dan beberapa spesies dari ''Clostridium'' yang [[anaerob]] dapat mempertahankan diri dengan [[spora]]. Spora tersebut dibentuk dalam sel yang disebut endospora. Endospora dibentuk oleh penggumpalan protoplasma yang sedikit sekali mengandung air. Oleh karena itu endospora lebih tahan terhadap keadaan lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan bakteri aktif. Apabila keadaan lingkungan membaik kembali, endospora dapat tumbuh menjadi satu sel bakteri biasa. Letak endospora di tengah-tengah sel bakteri atau pada salah satu ujungnya. == Peranan Bakteri == === Bakteri menguntungkan === ==== Bakteri pengurai ==== Bakteri saprofit menguraikan tumbuhan atau hewan yang mati, serta sisa-sisa atau kotoran organisme. Bakteri tersebut menguraikan [[protéin]], [[karbohidrat]] dan senyawa organik lain menjadi CO₂, gas amoniak, dan senyawa-senyawa lain yang lebih sederhana. Oleh karena itu keberadaan bakteri ini sangat berperan dalam mineralisasi di alam dan dengan cara ini bakteri membersihkan dunia dari sampah-sampah organik. ==== Bakteri nitrifikasi ==== Bakteri nitrifikasi adalah bakteri-bakteri tertentu yang mampu menyusun senyawa nitrat dari amoniak yang berlangsung secara aerob di dalam tanah. Nitrifikasi terdiri atas dua tahap yaitu: * Oksidasi amoniak menjadi nitrit oleh bakteri nitrit. Proses ini dinamakan nitritasi. [[Berkas:nitritasi.png|thumb|400px|center|Reaksi nitritasi]] * Oksidasi senyawa nitrit menjadi nitrat oleh bakteri nitrat. Prosesnya dinamakan nitratasi. [[Berkas:nitratasi.png|thumb|400px|center|Reaksi nitratasi]] Dalam bidang pertanian, nitrifikasi sangat menguntungkan karena menghasilkan senyawa yang diperlukan oleh tanaman yaitu nitrat. Tetapi sebaliknya di dalam air yang disediakan untuk sumber air minum, nitrat yang berlebihan tidak baik karena akan menyebabkan pertumbuhan [[ganggang]] di permukaan air menjadi berlimpah. ==== Bakteri nitrogen ==== Bakteri nitrogen adalah bakteri yang mampu mengikat [[nitrogen]] bebas dari udara dan mengubahnya menjadi suatu senyawa yang dapat diserap oleh tumbuhan. Karena kemampuannya mengikat nitrogen di udara, bakteri-bakteri tersebut berpengaruh terhadap nilai ekonomi tanah pertanian. Kelompok bakteri ini ada yang hidup bebas maupun simbiosis. Bakteri nitrogen yang hidup bebas yaitu ''[[Azotobacter chroococcum]]'', ''[[Clostridium pasteurianum]]'', dan ''[[Rhodospirillum rubrum]]''. Bakteri nitrogen yang hidup bersimbiosis dengan tanaman polong-polongan yaitu ''[[Rhizobium leguminosarum]]'', yang hidup dalam akar membentuk nodul atau bintil-bintil akar. Tumbuhan yang bersimbiosis dengan ''Rhizobium'' banyak digunakan sebagai pupuk hijau seperti ''Crotalaria'', ''Tephrosia'', dan ''Indigofera''. Akar tanaman polong-polongan tersebut menyediakan karbohidrat dan senyawa lain bagi bakteri melalui kemampuannya mengikat nitrogen bagi akar. Jika bakteri dipisahkan dari inangnya (akar), maka tidak dapat mengikat nitrogen sama sekali atau hanya dapat mengikat nitrogen sedikit sekali. Bintil-bintil akar melepaskan senyawa nitrogen organik ke dalam tanah tempat tanaman polong hidup. Dengan demikian terjadi penambahan nitrogen yang dapat menambah kesuburan tanah. ==== Bakteri usus ==== Bakteri ''[[Entamoeba coli]]'' hidup di kolon ([[usus besar]]) manusia, berfungsi membantu membusukkan sisa pencernaan juga menghasilkan vitamin B₁₂, dan [[vitamin]] K yang penting dalam proses pembekuan [[darah]]. Dalam organ pencernaan berbagai hewan ternak dan kuda, bakteri anaerobik membantu mencernakan [[selusosa]] rumput menjadi zat yang lebih sederhana sehingga dapat diserap oleh dinding usus. ==== Bakteri fermentasi ==== Beberapa makanan hasil fermentasi dan mikroorganisme yang berperan: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Nama produk atau makanan ! Bahan baku ! Bakteri yang berperan |- | 1. | [[Yoghurt]] | susu | ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'' dan ''[[Streptococcus thermophilus]]'' |- | 2. | Mentega | susu | ''[[Streptococcus lactis]]'' |- | 3. | [[Trasi]] | ikan | ''[[Lactobacillus sp.]]'' |- | 4. | Asinan buah-buahan | buah-buahan | ''[[Lactobacillus sp.]]'' |- | 5. | [[Sosis]] | daging | ''[[Pediococcus cerevisiae]]'' |- | 6. | Kefin | susu | ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'' dan ''[[Srteptococcus lactis]]'' |- |}{{br}} ==== Bakteri penghasil antibiotik ==== [[Antibiotik]] merupakan zat yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme dan mempunyai daya hambat terhadap kegiatan mikroorganisme lain. Beberapa bakteri yang menghasilkan antibiotik adalah: * ''[[Bacillus brevis]]'', menghasilkan [[terotrisin]] * ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'', menghasilkan [[basitrasin]] * ''[[Bacillus polymyxa]]'', menghasilkan [[polimixin]] === Bakteri merugikan === ==== Bakteri perusak makanan ==== Beberapa spesies pengurai tumbuh di dalam makanan. Mereka mengubah makanan dan mengeluarkan hasil [[metabolisme]] yang berupa toksin (racun). Racun tersebut berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Contohnya: * ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'', menghasilkan racun botulinin, seringkali terdapat pada makanan kalengan * ''[[Pseudomonas cocovenenans]]'', menghasilkan asam bongkrek, terdapat pada tempe bongkrek * ''[[Leuconostoc mesenteroides]]'', penyebab pelendiran makanan ==== Bakteri denitrifikasi ==== Jika [[oksigen]] dalam tanah kurang maka akan berlangsung denitrifikasi, yaitu nitrat direduksi sehingga terbentuk nitrit dan akhirnya menjadi amoniak yang tidak dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tumbuhan. Contoh bakteri yang menyebabkan denitrifikasi adalah ''[[Micrococcus denitrificans]]'' dan ''[[Pseudomonas denitrificans]]''. --> ==== Baktèri patogen ==== Minangka golongan bakteri parasit sing nimbulaké [[lelara]] ing [[manungsa]], [[sato kéwan]] lan [[tetuwuhan]]. Baktèri jalaran lelara ing manungsa: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Jeneng baktèri ! Lelara sing ditimbulaké |- | 1. | ''[[Salmonella typhosa]]'' | [[Tipes]] |- | 2. | ''[[Shigella dysenteriae]]'' | [[Disentri]] basiler |- | 3. | ''[[Vibrio comma]]'' | [[Kolèra]] |- | 4. | ''[[Haemophilus influenza]]'' | [[Influensa]] |- | 5. | ''[[Diplococcus pneumoniae]]'' | [[Pneumonia]] (radhang paru-paru) |- | 6. | ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' | TBC paru-paru |- | 7. | ''[[Clostridium tetani]]'' | [[Tétanes]] |- | 8. | ''[[Neiseria meningitis]]'' | [[Meningitis]] (radhang selaput polo) |- | 9. | ''[[Neiseria gonorrhoeae]]'' | Gonorrhaeae ([[kencing nanah]]) |- | 10. | ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' | [[Sifilis]] utawa Lues utawa [[raja singa]] |- | 11. | ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'' | [[Lépra]] (kusta) |- | 12. | ''[[Treponema pertenue]]'' | [[Puru]] utawa [[pathèk]] |- |}{{br}} Baktèri jalaran lelara ing kéwan: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Jeneng baktèri ! Lelara sing ditimbulaké |- | 1. | ''[[Brucella abortus]]'' | Brucellosis ing [[sapi]] |- | 2. | ''[[Streptococcus agalactia]]'' | Mastitis ing sapi (radang payudara) |- | 3. | ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' | [[Antraks]] |- | 4. | ''[[Actinomyces bovis]]'' | Bengkak rahang ing sapi |- | 5. | ''[[Cytophaga columnaris]]'' | Lelara ing [[iwak]] |- |}{{br}} Baktèri jalaran lelara ing tetuwuhan: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Jeneng baktèri ! Lelara sing ditimbulaké |- | 1. | ''[[Xanthomonas oryzae]]'' | Nyerang pucuk wit [[pari]] |- | 2. | ''[[Xanthomonas campestris]]'' | Nyerang tuwuhan [[kubis]] |- | 3. | ''[[Pseudomonas solanacaerum]]'' | Lelara alum sajeroning famili [[térong]]-térongan |- | 4. | ''[[Erwinia amylovora]]'' | Lelara bonyok ing woh-wohan |- |}{{br}} <!-- == Dekomposisi == Bakteri bekerja secara terstruktur dalam proses degradasi organisme atau proses pembusukan mayat. Proses pembusukan berawal dari mikroorganisme, misalnya bakteri-bakteri yang hidup di dalam usus besar manusia. Bakteri tersebut mulai mendegradasi protéin yang terdapat dalam tubuh. Jika seluruh jenis ikatan protéin sudah terputus, beberapa jaringan tubuh menjadi tidak berfungsi. Proses ini disempurnakan bakteri yang datang dari luar tubuh mayat, bisa berasal dari udara, tanah, ataupun air. Seluruh jenis bakteri ini menyerang hampir seluruh sel di tubuh dengan cara menyerang sistem pertahanan tubuh yang tidak lagi aktif, menghancurkan jaringan otot, atau menghasilkan enzim penghancur sel yang disebut [[protease]]. Kemudian dengan berbagai jenis metabolisme, mikroorganisme mulai memakan jaringan mati dan mencernanya. Tak jarang kerja proses ini dibantu reaksi kimia alami yang terjadi dalam organisme mati. === Bakteri heterotrof === Tidak semua mikroorganisme mampu mendegradasi mayat. Kebanyakan mereka berasal dari jenis bakteri heterotrof. Bakteri ini membutuhkan molekul-molekul organik dari organisme lain sebagai nutrisi agar ia dapat bertahan hidup dan berkembang biak. Berbeda dengan bakteri autotrof yang mampu menghasilkan makanan sendiri dengan [[Karbondioksida|CO₂]] sebagai nutrisi makro serta bantuan dari cahaya matahari atau sumber energi kimia lainnya. Jenis bakteri heterotrof biasanya hidup dan berkembang biak pada organisme mati. Mereka mendapatkan energi dengan menguraikan senyawa organik pada organisme mati. Molekul-molekul besar seperti [[protéin]], [[karbohidrat]], [[lemak]], atau senyawa organik lain didekomposisi metabolisme tubuh bakteri tersebut menjadi molekul-molekul tunggal seperti [[asam amino]], [[metana]], gas CO₂, serta molekul-molekul lain yang mengandung enam nutrisi utama bakteri, yaitu senyawa-senyawa [[karbon]] (C), [[hidrogen]] (H), [[nitrogen]] (N), [[oksigen]] (O), [[fosfor]] (P), serta [[sulfur]] (S). === Kumpulan unsur organik === Tubuh mayat adalah tempat hidup, sumber makanan, serta tempat berkembang biak bakteri-bakteri tersebut, karena tubuh terdiri dari kumpulan protéin, karbohidrat, lemak, atau senyawa organik dan anorganik lain. Secara biologis, tubuh makhluk hidup (khususnya manusia) kumpulan dari unsur-unsur organik seperti C, H, N, O, P, S, atau unsur anorganik seperti K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mn, atau Ni. Keseluruhan unsur tersebut dibutuhkan bakteri heterotrof sebagai sumber nutrisi alias makanan utama mereka. Sementara cairan-cairan dengan [[pH]] (tingkat keasaman suatu larutan) tertentu yang berada dalam tubuh manusia adalah media kultur (lingkungan) pertumbuhan yang baik bagi bakteri-bakteri tersebut. === Bau busuk === Bau busuk dari tubuh mayat tidak hanya mengganggu, namun juga membahayakan. Pembusukan dimulai dengan pemutusan ikatan protéin-protéin besar pada jaringan tubuh oleh bakteri fermentasi menggunakan enzim protease. Kumpulan hasil pemutusan ikatan protéin yang disebut asam amino ini dicerna berbagai jenis bakteri, misalnya bakteri acetogen. Bakteri ini mereaksikan asam amino dengan oksigen dalam tubuhnya untuk menghasilkan asam asetat, hidrogen, nitrogen, serta gas karbon dioksida. Produk asam asetat ini menimbulkan bau. [[Asam asetat]] yang dihasilkan ini diproses kembali oleh bakteri jenis methanogen, misalnya ''[[Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicum]]'' yang biasa hidup di lingkungan kotor seperti selokan dan pembuangan limbah ([[septic tank]]). Asam asetat direaksikan dalam sel methanogen dengan gas hidrogen dan karbon dioksida untuk menghasilkan [[metana]], [[air]], dan karbon dioksida. Metana dalam wujud gas juga menghasilkan bau busuk. Selain asam asetat dan gas metana, beberapa bakteri menghasilkan gas hidrogen sulfida yang baunya seperti telur busuk. Lebih dari itu, bau busuk mayat di lautan yang bercampur dengan uap garam bersifat racun, karena mampu mereduksi konsentrasi elektrolit dalam tubuh. Produk berbahaya selain gas yang dihasilkan adalah cairan asam dan cairan lain yang mengandung protéin toksik. Jika cairan-cairan ini sempat menginfeksi kulit yang luka atau terkena makanan, bukan hanya produk beracun yang dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh tetapi juga bakteri heterotrof patogen seperti clostridium. Bakteri serta produk beracun ini dapat menginfeksi manusia lewat kontaminasi makanan, minuman, atau luka di kulit. Karena adanya saluran masuk ini, maka berbagai penyakit seperti [[malaria]], [[diare]], degradasi [[sel darah merah]], lemahnya [[sistem pertahanan tubuh]], infeksi pada luka ([[tetanus]]), bengkak, atau infeksi pada [[alat kelamin]] menjadi ancaman yang serius. Cara mengatasi serangan mikroorganisme ini adalah dengan menjaga makanan dan minuman tetap steril, yaitu dengan dipanaskan. Mencuci tangan dan kaki dengan [[sabun antiseptik]] cair sebelum makan. Menjaga lingkungan agar steril dengan cara menyemprotkan obat pensteril. Bakteri-bakteri tersebut juga dapat dicegah pertumbuhannya dengan cara meminum obat antibiotik atau suntik imunitas. Sifat-sifat inilah yang harus dipahami dengan cara mengikuti prosedur standar penanganan mayat. Antara lain menggunakan masker standar minimal [[WHO]] (tipe N-95), memakai sarung tangan khusus, serta mencuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah mengangkat satu mayat. Langkah terbaik adalah segera menguburkan mayat. --> == Uga delengen == * [[Bakteri kokus]] ==Réferènsi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Pratélan pustaka== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Alcamo IE |title=Fundamentals of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790763710674 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston |year=2001 |isbn=0-7637-1067-9}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Atlas RM |title=Principles of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmicr0000atla_l1q7 |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=1995 |isbn=0-8016-7790-4}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Martinko JM, Madigan MT |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms|url=https://archive.org/details/brockbiologyofmi0000madi_r4q9 |edition = 11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=2005 |isbn=0-13-144329-1}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Holt JC, Bergey DH |title=Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology |url=https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofd0000unse_l7d4 |edition = 9th |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |year=1994 |isbn=0-683-00603-7}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR | title = Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity | journal = J Bacteriol | volume = 180 | issue = 18 | pages = 4765–74 | date = 1998 | pmid = 9733676 | pmc = 107498 | url = http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676 }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Funke BR, Tortora GJ, Case CL |title=Microbiology: an introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805377521 |edition = 8th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2004 |isbn=0-8053-7614-3}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Ogunseitan OA |title=Microbial Diversity: Form and Function in Prokaryotes |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-4448-3}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Shively JM |title=Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes (Microbiology Monographs) |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2006 |isbn=3-540-32524-7}} {{refend}} == Pranala njaba == {{Wikiquote|Bacterium}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Sisterlinks}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206071749/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki MicrobeWiki], an extensive [[wiki]] about [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Microbial_Biorealm bacteria] and [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Viral_Biorealm viruses] * [http://www.ncppb.com/ Bacteria that affect crops and other plants] * [http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm Bacterial Nomenclature Up-To-Date from DSMZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083605/http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917230856/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/eubacteria.html Genera of the domain Bacteria]&nbsp;– list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature * [http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm The largest bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211094146/http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm |date=2012-12-11 }} * [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth Tree of Life: Eubacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015145/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth |date=2014-10-21 }} * [http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html Videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105182817/http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html |date=2015-11-05 }} of bacteria swimming and tumbling, use of optical tweezers and other videos. * [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_bacteria.html Planet of the Bacteria] by [[Stephen Jay Gould]] * [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ On-line text book on bacteriology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123627/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ |date=2008-09-13 }} * [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/Overview/overview.html Animated guide to bacterial cell structure.] * [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn14094-bacteria-make-major-evolutionary-shift-in-the-lab.html Bacteria Make Major Evolutionary Shift in the Lab] * [http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria Online collaboration for bacterial taxonomy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415222312/http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria |date=2014-04-15 }} * [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center for bacterial pathogens, funded by [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID] * [http://wormweb.org/bacteriachemo Bacterial Chemotaxis Interactive Simulator]&nbsp;– A web-app that uses several simple algorithms to simulate bacterial chemotaxis. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130052842/http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/bassler/bassler1.cfm Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria] on-line lecture by [[Bonnie Bassler]], and [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html TED: Discovering bacteria's amazing communication system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205033015/http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html |date=2011-12-05 }} * [http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/01/27/1419241112 Sulfur-cycling fossil bacteria from the 1.8-Ga Duck Creek Formation provide promising evidence of evolution's null hypothesis], ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''.&nbsp; '''Summarized in:''' [http://www.businessinsider.com/scientists-discover-bacteria-that-havent-evolved-in-more-than-2-billion-years-2015-2 Scientists discover bacteria that haven't evolved in more than 2 billion years], ''[[LiveScience]]'' and ''[[Businessinsider.com|BusinessInsider]]'' {{taxonbar}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Baktèri| ]] rbjfhzbqvkz7jq24fw8pdlm6aqfggbx 0 70694 1758459 1656049 2026-10-03T10:06:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gambyong Pareanom.jpg|250 px|thumb| Gambyong Pareanom (sumber:Soedarsono, R. M. 2002. ''Seni Pertunjukan Indonésia di Era Globalisasi''. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.]] '''Gambyong Pareanom''' mujudaken salah sawijining beksan Gambyong ingkang wonten ing kraton Mangkunagaran.<ref name="seni">(id) Soedarsono, R. M. 2002. ''Seni Pertunjukan Indonésia di Era Globalisasi''. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. (Kaca 306-310)</ref> Beksan punika pinathok ing warni gendéra Mangkunagaran inggih punika ijo lan kuning.<ref name="seni"/> == Sajarah == Beksan [[Gambyong]] mujudaken beksan ingkang wiwitaipun dipunbeksakake déning para taledhek.<ref name="seni"/> Beksan iki banjur dibesut déning Kraton Mangkunagaran saéngga dadi beksan kang luwih alus.<ref name="seni"/> Miturut tradhisi lésan ing tlatah [[Pati]] Gambyong iku jenengane [[waranggana]] kang trampil lan prigel anggoné mbeksa.<ref name="tayub">(id) Dahlan, Dandang Ahmad. 2005. ''Tayub Pati dan Ledeknya''. -: Ciptamedia Binanusa. (Kaca 18)</ref> Beksan Gambyong iku wiwitane jogèd rakyat kang dibeksakake denging taledhek lan padatan dianggo ing satengahing bebrayan agung ingaranan [[tayub]].<ref name="seni"/> Para taledhek iku mbeksa sinambi nembang.<ref name="seni"/> Ing satengahing mebksa lan nembang mau, para taledhek uga ngajak wong-wong lanang sing padha nonton (mligine sing sugih) supaya [[''ngibing'']] bareng.<ref name="seni"/> Sing dadi garapan Kraton Mangkunagaran dudu taledhek kang ngibing bareng wong lanang iku, nanging nalika dhèwèké njoged dhéwé sinambi mincut para wong lanang kang péngin ngibing bareng dhèwèké.<ref name="seni"/>. Gandheng garapane bedha saka jogèd asline, gambyong kang dibesut déning Kraton Mangkunagaran ora nganggo nembang manèh, wujudé jogèd uga pinathok déning paugeran-paugeran beksan saka kraton.<ref name="seni"/> Nalika jamane Mangku Nagara V ([[1881]]-[[1896]]), beksan Gambyong dikirim minangka duta kesenian ing nagari Walanda.<ref name="seni"/> Iki pisanan Gambyong disuguhake ing sangarepe “forum bergengsi”.<ref name="seni"/> Jebul para ahli lan sutresna budaya ing nagari [[Walanda]] remen marang beksan Gambyong. Mulane,wiwit wektu iku Gambyong mesthi disuguhake nalika nyambut tamu-tamu kraton.<ref name="seni"/> Nalika paprentahane [[Mangku Nagara VII]] ([[1944]]-[[1986]]), ya iku taun [[1950]], Gambyong Pareanom digarap déning [[Nyi Bei Mintararas]].<ref name="seni"/> Beksan Gambyong Pareanom iku sengaja digarap lan disuguhake ing pahargyan dhauping [[Gusti R. A. Siti Nurul Kamaril Ngasarati Kusumawardhani]] kaliyan [[R. M. Suryasurarsa]].<ref name="seni"/> Sapunika, Beksan Gambyong Pareanom dipunsuguhaken minangka beksan “sugeng rawuh” kanggé nyambut tamu-tamu ingkang rawuh ing kraton.<ref name="seni"/> Kajaba punika,boten namung wonten kraton kemawon, nanging ing papan panggènan [[pariwisata]] kados ta [[Ambarukmo Palace Hotèl]] ugi asring ngedalaken beksan Gambyong Pareanom kanggé nyambut tamu (sanajan tata busananipun boten sami persis kaliyan gaya Mangkunagaran).<ref name="seni"/> == Tata Rias lan Busana == [[Gambar:Cunduk Mentul.jpg|150 px|thumb|Gambar Cunduk Mentul]]Sanajan sampun dipunbesut kanthi alus nganggé paugeran-paugeran beksan kraton, ing babagan busana taksih katingal bilih beksan Gambyong punika asalipun saking jogèd rakyat.<ref name="seni"/> Busana ingkang dipunagem nalika mbeksa taksih kagolong prasaja, boten kados busana beksan kraton kados ta [[Bedhaya]] lan [[Srimpi]].<ref name="seni"/> Busana penari gambyong dipunwastani ''angkinan'' utawi ''kembenan''.<ref name="internet1">(id) [http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/240/tari-gambyong Tari Gambyong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009074618/http://www.jogjatrip.com/id/240/tari-gambyong |date=2011-10-09 }} (dipunundhuh 4 Maret 2011)</ref> Penari Gambyong ngagem jarik ingkang dipunwiru ngajeng lan angkin utawi kemben kanggé nutup payudara.<ref name="seni"/> Padatan kemben punika corakipun manalagi, nanging kadhang kala gadhah motif nganggé benang mas.<ref name="tayub"/> Dhadha ingkang nginggil boten katutup kemben, namung wonten kalung kang gumantung. Sampur (lendang) dipunsampiraken ing pundhak sisih tengen.<ref name="seni"/><ref name="tayub"/> Perhiasan ingkang dipunagem inggih punika kalung, subang (suweng), lan gelang.<ref name="tayub"/> Rikmanipun dipungelung radi wiyar, dipuntutupi harnet, dipasangi [[cunduk mentul]] lan [[cunduk jungkat]].<ref name="tayub"/> Cunduk mentul dipunpasang ing gelungan utawa sanggul, déné cunduk jungkat ing mbun-mbunan.<ref name="tayub"/> Ing gelung uga dipunparingi roncenan kembang mlathi.<ref name="tayub"/> === Gambyong Pareanom === Tata busana beksan Gambyong Pareanom lan beksan Gambyong utawi taledhek namung sami ing bab pangagemipun jarik.<ref name="seni"/> Déné sanès-sanèsipun bènten.<ref name="seni"/> Penari beksan Gambyong Pareanom nutup jajanipun (payudara) ngagem mekak.<ref name="seni"/> Penari beksan Gambyong Pareanom ugi ngagem [[jamang]] kados penari Srimpi gaya Mangkunagaran ing mustakanipun.<ref name="seni"/> Sampur boten namung dipunsampiraken kados taledhek, nanging dipuniket ing padharan banjur dipunkencengi ngagem sabuk pending.<ref name="seni"/> Pucuk-pucuking sampur nggantung ing ngarepan, tiba nganti meh tekan lemah.<ref name="seni"/> Gelang ingkang dipunagem boten namung gelang sakwontenipun, nanging ugi ngagem [[kelat bahu]], inggih punika gelang ingkang dipuanagem ing lengen.<ref name="seni"/> Kalung lan [[sumping]] ingkang dipunagem déning penari Srimpi ugi dipungem déning penari Gambyong Pareanom.<ref name="seni"/> == Wujud Jogèd == Manawi dipuntingali saking busana,boten katingal bilih beksan Gambyong Pareanom sajatosipun beksan saking jogèd rakyat.<ref name="seni"/> Nanging manawi dipunjingglengi kathi premati,obahing awak (gerak), rupa jogedipun taksih prasaja lan katingal sanget anggènipun mendhet obahan jogedane taledhek.<ref name="seni"/> Bèntenipun, taledhek punika njoged sinambi nembang lan jogedanipun kanthi improvisasi, nanging penari Gambyong Pareanom boten.<ref name="seni"/> Penari Gambyong Pareanom kedah manut paugeran-paugeran ingkang sampun dipuntemtokaken déning [[koreografer]] lan boten nembang.<ref name="seni"/> Beksan Gambyong Surakarta lan [[beksan Golek]] Yogyakarta gadhah tema lan [[koreografi]] ingkang sami. <ref name=<"klasik"> (en) Brakel, Clara. 1995. ''Classical Javanese Dance: the Surakarta Tradition and Its Terminology''. Leiden: KITLV Press</ref> Beksan Gambyong lan beksan Golek punika kalebet jogèd tunggal, nanging saged dipunsuguhaken kanthi sesarengan, kathah tiyang.<ref name="seni"/> Kekalihipun nggambaraken daya tarik wong wadon kang isih enom, nanging beksan Gambyong ngundhang birahi lan mencut wong lanang.<ref name="seni"/> Pramila,beksan Gambyong iku dipunbeksakaken kanthi èsem kang kenes.<ref name="seni"/> Nanging kajaba punika, beksan gambyong ugi mujudaken gambaran watak wanodya Jawi ingkang alus.<ref name="internet2">(id)[http://www.kabsemarang.co.cc Wisata Budaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218092753/http://www.kabsemarang.co.cc/ |date=2025-12-18 }} (dipunundhuh 4 Maret 2011)</ref>. == Uga delengen == * [[Gambyong]] * [[Jogèd Jawa]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kagunan]] [[Kategori:Jogèd]] [[Kategori:Jogèd Jawa]] c4lolafzw1h6oqzeop4qtcly5z2v06c 0 71757 1758445 1756490 2026-10-03T04:19:04Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Jamu.jpg|thumb|250px|ombèn-ombèn obat tradhisional [[Jawa]]]] '''Jamu cabé lempuyang''' utawa '''Cabé puyang''' iku salah sawijining [[jamu]] kang kondhang ing masayarakat [[Jawa]], [[jamu]] iki bisa kanggo tamba [[pegel linu]] uga bisa ngilangaké cikalen, pegel lan linu-linu ing awak, kalebu rasa pegel ing boyok. [[Jamu]] iki kalebu [[jamu|jamu gèndhong]]. saliyané cabé puyang macemé [[jamu gendhong|jamu gèndhong]] liyané ana [[jamu]] [[kunir asém|kunir asem]], [[jamu sinom]], [[jamu]] [[beras kencur]], [[jamu]] [[pahitan|paitan]], [[jamu]] [[kunci suruh]], [[jamu]] [[kudu laos]] lan [[jamu]] [[uyup-uyup]] utawa gepyokan.<ref>[http://www.tempo.co.id/medika/arsip/052001/art-1.htm Bahan Baku, Khasiat, dan Cara Pengolahan Jamu Gendong: Studi Kasus di Kotamadya Surabaya, 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719100144/http://www.tempo.co.id/medika/arsip/052001/art-1.htm |date=2011-07-19 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 30 Maret 2011)</ref>. Cabé puyang iku kalebu [[ombèn-ombèn]] obat tradhisional [[Jawa]] kang wis ana kawit jaman biyèn, racikané diturun-temurunaké saka jaman [[Majapait]] lan nganti saiki isih diuri-uri, nuli dilestarikaké lan dadi salah sijining kasil saka kabudayan [[Jawa]]<ref>[http://jamu-herbal.com/sejarah-jamu.html SEJARAH JAMU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224132926/http://jamu-herbal.com/sejarah-jamu.html |date=2010-12-24 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 30 Maret 2011)</ref>. == Kasiyaté jamu cabé puyang == [[Jamu]] cabé puyang iki duwé kasiat kang apik kanggo [[awak]] antarané kaya ta: * bisa ngilangaké rasa pegel-pegel lan rasa gringgingen * bisa didadèkaké obat awak panas utawa benter * obat mbobot (meteng tuwa) * uga bisa kanggo nambani struk {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float:left; margin-left:1em;" |+'''Racikan Jamu Cabé Puyang <ref>http://www.iptek.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212072458/http://www.iptek.net/ |date=2009-12-12 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 30 Maret 2011)</ref>''' |- ! style="background:lightgreen" align="center" | No. ! style="background:lightgreen" align="center" | Kasiyat ! style="background:lightgreen" align="center" | Bahané |- | 01. | pegel | [[cabé]], [[lempuyang|puyang]], [[asem|asem kawak]], [[pace|kudu]], [[adas]], [[gula]] |- | 02. | sikil kesel | [[cikalen]], [[cabé]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[asem]], [[gula]] |- | 03. | pegel, linu | [[cabé]], [[asem]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[gula]] |- | 04. | cikalen | [[cabé]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[jaé]], [[merica|mrica]], [[temu kunci|kunci]] |- | 05. | pegel, linu | [[cabé]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[kedawung]], [[gula]], [[asem|asem kawak]] |- | 06. | gringgingen | [[cabé]], [[asem]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[gula]] |- | 07. | pegel, adhem panas | [[cabé]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[kunir]], [[temu ireng]], [[temulawak]] |- | 08. | pegel-pegel, (''ampasé jamu iki bisa didadèkaké ‘bobok’'') | [[cabé]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[jahe|Jaé]], [[kunir]], [[adas]] [[pulosari]] |- | 09. | pegel-pegel | [[cabé]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[merica]], [[gula abang]] utawa [[gula|gula putih]], [[empon-empon]] |- | 10. | pegel-pegel | [[kedawung]], [[keningar]], [[cabé]], [[kunir]], [[jahe|Jaé]] |- | 11. | pegel-pegel, nyèhataké awak | [[cabé]], [[kedawung]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[gula abang]], [[uyah]] |- | 12. | mriyang | [[cabé]], [[Lempuyang|puyang]], [[kunir]], [[asem]], [[jahe|Jaé]] |- | 13. |mbobot (meteng tuwa) lan ngilangaké rasa pegel-pegel ing awak |[[cabé]], [[lempuyang|puyang]], [[beras]], [[kunir]], [[gula abang]] |} {{clear}} == Bahan-bahané jamu cabé puyang == Bahan utama saka [[jamu]] [[cabé puyang]] yaiku<ref>http://www.kerajaannusantara.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208102237/http://kerajaannusantara.com/ |date=2011-02-08 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 02 April 2011)</ref> . [[Cabé]] [[jamu]] lan [[lempuyang|puyang]]. ditambah karo bahan liyan, kaya ta [[temu ireng]], [[temulawak]], [[jaé]], [[pace|kudu]], [[adas]] [[pulosari]], [[kunir]], [[mrica]], [[kedhawung]], [[keningar]], [[asem]], lan [[temu kunci|kunci]]. Bèn supaya legi, bisa ditambahaké karo [[gula abang]] utawa [[gula|gula putih]]. Bahan jejangkepan liyan, bisa ditambahaké [[uyah]]. == Cara gawé jamu cabé puyang == Carané nggawé [[jamu]] cabé puyang <ref>[http://www.creativecrisis.co.cc/2010/12/jamu-gendong-ramuan-tradhisional-khas.html Jamu Gendong, Ramuan Tradisional Khas Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222180748/http://www.creativecrisis.co.cc/2010/12/jamu-gendong-ramuan-tradhisional-khas.html |date=2025-02-22 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 02 April 2011)</ref> *Kang kapisan, godhog [[banyu]] karo bahan-bahané nganti umeb *Bahan kang wis digodhog mau didheplok kasar nganggo lumpang karo alu wesi utawa watu {{Bumbon crakèn}} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaséhatan]] [[Kategori:Obat]] [[Kategori:Ombèn-ombèn]] [[Kategori:Tetuwuhan jamu lan bumbu]] jpbe4dhccyxpm6e07jco58af1r8p9ca 0 72746 1758447 1757253 2026-10-03T04:47:06Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Catherine Elizabeth Middleton | birth_name = Catherine Elizabeth Middleton | image = Kate Middleton at the Garter Procession 2008.jpg | image_size = 200px | alt = | spouse =[[William Arthur Philip Louis|William, Pangeran Wales]] | birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1982|1|9|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Berkshire]], [[Inggris]] | education = | religion = |parents = Michael Francis Middleton<br />Carole Elizabeth Middleton, née Goldsmith |title=[[Putri Wales]]|child=[[Pangeran George]]<br>[[Putri Charlotte]]<br>[[Pangeran Louis]]|children=[[Pangeran George]]<br>[[Putri Charlotte]]<br>[[Pangeran Louis]]}} '''Catherine Élizabèth Middleton''' utawi '''Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge''' utawi '''Kate Middleton''', utawi misuwur kanthi asma Kate Middleton punika garwanipun [[William Arthur Philip Louis]].<ref name="internet5">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/kate-middleton/ Kate Middleton Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429040315/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/kate-middleton/ |date=2011-04-29 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 April 2011)</ref> == Wiwit Pagesanganipun == Kate Middleton, lair [[9 Januari 1982]] ing Royal Berkshire Hospital Reading, Berkshire, [[Inggris]].<ref name="internet1">[http://www.jogang.com/2011/04/biografi-kate-middleton-profil-lengkap.html Biografi Kate Middleton Profil Lengkap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502005748/http://www.jogang.com/2011/04/biografi-kate-middleton-profil-lengkap.html |date=2011-05-02 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 April 2011)</ref><ref name="internet2">[http://www.biographyonline.net/people/kate_middleton.html Catherine 'Kate' Middleton Biography]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 April 2011)</ref><ref name="internet3">[http://www.lintasberita.com/Entertainment/Selebriti/biografi-kate-middleton-tunangan-pangeran-william Biografi Kate Middleton Tunangan Pangeran William] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823111108/http://www.lintasberita.com/Entertainment/Selebriti/biografi-kate-middleton-tunangan-pangeran-william |date=2011-08-23 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 April 2011)</ref> Panjenenganipun punika putra nomer satunggal saking tigang putranipun Carole Elizabeth Middleton (lair ing Inggris [[taun]] [[1955]] kanthi asma asli Carole Elizabeth Goldsmith) lan Michael Francis Middleton (lair ing Inggris taun 1949).<ref name="internet1"/> Kalih tiyang sepuhipun makarya ing papan ingkang sami inggih punika ing British Airways.<ref name="internet4">[http://www.sakeena.co.cc/2011/04/kate-middleton-profile.html Biografi Kate Middleton - Catherina Elizabeth “Kate” Middleton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505205026/http://www.sakeena.co.cc/2011/04/kate-middleton-profile.html |date=2011-05-05 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 April 2011)</ref> == Sesambunganipun kaliyan Pangéran William == Kate Middleton [[wiwit]] misuwur ing [[donya]] internasional amargi kekancan ingkang langkung spésial utawi pacaran kaliyan Pangéran William.<ref name="internet4"/> Middleton lan Pangéran William pepanggihan ing taun [[2001]] nalikanipun taksih [[kuliyah]] ing University of St Andrews.<ref name="internet4"/> == Lamaran lan Palakriminun kaliyan Pangéran William == Ing tanggal 16 [[November]] 2010 dipunumumaken tunanganipun Kate Middleton kaliyan Pangéran William. Lajeng satunggal [[minggu]] sasampunipun punika dipunumumaken rencana tanggal lan papan kanggé pahargyan palakraminipun Kate Middleton lan Pangeran William. Tanggal 29 [[April]] [[2011]] pahargyan dipunlaksanakaken ing Westminer Abbey.