Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 3514 1758619 1732460 2026-10-08T22:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Among the Silent Trees.jpg|jmpl|ka|190px|''Gusti bisa ana, uga bisa ora. Nanging sing cetha, aku kudu urip kanthi pener sanajan ora ngerti wangsulan kang pungkasan.'']] '''Agnostisisme''' ([[Aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: ꦲꦒ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦠꦶꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦩꦼ; [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indhonésia]]: ''Agnostisisme'') ya iku sawijining aliran kapracayan. Aliran iki béda karo [[ateisme]]: wong atéis pracaya yèn Allah utawa Déwa iku ora ana, wondéné wong agnostik iku ora ngerti yèn Allah utawa Déwa iku ana utawa ora lan ora preduli. == Uga delengen == * [[Catur kawicaksanaan]] * [[Èksistènsialisme]] * [[Filsafat manungsa]] * [[Sangkané kauripan]] == Kapustakan == {{refbegin|1}} '''Buku''' * {{Cite book|last=Adib|first=Mohammad|date=2014|title=Filsafat Ilmu: Ontologi, Epistemologi, Aksiologi, dan Logika Ilmu Pengetahuan|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|isbn=978-602-8479-93-6|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Adib|2014}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Darwin|date=2015|title=Filsafat dan Cinta yang Menggebu|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=The Phinisi Press|isbn=978-602-7250-62-8|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Darwin|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Davies|date=2012|title=Membaca Pikiran Tuhan: Dasar-Dasar Ilmiah dalam Dunia yang Rasional|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|isbn=978-979-9483-87-4|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Davies|2012}}|first=Paul}} * {{Cite book|last=Fromm|first=Erich|year=2011|title=Manusia Menjadi Tuhan: Pergumulan Tuhan Sejarah dan Tuhan Alam|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Jalasutra|isbn=978-602-8252-70-6|page=|ref={{sfnref|Fromm|2011}}|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Nurcholish|first=Ahmad|year=2015|title=Agama Cinta: Menyelami Samudra Cinta Agama-Agama|location=Jakarta|publisher=Elex Media Komputindo|isbn=978-602-0265-30-8|page=|ref={{sfnref|Nurcholish|Dja'far|2015}}|url-status=|last2=Dja'far|first2=Alamsyah Muhammad}} * {{Cite book|last=Pals|first=Daniel L.|year=2011|title=Seven Theories of Religion: Tujuh Teori Agama Paling Komprehensif|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Ircisod|isbn=978-602-9789-08-9|page=|ref={{sfnref|Pals|2011}}|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Sujarwa|first=|year=2001|title=Manusia dan Fenomena Budaya: Menuju Perspektif Moralitas Agama|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|isbn=978-979-9075-69-7|page=|ref={{sfnref|Sujarwa|2001}}|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Sunardi|first=St.|date=2006|title=Nietzsche|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=LKIS Pelangi Aksara|isbn=978-979-8451-60-7|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Sunardi|2006}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sunardi|first=St.|date=2012|title=Vodka dan Birahi Seorang Nabi: Esai-Esai Seni dan Estetika|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Jalasutra|isbn=978-602-8252-73-7|pages=|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Vahanian|first=Gabriel|date=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/deathgodcultureo00vaha|title=The Death of God: The Culture of Our Post-Christian Era|location=Oregon|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-160-6089-84-2|pages=|url-status=}} '''Buku lawas''' * {{Cite book|last=Leahy|first=Louis|last2=|first2=|date=1984|title=Manusia, Sebuah Misteri: Sintesa Filosofis tentang Makhluk Paradoksal|location=Jakarta|publisher=Gramedia|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Leahy|1984}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Poepowardojo|first=Soerjanto|last2=Bertens|first2=K.|date=1983|title=Sekitar Manusia: Bunga Rampai tentang Filsafat Manusia|location=Jakarta|publisher=Gramedia|pages=|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Verhaar|first=John W.M.|date=1980|title=Filsafat yang Mengelak|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Kanisius|pages=|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Verhaar|first=John W.M.|date=1999|title=Filsafat yang Berkesudahan|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Kanisius|isbn=|pages=|url-status=}} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons category|Philosophy}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://www.republika.co.id/berita/ovukkb313/ruh-dalam-filsafat-dan-tasawuf-islam Roh ing Filsafat lan Tasawuf Islam]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230129213248/https://suluhpergerakan.org/sederhananya-belajar-filsafat-cinta/ Sinau Filsafat Tresna]. [[Kategori:Agnostisme]] [[Kategori:Filsafat]] [[Kategori:Filsafat èlmu]] [[Kategori:Cakrawardani Project]] ar3r6vsx91ybtsgh3vji2p6p7ahqome 0 4590 1758631 1726942 2026-10-08T23:27:49Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Apel | image = Apel.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Woh apel (''Malus domestica'') | regnum = [[Tetuwuhan|Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tetuwuhan ngembang|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Rosaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Maloideae]] | genus = ''[[Malus]]'' | species = '''''M. domestica''''' | binomial = ''Malus domestica'' | binomial_authority = [[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen|Borkh.]] }} [[Barkas:Tellissaare.JPG|jmpl|Apel]] '''Apel''' iku wohe bunder-bunder, [[kélir]] kulité ana sing [[ijo]] enom, [[abang]] (enom karo tuwa), ana uga sing [[campuran]].<ref name="internet1"/> Rasané [[legi]] ning ana uga sing radha [[kecut]].<ref name="internet1"/> Yèn wis dioceki dagingé arubah wujud keliré dadi radha [[soklat]], nanging tetep bisa dipangan.<ref name="internet1"/> Apel bisa di temoni ing ngendi waé ing [[Pulo]] [[Jawa]].<ref name="internet1"/> Woh iki bisa minangka gawé [[wédang]]an.<ref name="internet1"/> Apel kalebu [[tuwuhan]] taunan.<ref name="internet1"/> Apel asalé saka [[Asia Kulon]].<ref name="internet1"/> Apel akèh urip ing laladan kanthi [[iklim]] sub [[tropis]].<ref name="internet1"/> Ing [[Indonésia]] apel wis ditandur wiwit [[taun]] [[1934]] nganti saiki.<ref name="internet1"/> Saiki [[''variétas'']] apel saya dibudidayaké.<ref name="internet1">[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/apel.pdf Situs Ristek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627123523/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/apel.pdf |date=2011-06-27 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 27 April 2011)</ref> == Klasifikasi == * Divisio: Spermatophyta * Subdivisio: Angiospermae * Klas: Dicotyledonae * Ordo: Rosales * Famili: Rosaceae * Genus: Malus * Spesies: Malus sylvestris Mill Ana warna-warna variétas saka ''Malus sylvestris Mill'' iki.<ref name="internet2"/> Saben variétas duwé ciri utawa titikan dhéwé-dhéwé.<ref name="internet2"/> Tuladhané yaiku [[Rome Beauty]], [[Manalagi]], [[Anna]], [[''Princess Noble'']] lan [[Wangli]]/Lali jiwo.<ref name="internet2"/> Variétas iku kalebu variétas unggulan.<ref name="internet2">[http://www.trubus-online.com/trubus/ Trubus Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624104804/http://www.trubus-online.com/trubus/ |date=2011-06-24 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 27 April 2011)</ref> Apel sing kaloka ing [[Indonésia]] iku apel saking [[Malang]], jenengé [[apel manalagi]].<ref name="internet1"/> == Kena ing guna == Apel ngandhut [[vitamin]] C lan B.<ref name="internet3"/> Saliyané iku apel kerep dadi buah kanggo [[diét]] dadi buah substitusi [[sega]].<ref name="internet3">[http://www.vivanews.com/ Vivanews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205142600/https://vivanews.com/ |date=2023-02-05 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 27 April 2011)</ref> Apel bisa dimasak dadi [[puding]].<ref name="internet3"/> Saliyané iku apel uga bisa dirujak, digawé [[''pay'']], digawé [[jus]] lan dipangan kanggo [[buah]].<ref name="internet3"/> * Apel bisa kanggo nambah kekiyatan balung * Apel bisa kanggo nyegah sakit asma * Apel bisa kanggo nurunake kolesterol * Apel bisa kanggo ngontrol diabetes * Apel bisa kanggo nyegah sakit kanker * APel saged nurunake bobot awak == Habitat == Ing [[Indonésia]] apel bisa urip subur ing dhataran tinggi.<ref name="internet4"/> Séntra ''produksi'' apel yaiku ing [[Malang]] ([[Batu]] lan [[Poncokusumo]]) lan [[Pasuruan]] ([[Nongkojajar]]), [[Jawa Timur]].<ref name="internet4"/> Laladan liyané kang akèh ditanduri apel yaiku [[Kayumas]]-[[Situbondo]], [[Banyuwangi]], [[Jawa Tengah]] ([[Tawangmangu]]), [[Bali]] ([[Buleleng]] dan [[Tabanan]]), [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] lan [[Sulawesi Selatan]].<ref name="internet4"/> Sentra penanaman apel ing donya yaiku ing [[Éropah]], [[Amérika]], dan [[Australia]].<ref name="internet4">[http://nasional.kompas.com/ Kompas](dipunundhuh tanggal 27 April 2011)</ref> Tuwuhan apel mbutuhaké sinar srengéngé kang cukup kanggo urip subur yaiku anatarané 50-60% saben dinané, luwih-luwih yèn wayah [[ngembang]].<ref name="internet5"/> [[''Suhu'']] kang pas kanggo uripé apel yaiku 16-27 [[drajat]] C.<ref name="internet5">[http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/ Suara Merdeka](dipunundhuh tanggal 27 April 2011)</ref> Déné kalembaban udara kang dibutuhaké apel kanggo urip [[subur]] yaiku75-85%.<ref name="internet5"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Gladri == <gallery> Gambar:Red Delicious.jpg|apel merah Gambar:GreenApple.png|apel ijo Gambar:Golden delicious apple.jpg|apel kuning Gambar:Apples.jpg|apel Gambar:Dark apple.png|apel énak Gambar:Granny smith closeup.jpg|apel granny Gambar:McIntosh with sticker by Lars Zapf 2006-03-30 cropped.jpg|apel intosh Gambar:Malus-Ananasrenette.jpg|apel malus Gambar:Apple 03.jpg|woh apel Gambar:Lobo cultivar.jpg|apel ''Lobo cultivar'' Gambar:Sampion cultivar.jpg|apel ''Sampion cultivar'' Gambar:Assorted Red and Green Apples 2120px.jpg|Apel abang lan ijo Gambar:Yellow Transparent.jpg|apel kang wernane ijo transparan </gallery> == Pranala njaba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050719012051/http://www.allaboutapples.com/varieties/ Pirsanana daftar luwih saka 700 varietas apel]-ing AllAboutApples.com * [http://www.scintro.com Scintro fruit book]-Kabèh bab woh-wohan {{Woh-wohan}} [[Kategori:Apel| ]] qvw04ok0exi6x5g74ngo2e9tvqysy8l 0 17481 1758618 1750189 2026-10-08T17:46:29Z -Lemmy- 23684 1758618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football club infobox | clubname = Eintracht Frankfurt | image = | fullname = Eintracht Frankfurt | nickname = SGE, Die Adler | founded = [[1899]] | ground = [[Deutsche Bank Park]], [[Frankfurt am Main]] | capacity = 60.100 | chairman = [[Mathias Beck]] | manager = [[Adi Hütter]] | league = [[Bundesliga]] | season = 2025/26 | position = 8. | | pattern_la1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_b1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_ra1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_sh1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_so1 = _frankfurt2627hl | leftarm1 = 000000 | body1 = 000000 | rightarm1 = 000000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _frankfurt2627a | pattern_b2 = _frankfurt2627a | pattern_ra2 = _frankfurt2627a | pattern_sh2 = _arg26A | pattern_so2 = _adidasblackl | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_b3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_ra3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_sh3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_so3 = _frankfurt2627tl | leftarm3 = | body3 = | rightarm3 = | shorts3 = | socks3 = }} [[File:Commerzbank-Arena (Haupttribüne).JPG|250px|right|thumb|Deutsche Bank Park Kandhang Eintracht Frankfurt]] [[Gambar:Eintrachtadler.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Ultras Frankfurt]] '''Eintracht Frankfurt''', uga dikenal minangka ''SGE'' utawa sadurungé ''Die Adler'', yakuwi salah siji klub bal-balan utawa [[bal-balan]] [[Jerman]] sing main ing [[Bundesliga]] lan duwé markas ing kutha [[Frankfurt am Main]]. Didegaké ing [[8 Maret]] [[1899]]. == Prestasi == * '''[[Piala UEFA]]: 2''' ** 1979/80, 2021/22 * '''[[Liga Jerman]]: 1''' ** 1958/59 * '''[[Piala DFB]]: 5''' ** 1973/74; 1974/75; 1980/81; 1987/88; 2017/18 == Pratélan juru main 2026/27 == === Skuad utama === {{updated|8 Oktober 2026}}<ref>[https://en.eintracht.de/squad/ eintracht.de]{{Pranala mati|date=8 Oktober 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=GER|pos=GK|name=[[Noah Atubolu]]}} {{Fs player|no=2|nat=GER|pos=DF|name=[[Elias Baum]]}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=[[Lilian Brassier]]}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=GER|pos=DF|name=[[Robin Koch]]|other=Kapten}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=SUI|pos=DF|name=[[Otávio]]}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=DEN|pos=MF|name=[[Oscar Højlund]]}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=GER|pos=FW|name=[[Ansgar Knauff]]}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=ALG|pos=FW|name=[[Farès Chaïbi]]}} {{Fs player|no=9|nat=GER|pos=FW|name=[[Jonathan Burkardt]]}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=GER|pos=FW|name=[[Younes Ebnoutalib]]}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=[[Noël Aséko]]}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=JPN|pos=FW|name=[[Ritsu Doan]]}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=USA|pos=DF|name=[[Timothy Chandler]]}} {{Fs player|no=25|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=[[Raphael Onyedika]]}} {{Fs player|no=26|nat=JPN|pos=FW|name=[[Keita Kosugi]]}} {{fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=27|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=[[Mario Götze]]|other=wakil kapten}} {{Fs player|no=29|nat=MAR|pos=FW|name=[[Ayoube Amaimouni]]}} {{Fs player|no=31|nat=SWE|pos=MF|name=[[Love Arrhov]]}} {{Fs player|no=33|nat=GER|pos=GK|name=[[Jens Grahl]]}} {{Fs player|no=34|nat=GER|pos=DF|name=[[Nnamdi Collins]]}} {{Fs player|no=35|nat=DEN|pos=FW|name=[[Malik Pimpong]]}} {{Fs player|no=37|nat=GER|pos=DF|name=[[Jeremiaha Maluze]]}} {{Fs player|no=38|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=[[Ebu Bekir Is]]}} {{Fs player|no=39|nat=GER|pos=GK|name=Amil Šiljević}} {{Fs player|no=40|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Kauã Santos]]}} {{Fs player|no=42|nat=TUR|pos=MF|name=[[Can Uzun]]}} {{Fs player|no=44|nat=ECU|pos=DF|name=Davis Bautista}} {{Fs player|no=45|nat=GER|pos=MF|name=[[Marvin Dills]]}} {{Fs player|no=49|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=Derek Boakye Osei}} {{Fs player|no=50|nat=GER|pos=FW|name=Alessandro Gaul Souza}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=GER|pos=FW|name=[[Jessic Ngankam]]}} <!-- {{Fs player|no=|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Jean-Mattéo Bahoya]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=MLI|pos=DF|name=[[Fousseny Doumbia]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=GER|pos=FW|name=[[Noel Futkeu]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=SWE|pos=MF|name=[[Hugo Larsson]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=HUN|pos=MF|name=[[Krisztián Lisztes]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=[[Niels Nkounkou]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=GER|pos=FW|name=[[Alexander Staff]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=BEL|pos=DF|name=[[Arthur Theate]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Elye Wahi]]}} Joining in 2027-28 --> {{Fs end}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.eintracht.de Situs web resmi] * [http://www.sge4ever.de Situs Fans Eintracht] {{Bundesliga}} [[Kategori:Tim bal-balan Jerman]] [[Kategori:Jerman]] [[Kategori:Frankfurt am Main]] {{jerman-sb-stub}} 3ukgzsrljjcqfjsr7856f6pzczy3lv6 0 19990 1758635 1652789 2026-10-09T02:12:56Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kali Ireng''' utawa '''''Black River''''' iku sawijining [[Distrik lan dependensi Mauritius|distrik]] ing [[Mauritius]] pérangan kulon. Papan panggonan wigati kalebu [[Grojogan Tamarin]] lan ''[[Chamarel coloured Earth]]''. Kutha krajané ya iku [[Bambous]]. Kutha krajan sadurungé ya iku [[Tamarin, Mauritius|Tamarin]]. Distrik ''Black River'' iki minangka distrik kang nomer telu gedhé dhéwé ing tlatah Mauritius, nanging paling sithik sing ndunungi. Ing tlatah iki ndarbèni akèh [[alas tropis]] kang unik, kalebu kang tinemu ing [[Black River Gorge]]. Sajeroning mangsa anyep, wong-wong kéné padha ajag [[menjangan]] ing alas. Jeneng ''Black River'' dijupuk saka kanyatan yèn tlatah mau distrik kang paling garing ing Pulo Mauritius, amarga udané kang arang banget yèn dibandhingaké karo tlatah liyané. Bab iki malah didadèkaké kauntungan: Sawetara désa warigaluh diowahi dadi panggonan turis. Umpamané, Flic en Flac, Tamarin lan Le Morne. Tamarin iku panggonan siji-sijiné kang nduwé peluang kanggo ulah raga ''[[surfing]]'' sajeroning sasi Juli lan Agustus. [[Flic-en-Flac]] iku wujud pasisir paling dawa ing pulo iku lan uga kang paling éndah, mligi sesawangan rikala srengéngé angslup. [[Le Morne]] dadi misuwur amarga anané gunung kang wektu jaman kolonial didadèkaké panggonan ndhelik para batur tukon, lan uga panggonan nglalu yèn arep kacekel. Lagi diupayakaké déning panguwasa lokal supaya [[Le Morne]] bisa lumebu pratélan warisan cagar budaya donya, kaya kang wis kasil ya iku tlatah [[Aapravasi Ghat]]. Angin kang sumilir kanthi ''konstan'' ndadèkaké [[Le Morne]] misuwur dadi panggonan kanggo manjer [[layangan]] lan ulah raga surfing angin. == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.flic.en.flac.online.fr/Flic.en.flac.htm Flic en Flac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912190257/http://www.flic.en.flac.online.fr/Flic.en.flac.htm |date=2009-09-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090908060012/http://www.alphavilla.co.uk/mauritius.flic.en.flac.html The village of flic en flac] [[Image:Mauritius Terres des Couleurs.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chamarel coloured Earth]]]] {{clear}} {| width ="75%" border = 2 align="center" |----- | width ="35%" align="center" | | width ="30%" align="center" | '''Lor:''' ''[[Samodra Hindia]]'' | width ="35%" align="center" | '''Lor-wétan:''' [[Port Louis District|Port Louis]] |----- | width ="10%" align="center" | '''Kulon:''' ''[[Samodra Hindia]]'' | width ="35%" align="center" | '''Black River''' | width ="30%" align="center" | '''Wétan:''' [[Plaines Wilhems]] |----- | width ="35%" align="center" | | width ="30%" align="center" | '''Kidul:''' ''[[Samodra Hindia]]'' | width ="35%" align="center" | '''Kidul-wétan:''' [[Savanne]] |} {{MU Districts}} [[Kategori:Distrik ing Mauritius]] {{geo-stub}} thsjwknsrlp9b9zqcvyiqh7ef8b3rqp 0 21106 1758637 1641648 2026-10-09T03:53:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox CityIT | img_coa = Civitavecchia-Stemma.svg| official_name = Comune Civitavecchia| name = Civitavecchia| region = [[Latium|Lazio]] | provinsi = [[Provinsi Roma]] | elevation_m = 4 | area_total_km2 = 71| population_as_of = [[31 Dhésèmber]], [[2004]]| population_total = 50891| population_density_km2 = 667| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 | coordinates = {{coor dm|42|06|N|11|48|E}}| mapx=41.900| mapy=11.944| frazioni = Aurelia, La Scaglia | telephone = 0766| postalcode = 00053 | gentilic =Civitavecchiesi| saint =Saint Fermina| day = [[28 April]] | mayor =[http://www.moscherini.it Giovanni Moscherini]| website = [http://www.comunecivitavecchia.it www.comunecivitavecchia.it] | }}'''Civitavecchia''' iku siji kutha lan [[comune]] ing [[Provinsi Roma]] ing region [[Latium|Lazio]], [[Italia]] tengah. Minangka siji kutha plabuhan ing pantéSegara [[Tyrrhenian]], dumunung 80 kilomèter sisih kulon-lor-kulon [[Roma]], sebrang Kali Mignone. Jembar wewengkon 71&nbsp;km² lan sing ndunungi cacahé 50.891 jiwa. <!-- The harbor is formed by two moles and a breakwater, on which latter is a lighthouse. Civitavecchia means "ancient town". ==History== The modern city was built certainly over a pre-existing [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] settlement. The harbor was constructed by the Emperor [[Trajan]] at the beginning of the [[2nd century]]. The first occurrence of the name '''''Centum Cellae''''' is from a letter by [[Pliny the Younger]] (AD [[107]]). The origin of the name is disputed: it has been suggested that it could refer to the ''centum'' ("hundred") halls of the villa of the emperor. In the high [[Middle Ages]], ''Centumcellae'' was a Byzantine stronghold. Captured by the [[Saracen]]s in [[828]], it was later acquired by the [[Papal States]]. The place became a [[free port]] under [[Pope Innocent XII]] in [[1696]]. The main port of Rome in modern era, it was occupied by the French in [[1849]]. On [[April 16]], [[1859]] the [[Rome and Civitavecchia Rail Road]] was opened for service. The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general [[Bixio]] in [[1870]]. During [[World War II]], Civitavecchia was severely damaged by [[Allied]] bombings, that caused a lot of victims among the civilians. ==Economy== Civitavecchia is today a major cruise and ferry port, the main starting point for sea connection from central Italy to [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]], [[Tunis]] and [[Barcelona]]. [[Fishing]] has a secondary importance. The city is also the seat of two [[thermal power station]]s. The conversion of one of them to [[carbon]] has raised the population's protests, as it has been suggested it could create heavy pollution. [[Image:Terme Taurine Tepidarium.jpg|thumb|left|[[Caldarium]] in the Terme Taurine, Ficoncella]] ==Main sights== *The massive '''Forte Michelangelo''' ("[[Michelangelo]]'s fort") was first commissioned from [[Bramante]] by [[Pope Julius II]], to defend the port of Rome, and was completed in [[1535]] by [[Giuliano Leno]] and [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]], under [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]]. The upper part of the "maschio" tower, however, was designed by Michelangelo, whose name is generally applied to the fortress. The edifice, measuring 100 x 82 m, has four towers with a diameter of 21 m. The main tower, of octagonal shape, has sides of 12 m. The walls have an impressive thickness of 6-7.6 m. The fortress was built over an ancient Roman construction, probably the barracks of the ''classiarii'' ("mariners") of the Imperial Fleet. *The [[Rocca]] ("castle"), re-built in the late fifteenth century by [[Pope Sixtus V]]. A ''Palazzo Apostolico'' was added by [[Pius IV]] in the sixteenth century. *The cathedral of '''San Francesco d'Assisi''' was built by the [[Franciscan]]s over a pre-existing small church built from 1610. The current edifice, with [[Baroque]]-Neoclassical lines, was erected in the eighteenth century. *North of the city at Ficoncella are the [[Terme Taurine]] baths frequented by Romans and still popular with the Civitavecchiesi. The modern name stems from the [[fig]] plants among the various pools. --> == Kutha kembar == * [[Amelia]], [[Italia]] * [[Bethlehem]], [[Palestina]] * [[Ishinomaki]], [[Jepang]] * [[Nantong]], [[China]] * [[Tivat]], [[Montenegro]] == Uga delengen == * [[Civitavecchia di Arpino]] ana ing [[Provinsi Frosinone]] (Lazio). == Pranala njaba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915021113/http://www.portofrome.it/ Plabuhan Roma] * [http://www.civitavecchia.it/a-spasso/Il%20Forte%20Michelangelo.asp Gambar Fort Michelangelo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123120000/http://www.civitavecchia.it/a-spasso/Il%20Forte%20Michelangelo.asp |date=2008-01-23 }} * [http://www.webvisionitaly.com/category.php?id=277&ref_genre=&ref_item=318 Video Civitavecchia basa Inggris] {{Provinsi Roma}} {{Latium}} {{Italia}} [[Kategori:Kutha ing Lazio]] [[Kategori:Kutha ing Itali]] [[Kategori:Itali]] {{geo-stub}} kdmkmz5y26btyjrrlk1dkp8c889pcut 0 52856 1758640 1642317 2026-10-09T06:06:52Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg|thumb|260px|Embrio (lan siji [[berudu]]) ''Rana rugosa'', sajenis [[kodhok]].]] '''Embrio''' ([[basa Yunani]]: ''έμβρυον'') iku siji [[eukariota]] [[diploid]] [[multisel]] sajeroning tahap paling awal saka [[perkembangan biologi|perkembangan]]. Sajeroning organisme kang tangkar tumangkar kanthi [[seks]]ual, nalika siji [[sèl (biologi)|sèl]] [[sperma]] mbuahi [[ovum]], asilé iku siji sèl kang diarani [[zigot]] kang duwé kabèh [[DNA]] saka kaloro wong tuwané. Sajeroning tetuwuhan, kéwan, lan sapérangan [[protista]], zigot bakal wiwit nyigar kanthi [[mitosis]] kanggo ngasilaké organisme multiselular. Asil saka prosès iki diarani embrio. Ing [[sato kéwan|kéwan]], perkembangan zigot dadi embrio dumadi liwat tahapan kang ditepungi minangka [[blastula]], [[gastrula]], lan [[organogenesis]]. Ing [[tetuwuhan]], istilah embrio mung dinggo kanggo tetuwuhan cilik kang kadhapur sajeroning [[wiji]] kang ana sajeroning kaanan [[dormansi]], nunggu kondhisi lingkungan kang cocog kanggo [[pakecambahan|ngecambah]]. == Pirsani uga == * [[Embriogenesis]] * [[Embriologi]] * [[Fertilisasi in vitro]] * [[Plant embryogenesis]] * [[Embryo space colonization]] * [[Meteng]] {{start box}} {{succession box|title=[[Tahap perkembangan manungsa]] |before=[[Zigot]]|after=[[Janin]]|years=Embrio}} {{end box}} {{clear}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category|Embryology}} * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm Chart of human fetal development] * [http://raven.zoology.washington.edu/embryos/ A Comparative Embryology Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206140431/http://raven.zoology.washington.edu/embryos/ |date=2006-02-06 }} * [http://www.ivanbelchev.com/myembryo Development of the human embryo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725081837/http://www.visembryo.com/baby/index.html The Visible Embryo from fertilization to birth] * [http://www.hfea.gov.uk The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)] [[Kategori:Embriologi]] [[Kategori:Perkembangan biologi]] [[Kategori:Perkembangan psikologi]] [[he:עובר#התפתחות עובר האדם]] 820qjyydog91zxwd3mi3t8t9ipgi2lr 0 71317 1758615 1743853 2026-10-08T13:44:08Z ~2026-52880-22 74834 /* Cathetan suku */ 1758615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building |image =Masjid_Istiqlal_-_Panoramio.jpg |caption = Masjid Istiqlal |building_name =Masjid Istiqlal |location =[[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |religious_affiliation =[[Islam]] |website =http://www.masjidistiqlal.com |architect =[[Frederich Silaban]] |architecture_type =[[Masjid]] |architecture_style =Frederich Silaban |groundbreaking =[[24 Agustus]] [[1951]] |year_completed =[[22 Fèbruari]] [[1953]] |inauguration_date =[[22 Fèbruari]] [[1953]] |renovation_date =[[22 Fèbruari]] [[1953]] |construction_cost =7 triyun rupiah (USD 12 yuta) |capacity =120,000 |dome_quantity =2 |dome_height_outer = |dome_dia_outer =45 m |minaret_quantity =1 |minaret_height =90 m }} '''Masjid Istiqlal''' yaiku salah sawijining [[masjid]] kang dumunung ana ing [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="internet 1">"[http://wisatamelayu.com/id/object/589/343/masjid-istiqlal/&nav=geo Masjid Istiqlal, Kota Jakarta Pusat - DKI Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506172346/http://wisatamelayu.com/id/object/589/343/masjid-istiqlal/%26nav%3Dgeo |date=2011-05-06 }}", situs wéb Balai Kajian Dan Pengembangan Budaya Melayu, wisatamelayu.com (diundhuh tanggal 22 Maret 2011)</ref> Masjid iki diprakarsai Présidhèn [[Sukarno]].<ref name="internet 1"/> Masjid iki dirancang tanggal 24 Agustus 1951. [[Arsitek]] Masjid Istiqlal yaiku [[Frederich Silaban]]. Masjid Istiqlal iki minangka masjid kang gedhé dhéwé ing [[Indonésia]] lan [[Asia Kidul-wétan]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Jane | last = Perlez | title = Jakarta Journal; A TV Preacher to Satisfy the Taste for Islam Lite | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E4DB143CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63 | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = 2002-08-23 | accessdate = 2007-12-17}}</ref> Pernahé ana ing sisih wétan [[Monas]]. Tembung ''Istiqlal'' dijupuk saka [[basa Arab]], tegesé "Kamardikan". == Sejarah Lokasi == Lokasi masjid iki waune ano ing Taman Wilhelmina lan benteng abad ke-19, yaiku Benteng Prins Fredik.<ref name=":0" /> Ananging Mohammad Hatta, yakni Wakil Presiden Indonesia kala iku, nyaranaken Masjid Nasional dibangun ing cakete pemukiman penduduk ing dalan Thamrin. Nanging, Soekarno menegaskan bahwa masjid nasional iku kudu manggon ing sak cakete alun-alun penting negeri, caket Istana Merdeka.<ref name=":0" /> Akhire diputusaken bahwa masjid nasional ajeng dibangun teng area Taman Wijaya Kusuma ing ngajenge Gereja Katedral Jakarta. Kanggo wei dalan masjid, Benteng Prin Frederick sing dibangun ing taun 1837 iku di hancuraken.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-07|title=Masjid Istiqlal, Jakarta|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masjid_Istiqlal,_Jakarta&oldid=28787750|journal=Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas|language=id}}</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}}4. [https://jualkarpetmasjid.co.id Jual Karpet Masjid Jakarta]{{Masjid ing Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Masjid ing Indonésia|Istiqlal]] [[Kategori:Jakarta]] [[category:WikiMaèn]] [[category:WikiNgamprog]] [[category:WikiNgamprog Banjarnegara]] {{Stub}} jo1smz6h6ds5den30vp98cp94fe79f5 0 73697 1758621 1635006 2026-10-08T22:33:04Z Raippa-Valli 74810 1758621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pierre-Gilles crop.jpg|thumb|200px|Gilles de Gennes (2006)]] '''Gilles de Gennes''' ya iku penemu [[LCD]].