<ref name="internet4"/> Kate Middleton lan Pangéran William nglaksanakaken palakraminipun ing dinten [[Jumat]] 29 April [[2011]] ing Westminster Abbey, [[London]].<ref name="internet2"/> == Gelar Kebangsawanan == Sasampunipun dados garwanipun [[William Arthur Philip Louis]], Kate Middleton resmi pikantuk gelar ''The Duchess of Cambridge''.<ref name="internet2"/> == Ikon fashion == Ageman ingkang dipunagem déning Kate Middleton dados prakara ingkang narik kawigatén, lan naté kapilih minangka wanita ingkang agemanipun ingkang saé piyambak, inggih punika: * "Most Promising Newcomer" ("Tiyang énggalan ingkang nembé medal") déning ''The Daily Telegraph'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Slideshow/slideshowContentFrameFragXL.jhtml;jsessionid3D2FPCC1RV2W5QFIQMFSFFOAVCBQ0IV0?xml=/fashion/2007/01/03/pixdressed03.xml&site=fashion| title=Style Winners and Losers | accessdate=6 July 2008 | author=Clare Coulson | newspaper=The Daily Telegraph | date=3 January 2007 | location=London}}</ref> * Urutan kaping 8 saking "top ten fashion icon" taunan ''[[Tatler]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-440086/Kate-Middleton-poll-style-icons.html| title=Kate Middleton in poll of top 10 style icons| accessdate=6 July 2008 | author=Unknown |work=Daily Mail |location=UK | date=5 March 2007 }}</ref> * Ageman ingkang saé piyambak [[kalawarti]] ''People'' (taun 2007 lan 2010).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-09-12-bestdressed_N.htm| title=Knowles, Stefani make mags 'best dressed'| accessdate=6 July 2008 | agency=Associated Press via |work=USA Today | date=12 September 2007}}</ref> == Pranala njawi == {{Commons category|Kate Middleton}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4397065.stm Profil ing BBC] * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/41642/prince-william-and-his-kate ''Prince William and His Kate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515202816/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/41642/prince-william-and-his-kate |date=2010-05-15 }} * [http://www.wargs.com/other/middleton.html Silsilahipun Kate Middleton] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Inggris]] othx7w82iaun9c1w9ytg7ixsaboi24l 0 73388 1758438 1655075 2026-10-03T01:10:22Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ancient Mesopotamia}} [[Gambar:Babylon 1829.jpg|thumb|150px|peta kuna kutha Babilonia]] '''Babilonia''', ugi dipunsebat kutha Babel, Kutha (''kabudayan''-nagari) ingkang dumunung wonten tlatah [[Mesopotamia]] (sapunika tlatah nagara [[Irak]]), wonten tlatah [[Sumeria]] kaliyan [[Akkadia]] ingkang kutha krajanipun Babilonia.<ref name="kisah 2 malaékat">[http://koran.républika.co.id/koran/0/112565/Babilonia_dan_Kisah_Dua_Malaikat kisah dua malaikat]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipununduh tanggal 23 Mèi 2011</ref><ref name="sajarah edukasi">[http://edukasi.kemdiknas.go.id/index.php?mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Modul%20Online/view&id=88&uniq=all edukasi.kemdiknas.go.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705213011/http://edukasi.kemdiknas.go.id/index.php?mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar%2FModul%20Online%2Fview&id=88&uniq=all |date=2022-07-05 }} dipununduh tanggal 23 Mèi 2011</ref> Ingkang dipunjumenengaken déning raja [[Namrudz]] wonten tlatah [[Sumer]]ia utawi [[Sumeria]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/><ref name="mister">[http://www.wacriswell-indo.org/daniel%2023%20-%20misteri_babilonia.htm MISTERI BABILONIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419011153/http://wacriswell-indo.org/daniel%2023%20-%20misteri_babilonia.htm |date=2011-04-19 }} dipununduh tanggal 24 Mèi 2011</ref> Tembung Babilonia saking abasa [[Ibrani]],'''בָּבֶל'''-'''BABEL''' dipunjlentrehaken kanthi cara ''etimologi populer'', kaliyan tetembungan ingkang sami, abasa [[Ibrani]] '''בָּלַל'''-'''BALAL''' utawi '''BAVEL''', dipunartosaken tembung Babilonia ''bab-ili''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama">[http://www.sarapanpagi.org/babel-babilonia-vt3611.html babel, babilonia] dipununduh tanggal 23 Mèi 2011</ref> Jamak saking ''bah-ilani'', ingkang dipunartosaken nganggé abasa Sumer kuna ''ka-dingir-ra,'pintu gerbang Allah' ''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Abasa [[Mesir]] ''b-bi-r' '' (=bbr utawi bbl), abasa [[Pèrsi]] kuna ''babirus''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nanging manawi dipunpriksani saking tembung asalipun (ingkang inti), Babilonia ugi sami kaliyan ''balal'', 'kakacauan'.<ref name="mister"/> Seratan wonten naskah-naskah ''Babilo-nia'' sapunika ''tin-tir (ki)'', 'urip tuwuhan-tuwuhan', utawi dipunartosaken 'papan urip' ; ''e-ki,'' papan terus-terusan'.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Miturut tradisi Babilonia, kutha mau diyasa déning déwa [[Marduk]] nuli dipunambrukaken [[Sargon Saking Akkad|Sargon]] +/-2350 SM nalika piyambakipun mendhet lemah wonten mriku kanggé yasa kutha ingkang énggal, inggih punika kutha [[Akkadia|Akkad]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Babilonia sampun wonten kala taun 1696-1654 SM.<ref name="kisah 2 malaékat"/> Dipunjlentrehaken, manawa kutha punika dipunsebat kaping pisanan wonten ''tablet'' (barang [[Arkéologi]]) saking papréntahan [[Sargon Saking Akkad]] nalika Abad ka-23 SM (2300 SM).<ref name="kisah 2 malaékat"/> Salajengipun dipunyasa papréntahan [[Neobabbilonia]].<ref name="kisah 2 malaékat"/> Raja [[Namrudz]] (2275-1943 SM), naté amaréntah supados damel Menara Babel (Tower of Babel) sadèrèngipun mangsanipun raja [[Nebukadnezar II]] (605-562 SM).<ref name="kisah 2 malaékat"/> Miturut sanjangipun para sajarawan, nalika mangsanipun [[Nebukadnezar II]] Kutha Babilonia ngantos masa ''keemasan'', kanthi raja punika njumenengaken [[Taman Gantung Babilonia|Taman Gantung]].<ref name="kisah 2 malaékat"/> [[Masarakat]] Babilonia pitados, muja déwa [[Isthar]] kaliyan [[Shamash]].<ref name="lembu emas">[http://www.ccg.org/indonesian/s/p222.html anak lembu emas] dipununduh tanggal 25 Mèi 2011</ref> Kutha Babilonia ingkang dumunung wonten pinggir lèpèn [[Efrat]] (80&nbsp;km saking kilenipun kutha [[Bagdad]] sapunika, [[Irak]]) kutha kang dados kutha krajan saka nagari Babel babagan prekawis [[pulitik]] kaliyan [[agama]], uga kanggé kutha krajan saka ''karajan'' kaliyan kabudayan wonten tlatah mrika.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> == Nama == Namanipun saking tembung [[Ibrani]] '''בָּבֶל-BABEL''' utawa '''BAVEL''' manawi dipunartosaken dados tembung Babilonia ''bab-ili''. jamak saka tembung ''bah-ilani'', ingkang dipunartosaken nganggé abasa ''Sumer'' saking mangsa ingkang langkung kuna ''ka-dingir-ra'', ingkang suraosipun ''<nowiki/>'pintu gerbang Allah' ''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Saking abasa [[Mesir]] ''b-bi-r''' (= bbr utawa bbl), abasa [[Pèrsi]] kuna ''babirus''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nama sanèsipun saged dados padanan tembung wonten naskah-naskah ''Babilo-nia'' ya iku [[tin-tir]] (ki), '' 'hidup pohon-pohon ' '', tembung kalawau suraosipun ''<nowiki/>'papan kauripan' '': e-ki, '' 'papan terus-terusan' ''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> '''שֵׁשַׁךְ-SESAKH''' saking [[Yeremia]] 25:26; 51:40.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Padatanipun diartosaken ''teka-teki'' ingkang tumuju Babel, wonten ingkang dipunanggap ''seski'', tembung kang kadosipun boten asring dipunagem kaliyan sampun lawas sanget.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> == Sastra == Nalika jaman tablet [[Abu Salabik]], sampun dipanggihi cathetan wonten tlatah [[Anatolia]], [[Siria]], [[Palestina]], [[Mesir]] kaliyan [[Yunani]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Seratan asli utawi salinanipun wonten pabukon kraton Asyur, inggih punika wonten [[Asyur]], [[Niniwe]] kaliyan [[Kalah]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten sastra punika kados ta 50 cariyos babagan tokoh-tokoh lami sarta dongèng-dongèng wonten Akad (ingkang sampun disalin déning tiyang Sumer, kaliyan intinipun babagan pangriptaan, banjir, ''peh'') kinten-kinten taun 2800-2500 sM, sastra Babel sampun maju.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sampun wonten bukti manawa para panyerat ''Semitis'' sampun nyerat seratan Sumer ingkang sepuh punika nganggé tekhnik sastra ingkang énggal.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Salaminipun jaman sastra, Babilonia angsal prabawa déning tlatah ''Timur Tengah'', salinanipun sampun diangsal wonten [[Anatolia]], [[Siria]], [[Palestina]], [[Mesir]] kaliyan [[Yunani]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Seratan asli utawi salinanipun diparingaken wonten pabukon karajan Asyur, inggih punika wonten [[Asyur]], [[Niniwe]] kaliyan [[Kalah]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Karya sastra punika wonten 'Sastra Hikmat' kaya ta karangan babagan 'manungsa kaliyan déwa', babagan tiyang ingkang dipunsebat '''Ayub saking Babel' tludiul bet nemeqii'', katerangan donya, pambicaraan, dialog, ajar-ajar ''praktis'', ''amsal'', paribasan, cariyos, cathetan-cathetan alit, kidung kasmaran.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> 'Sastra agama' kaya ta [[mazmur]], kidhung rohani kaliyan donga-donga dhumateng para déwa kaliyan para raja, nalika upacara.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Mantera, nuli pratélan-pratélan seratan ingkang dèrèng dipanggihi ngantos sapunika.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> 'Sastra ilmiah' kados ta ngèlmu kadhokteran (''prognosa'', ''diagnosa'', ''resep'', buku sekolah babagan obat, bedhah kaliyan kéwan), ngèlmu [[kimia]] (kados ta babagan kepripun damel lingsa wangi kaliyan kaca).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[géologi]] (pratélan nama watu, warna kaliyan kuwatipun), ngèlmu nuduh, [[botani]] (pratélan tetuwuhan kaliyan obat bius), [[zoologi]] (pratélan kéwan), wonten naskah bababan [[matematika]] kaliyan pratélan angka-angka, [[astronomi]] (pratélan sasi ingkang kedah dipuntambahaken wonten kalender supados sami kaliyan obahan saking surya kaliyan rembulan.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten Babel riwayat sajarah sampun saé, kutipan saking riwayat punika wonten salebetipun sastra sanès, kados ta gurit, wangsa kaliyan kalender lintang.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kumpulan hukum-hukum ingkang asalipun saking raja [[Esynunna]], [[Hammurabi]], saged dipunbanding kaliyan saprampatyuta naskah sanèsipun seratan, ''dhokumèn legal'', ''administratif'', [[ékonomi]] saking Jaman 3000-300 sM.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sesampunipun abad 4 sM, wonten parkembangan wonten ngèlmu babagan peta lintang kaliyan rasi sarta seratan wonten tablet lemah ingkang ngange hurup [[Yunani]], kaliyan bahan-bahan seratan sanèsipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> == Agami == Wiwiti taun 3000 sM sampun wonten asma para déwa kaliyan embelipun, asma-asma tambahan, kaliyan kuil-kuil.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Meski wonten pratélan paling akir saking [[Niniwe]] tarikh abad 7 sM nyerat langkung saking 2.500 cacahipun, Kathah déwa-déwa ingkang kapanggih saking [[Sumeria kuna]] ingkang dipendhet saking tiyang [[Semit]] sesampunipun dinasti kaping pisan saking Babel (watara 1800 sM), saéngga cacahipun ingkang leres saking para déwa ingkang dipunsembah wonten jamanipun boten patos kathah.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten tiyang ingkang saged nyepeng para setan jahat utawa nyanyi mantera kados kidung-kidung utawi cara-cara ingkang diserat wonten ayat-ayat (surpu; maglu) utawi kaliyan lambang-lambang ([[kuppuru]]).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> === Déwa-dewi === [[Gambar:Glazed Ishtar from a Parthian coffin.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Patung Isthar]] Wonten déwa [[Anu (Mitologi)|Anu]] (abasa Sumer An), yapunika déwa langit, kaliyan déwa kuil kaping pisanipun E.anna wonten [[Uruk]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Yapunika 'El saking bangsa Semit, kaliyan garwanipun, Innana utawi Innin ingkang dipunrusak déning [[Isytar]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sinkritistis ingkang sami dipanggihi uga babagan [[Enlil]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Déwa udara, sipat-sipatipun nuli dipunwenehaken dhateng Bel (Baal) kaliyan [[Marduk]] ('ME-RODAKH).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Garwanipun ingkang namanipun [[Ninlil]] utawa Ninhursag nuli dipunsamiaken kaliyan [[Isytar]] uga.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Déwa kaping 3 saking para déwa ingkang paling inggil inggih punika [[Ea (Mitologi)|Ea]] (abasa Sumer Enki) , déwa kabijaksanan, kuilipun E.abzu, wonten tlatah [[Eridu]] kaliyan garwanipun ingkang namanipun Dam-gal, Nin-mah utawi Damkina, garwa agung saking bumi kaliyan langit.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Déwa ingkang migati sanèsipun inggih punika Isytar.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> déwa bangsa Semit, mula-mula kadosipun déwa lanang (abasa Arab '''Athtar'').<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nanging, amargi diwenehaken kakuasan [[Innana]] ugi kanthi cara ''sinkritis''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Isytar]] dados dewi ingkang utama saking cinta kaliyan pahlawan perang ugi dipunanggap putri saking Sin.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sin, déwa rembulan saking Babel (abasa Sumer su'en) dipunsembah bebarengan kaliyan garwanipun, Ningal wonten kuil-kuil tlatah Ur kaliyan Haran.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Dicariyosaken manawa Sin punika putra Anu saking Enlil.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Shamasy]], ingkang garwanipun [[Aya]] ugi dipunanggap wentuk saking Isytar, sapunika surya ingkang dados kakuwatanipun (abasa Sumer utu).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> putra Sin, déwa kakuwatan, kaadilan kaliyan perang.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kuil-kuilipun ingkang utama (E. Babbar, 'griya Surya') wonten tlatah [[Sippar]] kaliyan [[Larsa]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Adad]], ingkang saking Semit Kulon, inggih punika déwa badai, Addu utawi [[Hadad saking Kanaan]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Nergal]] kaliyan garwanipun, Ereski-gal, amarintah donya andhap, tuan saka wabah (Irra), demam kaliyan lelara sanèsipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Amarga bangsa Amori ingkang tambah ageng, mula panyembahan dhateng [[Marduk]] (abasa Sumer amar'ut, 'sapi enom saka surya'), putra sulung saking Enki, dados migati wonten Babilonia.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> ' [[Nabu]], déwa saking ngèlmu pangatahuan kaliyan sastra, gadhah kuil (E-zida) wonten kutha NEBO, NINIWE,KALAH.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kathat déwa ingkang migati saking tlatah-tlatah tartamtu.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Ugi déwa Asyur (an.sar: dados déwa nasional saking Asyur, Amurru (martu, 'kulon') ingkang disamikaken kaliyan déwa Anu, Sin kaliyan Adad, inggih punika déwa saking Semit kulon kados ta Dagon.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Dummuzi inggih punika déwa saking ''pertumbuhan''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Ninggalipun, nanging sanès kabangkitanipun, dados bahan saking mitos Isytar.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Ninurta punika déwa saking Babel kaliyan Asyur babagan perang kaliyan pamburuan.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> === Kapitadosan === [[Gambar:Babylonskt tempeltorn, Nordisk familjebok.png|right|thumb|200px|Kuil Pamujan]] Wonten Babilonia kathah pelayan kuil kaliyan tingkatanipun, para raja utawi papréntahan ingkang dados pamimpin paling inggil nalika parayan wonten kagiyatan tartamtu.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nalika jaman Sumer kuna sadaya padamelan dipunwontenaken wonten ing kuil, kaliyan tiyang ingkang angadhahi drajat ingkang inggil (mu).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten upacara nyembah Sin, imam agungipun inggih punika putra raja.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kepala imamipun ([[imahhu]]) gadhah imam ingkang kathah (tsongu).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Tiyang ingkang gadhah padamelan kanggé muja para déwa-déwa liwat kalbu.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kabaktian-kabaktian ingkang sampun asring (dullu) kados ta menehaken kurban kanggé para déwa kanggé didahar menapa dipununjuk.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Patung-patung diagemaken rasukan, benda-benda ingkang dados nazar diwenehaken wonten caketipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kurban-kurban ingkang badhé didadosaken nazar dipunparingaken wonten inggilipun mezbah.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> === Dinten Riyaya === Kutha kaliyan kuil angadhahi parayaan piyambak-piyambak kaliyan dinteb-dinten suci ingkang mligi.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten Babel, Erekh, Ur, kados ta wonten [[Asyur]], [[Niniwe]] kaliyan tlatah [[Kalah]], parayaan Taun Enggal takitu, punika parayaan ingkang paling ageng: pista punika dirayakaken wonten mangsa rontok, nanging angsal ugi dipunlakksanakaken wektu sanès, kaliyan macam-macam upacara wonten pusat-pusat nalika jaman-jaman ingkang sanès-sanès.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten tlatah Babel pista ngantos kalih minggu laminipun: upacaranipun kados ta pawai déwa-déwa dhumateng kuil Marduk, nuli mandhapaken kaliyan nginggilaken rajanipun, Sidang Déwa-déwa.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Panentuan nasib kanggé wektu ngajengipun, dipunakiri pista '' 'pernikahan suci' '' (raja kaliyan imam wanita, wakil déwa) Pista-pista wonten karajan kados ta upacara maringaken makutha dhumateng raja (taksih wonten naskah saking Ur-Nammu, Nabopolasar), pista pribadi kaya ta kalahiran, polakrama kaliyan palantikan gadis dados imam wanita.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> == Sajarah == Miturut kadadosan 10:10 Nimrod dipunparingaken wonten dhasar kutha punika supados kutha krajan.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nanging tradisi agamawi Babilonia pitados, manawa ingkang maringaken dhasar punika déwa Marduk.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Boten wonten seratan sanèsipun babagan cariyos kutah punika jumeneng.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Sargon I saking Akkad]] (watara 2350 sM) lan para penerusipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Shar-kalisharri]], njemenengakén kuil-kuil kanggé para déwa-déwa Anunitum clan Amal, miturut tradisi uga ndandosakén panggung kuil.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kadosipun nalika masa Agade, sampun dipunjumenengakén wonten inggilipun reremukan kutha Babel sadèrèngipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten jaman [[Shulgi saking Ur]] (± 2000 sM) Babel dipunserang dipunparintah déning para gubernur-gubernur (patesi) saking Ur.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Amargi miyosipun dinasti Amari kaping pisan wonten Babel diparintah déning Sumu-abum.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Tembok-témbok kutha ingkang dipundandosi déning [[Hammurabi]] sarta para panerusipun, dados kutha krajan ngantos dirubuhakén déning suku Het ± 1595 sM.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kutha Babel naté dicepeng déning bangsa [[Kasdim]], [[Marduk]]-Apla-Iddina II (722-710, 703-702 sM), miturut cariyos ingkang sarupa kaliyan cariyos [[Sargon II saking Asyur]] babagan perang ngalawan kutha Babel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Usaha kanggé ngicalaken pambrontakan punika, wonten tiyang Babel ingkang dipunboyong [[Samaria]], wonten kutha Samaria tiyang punika dipundadosaken anggota ''pemujaan'' dhateng para déwa-déwa kutha saka Babel (2 Raja 17:24-30).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Sanherib]] ndawuh putranipun dados raja Babel nanging piyambakipun dipunpejahi déning [[Elam]], 694 sM.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Sanherib]] ingkang gadhah pangarepan suoaya saged ngicalaken rasa satriya para [[masarakat]] Babel anggonipun njagi kasatuan saka kuthanipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> supados kutha Babel ambruk wonten taun 689 ugi supados piyambakipun saged mindahaken tugu-tugu suci.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Putranipun, [[Esarhadon]], gadhah niyat kanggé ndandosi kutha suci mau: piyambakipun mindahaken Manasye maring Babel dados tawanan (2 Tawarikh 33:11).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Piyambakipun ndandosaken kutha Babel supados saged tunduk dhumateng putra-putranipun, [[Samas-sum-ukin]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nanging para putra sami padu, [[Asyurbanipal saking Asyur]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nalika 652-648 sM kutha Babel rusak amargi perang, masarakat Asyur akiripun ndawuh [[Kandalanu]], dados ''gubernur''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten abad kaping 626 sM, Nabopo-lasar yasa kutha mau kemalih.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Pambangunan punika dipunlajengaken déning [[Nebukadnezar II]], raja Babel, sanèsipun raja ingkang naté amarintah wonten kutha Babel inggih punika raja [[Zedekia]], Arnel-Marduk ([[Ewil Merodakh]]), [[Belsyazar]], amarintah bebarengan kaliyan [[Nabonidus]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten [[Al-Kitab]] uga sampun wonten seratan babagan cariyos kaliyan berita kutha Babel ingkang dados kutha krajan tambahan saka [[Pèrsi]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Punapa ingkang wonten kuil dipundadosaken upeti [[Sesbazar]] kanggé yasa kaliyan madosi laporan.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> kadosuipun ''arsip'' ingkang wonten Babel, dados alesan babagan ''Yahudi buangan'' ingkang wangsul marang kutha Babel dibawahi [[Ezra]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Babel naté uga dados tlatah pusat para bregajul kaya ta Nidintu-Bel (522 sM); Araka (521 sM); Belsyimanni kaliyan Syamasy-eriba (482 sM).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nalika [[Xerxes]] merangi kutha Babel ringsek (478 sM); [[Aleksander]] gadhah niyat kanggé ndandosi, ananinging sadèrèngipun dados, piyambakipun ninggal donya.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sampun yasa [[Selcukia]] wonten pasisir Lepen [[Tigris]], dados pusat papréntahan [[Seleukid]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Seratan-seratan ingkang wujudipun wiji wonten papan saged dimangertosi manawi kuil Bel wonten mrika ajeg ngantos taun 75 sM.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> === Panjajahan Asyur (745-626 sM) === [[Gambar:Babylon Clay Tablets.JPG|rigth|200px|thumb|Cathetan babagan Babilonia]] Nalika jaman papréntahan Nabu-nasir (Nabonassar), ingkang amarintah taun 747-735 sM, (jaman énggal), dipunwiwiti parjuangan kanggé ngerebut kamardikan saking [[Asyur]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Tiglat-Pileser III saking Asyur dadosaken piyambakipun dados 'Raja Sumer kaliyan Akad, mbungkem Bel (= Marduk) kaliyan nuntut takhta Babel nalika taun 745 sM, uga ngagem asma Pul(u).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Gangsal welas taun sesampunipun piyambakipun numpas pambarontakan Ukinzer saka Bit-Amukkani.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten, ''sheik'' ingkang nyaingi piyambakipun, Marduk-Apla-Iddina II, saking Bit-Yakin kidul, maringaken upeti dhumateng Tiglat-PiJeser.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Samaria ingkang sampun dipunkepung déning Salmaneser V kaliyan Sargon II nalika taun 726-722 dados kasempatan Marduk-Apla-Iddina (Merodakh-Baladan) kanggé ngelaksanakaken tipu.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Ngantos 10 taun laminipun (721-210 sM) Marduk amarintah kutha Babel ngantos para tantara Asyur nyerang Der, ngalahaken [[Humbanigas saking Elam]], kanggé ngrebut kutha Babel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nalika Sargon ninggal donya, 705 sM, Merodakh-Bala nentang Asyur.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Amargi pambarontakan punika Merodakh Baladan gadhah kasempatan kanggé ngangkat piyambakipun dados raja Babel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sanherih merangi, ngalahaken para pandukungipun saking Elam nalika perang wonten Kutha kaliyan Kis, nuli tumuju Babel nempataken tiyang pro-Asyur, Bel-ibni, supados munggah takhta.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Bit-Yakin ingkang dipunrusak, nanging Metodakh-Baladan sampun kesah tumuju Elam, wonten mrika piyambakipun ninggal yuswa sadèrèngipun Sanherib maringi ukuman, taun 694 sM.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kangge sawatara wektu putra saking [[Sanherib]], [[Esarhadon]], gadhah tanggung jawab babagan Babel, dados raja enem.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Piyambakipun munggah takhta nalika taun 681, ndandosi kuil-kuil kutha kaliyan mangsulaken kaagunganipun, mula piyambakipun mindhah Manasye marang Babel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Awit bangsa [[Elam]] dipunbujuk déning suku-suku Babel, [[Esarhadon]] dados pamimpin prajurit maring '' 'tanah-tanah samodra' '' nalika taun 67R sM, ngangkat Na'id-Marduk dados pamimpin, nalika sasi Mèi 672 Esarhadon amarintah para bawahanipun supados sumpah kanggé mbiyantu putranipun, Ayurbanipal, ingkang dados bakal raja saking Asyur, kaliyan putranipun Samas-sum-ukin dados bakal raja saking Babel (Iraq, 20, 1958), Wektu piyambakipun ninggal yuswa, taun 669 rencana punika kalaksanan amargi dipunpimpin déning ibu suri.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nanging watara taun 652 sM kembaran saka Esarhadon saka Babel dados pambarontak nentang pamarintah pusat.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> === Jaman Neo-Babel (Kasdim) (626-539 sM) === [[Gambar:Two panels of Babylon gate relief by Nebuchadnezzar II.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Relief Nebukadnezar II]] Nabopolasar, gubernur Lempongan Pèrsi, tiyang Kasdim, dados pamimpin papréntahan nalika tanggal 22 Nov 626, damai kaliyan Elam. Sesampunipun [[Nabopolasar]] ngalahaken bangsa Asyur wonten Salat, kirang langkung 623 tlatah Der sampun bébas. Kitab Sajarah Babel ingkang dados sumber utami dipunpitados nalika jaman Neo-Babel. Nalika taun 623-616 sM Nabopolasar ngusir para tiyang Asyur ingkang wonten lèpèn [[Efrat]] kaliyan [[Tigris]]. Nalika taun 614 tiyang Media mbiyantu tiyang Babel kanggé nyerang Asyur. Para ''sekuthu'' punika uga dipunbiyantu déning bangsa Skit supados saged dumunung wonten [[Niniwe]] taun 612 sM, tiyang Babel madosi tiyang ingkang kesang maring kulon. Serangan-serangan Babel wonten [[Siria]], dilanjut kaliyan serangan tumuju Haran, 609 sM, kaliyan nggerebek suku-suku wonten lor nalika taun 609-606 sM. Nabopolasar ingkang sampun sepuh pitados kaliyan bakal raja, Nebukadnezar, nalika sasi Mèi-Juni 605 sM Ncbukadnezar nyerang [[Karkemis]], naklukaken para tantara [[Mesir]] wonten Hamat. Nalika taun 604 sM Nebukadnezar angsal upeti saking para raja wonten Siro-Palestina. Nanging Askelon nulak wonten seratan kanggé nyuwun supados Pirngon mbiyantu kanggé ngelawan serangan kanggé perluasan Babel. Nalika taun 601 tiyang Babel perang kaliyan tiyang Mesir. Kangge ancang-ancang perang, tantara Babel nyerbu suku-suku [[Arab]] (taun 599/8, Yeremia 49:28-33). Nalika sasi Kislev, taun papréntahan Nebukadnezar ingkang ka-7, [[Nebukadnezar]] ngengken para tantara kanggé ngepung supados saged nyepeng papréntahan wonten tlatah punika. Piyambakipun nangkap raja, ngangkat papréntahan miturut apa kang diremeni, ngerampas jarahan saking kutha punika. Karuntuhan Yerusalem nalika sasi Maret 597 tanggal 16, nanging perang-perang Babel dhateng [[Yehuda]] nalika [[Zedekia]] mberontak sampun naté dicariyosaken wonten Yeremia (52:4 dab; 2 Raja 25:7). [[Yerusalem]] rusak nalika taun 587 sM. Wonten seratan Babel ingkang nyenggol-nyenggol serangan [[Mesir]] taun 568/7 sM. amarga panangkapan Yoyakhin, pangangkatan Matanyal-Zedekia kaliyan pambuangan Yehuda, dipuncariosaken wonten al kitab. Taun-taun sesampunipun Nebukadnezar nyerang Elam. Seratan babagan sajarah Babel boten diserat kemalih. === Wangsa Akemenus (539-332 sM) === Koresy ingkang sampun naklukaken Media, Pèrsi kaliyan Elam, mlebet Babel nalika tanggal 16 Oktober 539 sM, sesampunipun Babel dipunparintah déning jenderal [[Gobrias]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Toya saking lèpèn Efrat diputher maring Opis supados saged nyerang bètèng liwat lèpèn ingkang sampun garing.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Belsyazar kaliyan Nabonidus dipupejahi.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kambises, dados pamarintah ngantos ninggal yuswa nalika perang.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Pejahipun [[Kambises]] andadosaken pamberontakan, mula para [[masarakat]] ngerampas takhta.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Ngantos Dhésèmber 522 Darius I mangsulaken tata tertib.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nalika masa papréntahanipun (522-4R6 sM) Kambises idin kanggé tiyang [[Yahudi]] kanggé njumenengaken kemalih ''Bait Allah'' wonten [[Yerusalem]] dipimpinan déning Zerubabel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Babel naté diamarintah déning raja-raja saking Pèrsi; Xerxes (486-470 sM, *AHASYWEROS), Artaxerxes I (464-423 sM) kaliyan Darius II (423-408 sM).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Aleksander III uga naté amarintah (331-323 sM) dilajengaken kaliyan Filipus-Arrhidaeus (323-316 sM) kaliyan Aleksander IV (316-312 sM).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kalah malih, dipunamarintah déning tiyang Seleukus (312-64 sM), tiyang Partia (Arsakid) kaliyan tiyang Sasania ngantos dikalahaken déning tiyang Arab nalika taun 641 M.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sesampunipun jaman Neo-Babel kaliyan jaman-jaman sesampunipun, wonten kolonisasi Yahudi dhumateng Babel, sesampunipun [[Yerusalem]] ambruk nalika taun 70 M kolonisasi-kolonisasi manika gadhah prabawa wonten diaspora.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> == Panelitian == [[Gambar:WMF Future of Babylon.ogv|200px|thumb|rigth|Babilonia]] Awit [[Herodes saking Halikarnasus]] (watara 460 sM) ninggalaken cariyos babagan kutha Babel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> [[Benyamin saking Tudela]] (abad 12), [[Rauwolf]] (1574), [[Niebuhr]] (1764), [[C.J Rich]] (1811-1821) kaliyan [[Ker Porter]] (1818) ngelajengaken ''panelitian'' punika kanthi cara ingkang langkung ''ilmiah''.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Usaha kaping pisanan dipunlaksanakaken déning [[Layard]] (1850) lan [[Fresnel]] (1852), wonten bukti kutha ingkang sampun dikeruk kanthi sistematis déning Deutsche Orient Gesellschaft dipimpim [[Koldewey]] (1899-1917).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Uga déning [[Lenzen]] nalika taun 1956-1958.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Awit taun 1962 tiyang [[Irak]] sampun ndandosi kuil Ninmah.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Saking panelitian ingkang dipundadosaken satunggal dipunangsal bukti-bukti ingkang kathahipun langkung saka 10.000 ayat-ayat kaserat, Wonten tiyang ingkang damel bata weruh gambar ingkang dipunngertosi sampun wonten nalika jaman Nebukadnezar.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kutha Babel punika diubengi déning témbok-témbok kang kasusun muter-muter.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Tembok paling njawi dawanipun ngantos 27&nbsp;km, kuwat kaliyan amba wonten panggung kanggé ''pertahanan'', gadhah 8 gerbang.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten lor gerbang punika ageng, wonten saking [[Isytar]] tumuju margi ingakng dados arak-arakan maring Esagila.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> kuil Marduk, kaliyan ziggurat Etemenanki.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Margi ageng punika saka watu tebihipun 920 m, témbok-témbok punika ditatani wau ingkang sampun dilapis gambar 120 singa (lambang Isytar), 575 musrussu-naga-naga (Marduk), lan kebo-kebo lanang (Bel) ditata genten.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Margi punika mbelok maring ngulan nyebrang lèpèn Efrat dados panghubung Kutha énggal wonten pasisir kulan saking kutha krajan ingkang lami.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Pura-pura ingkang utama dipunbentengi, wonten ruwang takhta (52 X 17 m) ingkang kadosipun dipunagem nakila jaman Daniel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten pojok wétan saking pura, wonten sisa-sisa saking cagak-cagak ingkang dipunanggep déning [[Koldewey]] dados panyangga saking '' 'taman-taman gantung' '' ingkang dipunyasa déning Nebukadnezar kanggé [[Amitis]], garwanipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Kangge palipur kangen maring asalipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Sampun kathah pérangan kutha kaliyan kuil-kuil ingkang dipanggihi, 53 sampun ditepangi, asma-asma saking pérangan kutha punika kala-kala diagem kanggé dados tunjuk margi (Shuanna, [JCS 23, 1970, him 63] Susan, Tuba, Tintir, Kullab).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> === Menara Babilonia (Babel) === {{main|Menara Bibel (Babilonia)}} [[Gambar:Babylon tower.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Menara Babel]] Kanthi sapunika dèrèng wonten bukti [[Arkéologi]], manawi kutha Babel sampun wonten sadèrèngipun dinasti kapian (+/-1800 SM).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nanging miturut tradisi Babel ugi seratan sajarah saking [[Sharkalisharri]], nyariosaken manawi raja saking [[Akkadia|Agade]] kr 2250 SM yasa manèh menara kuil (''Ziggurat'') ingkang wonten Babel.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/><ref name="mister"/> Bentukipun tingkat-tingkat (''Ziggurat''), Wujud mau dipunkembangaken kemalih nalika +/-3000 SM dupun milai saking ''tumenos'' utawi panggung ingkang nyangga kuil caketipun kaliyan kuil-kuil ingkang wonten kutha kaya ta kuil wonten [[Erekh]] ugi kuil wonten [['Ukair]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Menara punika ngalami kerusakan ingkang ageng nalika perang (taun 652-648 SM), nanging dipundandani kemalih nalika masanipun [[Nebukadnezar II]] (605-562 SM).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Banguna punika ingkang dipunjlentrehaken [[Koldewey]] nalika tau 1899.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Lantai ingkang paling ngandhap ukuranipun 90x90 m, inggilipun 30 m.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten lantai ingkang andhap punika dipunyasa gangsal lantai inggilipun 6 kanthi 18 m.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Manawi tambah inggil, lantainipun inggilipun nambah alit ukuranipun.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> kanggé ''makutha'' saking yasan manika, wonten tataran lantai ingkang paling inggil dipunyasa kuil.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Ingkang dados anggepan nalika jaman punika, kuil mau dados papan kadhatengan para Déwa nalika gadhah urusan kaliyan manungsa.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> ==== Menara Babel dipunrusak [[Xerxes]] nalika taun 472 SM ==== [[Aleksander]] ngresiki ambrukanipun supados saged yasa kemalih, anaging boten dados amargi piyambakipun ninggal dunnya.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Patok-patok ingkang dados batesanipun nuli dipunbuwang kaliyan [[masarakat]] ingkang wonten punika, sapunika tlatah mau dipunsebat [[Etemenanki]] utawi bolongan (''Es-Sahn'').<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Wonten ingkang nyamikaken yasan kasebat kaya ta ''Es-Shan'', ingkang dipunsamikaken sisa-sisa saking ''ziggurat'' ingkang taksih wonten saking tlatah [[Borsippa]] (Mod Birs Nimrud), 11&nbsp;km pérangan tenggara Babel (hambok manawi saking jaman [[NeoBabilonia]]).<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Dipunduga kemalih, miturut [[Alkitab]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Dur-Kurigalzu (''Aqar Quf''), wonten pérangan tenggara [[Bagdad]].<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Nanging kutha mau dipunyasa nalika taun 1400 SM.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> Ingkang saged dados kasimpulan, cariyos kitab ingkang nyariosaken bab [[sajarah]] kadadian menara utawi yasan-yasan punika boten saged punpitados.<ref name="sajarah dan nama"/> === Taman gantung Babilonia === {{main|Taman Gantung Babilonia}} [[Gambar:Hanging Gardens of Babylon.jpg|thumb|rigth|200px|Taman Gantung Babilonia]] Taman Gantung Babilonia, wonten ing tlatah Babilonia.<ref name="taman">[http://unic77.info/benarkah-taman-gantung-babylonia-pernah-ada.html Benarkah Taman Gantung Babylonia Pernah Ada?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301053035/http://unic77.info/benarkah-taman-gantung-babylonia-pernah-ada.html |date=2011-03-01 }} dipununduh tanggal 26 Mèi 2011</ref> Imperrum kuna [[Peradaban Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] ingkang caket kaliyan [[kali|lèpèn]] [[''Euphrates'']], sapunika dipuntepang [[Irak]] kidul.<ref name="taman"/> Taman Gantung Babilonia, dipunyasa wonten tlatah Babilonia nalika taun 450 sadèrèngipun masehi.<ref name="babilonia">[http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2009/12/taman-gantung-babilonia/ wartawarga,student Journalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310055956/http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2009/12/taman-gantung-babilonia/ |date=2010-03-10 }} dipununduh tanggal 26 Mèi 2011</ref> Taman punika dipunyasa raja [[Nebukadnezar II]] (Bukhtannasar), kanggé bungahaken garwanipun, [[Amyitis]] (wonten sumber sanès ingkang nyebat asma garwannipun [[Nebukadnezar II]], [[Amuhia]])<ref name="babilonia"/><ref name="forum"/>, [[Amuhia|Amyitis]] sapunika putrinipun raja [[Medes]] saking nagari [[Media]].<ref name="forum">[http://www.indoforum.org/t103386/ Taman Babilonia yang menjadi Legenda]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipununduh tanggal 26 Mèi 2011</ref> Permausuri punika oneng kaliyan kampungipun ingkang tebih saking kraton Babilonia.<ref name="médhia">[http://www.mediahidup.co.cc/2011/01/menyingkap-misteri-taman-gantung.html Menyingkap Misteri Taman Gantung Babilonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222020854/http://www.mediahidup.co.cc/2011/01/menyingkap-misteri-taman-gantung.html |date=2025-02-22 }} dipununduh tanggal 26 Mèi 2011</ref> Amargi punika, raja [[Nebukadnezar II|Babilonia Bukhtannasar]] amarintah [[prajurit]] sumarga ngawontenaken ''ekspediai-èkspèdhisi'' wonten tlatah ngetan, inggih punika tlatah [[Nuswantara]].<ref name="médhia"/> Garwanipun raja [[Nebukadnezar II|Babilonia Bukhtannasar]] dipunduga saking [[Nuswantara]].<ref name="médhia"/> == Gladri == {{Commons|Bos taurus}} <gallery> Gambar:Babylon map.png|peta saking kutha Babilonia Gambar:Babylon Ruins Marines.jpeg|kutha Babilonia, kutha ingkang dipunkelilingi témbok Gambar:Walls of Babylon 3 RB.JPG|témbok Babilonia Gambar:Hanging Gardens of Babylon.jpg|taman gantung babilonia, ingkang kondhan kaindahanipun Gambar:Jardins suspendus de Babylone (Barclay).jpg|sketsa prakiraan taman gantung Babilonia </gallery> == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sajarah]] [[Kategori:Peradaban Mesopotamia]] [[Kategori:Babilonia]] 02smwv3nvs0fjpn9a1v4lkakq17539x 0 77989 1758446 1679562 2026-10-03T04:28:32Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Stadium | stadium_name = Camp Nou | image = [[Gambar:Barcelona vs Inter 2019 2.jpg|250px]] | location = [[Barcelona]], [[Spanyol]] | coordinates = 41°22′51.20″N 2°7′22.19″E | broke_ground = [[28 Maret]] [[1954]] | opened = [[24 September]] [[1957]]<ref name="info" /> | closed = | demolished = | owner = [[FC Barcelona]] | operator = FC Barcelona | construction_cost = 288 juta [[peseta]] | architect = Francesc Mitjans-Miró {{br}}Lorenzo García Barbon {{br}}Josep Soteras Mauri | former_names = | tenants = [[FC Barcelona]] (1957–sekarang) | seating_capacity = 98.772<ref name="info" /> | dimensions = 105 [[mèter|m]] x 68 m <ref name="info">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/club_avui/informacio_corporativa/barca_enxifres/barca_enxifres.html |title=FC Barcelona Information |publisher=FCBarcelona.cèt |accessdate=2008-02-29 }}</ref> }} {{Commons category}} '''Camp Nou''' (asalé saka basa Katalan kang tegesé "lapangan anyar") iku salah siji stadion kang ana ing [[Spanyol]], [[Barcelona]]. Stadion iki dadi kandhange [[FC Barcelona]]. Stadion iki dibuka wiwit taun 1957, kapasitase 98.772 kursi.<ref name="camp">[http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/architecture/stadium_design/barcelona_camp_nou.shtml www.worldstadiums.com; L'Estadi (Camp Nou)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510200159/http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/architecture/stadium_design/barcelona_camp_nou.shtml |date=2010-05-10 }} (diundhuh tanggal 7 Agustus 2011)</ref> Ing stadion Camp Nou duwé fasilitas 99.354 kursi. Stadion iki dadi stadion kang gedhé dhéwé ing [[Éropah]] lan nomer sewelas gedhé dhéwé babagan kapasitas. Stadion iki wis asring nganakake tetandhingan kelas internasional, kaya ta pinal [[Liga Champions]], ing taun [[1999]]. Stadion iki uga tau minangka kompetisi [[bal-balan]] ing [[Olimpiade]] [[1992]] kang dianakake ing Barcelona. Stadion iki mapan ing Avinguda Aristides Maillol, ing distrik Les Corts ing Barcelona, ing panggonan iki uga ana yasan kang diarani Blaugrana Palau, kang digunakaké kantor. Ing sisihe stadion iki uga dibuka ''megastore FCBotiga'' lan ''Miniestadi''.<ref name="nou">[http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/club_avui/territori_barca/palau_blaugrana/palaublaugrana.html www.fcbarcelona.cat; Situs resmi FC Barcelona](diundhuh tanggal 7 Agustus 2011)</ref> [[Arsitek]] Josep Soteras Mauri lan Francesc Mitjans Miró gawé proyek stadion migunakaké beton lan baja nganti 2 ''cincin'' saben tingkat. Payone migunakaké 26 balok kang nyangga baja, wujudé nyempit madhep lapangan. Wiwitane stadion iki mung bisa kamot 93.000 penonton.<ref name="camp"/> == Sajarah == Camp Nou dibangun wiwit tanggal [[28 Maret]] [[1954]] minangka stadion sadurungé Barcelona, [[Camp de Les Corts]] ora duwé ruangan kanggo ekspansi. Sanajan pisanane karancenakake bakalan diarani Estadi del FC Barcelona, jeneng kang luwih misuwur dienggo Nou Camp. Panapakasmanan [[Juni]] [[1950]] [[László Kubala]], kaanggep dadi salah siji juru main Barcelona gedhé dhéwé awèh motivasi luwih lanjut kanthi pambangunan gedhong stadion kang luwih gedhé. Pambangunan Camp Nou dimulai tanggal [[28 Maret]] [[1954]] sadurungé durubungi 60.000 wong kang seneng Barcelona. Gubernur Sipil saka Barcelona, Felipe Acedo Colunga mandhegani panyelehan watu pisanan, kanthi berkah saka Biskop Agung Barcelona, [[Gregorio Modrego]]. Pambangunan sasuwéné telung taun, bakalan ngentèkaké 336% saka anggaran biaya akir 288 yuta panonton.<ref name="fcbarcelona6">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/club_avui/territori_barca/CampNou/intro_historica.html |title=Brief history of Camp Nou |publisher=FC Bajsalona |date= |accessdate=30 July 2010}}</ref> Stadion iki resmi dibuka tanggal [[24 September]] [[1957]]. Sing buka stadion iki ya iku [[Mesias Handel]]. == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{en icon}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20120130033850/http://footballmatch.de/ Footballmatch] Collection of Spanish stadiums. * {{en icon}}[http://www.bcn.travel/barcelona-sights/sports/camp-nou-stadium-barcelona bcn.travel/camp-nou-stadium-barcelona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026032822/http://www.bcn.travel/barcelona-sights/sports/camp-nou-stadium-barcelona |date=2010-10-26 }} Stadium profile including photos and videos. * {{en icon}}[http://estadiosdeespana.blogspot.com/2011/04/barcelona-camp-nou.html Stadium featured on Estadios de Espana] {{S-start}} {{Succession box | title = [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]<br />Final Venue | before = [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1962-63#Final|Two legged Final]] | after = [[Stadio Olimpico di Torino|Stadio Comunale]]<br />[[Turin]] | years = '''[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1963-64|1964]]''' }} {{Succession box | title = [[UEFA Cup Winners Cup]]<br />[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals|Final Venue]] | before = [[Karaiskakis Stadium]]<br />[[Piraeus]] | after = [[Kaftanzoglio Stadium]]<br />[[Thessaloniki]] | years = '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1971-72|1972]]''' }} {{Succession box | title = UEFA Cup Winners Cup<br />Final Venue | before = [[Rheinstadion]]<br />[[Düsseldorf]] | after = [[Nya Ullevi]]<br />[[Gothenburg]] | years = '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1981-82|1982]]''' }} {{Succession box | title = [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]<br />[[European Cup and Champions League finals|Final Venue]] | before = [[Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion|Neckarstadion]]<br />[[Stuttgart]] | after = [[Ernst Happel Stadion|Praterstadion]]<br />[[Vienna]] | years = '''[[European Cup 1988-89|1989]]''' }} {{Succession box | title = [[UEFA Champions League]]<br />Final Venue | before = [[Amsterdam ArenA]]<br />[[Amsterdam]] | after = [[Stade de France]]<br />[[Paris]] | years = '''[[UEFA Champions League 1998-99|1999]]''' }} {{S-end}} {{Stadion bintang-5 UEFA}} [[Kategori:Stadion]] [[Kategori:Spanyol]] {{Stub}} 77yux1cpw1ri2ns3v1iirutsphz1k8k 0 81962 1758435 1535217 2026-10-02T22:31:45Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{koreanname|image=[[Gambar:Ahn Jung-Hwan in 2009.JPG|300px|Ahn Jung-Hwan]]|hangul=안정환 | hanja=安貞桓 | rr=An Jeong-Hwan | mr=An Chŏng-Hwan}} '''Ahn Jung-Hwan''' ingkang lair ing tanggal [[27]] [[Januari]] [[1976]] ing [[Paju]], [[Gyeonggi]] inggih punika juru main bal-balan saking [[Koréa]] [[Kidul]]. Piyambakipun main dados panyerang. Ahn misuwur ing sadaya [[donya]] amargi gadhah gol kanggé timnas [[bal-balan]] [[Koréa Kidul]] ingkang saged ngalahaken [[Italia]] ing babak kalih [[Piala Donya]] [[2002]] lan dadosaken Koréa Kidul ing babak persekawan final. Sasampunipun [[Piala Donya]] pungkasan, Ahn dipundadosaken tim [[Seri A]], [[Perugia]] amargi dipunanggep saged dadosaken rusaking bal-balan [[Italia]] déning [[Perugia]]. Nanging Ahn boten purun ing [[Perugia]] lan ngalih ing [[Jepang]], main kanggé [[Shimizu S-Pulse]]. Piyambakipun kondur ing [[Éropah]] ing [[taun]] [[2005]] sasampunipun gadhah prajanjen kaliyan klub [[Prancis]], [[FC Metz]]. Ing sasi [[Fèbruari]] [[2006]] piyambakipun mlebet ing [[MSV Duisburg]] ing [[Jerman]]. Ing sasi [[Januari]] [[2007]], piyambakipun gadhah prajanjen satunggal taun kaliyan [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]].<ref>[http://pialadunia.org/2010/ahn-jung-hwan.html pialadunia.org] {{Pranala mati|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diputningali tanggal 6 Oktober 2011)</ref> == Profil Ahn Jung-hwan == # Klub: Dalian Haichang # Umur: [[35]] taun # Tanggal lair: [[27]] [[Januari]] [[1976]] # Nagara:[[Republik Koréa]]<ref>[http://id-id.soccermanager.com/player.php?pid=3927 id-id.soccermanager.com](dipuntingali tanggal 6 Oktober 2011)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahn, Jung-hwan}} [[Kategori:Lair 1976]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Pemain Bal Koréa]] [[Kategori:Panyerang]] [[Kategori:Pamain Bundesliga]] [[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Donya FIFA 2010]] [[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Éropah UEFA 2012]] {{pemain-sb-stub}} ed5n8y34omjqku2tnfaruxzzaoxe6nn 0 83800 1758458 1692152 2026-10-03T09:19:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pp-semi-template|small=yes}} [[Gambar:42-aspetti di vita quotidiana, medicine, Taccuino Sanitatis.jpg|thumb|228px|XIV]] '''Farmasi''' ({{lang-en|pharmacy}}, {{lang-el|pharmacon}}, kang artiné: [[obat]]) ya iku salah sijiné babagan profésional [[kasehatan]] kang wujud kombinasi saka [[èlmu kasehatan]] lan [[èlmu kimia]], uga tanggung-jawab mestekake efektivitas lan amané panggunaan obat. Ing sajeroning praktik farmasi uga sajeroning praktik farmasi [[tradhisional]] kaya ta ngeracik lan ngéramu obat, sarta ngelayani farmasi [[modhèren]] kang ana kaitané déning layanan minangka ngelayani [[pasien]] (''patient care'') ing antarané [[klinik]], evaluasi [[efikasi]] lan keamanan panggunaan obat, lan nyediakake informasi obat. <!-- Kata farmasi berasal dari kata farma (''pharma''). [[Farma]] merupakan istilah yang dipakai di tahun [[1400]] - [[1600an]]. Institusi farmasi [[Éropah]] kali kapisan ana ing [[Trier]], Jerman, ing taun [[1241]] lan saiki isih ana. '''Farmasis ([[apoteker]])''' merupakan gelar profesional dengan keahlian di bidang farmasi. Farmasis biasa bertugas di [[institusi]]-institusi baik pemerintahan maupun [[swasta]] seperti badan pengawas obat/makanan, [[rumah sakit]], industri farmasi, industri [[obat tradhisional]], [[apotek]], dan di berbagai sarana kesehatan. --> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category|Pharmacy}} * Website PAFI [http://pafi-blog.co.cc/ Persatuan Ahli Farmasi Indonesia] * [https://pdpafipapuatengah.org/ PAFI Indonesia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231222409/http://www.farmasiindonesia.co.cc/ Farmasi Indonesia] * [http://www.isfinational.or.id ISFI Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117125231/http://www.isfinational.or.id/ |date=2011-11-17 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428074308/http://www.inapharm.co.cc/ inapharm] * [http://www.ipsf.org IPSF] {{CabangKimia}} [[Kategori:Farmasi| ]] [[Kategori:Cabang kimia]] [[Kategori:Cabang biologi]] {{Medis-stub}} gzo16mnr5dyl7gffu4r9mardxgh28op 0 97199 1758453 1748756 2026-10-03T06:53:40Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rasi Cetus.jpg|thumb|Rasi Lintang Cetus]] Punika minangka [[lintang]]-[[lintang]] ingkang wonten ing [[rasi lintang]] '''Cetus''' {| class=tabelcantik |- ! Nama ! [[Penamaan Bayer|B]] ! [[Penamaan Flamsteed|F]] ! [[Penamaan Gould|G]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uranometriaargentina.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227032716/http://www.uranometriaargentina.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! [[Katalog Henry Draper|HD]] ! [[Katalog Hipparacus|HIP]] ! [[Right ascension|RA]] ! [[Deklinasi|Dec]] ! [[magnitudo tampak|vis.{{br}}mag.]] ! [[magnitudo absolut|abs.{{br}}mag.]] ! [[Jarak stellar|Jarak]] ([[taun cahaya|tc]]) ! [[Klasifikasi stellar|Sp. class]] ! Kaanan ! Nama {{br}}sanès ! Asal {{br}}Basa ! Teges |- | [[Beta Ceti|β Cet]] || β || 16 || 70||4128 || 3419 || {{RA|00|43|35.23}} || {{DEC|−17|59|12.1}} || 2.04 || −0.30 || 96 || K0III || ||Deneb Kaitos, Diphda, Difda al Thani / Rana Secunda ||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]/[[Basa Latin|Latin]]||buntut (sang iwak paus), kodhok angka 2 |- | [[Alpha Ceti|α Cet]] || α || 92 || 310||18884 || 14135 || {{RA|03|02|16.78}} || {{DEC|+04|05|23.7}} || 2.54 || −1.61 || 220 || M2III |||| Menkar, Menkab, Mekab, Monkar||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]|| |- | [[Mira|ο Cet]] || ο || 68 || 233||14386 || 10826 || {{RA|02|19|20.79}} || {{DEC|−02|58|37.4}} || 3.04 || −2.60 || 418 || M5e-M9e || prototipe saking variabel [[Mira]], gadhah [[lintang katai]] pethak|| Mira Ceti, Collum Ceti||[[Basa Latin|Latin]]||ingkang nakjubaken ing [[rasi]] Cetus<ref>http://www.constellationsofwords.com/stars/Mira.html</ref> |- | [[Eta Ceti|η Cet]] || η || 31 || 111||6805 || 5364 || {{RA|01|08|35.26}} || {{DEC|−10|10|54.9}} || 3.46 || 0.67 || 118 || K2III || ||Deneb Algenubi, Dheneb, Deneb||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||buntut (sang iwak paus) ing ler<ref name=sb0>{{Cite web |url=http://www.askaword.com/search.jsp?libs=&d=ss&ht=false&q=cetus |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119050014/http://www.askaword.com/search.jsp?libs=&d=ss&ht=false&q=cetus |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Gamma Ceti|γ Cet]] || γ || 86 || 291||16970 || 12706 || {{RA|02|43|18.12}} || {{DEC|+03|14|10.2}} || 3.47 || 1.47 || 82 || A3V ||lintang gandha || Kaffaljidhmah|| [[Basa Arab|Arab]]||pérangan saking sirip |- | [[Tau Ceti|τ Cet]] || τ || 52 || 177||10700 || 8102 || {{RA|01|44|05.13}} || {{DEC|−15|56|22.4}} || 3.49 || 5.68 || 12 || G8V || lintang pa;ing caket angka 19| Durre Menthor, Al Durr al Manthur||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]<ref name=sb0/> |- | [[Iota Ceti|ι Cet]] || ι || 8 || 33||1522 || 1562 || {{RA|00|19|25.68}} || {{DEC|−08|49|25.8}} || 3.56 || −1.18 || 290 || K2III || || Schemali, Deneb Kaitos Shemali||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]<ref name=sb0/> |- | [[Theta Ceti|θ Cet]] || θ || 45 || 136||8512 || 6537 || {{RA|01|24|01.45}} || {{DEC|−08|10|57.9}} || 3.60 || 0.87 || 114 || K0III || ||Altawk, Tawk, Tawk Meksura, Al Tawk al Maksuur||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||kalung |- | [[Zeta Ceti|ζ Cet]] || ζ || 55 || 185||11353 || 8645 || {{RA|01|51|27.61}} || {{DEC|−10|20|05.8}} || 3.74 || −0.76 || 259 || K2III || lintang gandha||Baten Kaitos||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||weteng (sang iwak paus) |- | [[Upsilon Ceti|υ Cet]] || υ || 59 || 197||12274 || 9347 || {{RA|02|00|00.22}} || {{DEC|−21|04|40.0}} || 3.99 || −0.83 || 301 || K5/M0III |||| Aquae Abyssi, Abyssus Aqueus ||[[Basa Latin|Latin]]||toya / laut ingkang dalem |- | [[Delta Ceti|δ Cet]] || δ || 82 || 283||16582 || 12387 || {{RA|02|39|28.95}} || {{DEC|+00|19|42.7}} || 4.08 || −2.41 || 647 || B2IV ||variabel saking β Cep||Phycochroma, Phycea||[[Yunani]] |- | [[Pi Ceti|π Cet]] || π || 89 || 296||17081 || 12770 || {{RA|02|44|07.35}} || {{DEC|−13|51|31.2}} || 4.24 || −1.41 || 441 || B7IV || ||Al Sadr al Ketus, Al Sadr al Ketus IV, Al Sadr al Ketus ar Raabi||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||dhadha (sang iwak paus)<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[Mu Ceti|μ Cet]] || μ || 87 || 295||17094 || 12828 || {{RA|02|44|56.37}} || {{DEC|+10|06|51.2}} || 4.27 || 2.21 || 84 || F1III-IV || variabel saking δ Sct ||Al Kaff al Jidhmah IV, Al Kaff al Jidhmah ar Raabi / dipunsebut ''[[Niburon]]'' ing filem [[Star Trek]]''<ref>http://memory-beta.wikia.com/wiki/Deneb_Kaitos</ref>||[[Basa Arab|Arab]] ||pérangan saking sirip keempat<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[Xi2 Ceti|ξ² Cet]] || ξ² || 73 || 251||15318 || 11484 || {{RA|02|28|09.52}} || {{DEC|+08|27|36.3}} || 4.30 || 0.64 || 176 || B9III || || Al Kaff al Jidhmah II, Al Kaff al Jidhmah at Thani||[[Basa Arab|Arab]] ||pérangan saking sirip angka 2<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[Xi1 Ceti|ξ¹ Cet]] || ξ¹ || 65 || 223||13611 || 10324 || {{RA|02|13|00.01}} || {{DEC|+08|50|48.3}} || 4.36 || −0.87 || 362 || G8II: || lintang gandha||Al Kaff al Jidhmah I, Al Kaff al Jidhmah at Awwal||[[Basa Arab|Arab]] ||pérangan saking sirip angka 1<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[7 Ceti|7 Cet]] || || 7 || 25||1038 || 1170 || {{RA|00|14|38.43}} || {{DEC|−18|55|57.7}} || 4.44 || −1.46 || 492 || M1III || AE Cet||八魁六 ||[[China]] <ref name=sb1>salah satunggaling [[rasi]] [[lintang]] miturut bangsa Cina</ref> |- | [[2 Ceti|2 Cet]] || || 2 || 6||225132 || 301 || {{RA|00|03|44.37}} || {{DEC|−17|20|09.5}} || 4.55 || 0.33 || 228 || B9IVn || ||八魁二 || [[China]] |- | [[Chi Ceti|χ Cet A]] || χ || 53 || 182||11171 || 8497 || {{RA|01|49|35.19}} || {{DEC|−10|41|10.3}} || 4.66 || 2.79 || 77 || F3III || lintang gandha || || || |- | [[Lambda Ceti|λ Cet]] || λ || 91 || 308||18604 || 13954 || {{RA|02|59|42.90}} || {{DEC|+08|54|26.6}} || 4.71 || −0.86 || 424 || B6III || ||Menkar||[[Basa Arab|Arab]] |- | [[Sigma Ceti|σ Cet]] || σ || 76 || 261||15798 || 11783 || {{RA|02|32|05.28}} || {{DEC|−15|14|39.6}} || 4.74 || 2.68 || 84 || F5V || ||Al Sadr al Ketus II, Al Sadr al Ketus ath Thani||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]<ref name=sb6>http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720005197_1972005197.pdf</ref> |- | [[Phi1 Ceti|φ¹ Cet]] || φ¹ || 17 || 72||4188 || 3455 || {{RA|00|44|11.41}} || {{DEC|−10|36|33.4}} || 4.77 || 0.73 || 210 || K0IIIvar ||pérangan saking ([[Phi Ceti|φ Cet]])||Al Nitham I, al Nitham al Awwal ||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||kalung angka 1<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[20 Ceti|20 Cet]] || || 20 || 89||5112 || 4147 || {{RA|00|53|00.49}} || {{DEC|−01|08|39.2}} || 4.78 || −1.23 || 519 || M0III || || || || |- | [[Epsilon Ceti|ε Cet]] || ε || 83 || 284||16620 || 12390 || {{RA|02|39|33.73}} || {{DEC|−11|52|17.7}} || 4.83 || 2.67 || 88 || F5V || sistem multi lintang||Al Sadr al Ketus III, Al Sadr al Ketus ath Thaalith ||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||dhadha paus angka 3<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[Kappa1 Ceti|κ¹ Cet]] || κ¹ || 96 || 319||20630 || 15457 || {{RA|03|19|21.54}} || {{DEC|+03|22|11.9}} || 4.84 || 5.03 || 30 || G5Vvar || ||天囷二 ||[[China]] <ref name=sb1>{{Cite web |url=http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060711.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2012-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204114123/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060711.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (versi 1) |- | [[Nu Ceti|ν Cet]] || ν || 78 || 270||16161 || 12093 || {{RA|02|35|52.49}} || {{DEC|+05|35|35.9}} || 4.87 || −0.42 || 372 || G8III || lintang gandha||天囷七 ||[[China]] || |- | [[Rho Ceti|ρ Cet]] || ρ || 72 || 247||15130 || 11345 || {{RA|02|25|57.01}} || {{DEC|−12|17|25.6}} || 4.88 || −1.17 || 528 || A0V || ||Al Sadr al Ketus I, Al Sadr al Ketus al Awwal||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||dhadha paus angka 1<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[6 Ceti|6 Cet]] || || 6 || 15||693 || 910 || {{RA|00|11|15.91}} || {{DEC|−15|28|02.4}} || 4.89 || 3.51 || 62 || F5V || ||八魁一 ||[[China]] || |- | [[46 Ceti|46 Cet]] || || 46 || 141||8705 || 6670 || {{RA|01|25|37.21}} || {{DEC|−14|35|55.5}} || 4.90 || 0.17 || 288 || K2III || || || || |- | [[56 Ceti|56 Cet]] || || 56 || 190||11930 || 9061 || {{RA|01|56|40.16}} || {{DEC|−22|31|36.2}} || 4.92 || −0.52 || 399 || K3III || ||鈇鑕五 ||[[China]] ||<ref name=sb1>salah satunggaling [[rasi]] [[lintang]] miturut bangsa Cina</ref> |- | || || || 175||10550 || 7999 || {{RA|01|42|43.52}} || {{DEC|−03|41|24.4}} || 4.98 || −2.86 || 1203 || K3II-III || || || || |- | [[3 Ceti|3 Cet]] || || 3 || 8||225212 || 355 || {{RA|00|04|30.12}} || {{DEC|−10|30|34.2}} || 4.99 || −3.47 || 1606 || K3Ibvar || || 八魁四||[[China]] || |- | [[94 Ceti|94 Cet]] || || 94 || 316||19994 || 14954 || {{RA|03|12|46.32}} || {{DEC|−01|11|45.4}} || 5.07 || 3.32 || 73 || F8V || gadhah planit ([[94 Ceti b|b]])|| || || |- | [[48 Ceti|48 Cet]] || || 48 || 157||9132 || 6960 || {{RA|01|29|36.10}} || {{DEC|−21|37|45.6}} || 5.11 || 0.95 || 221 || A0V || lintang gandha||鈇鑕一 ||[[China]] || |- | [[AD Ceti|AD Cet]] || || || 22||1014 || 1158 || {{RA|00|14|27.59}} || {{DEC|−07|46|49.9}} || 5.13 || −1.29 || 626 || M3IIIvar || || || || |- | [[37 Ceti|37 Cet]] || || 37 || 118||7439 || 5799 || {{RA|01|14|23.97}} || {{DEC|−07|55|24.6}} || 5.14 || 3.20 || 79 || F5V || || || || |- | || || || 49||2696 || 2381 || {{RA|00|30|22.67}} || {{DEC|−23|47|15.8}} || 5.17 || 1.46 || 180 || A3V |||| || || |- | [[Phi2 Ceti|φ² Cet]] || φ² || 19 || 84||4813 || 3909 || {{RA|00|50|07.72}} || {{DEC|−10|38|37.6}} || 5.17 || 4.22 || 50 || F7IV-V || pérangan saking ([[Phi Ceti|φ Cet]])||Al Nitham II, Al Nitham at Thani ||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||kalung angka 2<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[13 Ceti|13 Cet]] || || 13 || 54||3196 || 2762 || {{RA|00|35|14.64}} || {{DEC|−03|35|33.9}} || 5.20 || 3.58 || 69 || F8V... ||BU Cet<ref name=sb8>N.N. Samus, et al., General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2009), 2009yCat....102025S</ref>|| || || |- | || || || 73||4247 || 3505 || {{RA|00|44|44.44}} || {{DEC|−22|00|22.8}} || 5.22 || 3.00 || 91 || F0V |||| || || |- | || || || 259||15694 || 11738 || {{RA|02|31|30.08}} || {{DEC|+02|16|01.9}} || 5.27 || −0.55 || 476 || K3III |||| || || |- | || || || 18||787 || 983 || {{RA|00|12|09.95}} || {{DEC|−17|56|17.6}} || 5.29 || −1.08 || 612 || K4III || || || || |- | [[69 Ceti|69 Cet]] || || 69 || 236||14652 || 11021 || {{RA|02|21|56.64}} || {{DEC|+00|23|44.5}} || 5.29 || −2.73 || 1309 || M2III || || || || |- | [[Phi3 Ceti|φ³ Cet]] || φ³ || 22 || 94||5437 || 4371 || {{RA|00|56|01.51}} || {{DEC|−11|15|59.4}} || 5.35 || −0.67 || 522 || K4III || pérangan saking ([[Phi Ceti|φ Cet]])||Al Nitham III, Al Nitham ath Thaalith ||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||kalung angka 3<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[75 Ceti|75 Cet]] || || 75 || 260||15779 || 11791 || {{RA|02|32|09.44}} || {{DEC|−01|02|05.3}} || 5.36 || 0.80 || 266 || G3III: || ||天囷十 ||[[China]] || |- | || || || 179||10824 || 8230 || {{RA|01|45|59.27}} || {{DEC|−05|43|59.6}} || 5.37 || −0.60 || 509 || K4III || || || || |- | [[25 Ceti|25 Cet]] || || 25 || 102||6203 || 4914 || {{RA|01|03|02.60}} || {{DEC|−04|50|10.9}} || 5.40 || −0.10 || 410 || K0III-IV || || || || |- | [[50 Ceti|50 Cet]] || || 50 || 169||9856 || 7450 || {{RA|01|35|58.96}} || {{DEC|−15|24|00.8}} || 5.41 || −0.72 || 549 || K1III || || || || |- | [[39 Ceti|39 Cet]] || || 39 || 121||7672 || 5951 || {{RA|01|16|36.35}} || {{DEC|−02|30|00.8}} || 5.42 || 0.95 || 256 || G5III-IVe || || || || |- | [[60 Ceti|60 Cet]] || || 60 || 201||12573 || 9589 || {{RA|02|03|11.61}} || {{DEC|+00|07|42.4}} || 5.42 || 0.69 || 288 || A5III || |||||| |- | [[70 Ceti|70 Cet]] || || 70 || 237||14690 || 11046 || {{RA|02|22|12.41}} || {{DEC|−00|53|05.1}} || 5.42 || 0.76 || 279 || F0Vn || ||天囷十一 ||[[China]] || |- | [[57 Ceti|57 Cet]] || || 57 || 196||12255 || 9326 || {{RA|01|59|46.19}} || {{DEC|−20|49|28.5}} || 5.43 || −1.13 || 668 || M0/M1III || ||天倉六 ||[[China]] <ref name=sb1>salah satunggaling [[rasi]] [[lintang]] miturut bangsa Cina</ref> |- | || || || 198||12292 || 9372 || {{RA|02|00|26.77}} || {{DEC|−08|31|25.8}} || 5.43 || −0.87 || 593 || M3III || || || || |- | || || || 238||14691 || 11029 || {{RA|02|22|01.44}} || {{DEC|−10|46|38.4}} || 5.43 || 3.05 || 97 || F0V || || || || |- | || || || 88||5098 || 4104 || {{RA|00|52|40.60}} || {{DEC|−24|00|21.3}} || 5.47 || −0.46 || 500 || K1III || || || || |- | || || || 77||4398 || 3607 || {{RA|00|46|11.63}} || {{DEC|−22|31|19.4}} || 5.49 || 0.44 || 333 || G8/K0III || || || || |- | [[47 Ceti|47 Cet]] || || 47 || 145||8829 || 6748 || {{RA|01|26|51.56}} || {{DEC|−13|03|23.5}} || 5.51 || 2.71 || 118 || F0V || || || || |- | [[67 Ceti|67 Cet]] || || 67 || 231||14129 || 10642 || {{RA|02|16|58.99}} || {{DEC|−06|25|18.7}} || 5.51 || 0.42 || 340 || G8III || ||芻蒿三 ||[[China]] |- | [[80 Ceti|80 Cet]] || || 80 || 271||16212 || 12107 || {{RA|02|36|00.07}} || {{DEC|−07|49|53.2}} || 5.53 || −0.47 || 517 || M0III || || || || |- | [[EL Ceti|EL Cet]] || g || || 315||19926 || 14915 || {{RA|03|12|26.37}} || {{DEC|+06|39|39.2}} || 5.55 || −1.34 || 780 || K1IIIpe+... || variabel saking g [[Tauri]], sistem multi lintang || || || |- |[[HD 3443]] || || || 59||3443 || 2941 || {{RA|00|37|19.79}} || {{DEC|−24|46|02.0}} || 5.57 || 4.61 || 51 || K1V+... || || || || |- | || || || 79||4622 || 3741 || {{RA|00|48|01.05}} || {{DEC|−21|43|20.9}} || 5.57 || −0.29 || 485 || B9V || || || || |- | [[28 Ceti|28 Cet]] || || 28 || 105||6530 || 5164 || {{RA|01|06|05.13}} || {{DEC|−09|50|21.7}} || 5.58 || −0.73 || 595 || A1V || || || || |- | || || || 172||10148 || 7679 || {{RA|01|38|51.71}} || {{DEC|−21|16|31.7}} || 5.58 || 1.34 || 229 || F0V || || || || |- | || || || 81||4730 || 3849 || {{RA|00|49|25.55}} || {{DEC|−13|33|39.7}} || 5.59 || 0.59 || 325 || K3III || || || || |- | || || || 232||14214 || 10723 || {{RA|02|18|01.23}} || {{DEC|+01|45|24.8}} || 5.60 || 3.61 || 81 || G0.5IV || || || || |- | [[T Ceti|T Cet]] || || || 36||1760 || 1728 || {{RA|00|21|46.23}} || {{DEC|−20|03|28.8}} || 5.61 || −1.27 || 774 || M5/M6Ib/II || variabel semireguler || || || |- | || || || 203||12642 || 9622 || {{RA|02|03|40.48}} || {{DEC|−04|06|12.1}} || 5.61 || −0.90 || 655 || K5Iab: || || || || |- | [[Phi4 Ceti|φ⁴ Cet]] || φ⁴ || 23 || 99||5722 || 4587 || {{RA|00|58|43.89}} || {{DEC|−11|22|47.8}} || 5.62 || 0.69 || 315 || G7III || pérangan saking ([[Phi Ceti|φ Cet]])||Al Nitham IV, Al Nitham ar Raabi ||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||kalung angka 4<ref name=sb6/> |- | [[49 Ceti|49 Cet]] || || 49 || 167||9672 || 7345 || {{RA|01|34|37.72}} || {{DEC|−15|40|34.9}} || 5.62 || 1.68 || 200 || A1V |||| || || |- | [[93 Ceti|93 Cet]] || || 93 || 311||18883 || 14143 || {{RA|03|02|22.51}} || {{DEC|+04|21|10.3}} || 5.62 || −0.06 || 445 || B7V |||| || || |- | [[95 Ceti|95 Cet]] || || 95 || 318||20559 || 15383 || {{RA|03|18|22.28}} || {{DEC|−00|55|48.5}} || 5.62 || 1.45 || 222 || K1IV |||| || || |- | [[64 Ceti|64 Cet]] || || 64 || 215||13421 || 10212 || {{RA|02|11|21.16}} || {{DEC|+08|34|12.3}} || 5.64 || 2.50 || 139 || G0IV |||| || || |- | [[66 Ceti|66 Cet]] || || 66 || 224||13612 || 10305 || {{RA|02|12|47.32}} || {{DEC|−02|23|36.5}} || 5.65 || 2.33 || 150 || F8V |||| 天囷十三 || [[China]] || |- | [[81 Ceti|81 Cet]] || || 81 || 277||16400 || 12247 || {{RA|02|37|41.78}} || {{DEC|−03|23|45.8}} || 5.65 || 0.71 || 317 || G5III: || gadhah planit ([[81 Ceti b|b]])|| || || |- | || || || 78||4585 || 3717 || {{RA|00|47|43.20}} || {{DEC|−18|03|41.1}} || 5.70 || 0.25 || 402 || K3III |||| || || |- | [[38 Ceti|38 Cet]] || || 38 || 119||7476 || 5833 || {{RA|01|14|49.18}} || {{DEC|−00|58|27.5}} || 5.70 || 2.49 || 143 || F5V ||||芻蒿二 ||[[China]] |- | [[97 Ceti|97 Cet]] || || 97 || 321||20791 || 15619 || {{RA|03|21|06.77}} || {{DEC|+03|40|32.5}} || 5.70 || 0.95 || 290 || G8.5III ||[[Kappa2 Ceti|κ² Cet]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alcyone.de/SIT/bsc/HR1007.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503044239/http://www.alcyone.de/SIT/bsc/HR1007.html |archive-date=2005-05-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>||天囷二 ||[[China]] <ref name=sb1/> (versi 2) |- | [[30 Ceti|30 Cet]] || || 30 || 109||6706 || 5296 || {{RA|01|07|46.12}} || {{DEC|−09|47|08.1}} || 5.71 || 2.32 || 155 || F7IV |||| || || |- | [[12 Ceti|12 Cet]] || || 12 || 48||2637 || 2353 || {{RA|00|30|02.35}} || {{DEC|−03|57|26.3}} || 5.72 || −1.37 || 853 || M0III |||| || || |- | [[84 Ceti|84 Cet]] || || 84 || 288||16765 || 12530 || {{RA|02|41|13.87}} || {{DEC|−00|41|43.3}} || 5.72 || 4.05 || 71 || F7IV |||| || || |- | [[77 Ceti|77 Cet]] || || 77 || 265||16074 || 12002 || {{RA|02|34|42.59}} || {{DEC|−07|51|33.4}} || 5.74 || −0.39 || 549 || K4III ||||芻蒿二 ||[[China]] |- | || || || 165||9562 || 7276 || {{RA|01|33|42.73}} || {{DEC|−07|01|30.5}} || 5.75 || 3.39 || 97 || G2IV |||| || || |- | || || || 174||10453 || 7916 || {{RA|01|41|44.80}} || {{DEC|−11|19|25.2}} || 5.75 || 2.89 || 122 || F5V+... |||| || || |- | || || || 27||1064 || 1191 || {{RA|00|14|54.50}} || {{DEC|−09|34|10.4}} || 5.77 || 0.64 || 347 || B9V |||| || || |- | || || || 7||225197 || 343 || {{RA|00|04|19.76}} || {{DEC|−16|31|44.0}} || 5.78 || 1.04 || 289 || K0III |||| || || |- |[[BK Ceti|BK Cet]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1987IBVS.3058....1K/0000002.000.html?high=4c565f05dc09287 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075556/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1987IBVS.3058....1K/0000002.000.html?high=4c565f05dc09287 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || || || 188||11522 || 8778 || {{RA|01|52|52.09}} || {{DEC|−16|55|44.8}} || 5.78 || 0.75 || 330 || F0V |||| || || |- | || || || 268||16160 || 12114 || {{RA|02|36|03.83}} || {{DEC|+06|53|00.1}} || 5.79 || 6.50 || 24 || K3V |||| || || |- | || || || 286||16673 || 12444 || {{RA|02|40|12.50}} || {{DEC|−09|27|09.7}} || 5.79 || 4.12 || 70 || F6V |||| || || |- | || || || 272||16247 || 12148 || {{RA|02|36|35.10}} || {{DEC|+07|43|48.3}} || 5.81 || 1.05 || 292 || K0III: |||| || || |- | || || || 14||645 || 873 || {{RA|00|10|42.75}} || {{DEC|−12|34|47.3}} || 5.84 || 1.77 || 212 || K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 226||13692 || 10326 || {{RA|02|13|00.95}} || {{DEC|−21|00|00.9}} || 5.86 || 0.42 || 399 || K0III |||| || || |- | [[42 Ceti|42 Cet]] || || 42 || 124||8036 || 6226 || {{RA|01|19|48.29}} || {{DEC|−00|30|32.4}} || 5.87 || 0.46 || 394 || A7V... |||| || || |- | || || || 202||12583 || 9572 || {{RA|02|02|58.55}} || {{DEC|−15|18|21.4}} || 5.87 || 0.85 || 329 || K0II/III |||| || || |- | || || || 93||5384 || 4346 || {{RA|00|55|42.40}} || {{DEC|−07|20|49.3}} || 5.88 || −0.04 || 498 || K5III |||| || || |- | || || || 248||15144 || 11348 || {{RA|02|26|00.38}} || {{DEC|−15|20|28.0}} || 5.88 || 1.79 || 214 || Ap SrCrEu |||| || || |- | || || || 239||14728 || 11033 || {{RA|02|22|04.98}} || {{DEC|−17|39|43.3}} || 5.89 || −0.06 || 504 || K2III |||| || || |- | || || || 250||15220 || 11381 || {{RA|02|26|35.16}} || {{DEC|−20|02|34.3}} || 5.89 || 1.19 || 284 || K2III |||| || || |- | || || || 65||3807 || 3193 || {{RA|00|40|42.38}} || {{DEC|−04|21|06.5}} || 5.90 || −0.34 || 576 || K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 80||4732 || 3834 || {{RA|00|49|13.90}} || {{DEC|−24|08|11.5}} || 5.90 || 2.14 || 184 || K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 137||8556 || 6564 || {{RA|01|24|20.48}} || {{DEC|−06|54|52.8}} || 5.92 || 2.66 || 146 || F4V |||| || || |- | || || || 11||319 || 636 || {{RA|00|07|46.86}} || {{DEC|−22|30|30.5}} || 5.93 || 1.41 || 262 || A1V |||| || || |- | [[34 Ceti|34 Cet]] || || 34 || 114||7147 || 5594 || {{RA|01|11|43.54}} || {{DEC|−02|15|03.7}} || 5.93 || 0.28 || 441 || K4III |||| || || |- | [[14 Ceti|14 Cet]] || || 14 || 55||3229 || 2787 || {{RA|00|35|32.75}} || {{DEC|−00|30|19.7}} || 5.94 || 2.21 || 181 || F5IV |||| || || |- | [[63 Ceti|63 Cet]] || || 63 || 218||13468 || 10234 || {{RA|02|11|35.84}} || {{DEC|−01|49|31.3}} || 5.94 || 0.76 || 354 || G9III: |||| 天囷十二 ||[[China]]|| |- | [[61 Ceti|61 Cet]] || || 61 || 204||12641 || 9631 || {{RA|02|03|48.12}} || {{DEC|−00|20|24.5}} || 5.96 || 0.94 || 330 || G5V... |||| || || |- | [[33 Ceti|33 Cet]] || || 33 || 113||7014 || 5510 || {{RA|01|10|33.56}} || {{DEC|+02|26|44.6}} || 5.97 || −1.23 || 898 || K4III |||| || || |- | || || || 305||18262 || 13679 || {{RA|02|56|13.73}} || {{DEC|+08|22|54.4}} || 5.97 || 2.73 || 145 || F7IV |||| || || |- | || || || 290||16825 || 12562 || {{RA|02|41|34.13}} || {{DEC|−14|32|57.9}} || 5.98 || 2.52 || 161 || F5V |||| || || |- | || || || 12||360 || 671 || {{RA|00|08|17.55}} || {{DEC|−08|49|26.5}} || 5.99 || 0.94 || 333 || G8III: |||| || || |- | || || || 219||13456 || 10215 || {{RA|02|11|22.24}} || {{DEC|−10|03|06.3}} || 6.00 || 2.51 || 163 || F5V |||| || || |- | || || || 256||15633 || 11687 || {{RA|02|30|45.23}} || {{DEC|+00|15|21.2}} || 6.00 || 1.37 || 275 || A7III-IVs |||| || || |- | || || || 71||4145 || 3436 || {{RA|00|43|50.09}} || {{DEC|−12|00|40.7}} || 6.01 || 2.38 || 174 || K1III |||| || || |- | || || || 189||11803 || 8998 || {{RA|01|55|53.74}} || {{DEC|+01|50|58.3}} || 6.01 || 3.06 || 127 || F7V+... |||| || || |- | || || || 297||17163 || 12862 || {{RA|02|45|20.87}} || {{DEC|+04|42|42.2}} || 6.04 || 2.49 || 167 || F0III: |||| || || |- | || || || 313||19121 || 14315 || {{RA|03|04|38.05}} || {{DEC|+01|51|49.0}} || 6.05 || 0.97 || 338 || K0III |||| || || |- | [[BG Ceti|BG Cet]]<ref>http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1985IBVS.2681....1K/0000002.000.html?high=4c1e33745313663{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || || || 58||3326 || 2852 || {{RA|00|36|06.90}} || {{DEC|−22|50|32.0}} || 6.06 || 2.58 || 162 || A5m... |||| || || |- | [[26 Ceti|26 Cet]] || || 26 || 103||6288 || 4979 || {{RA|01|03|48.96}} || {{DEC|+01|22|01.0}} || 6.06 || 2.29 || 185 || F1V |||| || || |- | || || || 213||13215 || 9999 || {{RA|02|08|45.67}} || {{DEC|−17|46|44.8}} || 6.07 || −1.93 || 1299 || M1III |||| || || |- | || || || 289||16824 || 12584 || {{RA|02|41|48.33}} || {{DEC|−03|12|49.6}} || 6.07 || −0.67 || 726 || G9III: |||| || || |- | [[27 Ceti|27 Cet]] || || 27 || 104||6482 || 5121 || {{RA|01|05|36.90}} || {{DEC|−09|58|45.3}} || 6.09 || 1.21 || 308 || K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 254||15453 || 11603 || {{RA|02|29|35.36}} || {{DEC|+09|33|56.2}} || 6.09 || 1.37 || 286 || K2III |||| || || |- | [[CF Ceti|CF Cet]]<ref name=sb8>N.N. Samus, et al., General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2009), 2009yCat....102025S</ref>|| || || 13||402 || 696 || {{RA|00|08|33.49}} || {{DEC|−17|34|40.9}} || 6.11 || −1.97 || 1347 || M0/M1IIICNp |||| || || |- | || || || 106||6559 || 5170 || {{RA|01|06|07.73}} || {{DEC|−23|59|32.5}} || 6.12 || 0.96 || 350 || K1III |||| || || |- | || || || 149||8921 || 6822 || {{RA|01|27|46.44}} || {{DEC|−10|54|05.8}} || 6.13 || 0.94 || 356 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 64||3795 || 3185 || {{RA|00|40|32.40}} || {{DEC|−23|48|14.4}} || 6.14 || 3.86 || 93 || G3/G5V |||| || || |- | || || || 47||2630 || 2337 || {{RA|00|29|51.81}} || {{DEC|−14|51|50.5}} || 6.15 || 3.02 || 138 || F2/F3V |||| || || |- | || || || 74||4301 || 3552 || {{RA|00|45|24.10}} || {{DEC|−04|37|45.3}} || 6.15 || −1.52 || 1113 || M0III |||| || || |- | [[18 Ceti|18 Cet]] || || 18 || 75||4307 || 3559 || {{RA|00|45|28.71}} || {{DEC|−12|52|49.1}} || 6.15 || 3.63 || 104 || G2V ||||天溷三||[[China]] <ref name=sb1>salah satunggaling [[rasi]] [[lintang]] miturut bangsa Cina</ref> |- | [[21 Ceti|21 Cet]] || || 21 || 92||5268 || 4257 || {{RA|00|54|17.58}} || {{DEC|−08|44|26.0}} || 6.15 || 0.82 || 379 || G5IV |||| 天溷一 ||[[China]] |- | [[EH Ceti|EH Cet]]<ref name=sb8>N.N. Samus, et al., General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2009), 2009yCat....102025S</ref>|| || || 306||18345 || 13756 || {{RA|02|57|04.56}} || {{DEC|+04|30|03.5}} || 6.15 || −0.01 || 556 || M4III |||| || || |- | [[10 Ceti|10 Cet]] || || 10 || 40||2273 || 2100 || {{RA|00|26|37.37}} || {{DEC|−00|02|58.3}} || 6.16 || 0.29 || 486 || G8III |||| || || |- | || || || 128||8121 || 6272 || {{RA|01|20|27.84}} || {{DEC|−11|14|19.7}} || 6.16 || 0.81 || 382 || K1III |||| || || |- | || || || 139||8589 || 6589 || {{RA|01|24|39.91}} || {{DEC|−15|39|37.5}} || 6.17 || 1.12 || 334 || G8III/IV |||| || || |- | || || || 138||8599 || 6605 || {{RA|01|24|48.67}} || {{DEC|−02|50|54.7}} || 6.17 || 1.60 || 268 || G8III |||| || || |- | || || || 258||15652 || 11671 || {{RA|02|30|32.79}} || {{DEC|−22|32|42.9}} || 6.17 || 0.48 || 448 || M0III |||| || || |- | || || || 264||16060 || 12022 || {{RA|02|35|04.14}} || {{DEC|+07|28|16.7}} || 6.17 || 0.82 || 383 || G6III: |||| || || |- | || || || 9||203 || 560 || {{RA|00|06|50.02}} || {{DEC|−23|06|26.7}} || 6.19 || 3.23 || 127 || F2IV |||| || || |- | || || || 263||15996 || 11907 || {{RA|02|33|40.25}} || {{DEC|−20|00|06.2}} || 6.19 || 0.94 || 365 || K1III |||| || || |- | || || || 256 || 602 || {{RA|00|07|18.27}} || {{DEC|−17|23|13.3}} || 6.20 || 0.18 || 522 || A2IV/V |||| || || |- | || || || 176||10658 || 8094 || {{RA|01|43|54.81}} || {{DEC|−04|45|55.6}} || 6.20 || −0.51 || 716 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 131||8334 || 6432 || {{RA|01|22|36.91}} || {{DEC|+01|43|35.2}} || 6.21 || −0.84 || 838 || M0III |||| || || |- | [[44 Ceti|44 Cet]] || || 44 || 135||8511 || 6539 || {{RA|01|24|02.43}} || {{DEC|−08|00|26.1}} || 6.21 || 2.07 || 220 || F0V |||| || || |- | || || || 279||16467 || 12318 || {{RA|02|38|36.78}} || {{DEC|+03|26|35.5}} || 6.21 || 0.57 || 437 || G9III |||| || || |- | || || || 240||14830 || 11108 || {{RA|02|22|57.55}} || {{DEC|−18|21|16.8}} || 6.22 || 0.84 || 388 || G8/K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 39||2268 || 2086 || {{RA|00|26|21.74}} || {{DEC|−18|41|37.0}} || 6.24 || −0.59 || 758 || M1III |||| || || |- | || || || 170||10009 || 7580 || {{RA|01|37|37.56}} || {{DEC|−09|24|14.6}} || 6.24 || 3.33 || 125 || F7V |||| || || |- | || || || 309||18832 || 14104 || {{RA|03|01|52.28}} || {{DEC|+05|20|10.0}} || 6.24 || 0.34 || 492 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 4||225045 || 238 || {{RA|00|02|57.43}} || {{DEC|−20|02|45.9}} || 6.25 || 2.29 || 202 || F6/F7V |||| || || |- | || || || 127||8120 || 6283 || {{RA|01|20|34.57}} || {{DEC|−03|14|49.2}} || 6.26 || 0.21 || 528 || K1III |||| || || |- | || || || 285||16647 || 12447 || {{RA|02|40|15.66}} || {{DEC|+06|06|43.0}} || 6.26 || 3.27 || 129 || F3V: |||| || || |- | || || || 82||4772 || 3858 || {{RA|00|49|33.44}} || {{DEC|−23|21|43.6}} || 6.27 || −0.83 || 858 || A3IV |||| || || |- | || || || 314||19525 || 14607 || {{RA|03|08|38.79}} || {{DEC|+08|28|15.2}} || 6.28 || 0.50 || 468 || G9III |||| || || |- | [[1 Ceti|1 Cet]] || || 1 || 3||224481 || 118178 || {{RA|23|58|21.17}} || {{DEC|−15|50|50.9}} || 6.28 || 0.41 || 486 || K1IIICN... ||||八魁三 ||[[China]] |- | || || || 207||12923 || 9827 || {{RA|02|06|29.27}} || {{DEC|+00|02|07.3}} || 6.29 || 0.17 || 545 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 239||224283 || 118029 || {{RA|23|56|29.94}} || {{DEC|−24|44|14.1}} || 6.31 || 0.37 || 502 || G8III/IV |||| || || |- | [[71 Ceti|71 Cet]] || || 71 || 245||15004 || 11261 || {{RA|02|24|58.39}} || {{DEC|−02|46|48.1}} || 6.34 || −0.14 || 646 || A0III |||| FR Cet<ref name=sb8>N.N. Samus, et al., General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2009), 2009yCat....102025S</ref> || || |- | || || || 133||8350 || 6427 || {{RA|01|22|30.52}} || {{DEC|−19|04|51.8}} || 6.35 || 2.48 || 194 || F5/F6V |||| || || |- | || || || 108||6668 || 5259 || {{RA|01|07|12.88}} || {{DEC|−23|59|46.5}} || 6.36 || 2.08 || 234 || A3III |||| || || |- | [[9 Ceti|9 Cet]] || || 9 || 37||1835 || 1803 || {{RA|00|22|51.55}} || {{DEC|−12|12|34.5}} || 6.39 || 4.84 || 66 || G3V || BE Cet, variabel saking BY Dra ||八魁五 ||[[China]] |- | || || || 209||13004 || 9862 || {{RA|02|06|51.96}} || {{DEC|−19|08|19.6}} || 6.39 || 1.79 || 271 || K1III |||| || || |- | [[32 Ceti|32 Cet]] || || 32 || 112||6976 || 5485 || {{RA|01|10|11.96}} || {{DEC|−08|54|21.7}} || 6.40 || 1.16 || 365 || K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 276||16399 || 12272 || {{RA|02|38|00.70}} || {{DEC|+07|41|43.4}} || 6.40 || 1.82 || 269 || F6IV |||| || || |- | || || || 168||9731 || 7363 || {{RA|01|34|51.55}} || {{DEC|−23|41|59.0}} || 6.41 || −1.00 || 991 || K2III |||| || || |- | || || || 144||8779 || 6717 || {{RA|01|26|27.32}} || {{DEC|−00|23|56.3}} || 6.42 || −0.22 || 694 || K0IV |||| || || |- | || || || 186||11365 || 8664 || {{RA|01|51|37.80}} || {{DEC|−06|52|26.8}} || 6.42 || 0.31 || 542 || K0 |||| || || |- | [[HD 11964]] || || || 191||11964 || 9094 || {{RA|01|57|09.82}} || {{DEC|−10|14|30.6}} || 6.42 || 3.76 || 111 || G5IV || gadhah 2 planit ([[HD 11964 b|b]] lan [[HD 11964 c|c]])|| || || |- | || || || 38||1879 || 1821 || {{RA|00|23|04.35}} || {{DEC|−15|56|33.4}} || 6.43 || −1.02 || 1009 || M0III |||| || || |- | || || || 148||8896 || 6789 || {{RA|01|27|23.31}} || {{DEC|−22|20|16.9}} || 6.43 || 1.06 || 387 || K0/K1III |||| || || |- | || || || 171||10024 || 7597 || {{RA|01|37|52.05}} || {{DEC|−03|26|26.3}} || 6.43 || −0.76 || 896 || K5 |||| || || |- | || || || 205||12702 || 9655 || {{RA|02|04|12.44}} || {{DEC|−11|51|35.1}} || 6.43 || −1.11 || 1052 || K4III |||| || || |- | || || || 227||13763 || 10396 || {{RA|02|13|53.55}} || {{DEC|−09|03|52.8}} || 6.43 || −1.50 || 1259 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 43||2475 || 2237 || {{RA|00|28|21.17}} || {{DEC|−20|20|05.2}} || 6.44 || 3.90 || 105 || G3V |||| || || |- | || || || 90||5156 || 4164 || {{RA|00|53|12.39}} || {{DEC|−24|46|37.1}} || 6.44 || 2.08 || 243 || F3V |||| || || |- | [[29 Ceti|29 Cet]] || || 29 || 110||6734 || 5315 || {{RA|01|07|59.58}} || {{DEC|+01|59|38.7}} || 6.44 || 3.11 || 151 || K0IV |||| || || |- | || || || 166||9690 || 7362 || {{RA|01|34|51.31}} || {{DEC|−03|31|25.7}} || 6.44 || −0.56 || 819 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 187||11396 || 8688 || {{RA|01|51|46.09}} || {{DEC|−15|38|50.9}} || 6.44 || −0.52 || 805 || M2III |||| || || |- | || || || 57||3325 || 2846 || {{RA|00|36|03.20}} || {{DEC|−14|58|22.4}} || 6.45 || 0.68 || 464 || K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 178||10725 || 8143 || {{RA|01|44|43.67}} || {{DEC|−06|45|58.2}} || 6.45 || 0.37 || 535 || G0 |||| || || |- | [[25 Arietis|25 Ari]] || || (25) || 249||15228 || 11427 || {{RA|02|27|23.56}} || {{DEC|+10|11|55.7}} || 6.45 || 3.65 || 119 || F5V |||| || || |- | || || || 252||15328 || 11474 || {{RA|02|27|59.93}} || {{DEC|+01|57|39.2}} || 6.45 || −0.87 || 950 || K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 255||224349 || 118081 || {{RA|23|57|10.14}} || {{DEC|−20|50|01.0}} || 6.45 || 0.72 || 456 || G8/K0III |||| || || |- | || || || 5||225069 || 253 || {{RA|00|03|07.82}} || {{DEC|−24|08|42.5}} || 6.46 || 0.62 || 481 || K1III |||| || || |- | || || || 29||1343 || 1402 || {{RA|00|17|32.69}} || {{DEC|−19|03|03.9}} || 6.46 || 3.02 || 159 || F3V |||| || || |- | || || || 193||12116 || 9237 || {{RA|01|58|45.95}} || {{DEC|−11|18|02.7}} || 6.46 || 0.97 || 409 || G5 |||| || || |- | || || || 32||1461 || 1499 || {{RA|00|18|41.62}} || {{DEC|−08|03|09.5}} || 6.47 || 4.62 || 76 || G0V |||| || || |- | || || || 76||4338 || 3576 || {{RA|00|45|41.70}} || {{DEC|−16|25|27.1}} || 6.47 || 1.75 || 286 || F0IV |||| || || |- | || || || 101||6037 || 4801 || {{RA|01|01|38.60}} || {{DEC|−16|15|55.3}} || 6.47 || 1.82 || 277 || K2/K3III |||| || || |- | || || || 293||17001 || 12720 || {{RA|02|43|28.90}} || {{DEC|−02|31|53.4}} || 6.48 || 0.66 || 475 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 63||3794 || 3175 || {{RA|00|40|28.56}} || {{DEC|−16|30|59.8}} || 6.49 || 0.55 || 503 || G8III |||| || || |- | || || || 221||13546 || 10273 || {{RA|02|12|15.76}} || {{DEC|+02|44|43.9}} || 6.49 || 0.56 || 499 || G5 |||| || || |- | || || || 28||1256 || 1331 || {{RA|00|16|42.35}} || {{DEC|−20|12|36.2}} || 6.50 || 0.13 || 612 || B6III/IV |||| || || |- | [[43 Ceti|43 Cet]] || || 43 || 132||8335 || 6429 || {{RA|01|22|34.82}} || {{DEC|−00|26|58.7}} || 6.50 || 0.39 || 544 || K0III: |||| || || |- | || || || 142||8713 || 6687 || {{RA|01|25|52.33}} || {{DEC|−03|55|38.4}} || 6.50 || 1.47 || 330 || K0 |||| || || |- | || || || 234||14417 || 10854 || {{RA|02|19|40.76}} || {{DEC|−04|20|44.1}} || 6.50 || 0.38 || 545 || A3V |||| || || |- | [[40 Ceti|40 Cet]] || || 40 || 122||7727 || 5985 || {{RA|01|16|58.86}} || {{DEC|−02|16|43.7}} || 6.52 || 4.16 || 97 || F8 |||| || || |- | [[58 Ceti|58 Cet]] || || 58 || 192||12020 || 9165 || {{RA|01|57|59.39}} || {{DEC|−02|03|34.2}} || 6.52 || 0.63 || 491 || A0 |||| || || |- | [[35 Ceti|35 Cet]] || || 35 || 115||7218 || 5646 || {{RA|01|12|30.75}} || {{DEC|+02|28|18.6}} || 6.55 || 2.96 || 170 || F8 |||| || || |- | [[15 Ceti|15 Cet]] || || 15 || 60||3512 || 2994 || {{RA|00|38|04.57}} || {{DEC|−00|30|12.6}} || 6.64 || −0.11 || 731 || K2III |||| || || |- | [[Chi Ceti|χ Cet B]] || χ || 53 || 182||11171 || 8486 || {{RA|01|49|23.36}} || {{DEC|−10|42|12.8}} || 6.72 || 2.29 || 78 || G0 || komponen saking sistem lintang χ Cet || || || |- | [[79 Ceti|79 Cet]] || || 79 || 267||16141 || 12048 || {{RA|02|35|20.02}} || {{DEC|−03|33|34.3}} || 6.83 || 4.05 || 117 || G5IV || gadhah planit ([[79 Ceti b|b]])|| || || |- | [[HD 11506]] || || || ||11506 || 8770 || {{RA|01|52|50.53}} || {{DEC|−19|30|25.1}} || 7.54 || 3.89 || 176 || G0V || gadhah 2 planit ([[HD 11506 b|b]] & [[HD 11506 c|c]]))|| || || |- | [[HD 5319]] || || || ||5319 || 4297 || {{RA|00|55|01.40}} || {{DEC|+00|47|22.4}} || 8.05 || 3.05 || 326 || K0III || gadhah planit ([[HD 5319 b|b]])|| || || |- | [[HD 12039]] || || || ||12039 || 9141 || {{RA|01|57|48.98}} || {{DEC|−21|54|05.3}} || 8.11 || 4.98 || 138 || G4V || DK Cet; BY Dra variable|| || || |- | [[HD 224693|HD&nbsp;224693]] || || || ||224693 || 118319 || {{RA|23|59|53.83}} || {{DEC|−22|25|41.2}} || 8.23 || 3.36 || 306 || G2IV || gadhah planit ([[HD 224693 b|b]])|| || || |- | [[58 Ceti|58 Cet]] || || 58 || ||12021 || 9155 || {{RA|01|57|56.14}} || {{DEC|−02|05|57.7}} || 8.89 || 0.54 || 1523 || A0 |||| || || |- | [[HD 2638]] || || || ||2638 || 2350 || {{RA|00|29|59.87}} || {{DEC|−05|45|50.4}} || 9.44 || 5.79 || 175 || G5 || gadhah planit ([[HD 2638 b|b]])|| || || |- | [[BD-17°63]] || || || || || 2247 || {{RA|00|28|34.31}} || {{DEC|−16|13|34.8}} || 9.62 || 6.92 || 122 || K5V ||gadhah planit ([[BD-17°63 b|b]]) || || || |- | [[YZ Ceti|YZ Cet]] || || || || || 5643 || {{RA|01|12|30.64}} || {{DEC|−16|59|56.3}} || 12.10 || 14.25 || 12.12 || M4.5V || sistem lintang paling caket angka 21|| || || |- | [[UV Ceti|UV Cet]] || || || || || || {{RA|01|39|01.54}} || {{DEC|−17|57|01.8}} || 12.54 || 15.40 || 8.73 || M5.5Ve || Proxima Ceti A<ref name=sb4>http://www.closeststars.com/</ref>, komponen utama saking [[Luyten 726-8]], sistem lintang paling caket angka 6, prototipe saking variabel UV Cet || || || |- | [[BL Ceti|BL Cet]] || || || || || || {{RA|01|39|01.54}} || {{DEC|−17|57|01.8}} || 12.99 || 15.85 || 8.73 || M6.0Ve || Proxima Ceti B<ref name=sb4/>, komponen sekunder saking [[Luyten 726-8]]|| || || |} == Uga delengen == * [[Dhaptar lintang miturut rasi lintang]] == Cathetan suku == * {{cite web | last = ESA | authorlink = European Space Agency | title = The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues | date = 1997 | url = http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?I/239 | accessdate = 2013-02-08 | archive-date = 2003-05-28 | archive-url = https://archive.ph/20030528194014/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?I/239 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Kostjuk | first = N. D. | title = HD-DM-GC-HR-HIP-Bayer-Flamsteed Cross Index | date = 2002 | url = http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?IV/27 | accessdate = 2013-02-08 | archive-date = 2005-10-26 | archive-url = https://archive.ph/20051026022702/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?IV/27 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Roman | first = N. G. | title = Identification of a Constellation from a Position | date = 1987 | url = http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?VI/42 | accessdate = 2013-02-08 | archive-date = 2006-11-24 | archive-url = https://archive.ph/20061124141224/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?VI/42 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ | title = SIMBAD Astronomical Database | publisher = Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | accessdate = 2013-02-08 }} * {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Rasi lintang Cetus| {{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Dhaptar lintang miturut rasi lintang|Cetus]] fg3faqpz52gioktv3vmhqy03mxi98bm 0 97384 1758454 1748783 2026-10-03T06:56:20Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:rasi lintang vela.jpg|thumb|rasi lintang véla]] '''Pratélan lintang ing rasi lintang véla''' inggih punika satunggaling pratélan ingkang ngêwrat nama-nama lintang ingkang wontên ing rasi lintang Véla. Ing ngandhap punika inggih [[lintang]]-[[lintang]] ingkang wontên ing [[rasi bintang]] '''[[Vela]]'''. == Konstelasi Vela == Vela inggih punika satunggaling [[konstelasi]] ingkang wonten ing belahan bumi sisih [[kidul]]. Nama [[Latin]] saking Vela ingi punika "''sails''".<ref name="interenet 1">[http://www.topastronomer.com/StarCharts/Constellations/Vela.php Vela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119122302/http://www.topastronomer.com/StarCharts/Constellations/Vela.php |date=2012-01-19 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Pebruari 2013)</ref> Lintang vela inggih dipun-ginakaken kanggé péranganing satunggaling konstelasi ingakng ageng, inggih punika, ''Argo Navis'', ingkang namanipun dipunpendhet saking warigaluh ''Argonauts'' sasampunipun ngadani èkspèdhisi dhateng ''Golden Fleece''. Argo Navis dipunpérang malih déning ''International Astronomical Union'' dhateng tigang pérangan konstelasi inggih punika [[Carina]] (''the keel''), [[Puppis]] (''the stern''), lan Vela (''the sails''). Sebatan kanggé vela ingakng minangka satunggaling [[lintang]] ugi boten éwah, ingkang punika njalari Vela boten gadhah lintang ingkang dipuntedahaken déning ''alpha'' utawi ''beta Velorum''. Konstelasi Vela inggih salah satunggaling babagan ingkang éndah ingkang mapan wonten ing sak kiduling galaksi [[Bimasekti]]. Lintan punika mapan wonten ing pinggiring rasi ingkang nonjol sanget inggih punika rasi [[Centaurus]] lan [[Carina]].<ref name="internet 2">[http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/vela/constell.html Vela](dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Pebruari 2013)</ref> == Lintang-lintang == Lintang ingkang padhang piyambak ing konstelasi Vela inggih punika [8597]-[8581] gamma Velorum, ingkang dipunmangertosi ugi minangka ''Regor'' (asalipun inggih saking "Roger" sasampunipun astronot [[Roger Chaffee]]) lan Suhail utawi Suhail al Muhlif (''("the glorious star of the oath"''). Gamma Velorum ugi gadhah nama cekak inggih punika ''Spectral Gem'' saking langit kidul amargi mancaraken garis padhang sanès garis ingkang nyerep peteng, ingkang ngasilaken satunggaling [[spektrum]] ingkang katingal saée sanget. Gamma Velorum seajtosipun inggih satunggaling sistem [[lintang ganda]] ingkang kapérang saking paling sakedhik enem lintang cacahipun. Lintang ingkang padhang piyambak, salah satunggalipun inggih punika [8581] gamma-2 Velorum, satunggaling lintang ''spectroscopic binary'' ingkang ngewrat raksasa super [[biru]] lan lintang ingkang paling awrat inggih punika ''Wolf-Rayet'' sampun naté dpunpanggihaken. Lintang ing celakipun ingkang paling caket inggih punika [8597] gamma-1 Velorum, inggih punika satunggaling lintang ingkang padhang, sub raksasa biru-[[pethak]]. Gamma Velorum gadhah magnitude ingkan cetha inggih punika 1,78 lan tebihipun kirang langkung 800 taun cahya. [[8582]] delta Velorum, inggih punika lintang ingkang padhang piyambak nomer kalih, inggih punika sistem gandha sanèsipun. Lintang punika dipunbentuk saking kalih lintang binary. {| class=tabelcantik |- ! Nama ! [[Penamaan Bayer|B]] ! [[Penamaan Flamsteed|F]] ! [[Katalog Henry Draper|HD]] ! [[Katalog Hipparacus|HIP]] ! [[Right ascension|RA]] ! [[Deklinasi|Dec]] ! [[magnitudo tampak|vis.{{br}}mag.]] ! [[magnitudo absolut|abs.{{br}}mag.]] ! [[Jarak stellar|Jarak]] ([[taun cahya|tc]]) ! [[Klasifikasi stellar|Sp. class]] ! Kondisi ! Nama {{br}}lain ! Asal {{br}}basa ! Arti |- | [[Gamma Velorum|γ² Vel]] || γ² || || 68273 || 39953 || {{RA|08|09|31.96}} || {{DEC|−47|20|11.8}} || 1.75 || −5.31 || 840 || WC8 + O9I || [[bintang ganda]], bintang Wolf-Rayet ||Regor / Suhail, Suhail al Muhlif, Muliphein / Spectral Gem of Southern||nama / [[Basa Arab|Arab]] / [[basa Inggris|Inggris]]||kebalikan dari nama Roger Chaffee, seorang astronot Amérikah Sarékat / yang terindah pada "sumpah" / mutiara yang bersinar di selatan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://alcyone.de/SIT/SIT000822.htm#Cat2 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819012745/http://alcyone.de/SIT/SIT000822.htm#Cat2 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Delta Velorum|δ Vel]] || δ || || 74956 || 42913 || {{RA|08|44|42.20}} || {{DEC|−54|42|30.8}} || 1.93 || −0.01 || 80 || A1V || [[sistem sekawan lintang]] || Koo She||[[Cina]]||busur lan panah |- | [[Lambda Velorum|λ Vel]] || λ || || 78647 || 44816 || {{RA|09|07|59.78}} || {{DEC|−43|25|57.4}} || 2.23 || −3.99 || 573 || K4Ib-II || || Suhail, Suhail al Muhlif, Al Suhail, Alsuhail, Suhail Alwazn, Muliphein||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||ingkang paling éndah wonten ing bunderan utawi "sumpah" |- | [[Kappa Velorum|κ Vel]] || κ || || 81188 || 45941 || {{RA|09|22|06.83}} || {{DEC|−55|00|38.5}} || 2.47 || −3.62 || 539 || B2IV || ||Markab||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||bahu |- | [[Mu Velorum|μ Vel]] || μ || || 93497 || 52727 || {{RA|10|46|46.12}} || {{DEC|−49|25|12.5}} || 2.69 || −0.06 || 116 || G5III SB || || Peregrini||[[Basa Latin|Latin]]||gagah ?? |- | [[HD 82668|N Vel]] || N || || 82668 || 46701 || {{RA|09|31|13.35}} || {{DEC|−57|02|03.8}} || 3.16 || −1.15 || 238 || K5III || ||Marut||[[Basa Arab|Arab]]||kakuwatan ?? |- | [[Phi Velorum|φ Vel]] || φ || || 86440 || 48774 || {{RA|09|56|51.75}} || {{DEC|−54|34|04.1}} || 3.52 || −5.34 || 1929 || B5Ib || || || || |- | [[Omicron Velorum|ο Vel]] || ο || || 74195 || 42536 || {{RA|08|40|17.61}} || {{DEC|−52|55|19.1}} || 3.60 || −2.31 || 495 || B3IV || ||Xestus|| ||nama déwa laut |- | [[Psi Velorum|ψ Vel]] || ψ || || 82434 || 46651 || {{RA|09|30|42.11}} || {{DEC|−40|28|00.8}} || 3.60 || 2.26 || 60 || F2IV || |||| || || |- | [[HD 78004|c Vel]] || c || || 78004 || 44511 || {{RA|09|04|09.32}} || {{DEC|−47|05|51.8}} || 3.75 || −1.13 || 309 || K2III || || || || |- | [[b Velorum|b Vel]] || b || || 74180 || 42570 || {{RA|08|40|37.58}} || {{DEC|−46|38|55.5}} || 3.77 || −6.12 || 3105 || F3Ia || ||天社二 ||[[Cina]] ||lintang kaping kalih wonten ing rasi [[Pratélan astèrisme ing Hantu#Kuil Déwa Bumi ing Langit|Kuil Déwa Bumi ing Langit]]<ref name=sb0>salah satunggaling rasi lintang miturut bangsa Cina</ref> |- | [[p Velorum|p Vel]] || p || || 92139 || 51986 || {{RA|10|37|18.26}} || {{DEC|−48|13|32.2}} || 3.84 || 1.72 || 86 || A3m+... || || || || |- | [[q Velorum|q Vel]] || q || || 88955 || 50191 || {{RA|10|14|44.27}} || {{DEC|−42|07|19.4}} || 3.85 || 1.36 || 103 || A2V || ||東甌四 ||[[Cina]] ||lintang kaping sekawan wonten ing rasi [[Pratélan astèrisme ing Sayap#Dongou|Dongou]]<ref name="sb0"/> |- | [[HD 75063|a Vel]] || a || || 75063 || 43023 || {{RA|08|46|01.65}} || {{DEC|−46|02|29.5}} || 3.87 || −4.52 || 1552 || A1III || || || || |- | [[d Velorum|d Vel]] || d || || 74772 || 42884 || {{RA|08|44|23.97}} || {{DEC|−42|38|57.6}} || 4.05 || −0.18 || 228 || G5III || ||天狗二 ||[[Cina]] ||lintang kaping kalih wonten ing rasi [[Pratélan astèrisme ing Hantu#Anjing ing Langit|Anjing ing Langit]]<ref name="sb0"/> |- | [[e Velorum|e Vel]] || e || || 73634 || 42312 || {{RA|08|37|38.64}} || {{DEC|−42|59|20.8}} || 4.11 || −4.11 || 1436 || A6II || ||天狗一 ||[[Cina]] ||lintang kaping sapisan wonten ing rasi [[Pratélan astèrisme ing Hantu#Anjing ing Langit|Anjing ing Langit]] |- | [[Gamma Velorum|γ¹ Vel]] || γ¹ || || 68243 || || {{RA|08|09|29.30}} || {{DEC|−47|20|45.0}} || 4.27 || || || || komponèn dari sistem bintang γ Vel || || || |- | [[x Velorum|x Vel]] || x || || 92449 || 52154 || {{RA|10|39|18.41}} || {{DEC|−55|36|11.8}} || 4.29 || −2.92 || 901 || G2II || || || || |- | [[M Velorum|M Vel]] || M || || 83446 || 47175 || {{RA|09|36|49.66}} || {{DEC|−49|21|18.5}} || 4.34 || 1.75 || 107 || A5V || || || || |- | [[i Velorum|i Vel]] || i || || 95370 || 53773 || {{RA|11|00|09.25}} || {{DEC|−42|13|33.1}} || 4.37 || 0.39 || 204 || A3IV || || || || |- | [[w Velorum|w Vel]] || w || || 77258 || 44191 || {{RA|09|00|05.44}} || {{DEC|−41|15|13.5}} || 4.45 || 0.50 || 201 || Fp || || || || |- | [[J Velorum|J Vel]] || J || || 89890 || 50676 || {{RA|10|20|54.81}} || {{DEC|−56|02|35.6}} || 4.50 || −3.65 || 1393 || B3III ||MV Vel<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1997IBVS.4471....1K/0000009.000.html?high=4c565f05dc10973 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417101029/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1997IBVS.4471....1K/0000009.000.html?high=4c565f05dc10973 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || || || |- | [[m Velorum|m Vel]] || m || || 85622 || 48374 || {{RA|09|51|40.69}} || {{DEC|−46|32|51.5}} || 4.58 || −3.03 || 1083 || G5Ib || || || || |- | || || || 89682 || 50555 || {{RA|10|19|36.77}} || {{DEC|−55|01|45.5}} || 4.59 || −3.71 || 1489 || K3II || || || || |- | [[k Velorum|k Vel]] || k || || 79940 || 45448 || {{RA|09|15|45.07}} || {{DEC|−37|24|47.3}} || 4.63 || 1.10 || 166 || F3/F5V || || || || |- | [[H Velorum|H Vel]] || H || || 76805 || 43878 || {{RA|08|56|19.28}} || {{DEC|−52|43|24.6}} || 4.68 || −0.63 || 376 || B5V || || || || |- | [[HD 74272|n Vel]] || n || || 74272 || 42624 || {{RA|08|41|13.14}} || {{DEC|−47|19|01.7}} || 4.74 || −4.08 || 1895 || A5II || || || || |- | [[B Velorum|B Vel]] || B || || 70930 || 41039 || {{RA|08|22|31.70}} || {{DEC|−48|29|25.4}} || 4.79 || −3.54 || 1509 || B1V || || || || |- | [[HD 89998|r Vel]] || r || || 89998 || 50799 || {{RA|10|22|19.61}} || {{DEC|−41|39|00.4}} || 4.82 || 0.88 || 200 || K1IIIvar || || || || |- | || || || 74560 || 42726 || {{RA|08|42|25.41}} || {{DEC|−53|06|50.5}} || 4.83 || −1.01 || 479 || B3IV || || || || |- | [[Q Velorum|Q Vel]] || Q || || 88206 || 49712 || {{RA|10|08|56.25}} || {{DEC|−51|48|40.5}} || 4.85 || −2.76 || 1083 || B3IV || || || || |- | [[Y Velorum|Y Vel]] || Y || || 91324 || 51523 || {{RA|10|31|22.23}} || {{DEC|−53|42|57.6}} || 4.89 || 3.19 || 71 || F6V || || || || |- | [[l Velorum|l Vel]] || l || || 79917 || 45439 || {{RA|09|15|36.76}} || {{DEC|−38|34|11.7}} || 4.92 || 0.73 || 225 || K1III || || || || |- | [[g Velorum|g Vel]] || g || || 75710 || 43347 || {{RA|08|49|47.65}} || {{DEC|−45|18|28.5}} || 4.94 || −2.08 || 827 || A2III || || || || |- | || || || 79186 || 45085 || {{RA|09|11|04.40}} || {{DEC|−44|52|04.5}} || 4.99 || || || B5Ia || || || || |- | [[HD 73155|C Vel]] || C || || 73155 || 42088 || {{RA|08|34|43.61}} || {{DEC|−49|56|39.3}} || 5.01 || −2.14 || 876 || K1/K2II || || || || |- | [[L Velorum|L Vel]] || L || || 83058 || 46950 || {{RA|09|34|08.80}} || {{DEC|−51|15|19.0}} || 5.01 || −2.27 || 931 || B1.5IV || || || || |- | [[t Velorum|t Vel]] || t || || 91504 || 51635 || {{RA|10|32|56.88}} || {{DEC|−47|00|12.1}} || 5.02 || −2.34 || 964 || K4III || || || || |- | || || || 72127 || 41639 || {{RA|08|29|27.49}} || {{DEC|−44|43|29.4}} || 5.03 || −6.61 || 6936 || B+... || || || || |- | || || || 67582 || 39690 || {{RA|08|06|40.34}} || {{DEC|−45|15|57.8}} || 5.04 || −2.86 || 1240 || K3III || || || || |- | || || || 87783 || 49485 || {{RA|10|06|11.22}} || {{DEC|−47|22|11.5}} || 5.06 || 0.57 || 258 || K0IV || || || || |- | [[F Velorum|F Vel]] || F || || 71935 || 41483 || {{RA|08|27|36.65}} || {{DEC|−53|05|18.7}} || 5.08 || 1.10 || 204 || A9/F0III/IV || || || || |- | [[f Velorum|f Vel]] || f || || 75821 || 43413 || {{RA|08|50|33.46}} || {{DEC|−46|31|45.1}} || 5.09 || −4.50 || 2694 || B0III ||KX Vel<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1989IBVS.3323....1K/0000005.000.html?high=4c565f05dc10973 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2022-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310035416/https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1989IBVS.3323....1K/0000005.000.html?high=4c565f05dc10973 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || || || |- | [[I Velorum|I Vel]] || I || || 81848 || 46283 || {{RA|09|26|17.98}} || {{DEC|−53|22|44.2}} || 5.09 || −0.47 || 422 || B6V || || || || |- | [[u Velorum|u Vel]] || u || || 85355 || 48224 || {{RA|09|49|57.16}} || {{DEC|−45|43|57.9}} || 5.09 || −2.01 || 856 || B7III || || || || |- | || || || 80108 || 45505 || {{RA|09|16|23.04}} || {{DEC|−44|15|56.7}} || 5.12 || −5.34 || 4025 || K3Ib || || || || |- | || || || 82984 || 46914 || {{RA|09|33|44.56}} || {{DEC|−49|00|18.3}} || 5.12 || −2.22 || 959 || B4IV || || || || |- | [[NO Velorum|NO Vel]]<ref name=sb8>N.N. Samus, et al., General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2009), 2009yCat....102025S</ref>|| || || 69144 || 40285 || {{RA|08|13|36.16}} || {{DEC|−46|59|30.0}} || 5.14 || −2.23 || 970 || B2.5IV || || || || |- | || || || 93563 || 52742 || {{RA|10|46|57.49}} || {{DEC|−56|45|25.9}} || 5.14 || −0.99 || 548 || B8/B9III || || || || |- | [[D Velorum|D Vel]] || D || || 74753 || 42834 || {{RA|08|43|40.28}} || {{DEC|−49|49|22.1}} || 5.15 || −3.19 || 1516 || B0IIIn || || || || |- | || || || 77140 || 44093 || {{RA|08|58|52.43}} || {{DEC|−47|14|05.4}} || 5.17 || 1.02 || 221 || Am || || || || |- | || || || 71510 || 41296 || {{RA|08|25|31.34}} || {{DEC|−51|43|38.8}} || 5.18 || −1.40 || 674 || B2V || || || || |- | [[NZ Velorum|NZ Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 74146 || 42504 || {{RA|08|39|57.62}} || {{DEC|−53|03|17.2}} || 5.18 || −0.41 || 428 || B4IV || || || || |- | || || || 68217 || 39961 || {{RA|08|09|35.92}} || {{DEC|−44|07|22.0}} || 5.20 || −2.51 || 1136 || B2IV-V || || || || |- | [[NY Velorum|NY Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 74067 || 42540 || {{RA|08|40|19.22}} || {{DEC|−40|15|50.0}} || 5.20 || 0.53 || 280 || Ap (SiCr) || || || || |- | [[LN Velorum|LN Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 74371 || 42679 || {{RA|08|41|56.91}} || {{DEC|−45|24|38.6}} || 5.20 || −4.39 || 2694 || B5Iab || || || || |- | || || || 68324 || 39970 || {{RA|08|09|43.16}} || {{DEC|−47|56|14.0}} || 5.23 || −2.02 || 921 || B1IVe || || || || |- | [[OY Velorum|OY Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 77653 || 44337 || {{RA|09|01|44.57}} || {{DEC|−52|11|19.4}} || 5.23 || −0.41 || 437 || Ap Si || || || || |- | [[z Velorum|z Vel]] || z || || 79735 || 45344 || {{RA|09|14|24.50}} || {{DEC|−43|13|39.1}} || 5.24 || −0.92 || 556 || B4V+... || || || || |- | || || || 79846 || 45328 || {{RA|09|14|18.02}} || {{DEC|−55|34|10.9}} || 5.26 || −1.20 || 638 || G8II/III || || || || |- | [[K Velorum|K Vel]] || K || || 80456 || 45631 || {{RA|09|18|05.89}} || {{DEC|−51|03|03.2}} || 5.26 || −0.34 || 431 || B7/B8III || || || || |- | [[LW Velorum|LW Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 88824 || 50070 || {{RA|10|13|22.88}} || {{DEC|−51|13|58.6}} || 5.27 || 1.78 || 163 || A7V || || || || |- | || || || 76360 || 43671 || {{RA|08|53|50.60}} || {{DEC|−47|31|14.6}} || 5.31 || 0.79 || 261 || Am || || || || |- | || || || 80170 || 45544 || {{RA|09|16|57.10}} || {{DEC|−39|24|05.2}} || 5.31 || 0.12 || 355 || K2III || || || || |- | [[HD 72108|A Vel]] || A || || 72108 || 41616 || {{RA|08|29|04.76}} || {{DEC|−47|55|44.2}} || 5.33 || −3.18 || 1638 || B2IV || || || || |- | || || || 82694 || 46811 || {{RA|09|32|19.27}} || {{DEC|−40|38|57.6}} || 5.35 || −0.04 || 390 || G8III || || || || |- | [[OP Velorum|OP Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 75149 || 43082 || {{RA|08|46|30.55}} || {{DEC|−45|54|45.1}} || 5.43 || −4.59 || 3293 || B3Ia || || || || |- | || || || 83520 || 47204 || {{RA|09|37|12.68}} || {{DEC|−53|40|06.5}} || 5.44 || 1.16 || 234 || A2/A3V || || || || |- | || || || 74071 || 42459 || {{RA|08|39|23.87}} || {{DEC|−53|26|23.4}} || 5.45 || −0.25 || 451 || B5V || || || || |- | || || || 82419 || 46594 || {{RA|09|30|05.13}} || {{DEC|−51|31|01.9}} || 5.45 || −0.08 || 415 || B8V || || || || |- | [[h Velorum|h Vel]] || h || || 75630 || 43325 || {{RA|08|49|39.17}} || {{DEC|−40|19|12.6}} || 5.47 || −2.97 || 1590 || A2/A3IV || ||天狗三 ||[[Cina]] ||bintang katiga pada rasi [[Pratélan asterisme di Hantu#Anjing di Langit|Anjing di Langit]] |- | || || || 74455 || 42712 || {{RA|08|42|16.20}} || {{DEC|−48|05|56.8}} || 5.48 || −3.09 || 1689 || B1.5Vn || || || || |- | [[KT Velorum|KT Vel]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1987IBVS.3058....1K/0000008.000.html?high=4c565f05dc09287 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2020-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902232413/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1987IBVS.3058....1K/0000008.000.html?high=4c565f05dc09287 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| || || 74535 || 42715 || {{RA|08|42|19.02}} || {{DEC|−53|06|00.4}} || 5.49 || −0.36 || 483 || B8... || || || || |- | [[y Velorum|y Vel]] || y || || 83548 || 47267 || {{RA|09|38|01.43}} || {{DEC|−43|11|27.1}} || 5.51 || −0.35 || 484 || G8II || || || || |- | [[16 Velorum|16 Vel]] || || 16 || 69194 || 40282 || {{RA|08|13|34.23}} || {{DEC|−50|11|45.8}} || 5.52 || −1.30 || 753 || M1III || || || || |- | || || || 74196 || 42535 || {{RA|08|40|17.49}} || {{DEC|−53|00|55.6}} || 5.56 || −0.24 || 472 || B7Vn || || || || |- | [[IZ Velorum|IZ Vel]]<ref name=sb2>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1985IBVS.2681....1K/0000007.000.html?high=4c1e33745313663 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805114451/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1985IBVS.2681....1K/0000007.000.html?high=4c1e33745313663 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| || || 77475 || 44299 || {{RA|09|01|20.88}} || {{DEC|−41|51|51.4}} || 5.56 || −0.24 || 471 || B5V || || || || |- | [[KL Velorum|KL Vel]]<ref name="sb2"/> || || || 79416 || 45189 || {{RA|09|12|30.54}} || {{DEC|−43|36|47.9}} || 5.56 || −0.85 || 623 || B8V || || || || |- | || || || 81034 || 45924 || {{RA|09|21|50.94}} || {{DEC|−42|11|41.1}} || 5.56 || −0.63 || 565 || M3Ib || || || || |- | [[O Velorum|O Vel]] || O || || 84461 || 47717 || {{RA|09|43|42.30}} || {{DEC|−53|53|28.9}} || 5.56 || 0.38 || 355 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 84816 || 47963 || {{RA|09|46|30.38}} || {{DEC|−44|45|18.2}} || 5.58 || −2.64 || 1436 || B2.5IV || || || || |- | || || || 90677 || 51140 || {{RA|10|26|48.93}} || {{DEC|−54|52|38.3}} || 5.58 || −2.87 || 1598 || K3II/III || || || || |- | || || || 89062 || 50241 || {{RA|10|15|31.55}} || {{DEC|−43|06|44.1}} || 5.59 || −0.52 || 544 || K4III || || || || |- | || || || 81157 || 45920 || {{RA|09|21|50.11}} || {{DEC|−55|30|53.5}} || 5.61 || 0.98 || 275 || A3IVs... || || || || |- | || || || 85563 || 48348 || {{RA|09|51|19.76}} || {{DEC|−46|11|38.2}} || 5.62 || 0.56 || 335 || K2III || || || || |- | [[NN Velorum|NN Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 68161 || 39919 || {{RA|08|09|09.51}} || {{DEC|−48|41|03.9}} || 5.66 || −1.47 || 869 || B8Ib/II || || || || |- | || || || 89736 || 50609 || {{RA|10|20|16.72}} || {{DEC|−47|41|56.8}} || 5.66 || −3.93 || 2694 || K5/M0III || || || || |- | || || || 74167 || 42564 || {{RA|08|40|35.26}} || {{DEC|−45|11|28.0}} || 5.67 || −1.65 || 950 || M0III || || || || |- | || || || 96113 || 54137 || {{RA|11|04|31.30}} || {{DEC|−47|40|45.1}} || 5.67 || 1.01 || 279 || A8III/IV || || || || |- | || || || 72737 || 41861 || {{RA|08|32|04.97}} || {{DEC|−53|12|43.1}} || 5.68 || −1.56 || 913 || G8III+... || || || || |- | || || || 76653 || 43797 || {{RA|08|55|11.76}} || {{DEC|−54|57|56.0}} || 5.70 || 3.79 || 79 || F6V || || || || |- | || || || 75276 || 43148 || {{RA|08|47|18.85}} || {{DEC|−46|09|19.5}} || 5.71 || −4.52 || 3622 || F0Ib || || || || |- | || || || 86087 || 48613 || {{RA|09|54|51.26}} || {{DEC|−50|14|38.3}} || 5.71 || 0.76 || 319 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 85483 || 48287 || {{RA|09|50|41.97}} || {{DEC|−46|56|02.4}} || 5.72 || −0.59 || 597 || K0IIICN... || || || || |- | || || || 85980 || 48561 || {{RA|09|54|17.67}} || {{DEC|−45|17|00.7}} || 5.72 || −1.35 || 845 || B+... || || || || |- | || || || 81136 || 45962 || {{RA|09|22|24.00}} || {{DEC|−46|02|51.0}} || 5.74 || −0.47 || 570 || G6/G8III || || || || |- | [[s Velorum|s Vel]] || s || || 91355 || 51561 || {{RA|10|31|57.45}} || {{DEC|−45|04|00.2}} || 5.76 || 0.00 || 463 || B9 || || || || |- | [[AH Velorum|AH Vel]] || || || 68808 || 40155 || {{RA|08|11|59.97}} || {{DEC|−46|38|39.7}} || 5.77 || −2.49 || 1462 || F7p || || || || |- | || || || 79275 || 45122 || {{RA|09|11|33.39}} || {{DEC|−46|35|02.1}} || 5.78 || −1.95 || 1144 || B2IV-V || || || || |- | || || || 88842 || 50078 || {{RA|10|13|28.04}} || {{DEC|−51|45|20.9}} || 5.78 || 0.83 || 318 || A3IV/V || || || || |- | [[E Velorum|E Vel]] || E || || 73340 || 42177 || {{RA|08|35|52.04}} || {{DEC|−50|58|10.8}} || 5.79 || 0.01 || 466 || B8 Si || || || || |- | || || || 76110 || 43603 || {{RA|08|52|48.02}} || {{DEC|−38|43|26.9}} || 5.79 || −1.36 || 876 || K5/M0III || || || || |- | || || || 89569 || 50493 || {{RA|10|18|38.16}} || {{DEC|−56|06|38.4}} || 5.80 || 3.03 || 117 || F6V || || || || |- | || || || 95347 || 53762 || {{RA|10|59|59.43}} || {{DEC|−43|48|25.7}} || 5.81 || 1.07 || 290 || B8/B9V || || || || |- | || || || 72067 || 41621 || {{RA|08|29|07.57}} || {{DEC|−44|09|37.6}} || 5.82 || −2.63 || 1598 || B2V || || || || |- | || || || 68657 || 40077 || {{RA|08|11|10.80}} || {{DEC|−48|27|43.2}} || 5.83 || −0.91 || 728 || B3V || || || || |- | [[LR Velorum|LR Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 80558 || 45675 || {{RA|09|18|42.36}} || {{DEC|−51|33|38.4}} || 5.83 || −8.02 || 19176 || B7Iab || || || || |- | || || || 79694 || 45314 || {{RA|09|14|08.23}} || {{DEC|−44|08|45.1}} || 5.85 || −0.17 || 521 || B6IV || || || || |- | [[k1 Velorum|k¹ Vel]] || k¹ || || 79807 || 45386 || {{RA|09|14|57.17}} || {{DEC|−37|36|08.5}} || 5.85 || −0.57 || 627 || K0/K1III+.. || || || || |- | || || || 69302 || 40357 || {{RA|08|14|23.88}} || {{DEC|−45|50|04.4}} || 5.86 || −1.35 || 903 || B2IV-V || || || || |- | || || || 77020 || 44024 || {{RA|08|57|55.57}} || {{DEC|−48|34|22.6}} || 5.88 || −1.71 || 1072 || G8/K0II || || || || |- | || || || 71043 || 41081 || {{RA|08|22|55.18}} || {{DEC|−52|07|25.6}} || 5.89 || 1.57 || 238 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 74273 || 42614 || {{RA|08|41|05.32}} || {{DEC|−48|55|21.7}} || 5.90 || −2.56 || 1606 || B1.5V || || || || |- | || || || 94985 || 53530 || {{RA|10|57|07.88}} || {{DEC|−50|45|54.2}} || 5.90 || 0.96 || 317 || A7Vni || || || || |- | || || || 91437 || 51610 || {{RA|10|32|33.62}} || {{DEC|−44|37|06.4}} || 5.91 || 0.48 || 397 || G6/G8III || || || || |- | || || || 72832 || 42001 || {{RA|08|33|38.45}} || {{DEC|−38|50|55.8}} || 5.92 || −1.10 || 825 || B5III || || || || |- | || || || 76161 || 43589 || {{RA|08|52|38.62}} || {{DEC|−48|21|32.8}} || 5.92 || −1.69 || 1087 || B3Vn || || || || |- | || || || 79621 || 45270 || {{RA|09|13|34.48}} || {{DEC|−47|20|18.4}} || 5.92 || −0.23 || 554 || B9V || || || || |- | [[V335 Velorum|V335 Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 85953 || 48527 || {{RA|09|53|50.11}} || {{DEC|−51|08|48.2}} || 5.95 || −2.64 || 1707 || B2V || || || || |- | || || || 67249 || 39527 || {{RA|08|04|42.41}} || {{DEC|−50|35|25.4}} || 5.96 || −2.14 || 1358 || G5II || || || || |- | || || || 89461 || 50480 || {{RA|10|18|28.27}} || {{DEC|−41|40|06.6}} || 5.97 || −0.17 || 551 || B9V || || || || |- | || || || 72232 || 41674 || {{RA|08|29|45.65}} || {{DEC|−46|19|54.2}} || 5.98 || −0.45 || 629 || B7IV || || || || |- | || || || 88399 || 49844 || {{RA|10|10|37.70}} || {{DEC|−41|42|53.8}} || 5.98 || 1.81 || 223 || K3III || || || || |- | || || || 84228 || 47559 || {{RA|09|41|47.94}} || {{DEC|−55|12|49.6}} || 5.99 || −3.60 || 2694 || B4V || || || || |- | || || || 68895 || 40183 || {{RA|08|12|30.80}} || {{DEC|−46|15|51.5}} || 6.00 || −0.68 || 706 || B5V || || || || |- | || || || 75759 || 43392 || {{RA|08|50|21.02}} || {{DEC|−42|05|23.3}} || 6.00 || −2.84 || 1906 || O9V || || || || |- | || || || 80057 || 45481 || {{RA|09|16|04.03}} || {{DEC|−44|53|55.4}} || 6.02 || −4.60 || 4347 || A1Ib+... || || || || |- | || || || 77320 || 44213 || {{RA|09|00|22.26}} || {{DEC|−43|10|26.4}} || 6.04 || −1.39 || 1000 || B3Vne || || || || |- | || || || 80774 || 45814 || {{RA|09|20|29.68}} || {{DEC|−37|34|53.9}} || 6.04 || 0.05 || 513 || K3/K4III || || || || |- | || || || 91356 || 51560 || {{RA|10|31|56.65}} || {{DEC|−45|04|10.8}} || 6.04 || 0.21 || 477 || B4 || || || || |- | || || || 71722 || 41373 || {{RA|08|26|25.24}} || {{DEC|−52|48|27.0}} || 6.05 || 1.79 || 232 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 79241 || 45127 || {{RA|09|11|40.95}} || {{DEC|−39|15|31.9}} || 6.05 || −1.92 || 1278 || B5III || || || || |- | || || || 81471 || 46093 || {{RA|09|23|59.34}} || {{DEC|−51|44|13.5}} || 6.05 || −5.17 || 5719 || A7Iab || || || || |- | || || || 81411 || 46114 || {{RA|09|24|16.28}} || {{DEC|−39|25|31.6}} || 6.05 || 0.04 || 518 || A6/A7III || || || || |- | || || || 85250 || 48119 || {{RA|09|48|40.06}} || {{DEC|−56|24|42.9}} || 6.05 || 1.01 || 332 || K0III || || || || |- | || || || 86523 || 48835 || {{RA|09|57|42.61}} || {{DEC|−48|24|50.7}} || 6.06 || −4.27 || 3791 || B3V || || || || |- | [[KQ Velorum|KQ Vel]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1985IBVS.2681....1K/0000008.000.html?high=4c1e33745313663 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2020-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004065300/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1985IBVS.2681....1K/0000008.000.html?high=4c1e33745313663 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| || || 94660 || 53379 || {{RA|10|55|01.04}} || {{DEC|−42|15|03.9}} || 6.08 || 0.17 || 495 || A0p... || || || || |- | || || || 91805 || 51816 || {{RA|10|35|10.45}} || {{DEC|−43|39|52.8}} || 6.09 || −1.12 || 901 || G8/K0II/III || || || || |- | || || || 78548 || 44708 || {{RA|09|06|34.04}} || {{DEC|−55|48|08.7}} || 6.10 || −1.70 || 1185 || B2IV-V || || || || |- | || || || 90798 || 51245 || {{RA|10|28|02.08}} || {{DEC|−49|24|20.5}} || 6.10 || −1.15 || 921 || K4III || || || || |- | || || || 92328 || 52112 || {{RA|10|38|50.33}} || {{DEC|−42|45|12.3}} || 6.10 || −0.11 || 569 || Am+... || || || || |- | || || || 87363 || 49259 || {{RA|10|03|20.60}} || {{DEC|−46|38|10.2}} || 6.11 || 1.29 || 300 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 96224 || 54185 || {{RA|11|05|04.14}} || {{DEC|−49|23|32.4}} || 6.11 || 0.12 || 514 || B9V || || || || |- | || || || 86466 || 48799 || {{RA|09|57|10.95}} || {{DEC|−52|38|19.7}} || 6.13 || −3.98 || 3432 || B3IV || || || || |- | || || || 90518 || 51077 || {{RA|10|26|09.91}} || {{DEC|−42|44|18.2}} || 6.13 || 1.09 || 332 || K1III || || || || |- | || || || 84400 || 47694 || {{RA|09|43|27.60}} || {{DEC|−51|13|41.4}} || 6.15 || −1.96 || 1364 || B6V || || || || |- | || || || 95429 || 53771 || {{RA|11|00|08.34}} || {{DEC|−51|49|04.1}} || 6.15 || 2.26 || 195 || A3III/IV || || || || |- | || || || 88693 || 49994 || {{RA|10|12|22.97}} || {{DEC|−52|09|48.1}} || 6.16 || 1.11 || 334 || K2IIICN... || || || || |- | || || || 89104 || 50232 || {{RA|10|15|16.65}} || {{DEC|−54|58|27.2}} || 6.16 || −2.04 || 1424 || B2IV-V || || || || |- | [[MX Velorum|MX Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 67341 || 39584 || {{RA|08|05|20.31}} || {{DEC|−46|58|42.3}} || 6.18 || −2.68 || 1929 || B3Vnp || || || || |- | || || || 83368 || 47145 || {{RA|09|36|25.41}} || {{DEC|−48|45|04.2}} || 6.18 || 1.88 || 236 || F0p || || || || |- | || || || 83465 || 47172 || {{RA|09|36|46.41}} || {{DEC|−52|56|38.1}} || 6.18 || 0.80 || 388 || K1III || || || || |- | || || || 90393 || 51014 || {{RA|10|25|17.22}} || {{DEC|−42|28|02.5}} || 6.18 || −0.09 || 586 || G8III || || || || |- | || || || 79091 || 45002 || {{RA|09|09|57.15}} || {{DEC|−52|04|58.8}} || 6.19 || 1.34 || 304 || K1III || || || || |- | || || || 81780 || 46297 || {{RA|09|26|28.45}} || {{DEC|−40|30|06.2}} || 6.19 || 1.37 || 300 || A7III || || || || |- | || || || 87152 || 49137 || {{RA|10|01|40.73}} || {{DEC|−53|21|50.8}} || 6.20 || −2.03 || 1442 || B2.5V || || || || |- | || || || 89273 || 50332 || {{RA|10|16|40.17}} || {{DEC|−51|12|16.8}} || 6.20 || −0.46 || 700 || M4/M5III || || || || |- | || || || 75081 || 43073 || {{RA|08|46|23.77}} || {{DEC|−41|07|31.4}} || 6.21 || −0.51 || 720 || B9V || || || || |- | || || || 81369 || 46067 || {{RA|09|23|39.77}} || {{DEC|−46|54|31.6}} || 6.21 || −1.49 || 1128 || B7III || || || || |- | || || || 87652 || 49394 || {{RA|10|05|01.86}} || {{DEC|−51|18|49.1}} || 6.23 || 0.17 || 532 || B8/B9III || || || || |- | || || || 90170 || 50903 || {{RA|10|23|40.71}} || {{DEC|−41|57|11.6}} || 6.24 || 1.98 || 232 || K0IV || || || || |- | || || || 72900 || 41986 || {{RA|08|33|30.28}} || {{DEC|−46|58|14.4}} || 6.25 || −2.66 || 1976 || K3III || || || || |- | || || || 77580 || 44367 || {{RA|09|02|06.42}} || {{DEC|−39|24|08.1}} || 6.25 || 1.05 || 357 || K1IIICN... || || || || |- | || || || 79900 || 45413 || {{RA|09|15|14.64}} || {{DEC|−45|33|19.8}} || 6.25 || −2.47 || 1811 || B8V || || || || |- | [[IY Velorum|IY Vel]]<ref name="sb2"/> || || || 76566 || 43807 || {{RA|08|55|19.21}} || {{DEC|−45|02|30.1}} || 6.26 || −1.03 || 934 || B3IV || || || || |- | || || || 79524 || 45242 || {{RA|09|13|18.68}} || {{DEC|−42|16|24.4}} || 6.27 || 0.48 || 469 || K2III || || || || |- | || || || 81347 || 46045 || {{RA|09|23|25.38}} || {{DEC|−48|17|13.0}} || 6.27 || −1.88 || 1393 || B5V || || || || |- | || || || 72993 || 42070 || {{RA|08|34|29.26}} || {{DEC|−37|36|40.3}} || 6.28 || −1.13 || 988 || M0III || || || || |- | || || || 80781 || 45742 || {{RA|09|19|32.49}} || {{DEC|−55|11|11.4}} || 6.28 || −3.83 || 3432 || B5V || || || || |- | || || || 75466 || 43195 || {{RA|08|48|00.24}} || {{DEC|−52|51|00.7}} || 6.29 || 0.52 || 464 || B8V || || || || |- | || || || 93453 || 52709 || {{RA|10|46|37.14}} || {{DEC|−43|11|33.1}} || 6.29 || 1.91 || 245 || A4IV || || || || |- | || || || 72350 || 41737 || {{RA|08|30|39.24}} || {{DEC|−44|44|14.4}} || 6.30 || −2.88 || 2233 || B4V || || || || |- | || || || 72436 || 41806 || {{RA|08|31|24.70}} || {{DEC|−39|03|50.9}} || 6.31 || −2.09 || 1560 || B5V || || || || |- | || || || 79523 || 45259 || {{RA|09|13|25.82}} || {{DEC|−38|36|59.2}} || 6.31 || −0.40 || 715 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 81575 || 46194 || {{RA|09|25|07.89}} || {{DEC|−43|58|36.1}} || 6.31 || −0.61 || 789 || M5III || || || || |- | || || || 80435 || 45603 || {{RA|09|17|42.31}} || {{DEC|−54|29|41.5}} || 6.33 || −0.65 || 811 || K3III || || || || |- | || || || 67621 || 39691 || {{RA|08|06|41.61}} || {{DEC|−48|29|50.7}} || 6.34 || −1.78 || 1370 || B3III || || || || |- | || || || 72650 || 41813 || {{RA|08|31|29.57}} || {{DEC|−54|23|38.1}} || 6.34 || 0.45 || 491 || K3III || || || || |- | [[HD 75289]] || || || 75289 || 43177 || {{RA|08|47|40.41}} || {{DEC|−41|44|10.5}} || 6.35 || 4.04 || 94 || G0V || memiliki planit ([[HD 75289 b|b]]) || || || |- | || || || 72798 || 41941 || {{RA|08|33|01.87}} || {{DEC|−45|45|10.5}} || 6.36 || −3.02 || 2451 || B5III || || || || |- | || || || 75654 || 43354 || {{RA|08|49|52.40}} || {{DEC|−39|08|30.1}} || 6.38 || 1.92 || 254 || A2/A3II/III || || || || |- | || || || 76004 || 43520 || {{RA|08|51|50.05}} || {{DEC|−44|09|03.4}} || 6.38 || −1.60 || 1283 || B3V || || || || |- | || || || 72485 || 41781 || {{RA|08|31|10.64}} || {{DEC|−47|51|59.9}} || 6.39 || −1.15 || 1052 || B2.5V || || || || |- | || || || 76230 || 43593 || {{RA|08|52|40.83}} || {{DEC|−52|07|44.2}} || 6.39 || 0.67 || 453 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 77907 || 44423 || {{RA|09|03|05.35}} || {{DEC|−53|33|01.4}} || 6.39 || −0.72 || 862 || B6V || || || || |- | || || || 86211 || 48706 || {{RA|09|56|05.35}} || {{DEC|−40|49|28.2}} || 6.39 || −0.67 || 840 || M1III || || || || |- | || || || 86352 || 48730 || {{RA|09|56|21.90}} || {{DEC|−51|20|10.2}} || 6.39 || −4.38 || 4657 || B2IV-V || || || || |- | || || || 88015 || 49619 || {{RA|10|07|35.73}} || {{DEC|−48|15|39.0}} || 6.40 || −1.60 || 1299 || B3III || || || || |- | || || || 94724 || 53411 || {{RA|10|55|27.25}} || {{DEC|−43|01|14.0}} || 6.40 || 1.44 || 320 || A0V || || || || |- | || || || 76304 || 43673 || {{RA|08|53|50.76}} || {{DEC|−40|26|51.2}} || 6.42 || −1.61 || 1315 || K0II/III+.. || || || || |- | || || || 87122 || 49092 || {{RA|10|01|12.01}} || {{DEC|−56|05|47.6}} || 6.42 || −0.70 || 867 || B8 || || || || |- | || || || 75387 || 43209 || {{RA|08|48|08.79}} || {{DEC|−42|27|48.5}} || 6.43 || −2.15 || 1698 || B2IV || || || || |- | || || || 92155 || 51984 || {{RA|10|37|16.12}} || {{DEC|−53|51|19.0}} || 6.43 || −2.10 || 1655 || B3Vn || || || || |- | || || || 69596 || 40433 || {{RA|08|15|23.27}} || {{DEC|−50|26|57.1}} || 6.44 || −0.32 || 734 || K3/K4III || || || || |- | || || || 73121 || 42123 || {{RA|08|35|12.48}} || {{DEC|−39|58|14.0}} || 6.44 || 3.64 || 118 || G1V || || || || |- | || || || 95509 || 53811 || {{RA|11|00|36.33}} || {{DEC|−53|06|42.7}} || 6.44 || 0.92 || 415 || K3III || || || || |- | || || || 69404 || 40397 || {{RA|08|14|51.25}} || {{DEC|−46|29|09.3}} || 6.45 || −1.60 || 1331 || B3Vnne || || || || |- | || || || 70309 || 40749 || {{RA|08|19|05.60}} || {{DEC|−48|11|52.4}} || 6.45 || −0.56 || 823 || B3V || || || || |- | || || || 73952 || 42400 || {{RA|08|38|44.83}} || {{DEC|−53|05|25.6}} || 6.45 || 0.50 || 505 || B8Vn || || || || |- | || || || 94508 || 53260 || {{RA|10|53|33.42}} || {{DEC|−56|25|13.8}} || 6.45 || −11.16 || 108667 || K2III || || || || |- | || || || 68478 || 40016 || {{RA|08|10|20.57}} || {{DEC|−49|14|14.5}} || 6.46 || −2.03 || 1630 || B3IV || || || || |- | || || || 78005 || 44509 || {{RA|09|04|05.79}} || {{DEC|−47|26|29.3}} || 6.46 || −1.27 || 1144 || B4V || || || || |- | || || || 81309 || 46075 || {{RA|09|23|44.92}} || {{DEC|−37|45|25.1}} || 6.47 || 1.45 || 329 || A1m... || || || || |- | || || || 68763 || 40160 || {{RA|08|12|06.06}} || {{DEC|−43|24|01.6}} || 6.48 || −5.11 || 6792 || K3III: || || || || |- | || || || 72787 || 41970 || {{RA|08|33|19.87}} || {{DEC|−38|22|14.5}} || 6.48 || −1.63 || 1364 || B2/B3V || || || || |- | || || || 79025 || 44979 || {{RA|09|09|45.00}} || {{DEC|−49|25|27.5}} || 6.48 || 0.49 || 513 || A9Vn || || || || |- | || || || 88862 || 50069 || {{RA|10|13|22.32}} || {{DEC|−56|35|12.1}} || 6.48 || −0.53 || 821 || K2III || || || || |- | || || || 89328 || 50391 || {{RA|10|17|20.20}} || {{DEC|−46|50|05.8}} || 6.48 || 2.51 || 203 || A8V+... || || || || |- | [[V361 Velorum|V361 Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 95716 || 53940 || {{RA|11|02|13.84}} || {{DEC|−41|06|50.6}} || 6.48 || −2.18 || 1762 || M4III || || || || |- | || || || 69168 || 40299 || {{RA|08|13|45.66}} || {{DEC|−46|34|43.3}} || 6.49 || −0.96 || 1009 || B3V || || || || |- | || || || 71805 || 41426 || {{RA|08|26|57.83}} || {{DEC|−52|42|17.4}} || 6.49 || 2.82 || 176 || F5V... || || || || |- | || || || 72752 || 41905 || {{RA|08|32|40.51}} || {{DEC|−47|02|31.7}} || 6.49 || −0.01 || 651 || K2III || || || || |- | || || || 75989 || 43528 || {{RA|08|51|55.60}} || {{DEC|−40|59|11.8}} || 6.49 || −1.18 || 1113 || Ap... || || || || |- | [[QZ Velorum|QZ Vel]]<ref name="sb8"/>|| || || 85871 || 48469 || {{RA|09|53|00.11}} || {{DEC|−55|22|23.6}} || 6.50 || −5.19 || 7087 || B1V || || || || |- | || || || 87030 || 49052 || {{RA|10|00|34.58}} || {{DEC|−56|56|46.2}} || 6.50 || 0.52 || 511 || K0III || || || || |- | || || || 87816 || 49477 || {{RA|10|06|07.26}} || {{DEC|−52|11|16.7}} || 6.50 || 1.09 || 394 || K0III || || || || |- | [[HD 83443]] || || || 83443 || 47202 || {{RA|09|37|11.83}} || {{DEC|−43|16|19.9}} || 8.24 || 5.05 || 142 || K0V || gadhah planit ([[HD 83443 b|b]]) || || || |- | [[HD 73526]] || || || 73526 || 42282 || {{RA|08|37|16.48}} || {{DEC|−41|19|08.8}} || 9.00 || 4.12 || 309 || G6V || gadhah kalih planit ([[HD 73526 b|b]] & [[HD 73526 c|c]])|| || || |- | [[Gliese 367]] || || || || 47780 || {{RA|09|44|29.83}} || {{DEC|-45|46|35.4}} || 10.22 || || 29.96 || M1 || Proxima Velorum<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dudeman.net/spacedog/starmap/1000.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2010-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612173323/http://dudeman.net/spacedog/starmap/1000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| || || |} == Uga delengen == * [[Pratélan lintang miturut rasi lintang]] == Cathetan suku == * {{cite web | last = ESA | authorlink = European Space Agency | title = The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues | date = 1997 | url = http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?I/239 | accessdate = 2013-02-10 | archive-date = 2003-05-28 | archive-url = https://archive.ph/20030528194014/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?I/239 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Kostjuk | first = N. D. | title = HD-DM-GC-HR-HIP-Bayer-Flamsteed Cross Index | date = 2002 | url = http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?IV/27 | accessdate = 2013-02-10 | archive-date = 2005-10-26 | archive-url = https://archive.ph/20051026022702/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?IV/27 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Roman | first = N. G. | title = Identification of a Constellation from a Position | date = 1987 | url = http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?VI/42 | accessdate = 2013-02-10 | archive-date = 2006-11-24 | archive-url = https://archive.ph/20061124141224/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?VI/42 | url-status = dead }} {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Rasi lintang Vela| {{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Pratélan lintang miturut rasi lintang|Vela]] pdkbt14e16lmaoupllblv2z6guptw2e 0 105113 1758437 1757063 2026-10-03T00:23:37Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Asam urat | Image = The gout james gillray.jpg | Alt = A small creature with sharp teeth is biting into a swollen foot at the base of the big toe | Caption = ''Gout'', a 1799 caricature by [[James Gillray]] | DiseasesDB = 29031 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|10||m|05}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|274.00}} {{ICD9|274.1}} {{ICD9|274.8}} {{ICD9|274.9}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 138900 | OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|300323}} | MedlinePlus = 000422 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 221 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|924}} {{eMedicine2|med|1112}} {{eMedicine2|oph|506}} {{eMedicine2|orthoped|124}}{{eMedicine2|radhio|313}} | MeshID = D006073 }} '''Gout''' utawa asem urat (kang uga dipahami kanthi jeneng '''podagra''' yèn wis nganti kena jempol sikil)<ref name=Egg2007/> ya iku [[Disease|kaanan medis]] kang tandha-tandha lumrahé wujud [[inflammatory arthritis]] ya iku [[joint effusion|ros-rosan abuh]]—kang nganti abang, gembuk, lan panas. [[Metatarsophalangeal articulations|Ros metatarsal-phalangeal]] ing poking [[hallux|jempol sikil]] dadi panggonan kang paling umum ketaman (prakira 50% kasus). Asam urat uga bisa tuwuh minangka benjol-benjol saka klumpukan kristal ing sangisoring kulit, sajeroning ros-rosan, lan sajeroning balung kang sinebut [[tophi]], [[watu ginjel]], utawa nglumpuking kristal urat ing ginjel sinebut [[nefropati urat]]. Sebabe ya iku dhuwuré angka kandhutan [[asem urat]] ing [[getih]]. Asam urat malih dadi kristal, banjur kristal-kristal mau nglumpuk ing ros-rosan, [[téndhon]], lan ing sakupenging [[tissue (biology)|jaringan]]. Diagnosis klinis ditegesake kanthi ndeleng sipating kristal ing lenga ros-rosan. Pangobatan nganggo obat anti-abuh non-steroid utawa [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs), [[steroid]], utawa [[kolkisin]] bisa ngatasi tandha-tandha. Nalika serangan akut kalong, angka asem urat lumrahé bisa dikurangi kanthi ngowahi gaya hidup, utawa nganggo obat [[allopurinol]] utawa [[probenesid]] kang bisa nyegah kedadeyan serangan ing let suwé kanggo pasien kang kerep ketaman serangan. Ing pirang-pirang puluh taun kang keri iki, kasus asem urat saya nambah cacah lelakoné, prakira ana 1-2% populasi nagara-nagara [[Western world|Kulon]] kang ketaman lelara iki ing sawijining umuré. Nambahing kedadeyan iki dinuga amarga nambahing faktor-faktor risiko ing populasi mau, kaya ta [[sindrom metabolik]], tingkat harapan hidup utawa [[life expectancy]] lan owahing diet. Miturut sajarah, asem urat iki kawentar dadi "penyakite ratu" utawa "lelara priyayi sugih". ==Tandha lan tandha-tandha== [[Image:Gout2010.JPG|thumb|alt=gambar sikil saka iringan kang nuduhaké kulit abang sandhuwuring ros-rosan ing pok jempol sikil | Asam urat kang tuwuh ing [[Metatarsophalangeal articulations|ros metatarsal-phalangeal]] jempol sikil: Titeni pérangan kulit kang semu abang ing sandhuwuring ros-rosan.]] Asam urat bisa tuwuh ing manéka cara, nadyan kang paling umum ya iku serangan [[inflammatory arthritis]] (ya iku ros-rosan abang, gembuk, panas, lan abuh) kang kerep lan bola-bali kedadeyan.<ref name=Review08/> Ros metatarsal-phalangeal ing poking [[hallux|jempol sikil]] dadi pérangan kang paling kerep ketaman, kira-kira ing separone kasus kang kedadeyan.<ref name=PM2010/> Ros-rosan liyané kaya ta tungkak, dhengkul, ros tangan, lan driji, bisa uga mèlu ketaman.<ref name=PM2010/> Rasa ngilu ros-rosan iki lumrahé wiwit nganti punjul 2–4&nbsp;jam lan lelakoné ing wayah bengi.<ref name=PM2010/> Sing njalari kedadeyan ing wayah bengi iki ya iku mudhuning témperatur badan ing wayah semono.<ref name=Egg2007/> Tandha-tandha liya kang arang mèlu tuwuh bareng ros-rosan ngilu kaya ta [[fatigue (medical)|rasa sayah]] lan [[panas]] dhuwur.<ref name=Egg2007/><ref name=PM2010/> Angka kandhutan [[asem urat]] kang mundhak terus nganti suwé ([[hiperurisemia]]) bisa njalari tandha-tandha liya kaya ta klumpukan asem urat kang atos lan ora krasa lara sinebut [[tophi]]. Tophi kang kebablasen bisa njalari [[arthritis]] kronis jalaran kaanan kang jenenge erosi balung.<ref name=Nature2009/> Angka asem urat kang saya dhuwur uga bisa njalari kristal-kristal mau mandheg ing njero [[ginjel]] kang suwé - suwé dadi [[kidney stone|watu]] banjur njalari [[Acute uric acid nephropathy|nefropati urat]].<ref name=German09/> ==Panyebab== [[Hiperurisemia]] ya iku jalaran utama asem urat. Hiperurisemia bisa tuwuh jalaran saka manéka sebab kalebu diet, turunan genetis, utawa kuranging ekskresi [[Uric acid#Solubility of uric acid and its salts|urat]], ya iku uyahing asem urat.<ref name=Review08/> Kuranging ekskresi asem urat ing ginjel dadi jalaran utama hiperurisemia, kira-kira ing 90% kasus, déné luwih-luwihing produksi asem urat mung dadi panyebabe kurang saka 10% kasus.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Prakira 10% wong kang nandhang hiperurisemia bakal kena asem urat ing sawijining umur uripé.<ref name="pmid18327257">{{cite journal |author=Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, ''et al.'' |title=SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=437–42 |date=April 2008|pmid=18327257 |doi=10.1038/ng.106 |url=}}</ref> Ewasemono, risikone bisa manéka rupa gumantung karo parah oraning hiperurisemia. Nalika kandhutan asem urat ana ing angka 415 nganti 530&nbsp;μmol/l (7 nganti 8,9&nbsp;mg/dl), risikone ana 0,5% ing saben taune, déné panandhang kang angka kandhutane luwih dhuwur saka 535&nbsp;μmol/l (9&nbsp;mg/dL), risikone 4,5% ing saben taune.<ref name=Egg2007/> ===Gaya Hidup=== Jinis konsumsi pangan njalari 12% kasus asem urat,<ref name=Review08/> kalebu kang ana gegayutan raket karo konsumsi alkohol, ombèn kang ngandhut gula saka jinis [[fruktosa]], daging, lan pangan kang asalé saka sagara.<ref name=Nature2009/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Weaver|first=AL|title=Epidemiology of gout|journal=Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine|date=2008 Jul|volume=75 Suppl 5|pages=S9–12|pmid=18819329}}</ref> Pamicu liyané kaya ta [[trauma fisik]] lan oprasi.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Panaliten anyar nemu yèn faktor pangan kang kawit biyèn dipercaya duwé gegayutan, pranyatane malah ora nglebokaké diet pangan kang wujud jejanganan mawa kandhutan [[purin]] dhuwur (kaya ta, buncis, kapri, kacang tholo, lan bayem) lan protéin total.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G |title=Purine-rich foods, dairy and protéin intake, and the risk of gout in men |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=11 |pages=1093–103 |date=March 2004|pmid=15014182 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa035700 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2004-03-11_350_11/page/1093}}</ref><ref name=Epi2008/> Konsumsi [[kopi]], [[vitamin C]] lan [[produk saka susu]], tambah kabugaran badan kaya-kaya bisa ngurangi risiko mau.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hak AE, Choi HK |title=Lifestyle and gout |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18349748 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f524a2 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Williams PT|title=Effects of diet, physical activity and performance, and body weight on incident gout in ostensibly healthy, vigorously active men |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=1480–7 |date=May 2008|pmid=18469274 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2008-05_87_5/page/1480}}</ref><ref name=Life2010>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK |title=A prescription for lifestyle change in patients with hyperuricemia and gout |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–72|date=March 2010 |pmid=20035225 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e328335ef38 |url=}}</ref> Panduga iki separone dijalari efek pepangan mau ing ngudhunake [[resistensi insulin]].<ref name=Life2010/> ===Genetik=== Lelakoné asem urat separone disebabake déning faktor gen, kang njalari prabawa ing prakira 60% [[Genetic variability|mawarna-wernané]] angka asem urat.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Telung [[gen]] sinebut ''[[SLC2A9]]'', ''[[SLC22A12]]'' lan ''[[ABCG2]]'' wis tinemu biyasa gegayutan karo asem urat, kamanekan ing gen-gen mau bisa kira-kira nikelake risiko.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Merriman|first=TR|author2=Dalbeth, N|title=The genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout.|journal=Joint, bone, spine: revue du rhumatisme|date=2011 Jan|volume=78|issue=1|pages=35–40|pmid=20472486|doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.02.027}}</ref><ref name=Reginato2012>{{cite journal |author=Reginato AM, Mount DB, Yang I, Choi HK |title=The genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout |journal=Nat Rev Rheumatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=September 2012 |pmid=22945592 |doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2012.144|url=}}</ref> Mutasi ilange fungsi ing ''SLC2A9'' lan ''SLC22A12'' njalari hipourisemia turunan wujud mudhune panyerepan urat lan sekresi urat kang ora bisa dilawan.<ref name=Reginato2012/> Ana gangguan-gangguan genetik arang kang uga dikomplikasi karo asem urat. Cacahe ora akèh kaya ta nefropati hiperurisemik ing rumaja amarga turunan sinebut [[Tamm-Horsfall protéin|familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy]], lelara ginjel sistik meduler utawa [[medullary cystic kidney disease]], superaktivitas [[PRPSAP1|sintetase fosforibosilpirofosfat]], lan defisiensi [[hipoxantin-guanin fosforibosiltransferase]] kaya kang tuwuh ing [[sindrom Lesch-Nyhan]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===Kaanan Medis=== Asam urat kerep tuwuh bareng karo masalah medis liyané. [[Sindrom metabolik]], banjur [[obesitas abdomen]], [[hipertensi]], [[resistensi insulin]] kang bareng-bareng dadi siji lan [[Dyslipidemia|level lemak abnormal]], tuwuh ing prakira 75% kasus.<ref name=PM2010/> Kaanan liya kang komplikasi karo asem urat antarané: [[pulisitemia]], [[keracunan timbel]], [[gagal ginjel]], [[anemia hemolitik]], [[psoriasis]], lan [[organ transplant|cangkok organ padhet]].<ref name=Lancet2010/><ref name="pmid16392875">{{cite journal |author=Stamp L, Searle M, O'Donnell J, Chapman P |title=Gout in solid organ transplantation: a challenging clinical problem |journal=Drugs |volume=65|issue=18 |pages=2593–611 |year=2005 |pmid=16392875 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[Indhèks massa tubuh]] utawa indeks aboting badan kang luwih dhuwur utawa padha karo 35 ningkatake risiko asem urat nganti tikel telu tumraping golongan priya.<ref name=Epi2008/> Kakehan kena logam berat timbel nganti kronis utawa ngombé alkohol kang ngandhut kontaminasi timbel uga dadi faktor-faktor risiko asem urat amarga efek mbebayani timbel tumrap fungsi ginjel.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Loghman-Adham M |title=Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_1997-09_105_9/page/928 |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=105 |issue=9 |pages=928–38 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9300927 |pmc=1470371 |doi= 10.2307/3433873|publisher=Brogan & Partners |jstor=3433873}}</ref> [[Sindrom Lesch-Nyhan]] kerep sesambungan karo artritis amarga asem urat. ===Pangobatan=== [[Diuretik]] uga disambungaké marang serangan asem urat. Ewasemono, dosis endhek [[hidroklorotiazid]] katone ora ningkatake risiko.<ref name=CFP09/> Obat liya kang wis dianggep gegayutan kalebu [[niasin]] lan [[aspirin]] (asem asetilsalisilat).<ref name=Nature2009/> Obat kang ngalangi imun sinebut [[obat immunosupresif]] [[siklosporin]] lan [[takrolimus]] uga duwé gegayutan karo asem urat,<ref name=Lancet2010/> mligi yèn siklosporin digunakaké bebarengan karo hidroklorotiazid.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Gary S. |editor1-last=Firestein, MD |editor2-first=Ralph C.|editor2-last=Budd, MD |editor3-first=Edward D. |editor3-last=Harris Jr., MD |editor4-first= Iain B.|editor4-last=McInnes PhD, FRCP |editor5-last=Ruddy, MD |editor6-last=Sergent, MD |title=KELLEY'S Textbook of Rheumatology |edition=8th |year=2008 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4160-4842-8 |chapter=Chapter 87: Gout and Hyperuricemia |editor-first=Shaun |editor3-given=John S.}}</ref> ==Lelakoné== [[Image:Harnsäure Ketoform.svg|thumb|alt=struktur senyawa organik: 7,9-dihidro-1H-purin-2,6,8(3H)-triona|[[Asam urat]]]] Asam urat ya iku gangguan [[metabolisme purin]],<ref name=Lancet2010/> lan tuwuh nalika metabolit pungkasané, ya iku [[asem urat]], malih dadi kristal-kristal ing wujud monosodium urat, banjur mandheg ing ros-rosan, téndhon, lan ing jaringan sakupenge.<ref name=Nature2009/> Kristal-kristal mau banjur njalari reaksi abuh kang ditengahi déning [[imun]].<ref name=Nature2009/> Salah sijining protéin kunci kang ana ing sajeroning prosès lelakoné abuh mau ya iku [[interleukin 1β]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> [[Urikase]] kang fungsine mbongkar asem urat ing manungsa lan [[primata]] kelas dhuwur saya ilang saka sethithik nanging terus-terusan saéngga njalari kaanan iki mau dadi umum kedadeyan.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Sing marahi mandheging asem urat ora patiya dimangerteni. Nalika cacahé normal waé asem urat bisa malih dadi kristal, ewasemono prosès ngristal mau luwih biyasa kedadeyan yèn cacahé mundhak.<ref name=Nature2009/><ref name="pmid17595458">{{cite journal|author=Virsaladze DK, Tetradze LO, Dzhavashvili LV, Esaliia NG, Tananashvili DE |title=[Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome] |language=Russian |journal=Georgian Med News |volume= |issue=146 |pages=35–7|date=May 2007 |pmid=17595458 |trans-title=Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome}}</ref> Faktor liya kang diyakini wigati ing nuwuhaké kedadeyan artritis akut kalebu kaanan adhem, owahing cacah asem urat kang rikat banget, [[asidosis]],<ref name="pmid12672211">{{cite journal| author = Moyer RA, John DS| title = Acute gout precipitated by total parenteral nutrition| journal = The Journal of rheumatology| volume = 30| issue = 4|pages = 849–50|date=April 2003| pmid = 12672211| doi = | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_2003-04_30_4/page/849| issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid7783706">{{cite journal| author = Halabe A, Sperling O| title = Uric acid nephrolithiasis| journal = Mineral and electrolyte metabolism| volume = 20| issue = 6| pages = 424–31| year = 1994| pmid = 7783706| doi = | url = | issn =}}</ref> hidrasi artikular, lan protéin [[matriks ekstraseluler]] kaya ta [[proteoglikan]], [[kolagen]], lan[[chondroitin sulfat]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> Ngendheging asem urat nalika kaanan adhem bisa nerangake kenang apa ros-rosan sikil dadi pérangan kang paling kerep kena.<ref name=Review08/> Owahing asem urat kang rikat banget busa tuwuh amarga pirang-pirang faktor kaya ta trauma, oprasi, [[kemoterapi]], diuretik, lan [[allopurinol]] kang mandheg utawa wiwit.<ref name=Egg2007/> [[Calcium channel blocker]] utawa pangalang saluran kalsium lan [[losartan]] digandheng-gandhengake karo risiko asem urat kang luwih sithik yèn dibandhingake karo obat liya kanggo [[hipertensi]].<ref name="pmid22240117">{{cite journal| author=Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodríguez LA| title=Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case-control study. | journal=BMJ | year= 2012 | volume= 344 | issue= | pages= d8190 | pmid=22240117 |doi=10.1136/bmj.d8190 | pmc=3257215 | url= }}</ref> ==Diagnosis== [[File:Gichtfuss im Roentgenbild 002.png|thumb|Asam urat dideleng nganggo [[sinar-X]] ing sikil kiwa: Panggonan kang umum kena ya iku ros-rosan jempol sikil. Gatekake abuh wujud jaringan gembuk ing wates lateral sikil.]] [[File:Fluorescent uric acid.JPG|thumb|alt=pirang-pirang kristal awujud dom warna-werni katon sangareping latar wungu|Gagang lancip kristal asem urat saka sampel [[lenga sinovial]] difoto nganggo mikroskop mawa [[Polarization (waves)|cahya kang dipolarisasi]]. Formasi kristal asem urat ing ros-rosan gegandhengan karo asem urat.]] Asam urat bisa didiagnosis lan ditambani tanpa panlesikan sateruse ing wong kang nandhang hiperurisemia lan podagra klasik. Yèn diagnosis mau kurang tinercaya, banjur analisis lenga sinovial kudu dilakoni.<ref name=Egg2007/> [[Sinar-X]] migunani ing ngidhentifikasi asem urat kronis, nanging ing serangan akut, cara iki ora patiya migunani.<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===Lenga Sinovial=== Diagnosis definitif asem urat dhedhasar ing idhentifikasi [[urate|kristal monosodium urat]] ing [[lenga sinovial]] utawa [[tophus]].<ref name=PM2010>{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N |title=Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=157–61 |date=March 2010|pmid=20203467 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133 |url=}}</ref> Kabèh sampel lenga sinovial kang dijupuk saka ros-rosan abuh kang durung didiagnosis kudu dipriksa ana oraning kristal iki.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Dideleng lumantar mikroskopi [[cahya polarisasi]], kristal-kristal mau duwé wujud wujud dom lan asipat négatif kuwat [[birefringens]]. Tes iki angèl dilakoni lan mbutuhake panliti kang wis kalatih.<ref name="pmid18299687">{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N |title=Diagnosis of gout|journal=Minerva Med. |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=759–67 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18299687 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Lenga iku uga kudu dipriksa sacepete sawisé disedhot amarga témperatur lan pH bakal marahi solubilitase owah.<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===Tes Getih=== [[Hiperurisemia]] ateges sipating asem urat klasik, nanging tuwuhing asem urat iki separone tanpa hiperurisemia, lan sakehing wong kang angka asem urate mundhak ora naté nandhang lara asem urat.<ref name=PM2010/><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sturrock R |title = Gout. Easy to misdiagnose | journal = [[British Medical Journal|BMJ]] | volume = 320 | issue = 7228 | pages = 132–33 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10634714 |url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7228/132 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.320.7228.132 | pmc = 1128728}}</ref> Mula, guna diagnostik ngukur asem urat iku dadine ora akèh.<ref name=PM2010/> Hiperurisemia ateges angka urat [[blood plasma|plasma]] getih luwih dhuwur saka 420 μmol/l (7,0&nbsp;mg/dl) ing priya lan 360 μmol/l (6,0&nbsp;mg/dl) ing wanita.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sachs L, Batra KL, Zimmermann B |title=Medical implications of hyperuricemia |journal=Med Health R I |volume=92 |issue=11 |pages=353–55|date=November 2009 |pmid=19999892 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Tes getih liya kang lumrahé uga ditindakake ya iku [[itungan sèl getih putih]], [[elektrolit]], [[fungsi ginjel]], lan cepeting sedimentasi eritrosit utawa [[lerythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR). Ewasemono, sèl getih putih lan ESR bisa nambah amarga asem urat sanajan tanpa ana infeksi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-diagnosis |title=Gout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup - eMedicine Rheumatology |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/808628-diagnosis|title=Gout and Pseudogout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup - eMedicine Emergency Medicine |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Cacahing sèl getih putih sakehing 40,0×10⁹/l (40.000/mm³) wis naté kacathet.