<ref name="internet1">[Muchlisin Asti, Badiatul, dkk. 2009.''105 Tokoh dan Perintis Dunia''.Yogyakarta:Narasi Hal. 111]</ref> LCD ya iku singkatan saka ''Liquit Crystal Display''.<ref name="internet1"/> De Gennes lair ing [[Paris]], [[Prancis]] taun 1932.<ref name="internet1"/> De Gennes kuliyah ana ing sekolah ''[[École normale supérieure|École Normale Supérieure]]''.<ref name="internet1"/> Dhèwèké wiwitan nyambut gawé minangka ahli magnet lan nyebarake neutron.<ref name="internet1"/> Banjur dhèwèké ngalih ana ing perusahaa ''Supraconductor'', lan pungkasane nyambut gawé kang ana gegayutane karo ''liquit crystal'' nganti dhèwèké kasil anggoné nemu LCD.<ref name="internet1"/> ''Liquit Crystal Display'' ateges tampilan kristal encer.<ref name="internet1"/> LCD ini minangka campuran antarané barang encer lan padhet.<ref name="internet 2"/> Dhèwèké tau diwisudha minangka panampa Nobel [[Fisika]] nalika taun 1991.<ref name="internet 2">[Muchlisin Asti, Badiatul, dkk. 2009.''105 Tokoh dan Perintis Dunia''.Yogyakarta:Narasi Hal. 112]</ref> Wisudhan iki kanthi ora langsung ndadèkaké dhewekw dadi ''Isaac Newton'' ing abad iki.<ref name="internet 2"/> [[Présidhèn]] [[Nicolas Sarkozi]] nggambaraké De Gennes minangka ilmuwan kang paling apik dhéwé kang ana ing Prancis.<ref name="internet 2"/>[[Mahamantri]] ya iku [[Francois Fillon]] ugu nggunggung Gennes minangka pribadi kang gemi kang gelem mènèhi sumbangan kanggo majuning paneliten ing nagara mau.<ref name="internet 2"/> Nalika nindakaké konfrensi taun 2002, dhèwèké kandha manawa sawijining dina, kita bakal bisa nyipta sawijining montor mabur kang digawé saka lem dudu paku.<ref name="internet 2"/> Nanging perkarane ya iku dhèwèké durung tau ngerti kepiye carané lem mau bisa nemplek karo kang dilemi.<ref name="internet 2"/> Gilles de Gennes tinggal donya nalika dina Selasa, tanggal 22 Mèi 2007.<ref name="internet 2"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Penemu]] [[Kategori:Lair 1932]] [[Kategori:Pati 2007]] rls9z85j7nfavzaw3w3wbx43vjync7k 0 79344 1758646 1751259 2026-10-09T08:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ganti infobox}} {| border="1" bgcolor="#ffffff" cellpadding="5" align="right" width="305" style="margin-left:3px" !bgcolor=#e7dcc3 colspan=2|Vesuvius |- |align=center colspan=2|[[Gambar:Vesuvius from Pompeii.jpg|300px]]<br /><small>Vesuvius dipreksani saka [[kutha]] Pompeii</small> |- |bgcolor=#e7dcc3|[[Ketinggian]]:||1.281 m |- |bgcolor=#e7dcc3|Koordinat:|| [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=40_49_N_14_26_E_ 40°49′ LU 14°26′ BT]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |bgcolor=#e7dcc3|Lokasi:||[[Italia]] |- |bgcolor=#e7dcc3|[[Pratélan jinis gunung|Jinis]]:||[[Stratovolkano]] |- |bgcolor=#e7dcc3|Letusan terakhir:||[[1944]] |} '''Gunung Vesuvius''' ([[basa Italia]]: ''Monte Vesuvio'') ya iku siji-sijiné [[gunung geni]] aktif ing [[Éropah]] Daratan kang dumunung ing sisih wétan [[Napoli]], [[Italia]].<ref name="mcguire2003">{{cite news|first=Bill|last=McGuire|title=In the shadow of the volcano|date=16 October 2003|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|newspaper=guardian.co.uk|format=html|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2003/oct/16/research.highereducation2|accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref> Ing taun [[79]], bledhosan gunung iki ngremukake kutha [[Pompeii]].<ref name="mcguire2003"/> [[Pompeii]] ya iku sawijining [[kutha]] jaman [[Romawi kuna]] kang wis dadi remukan ing cedhaké kutha [[Napoli]] lan saiki ana ing wewengkon [[Campania]], [[Italia]]. Pompeii remuk déning bledhosan gunung Vesuvius nalika [[79 M]].<ref name="mcguire2003"/> Awu saka bledhosane gunung Vesuvius nyebabake kutha [[Pompeii]] iki ilang nanti suwéné 1.600 taun sadurungé tinemu manèh kanthi ora sengaja.<ref name="mcguire2003"/> Kawit iku kutha iki ana manèh lan mènèhi pemandngan kang luar biyasa ngenani panguripan sawijining kutha ing puncak kejayaan [[Kamaharajan Romawi]].<ref name="mcguire2003"/> Saiki kutha Pompeii minangka salah siji saka Situs Warisan Donya UNESCO.<ref name="mcguire2003"/> Gunung Vesuvius misuwur samarga bledhosan ing AD 79 kang nyebabake remuké [[Roma]] kutha [[Pompeii]] lan [[Herculaneum]] lan matine pendhudhuk kanthi cacah 10.000 nganti 25.000.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Vesuvius|first=Charlton T. |last=Lewis |first2=Charles |last2=Short|location=Medford, MA|publisher=The Perseus Project, Tufts University|date=2010|origyear=1879|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=Vesuvius&highlight=vesuvius}}</ref> Kedadeyan iki wis kalaksanan kaping pirang-pirang mula kawit iku lan nganti saiki dianggep salah siji [[gunung geni]] kang paling bebayani ing [[donya]] amarga ana pendhudhuk kang cacahé 3.000.000 kang manggon ana ing cedhaké lan rata-rata manggone ana ing arah panjeblugé gunung iki.<ref name="Lewis"/>. == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.ov.ingv.it/index_eng.htm Vesuvius Observatory] * [http://www.thrale.com/history/english/hester_and_henry/hesters_writings/vesuvius.php Laporan ledakan 1785] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904103003/http://www.thrale.com/history/english/hester_and_henry/hesters_writings/vesuvius.php |date=2009-09-04 }} * [http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/vesuv/index-en.html Stromboli Online - Vesuvius & Campi Flegrei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145238/http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/vesuv/index-en.html |date=2011-06-07 }} * [http://www.dur.ac.uk/erupt.geolsci/Volcanoes/vesuvius.html ERUPT Project - Vesuvius] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621091102/http://www.romanherculaneum.com/ Herculaneum: Destruction and Re-discovery] * ''Webcam'' Vesuvius: [http://www.vesuvioinrete.it/e_webcam.htm dari Casalnuovo], [http://www.aminta.it/LiveVesuviuscam.htm dari Sorrento] {{Decade Volcanoes}} [[Kategori:Gunung berapi ing Italia]] {{Gunung-stub}} kux5n5udgrln6jsnmoqzjxsujiiy1c2 0 80853 1758644 1656092 2026-10-09T07:29:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758644 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gedung Kesenian Jakarta.JPG|thumb|250px|Gedung Kesenian Jakarta]] '''Gedhung Kesenian Jakarta''' punika salah satunggaling wewangunan sepuh tilas sajarah pamaréntah [[Walanda]] ingkang ngantos sapunika taksih wonten ing [[Jakarta Pusat]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung punika panggennaipun para [[seniman]] saking saindenging Nusantara.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung punika kanggé pertunjukkan asil kréasi seni kados ta [[drama]], [[teater]], [[filem]], [[sastra]], saha sanès-sanèsipun.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung punika salah satunggaling wewangunan ingkang dipunyasa kanthi gaya neo-renaisance.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung Kesenian Jakarta punika dipunyasa nalika taun [[1821]] ing [[Weltevreden]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung punika dipunwastani ''Theater Schouwburg Weltevreden'' ugi misuwur kanthi nama Gedhung Komedi.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung Kesenian Jakarta punika manggon wonten Jalan Gedung Kesenian No. 1 Jakarta Pusat.<ref name="internet1"/> Ide wontenipun gedhong punika saking Gubernur Jenderal Walanda, [[Daendels]].<ref name="internet1"/> Ide punika banjur dipuntindakaken kaliyan Gubernur Jenderal Inggris ingkang anami [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] nalika taun [[1814]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung ingkang gadhah sajarah punika dipunbentuk kanthi gaya empire kaliyan arsitèk Arsitek Para perwira Jeni [[VOC]] ingkang namanipun Mayor [[Schultze]].<ref name="internet1"/> Sajarah gedhong punika, gedhong punika naté dipun-ginakaken kanggé [[Konggrès Pemoeda]] ingkang sepisanan nalika taun [[1926]].<ref name="internet1"/> Wonten gedhong punika ugi nalika tanggal [[29]] [[Agustus]] [[1945]], Présidhèn RI ingkang sepisanan inggih punika Ir. [[Soekarno]] ngresmekaken [[Komite Nasional Indonésia Pusat]] (KNIP) banjur sidhang makaping kaping wonten gedhong punika.<ref name="internet1">[http://www.bappedajakarta.go.id/sekilassejarah4p3.asp bappedajakarta.go.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106073035/http://www.bappedajakarta.go.id/sekilassejarah4p3.asp |date=2012-11-06 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 September 2011)</ref> Gedhung punika lajeng dipundadosaken [[musiyum]].<ref name="internet2">[http://www.indotravelers.com/jakarta/tempat-wisata-sejarah-di-jakarta.html indotravelers.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123223625/http://www.indotravelers.com/jakarta/tempat-wisata-sejarah-di-jakarta.html |date=2015-11-23 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 September 2011)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Wewangunan ing Jakarta]] {{stub}} avmll737we1j83ql3tockhjp81jwqse 0 80854 1758643 1656091 2026-10-09T07:29:07Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gedung joeang45.jpg|thumb|250px|Gedung Joang 45]] '''Gedhung Joang '45''' dipunyasa nalika taun 1939.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung Joang punika manggon wonten Menteng Raya No. 31.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung punika rumiyin dados hotèl Schomper nalika jaman Walanda.<ref name="internet1"/> Nalika rumiyin [[hotèl]] punika kalebet salah setunggaling hotèl ingkang paling mewah wonten ing [[Jakarta]] kanthi interior ingkang saé sanget.<ref name="internet1"/> Sasampunipun punika gedhong punika banjur dados [[musiyum]].<ref name="internet1"/> Koleksi ingkang wonten ing Gedhung Joang '45 inggih punika wujud piranti-piranti [[perang]] gerilya, atribut, saha [[seragam]] [[bala]] nalika jaman rumuyin, bendera kesatuan laskar, foto – foto saha lukisan – lukisan ingkang nggambaraken para pejuang anggènipun ngrebut kamerdikan [[Indonésia]] saking penjajah.<ref name="internet1">[http://www.indotravelers.com/jakarta/tempat-wisata-sejarah-di-jakarta.html indotravelers.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123223625/http://www.indotravelers.com/jakarta/tempat-wisata-sejarah-di-jakarta.html |date=2015-11-23 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 September 2011)</ref> Gedhung punika gadhah sajarah tumpraping bangsa Indonésia wiwit persiapan kamardikan ngantos mertahanaken kamardikan.<ref name="internet2"/> Wewangunan punika dipunyasa nalika taun 1920-an punika rumiyin kagunganipun kulawarga pengusaha [[Walanda]] ingkang namanipun [[LC Schomper]] ingkang manggon wonten ing Batavia.<ref name="internet2"/> Kaliyan Schomper, wewangunan punika lajeng dipunyasa dados hotèl, kanthi nama Hotèl Schomper 1.<ref name="internet2"/> Hotèl punika nalika rumiyin kalebet salah setunggaling hotèl ingkang saé saha misuwur wonten ing kawasan pinggiran Selatan Batavia.<ref name="internet2"/> Hotèl punika gadhah wewangunan kang utami inggih punika ing tengah saha wonten wewangunan wujud kamar-kamar wonten ing kiwa saha tengenipun.<ref name="internet2"/> Sapunika ruangan punika dados ruwang pabukon saha kantor pengelola Museum Juang 45.<ref name="internet2"/> Nalika jaman [[Jepang]] wonten ing Indonésia (1942-1945) saha nguwaosi [[Batavia]], hotèl punika dipuncepen kaliyan nom-noman Indonésia saha dados kantor ingkang dipuncepeng Ganseikanbu Sendenbu (Jawatan Propaganda Jepang) ingkang dipunpimpin tiyang Jepang inggih punika [[Simizu]].<ref name="internet2">[http://inijakarta.com/pojok-jakarta/mengecap-sejarah-di-gedung-juang-45/ inijakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129075413/http://inijakarta.com/pojok-jakarta/mengecap-sejarah-di-gedung-juang-45/ |date=2012-11-29 }}(dipunudhuh tanggal 19 September 2011)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Museum ing Jakarta]] {{stub}} ptmueoog5gm50ohaexr38hw5xe0dp0a 0 84313 1758649 1758464 2026-10-09T09:49:11Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Disease |Name=Influenza |Image=EM of influenza virus.jpg |Caption=[[transmisi èlèktron mikroskopik|TEM]] saka [[virus]] influenza, digedhèkaké kurang luwih tikel kaping 100.000. |Width=226 |DiseasesDB=6791 |ICD10={{ICD10|J|10||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|11||j|09}} |ICD9={{ICD9|487}} |MedlinePlus=000080 |eMedicineSubj=med |eMedicineTopic=1170 |eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|ped|3006}} |MeshID=D007251 }} '''Influenza''', kang asring ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud [[lelara nular]] kang disebabaké déning [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] saka [[famili]] [[Orthomyxoviridae]] (virus influenza), kang nyerang [[unggas]] lan [[mamalia]]. Tandha-tandha sing paling lumrah saka lelara iki yaiku ndredheg, mriyang, perih tenggorokane, perih otot, sirah abot, [[watuk]], lemes, lan [[malaise]].<ref name=Merck>{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html |title=Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition |publisher=www.merck.com |accessdate=2008-03-15 |last= |first= }} </ref> Sanajan asring kijolan karo lelara mèmper influenza liyané, mligi [[selesma]], influenza wujud lelara kang luwih abot tinimbang selesma lan disababaké déning jinis virus kang béda<ref name=Eccles>{{cite journal |last=Eccles |first=R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}</ref> Influenza bisa njalari eneg, lan muntah, mligi ing bocah-bocah,<ref name=Merck/> nanging tandha-tandha mau luwih asring ana ing lelara [[gastroenteritis]], kang babar pisan ora ana gegandhèngané, kang uga sok-sok kanthi ora trep diarani "flu weteng".<ref>[http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074827/http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} by Kristina Duda, R.N.; Diakses 12 Maret 2007 (Website: "About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company"). So-called "stomach flu" is sometimes also called "24-hour flu." Neither one is actually flu and are instead unrelated [[gastroenteritis]].</ref> Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia kanthi langsung uga njalari pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr.<ref name="Ballinger-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ballinger | first1 = MN. | last2 = Standiford | first2 = TJ. | title = Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: host defenses gone awry. | journal = J Interferon Cytokine Res | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 643-52 |date=Sep 2010 | doi = 10.1089/jir.2010.0049 | PMID = 20726789 }}</ref> Lumrahé, influenza nular saka udara utawa wahin, sing bakal njalari ''[[aerosol]]'' sing ngandhut virus. Influenza uga bisa ditularraké merga tepungan karo ndemok tai manuk utawa [[umbel]], uga bisa liwat lumahan kang wis kena kontaminasi. Aerosol kang kagawa déning udara (airborne aerosols) dinuga nimbulaké sapérangan gedhé infèksi, sanajan jalur panularan endi kang paling duwé peran sajeroning lelara iki durung cetha temenan.<ref name=Brankston/> Virus influenza bisa diinaktivasi déning sinar [[srengéngé]], [[disinfektan]], lan [[deterjen]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Suarez |first=D |author2=Spackman E, Senne D, Bulaga L, Welsch A, Froberg K |title=The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/1091 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1091–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14575118 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1091}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)]: Implications for [[Disease|Human Disease]]. Physical characteristics of influenza A viruses. UMN CIDRAP.</ref> Asring ngumbah tangan bakal ngurangi risiko infèksi amarga virus bisa diinaktivasi karo sabun.<ref name="Jefferson-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jefferson | first1 = T. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Dooley | first3 = L. | last4 = Ferroni | first4 = E. | last5 = Al-Ansary | first5 = LA. | last6 = Bawazeer | first6 = GA. | last7 = van Driel | first7 = ML. | last8 = Nair | first8 = S. | last9 = Foxlee | first9 = R. | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD006207 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub3 | PMID = 20091588 }}</ref> Influenza nyebar menyang saindhenging donya sajeroning [[epidemi]] mangsan, kang nimbulaké pepati 250.000 lan 500.000 wong saben tauné,<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza (Seasonal)], [[World Health Organization]], April 2009. Diaksès 13-02-2010.</ref> malah nganti mayuta-yuta wong ing sapérangan taun pandemik. Rata-rata 41.400 wong mati saben tauné ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] sajeroning kurun wektu antara taun 1979 tekan 2001 amarga influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/2/181 |title=Mortality due to Influenza in the United States — An Annualized Regression Approach Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data | author=[[Jonathan Dushoff]] | journal =[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] | volume = 163| issue = 2| pages = 181–7|accessdate=2009-10-29 |quote=The regression modhèl attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979–2001. |work= |pmid=16319291 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwj024 |year=2006 |first2=JB |first3=C |first4=DJ |first5=L |last2=Plotkin |last3=Viboud |last4=Earn |last5=Simonsen }}</ref> Nalika taun 2010 [[Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] ing Amérikah Sarékat ngowahi carané nglapuraké prakiran pepati amarga influenza sajeroning 30 taun. Saiki Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara nglapuraké yèn ana kisaran angka pepati wiwit saka 3.300 nganti 49.000 pepati per tauné.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Julie Steenhuysen]] |title=CDC backs away from decades-old flu death estimate |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3NA20100826 |quote=Instead of the estimated 36,000 annual flu deaths in the United States... the actual number in the past 30 years has ranged from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of nearly 49,000, the CDC said on Thursday. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}</ref> Telu pandemi influenza dumadi nalika abad karongpuluh lan wis niwasaké puluhan yuta wong. Saben pandemi mau disababaké déning munculé galur anyar [[virus]] iki ing manungsa. Asring uga, [[galur]] anyar iki muncul nalika virus flu kang wis ana nyebar ing manungsa saka [[spésies]] kéwan kang liya, utawa nalika galur virus influenza manungsa kang wis ana njupuk [[gen]] anyar saka virus kang lumrahé nginfèksi unggas utawa babi. Galur unggas kang diarani [[H5N1]] wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing [[Asia]] nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung [[évolusi]] dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avian influenza ("bird flu") fact sheet |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ |date=February 2006 |publisher=WHO |accessdate=2006-10-20}}</ref> Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu [[manungsa]], [[babi]], lan [[unggas]], kang ing awalé diarani "[[flu babi]]" lan uga ditepungi minangka [[Virus H1N1|influenza A/H1N1]], kang muncul ing [[Mèksiko]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], lan sapérangan nagara liya. [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Donya]] (WHO) kanthi resmi ndhéklarasikaké wabah iki minangka pandemi nalika tanggal 11 Juni 2009 (delengen [[Wabah flu babi 2009|pandemi flu 2009]]). Dhéklarasi WHO ngenani pandemi tingkat 6 wujud indhikasi panyebaran virus, dudu abot-ènthèngé lelara, galur iki sajatiné duwé tingkat mortalitas kang luwih asor tinimbang wabah virus flu biyasa.<ref>World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html</ref> [[Vaksin influenza|Vaksinasi marang influenza]] lumrahé sumadiya kanggo wong-wong ing [[nagara ngrembaka]].<ref name=WHOvaccines>[http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf WHO position paper: influenza vaccines] ''WHO weekly Epidemiological Record'' 19 August 2005, vol. 80, 33, hal. 277–288.</ref> Kéwan ingon unggas asring divaksinasi kanggo nyegah tumpes tapisé kabèh kéwan ingon.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Villegas |first=P |title=Viral diseases of the respiratory system |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_1998-08_77_8/page/1143 |journal=Poult Sci |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1143–5 |year=1998 |pmid=9706079}}</ref> Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké yaiku vaksin influenza trivalen (''trivalent influenza vaccine'' [TIV]) kang ngandhut [[antigen]] kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. Lumrahé, vaksin jinis iki ngandhut matérial saka rong galur [[virus influenza A|virus influenza subtipe A]] lan [[virus influenza B|siji galur influenza subtipe B]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horwood F, Macfarlane J |title=Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects |journal=Thorax |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=II24–II30 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364707 |pmc=1766003 |url=http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364707}}</ref> TIV ora duwé risiko nularaké lelara, lan duwé réaktivitas kang asor banget. Vaksin kang diformulasikaké kanggo setaun mungkin dadi ora èfèktif kanggo taun sabanjuré, amarga virus influenza ngalami évolusi kanthi rikat, lan galur anyar bakal rikat nggantèkaké galur kang sadurungé. Obat-obatan antivirus bisa dipigunakaké kanggo nambani influenza, ''[[neuraminidase inhibitor]]'' (kaya ta Tamiflu utawa Relenza).<ref name=WHOmedrecDec2009>World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response (GAR), [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/antivirals/definitions_use/en/index.html Antiviral drugs for pandemic (H1N1) 2009: definitions and use], 22 Dhésèmber 2009.</ref> <!--yang terutama efektif-->. == Klasifikasi == {{Flu}} === Jinis-jinis virus === Sajeroning [[Virus#Klasifikasi virus|klasifikasi virus]], virus influenza kalebu [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] kang wujud telu saka lima [[genera]] sajeroning famili Oethomyxoviridae:<ref name=Kawaoka>{{cite book |author=Kawaoka Y (juru besut). |title=Influenza Virology: Current Topics |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2006 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |isbn=978-1-904455-06-6 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509195454/http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Virus influenza A]] * [[Virus influenza B]] * [[Virus influenza C]] Virus-virus mau duwé kakerabatan kang adoh karo [[virus parainfluenza manungsa]], kang wujud virus RNA kang wujud péranganing famili [[Paramyxoviridae#Paramyxovirus|paramyxovirus]] kang wujud jalaran umum saka infèksi [[sistem ambegan|ambegan]] ing bocah, kaya ta [[croup]] (laryngotracheobronchitis),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T |title=Biology of parainfluenza viruses |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=265–75 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8055470 |pmc=358320 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8055470}}</ref> nanging bisa uga nimbulaké lelara kang sarupa karo influenza ing wong diwasa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=25 |pages=1917–28 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11419430 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11419430&promo=ONFLNS19 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442507}}</ref> ==== Virus influenza A ==== Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza A. Unggas akuatik alasan wujud inang alamiah kanggo pérangan gedhé variétas influenza A. Sok-sok, virus bisa ditularaké marang spésies liya lan bisa nimbulaké wabah kang duwé dhampak gedhé ing paternakan unggas dhomèstik utawa nimbulaké sawijining [[pandemi]] influenza manungsa.<ref name=sobrino6>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|author=Klenk|display-authors=etal|year=2008|chapter=Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|access-date=2012-03-18|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|url-status=dead}}</ref> Virus jinis A wujud patogèn manungsa paling virulen ing antarané katelu jinis influenza lan nimbulaké lelara kang paling abot. Virus influenza A bisa dipérang manèh dadi subdhivisi wujud [[serovar|serotipe-serotipe]] kang béda dhedhasar tanggepan [[antibodi]] marang virus iki.<ref name=hay/> Serotipe kang wis dikonfirmasi ing manungsa, diurutaké dhedhasar guènggung pepati pandemi ing manungsa, yaiku: * [[H1N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Spanyol]] nalika taun 1918, lan [[Flu Babi]] nalika taun 2009 * [[H2N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Asia]] nalika taun 1957 * [[H3N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Hongkong]] nalika taun 1968 * [[H5N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Manuk]] nalika taun 2004 * [[H7N7]], kang duwé potènsi [[zoanatik]] kang ora biyasa<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fouchier |first=R |author2=Schneeberger P, Rozendaal F, Broekman J, Kemink S, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, Schutten M, Van Doornum G, Koch G, Bosman A, Koopmans M, Osterhaus A |title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/1356 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=1356–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14745020 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308352100 |last12=Bosman |first12=A |last13=Koopmans |first13=M |last14=Osterhaus |first14=AD |pmc=337057}}</ref> * [[H1N2]], endemik ing manungsa, babi, lan unggas * [[H9N2]] * [[H7N2]] * [[H7N3]] * [[H10N7]] ==== Virus influenza B ==== Genus iki duwé siji spésies, yaiku virus influenza B. Influenza B mèh kanthi èksklusif mung nyerang manungsa<ref name=hay>{{cite journal |last=Hay |first=A |author2=Gregory V, Douglas A, Lin Y |title=The evolution of human influenza viruses |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1861–70 |date=29 Dhésèmber 2001 |pmid=11779385 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0999 |pmc=1088562}}</ref> lan luwih arang dibandhingaké karo influenza A. Kéwan liya kang dikawruhi bisa kena infèksi déning influenza B yaiku [[asu laut]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Osterhaus |first=A |author2=Rimmelzwaan G, Martina B, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R |title=Influenza B virus in seals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-05-12_288_5468/page/1051 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5468 |pages=1051–3 |year=2000 |pmid=10807575 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.1051}}</ref> lan [[garangan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jakeman KJ, Tisdale M, Russell S, Leone A, Sweet C |title=Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1864–7 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7986023 |pmc=284652 |doi=|url=http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7986023}}</ref> Jinis influenza iki ngalami mutasi kaping 2-3 luwih alon dibandhingaké jinis A<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nobusawa |first=E |author2=Sato K |title=Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2006-04_80_7/page/3675 |journal=J Virol |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=3675–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16537638 |doi=10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 |pmc=1440390}}</ref> lan mula saka iku karagaman génétiké luwih sithik, mung ana siji serotipe influenza B.<ref name=hay/> Amarga ora ana karagaman [[antigen]]ik, sapérangan tingkat [[imunitas|kakebalan]] marang influenza B lumrahé dièntuki ing umur enom. Nanging, mutasi kang dumadi ing virus influenza B cukup kanggo gawé kakebalan permanèn dadi ora mungkin.<ref name=webster>{{cite journal |first=Webster |last=R |author2=Bean W, Gorman O, Chambers T, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |pmc=372859 |journal=Microbiol Rev |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |year=1992 |pmid=1579108}}</ref> Owah-owahan antigèn kang alon, dikombinasikaké karo gunggung inang kang winates (ora mungkinaké [[pepindhahan antigèn]] antarspesies), agawé pandemi influenza B ora dumadi.<ref name=Zambon>{{cite journal |last=Zambon |first=M |title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 Suppl B |issue=|pages=3–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10877456 |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/suppl_2/3 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3}}</ref> ==== Virus influenza C ==== Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza C, kang nginfèksi manungsa, asu, lan babi, sok-sok nimbulaké lelara kang abot lan èpidemi lokal.<ref name="Matsuzaki">{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Suzuki H, Nakamura K |title=Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998 |pmc=153379 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=422–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11825952 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002}}</ref><ref name=Taubenberger2008/> Nanging, influenza C luwih arang dumadi dibandhingaké karo jinis liya lan lumrahé mung nimbulaké lelara ènthèng ing bocah-bocah.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H |title=Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-05-01_193_9/page/1229 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=193 |issue=9 |pages=1229–35 |date=1 Mèi 2006|pmid=16586359 |doi=10.1086/502973}}</ref><ref name="Katagiri">{{cite journal |last=Katagiri |first=S |author2=Ohizumi A, Homma M |title=An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1983-07_148_1/page/51 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6309999}}</ref> === Struktur, sipat, lan tata jeneng subtipe === Virus influenza A, B, lan C sarupa banget ing struktur sakabèhé.<ref>International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses descriptions of: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm Orthomyxoviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234624/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm |date=2006-10-02 }}, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm Influenzavirus B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034903/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm |date=2007-10-06 }} and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm Influenzavirus C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231084902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm |date=2009-12-31 }}</ref> Partikel virus iki dhiameteré 80-120 [[nanometer]] lan lumrahé kurang-luwih wanguné kaya bal, sanadyan wangun filamèntosa mungkin waé ana.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses |title=The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113220345/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Lamb>{{cite journal |author=Lamb RA, Choppin PW |title=The gene structure and replication of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1983_52_annual/page/467 |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=52 |issue=|pages=467–506 |year=1983 |pmid=6351727 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002343}}</ref> Wangun filamèntosa iki luwih asring dumadi ing influenza C, kang bisa minangka struktur kaya bolah kanthi dawa tekan 500 [[mikrometer]] ing lumahan saka sèl kang kena infèksi.<ref name=Bouvier/> Nanging, sanadyan manéka wanguné, partikel saka kabèh virus influenza duwé komposisi kang padha.<ref name=Bouvier/> Komposisi mau wujud [[envelope virus]] kang ngandhut loro jinis [[glikoprotein]], kang mbungkus sawijining inti punjer. Inti punjer mau ngandhut [[genom]] [[RNA]] lan protèin viral liya kang mbungkus lan ngreksa RNA. RNA ''cenderung'' kapérang saka sauntaian nanging ing kasus-kasus mirunggan bisa wujud rong untaian.<ref name=Lamb/> Ing virus, génom virus ora kapérang saka rerangkèn [[asem nukleat]]; nanging lumrahé kapérang saka pitu utawa wolung pérangan RNA ''[[negative-sense]]'' kang kasègmèntasi, saben pérangan RNA ngandhut siji utawa loro gèn.<ref name=Bouvier/> Contoné, génom influenza A ngandhut 11 gèn sajeroning wolung pérangan RNA, kang ngodhe 11 [[protèin]]: [[hemagglutinin]] (HA), [[neuraminidase]] (NA), [[nukleoprotein]] (NP), [[protèin M1|M1]], [[protèin M2|M2]], [[protèin NS1 influenza|NS1]], NS2 (NEP: ''nuclear export protéin''), PA, PB1 (''polymerase basic'' 1), PB1-F2 lan PB2.<ref name=Ghedin>{{cite journal |last=Ghedin |first=E | last2 = Sengamalay | first2 = NA | last3 = Shumway | first3 = M | last4 = Zaborsky | first4 = J | last5 = Feldblyum | first5 = T | last6 = Subbu | first6 = V | last7 = Spiro | first7 = DJ | last8 = Sitz | first8 = J | last9 = Koo | first9 = H |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-10-20_437_7062/page/1162 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239 }}</ref> Hemagglutinin (HA) lan neuraminidase (NA) wujud loro flikoprotèin gedhé kang ana ing sanjabaning partikel virus. HA wujud [[lektin]] kang dadi mèdhiasi ikatan (binding) virus marang sèl targèt lan lumebuné génom virus ing sèl targèt, sauntara NA kalibat sajeroning uculé anak virus saka sèl kang kainfèksi, kanthi nyigar gula kang silih iket ing partikel virus diwasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Y |title=Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |journal=Biol Pharm Bull |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=399–408 |year=2005 |pmid=15744059 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.399 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023059/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oleh karena itu, protéin ini merupakan target bagi obat-obat antivirus.<ref name=Itzstein>{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=J |author2=von Itzstein M |title=Recent strategies in the search for new anti-influenza therapies |journal=Curr Drug Targets |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=389–408 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12816348 |doi=10.2174/1389450033491019}}</ref> Lan manèh, kaloroné wujud antigèn, ing endi antibodi marang antigèn mau bisa diriptakaké. Virus influenza A diklasifikasikaké dadi subtipe dhedhasar rèspons antibodi marang HA lan NA. Jinis-jinis HA lan NA mau wujud pambédan H lan N sajeroning pamènèhan jeneng virus, umpamané H5N1.<ref name=Hilleman/> Ana 16 subtipe H lan 9 subtipe N kang wis dikawruhi, nanging mung H 1, 2, lan 3, sarta N 1 lan 2 kang lumrahé tinemu ing manungsa.<ref name=Lynch>{{cite journal |author=Lynch JP, Walsh EE |title=Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=144–58 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17458769 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976487}}</ref> === Réplikasi === Virus bisa nglakoni réplikasi mung ing sèl urip.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith AE, Helenius A |title=How viruses enter animal cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-04-09_304_5668/page/237 |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=237–42 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15073366 |doi=10.1126/science.1094823}}</ref> Infèksi lan réplikasi influenza wujud prosès mawa tahap: pisanan, virus kudu gawé ikatan karo sèl lan ngleboni sèl, banjur mindhahaké genomé ing sawijining papan ing endi virus mau bisa mrodhuksi dhuplikat saka protèin virus lan RNA, banjur nyusun komponèn-komponèn mau dadi partikel virus anyar, lan pungkasan, metu saka sèl inang.<ref name=Bouvier>{{cite journal |author=Bouvier NM, [[Peter Palese|Palese P]] |title=The biology of influenza viruses |journal=Vaccine |volume=26 Suppl 4 |pages=D49–53 |date=September 2008 |pmid=19230160 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039}}</ref> Virus influenza gawé ikatan liwat [[hemagglutinin]] karo gula [[asem sialat]] ing lumahing [[epitelium|sèl èpitèl]], lumrahé ing irung, tenggorok, lan [[paru-paru]] mamalia, lan usus unggas (tahap 1 ing gambar infèksi).<ref name=Wagner>{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=R |author2=Matrosovich M, Klenk H |title=Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=159–66 |date=May 2002|pmid=11987141 |doi=10.1002/rmv.352}}</ref> Sawisé hemagglutinin [[proteolisis|dipecah]] déning [[protease]], sèl bakal nglebokaké virus liwat prosès [[endositosis]].<ref name=Steinhauer>{{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA |title=Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/virology_1999-05-25_258_1/page/1 |journal=Virology |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10329563 |doi=10.1006/viro.1999.9716}}</ref> Sawisé ana ing njero sèl, kaanan asem sajeroning [[éndosom]] bakal njalari loro kedadèn dumadi: pisanan, péranganing protèin hemagglutinin bakal nyawijikaké envelope virus karo mèmbran vakuola, banjur [[kanal ion]] M2 bakal mungkinaké [[proton]] kanggo pindhah ngliwati envelope virus lan ngasamaké inti virus, kang bakal nyababaké inti dadi kaurai lan ngeculaké RNA virus lan protèin inti.<ref name=Bouvier/> Molekul RNA virus (vRNA), protèin aksesoris, lan RNA polymerase kang gumantung ing RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) bakal dieculaké ing sitoplasma (Tahap 2).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lakadamyali |first=M |author2=Rust M, Babcock H, Zhuang X |title=Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2003-08-05_100_16/page/9280 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9280–5 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12883000 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0832269100 |pmc=170909}}</ref> Kanal ion M2 bakal disekat (diblok) déning obat amantadine, kang bakal nyegah infèksi.<ref name=Pinto>{{cite journal |author=Pinto LH, Lamb RA |title=The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue=14 |pages=8997–9000 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16407184 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R500020200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16407184 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Protèin inti iki bebarengan karo vRNA bakal minangka komplèks kang bakal ditranspor menyang [[inti sèl]], ing endi polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA bakal miwiti transkripsi vRNA komplemèntèr sense positif (langkah 3a lan b).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cros |first=J |author2=Palese P |title=Trafficking of viral genomic RNA into and out of the nucleus: influenza, Thogoto and Borna disease viruses |journal=Virus Res |volume=95 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12921991 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00159-X}}</ref> vRNA bisa metu nuju sitoplasma lan ngalami translasi (langkah 4) utawa tetep ''bertahan'' ing nukléus. Protèin virus kang anyar disintèsis bisa disèkrèsi liwat [[apparatus Golgi]] nuju lumahing sèl (ing neuraminidase lan hemagglutinin, langkah 5b) utawa ditranspor manèh nuju inti sèl kanggo gawé ikatan karo vRNA lan minangka partikel génom virus kang anyar (langkah 5a). Protèin virus liyané duwé makarya kang manéka ing sèl inang, kalebu ngurai [[mRNA]] sèlulèr lan migunakaké [[nukléotida]] bébas kanggo sintèsis vRNA lan uga nyandhet translasi mRNA lan uga nyandhet [[translasi (biologi)|translasi]] mRNA sèl inang.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kash |first=J |author2=Goodman A, Korth M, Katze M |title=Hijacking of the host-cell response and translational control during influenza virus infection |journal=Virus Res |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=111–20 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16630668 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.013}}</ref> vRNA ''negative-sense'' kang [[génom]] saka calon virus, RNA polimerase kang gumantung RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), lan protèin virus liya bakal disusun dadi virion. Molekul hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase bakal gawé golongan minangka sawijining tonjolan ing lumahing sèl. vRNA lan protèin [[capsid|inti virus]] bakal ninggal inti sèl lan ngeboni panonjolan mèmbran iki (langkah 6). Virus diwasa bakal nglakokaké budding off saka sèl sajeroning sawijining wangun bal kang kapérang saka mèmbran fosfolipid inang, éntuk hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase kang kakandhut sajeroning lapisan mèmbran iki (langkah 7).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=D |author2=Hui E, Barman S |title=Assembly and budding of influenza virus |journal=Virus Res |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=147–65 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15567494 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.08.012}}</ref> Kaya sadurungé, virus bakal gawé ikatan liwat hemagglutinin; virus diwasa bakal ngeculaké dhiri yèn [[neuraminidase]]é wis mecah résidhu asem sialat saka sèl inang.<ref name=Wagner/> Obat kang nyandhet neuraminidase, kaya déné [[oseltamivir]], bakal nyegah uculé virus infèksius anyar lan nyegah réplikasi virus.<ref name=Itzstein/> Sawisé uculé virus influenza anyar, sèl inang bakal mati. Amarga ora anané ènzim [[proofreading (biologi)|proofreading]] RNA, polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA kang ngopi génom virus bakal nglakokaké kasalahan kurang luwih saben 10 éwu nukléotida, kang selaras karo rata-rata saka vRNA influenza. Mula saka iku, sapérangan gedhé saka virus influenza kang rampung dironcé iku mutan; iki bakal nimbulaké [[hanyutan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan alon ing antigèn ing lumahing virus sairing karo lumakuné wektu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=J |title=Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=4171–5 |date=1 Mèi 1993|pmid=8387212 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.9.4171 |pmc=46468}}</ref> Pamisahan génom dadi wolu sègmèn vRNA kang kapisah mungkinaké panyampuran utawa [[reassortment]] saka vRNA yèn punjul sajinis virus influenza nginfèksi sawijining sèl tunggal. Iki bakal nimbulaké owah-owahan rikat saka génétika virus kang bakal nimbulaké [[papindhahan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan dumadakan saka sawijining antigèn menyang antigèn liyané. Owah-owahan gedhé kang dadakan mungkinaké virus kanggo nginfèksi spésies inang anyar lan bisa kanthi rikat ngatasi kakebalan protèktif kang wis ana.<ref name=Hilleman/> Iki wigati sajeroning mékanisme munculé pandemi, kang didhiskusikaké ing ngisor iki sajeroning pérangan [[#Epidemiologi|Epidemiologi]]. == Tandha lan tandha-tandha == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;" |+ Tandha-tandha kang paling sènsitif kanggo ndhiagnosis influenza <ref name="pmid15728170"/> ! Tandha-tandha: !! [[Sènsitivitas (pacoban)|Sènsitivitas]] !! [[Spésifisitas (pacoban)|Spésivisitas]] |- ! Mriyang |68–86% ||25–73% |- ! Watuk |84–98% || 7–29% |- ! Irung mampet |68–91% ||19–41% |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"| <small> * Katelu temuan mau, mligi mriyang, kurang sènsitif marang pasièn kanthi umur punjul 60 taun.</small> |} Tandha-tandha influenza bisa diwiwiti kanthi rikat, sadina nganti rong dina sawisé infèksi. Lumrahé tandha-tandha pisanan yaiku ndrodhog utawa rumangsa adhem, nanging mriyang uga asring dumadi ing awal infèksi, kanthi suhu awak watara 38-39&nbsp;°C (kurang luwih 100-103&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Suzuki E, Ichihara K, Johnson AM |title=Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–9 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17164515 |doi=10.1177/0009922806289588}}</ref> Akèh wong krasa lara banget saéngga ora bisa tangi saka papan anggoné turu suwéné pirang-pirang dina, kanthi rasa lara lan nyeri saawak, kang krasa luwih abot ing tlatah geger lan sikil.<ref name=Merck /> Tandha-tandha influenza bisa ngambah: * Mriyang lan krasa adhem kang èkstrem (ndrodhog, gumeter) * Watuk * Irung mampet * Nyeri awak, mligi sendhi lan tenggorok * Kekeselen * Nyeri sirah * Iritasi mata, mata mbanyu * Mata abang, kulit abang (mligi rai), sarta semu abang ing tutuk, tenggorok, lan irung * [[Ruam petechiae]] <ref name="pmid10476766">{{cite journal |author=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ |title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1999-08_29_2/page/453 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=453–4 |date=August 1999 |pmid=10476766 |doi=10.1086/520240}}</ref> * Ing bocah, tandha-tandha gastrointestinal kaya déné [[diare]] lan nyeri [[abdomen]],<ref name=Richards/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Heikkinen T |title=Influenza in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2006-07_95_7/page/778 |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=778–84 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16801171 |doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}</ref> (bisa dumadi parah ing bocah kanthi influenza B) <ref>{{cite journal |author=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS |title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7902 |pages=291–5 |year=1975 |pmid=46444 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}</ref> Sok-sok angèl mbédakaké antarané [[selesma]] lan influenza ing tahap awal saka infèksi iki,<ref name=Eccles/> nanging flu bisa diidhèntifikasi yèn ana mriyang dhuwur ndadak kanthi rasa kesel kang èkstrém. Diare lumrahé dudu tandha-tandha saka influenza bocah,<ref name="pmid15728170"/> nanging iki bisa ditemoni ing sapérangan kasus "flu manuk" H5N1 ing manungsa<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hui DS |title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection |journal=Respirology |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S10–3 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18366521 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}</ref> lan bisa dadi tandha-tandha ing bocah-bocah.<ref name=Richards>{{cite journal |author=Richards S |title=Flu blues |journal=Nurs Stand |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=26–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16295596}}</ref> Tandha-tandha kang paling asring ana ing influenza dituduhaké ing tabèl ing sisih tengen.<ref name="pmid15728170">{{cite journal |author=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W |title=Does this patient have influenza? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987 |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=8 |pages=987–97 |year=2005 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987 |pmid=15728170}}</ref> Amarga obat-obat antivirus èfèktif sajeroning nambani influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal (deleng pérangan [[#Terapi|terapi]] ing ngisor), wigati kanggo ngidhèntifikasi kasus kanthi gasik. Saka tandha-tandha-tandha-tandha kang disebutaké ing ndhuwur, kombinasi mriyang karo watuk, nyeri tenggorok lan/utawa irung mampet bisa ngundhakaké akurasi diagnositik.<ref name="pmid11088084">{{cite journal |author=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J |title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=160 |issue=21 |pages=3243–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11088084 | doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/21/3243}}</ref> Loro panalitèn analisis kaputusan<ref name="pmif12361816">{{cite journal |author=Smith K, Roberts M |title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2002-09_113_4/page/300 |journal=Am J Med |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=300–7 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6 |pmid=12361816}}</ref><ref name="pimd12965940">{{cite journal |author=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D |title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=139 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=321–9 |date=2 Sèptèmber 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/139/5_Part_1/321 |pmid=12965940 }}</ref> nuduhaké yèn nalika ana wabah influenza lokal, [[prevalensi]]né punjul 70%,<ref name="pimd12965940"/> Mula pasièn kanthi salah siji kombinasi saka tandha-tandha mau bisa ditambani kanthi [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] tanpa pamriksan. Malah nalika ora anané wabah lokal, pangobatan bisa dibeneraké ing pasièn tuwa nalika mangsa influenza suwéné prévalènsiné punjul 15%.<ref name="pimd12965940"/> Kasumadyan pamriksan laboratorium kanggo influenza terus ngalami paningkatan. [[Punjer Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] (CDC) Amérikah Sarékat, ngrangkum pamriksan laboratorium paling anyar kang cumawis.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Diaksès 1 Mèi 2009</ref> Miturut CDC, pamriksan diagnostik rikat (rapid diagnostic test) duwé sènsitivitas 70-75% lan spésifisitas 90-95% dibandhingaké karo kultur virus. Pamriksan iki mligi migunani ing mangsa influenza (prévalènsi = 25%) tanpa anané wabah langsung, utawa mangsa periinfluenza (prévalènsi = 10%<ref name="pimd12965940"/>). == Mekanisme == === Panularan === ''Shedding'' virus influenza (wektu ing ngendi sawijining wong bisa nularaké virus marang wong liya) diwiwiti sadina sadurungé tandha-tandha muncul lan virus bakal diuculaké suwéné antara 5 tekan 7 dina, sanajan sapérangan wong mungkin ngeculaké virus suwéné périodhe kang luwih suwé. Wong kang katular influenza paling infèktif ing dina kaloro lan katelu sawisé infèksi.<ref name=Carrat>{{cite journal |author=Carrat F, Luong J, Lao H, Sallé A, Lajaunie C, Wackernagel H |title=A 'small-world-like' modhèl for comparing interventions aimed at preventing and controlling influenza pandemics |pmc=1626479 |journal=BMC Med |volume=4 |issue=|page=26 |year=2006|pmid=17059593 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-4-26}}</ref> Gunggung virus kang diculaké katoné gegandhèngan karo mriyang, gunggung virus kang diculaké luwih gedhé nalika suhuné luwih dhuwur.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|title = CDC H1N1 Flu : Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009-2010 Season|url=http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm}}</ref> Bocah-bocah luwih infèksius tinimbang wong diwasa lan bocah mau ngeculaké virus sadurungé ngalami tandha-tandha nganti rong minggu sawisé infèksi.<ref name=Carrat/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitamura K, Sugaya N |title=[Diagnosis and Treatment of influenza—clinical investigation on [[viral shedding]] in children with influenza] |journal=Uirusu |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=109–16 |year=2006 |pmid=17038819 |doi=10.2222/jsv.56.109}}</ref> Panularan influenza bisa [[modhèl matématis lelara nular|dimodhèlaké kanthi matématis]], kang bakal mbantu sajeroning prédhiksi kepriyé virus nyebar sajeroning populasi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grassly NC, Fraser C |title=Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=477–87 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18533288 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1845}}</ref> Influenza bisa disebaraké sajeroning telu cara utama:<ref name=Weber>{{cite journal |author=Weber TP, Stilianakis NI |title=Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review |journal=J. Infect. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=361–73 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18848358 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: complexities and conjectures |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=353–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17599315 |doi=10.1086/519433 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/519433}}</ref> lumantar panularan langsung (nalika wong kang kainfèksi wahing, ana ilu irung kang lumebu kanthi langsung menyang mata, irung, lan tutuk saka wong liya); lumantar udara (nalika sawijining wong nyedhot aerosol (butiran cuwèran cilik sajeroning udara) kang diasilaké nalika wong kang kainfèksi watuk, wahing, utawa idu), lan lumantar panularan tangan-menyang-mata, tangan-menyang-irung, utawa tangan-menyang-tutuk, saka lumahan kang kakontaminasi utawa saka kontak personal langsung kaya déné salaman. Modhèl panularan endi kang paling wigati isih durung cetha, nanging kabèh duwé kontribusi sajeroning panyebaran virus.<ref name=Brankston>{{cite journal |author=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M |title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376383 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tellier R |title=Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1657–62 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17283614 |doi=|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0426.htm}}</ref> Ing rute panularan udara, ukuran droplèt kang cukup cilik kanggo disedhot duwé dhiameter 0,5 nganti 5 [[Mikrometer|μm]] lan inhalasi sadroplèt mungkin cukup kanggo nimbulaké infèksi.<ref name=Weber/> Sanajan sapisan wahing bisa ngeculaké nganti 40.000 droplèt,<ref name=Cole_1998>{{cite journal |author=Cole E, Cook C |title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-infection-control_1998-08_26_4/page/453 |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=453–64 |year=1998 |pmid=9721404 | doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> sapérangan gedhé saka droplèt mau cukup gedhé lan bakal ilang saka udara kanthi rikat.<ref name=Weber/> Pira suwéné virus influenza bisa tahan sajeroning droplèt udara katoné diprabawai déning kadhar kalembaban lan [[Ultraungu|radhiasi ultraviolèt]]: kalembaban asor lan kurangé [[cahya]] [[srengéngé]] ing [[mangsa adhem]] mbantu tahané virus iki.<ref name=Weber/> Amarga virus influenza bisa tahan ing njaba awak, virus iki uga bisa ditularaké liwat lumahan kang kakontaminasi kaya déné lembaran [[dhuwit]],<ref name=Thomas>{{cite journal |author=Thomas Y, Vogel G, Wunderli W|display-authors=etal|title=Survival of influenza virus on banknotes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2008-05_74_10/page/3002|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=3002–7 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18359825 |pmc=2394922 |doi=10.1128/AEM.00076-08}}</ref> gagang lawang, saklar lampu, lan bandha-bandha rumah tangga liyané.<ref name=Merck/> Suwéné wektu virus bisa tahan marang sawijining lumahan manéka wektuné, virus bisa tahan suwéné sadina utawa rong dina ing lumahan kang atos lan ora duwé pori kaya déné [[plastik]] utawa métal, suwéné kurang luwih limalas menit ing [[kertas]] tissue garing, lan mung limang menit ing [[kulit]].<ref name=Moore>{{cite journal |author=Bean B, Moore BM, Sterner B, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Balfour HH |title=Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1982-07_146_1/page/47 |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |date=July 1982 |pmid=6282993}}</ref> Nanging, yèn virus ana sajeroning mukus/lendhir, lendhir mau bisa ngreksa virus saéngga tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang suwé (nganti 17 dina ing dhuwit kertas).<ref name=Weber/><ref name=Thomas/> Virus flu manuk bisa tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang durung dikawruhi nalika ana sajeroning kaanan beku.<ref name=cfsph>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/influenza.pdf |title=Influenza Factsheet|publisher=Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University}} hal. 7</ref> Virus ngalami inaktivasi déning pamanasan nganti 56&nbsp;°C (133&nbsp;°F) suwéné minimun 60 menit, lan uga déning asem (ing pH <2).<ref name=cfsph/> === Patofisiologi === Mékanisme kepriyé infèksi influenza bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha ing manungsa wis disinaoni kanthi intènsif. Salah saji mékanisme kang dipercaya yaiku kanthi inhibisi hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) kang nimbulaké pamudhunan kadhar hormon kortisol.<ref name=jefferies1998>{{cite journal |author=Jefferies WM, Turner JC, Lobo M, Gwaltney JM Jr. |title=Low plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with acute influenza. |journal=Clin Infect Dis. |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=708–10 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/514594 |year=1998 |pmid=9524849 |pmc= |doi=10.1086/514594 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ngawruhi gèn endi kang sok sajeroning galur virus tinentu bisa mbiyantu mrédhiksi kepriyé virus mau bisa nular lan sepira aboté infèksi kang bakal dumadi (mrédhiksi [[patofisiologi]] saka sawijining galur virus).<ref name=Taubenberger2008>{{cite journal | last1 = Taubenberger | first1 = JK | last2 = Morens | first2 = DM |title=The pathology of influenza virus infections |journal=Annu Rev Pathol |volume=3 |issue=|pages=499–522 |year=2008 |pmid=18039138 |pmc=2504709 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316}}</ref><ref name=Korteweg>{{cite journal |author=Korteweg C, Gu J |title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1155–70 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18403604 |pmc=2329826 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791}}</ref> Contoné, péranganing prosès kang mungkinaké virus influenza nginvasi sawijining sèl yaiku panguraian saka protèin hemagglutinin virus déning salah saji ènzim [[protease]] manungsa.<ref name=Steinhauer/> Ing virus kang infèksiné asifat ringan lan avirulèn, struktur hémagglutinin kang ana mung bisa diurai déning protease kang tinemu sajeroning tenggorok lan paru, saéngga virus iki ora bisa nginfèksi jaringan liya. Nanging, ing galur kang virulèn banget, kaya ta H5N1, hémagglutinin kang kakandhut sajeroning virus bisa diurai déning variétas protease kang manéka, saéngga mungkinaké virus nyebar menyang sakabèhing awak.<ref name=Korteweg/> Protèin hémagglutinin virus duwé tanggung jawab sajeroning nemtokaké spésiès endi kang bisa diinfèksi déning sawijining galur virus uga papan [[saluran ambegan]] endi kang bisa duwé ikatan karo sawijining galur virus influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholls JM, Chan RW, Russell RJ, Air GM, Peiris JS |title=Evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=149–57 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18375125 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.008}}</ref> Galur kang bisa ditularaké kanthi gampang saka manungsa-marang-manungsa duwé protèin hémagglutinin kang duwé ikatan karo résèptor ing saluran ambegan pérangan ndhuwur, kaya ta ing irung, tenggorok, lan tutuk. Suwaliké, strain H5N1 kang mbebayani banget duwé ikatan karo résèptor kang paling akèh tinemu ing njero paru.<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-04-21_312_5772/page/n88|journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5772 |page=399 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16556800 |doi=10.1126/science.1125548}}</ref> Prabédan ing papan infèksi iki mungkin wujud péranganing alesan ngapa galur H5N1 nimbulaké pnéumonia virus kang abot ing paru, nanging ora ditularaké kanthi gampang liwat watuk lan wahing.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y |title=Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-03-23_440_7083/page/435 |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7083 |pages=435–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16554799 |doi=10.1038/440435a}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=1215–23 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17717141 |pmc=1988871 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2007.070248}}</ref> Tandha-tandha kang asring ana ing flu kaya ta mriyang, sirak cekot-cekot, lan kekeselen wujud asil saka sapérangan gedhé [[sitokin]] lan [[chemokin]] proinflamasi (kaya ta [[interferon]] utawa ''[[tumor necrosis factor]]'' (TNF)) kang diprodhuksi déning sèl kang kainfèksi influenza.