<ref name=Egg2007/> ===Diagnosis bandhing=== [[Diagnosis diferensial]] kang paling wigati ing asem urat ya iku [[arthritis septik]].<ref name=PM2010/><ref name=Lancet2010/> Diagnosis iki kudu lumebu ing tetimbangan tumrap pasien kang nuduhaké tandha-tandha infeksi utawa pasien kang ora mari nadyan wis ditambani.<ref name=PM2010/> Kanggo mbantu prosese diagnosis, prelu gawé uji [[warna Gram]] lan kultur lenga sinovial.<ref name=PM2010/> Kaanan liya kang katon memper kaya ta [[pseudo asem urat]] lan [[arthritis reumatoid]].<ref name=PM2010/> Tophi amarga asem urat, kang ora tuwuh ing ros-rosan malah bisa kliru diarani [[karsinoma sèl basal]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jordan DR, Belliveau MJ, Brownstein S, McEachren T, Kyrollos M |title=Medial canthal tophus |journal=Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=403–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18806664 |doi=10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181837a31|url=}}</ref> utawa jinis [[neoplasma]] liyané.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sano K, Kohakura Y, Kimura K, Ozeki S |title=Atypical Triggering at the Wrist due to Intratendinous Infiltration of Tophaceous Gout |journal=Hand (N Y) |volume=4 |issue=1|pages=78–80 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18780009 |doi=10.1007/s11552-008-9120-4 |url= |pmc=2654956}}</ref> ==Panyegahan== Ngowahi gaya hidup lan ngombé obat bisa ngedhunake angka asem urat. Pilihan diet lan gaya hidup kang efektif kalebu ngurangi mangan jinising daging lan pangan laut, ngonsumsi [[vitamin C]] kang cukup, matesi [[alkohol]] lan konsumsi [[fruktosa]], sarta nginggati lelakoné awak kelemon utawa [[obesitas]].<ref name=Review08/> [[Diet kalori endhek]] ing priya kang kelemon bisa ngedhunake angka asem urat nganti 100&nbsp;µmol/l (1,7&nbsp;mg/dl).<ref name=CFP09/> Konsumsi vitamin&nbsp;C sakehing 1.500&nbsp;mg saben dina bisa ngudhunake risiko asem urat nganti 45%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G |title=Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=169 |issue=5 |pages=502–7 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19273781 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.606 |url= |pmc=2767211}}</ref> Konsumsi kopi, dudu teh, ana gegayutane karo risiko asem urat kang endhek.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Curhan G |title=Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey|journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=816–21 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17530681|doi=10.1002/art.22762 |url=}}</ref> Asam urat bisa uga lelara sékundhèr kang tuwuh amarga [[apnea turu]] amarga prosès uwale [[purin]] saka sèl-sèl kang kurang oksigèn. Pangobatan apnea bisa ngurangi tuwuhing serangan.<ref name="pmid16171252">{{cite journal|author=Abrams B |title=Gout is an indicator of sleep apnea |journal=Sleep |volume=28 |issue=2 |page=275|date=February 2005 |pmid=16171252|doi= |url=}}</ref> ==Pangobatan== Maksud mulabukaning pangobatan ya iku ngendhegake tandha-tandha serangan akut.<ref name="pmid16707532">{{cite journal|author=Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, ''et al.'' |title=EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-rheumatic-diseases_2006-10_65_10/page/1312 |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=1312–24 |date=October 2006|pmid=16707532 |pmc=1798308 |doi=10.1136/ard.2006.055269}}</ref> Serangan kang bola-bali kedadeyan bisa dicegah mawa manéka obat kang kanggo ngurangi angka asem urat serum.<ref name="pmid16707532"/> Es kang ditemplekake sasuwéné 20 nganti 30 menit saben dinane bisa ngurangi rasa lara.<ref name=Review08/><ref name="pmid11838852">{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N ''et al.''|title=Local ice therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_2002-02_29_2/page/331|journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=331–4|year=2002 |pmid=11838852 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/29.5.331}}</ref> Opsi kanggo nambani asem urat akut kalebu obat anti abuh non-steroid utawa [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs), [[kolkisin]] lan [[steroid]],<ref name=Review08/> déné opsi kanggo panyegahan antarané [[allopurinol]], [[febuksostat]] lan [[probenesid]]. Ngudhunake angka asem urat bisa marekake lelara iki.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Pangobatan [[comorbidity|komorbiditas]] uga wigati.<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===NSAID=== NSAID ya iku obat garis wiwitan kanggo nambani asem urat, ora ana agensia liya kang efektifitase luwih utawa kurang nyata bedane.<ref name=Review08/> Lelarane bakal krasa mari ing wektu patang jam, lan becike pangobatan dilakoni sasuwéné siji utawa rong minggu.<ref name=Review08/><ref name=Lancet2010/> Ewasemono, wong kang nandhang masalah keséhatan tinemtu, ora prayoga nginum obat iki, kaya ta [[gastrointestinal getihen]], [[gagal ginjel]], utawa [[gagal jantung]].<ref name=JFP09/> Sanajan [[indometasin]] wis dadi kang paling umum dianggo minangka NSAID wiwit jaman biyèn, nanging ana alternatif kaya [[ibuprofen]] kang lumrahé luwih dipilih amarga profil efek samping kang luwih apik nadyan efektifitas superiore ora ana.<ref name=CFP09>{{cite journal|author=Laubscher T, Dumont Z, Regier L, Jensen B |title=Taking the stress out of managing gout |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=55 |issue=12 |pages=1209–12 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20008601 |doi= |url=|pmc=2793228}}</ref> Kanggo pasien kang duwé efek samping marang padharan amarga NSAID, bokmanawa [[inhibitor pompa proton]] prelu ditambahake.<ref name="CKS-NLH">{{cite web|author=Clinical Knowledge Summaries|title=Gout - Management -- What treatment is recommended in acute gout?|url=http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment|publisher=[[National Library for Health]]|accessdate=2008-10-26|archive-date=2008-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120025/http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120025/http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment |date=2008-12-16 }}</ref> ===Kolkisin=== [[Kolkisin]] ya iku alternatif kanggo para panandhang kang ora bisa noleransi obat NSAID.<ref name=Review08/> Efek samping NSAID (mligi tumrap padharan lan usus kang dadi krasa ora karuan) njalari panggunane dadi ora akèh.<ref name="FDA Warning">{{cite web | title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: New Safety Information for Colchicine (marketed as Colcrys) | url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm174315.htm | publisher=[[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]}} {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ewasemono, gangguan gastrointestinal kang tuwuh gumantung karo dosise, yèn dosise dicilikake tanpa ngurangi efektifitase, risiko iki uga bakal kurang.<ref name=CFP09/> Kolkisin bisa interaksi karo obat-obat resep liyané, kaya ta [[atorvastatin]] lan [[eritromisin]], lan sapunanggalane.<ref name="FDA Warning" /> ===Steroid=== [[Glukokortikoid]] tinemu minangka NSAID kang sipate efektif<ref name="pmid17276548">{{cite journal |author=Man CY, Cheung IT, Cameron PA, Rainer TH |title=Comparison of oral prednisolone/paracetamol and oral indomethacin/paracetamol combination therapy in the treatment of acute goutlike arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-emergency-medicine_2007-05_49_5/page/670 |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=670–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17276548|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.11.014}}</ref> lan bisa digunakaké yèn ana kontraindikasi migunakaké NSAID.<ref name=Review08/> Obat iki uga bisa marekake nalika [[Joint injection|disuntikake langsung ing ros-rosan]]; kajaba [[septic arthritis|infeksi ros-rosan]] amarga steroid kang malah njalari kaanan penyakite saya parah.<ref name=Review08/> ===Peglotikase=== [[Peglotikase]] (Krystexxa) diidinake ing AS kanggo nambani asem urat ing taun 2010.<ref name=FDA2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm225810.htm |title=FDA approves new drug for gout |work=FDA |accessdate= |archive-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118091124/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm225810.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Obat iki dadi pilihan kanggo 3% panandhang kang ora bisa noleransi obat liyané.<ref name=FDA2010/> Peglotikase diwènèhake mawa infus intravena saben rong minggu sapisan,<ref name=FDA2010/> lan wis tinemu bisa ngurangi angka asem urat ing antarané populasi panandhang iki.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sundy|first=JS|author2=Baraf, HS, Yood, RA, Edwards, NL, Gutierrez-Urena, SR, Treadwell, EL, Vázquez-Mellado, J, White, WB, Lipsky, PE, Horowitz, Z, Huang, W, Maroli, AN, Waltrip RW, 2nd, Hamburger, SA, Becker, MA|title=Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2011-08-17_306_7/page/711|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=2011 Aug 17|volume=306|issue=7|pages=711–20|pmid=21846852|doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1169}}</ref> ===Profilaksis=== Pirang-pirang pangobatan uga migunani kanggo nyegah kedadeyan asem urat sateruse, kalebu [[inhibitor xantin oksidase]] (kaya ta [[allopurinol]] lan [[febuksostat]]) lan [[urikosurik]] (kalebu [[probenesid]] lan [[sulfinpirazon]]). Pangobatan-pangobatan mau racaké ora diwiwiti nganti siji utawa rong minggu sawisé serangan akut mandheg amarga kanthi téyori ana kasamaran manawa bakal marahi serangan saya ndadra.<ref name=Review08/> Lumrahé uga luwih kerep disandhingake karo NSAID utawa kolkisin ing wektu telung utawa nem sasi kawitan.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Pangobatan-pangobatan mau becike ora dianggo nganti sawijining pasien wis ketaman rong serangan asem urat,<ref name=Review08/> kajaba kedadeyan owahing ros-rosan kang ngrusak, tophi, utawa [[Acute uric acid nephropathy|nefropati urat]],<ref name=German09>{{cite journal |author=Tausche AK, Jansen TL, Schröder HE, Bornstein SR, Aringer M, Müller-Ladner U |title=Gout--current diagnosis and treatment |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=106 |issue=34–35|pages=549–55 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19795010 |pmc=2754667 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2009.0549 }}</ref> amarga durung ana pangobatan kang murah regane nganti dina iki.<ref name=Review08/> Cara-cara kanggo ngudhunake angka urat kudu ditambah nganti angka asem urat serum dadi ing sangisore 300–360&nbsp;µmol/l (5,0-6,0&nbsp;mg/dl), banjur tetep diterusake nganti wektu kang ora diwatesi.<ref name=Review08/><ref name=Lancet2010/> Yèn pangobatan-pangobatan mau digunakaké ing wektu suwé nalika kedadeyan serangan, becike obat-obat iku mau diendhegake.<ref name=PM2010/> Yèn angka asem urat ora bisa mudhun nganti sangisore 6,0&nbsp;mg/dl lan serangan isih kedadeyan terus, tegesé padha karo pangobatan wis ora kasil utawa asem urat kang tuwuh asipat refraktori.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=S|author2=Lally, EV|title=Treatment failure gout.|journal=Medicine and health, Rhode Island|date=2009 Nov|volume=92|issue=11|pages=369-71|pmid=19999896}}</ref> Yèn dideleng sakabehe, probenesid kaya-kaya luwih efektif tinimbang allopurinol.<ref name=Review08/> Pangobatan [[urikosurik]] lumrahé luwih dipilih yèn tinemu kekurangan sekresi asem urat kaya kang wis dituduhake déning pamriksan asem urat saka uyuh kang diklumpukake nganti 24 jam kang kurang saka 800&nbsp;mg.<ref name=agabegi2nd251>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. |title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |pages=251 |isbn=0-7817-7153-6 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=y13wgJyQwkEC&pg=PA251}}</ref> Nanging obat iki ora prayoga kanggo pasien kang duwé riwayat [[watu ginjel]].<ref name=agabegi2nd251/> Yèn ing sajeroning 24 jam klumpukan ekskresi urin tinemu punjul 800&nbsp;mg asem urat, kang padha karo keluwihen prodhuksi, obat [[inhibitor xantin oksidase]] luwih dipilih.<ref name=agabegi2nd251/> Inhibitor xantin oksidase (kalebu allopurinol lan [[febuksostat]]) ngalangi prodhuksi asem urat, lan terapi nganti wektu suwé aman lan bisa ditoleransi, lan bisa digunakaké déning pasien kang nandhang ginjel rusak utawa watu urat, nadyan allopurinol naté njalari hipersensitifitas ing saperang individu.<ref name=Review08/> Yèn kaanan mau kang kedadeyan, panggunan obat alternatif, febuksosat, wis dadi pilihan kang becik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1 |title=Febuxostat for the management of hyperuricaemia in people with gout (TA164) Chapter 4. Consideration of the evidence |publisher=Guidance.nice.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-20 |archive-date=2010-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006212851/http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Pangarep-arep== Tanpa pangobatan, serangan asem urat akut lumrahé mari ing limang nganti pitung dina. Ewasemono, 60% pasien bakal kena serangan kapindho ing wektu setaun.<ref name=Egg2007/> Wong-wong kang nandhang asem urat mundhak tambah duwé risiko [[hipertensi]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[sindrom metabolik]], lan ginjel lan [[lelara kardiovaskuler]], mula risikone nemahi pati uga dadi tambah.<ref name=Lancet2010/><ref name=Rh2008>{{cite journal |author=Kim SY, De Vera MA, Choi HK |title=Gout and mortality|journal=Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. |volume=26 |issue=5 Suppl 51 |pages=S115–9 |year=2008 |pmid=19026153 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Kaanan iki manawa separone amarga gegayutan karo [[resistensi insulin]] lan kelemon utawa [[obesitas]], nanging saperang tetambahing risiko mau kaya-kaya tuwuh dhéwé.<ref name=Rh2008/> Tanpa pangobatan, kedadeyan-kedadeyan asem urat akut bisa mundhak dadi asem urat akut kang nganti ngrusak rai ros-rosan, ngowahi wujud ros-rosan, lan tophi kang tanpa rasa lara.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Tophi iki tuwuh ing 30% pasien kang ora ditambani nganti limang taunan, kerep-kerepe ing pérangan [[helix (ear)|heliks]] kuping, sandhuwuring prosès [[olekranon]], utawa ing [[téndhon Achilles/tungkak]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> Lumantar pangobatan kang tenanan, kaanan-kaanan mau mesthi bisa ilang. [[Watu ginjel]] kerep dikomplikasi karo asem urat, njalari kaanan iki marang 10 nganti 40% pasien, lan tuwuh jalaran endheking pH urin kang njalari meneping asem urat.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Wujud liya [[Renal failure|disfungsi ginjel kronis]] uga bisa tuwuh.<ref name=Lancet2010/> <gallery> File:Case 30-top.jpg|Bintul-bintul ing driji lan heliks kuping kang nandhani kaanan [[tophus|tophi]] asem urat Image:ChronicGout.jpg|Tophus ing dhengkul Image:Case 30-bottom.jpg|Tophus ing driji sikil, lan ing kemiri njaba Image:Tophigout.JPG|Asam urat dikomplikasi karo tophi kang wis njebluk (asil pamriksan jitahe positip ngandhut kristal asem urat) </gallery> ==Peluang Kedadeyan== Asam urat njalari lelara marang 1–2% populasi ing nagara kulon ing sawijining wektu urip, lan saiki malah mundhak saya umum tinemu.<ref name=Review08>{{cite journal |author=Chen LX, Schumacher HR |title=Gout: an evidence-based review |journal=J Clin Rheumatol |volume=14 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S55–62 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18830092|doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181896921 |url=}}</ref><ref name=Lancet2010>{{cite journal |author=Richette P, Bardin T|title=Gout |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9711 |pages=318–28 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19692116|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-23-29-2010_375_9711/page/318}}</ref> Cacahing wong kang nandhang asem urat kurang luwih dadi tikel loro antarané taun 1990 nganti 2010.<ref name=Nature2009>{{cite journal |author=Terkeltaub R |title=Update on gout: new therapeutic strategies and options|journal=Nat Rev Rheumatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=30–8 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20046204|doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2009.236 |url=}}</ref> Mundhaking cacah iki dipercaya amarga mundhaking angka harapan hidup, owahing pola diet, lan mundhaking lelara kang gegayutan karo asem urat, kaya ta sindrom metabolik lan [[blegudreg]].<ref name=Epi2008>{{cite journal |author=Weaver AL |title=Epidemiology of gout |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=75 Suppl 5|issue= |pages=S9–12 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18819329 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Pirang-pirang faktor wis tinemu duwé prabawa marang cacahing asem urat, kalebu umur, ras, lan lakuning mangsa saben taun. Ing priya, sandhuwuring umur 30 lan wanita ing sandhuwuring umur 50, prevalensi 2%.<ref name=JFP09>{{cite journal |author=Winzenberg T, Buchbinder R |title=Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group review: acute gout. Steroids or NSAIDs? Let this overview from the Cochrane Group help you decide what's best for your patient |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=E1–4 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19607767|doi= |url=}}</ref> Ing Amérikah Sarékat, kedadeyan asem urat tikel loro ing populasi priya keturunan Afrika Amérika, padha karo ing populasi keturunan Éropah Amérika.<ref>{{cite web | author=Rheumatology Therapeutics Medical Center | title=What Are the Risk Factors for Gout? | url=http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk | accessdate=2007-01-26 | archive-date=2007-03-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325104830/http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk | url-status=dead }}</ref> Cacahing panandhang ikuh akèh ing satengahing wong kang urip ing kepuloan Pasifik lan suku [[Māori people|Māori]] ing Niu Sélan, nanging arang ing keturunan aborigin Australi, sanajan konsèntrasi rata-ratane asem urat serum luwih dhuwur ing keturunan aborigin iki.<ref name="pmid10225809">{{cite journal|author=Roberts-Thomson RA, Roberts-Thomson PJ |title=Rheumatic disease and the Ostralin aborigine |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=266–70 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10225809 |pmc=1752880 |url=http://ard.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/58/5/266 |doi=10.1136/ard.58.5.266}}</ref> Asam urat wis dadi umum ing Cina, Polinesia, lan sub-Sahara Afrika.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Sawetara panaliten nemu serangan asem urat luwih kerep tuwuh ing mangsa semi. Kaanan iki disebabake déning genta-gentining diet, konsumsi alkohol, aktivitas badan, lan témperatur.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fam AG |title=What is new about crystals other than monosodium urate? |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=228–34 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10803754 |doi= 10.1097/00002281-200005000-00013|url=}}</ref> ==Sajarah== [[File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|thumb|alt=Priya nganggo wig dawa kriting lan jobah dawa, njagong sambi ndelengake. Tangan kiwa diselehake ing méja cilik sambi nyekeli kothak. Mburine dhèwèké ana globe. |[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] nerangake kristal asem urat kang katon kanthi mikroskopis ing taun 1679.<ref name="Pillinger"/>]] Tembung asem urat utawa ing Basa Inggris diarani "gout" sepisanane dianggo déning Randolphus of Bocking, kira-kira ing taun 1200 Masehi. Asale saka tembung [[Latin]] ''gutta'', ateges "satetes" (banyu).<ref name="Pillinger"/> Miturut kamus Oxford English Dictionary, kaanan iki asalé saka [[humorisme]] lan "kaanan 'netesing' materi kang ngandhut lelara saka getih menyang lan ing sakupenging ros-rosan".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/80290 |title=gout, n.1. |work=Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition, 1989 |access-date=18 Sèptèmber 2011}}</ref> Pokoke, asem urat iku wis dipahami kawit jaman kuna. Ing sajarahé, asem urat diarani "rajane lelara lan penyakite ratu"<ref name=Lancet2010/><ref>Kubitz possibly has gout.{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2003/04/01/cx_cd_0401feat.html |title=The Disease Of Kings - Forbes.com |work=Forbes|accessdate=}}</ref> utawa "lelara priyayi".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease |title=Rich Man's Disease - definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |work=|accessdate=}}</ref> Cathetan pisanan lelara iki asalé saka Mesir ing taun 2.600 SM bab katrangan ngenani arthritis jempol sikil. Dhokter [[ancient Greece|Yunani]] [[Hippocrates]] kira-kira ing taun 400 SM gawé komentar babagan lelara iki ing ''[[Aforisme]]'', nggarisi ilange lelara iki ing wong lanang kang dadi [[kasim]] lan wanita ing mangsa sadurungé menopause utawa [[premenopause]].<ref name="Pillinger">{{cite journal |last=Pillinger | first=MH | author2=Rosenthal P, Abeles AM | title=Hyperuricemia and gout: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment | journal=Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases | volume=65 | issue=3 |pages=215–221 | year=2007 | url=http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669 | pmid=17922673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html |title=The Internet Classics Archive Aphorisms by Hippocrates |work= |accessdate=July 27, 2010}}</ref> [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] (30 M) nerangake gegayutane karo alkohol, kedadeyan ing wektu liya ing wanita, lan masalah ginjel kang gegandhengan: <blockquote>Sepisan manèh uyuh kang kenthel, ndhep-ndhepan kang metu wernane putih, iku nandhani yèn rasa lara lan penyakite bakal dirasakaké ing pérangan ros-rosan utawa jeroan... Lara ros-rosan tangan lan sikil kerep banget dirasakaké lan ora ilang-ilang, persis kaya kang kedadeyan ing kaanan podagra lan cheiragra. Lelara iki arang nyerang kasim utawa bocah lanang sadurungé sanggama karo wong wadon, utawa wanita kajaba kang wis ora haid manèh...saperang wong iku bisa aman sadawa umuré yèn gelem ninggal anggur, ciu, lan [[sexual intercourse|sanggama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4*.html |title=LacusCurtius • Celsus — On Medicine — Book IV |work= |accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote> Ing taun 1683, [[Thomas Sydenham]], dhokter saka Inggris, nerangake kedadeyan asem urat ing wayah pajar, lan kacenderungan lelakoné ing priya kang wis umur: <blockquote>Pasien asem urat, lumrahé, priya umur, utawa priya kang enome seneng ngrusak awake saéngga tuwa sadurungé mangsane—kaya ta priya kang senengane nglakoni kebiyasaane wong lanang lumrahé ya iku medok sadurungé mangsane lan kebablasen, lsp. kang ngentèkaké daya urip. Kurban mangkat turu ing kaanan bagas waras. Kira-kira jam loro bengi, dhèwèké tangi amarga lara kang ora ketulungan ing jempol sikil; kadhangkala ing tungkak, ugel-ugel sikil, utawa dlamakan. Lara mau rasané kaya kesleo, nanging separone rasané kaya disiram banyu adhem. Banjur ditambahi kadhemen lan ndrodhok, lan awake dadi rada panas... Sewengi nutug kesiksa, ora bisa turu, mbolak-mbalik gedabigan; awak diuncalake mrana-mrene saben ros-rosan ngilu ora karuan, malah bisa luwih nemen manèh yèn nganti kejang-kejang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11102491 |title=BBC - h2g2 - Gout - The Affliction of Kings |work=BBC |accessdate=July 27, 2010}}</ref></blockquote> Ilmuwan Landa [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] kang pisanan nerangake wujud mikroskopis kristal urat ing taun 1679.<ref name="Pillinger"/> Ing taun 1848, dhokter Inggris [[Alfred Baring Garrod]] rumangsa yèn asem urat kang luwih-luwih ing getih iki kang dadi sebab lara asem urat.<ref name="pmid11600751">{{cite journal | author=Storey GD |title=Alfred Baring Garrod (1819-1907) |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England) |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=1189–90 |date=October 2001|pmid=11600751 | url=http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/10/1189 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1189 }}</ref> ==Ing jinis kéwan liyané== Asam urat arang ing kehe kéwan amarga kabisane kéwan ngasilaké [[urikase]], kang mecah asem urat.<ref name=Animals01>{{cite journal |author=Agudelo CA, Wise CM |title=Gout: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=234–9 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11333355 |doi= 10.1097/00002281-200105000-00015|url=}}</ref> Manungsa lan jinis [[munyuk gedhé]] ora duwé kabisan iki, mula bisa kena asem urat.<ref name=Egg2007>{{cite journal |author=Eggebeen AT |title=Gout: an update |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=76|issue=6 |pages=801–8 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17910294 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-09-15_76_6/page/801}}</ref><ref name=Animals01/> Nanging spésimèn ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' kang dipahami kanthi aran "[[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]]", diyakini wis naté nandhang lara asem urat.<ref name="Rothschild">{{cite journal | last=Rothschild | first=BM | author2=Tanke D, Carpenter K |title=Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout | journal=Nature | volume=387 | issue=6631 | page=357 | year=1997 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v387/n6631/abs/387357a0.html | doi=10.1038/387357a0 | pmid=9163417 }}</ref> ==Riset== Pirang-pirang obat anyar saiki lagi ditliti kanggo nambani asem urat, kalebu [[anakinra]], [[canakinumab]], lan[[rilonacept]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musculoskeletalnetwork.com/gout/content/article/1145622/1533314|title=New therapeutic options for gout here and on the horizon - The Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine|work=|accessdate=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520024113/http://www.musculoskeletalnetwork.com/gout/content/article/1145622/1533314|archive-date=2010-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Enzim [[Recombinant DNA|rekombinan]] [[urikase]] ([[rasburikase]]) wis sumadhiya; nanging panggunane sih winates amarga bisa micu reaksi [[autoimun]]. Versi kang luwih ora [[antigenik]] saiki lagi dikembangake.<ref name=Egg2007/> ==Réferènsi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} a7whalbcpkjf0kz4a5rnre6opdogq67 0 128211 1758457 1740655 2026-10-03T08:48:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Cunningham''' (lair [[14 April]] [[1949]] - surut [[1 Januari]] [[2015]]), nalika tilar donya umuré 65 taun, iku pulitikus Kanada, anggota DPRD Ontario kanggo distrik èlèktoral Wentworth North (1975–1984).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/5239289-former-hamilton-mpp-eric-cunningham-dies-in-his-sleep-at-65/ |title=Former Hamilton MPP Eric Cunningham dies in his sleep at 65 |access-date=2015-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721071407/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/5239289-former-hamilton-mpp-eric-cunningham-dies-in-his-sleep-at-65/ |archive-date=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cunningham lair ing Hamilton, Ontario, lan sinau ing Universitas Western Ontario lan Universitas McMaster. Dhèwèké nyambut gawé minangka pakar reklame, dadi pangyasa Ontario New Liberal Association, lan nampa pamemulé provinsi ing taun 1968. == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cunningham}} [[Kategori:Wong Kanadha]] [[Kategori:Lair 1949]] [[Kategori:Pati 2015]] ngaotke0608e51aziis86lgi8bcl9i5 0 137290 1758443 1628146 2026-10-03T02:46:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Believe | image = Believe 2016 film poster.jpg | alt = | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Billy Dickson]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Nelson Diaz * Ben Holmes * Jacob Patrick * Kevin Sizemore }} | writer = Billy Dickson | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Ryan O'Quinn]] * [[Danielle Nicolet]] * [[Shawnee Smith]] * [[Lance E. Nichols]] }} | music = Michael Reola | cinematography = Billy Dickson | editing = Noah Pontell | studio = {{plainlist| * Believe the Film * Power of 3 }} | distributor = {{plainlist| * [[Freestyle Releasing]] * Smith Global Media }} | released = {{Film date|2016|12|02|Amérikah Sarékat}} | runtime = 119 menit<ref name="BOM"/> | country = Amérikah Sarékat | language = Basa Inggris | budget = $3.5 yuta<ref>{{cite web|last1=Childress|first1=Tammy|title=‘Believe’ it — movie about Grundy now being filmed in downtown Bristol|url=http://www.heraldcourier.com/news/local/believe-it-movie-about-grundy-now-being-filmed-in-downtown/article_0a4e5a1a-9a3e-5d4b-a193-4c228944cd20.html|website=[[Bristol Herald Courier]]|accessdate=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208163711/https://heraldcourier.com/news/local/believe-it-movie-about-grundy-now-being-filmed-in-downtown/article_0a4e5a1a-9a3e-5d4b-a193-4c228944cd20.html|archive-date=8 February 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> | gross = $890,303 yuta<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=believe2016.htm|title=Believe (2016)|website=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=January 8, 2017}}</ref> }} '''''Believe''''' ya iku [[film|filem]] [[drama]] [[natal]] saka [[Amérikah Sarékat]] sing digawé taun [[2016]]. Fileme iki disutradarani [[Billy Dickson]]. Dhèwèké uga tumindhak minangka panganggit skenario. Sapérangan paraga sing mèlu main ing filemé iki antarané [[Ryan O'Quinn]], [[Danielle Nicolet]], [[Shawnee Smith]], lan [[Lance E. Nichols]]. ''Believe'' dibabar bareng ing gedung-gedung biyoskup Amérikah Sarékat dénnng [[Freestyle Releasing]] lan Smith Global Media tanggal 2 Dhésèmber 2016.<ref name="BOM" /> Kanti modhal gedhéné 3,5 yuta, fielmé sing suwéné satus sangalas menit iki, kasil ngumpulké bathi punjul $ 516 yuta.<ref name="BOM" /><ref name="preview">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=4246&p=.htm|title='Moana' To Repeat at #1 Over Post-Thanksgiving Weekend|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> ==Ringkesan== Ing sawijiné kutha cilik sing lagi ngadhepi mangsa ékonomi sing abot, sawijiné panduwé usaha, Matthew Peyton (Ryan O'Quinn), ngupadi antarané gegayuhan bisa sukses lan tanggep wangsulé mbiyantu adicara Natal taunan. Tekadé neruské usaha jebulé ngrusak jenengé lan ndadèkaké para pegawé padha nesu lan nggawé ngalap pulih. Nalika Matthew ketemu karo Clarence (Isaac Ryan Brown), ana bocah cilik merak ati sing pracaya anané keajaiban, dhéwékè teteg: nglakoni apa sing apik tumrap awaké dhéwé utawa mbuka atiné supaya bisa mbiyantu komunitasé. ==Paraga== * [[Ryan O'Quinn]] minangka Matthew Peyton * [[Shawnee Smith]] minangka Dr. Nancy Wells * [[Danielle Nicolet]] minangka Sharon Joseph * Kevin Sizemore minangka Albert Bagley * [[David DeLuise]] minangka Tom Blackhorn * Isaac Ryan Brown minangka Clarence Joseph * [[Lance E. Nichols]] minangka Mayor Harris * James C. Burns minangka Bob Alexander * Scott Summitt minangka Charlie * Joey Naber minangka Nick * Bryce Lenon minangka Sam == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{IMDb title|4700756}} * {{Mojo title|believe2016}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|believe_2016}} * {{Metacritic film|believe-2016}} [[Kategori:2016 films]] [[Kategori:2010s drama films]] [[Kategori:2010s independent films]] [[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:American Christmas films]] [[Kategori:American drama films]] [[Kategori:American independent films]] [[Kategori:Film berbahasa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Films about Christianity]] [[Kategori:Films about Evangelicalism]] [[Kategori:Films about religion]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]] {{Film-stub}} b3k22eldhlmn0qpsbw2ebnrpfp06pl7 0 143616 1758455 1754533 2026-10-03T07:38:06Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> |settlement_type=[[Kutha métropolitan]] |subdivision_type = Nagara |subdivision_name = {{TUR}} |timezone = [[Further-eastern European Time|FET]] |utc_offset = +3 |map_caption = Wewengkoné Diyarbakır ing Turki |official_name = Diyarbakır<br> |image_skyline = City of Diyarbakır.jpg |image_caption = '''Kiwa ndhuwur:''' Masjid Ali Pasha, '''Tengen ndhuwur:''' Masjid Nebi, '''Gambar kaloro:''' Taman Seyrangeha, '''Gambar katelu kiwa:''' Masjid Dört Ayakli Minare, '''Gambar katelu tengen ndhuwur:''' Deriyê Çiyê, '''Gambar katelu tengen ngisor:''' Kreteg On Gözlü (utawa Kreteg Silvan), sandhuwuré Kali Tigris, '''Kiwa ngisor:''' Tèmbok Kuthané Diyarbakır, '''Tengen ngisor:''' Gazi Köşkü (Baléné Vèteran)|imagesize = 260px |blank_emblem_type =Flag of Diyarbakır Municipality |subdivision_type1= Wewengkon |subdivision_name1 = Anatolia Kidul-Wétan |subdivision_type2= Provinsi |subdivision_name2 = Provinsi Diyarbakır |population_total = 930.266 |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey: Major cities and provinces|url=http://citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html |publisher=citypopulation.de|accessdate=2015-02-08}}</ref> |population_metro= 1,300,000 |population_as_of = 2013 |population_density_km2 = |area_total_km2 = |elevation_m = 675|postal_code_type=[[Kodhe pos]] |postal_code = 21x xx |blank_info = 21|blank_name=[[Turkish car number plates|Plat nomer]] |area_code = (0090)+ 412 |website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512040802/http://www.diyarbakir-bld.gov.tr/ www.diyarbakir-bld.gov.tr] |leader_name = Cumali Atilla |leader_party=Walikutha kapatah déning praja<ref>{{cite web|title=Diyarbakır Büyükşehir Belediyesi'ne kayyum atandı|url=http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1318221-diyarbakir-buyuksehir-belediyesine-kayyum-atandi|publisher=Habertürk|accessdate=13 November 2016|language=Turkish|date=1 November 2016}}</ref> |leader_title= [[Walikutha]] |pushpin_map=Turkey |coordinates = {{coord|37.91|40.24|region:TR|display=inline}} }} '''Diyarbakır''' ({{lang-ku|Amed}})<ref name="Gunter">{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Kurds|last=Gunter|first=Michael M.|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DoNSXwb8D9EC&pg=PA86&dq=Diyarbakır+kurdish+amed 86]|quote=Diyarbakir is often called the unofficial capital of Turkish Kurdistan. Its Kurdish name is Amed.|author-link=Michael M. Gunter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq|last=King|first=Diane E.|date=2013|publisher=Rutgers University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNcyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233&dq=Diyarbakır+kurdish+amed 233]|quote=Diyarbakir's Kurdish name is “Amed.”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11318806.asp?scr=1|title=Pro-Kurdish DTP sweeps Diyarbakir|last=Akyol|first=Mustafa|date=2007|work=[[Hürriyet]]|quote=Amed is the ancient name given to Diyarbakir in the Kurdish language.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331075532/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11318806.asp?scr=1|archive-date=2009-03-31|access-date=2017-11-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> iku salah sawijining kutha kang paling gedhé ing [[Turki]] Kidul-Wétan. Kutha iki dumunung ana ing pinggiring Kali [[Kali Tigris|Tigris]], lan mujudaké kutha krajan administratifé Provinsi Diyarbakır. Kanthi gunggung cacah jjiwa kang diwatara ngancik 930.000 wong, kutha kasebut mujudaké kutha kaloro kang paling Wewengkon Anatolia Kidul-Wetané Turki, sawisé Gaziantep. Diyarbakir dianggep minangkka kutha krajan kang ora resmi saka Kurdhistan Turki.