<ref name=Eccles/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Bachmann M, Kopf M |title=Interleukin-1 is responsible for acute lung immunopathology but increases survival of respiratory influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2005-05_79_10/page/6441 |journal=J Virol |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=6441–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15858027 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6441-6448.2005 |pmc=1091664}}</ref> Ora kaya rhinovirus kang nimbulaké selesma (common cold/masuk angin), influenza nimbulaké karusakan jaringan, saéngga tandha-tandha kang dumadi ora kabèh disebabaké déning rèspons inflamasi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Winther B, Gwaltney J, Mygind N, Hendley J |title=Viral-induced rhinitis |journal=Am J Rhinol |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |year=1998|pmid=9513654 |doi=10.2500/105065898782102954}}</ref> Rèspons imun kang gedhé iki bisa nimbulaké “badai sitokin” kang bisa ngancam nyawa. Kadadéan iki dinuga wujud jalaran saka pati kang ora biyasa ing flu manuk H5N1,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS|display-authors=etal|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-12-07_360_9348/page/1831|journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9348 |pages=1831–7 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12480361 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}</ref> lan galur pandemik 1918.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K|display-authors=etal |title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-01-18_445_7125/page/319|journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7125 |pages=319–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17230189 |doi=10.1038/nature05495 |last12=Alimonti |first12=JB |last13=Fernando |first13=L |last14=Li |first14=Y |last15=Katze |first15=MG |last16=Feldmann |first16=H |last17=Kawaoka |first17=Y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7111 |pages=578–81 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17006449 |pmc=2615558 |doi=10.1038/nature05181 |last12=Katze |first12=MG}}</ref> Nanging, kamungkinan liyané yaiku sapérangan gedhé sitokin kang diasilaké mung wujud asil saka réplikasi virus kang gedhé banget kang ditimbulaké déning galur mau, lan rèspons imun ora mènèhi kontribusi marang lelara.<ref name=Beigel/> == Panyegahan == === Vaksinasi === Vaksinasi marang influenza kanthi vaksin influenza asring dirékomendhasikaké marang golongan risiko dhuwur, kaya ta bocah-bocah lan lansia, utawa marang panandhang [[asma]], [[diabetes]], [[lelara jantung]], utawa wong-wong kang ngalami gangguan imun. Vaksin influenza bisa diprodhuksi liwat sapérangan cara; cara kang paling umum yaiku kanthi nuwuhaké virus ing endhog pitik kang wis diwohi. Sawisé dimurnèkaké, virus banjur bakal diaktivasi (upamané, mawa détergen) kanggo ngasilaké vaksin virus kang ora aktif. Minangka alternatif, virus bisa dituwuhaké ing endhog nganti kélangan virulensiné banjur virus kang avirulen diwènèhaké minangka vaksin urip.<ref name=Hilleman/> Èfèktivitas saka vaksin influenza iku manéka rupa. Amarga tingkat mutasi virus kang dhuwur banget, vaksin influenza tinentu lumrahé mènèhaké pangreksan suwéné ora punjul sapérangan dina. Saben tauné, WHO mrédhiksikaké galur virus endi kang paling mungkin sirkulasi ing taun sabanjuré, saéngga mungkinaké perusahaan farmasi kanggo ngembangaké vaksin kang bakal nyumadyakaké kakebalan kang paling apik marang galur mau.<ref name=WHOrecommendation/> Vaksin uga wis dikembangaké kanggo ngreksa sato iwèn unggas saka flu manuk. Vaksin iki bisa èfèktif marang sapérangan galur lan minangka strategi preventif, utawa dikombinasikaké karo culling (pamuliaan) minangka usaha kanggo nyuresaké wabah.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Capua |first=I |author2=Alexander D |title=The challenge of avian influenza to the veterinary community |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a747651074&fulltext=713240928 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=189–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16753610 |doi=10.1080/03079450600717174}}</ref> Ana kamungkinan kena influenza sanajan wis divaksin. Vaksin bakal diformulasi ulang saben mangsa kanggo galur flu spésifik nanging ora bisa nyakup kabèh galur kang kanthi aktif nginfèksi kabèh manungsa ing mangsa mau. Merlokaké wektu suwéné enem sasi manèh manufaktur kanggo mformulasikaké lan mrodhuksi mayuta-yuta dosis kang diperlokaké kanggo ngadhepi epidemi mangsan; sok-sok, galur anyar utawa galur kang ora dinuga pinunjul ing wektu tinentu lan nginfèksi wong-wong sanajan wong-wong mau wis divaksinasi (kaya déné kang dumadi ing [[flu Fujian|Flu Fujian H3N2]] ing mungsa flu 2003-2004).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=E |author2=Ghedin E, Miller N, Taylor J, Bao Y, St George K, Grenfell B, Salzberg S, Fraser C, Lipman D, Taubenberger J |title=Whole-genome analysis of human influenza A virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent H3N2 viruses |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e300 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16026181 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030300 |pmc=1180517}}</ref> Uga ana kamungkinan éntuk infèksi sadurungé vaksinasi lan dadi lara déning galur kang kuduné dicegah déning vaksinasi, amarga vaksin merlokaké wektu rong minggu sadurungé dadi èfèktif.<ref name=CDCkeyfacts/> Ing muangsa 2006-2007, CDC kaping pisanané ngrékomendasikaké bocah kang umuré kurang saka 59 sasi kanggo nampa vaksin influenza taunan.<ref name=cdcreport>{{cite journal | author = Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA | title = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) | journal = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]] | volume = 55 | issue = RR-10 | pages = 1–42 |date=July 2006 | pmid = 16874296 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf }}</ref> Vaksin bisa nimbulaké sistem imun kanggo réaksi nalika awak nampa infèksi kang sabeneré, lan tandha-tandha infèksi umum (akèh tandha-tandha selesma lan flu mung wujud tandha-tandha infèksi umum) bisa mijil, sanajan tandha-tandha mau lumrahé ora padha aboté utawa tahan suwéné influenza. Èfèk samping kang paling mbebayani yaiku réaksi alèrgi abot ing matérial virus uga résidu saka endhog pitik kang dipigunakaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus influenza; nanging réaksi mau arang banget.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/flushot.htm Questions & Answers: Flu Shot] Publikasi CDC dianyaraké 24 Juli 2006. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.</ref> Minangka tambahan saliyané vaksinasi marang influenza mangsan, paneliti ngupaya kanggo ngembangaké vaksin marang kamungkinan pandemi influenza. Perkembangan, prodhuksi, lan distribusi vaksin inluenza pandemik kang rikat bisa nylametaké nyawa mayuta-yuta wong nalika dumadi pandemi influenza. Amarga mung ana wektu kang cendhak antarané idhèntifikasi galur pandemik lan kabutuhan vaksinasi, para paneliti lagi nggolèk pilihan moda prodhuksi vaksin saliyané liwat endhog. Tèknologi vaksin urip kang diinaktivasi (kanthi basis endhog utawa kanthi basis sèl), lan tèknologi rékombinan (protèin lan partikel mèmper virus), bakal mènèhaké aksès wektu nyata (''real time'') kang luwih apik lan bisa diprodhuksi kanthi luwih kejangkau, saéngga ngundhakaké aksès kanggo wong-wong kang urip ing nagara-nagara kanthi pangasilan sedheng lan asor, ing endi dadi asal kamungkinan pandemi. Tekan Juli 2009, punjul 70 uji klinis kang dikawruhi wis ditindakaké utawa lagi ditindakaké ngenani vaksin influenza pandemi.<ref>World Health Organization. Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines. Juli 2009. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/immunogenicity/immunogenicity_table.xls</ref> Ing sasi September 2009, Badan POM Amérikah Sarékat nyarujuki papat vaksin marang virus influenza H1N1 2009 (galur pandemik nalika wektu iku), lan njaluk stok vaksin mau sumadiya sajeroning sasi sabanjuré.<ref>US Food & Drug Administration. FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic. 15 September 2009. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015083833/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm |date=2009-10-15 }}</ref> === Pangendhalian infèksi === Cara kang cukup èfèktif kanggo ngedhunaké panularan influenza salah sajiné yaiku njaga kaséhatan pribadi lan kabiyasan higiénis kang becik: kaya ta ora ndumuk mata, irung lan tutuk;<ref name="CDCQA">[http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/qa.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention: "QUESTIONS & ANSWERS: Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You"]. Diaksès 15 Dhésèmber 2009.</ref> asring ngumbah tangan (mawa banyu lan sabun, utawa mawa cuwèran pangumbah kanthi basis alkohol);<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J|display-authors=etal|title=Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-02-01_48_3/page/285|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=285–91 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19115974 |doi=10.1086/595845}}</ref> nutup tutuk lan irung nalika watuk lan wahing, ngéndhani kontak cerak karo wong kang lara; lan tetep ana ing ngomahé dhéwé nalika lagi lara. Ora idu uga disaranaké.<ref name=Aledort>{{cite journal |author=Aledort JE, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette SA |title=Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7 |issue=|page=208 |year=2007 |pmid=17697389 |pmc=2040158 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-208 }}</ref> Sanajan masker rai bisa mbiyantu nyegah panularan nalika ngrawat wong kang lara<ref>{{cite journal |author=MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE|display-authors=etal|title=Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=233–41 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19193267 |pmc=2662657 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/2/pdfs/233.pdf |doi=10.3201/eid1502.081167}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB |title=Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-10-15_37_8/page/1094 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=1094–101 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523774 |doi=10.1086/378292}}</ref> ana bukti-bukti kang matentangan ngenani mupangan babagan mau ing masarakat.<ref name=Aledort/><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/maskguidance.htm Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Influenza Transmission] ''Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID)'' 8 Agustus 2005</ref> Ngrokok ngundhakaké risiko panularan influenza, lan uga nimbulaké tandha-tandha lelara kang luwih abot.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 16231688| volume = 72| issue = 10| pages = 916–920| last = Murin| first = Susan| author2 = Kathryn Smith Bilello| title = Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke| journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine| accessdate = 2009-10-01| year = 2005| url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916| archive-date = 2011-07-15| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112713/http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702| issn = 0028-4793| volume = 307| issue = 17| pages = 1042–1046| last = Kark| first = J D| author2 = M Lebiush, L Rannon| title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1982-10-21_307_17/page/1042| journal = The New England Journal of Medicine| year = 1982 | pmid = 7121513}}</ref> Amarga influenza nyebar liwat aerosol lan kontak karo lumahan kang kakontaminasi, pangresikan lumahan mau bisa mbiyantu nyegah sapérangan saka infèksi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hota B |title=Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-10-15_39_8/page/1182 |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1182–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15486843 | doi=10.1086/424667}}</ref> [[Alkohol]] wujud bahan sanitasi kang èfèktif marang virus influenza, sauntara senyawa amonium kuarterner bisa dipigunakaké bebarengan karo alkohol saéngga èfèk sanitasi mau bisa tahan luwih suwé.<ref name=McDonnell>{{cite journal |author=McDonnell G, Russell A |title=Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/147.pdf |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |date=1 Januari 1999|pmid=9880479 |pmc=88911}}</ref> Ing [[rumah sakit]], senyawa amonium kuarterner lan [[bahan pamutih]] dipigunakaké kanggo ngresiki ruwangan lan piranti kang sadurungé dipigunakaké déning pasièn kanthi tandha-tandha influenza.<ref name=McDonnell/> Ing ngomah, babagan mau bisa dilakokaké kanthi èfèktif kanthi migunakaké bahan pamutih chlorine kang dièncèraké.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |title=Chlorine Bleach: Helping to Manage the Flu Risk |publisher=Water Quality & Health Council |date=April 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-12 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607164343/http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing pandemi kapungkur, panutupan sekolah, gréja, lan biyoskup nyandhet panyebaran virus nanging ora duwé dampak kang gedhé marang angka pepati sakabèhé.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M |title=Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7582.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7582–7587 |year=2007 |pmid=17416679 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0610941104 |pmc=1849867}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM |title=The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7588.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7588–7593 |year=2007 |pmid=17416677 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0611071104 |pmc=1849868}}</ref> Durung bisa dipesthèkaké apa ngedhunaké patemon publik, upamané kanthi nutup sekolah lan papan makarya, bakal ngedhunaké panularan amarga wong kang nandhang influenza bisa waé isih pindhah saka sawijining papan menyang papan liyané; panyerakan kaya iki uga bakal angèl dilakokaké lan mungkin ora disenengi.<ref name=Aledort/> Yèn sapérangan cilik wong ngalami infèksi, ngisolasi wong kang lagi lara bisa ngurangi risiko panularan.<ref name=Aledort/> == Pangobatan == Wong kang nandhang flu disaranaké kanggo akèh istirahat, minum akèh cuwèran, ngéndhani panggunaan [[alkohol]] lan [[rokok]], lan yèn diperlokaké, ngonsumsi obat kaya ta asetaminofen ([[parasetamol]]) kanggo ngredhakaké tandha-tandha mriyang lan perih otot kang gegandhèngan karo flu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000080.htm |title=Flu: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=7 Fèbruari 2010}}</ref> Bocah-bocah lan nom-noman kanthi tandha-tandha flu (mligi mriyang) sabeciké ngéndhani panggunaan [[aspirin]] nalika infèksi influenza (mligi influenza jinis B), amarga bisa nimbulaké [[Sindrom Reye]], sawijining lelara [[ati]] kang langka nanging duwé potènsi nimbulaké pepati.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Glasgow |first=J |author2=Middleton B |title=Reye syndrome — insights on causation and prognosis |url=http://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/351.full.pdf |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=351–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11668090 |doi=10.1136/adc.85.5.351 |pmc=1718987}}</ref> Amarga influenza disababaké déning virus, antibiotik ora duwé prabawa marang infèksi; kajaba diwènèhaké kanggo [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kaya déné [[pneumonia]] baktérialis. Pangobatan antiviral bisa èfèktif, nanging sapérangan galur influenza bisa nuduhaké résistènsi marang obat-obat antivirus baku.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hurt AC, Ho HT, Barr I |title=Resistance to anti-influenza drugs: adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors |journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=795–805 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17140356 |doi=10.1586/14787210.4.5.795}}</ref> Loro kelas obat antivirus kang dipigunakaké marang influenza yaiku inhibitor neuraminidase lan inhibitor [[protéin M2]] (derivat [[adamantane]]). Inhibitor neuraminidase saiki luwih disenengi tumrap infèksi virus amarga kurang toksik lan luwih èfèktif.<ref name=Beigel>{{cite journal |author=Beigel J, Bray M |title=Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18328578 |pmc=2346583 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003}}</ref> CDC ngrékomendhasikaké supaya ora migunakaké inhibitor M2 ing mangsa influenza 2005-06 amarga dhuwuré tingkat [[résistènsi obat]].<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/han011406.htm CDC Recommends against the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Influenza in the United States during the 2005–06 Influenza Season.] 14 Januari 2006. Diaksès 1 Januari 2007</ref> Amarga wanita ngandhut katoné bakal kena dhampak kang luwih gedhé tinimbang populasi umum déning virus influenza H1N1 2009, pangobatan sacepeté kanthi obat-obat anti influenza wis dirékomendhasikaké.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jamieson|first=Denise J|last2=Honein|first2=Margaret A|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Sonja A|last4=Williams|first4=Jennifer L|last5=Swerdlow|first5=David L|last6=Biggerstaff|first6=Matthew S|last7=Lindstrom|first7=Stephen|last8=Louie|first8=Janice K|last9=Christ|first9=Cara M|date=Agustus 2009|title=H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609613040|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=374|issue=9688|pages=451–458|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61304-0}}</ref> Ing Konferènsi Pèrs influenza H1N1 November 2009, WHO ngrékomendhasikaké wong ing golongan risiko dhuwur, kalebu wanita ngandhut, bocah umur kurang saka rong taun lan wong kanthi masalah ambegan, supaya wiwit ngonsumsi obat-obat antivirus sacepeté sawisé ngalami tandha-tandha flu.<ref name=WHOpressconf12Nov2009>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009. "... persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. These symptoms include difficulty breathing and a high fever that lasts beyond 3 days... [page 1]" "... The pandemic virus can cause severe pneumonia even in healthy young people... [page 2]"</ref> Obat anti virus kang dipigunakaké kalebu oseltamivir (Tamiflu) lan zanamivir (Relenza). === Inhibitor neuraminidase === Obat-obat antivirus kaya déné [[oseltamivir]] (mèrek dagang Tamiflu) lan [[zanamivir]] (mèrek dagang Relenza) wujud [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] kang didhesain kanggo nyandhet panyebaran virus ing awak.<ref name=Neuraminidase_inhibitors>{{cite journal |last=Moscona |first=A |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra050740 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1363–73 |year=2005 |pmid=16192481 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050740}}</ref> Obat-obatan iki asring èfèktif marang influenza A lan B.<ref name=Stephenson/> ''[[Cochrane Collaboration]]'' ninjo manèh obat-obat iki lan nyimpulaké yèn obat-obat iki bisa ngurangi tandha-tandha lan komplikasi.<ref name="pmid16855962">{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=T |author2=Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Jones M, Rivetti D |editor1-last=Jefferson |editor1-first=Tom |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue=|pages=CD001265 |year=2006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001265.pub2 |pmid=16855962}}</ref> Galur influenza kang béda duwé drajat résistènsi kang béda marang obat antivirus iki, lan ora mungkin kanggo mpédhiksi segedhé apa résistènsi kang diduwèni galur pandemik ing mangsa ngarep.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Robert G. |title=H5N1 Influenza — Continuing Evolution and Spread |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp068205 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=21 |pages=2174–77 |year=2006 |pmid=17124014 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068205 |first2=E. A. |last2=Govorkova}}</ref> === Inhibitor M2 (adamantanes) === Obat-obat antivirus [[amantadine]] lan [[rimantadine]] bakal mblokadhe [[kanal ion]] virus (protéin M2) lan nyegah virus kanggo nginfèksi sèl.<ref name=Pinto/> Obat-obatan mau sok-sok èfèktif marang influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal ing infèksi nanging mesthi ora èfèktif marang influenza B amarga virus influenza B ora duwé molekul M2.<ref name=Stephenson>{{cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=I |author2=Nicholson K |title=Chemotherapeutic control of influenza |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/1/6.full.pdf |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |year=1999 |pmid=10459804 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.1.6}}</ref> Résistènsi kang kaukur tumrap amantadine lan rimantadine ing isolat Amerka saka H3N2 wis ngalami paningkatan tekan 91% nalika taun 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents — United States, 2005–06 influenza season |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5502.pdf |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=44–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16424859 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> Dhuwuré tingkat résistènsi iki mungkin disababaké déning sumadyané wiyar saka amantadine minangka obat kang didol tanpa [[resèp dhokter]] kanggo pangobatan selesma ing nagara-nagara kaya déné Cina lan Ruslan,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bright | first1 = Rick A | last2 = Medina | first2 = Marie-jo | last3 = Xu | first3 = Xiyan | last4 = Perez-Oranaz | first4 = Gilda | last5 = Wallis | first5 = Teresa R | last6 = Davis | first6 = Xiaohong M | last7 = Povinelli | first7 = Laura | last8 = Cox | first8 = Nancy J | last9 = Klimov | first9 = Alexander I | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2 | title = Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-1-7-2005_366_9492/page/1175 | journal = The Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1175–81 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198766 }}</ref> lan panggunaané kanggo nyegah wabah influenza ing kéwan ingon unggas.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG |title=Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia |journal=Virology |volume=341 |issue=1 |pages=102–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16081121 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003 |url=http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721204615/http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2012-06-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Parry J |title=Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7507 |page=10 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15994677 |pmc=558527 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10}}</ref> == Prognosis == Prabawa influenza adoh luwih abot lan tahan luwih suwé tinimbang selesma. Sapérangan gedhé wong bakal mari dhéwé ing sajeroning wektu seminggu tekan rong minggu, nanging kang liyané bakal ngalami komplikasi kang ngancam nyawa (kaya déné pneumonia). Influenza misa njalari pepati, mligi ing wong kang lemah, enom lan tuwa, utawa ngalami lelara kronis.<ref name=Hilleman/> Wong-wong kanthi sistem imun kang lemah, kaya déné panandhang infèksi [[HIV]] tingkat lanjut utawa pasièn panampa transplan (kang sistem imuné ditekan karo obat kanggo nyegah panulakan organ transplan), nandhang lelara kang luwih abot.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hayden FG |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in immunocompromised patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1997-03-17_102_3a/page/55 |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=102 |issue=3A |pages=55–60; discussion 75–6 |date=March 1997 |pmid=10868144 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(97)80013-7}}</ref> Golongan risiko dhuwur liyané yaiku wanita ngandhut lan bocah cilik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whitley RJ, Monto AS. |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in high-risk groups: children, pregnant women, immunocompromised hosts, and nursing home residents. |journal=J Infect Dis. |volume=194 S2 |pages=S133–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17163386 |doi=10.1086/507548 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/507548 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Flu bisa nambah ala masalah kaséhatan kronis. wong-wong kanthi emfisema, bronkitis kronis utawa asma bisa ngalami [[dispnea|kangèlan ambegan]] nalika ngalami flu, lan influenza bisa nimbulaké saya alané lelara [[jantung koroner]] utawa [[gagal jantung kongestif]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Angelo SJ, Marshall PS, Chrissoheris MP, Chaves AM |title=Clinical characteristics associated with poor outcome in patients acutely infected with Influenza A |journal=Conn Med |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=199–205 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15095826}}</ref> Ngrokok wujud faktor risiko liya kang gegandhèngan karo lelara kang luwih abot lan mortalitas kang luwih dhuwur kang ditimbulaké déning influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murin S, Bilello K |title=Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cleveland-clinic-journal-of-medicine_2005-10_72_10/page/916 |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=916–20 |year=2005 |pmid=16231688 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916}}</ref> Miturut WHO: “Saben mangsa adhem, puluhan yuta wong kena flu. Sapérangan gedhé mung lara lan ora nyambut gawé suwéné seminggu, sauntara para lanjut usia duwé risiko pati kang luwih dhuwur amarga lelara iki. Awaké dhéwé ngawruhi yèn kurban mati ing saindhenging donya ngluwihi atusan èwu wong saben tauné, nanging malah ing nagara maju, gunggung mau ora bisa dipesthèkaké, amarha pihak mèdhis kang duwé kuwajiban lumrahé ora mvèrifikasi wong kang mati amarga influenza lan wong kang mati kanthi lelara-mèmper-flu.”<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sandman | first1 = Peter M. | last2 = Lanard | first2 = Jody | year = 2005 | title = Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk | url = http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number22_article1.htm | journal = Perspectives in Health Magazine | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–6 }}</ref> Malah wong séhat bisa kena, lan masalah sérius kang ditimbulaké déning influenza bisa dumadi ing umur pira waé. Wong kanthi umur punjul 50 taun, bocah kang enom banget, lan wong saka kabèh umur kanthi kaanan mèdhis kronis luwih mungkin kanggo éntuk komplikasi influenza, kaya déné pneumonia, [[bronkitis]], infèksi sinus lan kuping.<ref name=CDCkeyfacts>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) Vaccine] CDC publication. Published 17 October 2006. Diaksès 18 Oktober 2006.</ref> Ing sapérangan kasus, réspons autoimun marang influenza bisa mènèhaké kontribusi marang [[sindrom Guillain-Barré]] (GBS).<ref name=Sivadon-Tardy>{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R|display-authors=etal|title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-01-01_48_1/page/n67|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124}}</ref> Nanging, amarga akèh infèksi liya kang bisa ngundhakaké risiko lelara iki, influenza wujud jalaran kang wigati mung nalika dumadi epidemi.<ref name=Sivadon-Tardy/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG|display-authors=etal|title=The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1998-10_51_4/page/1110|journal=Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1110–5 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9781538}}</ref> Sindrom iki wis dipercaya uga minangka èfèk samping kang langka saka vaksin influenza. Sanajan sawijining lapuran panalitèn mènèhaké insidensi gedhéné sakasus per sayuta vaksinasi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P |title=Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=15 |pages=2114–2120 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19356614 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125}}</ref> sawijining panalitèn gedhé ing Cina, kang dilapuraké ing [[NEJM]] kang nyakup mèh 100 yuta dosis vaksin marang flu”babi” H1N1 2009 mung tinemu sewelas kasus sindrom Guillain-Barré, (0,1%) saka total insidensi ing wong kang divaksin, sabeneré luwih asor saka tingkat kedadèyan lelara ing Cina, lan ora ana èfèk samping kang tinemu; "rasio risiko-mupangat, kang biyasa ditrepaké ing vaksin lan kabèh sajeroning pangobatan médhis, banget luwih condong marang panggunaan vaksin."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |title=2009 H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001728/http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Éntuk infèksi influenza dhéwé ngundhakaké risiko pepati (tekan 1 saka 10.000) lan ngundhakaké risiko ngalami GBS nganti tingkat kang luwih dhuwur tinimbang kang ditimbulaké déning panggunaan vaksin (kurang luwih kaping 10 ing panggunaan prakiran saiki).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E |title=Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=382–8 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19033158 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn310 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.long}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R |display-authors=etal |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/594124 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Epidemiologi == === Variasi mangsan === Influenza nggayuh prévalènsi pucuk nalika [[mangsa adhem]], lan amarga [[wilahan bumi lor]] lan [[wilahan bumi kidul|kidul]] ngalami mangsa adhem ing wektu kang béda saben tauné, ana loro mangsa flu saben tauné. Mula WHO (dibantu déning National Influenza Centers) gawé rékomèndhasi kanggo loro formulasi vaksin saben tauné; siji kanggo wilahan bumi lor, lan siji kanggo kidul.<ref name=WHOrecommendation>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528111237/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/2007northreport.pdf Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season] WHO report 2006-02-14. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.</ref> Wis suwé dadi pitakonan kenapa wabah flu dumadi kanthi mangsan, ora dumadi kanthi mangsan sadawané taun. Siji wedharan kang mungkin yaiku amarga wong ana sajeroning ruwangan luwih asring ing mangsa adhem, wong-wong mau ana sajeroning kontak cerak luwih asring, lan babagan mau ngundhakaké panularan saka wong-menyang-wong. Paningkatan tingkat lelaku amarga prèinan mangsa adhem ing wilahan bumi pérangan lor mungkin uga nyekel peranan.<ref name="NPR2003-12-17">[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1551913 Weather and the Flu Season] NPR Day to Day, 17 December 2003. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006</ref> Faktor liyané yaiku suhu kang adhem njalari udara luwih adhem, kang bisa nggaringaké mukus/lendhir, nyegah awak kanggo ngusir partikel virus kanthi èfèktif. Virus uga tahan luwih suwé ing lumahan ing suhu kang luwih adhem lan transmisi aerosol saka virus paling dhuwur ing lingkungan kang adhem (kurang saka 5&nbsp;°C) kanthi kalembaban rélatif kang asor.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature | last1 = Lowen | first1 = AC | last2 = Mubareka | first2 = S | last3 = Steel | first3 = J | last4 = Palese | first4 = P | authorlink4 = Peter Palese | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | page = e151 | url = http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030151&representation=PDF | format = PDF | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151 | pmc = 2034399 | pmid = 17953482 |date=October 2007 }}</ref> Kalembaban udara kang asor ing mangsa adhem katoné wujud jalaran utama saka transmisi influenza mangsan ing iklim sedheng.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Kohn M |title=Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-03-03_106_9/page/3243 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=3243–8 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19204283 |pmc=2651255 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806852106}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M |editor1-last=Ferguson |editor1-first=Neil M. |title=Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States |journal=PLoS Biol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e1000316 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20186267 |pmc=2826374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316}}</ref> Nanging, owah-owahan mangsan ing tingkat infèksi uga dumadi ing wewengkon [[tropis]], lan ing sapérangan nagara pucuk infèksi katon mligi ing mangsa udan.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1526-0542(03)00024-1 | last1 = Shek | first1 = LP | last2 = Lee | first2 = BW | title = Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. | journal = Paediatric respiratory reviews | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12758047 }}</ref> Owah-owahan mangsan sajeroning tingkat kontak kang magepokan karo mangsa sekolah (semèster) wujud faktor utama sajeroning lelara anak liyané kaya déné [[campak]] lan [[pertussis]], mungkin uga nyekel peranan sajeroning kombinasi lelara flu. Kombinasi saka èfèk mangsan cilik iki bisa digedhèkaké kanthi résonansi dinamis siklus endogen lelara.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dushoff | first1 = J | last2 = Plotkin | first2 = JB | last3 = Levin | first3 = SA | last4 = Earn | first4 = DJ | title = Dynamical resonance can account for seasonality of influenza epidemics. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2004-11-30_101_48/page/16915 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 48 | pages = 16915–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15557003 | pmc = 534740 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0407293101 }}</ref> H5N1 nuduhaké pola mangsan ing [[manungsa]] lan unggas.<ref name=WHOH5N1data>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040218103733/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en/ WHO Confirmed Human Cases of H5N1] Data published by WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). Diaksès 24 Oktober 2006</ref> Sawijining hipotèsis alternatif kang njelasaké pola mangsan ing infèksi influenza yaiku èfèk kadhar [[vitamin D]] tumrap kakebalan marang virus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cannell |first=J |author2=Vieth R, Umhau J, Holick M, Grant W, Madronich S, Garland C, Giovannucci E |title=Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_2006-12_134_6/page/1129 |journal=Epidemiol Infect |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=1129–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16959053 |doi=10.1017/S0950268806007175 |pmc=2870528 |authorlink=John Cannell}}</ref> Pendhapat iki pisanan diajokaké déning [[Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson]] nalika taun 1965.<ref>{{cite journal |last=HOPE-SIMPSON |first=R |title=The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=58 |issue=|pages=9–20 |year=1965|pmid=14267505 |pmc=1898279}}</ref> Dhèwèké ngajokaké yèn jalaran epidemi influenza ing mangsa adhem mungkin gegandhèngan karo fluktuasi mangsan vitamin D, kang timbul ing [[kulit]] ing sangisoré prabawa [[radhiasi UV]] [[srengéngé]] (utawa radhiasi artifisial). Iki bisa njelasaké kenapa influenza dumadi mligi nalika [[mangsa adhem]] lan ing [[mangsa udan]] ing tlatah tropis, nalika wong akèh ana sajeroning ruwangan, adoh saka sinar srengéngé, lan kadhar vitamin D-né ngalami pamudhunan. === Panyebaran epidemi lan pandemi === Amarga influenza disababaké déning manéka spésiès lan galur virus, saben tauné sapérangan galur bisa cures sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké epidemi, sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké pandemi. Lumrahé, loro mangsa flu taunan (siji sajeroning sawilahan bumi), ana telu nganti limang yuta kasus abot lan nganti 500.000 pepati ing saindhenging donya, kang nyukupi kritéria epidemi influenza taunan.<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza] WHO Fact sheet No. 211 revised March 2003. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006.</ref> Sanajan insidènsi influenza bisa banget manéka saka taun-menyang-taun, kurang luwih 36.000 pepati lan punjul 200.000 rawat inep gegandhèngan kanthi langsung karo influenza saben tauné ing Amérikah Sarékat.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson L, Fukuda K |title=Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/179 |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |year=2003 |pmid=12517228 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.179}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges C, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/11/1333 |journal=JAMA |volume=292 |issue=11 |pages=1333–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15367555 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.11.1333}}</ref> Kurang luwih kaping telu sajeroning saabad, dumadi pandemi, kang bakal nginfèksi sapérangan gedhé populasi donya lan bisa njalari patiné mayuta-yuta wong (delengen pérangan [[#sajarah|sajarah]]). Sawijining panalitèn mrakirakaké yèn sawijining galur kanthi virulènsi kang padha karo [[pandemi flu 1918|influenza 1918]] muncul saiki, mula virus mau bisa matèni 50 nganti 80 yuta wong.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH |title=Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2211–8 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17189032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4}}</ref> Virus influenza anyar ngalami [[évolusi]] spontan lumantar [[mutasi]] utawa lumantar reassortment.<ref name=hay/> Mutasi bisa nimbulaké owah-owahan cilik ing [[hemagglutinin]] lan antigen [[neuraminidase]] ing lumahan virus. Iki diarani antigenic drift, kang kanthi alon-alon nimbulaké akèh variasi galur nganti salah siji bisa nginfèksi manungsa kang kebal marang galur kang wis ana sadurungé. Varian anyar iki banjur nggantèkaké galur kang luwih tuwa amarga galur mau kanthi rikat nyapu populasi manungsa – asring nimbulaké epidemi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wolf, Yuri I|title=Long intervals of stasis punctuated by bursts of positive selection in the seasonal evolution of influenza A virus |journal=Biol Direct |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=34 |year=2006 |pmid=17067369|doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-34 |first2=C |first3=EC |first4=EV |first5=DJ |pmc=1647279 |last2=Viboud |last3=Holmes |last4=Koonin |last5=Lipman}}</ref> Nanging, amarga galur kang ditimbulaké déning kèlinan mau bakal cukup sarupa karo galur sadurungé, sapérangan wong bakal isih imun marang virus mau. Suwaliké, yèn virus influenza ngalami reassortment, wong-wong bakal olèh antigen kang anyar – umpamané reassortment antarané galur unggas lan galur manungsa; iki diarani [[pepindhahan antigen]]. Yèn virus influenza manungsa duwé antigen kang anyar, saben wong bisa kena infèksi, lan virus influenza anyar mau bakal nyebar kanthi ora kakontrol lan nimbulaké pandemi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Parrish |first=C |author2=Kawaoka Y |title=The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza A viruses |journal=Annual Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=|pages=553–86 |year=2005|pmid=16153179 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059}}</ref> Béda karo modhèl pandemi kang didhasaraké marang katutan lan pepindhahan antigen, sawijining panyerakan alternatif wis diajokaké ing endi pandemi périodik ditimbulaké déning interaksi saka sawijining rangkéyan galur virus kang tetep karo populasi manungsa kang kanthi konstan ngalami owah-owahan imunitas marang galur virus kang béda.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Recker M, Pybus OG, Nee S, Gupta S |title=The generation of influenza outbreaks by a network of host immune responses against a limited set of antigenic types |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/18/7711 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7711–7716 |year=2007 |pmid=17460037 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702154104 |pmc=1855915}}</ref> == Sajarah == === Ètimologi === Tembung influenza asalé saka [[basa Italia]] kang tegesé “prabawa”, iki ngrujuk marang jalaran lelara; awalé lelara iki disebutaké disababaké déning prabawa [[astrologi]]s kang kurang apik.<ref>''Influenza'', [[Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]], second edition.</ref> Owah-owahan pendhapat mèdhis njalari modhifikasi jeneng dadi influenza del freddo, kang tegesé “prabawa adhem”. Tembung influenza pisanan dipigunakaké sajeroning basa Inggris kanggo nyebut lelara kang awaké dhéwé kawruhi saiki nalika taun 1703 déning J Hugger saka Univèrsitas Edinburgh sajeroning thesisé kang judhulé "''De Catarrho epidemio, vel influenza, prout in India occidentali sese ostendit''".<ref>Creighton, Charles (1965): A History Of Epidemics In Britain, With Additional Material By D.E.C. Eversley</ref> Istilah biyèn kang dipigunakaké kanggo influenza yaiku ''epidemic catarrh'', ''grippe'' (saka [[basa Prancis]], pisanan dipigunakaké déning Molyneaux nalika taun 1694<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=11576290 | last1=Potter | first1=CW | year=2001 | title=A history of influenza. | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-microbiology_2001-10_91_4/page/572 | journal=Journal of applied microbiology | volume=91 | issue=4 |pages= 572–579 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}</ref>), ''sweating sickness'', lan mriyang Spanyol (mligi ing galur flu pandemi 1918).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=P|title=Swine Flu|journal=Croatian Medical Journal|doi= 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.412|year=2009|volume=50|page=412|pmid=19673043|issue=4|pmc=2728380}}</ref> === Pandemi === Tandha-tandha influenza manungsa dijlèntrèhaké kanthi cetha déning [[Hippocrates]] kurang luwih 2.400 taun kapungkur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=Juni 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hippocrates |author2=Adams, Francis |title=Of the Epidemics |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.html |orig-date=400 BCE |accessdate=2006-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan virus katoné njalari epidemi sadawané sajarah manungsa, data historis ngenani influenza angèl kanggo diinterprétasikaké, amarga gejalané bisa sakrupa karo tandha-tandha lelara ambegan liyané.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 1724803| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 223–234| last = Beveridge| first = W I| title = The chronicle of influenza epidemics| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1991_13_2/page/223| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1991}}</ref><ref name=Potter/> Lelara iki mungkin wis nyebar saka Éropah menyang Amérika nalika kolonisasi Amérika déning wong-wong Éropah; amarga mèh kabèh warga [[Antilles]] mati déning epidemi kang mèmper karo influenza kang nyebar nalika taun 1493, sawisé tekané [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1171451|author=Guerra, Francisco |title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-history_fall-1988_12_3/page/305|year=1988 |journal=Social Science History |volume= 12 |issue= 3 | pages=305–325|pmid=11618144|jstor=1171451 }} (only the first page can be read for free, but that has enough information about influenza being the main disease brought by Columbus killing 90 % of the indiginous population)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 7529930| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 313–327| last = Guerra| first = F| title = The European-American exchange| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1993_15_3/page/313| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1993| doi = 10.1016/S1471-0846(02)80108-1}}</ref> Lapuran pisanan kang nyakinaké ngenani pandemi influenza yaiku wabah nalika taun 1580, kang awalé ing Ruslan lan nyebar menyang Éropah liwat Afrika. Ing [[Roma]], punjul 8.000 wong mati, lan sapérangan kutha Spanyol mèh kabèh cures. Pandemi terus lumaku kanthi sporadis tekan abad ka 17 lan 18, kanthi pandemi 1830-1833 kang mligi nyebar kanthi wiyar; pandemi mau nginfèksi kurang luwih saprapat saka warga kang kapapar.<ref name=Potter>{{cite journal |author=Potter CW |title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120718156/HTMLSTART |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wabah kang paling misuwur lan paling matèkaké yaiku pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) (influenza jinis A, subtipe H1N1), kang dumadi antarané taun 1918 tekan 1919. Ora dikawruhi kanthi cetha sapira akèhé pati kang ditimbulaké, nanging prakirané watara 20 nganti 100 yuta wong.<ref name=Knobler>{{cite book |editor=Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) |chapter=1: The Story of Influenza |pages=60–61 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&page=58 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref name=Patterson1>{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=KD |author2=Pyle GF |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1991_65_1/page/n7 |journal=Bull Hist Med. |date=Spring 1991 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |pmid=2021692}}</ref> Pandemi iki diarani “pambantéyan médhis gedhé dhéwé sajeroning sajarah” lan mungkin wis matèni wong padha akèhé karo [[Pepati Ireng]].<ref name=Potter/> Angka pepati kang gedhé banget iki disebabaké déning tingkat infèksi kang dhuwur banget ngancik 50% lan tingkat tandha-tandha kang abot banget, dinuga disababaké déning [[badai sitokin]].<ref name=Patterson1/> Tandha-tandha flu nalika taun 1918 ora biyasa banget nganti influenza ing awalé salah didiagnosis minangka mriyang dengue, [[kolera]], utawa uga [[mriyang tifoid]]. Sawijining pangamat nulisaké, “Salah sawijining komplikasi kang paling abot yaiku panggetihan saka [[selaput lendhir]], mligi saka [[irung]], [[lambung]], lan [[usus]]. Panggetihan saka [[kuping]] lan panggetihan [[petechia]] uga dumadi.”<ref name=Knobler/> Mayoritas pepati disababaké déning [[pneumonia bakterial]], [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kang ditimbulaké déning influenza, nanging virus uga matèni wong kanthi langsung, nimbulaké panggetihan masif lan [[edema]] paru.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite journal | author = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG | title = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus | journal = [[Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.]] | volume = 356 | issue = 1416 | pages = 1829–39 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11779381 | pmc = 1088558 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020 }}</ref> Pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) bener-bener mandonya, malah nyebar tekan Kutub Lor lan [[Kapuloan Pasifik]] kang adoh. Lelara kang abot banget matèni watara 2 nganti 20% saka panandhang kang kainfèksi, ora kaya tingkat pepati epidemi flu kang lumrahé mung 0,1%.<ref name=Knobler/><ref name="Taubenberger">{{cite journal |last=Taubenberger |first=J |author2=Morens D |title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16494711}}</ref> Tandha-tandha liya saka pandemi iki yaiku kedadèyan iki sapérangan gedhé matèni wong diwasa enom, kanthi 99% pepati pandemi influenza dumadi ing wong-wong kanthi umur sangisoré 65, lan punjul setengahé umur 20 tekan 40 taun.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Simonsen |first=L |author2=Clarke M, Schonberger L, Arden N, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-07_178_1/page/53 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |date=July 1998 |pmid=9652423}}</ref> Iki ora biyasa amarga influenza lumrahé paling matèkaké ing umur enom banget (sangisoré umur 2 taun) lan ing umur tuwa banget (sandhuwuré 70 taun). Mortalitas total saka pandemi 1918-1919 ora dikawruhi, nanging diprakirakaké watara 2,5% nganti 5% saka kabèh populasi donya wis mati amarga flu iki. Akèhé 25 yuta mungkin wis mati sajeroning 25 minggu pisanan; minangka tetimbangan, [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] wis matèni 25 yuta panandhangé sajeroning 25 taun pisanan.<ref name=Knobler/> Pandemi flu kang dumadi sabanjuré ora duwé dampak gedhé banget. Pandemi mau yaiku [[Flu Asia]] 1957 (jinis A, galur [[H2N2]]) lan [[Flu Hongkong]] 1968 (Tipe A, galur [[H3N2]]), nanging wabah kang luwih cilik iki malah matèni mayuta-yuta wong. Ing pandemi kang dumadi ing samburiné antibiotik wis sumadiya kanggo ngendhalèkaké infèksi sékundhèr lan iku wis mbiyantu ngurangi mortalitas tinimbang Flu Spanyol 1918.<ref name=Taubenberger/> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ [[Pandemi flu]] kang wis dikawruhi<ref name=Hilleman>{{cite journal |last=Hilleman |first=M |title=Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control |journal=Vaccine |volume=20 |issue=25–26 |pages=3068–87 |date=19 Agustus 2002 |pmid=12163258 |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2}}</ref><ref name=Potter/><ref name="TenThings">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2005-10-14|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=2009-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016015026/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=2005-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref> ! Jeneng pandemi !! Wektu !!Pepati !! Tingkat pepati !! Subtipe kang duwé peran !! [[Tingkat Aboté Pandemi]] |- ! [[Flu Ruslan|Flu (Ruslan) Asia]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Boëlle PY |title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-05-11_107_19/page/8778 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8778–81 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20421481 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1000886107 |pmc=2889325}}</ref> |1889–1890 ||1 yuta ||0,15% ||kamungkinan [[H3N8]] ||NA |- ! [[Pandemi flu 1918]]<br />(Flu Spanyol)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mills CE, [[James Robins|Robins JM]], Lipsitch M |title=Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-12-16_432_7019/page/904 |journal=Nature |volume=432 |issue=7019 |pages=904–6 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15602562 |doi=10.1038/nature03063 }}</ref> |1918–1920 ||20 nganti 100 yuta ||2%||[[H1N1]] ||5 |- ! [[Flu Asia]] |1957–1958 ||1 nganti 1,5 yuta ||0,13%||[[H2N2]] ||2 |- ! [[Flu Hong Kong]] |1968–1969 ||0,75 nganti 1 yuta ||<0,1%||[[H3N2]] ||2 |- ! [[Pandemi flu 2009]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM|display-authors=etal |title=Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study |journal=BMJ |volume=339 |issue= |pages=b5213 |year=2009 |pmid=20007665 |pmc=2791802 |doi=10.1136/bmj.b5213}}</ref> |2009–2010 ||18.000 ||0,03%||[[H1N1]] ||NA |} Virus influenza pisanan kang kasil diisolasi asalé saka unggas, nalika taun 1901 agèn kang nimbulaké lelara kang diarani “''fowl plague''” diliwataké lumantar [[filter Chamberland]], kang duwé pori kang ukurané cilik banget kanggo diliwati déning bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heinen PP |url=http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html |title=Swine influenza: a zoanasis |journal=Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow |issn=1569-0830 |date=15 Sèptèmber 2003}}</ref> [[Etiologi]] influenza, famili virus Orthomyxoviridae, pisanan tinemu ing babi déning [[Richard Shope]] nalika taun 1931.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics èand discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}</ref> Panemon iki banjur diumiluni déning isolasi virus saka manungsa déning saklompok panaliti kang dipanggedhèni déning [[Patrick Laidlaw]] saka [[Konsili Panalitèn Brtainia Raya]] nalika taun 1933.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1933-01-14_1_2/page/66 |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2}}</ref> Nanging, nalika taun 1935, nalika Wendell Stanley pisanan ngristalisasikaké [[tobacco mosaic virus]], sipat non sélulèr saka virus dikawruhi. Laku signifikan pisanan sajeroning nyegah influenza yaiku dikembangaké vaksin virus mati kanggo influenza nalika taun 1944 déning [[Thomas Francis, Jr.]]. Iki wujud perkembangan saka karya [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], sawijining wong Australia, kang nuduhaké yèn virus bakal kélangan virulènsiné nalika dhèwèké dikultur sajeroning endhog pitik kang wis dibagi.<ref name="Nobel">[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Biography] The [[Nobel Foundation]]. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006</ref> Aplikasi saka temon iki déning Francis mungkinaké dhèwèké lan tim panalitiné ing [[Universitas Michigan]] kanggo ngembangaké vaksin influenza pisanan, kanthi panjurung saka [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amérikah Sarékat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kendall |first=H |title=Vaccine Innovation: Lessons from World War II |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–57 |year=2006 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064 |pmid=16681187 |access-date=2012-06-28 |archive-date=2014-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004142356/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dinas Katentaraan duwé katerlibatan ing panalitèn iki amarga pengalaman ing influenza nalika [[Perang Donya I]], nalika èwonan wadya mati déning virus sajeroning étungan sasi.<ref name=Knobler/> Dibandhingaké karo vaksin, perkembangan obat anti-influenza luwih alon, kanthi diwetokaké lisènsi [[amantadine]] nalika taun 1966, lan mèh telung puluh taun sabanjuré, golongan obat sabanjuré ([[inhibitor neruaminidase]]) dikembangaké.<ref name=Lynch/> == Masarakat lan kabudayan == Influenza nimbulaké beban béya langsung amarga ilangé [[prodhuktivitas]] lan béya pangobatan mèdhis kang diakibataké, lan uga béya ora langsung wujud laku-laku prévèntif. Ing Amérikah Sarékat, influenza duwé tanggung jawab kanggo total beban gedhéné punjul 10 yuta dollar per taun, sauntara wis diprakirakaké yèn pandemi ing mangsa ngarèp bisa nimbulaké tuna atusan yuta dolar sajeroning wangun beban langsung lan ora langsung.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Statement from President George W. Bush on Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Diakses 26 Oktober 2006</ref> Nanging, dampak [[ékanami]] saka pandemi kang sadurungé durung disinaoni kanthi intènsif, lan sapérangan panulis wis nduga yèn influenza Spanyol sabeneré duwé èfèk jangka dawa positif ing patuwuhan ''pendapatan per-kapita'', sanajan ana pamudhunan kang gedhé ing populasi punggawa lan èfèk déprèsi jangka cendhak kang abot.<ref>Brainerd, E. and M. Siegler (2003), "The Ecanamic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic", ''CEPR Discussion Paper'', no. 3791.</ref> Panalitèn liya wis ngupaya kanggo mrédhiksi beban béya saka sawijining pandemi kang padha aboté karo flu Spanyol 1918 ing ékanami Amérikah Sarékat, ing endi 30% saka kabèh punggawa dadi lara, lan 2,5% ngalami pati. Angka lelara watara 30% lan suwéné lelara watara telung minggu bakal ngedhunaké [[prodhuk dhomèstik bruto]] gedhéné 5%. Beban tambahan bisa muncul saka pangobatan mèdhis saka 18 yuta nganti 45 yuta wong, lan beban ékanami kabèh bakal dadi kurang luwih 700 yuta dolar.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poland G |title=Vaccines against avian influenza—a race against time |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=354 |issue=13 |pages=1411–3 |year=2006 |pmid=16571885 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe068047 |access-date=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230075940/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Béya pancegahan uga dhuwur. Pamaréntah ing saindhenging donya wis ngentèkaké mayuta-yuta dolar Amérika sajeroning persiapan lan parencanaan sajeroning ngadhepi kamungkinan pandemi flu manuk H5N1, kanthi beban béya kang magepokan karo panukonan obat lan vaksin lan uga ngembangaké latihan bencana lan strategi sajeroning ngundhakaké [[pangawasan wewatesan]].<ref name=Rosenthal/> Pada 1 November 2005, [[Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat]] [[George W. Bush]] mengeluarkan ''the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza'' (Strategi Nasional kanggo Ngreksa Bebaya Pandemi influenza)<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Whitehouse.gov Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.</ref> kang dijurung déning panjaluk dana marang [[kongrès Amérikah Sarékat|kongrès]] gunggungé 7,1 yuta dollar kanggo miwiti implemèntasi rencana mau.<ref>[http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 Bush Outlines $7 Billion Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807204025/http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 |date=2007-08-07 }} US Mission to the EU, Diaksès 12 Dhésèmber 2009 {{Wayback|url=http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3|date =2007-08-07|bot=DASHBot}}{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> Ing donya internasional, ing tanggal 18 Januari 2006, nagara-nagara danar wis janji kanggo nyumbang 2 yuta dolar kanggo merangi flu manuk ing Konferènsi Prajanjian Internasional ngenani influenza Unggas lan Manungsa ''(International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza)'' kang ditindakaké suwéné rong dina ing Cina.<ref>[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-18-02.asp Danar Nations Pledge $1.85 Billion to Combat Bird Flu] Newswire Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.</ref> Sajeroning pambijian pandemi H1N1 2009 ing nagara-nagara kapilih ing wilahan bumi pérangan kidul, data nuduhaké yèn kabèh nagara ngalami dampak sosio/ékanami sajeroning wates wektu lan/utawa géografis tartamtu lan pamudhunan sauntara sajeroning kapariwisataan kang mligi disababaké déning kewedèn bakal lelara H1N1 2009. Isih awal banget kanggo nemtokaké apa pandemi H1N1 wis nimbulaké dampak ékanami jangka dawa.<ref>Assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) Outbreak on Selected Countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 2009. http://flu.gov/professional/global/southhemisphere.html</ref> == Panalitèn == [[Gambar:Influenza virus research.jpg|thumb|left|upright|200px|Dr. Terrence Tumpey mriksa virus [[flu Spanyol]] 1918.]] Panalitèn ing influenza nyakup panalitèn ing [[virologi molekulèr]], kepriyé virus nimbulaké lelara ([[patogenesis]]), [[rèspon imun]] inang, génom virus, lan kepriyé panyebaran virus ([[epidemiologi]]). Panalitèn iki mbiyantu pangembangan laku nangkal influenza; contoné, pamahaman kang luwih becik ngenani rèspons sistem imun awak mbiyantu pangembangan vaksin, lan gambaran kang dhetil ngenani kepriyé influenza nyerang sèl mbiyantu dikembangaké obat-obat antivirus. Salah siji program panalitèn dhasar kang paling wigati yaiku ''Influenza Genome Sequencing Project'' (Proyèk panemton urutan génom influenza), kang nyiptakaké pustaka (pratélan kumpulan) sékuèns (gèn) influenza; pustaka iki bisa mbiyantu nemtokaké faktor endi kang gawé sawijining galur luwih matèkaké tinimbang galur liyané, gèn endi kang paling mangaruhi [[imunogenisitas]], lan kepriyé virus évolusi saka wektu menyang wektu sabanjuré.<ref>[http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml Influenza A Virus Genome Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108045050/http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml |date=2006-11-08 }} at The Institute of Genomic Research. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006</ref> Panalitèn vaksin anyar wigati banget, amarga vaksin kang sumadiya saiki alon banget lan larang kanggo diprodhuksi lan kudu diformulasi ulang saben tauné. Panemton urutan (sequencing) saka génom influenza lan tèknologi [[DNA rékombinan]] bisa nyepetaké tinemu galur vaksin anyar kanthi mungkinaké panaliti ngganti antigèn anyar ing galur vaksin kang wis dikembangaké sadurungé.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Subbarao K, Katz J |title=Influenza vaccines generated by reverse genetics |journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |volume=283 |issue=|pages=313–42 |year=2004|pmid=15298174}}</ref> Tèknologi anyar uga nembé dikembangaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus ing kultur sèl, kang njanjèkaké angka prodhuksi kang luwih dhuwur, béya kang luwih asor, kualitas kang luwih apik lan ''surge capacity'' kang luwih apik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bardiya N, Bae J |title=Influenza vaccines: recent advances in production technologies |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |year=2005 |pmid=15660212 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1874-1 |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326073534/http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Panalitèn ing vaksin influenza A universal, kang dituduhaké ing domain èksternal saka [[protéin M2]] transmémbran virus (M2e), nembé ditindakaké déning [[University of Ghent]] déning [[Walter Fiers]], [[Xavier Saelens]], lan klompoké<ref>{{cite journal |author=Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Vanlandschoot P, Jou WM, Fiers W |title=A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protéin |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1157–63 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10502819 |doi=10.1038/13484 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Jou WM |title=Soluble recombinant influenza vaccines |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1961–3 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11779398 |pmc=1088575 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, De Filette M, Birkett A, Neirynck S, Min Jou W |title=A "universal" human influenza A vaccine |journal=Virus Res. |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=173–6 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15163506 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030 }}</ref> lan saiki wis kasil ngliwati uji klinis fase 1. Sapérangan ''[[biologic]]'', vaksin lan ''imunobiologic'' terapeutik uga nembé ditliti kanggo nambani infèksi kang disebabaké déning virus. Biologi terapeutik dirancang kanggo ngaktivasi rèspon imun tumrap virus utawa antigèn. Lumrahé ''biologic'' ora nargètaké [[jalur métabolik]] kaya déné obat-obat antivirus, nanging ngrangsang sèl imun kaya déné [[limfosit]], [[makrofag]], lan/utawa ''[[antigen presenting cells]]'' kanggo mènèhi rèspon imun tumrap èfèk [[sitotoksik]] marang virus. Modhèl influenza, kaya déné influenza mencit (''murine influenza'') wujud modhèl kang apik kanggo dipigunakaké kanggo nguji èfèk ''biologic'' profilaksis lan terapeutik. Contoné ''[[Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator]]'' nyandhet patuwuhan virus ing modhèl influenza mencit.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: Review of the ImmunoPharmacology of a new Veterinary Biologic |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=61–68 | url=http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol6Iss2/Vol6Iss2Gingerich61-68.pdf |format=PDF | access-date=5 Dhésèmber 2010 |author=Gingerich, DA}}</ref> == Infèksi ing kéwan liya == Influenza nginfèksi akèh spésiès [[kéwan]], lan transfer galur virus antar spésiès bisa dumadi. Unggas dinuga wujud inang kéwan utama saka virus influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gorman O, Bean W, Kawaoka Y, Webster R |title=Evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1990-04_64_4/page/1487 |pmc=249282 |journal=J Virol |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1487–97 |year=1990 |pmid=2319644}}</ref> Nembelas wangun [[hémagglutinin]] lan sanga wangun [[néuraminidase]] wis diidhèntifikasi. Kabèh subtipe kang wis dikawruhi (HxNy) tinemu ing unggas, nanging akèh subtipe endemik ing [[manungsa]], [[asu]], [[jaran]], lan [[babi]]; populasi [[onta]], [[garangan]], [[kucing]], [[asu laut]], cerpelai (mink) lan [[iwak lodan]] uga nuduhaké bukti-bukti infèksi utawa paparan tumrap influenza.<ref name=webster/> Varian saka virus flu sok-sok dijenengi miturut spésiès ing endi galur mau endemik utawa adhaptasi. Varian utama saka jeneng-jeneng kang migunakaké konvènsi iki yaiku: flu unggas, flu manungsa, flu babi, [[flu jaran]], lan [[flu asu]]. ([[Flu kucing]] lumrahé ngrujuk marang [[rhinotracheitis virus kucing]] utawa ''[[Feline calicivirus]]'' lan dudu wujud infèksi kang asalé saka virus influenza.). Ing babi, jaran, lan asu, tandha-tandha influenza sarupa karo ing manungsa, mawa watuk, mriyang, lan [[anoreksia|kéhalangan nepsu mangan]].<ref name=webster/> Frékuènsi lelara iki ing kéwan ora disinaoni padha apiké ing infèksi marang manungsa, nanging wabah influenza ing asu laut pelabuhan nimbulaké kurang luwih 500 patiné asu laut ing pasisir [[New England]] nalika taun 1979-1980.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hinshaw V, Bean W, Webster R, Rehg J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci J, St Aubin D |title=Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1984-09_51_3/page/863 |pmc=255856 |journal=J Virol |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=863–5 |year=1984 |pmid=6471169}}</ref> Ing sisih liya, wabah ing babi asring dumadi lan ora nimbulaké angka pepati kang abot.<ref name=webster/> === Flu unggas === Tandha-tandha flu ing unggas manéka lan mungkin ora spésifik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Elbers A, Koch G, Bouma A |title=Performance of clinical signs in poultry for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=181–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16191700 | doi=10.1080/03079450500096497}}</ref> Tandha-tandha kang ngetutaké infèksi flu unggas kanthi patogenesitas kang asor bisa wujud wulu kang morak-marik, pamudhunan cilik sajeroning prodhuksi endhog, utawa pamudhunan bobot awak dikombinasikaké karo [[lelara ambegan]] ènthèng.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Capua| first1= I |last2= Mutinelli | first2= F. |chapter=Low pathogenicity (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza in turkeys and chicken | title=A Colour Atlas and Text on Avian Influenza |publisher= Papi Editore |location= Bologna |year= 2001 |pages=13–20 | isbn=88-88369-00-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S1hEAAAACAAJ }}</ref> Amarga tandha-tandha kang ènthèng iki bisa gawé diagnosis ing lapangan dadi angèl, ngetutaké panyebaran flu unggas merlokaké uji laboratorium saka sampel kang asalé saka unggas kang kainfèksi. Sapérangan galur kaya déné [[H9N2]] Asia virulèn banget marang kéwan ingon unggas lan bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha kang luwih èkstrém lan mortalitas kang signifikan.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bano S, Naeem K, Malik S |title=Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/817 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=817–22 |year=2003 |pmid=14575070 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.817}}</ref> Ing wangun kang paling patogenik, influenza ing [[pitik]] lan [[kalkun]] nimbulaké munculé tandha-tandha ndadak lan pepati mèh 100% sajeroning rong dina.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Swayne D, Suarez D |title=Highly pathogenic avian influenza |journal=Rev Sci Tech |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=463–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10935274}}</ref> Amarga virus nyebar kanthi rikat ing kaanan kang padhet kaya déné ing paternakan intènsif pitik lan kalkun, wabah iki bisa nimbulaké dampak [[ékanami]] kang gedhé kanggo paternak unggas. Galur H5N1 kang wis adhaptasi marang unggas lan patogèn banget (diarani HPAI A(H5N1), cekakan saka "''highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1''") nimbulaké flu H5N1, kang lumrahé ditepungi minangka flu unggas, utawa "flu manuk", lan endemik ing akèh populasi manuk, mligi ing [[Asia Kidul-wétan]]. Galur turunan Asia saka HPAI A (H5N1) nyebar kanthi global. Epizootik (epidemi ing makluk urip dudu manungsa) lan panzootik (lelara kang ngenani kéwan saka akèh spésiès, mligi sajeroning wewengkon kang wiyar banget), wis matèni puluhan yuta unggas lan njalari pepati disengaja atusan yuta unggas liya sajeroning upaya kanggo ngendhalèkaké panyebarané. Sapérangan gedhé réferènsi ing médhia marang “flu manuk” lan sapérangan gedhé réferènsi marang H5N1 yaiku ngenani galur spésifik iki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Li K, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith G, Xu K, Duan L, Rahardjo A, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen T, Estoepangestie A, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long H, Hanh N, Webby R, Poon L, Chen H, Shortridge K, Yuen K, Webster R, Peiris J |title=Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-07-08_430_6996/page/209 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=6996 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15241415 | doi=10.1038/nature02746}}</ref><ref>Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L, Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie AT, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NT, Webby RJ, Poon LL, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS. [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/116.html "The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?" Workshop Summary] The National Academies Press (2005) "Today's Pandemic Threat: Genesis of a Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Eastern Asia", pages 116–130</ref> Saiki, HPAI A(H5N1) wujud lelara unggas, lan ora ana bukti kang nuduhaké panularan kang èfisièn manungsa-marang-manungsa saka HPAI A(H5N1). Ing mèh kabèh kasus, wong-wong kang kainfèksi wis ngalami kontak fisik kang èkstènsif karo unggas kang kainfèksi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Liu J |title=Avian influenza—a pandemic waiting to happen? |url=http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |year=2006 |pmid=16440117 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216094539/http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing mangsa ngarep, H5N1 bisa mutasi utawa ngalami réassortment dadi galur kang mampu ditularaké antar manungsa kanthi èfisièn. Owah-owahan kang diperlokaké nganti iki dumadi durung dikawruhi kanthi becik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salomon R, Webster RG |title=The influenza virus enigma |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2009-02-06_136_3/page/402 |journal=Cell |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=402–10 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19203576 |pmc=2971533 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.029}}</ref> Nanging, amarga dhuwuré angka pepati lan virulènsi H5N1, kaanan endemiknya, lan inang réservoir biologis kang gunggungé gedhé lan tansaya tambah, virus H5N1 wujud ancaman pandemi donya ing mangsa flu taun 2006-07, lan milyaran dolar wis diklumpukaké lan dientèkaké sajeroning nliti H5N1 lan ngrencanakaké kanggo kamungkinan pandemi influenza.<ref name=Rosenthal>{{cite news | last1=Rosenthal |first1= E. |last2= Bradsher |first2= K. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/16/business/16bird.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | title= Is Business Ready for a Flu Pandemic? |work= The New York Times |date=16 Maret 2006 |accessdate= 17 April 2006 }}</ref> === Flu babi === Ing [[babi]], influenza babi nimbulaké mriyang, awak lemes, wahing, watuk, kangèlan ambegan, lan pemudhunan nepsu mangan.<ref name=Kothalawala>{{cite journal |author=Kothalawala H, Toussaint MJ, Gruys E |title=An overview of swine influenza |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=46–53 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16841566}}</ref> Ing sapérangan kasus infèksi bisa nimbulaké aborsi. Sanajan mortalitas lumrahé asor, virus bisa nimbulaké pamudhunan bobot awak lan patuwuhan kang ala, nimbulaké dampak karugèn ékanami kanggo para paternak.<ref name=Kothalawala/> Babi kang kainfèksi bisa ngalami kélangan bobot watara 12 pon bobot awak sajeroning jangka wektu 3 nganti 4 minggu.<ref name=Myers>{{cite journal |author=Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC |title=Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2007-04-15_44_8/page/1084 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1084–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17366454 |pmc=1973337 |doi=10.1086/512813 }}</ref> Nalika taun 2009, galur virus [[H1N1]] kang asalé saka babi, kang asring diarani “flu babi” njalari pandemi flu 2009, nanging ora ana bukti yèn virus iki èndemik ing babi (temenan wujud flu babi) utawa bisa nular saka babi menyang manungsa, nanging virus iki nyebar saka manungsa-marang-manungsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|title=Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement|author=Maria Zampaglione|publisher=[[World Organisation for Animal Health]]|date=April 29, 2009|accessdate=April 29, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105521/http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|archivedate=April 30, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01name.html?scp=5&sq=&st=nyt |title=W.H.O. Gives Swine Flu a Less Loaded, More Scientific Name | work=The New York Times | first=Denise | last=Grady | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}</ref> Galur iki wujud réassortment saka sapérangan galur H1N1 kang lumrahé tinemu kanthi kapisah, ing manungsa, unggas, lan babi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01origin.html?scp=2&sq=&st=nyt |title=Virus's Tangled Genes Straddle Continents, Raising a Mystery About Its Origins |format=| work=The New York Times | first=Donald G. | last=McNeil Jr. | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}</ref> == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist|2}} <!-- {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} --> == Wacan terusan == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} '''Umum''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM |display-authors=etal |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=N Engl J Med. |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1374–85 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16192482 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052211 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |access-date=2012-02-09 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104920/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |url-status=dead }} * Bernd Sebastian Kamps, Christian Hoffmann and Wolfgang Preiser (Eds.) 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Flying Publisher 2006 * {{cite book |author=Levine, Arnold J. |title=Viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716750314 |publisher=Scientific American Library |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=0-7167-5031-7}} * {{cite book |author=Baron, Samuel |title=Medical microbiology |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |location=Galveston, Tex |year=1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |edition=4th |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed }} * {{cite journal |author=Cox NJ, Subbarao K |title=Influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1999-10-09_354_9186/page/n64 |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9186 |pages=1277–82 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10520648 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01241-6}} * ISBN 978-3-211-80892-4 The Influenza Viruses Hoyle L 1968 Springer Verlag {{Refend}} '''Sajarah''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Kilbourne ED |last2=Zhang |first2=Yan B. |last3=Lin |first3=Mèi-Chen |title=Influenza pandemics of the 20th century |journal=Emerging Infect Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494710 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1254.htm }} * {{cite book |author=Collier, Richard |title=The plague of the Spanish lady: the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 |url=https://archive.org/details/plagueofspanish00coll |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1974 |isbn=0-333-13864-3}} * {{cite book |author=Barry, John M. |title=The great influenza: the epic story of the deadliest plague in history |url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00barr |publisher=Viking |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |pages=|isbn=0-670-89473-7}} {{Refend}} '''Mikrobiologi''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |journal=Microbiol Rev. |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |date=1 Maret 1992|pmid=1579108 |pmc=372859 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1579108 }} * {{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA, Skehel JJ |title=Genetics of influenza viruses |journal=Annu. Rev. Genet. |volume=36 |issue=|pages=305–32 |year=2002 |pmid=12429695 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052402.152757}} {{Refend}} {{Col-2-of-2}} '''Patogenesis''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=García-Sastre A |title=Antiviral response in pandemic influenza viruses |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=44–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494716 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1186.htm}} * {{cite journal |author=Zambon MC |title=The pathogenesis of influenza in humans |journal=Rev Med Virol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=227–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11479929 |doi=10.1002/rmv.319}} {{Refend}} '''Epidemiologi''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Dowdle WR |title=Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494714 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1013.htm}} * {{cite journal |author=Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y |title=Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=129–49 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11148006 |pmc=88966 |doi=10.1128/CMR.14.1.129-149.2001}} * [http://www.who.int/wer/wer8126.pdf Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection] {{Refend}} '''Pananganan lan panyegahan''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB |title=Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=54 |issue=RR-8 |pages=1–40 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16086456}} * {{cite journal |author=Monto AS |title=Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494718 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1068.htm}} {{Refend}} '''Panelitèn''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Palese P |title=Making better influenza virus vaccines? |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494719 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1043.htm }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824004040/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/recommendationvaccine.pdf WHO (PDF) contains latest Evolutionary "Tree of Life" for H5N1] article ''Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines'' published 18 August 2006 * [http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_3C.pdf WHO's assessment of Flu Research] as of November 2006. {{Refend}} {{Col-end}} == Pranala njaba == {{sisterlinks}} {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.ers-education.org/pages/default.aspx?id=331 ERS Online Course on Influenza] * [http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx Swine and Seasonal Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105753/http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx |date=2011-07-27 }}, [http://www.goodmedicine.org/ Institute for Good Medicine] at the [http://www.pamedsoc.org/ Pennsylvania Medical Society] * [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ Info on influenza] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] * [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html Summary of the disease] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714223418/http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html |date=2011-07-14 }} at the [[NYTimes]]. * [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05virus.html 10 Genes, Furiously Evolving] [[NYTimes]] May 2009 * [http://www.outbreakalerts.com/ Outbreak Alerts] United States based communicable disease notification website * [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/influenza/DS00081 Influenza (Mayo Clinic)] * [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html Fact Sheet] Overview of influenza at World Health Organization * [http://origem.info/misms/index.php The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909230155/http://www.origem.info/misms/index.php |date=2016-09-09 }} [[Fogarty International Center]] * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/flubiology.html Influenza Virus Resource] from the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] * [http://www.eiss.org/ European Influenza Surveillance Scheme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013203342/http://www.eiss.org/ |date=2011-10-13 }} * [http://www.google.org/flutrends/ Flu Trends] – flu activity across the U.S. * [https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd Cold and flu advice] (NHS Direct) * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 Online video discussing influenza outbreaks and spread of other infectious diseases] (Vega Science Trust) * [http://www.pandemicflu.gov/ Flu.gov: Know What To Do About the Flu] * [http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/influenza.php PATH Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources] * [http://www.fludb.org/ Influenza Research Database] – Database of influenza genomic sequences, serotypes, polymorphisms, structures, epitopes, drugs and related tools. * [http://www.recombinomics.com/whats_new.html? Recombinomics - What's New]: Up to date details of circulating strains. {{Refend}} {{artikel pilihan}} [[Kategori:Influenza| ]] [[Kategori:Lelara nular]] [[Kategori:Pulmanalogi]] [[Kategori:Lelara ambegan]] 3jc5va6oneexexvlq2spbnjd00tv7z5 0 84819 1758620 1716130 2026-10-08T22:18:29Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Limestone processing plant, Tennessee.jpg|right|thumb|Limestone [[quarry]].]] [[Gambar:10mm-aggregate.jpg|thumb|10 mm graded crushed rock or aggregate, for use in concrete. Called "blue metal" in Australia.]] [[Gambar:20mm-aggregate.jpg|thumb|20 mm graded aggregate.]] '''Agrégat konstruksi''', utawa kerep karan kanthi tembung "''agrégat''" waé, iku kategori sing jembar saka [[bahan|material]] coarse particulate sing dipigunakaké sajeroning [[konstruksi]], kalebu [[pasir]], [[gravel]], [[watu belah]], [[slag]], beton daur ulang lan agrégat géosintètik. Agrégat iku bahan sing paling akèh ditambang ing [[donya]].. Agrégat iku komponèn saka materia komposit kaya déné [[betn]] lan [[beton aspal]]; agrégat dadi panguwat kanggo nambah kakuwatan marang materil komposit. == Uga delengen == * Agrégat (komposit) * [[Beton]] == Rujukan == ===Cathetan suku {{Reflist}} === Rujukan umum === * [http://www.uepg.eu UEPG - The European Aggregates Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229083630/http://samscreen.com/ Samscreen International] * [http://www.nssga.org The National Stone, Sand & Gravel Association] * [http://www.astm.org The American Society for Testing Materials] * [http://gravelwatch.org Gravel Watch Ontario] * [http://ocapa.net Oregon Concrete & Aggregate Producers Association] * [http://cement.org Portland Cement Association] * [http://pavementinteractive.org/index.php?title=Aggregate Pavement Interactive article on Aggregates] * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/myb1-2006-stonc.pdf 2006 USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227212344/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/myb1-2006-stonc.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }} * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/cstonmyb05.pdf 2005 USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926092030/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/cstonmyb05.pdf |date=2007-09-26 }} * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/sand_and_gravel_construction/myb1-2006-sandg.pdf 2006 USGS Minerals Yearbook: Construction Sand and Gravel]{{Pranala mati|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/sand_and_gravel_construction,sandgmyb05.pdf 2005 USGS Minerals Yearbook: Construction Sand and Gravel]{{Pranala mati|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.sme.net/service.html Construction Aggregate, in June 2007 Mining Engineering (private membership)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008153025/http://www.sme.net/service.html |date=2007-10-08 }} * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel_slag/myb1-2006-fesla.pdf 2006 USGS Minerals Yearbook: Iron & Steel Slag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113080351/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_%26_steel_slag/myb1-2006-fesla.pdf |date=2011-11-13 }} * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1998/c1176/c1176.pdf Aggregates from Natural and Recycled Sources-Economic Assessments] * [http://www.cdrecycling.org Construction Materials Recycling Association] * [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lands_minerals/aggregate_maps/index.html MN DNR Aggregate Resource Mapping Program - Division of Lands and Minerals] * [http://www.qpa.org/downloads/qid_rec.pdf Quarrying in Depth Recycling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920154421/http://www.qpa.org/downloads/qid_rec.pdf |date=2008-09-20 }} * [http://www.qpa.org/downloads/AggsataGlanceDL.pdf Recycling Tonnages and Primary aggregate production figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921005503/http://www.qpa.org/downloads/AggsataGlanceDL.pdf |date=2008-09-21 }} [[Kategori:Bahan yasan]] [[Kategori:Beton]] [[de:Gesteinskörnung]] [[en:Construction aggregate]] [[es:Árido (minería)]] [[fr:Granulat]] [[it:Inerte]] [[ja:骨材]] [[ko:골재]] [[lt:Skiedinys]] [[nl:Toeslagmateriaal]] [[no:Tilslag]] [[pl:Kruszywo]] [[ro:Agregate]] [[ru:Заполнители бетона]] [[uk:Заповнювачі бетону]] [[zh:骨料]] lxp8odvftu7dykdory8geogck6kkzg3 0 91351 1758622 1575459 2026-10-08T22:37:43Z Raippa-Valli 74810 File 1758622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SirCarlyleGlean.jpg|thumb|Carlyle Glean (2012)]] '''Carlyle Arnold Glean''' (1932-2021) inggih punika satunggaling pulitikus [[Grenada]], sapunika piyambakipun ngasta [[Gubernur Jenderal Grenada]]. Piyambakipun dados Mantri Pendidikan wonten Pamaréntahanipun [[Nicholas Brathwaite]] wiwit warsa 1990 ngantos 1995. {{start box}} {{s-gov}} {{Incumbent succession box | title = [[Daftar Gubernur Jenderal Grenada|Gubernur Jenderal Grenada]] | before = [[Daniel Williams]] | start = 2008 }} {{end box}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glean, Carlyle}} [[Kategori:Gubernur-Jéndral Grenada]] [[Kategori:Lair 1932]] gz08mgis5o3o45feqoyi8zj6lndisv5 0 91398 1758614 1667585 2026-10-08T13:38:40Z ~2026-52880-22 74834 paranala njaba 1758614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Situs jaringan''' ({{asal kata|Inggris|''website''}}) utawa '''situs'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/site |title=site-definition of site by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-02|language=[[Inggris]]}}</ref> yaiku pirang-pirang [[kaca web]] kang duwé topik kang gathuk, ana uga kang diwènèhi berkas-berkas gambar, video, utawa manéka jinis berkas liyané.