<ref name="Jr.2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjkVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA484|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition &#91;2 volumes&#93;|author=Joseph R. Rudolph Jr.|date=7 December 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-553-4|page=484|quote=As some have noted, Turkey's road to the EU lies through Diyarbakir, the unofficial capital of Turkish Kurdistan.}}</ref><ref name="Hamelink2016">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kH8JDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA307|title=The Sung Home. Narrative, Morality, and the Kurdish Nation|last=Wendelmoet Hamelink|date=6 April 2016|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-31482-5|page=307|quote=This is also related to the unique position of Diyarbakır as the unofficial capital city of Turkish Kurdistan, as such ...}}</ref><ref name="AyersQuinn2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZaNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=Handbook of Social Justice in Education|last=William Ayers|last2=Therese M. Quinn|last3=David Stovall|date=2 June 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59614-9|page=187|quote=The unofficial capital of North Kurdistan (Turkish Kurdistan) is Diyarbakir in Turkish, but Amed in Kurdish.}}</ref><ref name="MassicardWatts2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT4VIY31obEC&pg=PA99|title=Negotiating Political Power in Turkey: Breaking up the Party|last=Elise Massicard|last2=Nicole Watts|date=12 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-13687-1|page=99|quote=This chapter explores these questions through an analysis of pro-Kurdish parties1 and their social footing in the city of Diyarbakır, one of the largest cities in Turkey's mostly Kurdish southeast and often viewed as the unofficial capital of the country's Kurdish region.}}</ref><ref name="LaberWhitman1988">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SECQ3EaQuXgC&pg=PP8|title=Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Kurds of Turkey|last=Jeri Laber|last2=Lois Whitman|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-0-938579-41-0|page=8|quote=It began in Diyarbakir, the unofficial capital of Turkish Kurdistan,}}</ref> Kutha kasebut wis dadi punjeré konflik antarané pamaréntah Turki karo ontran-ontran [[Wong Kurdhi|Kurdhi]]. == Jeneng lan étimologi == Jeneng Diyarbakir ([[Basa Arab|arab]] دیار بکر "Diyaru Bakr kang tegesé tanahé Bakir; {{Lang-hy|Տիգրանակերտ}}; {{transl|hy|''[[Tigranocerta|Tigranakert]]''}};<ref>[[Western Armenian]] pronunciation: ''Dikranagerd''; {{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniantigranak0000unse|year=2006|publisher=Mazda Publishers|location=Costa Mesa, California|isbn=9781568591537|page=[https://archive.org/details/armeniantigranak0000unse/page/2 2]|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian|quote=The city that later generations of Armenians would call Dikranagerd was actually ancient Amid or Amida (now Diyarbekir or Diyarbakır), a great walled city with seventy-two towers...}}</ref> {{Lang-grc|Άμιδα, [[Amida]]}}; {{lang-ota|دیاربکر}} ''Diyâr-ı Bekr''; {{lang-syr|ܐܡܝܕ}}) katulis minangka ''Amid'' ing sarungé pedhang saka jaman Assyria, lan jeneng kang padha uga digunakaké ing karya-karya Suriah lan Arab kontèmporèr.<ref name="airlines">[http://www.turkishairlines.com/fi-FI/skylife/2005/november/articles/diyarbakir.aspx Diyarbakır] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112230214/http://www.turkishairlines.com/fi-FI/skylife/2005/november/articles/diyarbakir.aspx |date=2013-11-12 }}. Turkish Airlines. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.</ref> Wong Rum lan Byzantin nyebut kutha kuwi ''Amida''. Istilah liyané ing jaman tengahan kanggo istilah ''Amit'' ditemokaké ing dhokumèn resmi saka Kakaisaran Trebizond ing 1358.<ref>Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. ; "Trabzon Imparatorlugu" 2016 ({{ISBN|978-605-4567-52-2}}) ; p.223</ref> Kanggoné wangsa Artukid lan Akkoyunlu istilah kasebut dikenal minangka "Black Amid" (''Kara Amid'') amarga wernané tèmbok kang peteng, déné ing ''Zafername'', utawa pidhato pamuji marang kamenangan militèr, istilah iku karan "Black Fortress" (''Kara Kale''). Ing Kitab Dede Korkut lan sawenèh karya Turki liyané istilah kasebut katulis minangka ''Kara Hamid''. Sawisé panelukan Arab ing abad ka-7, golonganing warga Bakr saka Arab manggon ing wewengkon iki, saéngga wewengkon kasebut dijuluki ''Diyar Bakar'' ("pamukimané golonganing warga Bakr", ing basa arab: ديار بكر ''Diyar Bakar'').<ref>Abdul- Rahman Mizouri [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324201623/http://www.lalishduhok.org/lalish/27/L%2027%20E/L%2027%20E.3.pdf Taj Al- Arifeen: Udday bin Musafir Al- Kurdy Al- Hakary Is not an Umayyad. Part Two]. College of Arts/ Dohuk University (2001)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jstw7Sxkp4gC&pg=PA621|title=Turkey|last=Verity Campbell|date=1 April 2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-556-7|pages=621–|access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> Ing taun 1937, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] nekani Diyarbekir. Sawise ngandhakaké rasa ranguné marang étimologi saka kutha kasebut, dhèwèké ngongkon supaya kutha kuwi salin jeneng dadi "Diyarbakır", kang tegesé "tanahing tembaga" ing [[basa Turki]] ditemokaké sumber daya alam [[tembaga]] ing sakupengé kutha kasebut.<ref>See [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r Üngör, Uğur] (2011), ''The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244. {{ISBN|0-19-960360-X}}.</ref> == Ulah raga == Klub [[bal-balan]] kang paling kondhang ya iku Amed SK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37908775|title=Turkish court acquits German footballer Naki in Kurdish case|date=8 November 2016|work=BBC}}</ref> Klub bal-balan wadon Amed SFK diundhakaké ing pungkasaning Liga Bal-balan Wanita Turki 2 taun 2016-2017 dadi Liga Bal-balan Wanita Turki 1.<ref name="m1"/> == Ékonomi == Diyarbakır iku mujudaké papan budidaya gandum lan [[wijèn]]. Wong-wong bakal nyimpen gandumé ing gudhang, lan bakal ditutupi nganggo damèn karo pang saka wit ''Glycyrrhiza glabra''. Kanthi cara mangkéné, gandum bisa disimpen nganti 10 taun.<ref name="Prothero60">{{Cite book|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/60/|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1920|location=London|page=60|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-date=2019-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625213258/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/60/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing pungkasaning abad ka-19 lan kawitané abad ka-20, Diyarbakır bisa èkspor [[kismis]], kacang almond, lan apricot marang Éropah.<ref name="Prothero62">{{Cite book|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/62/|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1920|location=London|page=62|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-date=2020-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221060748/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/62/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wedhus Anggora uga diingu, saéngga ngasilaké wol lan mohair, banjur dièkspor saka Diyarbakır. Para sudagar uga bakal teka saka [[Mesir]], [[Istanbul]], lan [[Suriah]], saperlu tuku [[wedhus]] lan wedhus gèmbèl.<ref name="Prothero63">{{Cite book|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/63/|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1920|location=London|page=63|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512054242/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/63/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Madu]] uga dibudidaya ing wewengkon iki, nanging ora akèh dièkspor, nanging dipigunakaké déning wong lokal. Prodhuksi sutra uga akèh dilakokaké ana ing wewengkon iki.<ref name="Prothero64">{{Cite book|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/64/|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1920|location=London|page=64|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-date=2018-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210161746/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/64/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sadurungé Perang Donya I, Diyarbakır duwé siji indhustri [[tembaga]] kang aktif, kanthi enem tambang. Ana telung tambang kang aktif, rong tambang diduwèni wong lokal, lan tambang sijiné diduwèni pamaréntah Turki. Jinis tembaga kang paling utama nalika ditambang ya iku Tenorite kang ditambang dhéwé déning wong Kurdhi. Akèh-akèhé hasile dièkspor menyang Inggris. Ing wewengkon kuwi uga akèh prodhuksi [[wesi]], gypsum, [[batu bara]], [[kapur]], jeruk, jet, lan kwarsa, nanging mligi kanggo kabutuhan enggonan.<ref name="Prothero70">{{Cite book|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/70/|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1920|location=London|page=70|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-date=2016-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313093323/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/70/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Démografi == === Sajarah démografiné === Nalika lumebu abad ka-19, populasiné wong Kristen ing kutha iki akèh-akèhé dumadi saka wong Armenia lan wong Kristen Ortodok Suriah.<ref name="JV20">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LmnA75Dt8C&pg=PA20|title=Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915|last=Joost Jongerden|last2=Jelle Verheij|publisher=BRILL|year=2012|isbn=90-04-22518-8|page=20}}</ref> Wong Armenia ndunungi kutha iki wiwit abad ka-8, déné wong Suryani dianggep minangka katurunan saka wong Araméan. Uga ana bebrayan Yahudi cilik ing kono.<ref name="suryaniler.com">[http://www.suryaniler.com/forum.asp?fislem=cevaplar&kategoriid=4&ustid=2512] Konu: Diyarbakır Tarihi ve Demografik Yapısı</ref> ; Jaman saiki Ana sawenèh désa Alevi Turkoman ing kutha lawasé Diyarbakır, nanging ana data spésifik kang ngrujuk marang bab iki.<ref>[http://www.alevinet.com/diyarbakir-alevi-turkmen-koyleri/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121051835/http://www.alevinet.com/diyarbakir-alevi-turkmen-koyleri/ |date=2016-11-21 }} Diyarbakır Alevi-Türkmen köyleri</ref> == Budaya == Jogèd rakyat nganggo iringan drum lan zurna (pipa) mujudaké salah sawijining pérangané lan pèngetan ing wewengkon iki. === Olah-olahan === Diyarbakır kondhang awit olah-olahan wedhusé kang akèh migunakaké bumbon crakèn kaya ta [[Mrica|mrica ireng]], sumac lan [[ketumbar]]; beras, bulgur lan mertega. Olah-olahan saka Diyarbakır kang paling kondhang jenengé Meftune kang digawé saka daging wedhus lan sayuran nganggo bawang lan sumac. Olah-olahan liyané ya iku Kaburga Dolması iga wedhus kang dipanggang, diisi sega, lan manéka warna bumbon crakèn. Diyarbakır uga kondhang awit saka budidaya semangka kang dièkspor ing jagat internasional. == Rujukan == {{reflist|30em|refs=<ref name="m1">{{cite news |url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/amed-sportif-faaliyetler-kadin-futbol-diyarbakir-yerelhaber-2012018/ |newspaper=[[Milliyet]] |title=Amed Sportif Faaliyetler Kadın Futbol Takımı Şampiyon Oldu |date=2017-05-01 |language=Turkish |accessdate=2017-06-18 }}</ref>}} [[Kategori:Turki]] gbbhh8cvuv33pvjp3m0p4z3sciqeijo 0 160669 1758444 1757210 2026-10-03T04:06:41Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film |name = Burlesque |image = Burlesque poster.jpg |alt = |caption = Poster film |director = [[Steve Antin|Steven Antin]] |producer = [[Donald De Line]] |writer = [[Susannah Grant]] {{small|(revision)}} |screenplay = Steven Antin<br />[[Diablo Cody]] |starring = [[Cher]]<br />[[Christina Aguilera]]<br />[[Eric Dane]]<br />[[Cam Gigandet]]<br />[[Julianne Hough]]<br />[[Alan Cumming]]<br />[[Peter Gallagher]]<br />[[Kristen Bell]]<br />[[Stanley Tucci]] |music = [[Linda Perry]]<br />[[Sia Furler]]<br />[[Samuel Dixon]]<br />Christina Aguilera<br />[[Diane Warren]]<br />[[Tricky Stewart|C. "Tricky" Stewart]]<br />[[Claude Kelly]] |cinematography = [[Bojan Bazelli]] |editing = Virginia Katz |studio = [[Donald De Line|De Line Pictures]] |distributor = [[Screen Gems]] |released = {{Film date|2010|11|24}} |runtime = 119 menit<!-- Theatrical duration: 118:50 --><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF272974 |title=Title << British Board of Film Classification |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|bbfc]] |accessdate=2010-11-24 |date=2010-11-24 |archive-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911174030/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF272974/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |country = {{USA}} |language = Inggris |budget = $55 juta<!--source production section--> |gross = $76.738.194<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=burlesque.htm |title=Burlesque (2010) |publisher= Amazon.com |work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2010-11-25 |date=2011-02-04}}</ref> }} '''''Burlesque''''' minangka film musikal kang diarahake dening [[Steven Antin]] lan dibintangi [[Christina Aguilera]] lan [[Cher]] . Film iki dirilis tanggal 24 November 2010 ing [[Amerika Utara]], lan menangaké Golden Globe Award ing taun 2010. Cher lan Aguilera melu nggawe soundtrack film. Aguilera nyumbang wolung lagu, déné Cher mung duwé loro. Album soundtrack kasebut dirilis ing AS ing 22 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/Video+Christina+Aguilera+Burlesque+number+track+from+movie/3777201/story.html Calgary Herald]{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diakses pada 2010-11-04.</ref> Lagu 'You Have not Seen The Last of Me' sung dening Cher menang Golden Globa Award kanggo kategori Original Original Song ing 2011. == Juru Paraga == * [[Christina Aguilera]] Minangka Alice Marilyn "Ali" Rose<ref>{{cite web |first=Sal |last=Morgan |url=http://www.novafm.com.au/Audio_Behind-the-scenes-of-Christina-Aguilera-s-Burlesque-movie_96541 |title=Behind the scenes of Christina Aguilera's Burlesque movie |publisher=Novafm.com |date=2010-03-05 |accessdate=2010-03-05 |archive-date=2010-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309114847/http://www.novafm.com.au/Audio_Behind-the-scenes-of-Christina-Aguilera-s-Burlesque-movie_96541 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Cher]] Minangka Tess * [[Eric Dane]] Minangka Marcus Gerber * [[Cam Gigandet]] Minangka Jack<!-- Where did the surname Miller come from? --> * [[Julianne Hough]] Minangka Georgia<ref>{{cite web |first=Joyce |last=Eng |title=Julianne Hough Grooves On With New Projects |url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Julianne-Hough-Grooves-1013110.aspx |work=[[Tv Guide]] |date=2009-12-14 |accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref> * [[Alan Cumming]] sebagai Alexis<ref>{{cite news|first=Justin|last=Kroll|title=Alan Cumming|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118010801.html|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2009-10-21|accessdate=2009-10-23}} {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Peter Gallagher]] Minangka Vincent "Vince" Scali<ref>{{cite web |first=Philip |last=Potempa |title=Peter Gallagher/ Hershey Felder ideal duo for Drury Lane Water Tower stage |url=http://nwitimes.com/entertainment/columnists/offbeat/article_2b49ed85-96b4-50fc-a896-695656f00886.html |publisher=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |date=2009-12-16 |accessdate=2010-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702032535/http://www.nwitimes.com/entertainment/columnists/offbeat/article_2b49ed85-96b4-50fc-a896-695656f00886.html |archive-date=2010-07-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Kristen Bell]] Minangka Nikki<ref>{{cite web |first=Borys |last=Kit |title=Kristen Bell cast in 'Burlesque' |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i731d7f0f9e7e4ab1d4d354dbf4f72b4d |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=2009-10-08 |accessdate=2009-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012034024/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i731d7f0f9e7e4ab1d4d354dbf4f72b4d |archivedate=2009-10-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Stanley Tucci]] Minangka Sean<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Fleming|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118009080.html|title=Stanley Tucci goes 'Burlesque'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2009-09-23|accessdate=2009-09-26}} {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Dianna Agron]] Minangka Natalie * [[Glynn Turman]] Minangka Harold Saint * [[David Walton (aktor)|David Walton]] Minangka Mark the DJ * [[Terrence J]] Minangka Dave * [[Chelsea Traille]] Minangka Coco * [[Tyne Stecklein]] Minangka Jessie * [[Tanee McCall]] Minangka Scarlett * [[Blair Redford]] Minangka James / Bumper Band Member == Bebungah == {{Anchor|Awards}} {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 2px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" ! colspan="5" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Awards |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" ! Tahun ! Penghargaan ! Kategori ! Penerima dan pengusul ! Hasil |- | rowspan="5"|2010 |[[NewNowNext Awards]] |Best Future Feature | |{{won}} |- |[[Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010]] |rowspan=3|Best Original Song |"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me"<br /><small>Written by Diane Warren, performed by Cher. |{{nom}} |- |[[Satellite Awards]] |"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me"<br /><small>Written by Diane Warren, performed by Cher. |{{won}} |- | [[Phoenix Film Critics Society|Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards]] | "You Haven't Seen the Last of Me"<br /><small>Written by Diane Warren, performed by Cher.</small> | {{won}} |- |[[St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2010]] |Best Music | |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="10"|2011 |[[Critics' Choice Awards]] |[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song|Best Song]] |"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me"<br /><small>Written by [[Diane Warren]], performed by [[Cher]]. |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[Golden Globe Awards]] |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]] | |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] |"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me"<br /><small>Written by Diane Warren, performed by Cher. |{{won}} |- |"Bound to You"<br /><small>Written by [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Samuel Dixon]], [[Sia Furler]], performed by [[Christina Aguilera]]. |{{nom}} |- |GALECA Dorian Awards<ref>http://film-book.com/dorian-awards-2010-winners-i-am-love-glee-easy-a/</ref> ||Campy <small>(Intentional or Not)</small> Film Of The Year | |{{won}} |- |[[Costume Designers Guild|Costume Designers Guild Awards]] ||[[Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Contemporary Costume Design for Film|Excellence In Contemporary Film]] |"Burlesque" <br /><small> [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]] |{{pending}} |- |[[GLAAD Media Awards]] ||Outstanding Film - Wide Release | |{{pending}} |- |[[Motion Picture Sound Editors|Golden Reel Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/article/inception-and-black-swan-lead-sound-editors-2011-nominations |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-11 |archive-date=2011-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125184223/http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/article/inception-and-black-swan-lead-sound-editors-2011-nominations |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Best Sound Editing: Music in a Musical Feature | |{{pending}} |- |[[Golden Raspberry Award|Razzie Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://razzies.com/history/2010-worst-supporting-actress.asp |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-11 |archive-date=2011-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127030846/http://razzies.com/history/2010-worst-supporting-actress.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ||[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress|Worst Supporting Actress]] |[[Cher]] |{{pending}} |- ||Inoca Awards<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.awardsdailyforums.com/showthread.php?t=25519 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-11 |archive-date=2011-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221223255/http://awardsdailyforums.com/showthread.php?t=25519 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ||Best Original Song |"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me"<br /><small>Written by Diane Warren, performed by Cher. |{{pending}} |} == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pranala njaba == * {{Official website|www.burlesque-movie.com/}} * {{IMDb title|1126591|Burlesque}} * {{Allmovie title|488265|Burlesque}} * {{mojo title|burlesque|Burlesque}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|burlesque|Burlesque}} {{film-stub|Amerika Serikat}} 5t20us4j31ycfu8jxsatdxyden72mzq 0 161592 1758450 1689264 2026-10-03T05:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=Clash of the Titans|image=Clashofthetitansremakeposter1.jpg|image_size=|caption=Theatrical poster|director=[[Louis Leterrier]]|producer=Basil Iwanyk<br />Kevin De La Noy<br />[[Richard D. Zanuck]]|writer=[[Lawrence Kasdan]]<br />[[Travis Beacham]]<br />Phil Hay<br />Matt Manfredi|narrator=|starring=[[Sam Worthington]]<br />[[Mads Mikkelsen]]<br />[[Alexa Davalos]]<br />[[Danny Huston]]<br />[[Gemma Arterton]]<br />[[Pete Postelthwaite]]<br />[[Ralph Fiennes]]<br />[[Liam Neeson]]|music=[[Ramin Djawadi]]|cinematography=Peter Menzies Jr.|editing=Vincent Tabaillon<br />David Freeman|studio=[[Legendary Pictures]]<br />Thunder Road Film<br />[[Richard D. Zanuck|The Zanuck Company]]|distributor=[[Warner Bros.]]|released={{start date|2010|04|02}}|runtime=106 minutes|country=United States <br /> United Kingdom|language=English|budget=$122–$125 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/04/clash-titans-last-song-why-did-i-get-married-too.html|title=Movie Projector: 3-D 'Clash' will be a titan this weekend|author=Zeitchik, Steve|author2=Horn, John|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|date=April 1, 2010|accessdate=April 2, 2010|quote=The new Warner Bros. and Legendary action-adventure story, a $122-million remake of the 1981 film[...]}}</ref><ref name="mojo"/>|gross=$229,668,000<ref name="mojo">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=clashofthetitans10.htm|title=Clash of the Titans (2010)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]]|accessdate=April 11, 2010}}</ref>|preceded_by=|followed_by=}} '''''Clash of the Titans''''' nggih punika [[filem]] [[Inggris]] taun 2010 ingkang sadèrèngipun naté dipundamel ing taun 1981 kanthi sesirah ingkang sami, Filem punika nyariyosaken babagan [[mitologi Yunani]] kanthi [[Perseus]] minangka tokoh utaminipun. ''Clash of the Titans'' dipunarahaken déning [[Louis Leterrier]]. Ingkang sami nindakaken minangka juru damel nggih punika Basil Iwayk, sesarengan Kevin De La Noy lan RIchard D. Zanuck. Skénario kagem filem punika kaanggit déning Lawrence Kasdan, Travis Beacham, Phil Hay, lan Matt Manfredi. Tanggel jawab musik kapasrahaken dhumateng Ramin Djawadi. Sinematografi dipuncakaken déning Peter Menzies Jr. Wondéné juru besut kalampahaken Vincent Tabaillon lan David Freeman. Juru paraga ingkang kadhapuk sami maragani filem punika antawisipun [[Sam Worthington]] minangka paraga utama.<ref> http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0800320/fullcredits </ref> Filem punika dipunbabar ing surya 2 April 2010. Dumugi pungkasanipun pangeduman, filem punika kasil ngempalaken arta dumugi $122 - 125 yuta<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chip.co.id/articles/gamesentertain/2010/04/06/clash-of-the-titans-pembalasan-dendam-perseus-kepada-dewa/#Scene_1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=2015-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121165343/http://chip.co.id/articles/gamesentertain/2010/04/06/clash-of-the-titans-pembalasan-dendam-perseus-kepada-dewa/#Scene_1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> http://www.21cineplex.com/clash-of-the-titans,movie,2257.htm </ref> = Pemain = * [[Sam Worthington]] minangka [[Perseus]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.id.finroll.com/review/25962-clash-of-the-titans-petualangan-melawan-takdir.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=2010-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418181243/http://entertainment.id.finroll.com/review/25962-clash-of-the-titans-petualangan-melawan-takdir.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Liam Neeson]] minangka [[Zeus]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.id.finroll.com/review/25962-clash-of-the-titans-petualangan-melawan-takdir.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=2010-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418181243/http://entertainment.id.finroll.com/review/25962-clash-of-the-titans-petualangan-melawan-takdir.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Ralph Fiennes]] minangka [[Hades]] * [[Gemma Arterton]] minangka [[Io]]<ref>http://ekstra.kompasiana.com/group/resensi/2010/04/02/clash-of-the-titans/{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Alexa Davalos]] minangka [[Andromeda]] * [[Mads Mikkelsen]] minangka Draco * [[Danny Huston]] minangka [[Poseidon]] * [[Pete Postelthwaite]] minangka Spyros * [[Natalia Vodianova]] minangka [[Medusa]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == ; Official * {{resmi|http://www.clash-of-the-titans.com}} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20191211122939/https://screamovies.co.cc/ ScreaMovies - Clash of The Titans] ; Database * {{amg movie|427095|Clash of the Titans}} * {{mojo title|clashofthetitans10|Clash of the Titans}} * {{imdb title|0800320|Clash of the Titans}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|clash_of_the_titans_2010|Clash of the Titans}} [[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat tahun 2010]] [[Kategori:Film daur ulang]] sj6jzz3g4s4v33gsh4w3iz8ufxp3fws 0 164678 1758434 1703369 2026-10-02T22:02:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Mapel Abang/ Acer rubrum | image = 2014-10-30 11 09 40 Red Maple during autumn on Lower Ferry Road in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG | status = G5 | status_system = TNC | status_ref = <ref name=natureserve>{{Cite web | last = NatureServe | title = ''Acer rubrum'' | work = NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1. | date = | location = Arlington, Virginia | year = 2006 | url = http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Acer+rubrum+ | postscript = <!--None--> | access-date = 2020-04-21 | archive-date = 2009-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090520002134/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Acer+rubrum+ | url-status = dead }}</ref> | status2 = LC | status2_system = IUCN3.1 | status2_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/103451747/0|title=''Acer rubrum'' |accessdate=22 June 2020}}</ref> | genus = Acer | parent = Acer sect. Rubra | species = rubrum | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 | range_map = Acer rubrum range map.png | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList |id=kew-2616329 |taxon=Acer rubrum |authority=L.}}</ref> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |''Acer carolinianum'' <small>Walter</small> |''Acer coccineum'' <small>F.Michx.</small> |''Acer drummondii'' <small>Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.</small> |''Acer fulgens'' <small>Dippel</small> |''Acer glaucum'' <small>Marshall</small> |''Acer glaucum'' <small>K.Koch</small> |''Acer hypoleucum'' <small>K.Koch 1869 not Hayata 1913</small> |''Acer microphyllum'' <small>Pax 1886 not Opiz 1824</small> |''Acer sanguineum'' <small>Spach</small> |''Acer semiorbiculatum'' <small>Pax</small> |''Acer splendens'' <small>Dippel</small> |''Acer wagneri'' <small>Wesm.</small> |''Rufacer carolinianum'' <small>(Walter) Small</small> |''Rufacer drummondii'' <small>(Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Small</small> |''Rufacer rubrum'' <small>(L.) Small</small> }} }} Rubrum Acer, maple abang, uga dikenal minangka rawa, banyu utawa maple alus, minangka sawijining wit deciduous wétan lan tengah [[Amérikah Lor|Amérika Lor]]. A.S. Layanan alas AS nganggep minangka wit asli kang paling akèh ing Amèrika Lor. Mapel abang ing sisih kidul wètan Manitoba ing panggenan ''Lake of the Woods'' ing tapel wates karo Ontario lan [[Minnesota]], ing wétan menyang Newfoundland, sisih kidul ing [[Florida]], lan sisih kidul-kulon tekan sisih wètan [[Texas]]. Akèh prantiné, utamané godhongé, beda-beda bentuk. Nalika diwasa, asring tekan dhuwur kira-kira 30&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft). Kembang, petioles, ranting, lan wiji-wiji kabèh kalebu werna-werna. Nanging ing antarané fitur kasebut, luwih dikenal amarga godhong-godhongan abang ing musim gugur. Swara paling akèh, maple abang bisa dicocogaké karo kahanan situs kang amba, bisa uga kalebu wit liya ing sisih Lor Amérika Lor. Bisa ditemokaké ing tlatah rawa, ing lemah kang kurang garing, lan mèh ana ing endi waé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/ten-most-common-trees-united-states-3971258|title=Ten Most Common Trees in the United States|last=Nix|first=Steve|date=2019-06-25|website=ThoughtCo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927045835/https://www.thoughtco.com/ten-most-common-trees-united-states-3971258|archive-date=2020-09-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> Tanduran apik ing papan panggenan saka sagara nganti udakara 900&nbsp;m (3,000&nbsp;ft). Amarga godhong-godhongan musim gugur kang apik, asring digunakaké minangka wit naungan kanggo sesawangan. Iki digunakaké kanthi komèrsial ing skala cilik kanggo prodhuksi sirup mapel uga kanggo kayu kanggo mèdhium kwalitas kang apik. Iki uga minangka wit negara ing Pulau Rhode. Ing mapel abang bisa dianggep ganas utawa malah invasif ing alas kang enom, kaganggu, utamané alas kang dipasang. Mapel abang dianggep dèning pirang-pirang Hama, lan akèh. Precaya yèn njupuk alas lan pindhah wit-witan asli liyané, Kaya ta mapel gula, nanging iki mung bener nalika enom alas kang ana gangguan [[manungsa]]. Wutah kayu kang diwasa utawa tuwa, mapel abang mung duwé kebatinan, déné wit toleran kaya ta mapel gula, beeches, lan hemlocks berkembang. Kanthi ngilangi mapel abang saka alas enom kang pulih saka gangguan, siklus alami regenerasi alas iki diowahi, ngganti bhinéka alas nganti pirang-pirang abad kang bakal teka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nativetreesociety.org/|title=Index_ENTS_Main|website=www.nativetreesociety.org|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721153618/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dèskripsi == Sanajan A. rubrum biasané gampang dingerteni, owah-owahan banget ing karakteristik morfologis. Iki minangka wit ukuran mèdium, tekan dhuwur saka 27 nganti 38 meter (90 nganti 120 kaki) lan ora biasa luwih saka 41 meter (135 kaki) ing sisih kidul Appalachia ing endi kahanan milih luwih gedhé. Godhong biasané 9 nganti 11 sentimeter (3 1⁄2 nganti 4 1⁄4 ing) dawa ing wit kang wis kebak. Diamèteripun batang biasané ana ing antarané 46 nganti 88&nbsp;cm (18 nganti 35 ing); Nanging gumantung karo kahanan mundhak, wit kang wis thukul bisa tekan diameter nganti 153 sentimeter (60&nbsp;in). Payon kasebut bakal tetep bebas cabang nganti sawetara wit ing wit-witan kang tuwuh, déné wong kang lagi thukul ing omah luwih cendhek lan luwih kandel kanthi makutha kang luwih bunder. Wit-witan ing situs kang mlarat asring dadi cacad lan ora apik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=Acer rubrum Fact Sheet|last=John R|first=Seiler|date=|work=|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> Umumé makutha ora ana ovoid kanthi pucuk sudhut mlengkung kaya pucuk. Kulit kasebut awarna abu-abu lancip nalika individu kasebut isih enom. Nalika wit tuwuh kulit kulit dadi luwih peteng lan retak dadi piring sing rada dawa. Maple abang sing paling misuwur yaiku dumunung ing cedhak Armada, [[Michigan]], kanthi dhuwur 38.1&nbsp;m (125&nbsp;ft) lan kurungan bole, ing dhuwur payudara, 4,95 m (16&nbsp;ft 3 in).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5355142|title=A field guide to the trees of Britain and northern Europe|last=Mitchell, Alan F.|date=1978|publisher=Collins|isbn=0-00-219213-6|edition=2nd ed|location=London|oclc=5355142}}</ref> == Distribusi == Acer rubrum minangka wit kang paling akèh lan kasebar ing Amérika Lor sisih wétan. Bisa ditemokaké saka sisih kidul Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick lan Quebec sisih kidul uga kulon Ontario, sisih lor Minnesota; Missouri, wétan [[Oklahoma]], lan sisih wétan [[Texas]] bagèan kulon; lan sisih wétan menyang Florida. Ing sisih Lor Pantai Atlantik Amérika sisih wit-witan kang ana ing Florida. Gunggungé udakara 2.600&nbsp;km (1,600&nbsp;mi) saka sisih lor nganti kidul. Acer rubrum ora ana ing Semenanjung Prairie ing sisih lor Midwest. Pinggir kulon mapel abang mandheg ing Telaga Agung kang kahanané lagi garing banget. Ora anané mapel abang saka Semenanjung Prairie amarga toleransi wit sembarang kangg kurang apik. Mapel abang umumé akèh ing sisih lor-Wetan AS, Peninsula lan Michigan yèn ing sisih kulon AS tenggara, rada langka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/acer/rubrum.htm|title=Acer rubrum L|website=srs.fs.usda.gov|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602200233/https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/acer/rubrum.htm|archive-date=2020-06-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing sawetara lokasi liyané, wit ora ana ing papan kang akèh nanging isih ana ing sawetara habitat spesifik. Conto ya iku wilayah Bluegrass ing Kentucky, ing endi mapel abang ora ditemokaké ing papan kang akèh bulak, nanging yèn saiki ning papan kang akèh banyuné ya bisa.<ref>Campbell, J (1985). "The Land of Cane and Clover". University of Kentucky: 25.</ref> Ing ngisor mapel abang ora ana ing alas ngisor ing pinggiran Gandum, sanajan kasunyatané umum ana ing pakulinan lan asosiasi spèsies ing sisih lor lan kidul wilayah kasebut. Ing sisih lor-Wétan AS, mapel bisa dadi spèsies alas klimaks ing lokasi-lokasi tartamtu, nanging pungkasané bakal menèhi gambaran mapel gula.<ref name=":1" /> == Potènsi alèrgi == Potènsi alergèn saka mapel abang bèda-bèda gumantung karo kultivar. Kultivar ing ngisor iki pancèn lanang lan akèh alergenik, kanthi peringkat alèrgi OPALS, urutané mangkéné.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883207189|title=The allergy-fighting garden : stop asthma and allergies with smart landscaping|last=Ogren, Thomas Leo.|isbn=978-1-60774-491-7|edition=First edition|location=Berkeley|oclc=883207189}}</ref> * ''<nowiki/>'Autumn Flame' ('Flame')'' * ''<nowiki/>'Autumn Spire''' * ''<nowiki/>'Columnare' ('Pyramidale')'' * ''<nowiki/>'Firedance' ('Landsburg')'' * ''<nowiki/>'Karpick''' * ''<nowiki/>'Northwood''' * ''<nowiki/>'October Brilliance''' * ''<nowiki/>'Sun Valley''' * ''<nowiki/>'Tiliford'' Kultivar ing ngisor iki duwé daya alèrgi skala OPALS kurang saka telu. Padha-padha dadi wit wadon, lan nduwèni potènsi kang kurang nyebabaké alergèn.