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Website |title=website-definition of website by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-02|language=[[Inggris]]}}</ref> Sawijining situs web racaké papané ana ing siji [[server web]] kang bisa diakses liwat jaringan kaya [[internet]], utawa [[jaringan wewengkon lokal]] (LAN) kanthi alamat internet kang karan [[URL]]. Gabungan kabèh situs kang bisa diakses publik ana ing internet uga karan [[Waring Wera Wanua]] utawa luwih kondhang diarani [[WWW]]. Ewasemana kaca utama situs internet racaké bisa diakses publik kanthi bébas, ing prakteke ora kabèh situs bisa mènèhi kabebasan marang publik kanggo ngakses, sapérangan situs web ngawajibake pangunjung kanggo ndaptar dadi anggota, utawa bisa uga njaluk bayaran supaya bisa dadi anggota lan bisa ngakses isi kang ana ing situs web iku, kaya ta situs kang nampilake [[pornografi]], situs-situs pawarta, [[surat elektronik|surel]] (''e-mail''), lan liya-liyané. Watesan-watesan iki ana jalaran keamanan, ngurmati privasi, utawa amarga tujuan komersil tartamtu. [[Halaman web]] yaiku [[berkas]] kang ditulis kanggo [[berkas ASCII|berkas teks biyasa (plain text)]] kang diatur lan dikombinasi nganggo instruksi-instruksi kang berbasis [[HTML]], utawa [[XHTML]], kala-kala disisipi [[basa skrip]] sathithik. Berkas iku banjur diterjemahake déning [[peramban web]] lan ditedhahake kaya halaman ing monitor komputer. Halaman-halaman web iku diakses déning naraguna liwat protokol komunikasi jaringan kang diarani [[HTTP]], kanggo tambahan ningkatake aspek keamanan lan aspek privasi kang luwik becik, situs web bisa uga nganggo implementasi mekaisme pangaksesan kanthi protokol [[HTTPS]]. == Sajarah == Sing nemu situs web yaiku [[Tim Berners-Lee|Sir Timothy John ¨Tim¨ Berners-Lee]], déné situs web kang kasambung karo jaringan ana wiwit taun 1991. Karepe Tim nalika gawé rancangan situs web yaiku kanggo supaya gampang anggoné ijolan lan nambah informasi anyar antarané panaliti ing papan nyambut gawé. Tanggal 30 April 1993, [[CERN]] (papan Tim padha nyambut gawé) ngumumake manawa [[WWW]] bisa dinggo kanthi gratis déning publik. Sawijining situs web bisa wujud asil nyambut gawé saka perorangan utawa individu, utawa nedhahake kepemilikan saka siji organisasi, perusahaan. Parembugan ing situs web racaké duwé rujukan topik mirunggan, utawa kawigaten tartamtu. Sawijining situs web bisa diwènèhi isi [[pranala]] kang bisa gayut karo situs web liyané, semana uga situs web liyané. Bab iku mau marai ora bisa dibédakaké situs web kang digawé individu karo situs web kang digawé déning organisasi ora pati cetha. Situs web racaké papané ana ing [[server web]]. Sawijining server web racaké wus diwènèhi piranti-piranti lunak mirunggan kanggo nangani pengaturan [[nama domain|nama ranah]], uga nangani layanan atas protokol [[HTTP]] kang diarani [[Server HTTP]] ({{asal kata|Inggris|HTTP Server}}) kaya ta [[Apache HTTP Server]], atau [[Internet Information Services]] (IIS). == Situs web statis == Situs web statis yaiku situs web kang duwé isi kang ora dilebokake kanggo diperbarui kanthi berkala, dadi pengaturan utawa pemutakhiran isi situs web dilakokake kanthi manual. Jinising piranti utilitas ana telu kang biyasa dinggo ngatur situs web statis: * '''Editor teks''' yaiku piranti utilitas kang dianggo nyunting berkas halaman web, kaya ta: [[Notepad]] utawa [[TextEdit]]. * '''Editor WYSIWYG''', yaiku piranti lunak utilitas kanggo nyunting halaman web kang diwènèhi antarmuka grafis nalikane gawé rancangan lan désain, berkas halaman web lumrahe ora disunting kanthi langsung déning naraguna nanging utilitas iki gawé kanthi otomatis saka laman kerja kang digawé déning naraguna. Piranti lunak iki kaya ta: Microsoft Frontpage, Macromedia Dreamweaver. * '''Editor berbasis templat''', sapérangan utilitas tartamtu kaya Rapidweaver lan iWeb, naraguna bisa gampang anggoné gawé situs web tanpa kudu ngerti basa [[HTML]], nanging nyunting halaman web kaya nalika nyunting halaman biyasa, naraguna bisa milih [[templat]] kang bakal dinggo déning utilitas iki kanggo nyunting berkas kang digawé naraguna lan digawé dadi halaman web kanthi otomatis. == Situs web dinamis == Situs web dinamis yaiku situs web kang kanthi spesifik didésain supaya isi ing sajeroning situs bisa diperbarui kanthi berkala lan gampang. Isi kang ana ing situs web iki lumrahe bakal ganti sawisé siji periode tartamtu. Situs pawarta yaiku conto jinising situs kang lumrahe nganggo situs web dinamis. Pengimplementasian situs web dinamis lumrahe butuh kaanan infrastruktur kang luwih kompleks tinimbang situs web statis. Kuwi mau amarga ing situs web dinamis halaman web lumrahe lagi digawé nalika ana naraguna kang ngakses, béda karo situs web statis kang lumrahe wus gawé sapérangan halaman web nalika diunggah ing server web saéngga nalika naraguna ngakses web iku server web mung menegi halaman iku tanpa prelu gawé dhisik. Supaya server web bisa gawé halaman web nalika naraguna ngakses, lumrahe ing server diwènèhi[[interpreter|mesin penerjemah]] [[basa skrip]] ([[PHP]], ASP, ColdFusion, utawa liyané), lan piranti lunak [[sistem manajemen basisdata relasional]] kaya [[MySQL]]. Struktur berkas siji situs web dinamis lumrahe béda karo situs web statis, berkas-berkas ing situs web statis lumrahe saka sekumpulan berkas kang mbentuk situs web. Béda karo situs web statis, berkas-berkas ing situs web dinamis lumrahe saka pirang-pirang berkas kang mbentuk perangkat lunak aplikasi web kang bakal dilakokake denging mesin penerjemah server web, gunané supaya bisa ngatur anggoné gawé halaman web nalika halaman dijaluk naraguna. == Cathetan suku == <references /> C == Deleng uga == * [[ICANN]] == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium] * [http://www.isoc.org/ The Internet Society (ISOC)] * [http://www.icann.org/ Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers] * [https://pusatjasaweb.com/jasa-pembuatan-website-solo/ Jasa Pembuatan Website Solo] , [https://pusatjasaweb.com Pusat Jasa Web] , Layanan : [https://www.google.com/searchviewer/10?svid=CAwSHRIbCgNwdnESFENnMHZaeTh4TVhsdWMzYzNYM1puGAo Jasa Website Solo] [[Kategori:Situs jaringan| ]] {{computer-stub}} 2bf6h162piusbnqkarcxxgq6acsqbmg 0 95883 1758650 1650525 2026-10-09T10:08:11Z PJ Geest 44241 Replace raster graph with SVG reconstruction: Serum protein electrophoresis densitogram.svg 1758650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|thumb|300px|Struktur 3D [[hemoglobin]], salah siji [[protéin]] globular.]] '''Sérum getih''' yaiku serum ing jero [[getih]], ({{lang-en|blood serum}}) minangka komponèn kang dudu arupa [[sèl darah]], uga dudu[[faktor koagulasi]]; serum iku [[plasma darah]] tanpa [[fibrinogen]], ({{lang-la|serum}}) <ref name="ffd sg">{{cite web | url = http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/serum+globulin | title = Serum globulin | work = Farlex free dictionary }}(Kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> ateges pérangan èncèr saka susu kang mbeku nalika prosès nggawé kèju. Serum kasusun saka kabèh [[protéin]] (kang ora kanggo pembekuan getih) kalebu [[cuwèran elektrolit]], [[antibodi]], [[antigen]], [[hormon]], lan kabèh substansi ''exogenous''. <!--(e.g., [[drug]]s and [[microorganism]]s).--> Rumusan umum serum yaiku: = plasma - fibrinogen - [[protéin]] faktor koagulasi. Studi kang nyonaoni serum ingaran [[serologi]]. Serum digunakaké sajeroning pirang-pirang [[uji diagnostik]] kalebu kanggo nentokaké [[golongan getih]]. == Sérum protéin == '''Serum protéin''' ({{lang-en|globular protéin, spheroprotein}}) wujud salah siji saka telu jinis [[protéin]] jero [[awak]] kang kadhapur saka [[asem amino]] wujud [[larutan koloidal]] ing jero [[plasma darah]]. Protein ({{lang-el|p??te??? - proteios}}) berarti utama ({{lang-en|first rank}}). Serum protéin ora ngandung [[fibrin]] (ora wujud ''fibrous protéin'') saéngga bisa larut. Total serum protéin ing jero getih sakiwa-tengené 7,2 - 8 g/dl<ref name="jek sp">{{cite web | url = http://www.drkaslow.com/html/proteins_-_albumin__globulins_.html | title = Serum protéin | work = Jeremy E. Kaslow | access-date = 2013-01-12 | archive-date = 2013-10-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131031221942/http://www.drkaslow.com/html/proteins_-_albumin__globulins_.html | url-status = dead }}(Kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> utawa sakiwa-tengené 7% dari volume getih sekabehane kanti pira-pira kegunan: * Sirkulasi molekul [[lipida]], [[hormon]], [[vitamin]] lan [[zat besi]] * [[Enzim]], [[komponèn komplemen]], ''protease inhibitor'' lan ''kinin precursor'' * Regulasi aktivitas, fungsional non sèlulèr ing jero [[sistem kekebalan]]. Total serum protéin bisa tambah akèh amarga: :[[infeksi kronis]] (kalebu [[tuberkolosis]], ''Adrenal cortical hypofunction '', disfungsi ati, ''Collagen Vascular Disease (Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus, Scleroderma)'', tandha-tandha hipersensitivitas, ''Sarcoidosis'', [[dehidrasi]] (''diabetic acidosis'', ''chronic diarrhea'', dll.), ''Respiratory distress'', [[Hemolisis]],''Cryoglobulinemia'', ''Alcoholism'', [[Leukemia]] lan mudun antarané disebapake déning: :''Malnutrition'' dan ''malabsorption'' (''insufficient intake and/or digestion of proteins''), ''Liver disease'' (''insufficient production of proteins''), [[Diare]] (''loss of protéin through the GI tract''), ''Severe burns'' (''loss of protéin through the skin''), ''Hormone Imbalances that favor breakdown of tissue'', ''Loss through the urine in severe kidney disease (proteinuria)'', [[Kehamilan]] (''dilution of protéin due to extra fluid held in the vascular system'') {|class="wikitable" |- ! Protein darah !! Kadar normal level !! % !! Kegunaan |- ! Serum albumin | 3.5-5.0 g/dl || 60% || memelihara [[tekanan osmosis]] dan pengusung [[molekul]] lain |- ! Immunoglobulin | 1.0-1.5 g/dl || 18% || membentuk [[sistem kekebalan]] tubuh |- ! Fibrinogen | 0.2-0.45 g/dl || 4% || [[koagulasi|koagulasi darah]] |- ! alfa-1 fetoprotein | || || |- ! Protein wewenang | || <1% || mengatur [[èksprèsi genetik]] |} Ana 2 jinis [[protéin]] kang utama ing jero serum, yaiku [[albumin]] lan [[globulin]]. [[Albumin]] digawé ing jero ati, wujud protéin kang paling menonjol lan bermuatan négatif kang paling kuwat kanggo ngikat [[molekul]] cilik supaya diedarake liwat getih. Albumin uga berguna kanggo njaga [[tekanan osmosis]] getih.<ref name="jwk blood">{{cite web | url = http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html | title = Blood - Biology page | work = John W. Kimball | access-date = 2013-01-12 | archive-date = 2009-10-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091008113901/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html | url-status = dead }}(Kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> pira-pira jinis globulin diprodhuksi ing jero [[hati]], sawentara kang liya diprodhuksi ing jero [[sistem kekebalan]]. Kabèh jinis serum protéin kang lliya diprodhuksi ing jero ati. Ateges globulin nuduhaké sekelompok protéin heterogen kanti [[berat molekul]] tertentu kang cukup dhuwur, kanti [[kecepetan terlarut]] ([[basa Inggris|en]]:''solubility rate'') lan [[laju migrasi elektroforetik]] ([[basa Inggris|en]]:''electrophoretic migration rate'') kang luwih endek ketimbang [[albumin]]. Rasio normal ing jero [[getih]] sakiwa-tengené 2 nganti 3,5 g/dl.[[Gambar:Serum protein electrophoresis densitogram.svg|thumb|Ilustrasi skema gel protéin hasil elektroforesis, deleng uga [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambar:Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png]]] [[Elektroforesis protéin serum]] ([[basa Inggris|en]]:''serum protéin electrophoresis'', ''SPEP'') yaiku [[uji laboratorium]] kanggo nentokake jinis globulin (alfa-1, alfa-2, beta lan gamma) lan albumin. Cara kang digunakaké yaiku jipuke serum getih saka bekuan getih, banjur digletakake ing dhuwur medium kang dibubuhi ''agarose gel'', banjur dipaparake marang [[arus listrik]]. ''Protein serum total'' utawa ''protéin plasma total'' utawa ''protéin total'' yaiku hasil uji laboratorium kang ngukur jumlah protéin ing [[plasma getih]] utawa serum getih.<ref name="urlTotal Serum Protein">{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/total-serum-protéin | title = Total Serum Protein | work = WebMD}}(kaunduh 12/1/13) </ref> === [[Serum albumin]] === '''Serum albumin''', kerep ingaran '''albumin''' yaiku [[protéin]] kanti jumlah paling akèh ing jero [[awak]]. Albumin wigati banget kanggo ngingu [[tekanan osmosis]] kanggo distribusi fluida awak antara ''intravascular compartment'' an [[jaringan awak]]. Albumin uga berfungsi minangka [[pengusung plasma]] kanti kanthi ora langsung mengikat pira-pira hormon ''steroid hydrophobic'' lan protéin pengusung kanggo [[hemin]] lan [[asem lemak]] sajrone sirkulasine. BSA, fraksi V saka serum albumin berguna kanggo ngluruhake pira-pira substansi saka sirkulasi getih nglewati jaringan [[ati]], antarané [[bilirubin]], [[tiroksin]], ''taurolithocholic acid'', ''chenodeoxycholic acid'', [[digitoksin]] dan juga [[heme peptida]] saka ''cytochrome C''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/a3790pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/a3790pis.pdf | title = Albumin bovine, Agarose, Affinity matrix | accessdate = 2010-02-26 | work = Sigma-Aldrich | format = pdf }}</ref> 60% saka protéin ing jero plasma getih, jumlah serum kang ngluwihi batas normal bisa bebayani manungsa. Prealbumin ({{lang-en|transthyretin}}) ditengarai minangka pangusung hormon [[tiroksin]] saka jero getih tumuju ke [[utek]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Datasheet/1/gw22993dat.Par.0001.File.tmp/gw22993dat.pdf | title = Anti-Transthyretin | work = Sigma-Aldrich | format = pdf }}(kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> <!-- [[Image:Hemoglobin.jpg|thumb|100px|Structure of hemoglobin]] --> === [[Serum globulin]] === '''Serum globulin''' yaiku istilah umum kang kanggo [[protéin]] kang ora larut, baik ing jero banyu utawa ing jero larutan uyah konsèntrasi dhuwur, nanging larut sajrone larutan uyah konsèntrasi sedeng.<ref name="ffd sg" /> '''Globulin''' ({{lang-la|globulus, bal cilik ({{lang-en|small globe}})}}) duwé rasio 35% saka protéin plasma, berguna kanggo sirkulasi [[ion]], hormon lan asem lemak sajrone [[sistem kekebalan]]. pira-pira jinis globulin ngikat [[hemoglobin]], pira-pira kang liya ngusung [[zat besi]], berfungsi kanggo nglawan [[infeksi]]<ref name="urlTotal Serum Protein" />, dan bertindak minangka [[faktor koagulasi]].<ref name="ffd sg" /> Globulin terdiri saka:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Globulins | title = Medical Subject Headings | work = National Library of Medicine }}(kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> * lakto globulin * [[tiroglobulin]] * serum globulin, terbagi terbagi menurut [[laju migrasi elektroforesik]] menjadi:<ref name="jwk blood"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/chem/globulin.htm | title = Globulins | work = Cornell University }}(kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> ** alfa globulin (protéin kang mengusung [[tiroksin]] dan [[retinol]]/[[vitamin A]]). *** alfa-1 globulin **** alfa-1 antitripsin ({{lang-en|Transcortin, corticosteroid-binding globulin, CBG}}) ingaran juga ''acute phase reactant''<ref name="ffd sg" /> utawa ''serpin peptidase inhibitor'', ''clade A'' (''alpha-1 antiproteinase''), member 6. **** alfa-1 antisimotripsin **** orosomukoid (asem glikoprotein) **** serum amiloid A **** alfa-1 lipoprotein (HDL) *** alfa-2 globulin **** alfa-2 makro globulin (''protease inhibitor'') **** [[haptoglobin]] **** protéin C (''inhibitor of activated coagulation factors FVIII and FV'') **** seruloplasmin (pengusung zat tembaga) **** alfa-2 lipoprotein (VLDL) ** beta globulin *** beta-1 globulin **** [[transferin]] **** hemopeksin **** plasminogen **** properdin **** [[faktor komplemen H]] *** beta-2 globulin **** faktor komplemen C3 dan C4 **** ''C-reactive protéin'' **** beta-2 lipoprotein alias [[Lipoprotein densitas cendhèk|LDL]] **** beta-2 mikro globulin **** beberap jinis IgA dan IgM <!-- Fibrinogen also migrates in this region. --> ** gamma globulin (protéin kanti momotan négatif kang terlemah kang berfungsi minangka [[antibodi]]) *** IgM, IgA, IgG ** makro globulin ** transkobalamin <!-- The term [[globin]] can refer more specifically to proteins including the [[globin fold]].<ref>{{MeshName|Globins}}</ref> --> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Darah}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] {{biologi-stub}} gxgn7694ewrj4abhjtn0a76t3ofzw57 0 106267 1758642 1737093 2026-10-09T06:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Idyllic Serenity.jpg|jmpl|ka|190px|Manungsa iku rahsya kanggo dhèwèké dhéwé ({{harvnb|Sunardi|2006||p=14–18}}).]] '''Filsafat manungsa''' ([[Aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: ꦥ꦳ꦶꦭ꧀ꦱꦥ꦳ꦠ꧀ꦩꦤꦸꦁ​ꦱ; [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indhonésia]]: ''Filsafat manusia'') yaiku cabang ngèlmu [[filsafat]] kang ngrembug babagan [[manungsa]]. Ing filsafat iki, manungsa dadi lésan amarga duwé akèh rahsya kang kudu ditaliti déning filsafat. Dadi, isiné filsafat manungsa yaiku pambudi kanggo golèk wangsulan kang raket babagan manungsa. Salah sawijining pitakonan wigati ing filsafat iki yaiku "kanggo apa manungsa urip?" == Èksistènsialisme == Filsafat manungsa duwé gegayutan karo [[èksistènsialisme]], yaiku prakara filosofis kang ngemot yèn saben manungsa kudu nggolèki panjarwa ing alam jagad kang bubrah nanging uga suwung iki.{{sfnp|Leahy|1984|p=5–6|ps=}}{{sfnp|Sujarwa|2001|p=26–27|ps=}} Filsafat iki diukur saka gunané kanggo bebrayan, dudu sepira akèhé ''sofia'' (kawicaksanan) kang nglumpuk. Guna filsafat iki dideleng saka zaman kang diarani postmodhèrn, kang salah siji tandhané, yaiku jamak.{{sfnp|Verhaar|1980|p=20|ps=}} [[Barkas:Nietzsche187c.jpg|al=|kiri|jmpl|160px|Friedrich Nietzsche, salah sawijining panitra èksistènsialisme kang nguri-uri filsafat manungsa lan panitra buku ''Sabda Zarathustra'' ({{harvnb|Sunardi|2012||p=121–126}})''.'']] Salah sawijining panitra èksistènsialisme kang nguri-uri filsafat iki yaiku [[Friedrich Nietzsche]].''{{sfnp|Sunardi|2012|p=121–126|ps=}}'' Dhèwèké duwé panemu lan ngandharak​é yèn kamardikan manungsa bisa teka nalika manungsa urip tanpa Hyang/Gusti. Urip iku dhéwé "kekarepan kanggo kuwasa". Kaluputan manungsa asring teka amarga gampang pasrah lan sumarah déning kasunyatan yèn ana kuwasa ing jaba dhèwèké kang luwih santosa. Salah siji kang asring dumadi jroning urip manungsa yaiku kasunyatan sunya ruri. Mangkéné pethikan tugelan panemuné Nietzsche, kang dijupuk saka buku ''Die Fröhliche Wissenschaft'' (basa Indhonésia: ''Ilmu yang Gembira''; basa Jawa: ''Ngèlmu kang Bungah''), kang tinulis ing [[Genova]] taun 1882''.{{sfnp|Vahanian|2009|p=20|ps=}}'' <blockquote>(.........) "Apa ta wengi sansaya terus nglimput awakdhéwé? Apa ta awakdhéwé ngurupke klambu nalika awan? Apa ta awakdhéwé krungu brebeg swara tukang kedhuk pasaréan kang methak Gusti? Apa ta awakdhéwé ngambu badheg Gusti? Ya, Gusti uga mbadheg! Gusti wis surud! Gusti tetep surud! Lan awakdhéwé kang matèni!"''{{sfnp|Sunardi|2006|p=35–42|ps=}}'' (.........) Isih kacaritakaké manèh yèn ing dina kang padha, wong édan iku nékad mlebu ing gréja-gréja lan ing kana nembang ''requiem aeternam deo'' (lèrèn kang langgeng kanggo Gusti). Sabanjuré metu lan kajaluk jejibah dhèwèké asring nampik lan muni, "Apa manèh gréja-gréja iki yèn dudu pasaréan lan maésan kanggo Gusti?"''{{sfnp|Sunardi|2006|p=35–42|ps=}}'' Pertalan: ''(.........) "Bukankah malam terus-menerus semakin meliputi kita? Bukankah pada siang hari lentera pun kita nyalakan? Bukankah kita mendengar kebisingan para penggali liang kubur yang sedang memakamkan Tuhan? Bukankah kita mencium bau busuk Tuhan? Ya, Tuhan juga membusuk! Tuhan telah mati! Tuhan tetap mati! Dan kita telah membunuhnya!" {{sfnp|Sunardi|2006|p=35–42|ps=}}''</blockquote> <blockquote>''(.........) Masih diceritakan kembali bahwa pada hari yang sama, orang gila itu nekat masuk ke dalam berbagai gereja dan di sana menyanyikan lagu requiem aeternam deo (istirahat kekal bagi Tuhan). Setelah keluar dan diminta pertanggungjawaban, dia hanya selalu menangkis dan berkata, "Apalagi gereja-gereja ini kalau bukan makam-makam dan nisan-nisan bagi Tuhan?"''{{sfnp|Sunardi|2006|p=35–42|ps=}}</blockquote> == Uga delengen == * [[Agnostisisme]] * [[Catur kawicaksanaan]] * [[Èksistènsialisme]] * [[Sangkané kauripan]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Kapustakan == {{refbegin|1}} '''Buku''' * {{Cite book|last=Adib|first=Mohammad|date=2014|title=Filsafat Ilmu: Ontologi, Epistemologi, Aksiologi, dan Logika Ilmu Pengetahuan|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|isbn=978-602-8479-93-6|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Adib|2014}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Darwin|date=2015|title=Filsafat dan Cinta yang Menggebu|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=The Phinisi Press|isbn=978-602-7250-62-8|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Darwin|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Davies|date=2012|title=Membaca Pikiran Tuhan: Dasar-Dasar Ilmiah dalam Dunia yang Rasional|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|isbn=978-979-9483-87-4|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Davies|2012}}|first=Paul}} * {{Cite book|last=Fromm|first=Erich|year=2011|title=Manusia Menjadi Tuhan: Pergumulan Tuhan Sejarah dan Tuhan Alam|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Jalasutra|isbn=978-602-8252-70-6|page=|ref={{sfnref|Fromm|2011}}|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Nurcholish|first=Ahmad|year=2015|title=Agama Cinta: Menyelami Samudra Cinta Agama-Agama|location=Jakarta|publisher=Elex Media Komputindo|isbn=978-602-0265-30-8|page=|ref={{sfnref|Nurcholish|Dja'far|2015}}|url-status=|last2=Dja'far|first2=Alamsyah Muhammad}} * {{Cite book|last=Pals|first=Daniel L.|year=2011|title=Seven Theories of Religion: Tujuh Teori Agama Paling Komprehensif|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Ircisod|isbn=978-602-9789-08-9|page=|ref={{sfnref|Pals|2011}}|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Sujarwa|first=|year=2001|title=Manusia dan Fenomena Budaya: Menuju Perspektif Moralitas Agama|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|isbn=978-979-9075-69-7|page=|ref={{sfnref|Sujarwa|2001}}|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Sunardi|first=St.|date=2006|title=Nietzsche|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=LKIS Pelangi Aksara|isbn=978-979-8451-60-7|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Sunardi|2006}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sunardi|first=St.|date=2012|title=Vodka dan Birahi Seorang Nabi: Esai-Esai Seni dan Estetika|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Jalasutra|isbn=978-602-8252-73-7|pages=|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Vahanian|first=Gabriel|date=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/deathgodcultureo00vaha|title=The Death of God: The Culture of Our Post-Christian Era|location=Oregon|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-160-6089-84-2|pages=|url-status=}} '''Buku lawas''' * {{Cite book|last=Leahy|first=Louis|last2=|first2=|date=1984|title=Manusia, Sebuah Misteri: Sintesa Filosofis tentang Makhluk Paradoksal|location=Jakarta|publisher=Gramedia|pages=|url-status=|ref={{sfnref|Leahy|1984}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Poepowardojo|first=Soerjanto|last2=Bertens|first2=K.|date=1983|title=Sekitar Manusia: Bunga Rampai tentang Filsafat Manusia|location=Jakarta|publisher=Gramedia|pages=|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Verhaar|first=John W.M.|date=1980|title=Filsafat yang Mengelak|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Kanisius|pages=|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Verhaar|first=John W.M.|date=1999|title=Filsafat yang Berkesudahan|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Kanisius|isbn=|pages=|url-status=}} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons category|Philosophy}} * [http://antronesia.com/filsafat-manusia/ Filsafat Manungsa]. * [https://www.sanglah-institute.org/2019/02/ketika-filsuf-bicara-cinta-dari-hobbes.html Nalika Filsuf Ngandharak​é Babagan Tresna: Saka Hobbes nganti Derrida]. * [https://www.republika.co.id/berita/ovukkb313/ruh-dalam-filsafat-dan-tasawuf-islam Roh ing Filsafat lan Tasawuf Islam]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230129213248/https://suluhpergerakan.org/sederhananya-belajar-filsafat-cinta/ Sinau Filsafat Tresna]. [[Kategori:Agnostisme]] [[Kategori:Filsafat]] [[Kategori:Filsafat èlmu]] [[Kategori:Cakrawardani Project]] 1somrtj44knbzx8le2h35xj89qguald 0 143606 1758647 1757485 2026-10-09T09:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758647 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''Havana'''" ya iku lagu saka penyanyi Amérika [[Camila Cabello]] bareng karo ''rapper'' Amérika [[Young Thug]]. Lagu iki dirilis ing tanggal 3 Agustus 2017 minangka dadi salah sijining lagu promosi ing album "OMG".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hp75ZLq2Ilc|title=Camila Cabello and Zane Lowe on Beats 1 [Full Interview]|publisher=[[Beats 1]]|access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref> Ing 30 Agustus, liwat médhia sosial, Cabello ngonfirmasi yèn lagu iki dadi lagu keloro ing album. Amarga moncèr spontan lagu "[[Crying in the Club]]" saka album, "Havana" dadi sawijining lagu utama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/camila-cabello-diz-que-crying-in-the-club-nao-estara-no-seu-1-album-solo,9671431e95fca07a5e4599009263cbc38f6hqs63.html|title=Camila Cabello diz que "Crying in The Club" não estará no seu 1º álbum solo!|work=Terra|access-date=September 30, 2017|language=pt-BR|trans-title=Camila Cabello says "Crying in the Club" won't be on her 1st solo album|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131022/https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/camila-cabello-diz-que-crying-in-the-club-nao-estara-no-seu-1-album-solo,9671431e95fca07a5e4599009263cbc38f6hqs63.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lagu iki wis moncèr ing kancah internasional, dadi juara ing Irlandia, Skotlandia, lan Inggris uga ing jajaran sepuluh lagu juara ing [[Australia]], [[Kanadha]], [[Dhènemarken]], [[Jerman]], [[Walanda]], [[New Zealand]], [[Switserlan]], lan ing [[Amérika Serikat]]. == Komposisi == "Havana" duwèni tempo rancak lan budaya [[Kuba]].<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|url=http://ew.com/music/2017/08/03/camila-cabello-debuts-havana-omg/|title=Hear Camila Cabello's 2 new blazing summer songs|last=Maslow|first=Nick|date=August 3, 2017|work=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref> Cabello liwat Latin sing dipengaruhi piano ''riffs'' lan irama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://z100.iheart.com/content/2017-08-03-camila-cabello-drops-two-new-songs-havana-omg-listen/|title=Camila Cabello Drops Two New Songs 'Havana' & 'OMG' (LISTEN)|last=Mastrogiannis|first=Nicole|date=August 3, 2017|work=[[WHTZ]]|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> Sadie Bell saka ''Billboard'' ngandhakakké yèn baris "''Half of my heart is Havana''" dadi lagu sing pas "roman Cabello ninggal jantung kiwa ing kidul,"<ref name="billboard">{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7889755/camila-cabello-new-songs-havana-young-thug-omg-quavo|title=Camila Cabello Releases New Songs 'Havana' Featuring Young Thug & 'OMG' Featuring Quavo|last=Bell|first=Sadie|date=August 3, 2017|work=Billboard|access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref> nalika ''Rolling Stone''&#x27;s Brittany Spanos, ing trek "klub, alon", Cabello tumiba ing katresnan karo "calon bojo aneh saka Atlanta Wétan", sanadyan dhèwèké wis ninggal jantung ing kutha dhèwèké.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear-camila-cabellos-clubby-young-thug-and-quavo-collaborations-w495961|title=Hear Camila Cabello's Clubby Young Thug and Quavo Collaborations|last=Spanos|first=Brittany|date=August 4, 2017|work=Rolling Stone|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> [[Young]] Thug tampil ing sawijining baris liwat "''bouncy''" piano. Sawetara publikasi musik diterangaké yèn lagu iki kalebu lagu "Latin campuran"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2017/08/03/new-music-camila-cabello-quavo-omg-havana-young-thug/|title=Camila Cabello Drops "OMG" with Quavo and "Havana" with Young Thug|date=August 3, 2017|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803220809/http://www.rap-up.com/2017/08/03/new-music-camila-cabello-quavo-omg-havana-young-thug/|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> lan pop.<ref name="xxl">{{Cite news|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/08/quavo-young-thug-camila-cabello-two-songs-omg-havana/|title=Quavo and Young Thug Join Camila Cabello for Two New Songs "OMG" and "Havana"|last=Berry|first=Peter A.|date=August 3, 2017|work=XXL|access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref> == Resèpsi kritis == Kanggo ''Billboard'', Sadie Bell  nulis yèn lagu Latin iki "seksi" ." Kajaba iku, Allison Browsher saka [[Much]] nyatakakké yèn trek iki "wektu kanggo ing mangsa panas ing radio."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.much.com/camila-cabello-havana-omg-young-thug-quavo/|title=Camila Cabello Debuts ‘Havana’ And ‘OMG’ With Young Thug And Quavo|last=Browsher|first=Allison|date=August 4, 2017|work=Much|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> Bruner saka Time.com nulis yèn "Havana" duwèni titi laras anyar sing kita arep-arep kanggo ndeleng luwih saka album debut dhèwèké ing Sèptèmber. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/4885121/5-songs-you-need-to-listen-to-this-week-20/|title=5 Songs You Need to Listen to This Week|last=Bruner|first=Raisa|date=August 5, 2017|work=Time|access-date=August 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805004359/http://time.com/4885121/5-songs-you-need-to-listen-to-this-week-20/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Peter A. semono uga saka ''XXL'' nulis yèn bagèan Enom Thug ya iku wujud "campuran karo ''bouncy''-né piano pancen sampurna." == Pagelaran manggon == Cabello nampilké lagu iki kanggo pisanan ing televisi ing ''The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon'' ing September 25, taun 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7975552/camila-cabello-heat-havana-fallon-watch|title=Camila Cabello Turns up the Heat with 'Havana' Performance on 'Fallon': Watch|last=Brandle|first=Lars|date=September 26, 2017|work=Billboard|access-date=October 9, 2017}}</ref> Ing minggu sing padha, Cabello tampil ing ''[[The Today Show]]'', kala dhèwèké ngirim pesen kanggo "kabèh juru ngimpi" ing panjurung [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7981820/camila-cabello-havana-dreamers-daca-today|title=Camila Cabello Delivers Message to Dreamers During 'Havana' Performance on 'Today'|last=Armstrong|first=Megan|date=September 29, 2017|work=Billboard|access-date=October 9, 2017}}</ref> Ing tanggal 27 Oktober, Cabello tampil ing Latin American Music Awards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telemundo47.com/videos/destacados/Camila-Cabello-enciende-el-escenario-con-Havana_TLMD---Miami-453491303.html|title=Camila Cabello enciende el escenario con 'Havana'|date=October 27, 2017|work=Telemundo 47|access-date=October 27, 2017|language=Spanish}} CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan ([[:Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan|link]]) </ref> == Urutan == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 10px;" ! scope="col" |Urutan (2017) ! scope="col" | Posisi Puncak<br> |- {{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 14, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Ostenrik|2|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 2, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Flanders|12|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 4, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Wallonia|2|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 4, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | Brazil (Hot 100 Airplay)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://billboard.uol.com.br/rankings|title=Rankings|website=[[Billboard Brasil]]|language=Portuguese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214455/http://billboard.uol.com.br/rankings|archive-date=October 30, 2017|access-date=October 31, 2017}} CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan ([[:Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan|link]]) </ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row" | Brazil Hot Pop Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://billboard.uol.com.br/noticias/pop-brasil-iza-estreia-no-ranking-com-pesadao/|title=Pop Brasil: Iza estreia no ranking com "Pesadão"|date=October 30, 2017|website=Billboard Brasil|language=Portuguese|access-date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021800/http://billboard.uol.com.br/noticias/pop-brasil-iza-estreia-no-ranking-com-pesadao/|url-status=dead}} CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan ([[:Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan|link]])</ref> | 1 |- {{singlechart|Canada|1|artist=Camila Cabello|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 31, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardcanadachrtop40|32|artist=Camila Cabello|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 29, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | Colombia (National-Report)<ref name="COL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.national-report.com/top-colombia/|title=Top 100 Colombia – Semana 42 del 2017 – Del 13/10/2017 al 19/10/2017|date=October 20, 2017|publisher=[[National-Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023203206/http://www.national-report.com/top-colombia/|archive-date=October 23, 2017|access-date=October 28, 2017}}</ref> | 71 |- ! scope="row" | Croatia (HRT)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radio.hrt.hr/clanak/arc-100-datum-izlaska-23-listopada-2...