<ref name=":0" /> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Kamulyan Autumn'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Bowhall'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Davey Red'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Doric'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Ember'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Festival'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Kamulyan Oktober'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Kulit Merah'''</u> * <u>''<nowiki/>'Red Sunset' ('Franksred'''</u>) == Ekologi == Umur maksimal abang maple yaiku 150 taun, nanging paling ora urip kurang saka 100 taun. Wit lancip kasebut gampang rusak saka es lan badai, kèwan, lan nalika digunakaké ing landskap, disabetaké lebu mabur saka tukang kebon pekarangan, supaya jamur bisa nembus lan nyebabaké rot jantung. habitat umumé amarga kemampuane ngasilake oyod sing cocog karo sawijining situs wiwit umure isih enom. Ing lokasi udan, tunas maple abang ngasilaké taproots cekak kanthi akar lateral sing dawa lan apik; nalika ing situs garing, dheweke ngembang ''taproots'' dawa kanthi lateral luwih cendhek. Akar utamané horisontal, nanging mbentuk ing ndhuwur 25&nbsp;cm (9.8 ing) lemah. Wit diwasa duwé oyod sing garing nganti 25&nbsp;m (82&nbsp;ft). Dhèwéké ora sabar banget amarga ana banjir, kanthi siji panalitèn nuduhaké yèn banjir 60 dina ora nyebabaké kerusakan godhong. Ing wektu kang padha, padha sabar mandheg amarga kahanan garing kanggo mandheg ing kahanan garing kanthi ngasilaké siram tuwuh kaping pindho nalika kahanan mundhak, sanajan tuwuh mandheg 2 minggu.<ref>Walters, R. S.; Yawney, H. W. (1990). "''Acer rubrum''". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). ''Hardwoods''. ''Silvics of North America''. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).</ref> wit-witan iku duwé khas dhèwé-dhèwé. Wit-witan kang tuwuh ing lorida biasané bakal mati amarga rusak kadhemen yèn pindhah menyang sisih lor, umpamané menyang Kanada, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire lan New York, == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Spesies]] 7v8hy5npqsdxhdpnel0k4w4i8bvfggc 0 170317 1758456 1530149 2026-10-03T07:48:38Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Twisted doughnut|served=|similar_dish=|glycemic_index=|carbohydrate=|fat=|protein=|calories=|serving_size=|variations=|minor_ingredient=|main_ingredient=|course=[[Snack]]|image=Shakoy doughnut.jpg|type=[[Doughnut]]|maxtime=|mintime=|year=|creator=|national_cuisine=[[Korean cuisine]], [[Filipino cuisine]]|region=|country=[[Korea]], [[Philippines]]|alternate_name=|caption=Filipino ''shakoy''|other=}} '''Donat untir''' yaiku donat utawa roti kang digawé saka glepung gandum utawa ketan, [[glepung beras]], lan digoreng jero<ref name="KELD">{{Cite web|url=https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?nation=eng&ParaWordNo=17537|title=Kkwabaegi|website=[[Korean-English Learners' Dictionary]]|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]]|script-title=ko:꽈배기|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> Ing Korea, dheweke ditepungi minangka ''kkwabaegi'' ( {{Lang|ko|꽈배기}} ),<ref name="Kaiserman">{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbrowmagazine.com/6006-brief-history-doughnut|title=A Brief History of the Doughnut|last=Kaiserman|first=Beth|date=24 September 2016|work=[[Highbrow (magazine)|Highbrow]]|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> lan ing Filipina, minangka ''shakoy'' lan ''pilipit'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazettetimes.com/business/flavor-fanatics-open-coffee-break-cafe/article_4f4cb1f0-272a-5432-abb1-8af34a323f32.html|title=Flavor fanatics open Coffee Break Cafe|date=1970-01-01|website=Corvallis Gazette Times|access-date=2017-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804151230/https://www.gazettetimes.com/business/flavor-fanatics-open-coffee-break-cafe/article_4f4cb1f0-272a-5432-abb1-8af34a323f32.html|archive-date=2019-08-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Referensi == [[Kategori:Roti]] [[Kategori:Olah-olahan]] 17nx7jv8ha9ws4mreolhs7adhaflzgf 0 177034 1758436 1751395 2026-10-02T22:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Akhni|image=ꠝꠥꠞꠉꠧꠞ ꠀꠈꠘꠤ.jpg|caption=Chicken akhni|region=[[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]|course=Main dish|served=|main_ingredient={{plainlist| * Rice, * [[Indian spice]]s, * meat, * vegetables (such as carrots and potatoes), * [[Dahi (curd)|dahi]] }}|minor_ingredient={{plainlist| * Nuts, eggs }}|variations=|similar_dish=[[Biryani]], [[polao]]|other=}}'''Akhni''' (basa {{Lang-bn|আখনী}} ) minangka salah sawijining jinis olahan arupa sajian campuran campuran karo asale ing antarane umat Islam Bengali saka Sylhet lan Chittagong, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.somoynews.tv/pages/details/94100/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF|title=চট্টগ্রামের ঐতিহ্যবাহী গরুর আখনি বিরিয়ানি|last=Naznin, Afroza|language=bn|trans-title=Chittagong's traditional beef akhni biryani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130132902/https://www.somoynews.tv/pages/details/94100/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF|archive-date=2024-11-30|access-date=2021-03-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> ing [[Banggaladésa|Bangladesh sisih]] wetan. Iki asring dianggep minangka variasi tartamtu saka [[biryani]] utawa [[Pilaf|polao]] ; mula istilah ''akhni birani'' lan ''akhni fulao'' uga umum. Piring kasebut misuwur banget ing restoran ing saindenging [[Banggaladésa|Bangladesh]], <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/lifestyle/article1439626.bdnews|title=আখনি বিরিয়ানি|date=26 Dec 2017|work=[[Bdnews24.com]]|trans-title=Akhni Biriyani}}</ref> uga ing antarane diaspora ing saindenging jagad. Sajrone Ramadhan, [[Pananggalan Hijriyah|wulan Islam]] pasa, sajian kasebut populer dipangan ing [[Iftar|panganan Iftar]] ing seberang Sylhet. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2016/06/12/150507|title=সিলেটের ঐতিহ্য আখনি ও পাতলা খিচুড়ি|date=11 Jun 2016|website=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]]|language=bn|trans-title=Sylhet's tradition of akhni and soft kichuri|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118152459/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2016/06/12/150507|url-status=dead}}</ref> Piring kasebut minangka bahan baku ing Chittagong, sing diarani dikonsumsi saben minggu dening rata-rata Chittagonian. <ref name="ctg">{{Cite news|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/82047/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7|title=আখনি বিরিয়ানী একটু সময় সাপেক্ষ!|date=28 Feb 2016|work=[[Bangla Tribune]]|language=bn}}</ref> == Bahan-bahan == Iki digawe kanthi nyampur beras karo minyak goreng, rempah-rempah tradisional ( [[Jaé|jahe]], [[Bawang|bawang putih]], [[garam masala]], tejpata, [[Jinten putih|cumin]], [[Bawang bombay|bawang]], [[uyah]] ), [[Lenga samin|ghee]], [[daging]] ( [[pitik]], [[Pérangan daging sapi|daging sapi]], [[Wedhus domestik|wedhus]], [[Daging domba|wedhus]] ), woh-wohan lan sayuran ( [[Wortel jangan|wortel]], [[Kenthang|kentang]], [[Kapri|kacang polong]], plum), [[Lombok abang|mrica cabai]] lan [[Dahi|doi sing asem]] . Kadhangkala, kacang lan [[Endhog minangka panganan|endhog]] bisa uga ditambahake. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chatgaportal.com/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF/|title=চট্টগ্রামের বিখ্যাত আখনি বিরিয়ানি তৈরির রেসিপি|date=10 January 2020|work=Chatga Portal|trans-title=Chattogram's famous akhni biryani cooking recipe|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227192941/https://chatgaportal.com/%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%96%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%96%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Referensi == mg330uwvdvvi9zcn48eko9eu9llptvc 0 194107 1758451 1744941 2026-10-03T06:25:41Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = David Richard Boyd | honorific_suffix = | image = David-Richard-Boyd.jpg | alt = David Richard Boyd | caption = | order = | office = Palapur Mirunggan Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa babagan hak manungsa lan lingkungan | status = | term_start = 2018 | term_end = }} '''David Richard Boyd''' ya iku pokrul lingkungan, aktivis, lan diplomat kabangsan [[Kanadha]]. Dhèwèké kuwi [[Palapur Mirunggan Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Palapur Mirunggan]] [[Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] babagan hak manungsa lan lingkungan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=David R. Boyd, Special Rapporteur on human rights and the environment|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/DavidBoyd.aspx|url-status=live|website=ohchr.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207133959/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/DavidBoyd.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/environment-geneva/experts/david-richard-boyd/|title=David R. Boyd|website=Geneva Environment Network|language=en-US|access-date=2023-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104011254/https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/environment-geneva/experts/david-richard-boyd/|archive-date=2022-11-04|url-status=live}}</ref> == Aktivisme == Dhèwèké nyengkuyung [[Prajanjèn Escazú.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reuters|first=Thomson|title=Can a treaty stop Latin American activists being killed?|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210419055508-8u948/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=news.trust.org}}</ref> Dhèwèké nyengkuyung gugatan ukum Polusi Udara Jakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN expert supports lawsuit on Jakarta pollution|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2020/11/18/un-expert-supports-lawsuit-on-jakarta-pollution.html|access-date=2021-05-25|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Paddock|first=Richard C.|date=2021-05-19|title=Citizen Lawsuit Seeks Court’s Help in Battle for Clean Air in Jakarta|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/19/world/asia/indonesia-pollution-lawsuit.html|access-date=2021-05-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=Air pollution will lead to mass migration, say experts after landmark ruling|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/15/air-pollution-will-lead-to-mass-migration-say-experts-after-landmark-ruling|access-date=2021-05-25|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Dhèwèké njaluk tulung marang nagara-nagara supaya ngendheg infrastruktur [[areng watu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate crisis: States must stay the course on coal cuts - UN expert - World|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/climate-crisis-states-must-stay-course-coal-cuts-un-expert|access-date=2021-05-25|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> Dhèwèké uga panyengkuyung kampanye [[#1Planet1Right]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=BirdLife International|title=Interview with UN rapporteur Dr David Boyd: the power of human rights|url=https://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/interview-un-rapporteur-dr-david-boyd-power-human-rights|access-date=2021-05-25|website=BirdLife|language=en-us}}</ref> Dhèwèké nyengkuyung kecaman tumrap pepatiné [[Nacilio Macario]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-01|title=Nicaragua : Amidst ‘socio-political and human rights crisis’, independent expert condemns environmental defender’s death|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1083502|access-date=2021-05-25|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417153209/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1083502|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhèwèké iku kang ngirim lapuran bab kakurangan banyu marang [[UNHRC|Dhéwan Hak Asasi Manungsa PBB]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN expert: Water crisis is worsening, urgent response needed - World|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/un-expert-water-crisis-worsening-urgent-response-needed|access-date=2021-05-25|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human rights and the global water crisis: water pollution, water scarcity and water-related disasters – Report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/46/28) [EN/AR/RU/ZH] - World|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/human-rights-and-global-water-crisis-water-pollution-water-scarcity-and-water-related|access-date=2021-05-25|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hir.harvard.edu/human-rights-and-the-environment-interview-with-un-special-rapporteur-david-r-boyd/|title=Human Rights and the Environment: Interview with UN Special Rapporteur David R. Boyd|date=2021-09-07|website=Harvard International Review|access-date=2023-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512071545/https://hir.harvard.edu/human-rights-and-the-environment-interview-with-un-special-rapporteur-david-r-boyd/|archive-date=2023-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Pawiyatan == Dhèwèké lulus saka [[Universitas Alberta]], lan [[Universitas Toronto]]. Dhèwèké dirèktor éksèkutif [[Ecojustice Canada]].<ref name=":0" /> Dhèwèké mulang ing [[Universitas British Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Boyd {{!}} Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability|url=http://ires.ubc.ca/person/david-boyd/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=ires.ubc.ca|archive-date=2022-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123212538/https://ires.ubc.ca/person/david-boyd/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Karya == * [https://theconversation.com/why-all-human-rights-depend-on-a-healthy-environment-148689 ''Why all human rights depend on a healthy environment''], The Conversation, 27 Oktober 2020 *''The Rights of Nature'' (ECW Press, 2017), ISBN 9781770412392 * ''The Optimistic Environmentalist'' (ECW Press, 2015), ISBN 9781770907645 * ''Cleaner, Greener, Healthier: A Prescription for Stronger Canadian Environmental Laws and Policies'' (UBC Press, 2015) * ''The Environmental Rights Revolution: A Global Study of Constitutions, Human Rights, and the Environment'' (UBC Press, 2012). == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boyd, David}} [[Kategori:Pokrul Kanadha abad ka-21]] [[Kategori:Ukum lingkungan]] [[Kategori:Palapur mirunggan Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Taun lair ora ana (wong urip)]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Hak alam]] {{bio-stub}} 0n95qgctgcixf6wee96l35o4uwxpwjn 0 198566 1758432 1723517 2026-10-02T15:11:38Z Xqbot 3496 Mbenakaké rong pralihan nèng [[Kawruh petung]] 1758432 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Kawruh petung]] t0k9ac3tsasmyjnfyfgd5l0pxam6lna 0 199813 1758452 1743899 2026-10-03T06:49:24Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758452 wikitext text/x-wiki Teng ngandap niki dhaptar universitas ing Jakarta, kang wonten ing ngandape pembinaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia lan Perguruan Tinggi Swasta Keagamaan, kang di bina dening Kementerian Agama. Dhaptar iki mboten mlebetaken Perguruan Tinggi Kedinasan kang wonten ding ngandape binaan saben-saben kementerian utawa lembaga. == Universitas == # Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta (UNTAG), Jakarta Lor # Universitas Agung Podomoro, Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia (UAI), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Azzahra, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Bakrie (UB), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya (UBHARA JAYA), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Bina Nusantara (UBINUS), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Binawan, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Borobudur, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Budi Luhur (UBL), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Bunda Mulia (UBM), Jakarta Lor # Universitas Bung Karno (UBK), Jakarta Pusat # Universitas Darma Persada (UNSADA), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Darunnajah (UDN), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Dian Nusantara (UNDIRA), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Dirgantara Marsekal Suryadarma (UNSURYA), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Esa Unggul (UEU), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Ibnu Chaldun (UIC), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Indonesia Maju, Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Indraprasta PGRI (UNINDRA), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Insan Cita Indonesia (UICI), Jakarta Pusat # Universitas Islam Jakarta (UID), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Jakarta, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Jayabaya, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana (UKRIDA), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Media Nusantara Citra (MNCU), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Mercu Buana (UMB), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Mpu Tantular (UMT), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA (UHAMKA), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas MH Thamrin Jakarta (UMHT), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Indonesia (UNUSIA), Jakarta Pusat # Universitas Nasional (UNAS), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Nusa Mandiri, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Pancasila (UP), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Paramadina (UPM), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Persada Indonesia Yayasan Administrasi Indonesia (UPI Y.A.I), Jakarta Pusat # Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Prasetiya Mulya, Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Prof Dr Moestopo (Beragama) (UPDM), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Respati Indonesia (URINDO), Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Sahid (USAHID), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Saintek Muhammadiyah, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Sampoerna, Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia (USNI), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Satyagama (USG), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Siber Asia (UNSIA), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Surapati, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas Tama Jagakarsa (UTJ), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Tanri Abeng (TAU), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Tarumanagara (UNTAR), Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Teknologi Muhammadiyah Jakarta, (UTMJ), Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Trilogi, Jakarta Kidul # Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta Kulon # Universitas Wiraswasta Indonesia, Jakarta Wetan # Universitas YARSI, Jakarta Pusat # Universitas Telkom Jakarta, Jakarta Kulon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kk.sains.ac.id/17-universitas-di-jakarta-yang-bagus-dan-murah-biaya-kuliahnya|title=17 Universitas di Jakarta yang Bagus Dan Murah Biaya Kuliahnya - Kelas Karyawan S1 Universitas Sains Indonesia Bekasi|website=17 Universitas di Jakarta yang Bagus Dan Murah Biaya Kuliahnya - Kelas Karyawan S1 Universitas Sains Indonesia Bekasi|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-02-15}}</ref> == Institut == * Institut Bisnis dan Informatika Kosgoro 1957 * Institut Bisnis dan Informatika Indonesia * Institut Bisnis Nusantara * Institut Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Jakarta * Institut Ilmu Sosial dan Manajemen STIAMI * Institut Kalbis (KALBIS) * Institut Kesenian Jakarta (IKJ) * Institut Keuangan Perbankan dan Informatika Asia Perbanas (AFBI ''Institute'' Perbanas) * Institut Sains dan Teknologi Al-Kamal (ISTA) * Institut Sains dan Teknologi Nasional (ISTN) * Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis BRI (BRI ''Institute'') * Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Kalbe (ITBK) * Institut Teknologi Budi Utomo (ITBU) * Institut Teknologi Kartika Candra (ITKC) * Institut Transportasi dan Logistik Trisakti (ITL Trisakti) * Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences * ESMOD International Fashion Institutes & Universities * Italian Fashion School, Jakarta * Institut teknologi telkom jakarta Sekolah Tinggi * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Pariwisata dan Logistik Lentera Mondial (Lemondial Business School). * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Media Nusantara Citra * Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Media Nusantara Citra * Inti College Indonesia * Indonesia School of Technology & Business (ISTB) * Sekolah Tinggi Agama Buddha Dutavira * Sekolah Tinggi Agama Buddha Maha Prajna * Sekolah Tinggi Agama Buddha Nalanda * Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Acprilesma Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Bahasa Asing IEC * Sekolah Tinggi Bahasa Asing Indonesia LPI * Sekolah Tinggi Bahasa Asing LIA * Sekolah Tinggi Bahasa Asing Pertiwi Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara * Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Theologi * Sekolah Tinggi Hukum Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi dan Sekretari ASMI * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Kawula Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Yapann * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi YPIAMI * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum LPIHM-IBLM * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Istara Nusantara * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kesetiakawanan Sosial Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Medistra Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Mohammad Husni Thamrin * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Mitra Ria Husada * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Pamentas * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Saint Carolus * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komputer Cipta Karya Informatika * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sekretari TARAKANITA (d/h Aksek LPK Tarakanita) (STARKI) * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi Indonesia Maju * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi Inter Studi * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi LSPR * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi Profesi Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi YTKP * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen Kosgoro * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen LPMI * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Maritim AMI * Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pemerintahan Abdi Negara * Sekolah Tinggi Kedokteran YARSI Jakarta (sekarang Universitas YARSI) * Sekolah Tinggi Keuangan Niaga dan Negara Pembangunan * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Risiko Dan Asuransi (STIMRA) * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Asuransi Trisakti * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen dan Informatika Komputer Jayakarta * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen IMMI * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen IMNI * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Industri Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen IPMI * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Labora * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen PPM * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Prasetiya Mulya * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Transpor Trisakti * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Transportasi Malahayati * Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Yaksi * Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Sahid * Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Trisakti * Sekolah Tinggi Penerbangan Aviasi * Sekolah Tinggi Perpajakan Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Informatik Benarif Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Informasi NIIT I-Tech Jakarta * Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Jakarta * Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Jaya Mahadika * Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Sapta Taruna * Sekolah Tinggi Teknik-PLN * Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi 10 November * Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Indonesia * Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kelautan Hatawana * Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Jakarta * Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Sunsugos, Jakarta Utara * Sekolah Tinggi Theologi Jaffray Jakarta, Jakarta Wetan * STIAS Bunda Hati Kudus * STIE Abdul Latief * STIE Ahmad Dahlan Jakarta * STIE Bhakti Pembangunan * STIE Bisnis Indonesia * STIE Cakra Buana * STIE Dharma Bumiputera * STIE Dharma Wacana * STIE Dr Moechtar Talib * STIE Dwi Putra * STIE Dwipa Wacana * STIE Gandhi * STIE Ganesha * STIE Gotong Royong * STIE IBEK * STIE IGI * STIE Indonesia * STIE Indonesia Banking School * STIE International Business Management Indonesia * STIE IPWI * STIE ISM * STIE Jayakarta * STIE Jayakusuma * STIE Kampus Ungu * STIE Kasih Bangsa * STIE Keuangan dan Perbankan Indonesia * STIE Kusumanegara * STIE Maiji * STIE Moh Husni Thamrin * STIE Muhammadiyah Jakarta * STIE Mulia Persada Indonesia * STIE Olah Trampil Cendekia * STIE Pariwisata Internasional * STIE Pengembangan Bisnis dan Manajemen * STIE Sailendra * STIE Santa Ursula * STIE Setia Budi * STIE Supra * STIE Swadaya * STIE Taman Siswa * STIE Tri Dharma Widya * STIE Trianandra * STIE Triguna * STIE Trisakti * STIE Tunas Nusantara * STIE Tunas Patria * STIE UniSadhuGuna Business School (UBS) * STIE Widya Jayakarta * STIE Widya Persada * STIE Wira Bakti * STIE Wiyatamandala * STIE YAI * STIE YPBI * STISIP Dharma Paramita * STISIP Pusaka Nusantara * STISIP Widuri * STKIP Albana * STKIP Kusumanegara * STKIP Purnama * STKIP Suhuluh Bangsa * STMIK Bina Mulya * STMIK ESQ Business School * STMIK Indonesia * STMIK Indonesia School of Technology and Business (ISTB) * STMIK Jakarta Institute of Technology * STMIK Jakarta STI&K * STMIK Jayakarta * STMIK Jibes * STMIK Kuwera * STMIK Mahakarya * STMIK Meridian * STMIK Muhammad Husni Thamrin * STMIK Muhammadiyah Jakarta * STMIK Nusa Mandiri * STMIK Perbanas * STMIK Satyagama * STMIK SUPRA * STMIK Swadharma * STMIK Veritas * STMIK Widuri * STMIK Widya Nusantara * PTIQ Jakarta == Politeknik == * Politeknik Bisnis Indonesia * Politeknik Bisnis dan Pasar Modal * Politeknik Bunda Kandung * Politeknik Global Indonesia * Politeknik Karya Husada * Politeknik LP3I * Politeknik Manufaktur Astra * Politeknik Statistika STIS * Politeknik Swadharma * Politeknik Trisila Dharma * Politeknik Tugu Jakarta == Akademi == * Akademi Administrasi Keuangan Jakarta * Akademi Administrasi Kusuma Mandiri * Akademi Administrasi Pembangunan Indonesia * Akademi Akuntansi Artawiyata Indo-LPI * Akademi Akuntansi Bentara Indonesia * Akademi Akuntansi Borobudur * Akademi Akuntansi Jayabaya * Akademi Akuntansi Nasional * Akademi Akuntansi Paramita * Akademi Akuntansi Santa Ursula * Akademi Akuntansi Syafa'at Indonesia * Akademi Akuntansi YAI * Akademi Angutan Udara Niaga Trisakti (AAUN Trisakti) * Akademi Asuransi Indonesia * Akademi Bahasa Asing Borobudur * Akademi Bahasa Asing BSI * Akademi Bahasa Asing Kusuma Mandiri * Akademi Bahasa Asing Indonesia LPI * Akademi Bahasa Asing Nasional * Akademi Bahasa Asing Prawira Marta * Akademi Bahasa Asing Saint Mary * Akademi Bahasa Asing Santa Ursula * Akademi Bahasa Asing Widuri Widyasastra * Akademi Bank Indonesia * Akademi Bisnis Indonesia * Akademi Kebidanan Al-Fathonah * Akademi Kebidanan Bhakti Pertiwi Indonesia * Akademi Kebidanan Istara Nusantara * Akademi Kebidanan Kartika Mitra Husada * Akademi Kebidanan Keris Husada * Akademi Kabidanan Kartini Jakarta * Akademi Kebidanan Mitra Persahabatan * Akademi Kebidanan Pelita Persada * Akademi Kebidanan Prestasi Agung * Akademi Kebidanan Sismadi * Akademi Kebidanan Suluh Bangsa * Akademi Kebidanan Widyakarsa * Akademi Kebidanan Yaspen Tugu Ibu * Akademi Kebidanan YPDR * Akademi Keperawatan Keris Husada * Akademi Keperawatan Rumah Sakit DGI Cikini * Akademi Keperawatan Rumah Sakit Jakarta * Akademi Keperawatan Rumah Sakit Husada * Akademi Keperawatan Syafaat Indonesia * Akademi Keuangan Dan Perbankan Borobudur * Akademi Keuangan Dan Perbankan LPI * Akademi Keuangan Dan Perbankan Patrisia * Akademi Keuangan Dan Perbankan Yapenanta * Akademi Keuangan Dan Perbankan YPK * Akademi Kimia Analis Caraka Nusantara * Akademi Komunikasi Bina Ekatama * Akademi Komunikasi Bina Sarana Informatika * Akademi Komunikasi Media Radio Dan TV * Akademi Komunikasi The Next Academy * Akademi Litigasi Indonesia Triguna * Akademi Manajemen Indonesia (AMIK) * Akademi Manajemen Keuangan YP-IPPI * Akademi Manajemen Pemasaran Cavendish * Akademi Manajemen Perusahan Jayabaya * Akademi Manajemen YAPK * Akademi Manajemen YPPI * Akademi Maritim Djadajat * Akademi Maritim Nasional Jaya * Akademi Maritim Pembangunan * Akademi Pariwisata Bhakti Nusantara * Akademi Pariwisata Buana Wisata * Akademi Pariwisata Bunda Mulia * Akademi Pariwisata Gsp Internasional * Akademi Pariwisata Indonesia * Akademi Pariwisata Jakarta * Akademi Pariwisata Jakarta International Hotel * Akademi Pariwisata Krisanti Widya Mandiri * Akademi Pariwisata Matoa * Akademi Pariwisata Nasional * Akademi Pariwisata Nusantara Jaya * Akademi Pariwisata Paramitha * Akademi Pariwisata Patria Indonesia * Akademi Pariwisata Saint Mary * Akademi Pariwisata Pelita Harapan * Akademi Pariwisata Pertiwi * Akademi Pariwisata Tridaya Wisata * Akademi Pelayaran Niaga Indonesia * Akademi Perbankan Yuki * Akademi Pertamanan Interstudi * Akademi Sekretari Budi Luhur * Akademi Sekretari dan Manajemen BSI * Akademi Sekretari dan Manajemen Dharma Budhi Bhakti * Akademi Sekretari dan Manajemen Don Bosco * Akademi Sekretari dan Manajemen Pitaloka * Akademi Sekretari dan Manajemen Purnama * Akademi Sekretari dan Manajemen Saint Mary * Akademi Sekretari dan Manjemen Santa Ursula * Akademi Sekretari Interstudi * Akademi Sekretari Jayabaya * Akademi Sekretari Regina Contesorum * Akademi Sekretari Saint Theresia * Akademi Sekretaris ISWI * Akademi Sekretaris LPK Tarakanita * Akademi Seni Rupa dan Desain Iswi * Akademi Theologia Amanat Penuaian Terakhir * Akademi Teknik Desain Interior * Akademi Teknik Informatika Tunas Bangsa * Akademi Teknik Telekomunikasi Sandhy Putra Jakarta * Akademi Teknologi Grafika Indonesia * Akademi Teknologi Grafika Trisakti * Akademi Teknologi Komunikasi Dan Informatika * Akademi Telekomunikasi Indonesia Gemilang * Akademi Televisi Indonesia/ATVI Indosiar-SCTV * AMIK Andalan Jakarta * AMIK Bina Sarana Informatika * AMIK Gandhi * AMIK Interstudi * AMIK Jakarta Institut of Technology * AMIK Jayabaya * AMIK Laksi-31 * AMIK Mpu Tantular * AMIK YAPRI == Seminari == * Seminari Menengah Wacana Bhakti * Seminari Tinggi Santo Yohanes Paulus II * Sekolah Teologi Bethel Jakarta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://campus.quipper.com/directory|website=campus.quipper.com|access-date=2026-02-15}} {{Pranala mati|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Chatetan Suku == <references /> [[category:WikiMaèn]] [[category:WikiNgamprog]] [[category:WikiNgamprog Banjarnegara]] [[Kategori:Jakarta]] 7wfqrsa8jopsne8gl0c71aamc2bphih 0 200945 1758433 2026-10-02T16:00:29Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan 1758433 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Barbara March'' nqcg1m3rvkkboqqrkwkroim6ch1q7a5 1758440 1758433 2026-10-03T02:11:42Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Barbara March|]] 1758440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara March''' iku sawijining aktris Amérika Sarékat. pmr00ger4vjc0uphnxlvgn00w0b2d4d 1758441 1758440 2026-10-03T02:17:20Z Meursault2004 3 tambah sithik 1758441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara March''' (lair minangka Barbara Jean Maczka; 9 Oktober 1953 – 11 Agustus 2019) iku sawijining aktris Kanada. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé maragakaké karakter Star Trek Lursa, salah siji saka para saduluré Duras. Dhèwèké muncul minangka Lursa ing ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' ("Redemption" lan "Firstborn"), ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' ("Past Prologue"), lan ''[[Star Trek Generations]]''. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1953]] [[Kategori:Pati 2019]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] nstzu3xo8hinzjw0jb6maonzxoqu7z9 0 200946 1758442 2026-10-03T02:24:49Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Tiny Ron Taylor|]] 1758442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiny Ron Taylor''' (1947-2019) iku sawijining aktor lan juru main bal baskèt Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1947]] [[Kategori:Pati 2019]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] 917hx09vk6wy2q82upm4j0ayszhxm4y 1758448 1758442 2026-10-03T05:03:40Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiny Ron Taylor''' (1947-2019) iku sawijining aktor lan juru main bal baskèt Amérika Sarékat. ==Filmografi== == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1947]] [[Kategori:Pati 2019]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] s5cm7m7huwaupwc80js8q8ams1e3al5 1758449 1758448 2026-10-03T05:04:33Z Meursault2004 3 /* Filmografi */ 1758449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiny Ron Taylor''' (1947-2019) iku sawijining aktor lan juru main bal baskèt Amérika Sarékat. ==Filmografi== === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- | rowspan="2" |1988 |''[[Seven Hours to Judgment]]'' |Ira Martin | |- |''[[The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!]]'' |Al | |- |1989 |[[Road House (1989 film)|''Road House'']] |Mountain | |- | rowspan="2" |1991 |[[The Rocketeer (film)|''The Rocketeer'']] |Lothar / Good Old Boy | |- |''[[Camp Fear (film)|Camp Fear]]'' |The Druid |Direct-to-video film |- |1994 |''[[Ace Ventura: Pet Detective]]'' |Roc | |- |1996 |[[Last Man Standing (1996 film)|''Last Man Standing'']] |Jacko the Giant | |- |2001 |[[Double Down (film)|''Double Down'']] |Terry | |- |2004 |''[[Six: The Mark Unleashed]]'' |Eddie | |- |2006 |''[[Sasquatch Mountain]]'' |Sasquatch | |- |2007 |''Revamped'' |Giant Vladimus |Direct-to-video film |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Holyman Undercover'' |Tiny | |- |''Brother White'' |Tiny | |- |2013 |''[[The Book of Esther (film)|The Book of Esther]]'' |Nasir | |- |2015 |''Dancer and the Dame'' |Martin |Final film role; Direct-to-video film |} === Television === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |1982 |''[[Police Squad!]]'' |Al |4 episodes; uncredited |- | rowspan="2" |1989 |[[Coach (TV series)|''Coach'']] |Player |Episode: "Gambling for Meat" |- |''[[My Two Dads]]'' |Jeffrey |Episode: "The Courtship of Nicole's Fathers" |- | rowspan="2" |1990 |[[Life Goes On (TV series)|''Life Goes On'']] |Tall Man |Episode: "The Banquet Room Renovation" |- |[[Adam-12 (1990 TV series)|''The New Adam-12'']] |Tall Suspect |Episode: "Vigilante" |- |1993–1999 |''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' |Maihar'du |7 episodes |- |1994 |''[[Bakersfield P.D.]]'' |Indian |Episode: "There Goes the Neighborhood" |- |1995 |''[[Alien Nation: Body and Soul]]'' |Giant |Television film |- |1996 |''[[Alien Nation: The Enemy Within]]'' |Queen Mother |Television film |- |1998 |''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' |Alpha-Hirogen Idrin |2 episodes |- |2010–2014 |''[[Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule]]'' |God / Fake Dad |2 episodes |- |2016–2017 |''Hitting the Breaks'' |Tiny |3 episodes; Final role |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1947]] [[Kategori:Pati 2019]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] fm4kt06h7mcc70aht98ihdykbafkm5a