|title=ARC 100 - datum izlaska: 23. listopada 2017|publisher=HRT|access-date=October 29, 2017|archive-date=November 2, 2017|archive-url=http://www.freezepage.com/1509635730MEHFQQKWXX|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 11 |- {{singlechart|Czechdigital|3|year=2017|week=43|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 3, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | Dhènemarken (Tracklisten)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=43&y=2017&list=t40|title=Track Top-40 Uge 43, 2017|publisher=[[Hitlisten]]|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> | 5 |- ! scope="row" | Ecuador (National-Report)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.national-report.com/top-ecuador/|title=Top 100 Ecuador – Semana 43 del 2017 – Del 20/10/2017 al 26/10/2017|date=October 27, 2017|publisher=[[National-Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031001803/http://www.national-report.com/top-ecuador/|archive-date=October 30, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017}}</ref> | 24 |- ! scope="row" | Euro Digital Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-10-21/euro-digital-songs|title=Euro Digital Song Sales : Oct 21, 2017|website=Billboard|access-date=October 28, 2017|archive-date=December 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204131321/https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-10-21/euro-digital-songs|url-status=dead}}(subscription required){{subscription required}}</ref> | 1 |- {{singlechart|Finland|10|artist=Camila Cabello|song=Havana (Feat. Young Thug)|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 5, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | France (SNEP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2017&we=42|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) (Week 42, 2017)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=French|access-date=November 3, 2017}} CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan ([[:Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan|link]]) </ref> | 1 |- {{singlechart|Germany2|2|id=1682569|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 3, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | Greece Digital Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-11/greece|title=Greece Digital Song Sales: Nov 11, 2017|website=Billboard|access-date=November 4, 2017|archive-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506122233/https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-11/greece|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1 |- {{singlechart|Hungarysingle|1|year=2017|week=41|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 20, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | Ireland (IRMA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row" | Italy (FIMI)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:digital/id:2575|title=Classifica settimanale WK 44|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=Italian|access-date=November 4, 2017}} CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan ([[:Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan|link]]) </ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row" | Lètlan (Latvijas Top 40)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pieci.lv/lv/lr5/top40|title=Latvijas Top 40|date=October 31, 2017|publisher=[[Latvijas Radio]]|archive-url=http://www.freezepage.com/1509435148YEFDRZPFZA|archive-date=October 31, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=October 31, 2017}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row" | Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.olt20.com/Camila_Cabello#fragment-2|title=The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Camila Cabello|publisher=[[The Official Lebanese Top 20]]|access-date=October 23, 2017}}</ref> | 5 |- ! scope="row" | Luxembourg Digital Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-10-21/luxembourg-digital-songs|title=Luxembourg Digital Song Sales : Oct 21, 2017|website=Billboard|access-date=October 20, 2017|archive-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506101845/https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-10-21/luxembourg-digital-songs|url-status=dead}}(subscription required){{subscription required}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row" | Malaysia (RIM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rim.org.my/main/images/stories/RIM/chart/36_i_dm.pdf|title=Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 36 (1/9/2017 - 7/9/2017)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Malaysia]]|access-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> | 9 |- ! scope="row" | Mexico Airplay (''Billboard'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-11/mexico|title=Mexico Airplay: Nov 11, 2017|website=Billboard|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506123837/https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-11/mexico|url-status=dead}}(subscription required){{subscription required}}</ref> | 32 |- {{singlechart|Dutch40|14|year=2017|week=44|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 4, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Dutch100|6|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 4, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4411|title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart|date=October 16, 2017|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|access-date=October 13, 2017|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131344/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4411|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row" | Norway (VG-lista)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lista.vg.no/artist/camila-cabello-feat-young-thug/6613|title=VG-lista – Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref> | 16 |- ! scope="row" | Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://billboard.ph/billboardph-hot-100-october-30/|title=BillboardPH Hot 100|date=October 30, 2017|website=[[Billboard Philippines]]|access-date=October 31, 2017}}</ref> | 39 |- {{singlechart|Poland|20|chartid=2485|year=2017|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 30, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Portugal|1|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 3, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Scotland|1|date=20171020|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 21, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Slovakdigital|3|year=2017|week=42|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 24, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | Slowén (SloTop50)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2017&week=41|title=SloTop50 – Slowénn official singles chart|publisher=slotop50.si|access-date=October 17, 2017|archive-date=August 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035411/https://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2017&week=41|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row" | Spain (PROMUSICAE)<ref name="SpainWeek35">{{Cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/listas/semana/3525-canciones-semana-40-2017|title=Top 100 Canciones — Semana 40: del 29.9.2017 al 5.10.2017|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|language=Spanish|format=PDF|access-date=October 17, 2017}} CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan ([[:Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan|link]]) </ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row" | Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=October 28, 2017}}</ref> | 11 |- {{singlechart|Switzerland|2|artist=Camila Cabello feat. Young Thug|song=Havana|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 30, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|UK|1|date=20171103|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 4, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Camila Cabello|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 31, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardadultpopsongs|27|artist=Camila Cabello|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 31, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|46|artist=Camila Cabello|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 29, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|11|artist=Camila Cabello|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 30, 2017}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardrhythmic|26|artist=Camila Cabello|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 31, 2017}} |- ! scope="row" | Venezuela (Record Report)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/top100/|title=Top 100 - Record Report|publisher=[[Record Report]]|language=Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103155443/https://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/top100/|archive-date=November 3, 2017|access-date=November 3, 2017}} CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan ([[:Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan|link]]) </ref> | 79 |} == Sajarah Rilis == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-bottom: 34px;" ! scope="col" | Wilayah ! scope="col" |Kala ! scope="col" | Format ! scope="col" | Label ! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | Donya{{Efn|Release as a [[promotional single]].}} | Agustus 3, 2017 | Digital download | {{Hlist}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/camila-cabello/news/camila-cabello-drops-new-singles-omg-and-havana|title=Camila Cabello Drops New Singles 'OMG' and 'Havana'|last=McNeilage|first=Ross|date=August 3, 2017|publisher=[[MTV]]|access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Italia | rowspan="2" |September 8, 2017 | rowspan="2" |Radio hit kontemporer | Sony | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radiodate.it/radio-date/camila-cabello-feat-young-thug-havana-176705-08-09-2017-radiodate/|title=Camila Cabello - Havana RadioDate|publisher=Radio Airplay|access-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Inggris | Syco | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/playlist|title=BBC – Radio 1 – Playlist|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Amerika Serikat | 3 oktober, 2017 | Rhythmic kontemporer radio | Epic | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases|title=Top 40/Rhythmic-Crossover Future Releases|publisher=All Access Music Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003002644/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases|archive-date=October 2, 2017|access-date=October 2, 2017}}</ref> |} == Cathetan == {{Notelist}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist|30em}} == Pranala njaba == * {{MetroLyrics song|camila-cabello|havana}} * {{YouTube|HCjNJDNzw8Y|"Havana" (Audio)|title="Havana" (Audio)|id=HCjNJDNzw8Y}} [[Kategori:CS1 dandani: Basa ora kaweruhan]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 2]] 8eon6j6iatj5j6xww5hnvk162puz8tr 0 154649 1758623 1757029 2026-10-08T22:43:13Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Alexis Tsipras | native_name = {{lang|el|Αλέξης Τσίπρας}} | image = Alexis Tsipras in Moscow 2.jpg | office = [[Pangarep Oposisi (Yunani)|Pangarep Oposisi]] | status = | primeminister = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] | term_start = 8 Juli 2019 | term_end = 29 Juni 2023 | predecessor = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] | succeeded = | successor = | primeminister1 = Antonis Samaras | term_start1 = 20 Juni 2012 | term_end1 = 26 Januwari 2015 | predecessor1 = Antonis Samaras | successor1 = Antonis Samaras | office2 = [[Nayakotama Yunani]] | president2 = [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]] | deputy2 = [[Yannis Dragasakis]] | term_start2 = 21 Sèptèmber 2015 | term_end2 = 8 Juli 2019 | predecessor2 = [[Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou|Vassiliki Thanou]] | successor2 = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] | president3 = [[Karolos Papoulias]]<br>[[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]] | deputy3 = [[Yannis Dragasakis]] | term_start3 = 26 Januwari 2015 | term_end3 = 27 Agustus 2015 | predecessor3 = [[Antonis Samaras]] | successor3 = [[Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou|Vassiliki Thanou]] | office4 = [[Mantri Jaban Rangkah (Yunani)|Mantri Jaban Rangkah]] | term_start4 = 20 Oktober 2018 | term_end4 = 15 Fèbruwari 2019 | predecessor4 = [[Nikos Kotzias]] | successor4 = [[Georgios Katrougalos]] | office5 = Lurah ing [[Syriza]] | term_start5 = 7 Sèptèmber 2009 | term_end5 = 29 Juni 2023 | predecessor5 = [[Alekos Alavanos]] | successor5 = [[Stefanos Kasselakis]] | party = [[Parté Kuminis Yunani|Parté Kuminis]] (sadurung 1991)<br>[[Synaspismos]] (1991–2013)<br>[[Syriza]] (2013–) | otherparty = [[Parté Kiwa Éropah]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|7|28}} | birth_place = [[Athína]], [[Yunani]] | death_date = | death_place = | partner = [[Peristera Baziana]] | children = 2 | residence = [[Maximos Mansion]] | education = [[Universitas Tèhnologi Nasiyonal Athína]] | signature = Alexis Tsipras Signature (Greece prime minister).svg }} '''Alexis Tsipras''' ([[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: Αλέξης Τσίπρας; lair 28 [[Juli]] 1974)<ref name="Huffington Post">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/26/alex-tsipras-profile_n_6547474.html|title=What You Need To Know About Alexis Tsipras, The Greek Leader Who Wants To Change Europe|date=26 Januari 2015|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> iku pulitikus Yunani kang lungguh minangka Nayakotama Yunani kawit 2015 nganti 2019. Minangka wong sosialis, Tsipras dadi pangarepé parté pulitik Yunani aran SYRIZA 2009 nganti 2023 Tsipras lair ing Athína ing 1974. Dhèwèké lumebu Kanoman Kuminis Yunani ing wekasané dasawarsa 1980. Ing wiwitané dasawarsa 1990, dhèwèké giyat ing jagat pulitik mligi minangka juru wicara ing protès-protès kang nulak rancangan owah-owahan gedhèn-gedhèn tumrap pangajaran. Dhèwèké nyinau tèhnik sipil ing Universitas Tèhnik Kabangsan Athína, lulus ing 2000, lan nerusaké sarjana ing babagan tata kutha lan wewengkon. Dhèwèké nyambut gawé minangka insinyur sipil ing indhustri yeyasan kang kapernah ing Athína. Saka 1999 nganti 2003, Tsipras dadi panitra Kanoman Synaspismos. Dhèwèké tinanggenah lid Panitya Pokok Synaspismos ing 2004, banjur lumebu ing Kapanitran Pulitisé Synaspismos. Ing pilihan umum enggonan 2006, dhèwèké minangka caloné SYRIZA kanggo kalungguhan Walikutha Athína lan menang 10,5%. Ing 2008, dhèwèké kapilih dadi pangarepé SYRIZA, nggantèni Alekos Alavanos. Dhèwèké tembé kapilih lumebu Parlemèn Yunani, makili Athína A, ing 2009 lan kapilih manèh ing Mèi lan Juni 2012, banjur dadi Pangarepé Oposisi lan yasa kabinèt wayangan. Ing Januwari 2015, SYRIZA kanthi dipandhégani Tsipras menangaké pilihan umum lègislatif, olèh 149 saka 300 kursi ing Parlemèn Yunani lan nggawé kowalisi karo Parté Rakyat Yunani Mardika (Yunani: Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες). Pitung sasi ndungkap mangsané linggih minangka Nayakotama, dhèwèké kélangan pérangan gedhéné sengkuyungané amarga ana pambaléla ing intraparté. Rikala 20 Agustus 2015, Tsipras sèrèh lan ngatur pilihan umum rikat kang kalakon ing sasi candhaké. Ing pilihan umum Sèptèmber 2015, SYRIZA bali menang lan olèh 145 saka 300 kursi lan mbalèni nata kowalisiné karo Parté Rakyat Yunani Mardika. Minangka Nayakotama, dhèwèké ngawasi rundhingan bab krisis utangé Pepréntahan Yunani. Dhèwèké uga miwiti réferèndhum kanggo nylametaké ékonominé Yunani nganggo dana talangan saka mancanagara (''bailout'') lan ngadhepi krisis wong ngungsi ing Éropah. In 2015, dhèwèké dipilih kalawarta ''TIME'' minangka salah siji saka 100 wong kang banget mrabawani ing jagat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/3823031/alexis-tsipras-2015-time-100/|title=Time 100 - Alexis Tsipras, by Pablo Iglesias - time.com|last=|first=|date=16 April 2015|accessdate=|publisher=|website=Alexis Tsipras {{!}} TIME|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506015948/http://time.com/3823031/alexis-tsipras-2015-time-100/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsipras minangka Nayakotama Yunani sok kadakwa luput amarga kapeksa nampa rékadaya-rékadaya pangéman supaya nagarané slamet, nanging tandangé ora jumbuh karo jangjiné sadurungé pilihan umum. Dhèwèké uga kadakwa kang njalari masalah ékonomi Yunani sangsaya ndadra. Yunani wis kélangan 25% saka GDP-né kawit wiwité krisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.gr/2017/05/23/eidiseis-diethnes-politiki-o-tsipras--sti-lista-me-tous-pente-ligotero-dimofileis-arxigous-meta-ton-trump_n_16762864.html|title=Τime: O Tσίπρας στη λίστα με τους πέντε λιγότερο δημοφιλείς αρχηγούς, μετά τον Τραμπ|date=23 Mèi 2017|publisher=|access-date=17 Mèi 2018|archive-date=2018-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504091231/https://www.huffingtonpost.gr/2017/05/23/eidiseis-diethnes-politiki-o-tsipras--sti-lista-me-tous-pente-ligotero-dimofileis-arxigous-meta-ton-trump_n_16762864.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kala nom lan karir == Tsipras lair ing 28 Juli 1974 ing Athína. Kulawargané asli siji désa ing cedhak Babaeski ing tlatah Thraki Wétan ing Turki. Nalika kalakon konpènsi ijol warga antarané Turki lan Yunani, kulawargané kapeksa boyongan saka Turki menyang Yunani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/28076217.asp|title=Dünyanın konuştuğu Yunan lider Çipras, Babaeskili çıktı|work=[[Hürriyet]]|access-date=31 Januari 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201190849/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/28076217.asp|archive-date=2015-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bapaké aran Pavlos lair ing Epirus lan minangka kontraktor pagawéan gedhé tumrap praja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/01/26/alexis-tsipras-greece-new-prime-minister-profile-bio/|title=Alexis Tsipras: Who is Greece's New Prime Minister? (Full Profile & Bio) - GreekReporter.com|website=greece.greekreporter.com|access-date=17 Mèi 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/Vouleftes/Viografika-Stoicheia/?MPId=b57035f7-43e4-48e9-a541-b9d153eb5eab|publisher=[[Hellenic Parliament]]|language=Greek|script-title=el:Αλέξιος Παύλου Τσίπρας : ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ Κ.Ο. ΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΥ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ ΒΟΥΛΕΥΤΗΣ Α' ΑΘΗΝΩΝ|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18059516|title=Profile: Alexis Tsipras, leader of Syriza|author=Andy Denwood|date=14 Mèi 2012|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Ibuné lair ing Eleftheroupoli.<ref name="KavalaNet">{{cite news|url=http://www.kavalanet.gr/enimerosi/news_static/1196294492.php|last=Apostolidis|first=Tasos|date=28 Novèmber 2007|work=KavalaNet|access-date=22 Mèi 2009|publisher=kavalanet.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Αλέξης Τσίπρας: "Καβαλιώτης" και μόλις 33 Μαΐων το φαβορί για την ηγεσία του ΣΥΝ|archive-date=2010-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824160056/http://www.kavalanet.gr/enimerosi/news_static/1196294492.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsipras lumebu Kanoman Kuminis Yunani ing wekasané dasawarsa 1980. Ing kawitané dasawarsa 1990, minangka murid Pamulangan Luhur Multidhisiplin Ampelokipoi, dhèwèké giyat ing kagiyatan pulitik kaya ta mbaléla lan ngejègi pamulangan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/profile-of-greek-prime-minister-alexis-tsipras-2015-7|title=How Greece's prime minister rose from high school activist to high politics|publisher=|access-date=17 Mèi 2018}}</ref> minangka panulaké tumrap ukum kang kontropèrsil wetoné Mantri Wiyata Vassilis Kontogiannopoulos. Tsipras dadi luwih kondhang minangka wakilé obah-obahan siswa kawit diundhang juru warta Anna Panagiotarea minangka dhayoh ing gelaran wicara télévisi. Sasuwéné wawan wicara, Panagiotarea kandha ora blaka yèn Tsipras ora burus anggoné mbélani hak siswa pamulangan madya lan luhur kanggo absèn tanpa perlu idin wong tuwa.<ref name="CV syn.gr"/> Ariwarta lan pulitikus oposisi sok nitik Tsipras ora sembada amarga nalika enom dhèwèké minangka aktipis murih bisaa pamulangan praja lelahanan (gratis), nanging nalika wis dadi Nayakotama dhèwèké luwih milih nyekolahaké anaké ing pamulangan swasta.<ref>[http://en.protothema.gr/tsipras-exploits-his-state-school-education-but-chooses-elitism-for-sons-pics/ "Tsipras exploits his state school education but chooses elitism for sons (pics)", ''Proto Thema'', Sep, 14 2015]</ref><ref>[https://www.eleftherostypos.gr/politiki/39399-aphonos-o-tsipras-stin-omilia-mitsotaki-sti-vouli-gia-tin-paideia/ "Άφωνος ο Τσίπρας στην ομιλία Μητσοτάκη στη Βουλή για την Παιδεία" (Speechless Tsipras during Mitsotakis' talk in the Parliament on education), Elefteros Typos, 28/09/16.] In Greek language.</ref> Tsipras sinau tèhnik sipil ing Universitas Tèhnik Kabangsan Athína (UTKA), lulusan 2000, sadurungé miwiti sinau pascasarjana bab tata kutha lan wewengkon sawisé njupuk MPhil antardhépartemèn ing Pamulangan Arsitèktur UTKA. Sinambi sinau ing pascasarjana, dhèwèké wiwit nyambut gawé minangka insinyur sipil ing bab indhustri yeyasan. Dhèwèké nulis sawenèh studhi lan proyèk mawa irah-irahan kutha Athína.<ref name="CV syn.gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.syn.gr/en/tsipras_alexis.htm |title=Alexis Tsipras |work=[[Synaspismos]] |publisher=syn.gr |access-date=22 Mèi 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612152851/http://www.syn.gr/en/tsipras_alexis.htm |archive-date=12 Juni 2011 }}</ref><ref name="studies-career syn.gr2">{{cite web|url=http://www.syn.gr/gr/keimeno.php?id=12438|date=21 Novèmber 2008|publisher=syn.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Σχόλιο Γραφείου Τύπου του ΣΥΝ για τις προσωπικές επιθέσεις εναντίον του Προέδρου του ΣΥΝ – Επισύναψη επιστολών|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref><ref name="cv greek (studies-projects)2">{{cite web|url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=89175|date=9 Oktober 2009|publisher=enet.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Αλέξης Τσίπρας|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref> Nalika mahasiswa, Tsipras mèlu jajaran obah-obahan kiping kiwa (''left wing'') mligi ing grup aran "Enceladus" (Yunani: Εγκέλαδος) kang giyat manèh. Minangka lid grup mau, dhèwèké banjur kapilih tumrap paheman èksekutif ing sarékat mahasiswa Pamulangan Tèhnik Sipil UTKA lan tumindak minangka wakil mahasiswa ing Sénat Universitas. Saka 1995 tekan 1997, dhèwèké minangka lid pethingan ing Rad Séntral saka Sarékat Mahasiswa Kabangsan Yunani (EFEE).<ref name="CV syn.gr"/> == Karir pulitik 1999-2015 == [[Gambar:Alexis_Tsipras3.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Tsipras ing [[Bologna]] mènèhi sesorah kanggo aliyansi The Other Europe.]] Sawisé Parté Kuminis Yunani metu saka kowalisi Synaspismos ing 1991, Tsipras panggah ing kowalisi iku. Ing Mèi 1999, dhèwèké dadi panitra kapisan ing golongan kanoman Synaspismos aran Kanoman Synaspismos. Ing mangsa iku, dhèwèké minangka sèntris. Mangkonoa, ing tembé nalika dadi lurahé Synaspismos, dhèwèké kasuwur ndhoyong marang kiping kiwa radhikal. Dhèwèké menang akèh pangaji nalika iku. Ing Nopèmber 2003, kalungguhané digantèni Tasos Koronakis lan dhèwèké ngalih menyang parté babon. Minangka panitra Kanoman Synaspismos, dhèwèké katut ing rékadaya yasa Forum Sosiyal Yunani lan akèh laku protès nulak [[Néoliberalisme|globalisasi néyoliberal]]. Ing Dhésèmber 2004 ing Konggrès Synaspismos 4, dhèwèké kapilih dadi lid Kumite Pulitik Séntral saha lid Kapanitran Pulitik parté iku. Ing Kapanitran Pulitik iku, dhèwèké minangka kang tanggung jawab ing babagan panggulawenthahan (pangajaran) lan kanoman.<ref name="CV syn.gr" /> Tsipras tembé lumebu ing pulitik Yunani ilèn baku (''mainstream'') ing mangsa pilihan umum enggonan 2006. Nalika iku, dhèwèké nyalonaké dadi Walikutha Athína sarana kampanyé "Anoihti Poli" (Yunani: Ανοιχτή Πόλη, "Kutha Binuka") saka parté SYRIZA. Dhèwèké olèh swara 10,51% saka warga Athína lan mandheg ing tataran katelu. Tsipras olèh kalungguhan ing rad [[Aténa|Kuthamadya Athína]] amarga jenengé kapacak ing urutan siji ing pratélané parté SYRIZA.<ref name="CV syn.gr" /><ref name="ANA-MPA candidate">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ana.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=3561435&maindocimg=3486542&service=102|title=Coalition selects A. Tsipras for Athens mayorship|work=[[ANA-MPA]]|access-date=22 Mèi 2009}}</ref> Dhèwèké ora nyalonaké dadi lid Parlemèn Yunani nalika pilihan umum 2007, nanging milih ngrampungaké mangsa kalungguhané minangka lid rad Kuthamadya Athína. Tsipras kapilih dadi lurahé Synaspismos ing konggrès kalima ing 10 Pèbruwari 2008 amarga lurah sadurungé, Alekos Alavanos, mutusaké sèlèh jalaran alesan pribadi.<ref name="ANA-MPA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ana.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=6137211&maindocimg=6135039&service=8|title=Tsipras new SYN leader, new CPC elected|work=[[ANA-MPA]]|access-date=26 April 2009|publisher=ana.gr}}</ref> Tsipras dadi lurah Synaspismos nalika umur 33, mula karan lurah enom dhéwé ing parté pulitik Yunani kawit 1931. Ing pilihan umum 2009, dhèwèké kapilih lumebu ing Parlemèn Yunani tumrap tlatah Athína A lan ing tembé kapilih mutlak dadi lurahé golongan parlemènter SYRIZA.<ref name="Parliament synthesis 2009 elections">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ana-mpa.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=8021532&maindocimg=8021551&service=143|date=9 Oktober 2006|work=[[ANA-MPA]]|access-date=9 Oktober 2009|language=Greek|script-title=el:Ανανέωση αλλά και ηχηρές απουσίες στη νέα Βουλή}}</ref><ref name="Head of SYRIZA Parliamentary group 2009-10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.athina984.gr/node/69377|title=Alexis Tsipras to head SYRIZA Parliamentary group|date=8 Oktober 2009|work=Athina 9.84 Municipal Radio|access-date=9 Oktober 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004711/http://www.athina984.gr/node/69377|archive-date=17 Juli 2011|url-status=dead|publisher=athina984.gr}}</ref> Tsipras mandhégani SYRIZA lumantar pilihan umum 2012, nyeksèni alihan swara 22% menyang parténé, lan dadi Pangarep Oposisi lan lurah Kabinèt Wayangan Alexis Tsipras. [[Gambar:SYN_5th_Congress.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Alexis Tsipras mènèhi sesorah minangka calon présidhèn ing Konggrès Synaspismos 5.]] Ing Dhésèmber 2013, Tsipras minangka calon kapisan kang diusulaké GUE/NGL (Kiwa Manunggal Éropah/Kiwa Ijo Nor) tumrap kalungguhan présidhèn ing Komisi [[Uni Éropah]]. Olèhé dicalonaké iku kanggo pilihan umum tumrap Parlemèn Éropah ing Mèi 2014 kang bakal ditindakaké nagara-nagara gegelitané Uni Éropah. Tsipras kampanye minangka siji-sijiné calon saka nagara-nagara tapel wates kidul. Ing kawitan Mèi 2014, ing siji sesorah ing [[Berlin]], dhèwèké njlèntrèhaké manéka rupa kalungguhané kanggo lumawan ilèn pulitik néyoliberal ing Éropah kang diwengku (didhominasi) [[Angela Dorothea Merkel|Merkel]]. Tsipras tetawa rancangan owah-owahan gedhé kang luwih becik tumrap wong Éropah kang bakal katon 10 taun bésuk. Dhèwèké nyebut péhak-péhak kang ora kuwawa nangani krisis ardana (''financial'') saka 2008 tekan 2014 kang njalari wong tuna karya akèhé ora kinira mligi ing Uni Éropah. Sesorahé nganggo basa Inggris ing arepé wong-wong Jerman lan kanggo kasiyaraké ing saindengé Éropah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alexistsipras.eu/index.php/8-news/163-tsipras-to-speak-at-die-linke-party-congress-in-berlin|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517214721/http://www.alexistsipras.eu/index.php/8-news/163-tsipras-to-speak-at-die-linke-party-congress-in-berlin|archive-date=17 Mèi 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sanajan menang ing Yunani, kanthi menang enem saka 21 kursi Yunani ing [[Parlemèn Éropah]], GUE/NGL mandheg ing urutan kalima ing saindengé Éropah. == Nayakotama == === Mangsa kapisan (Januwari–Agustus 2015) === [[Gambar:Alexis_Tsipras_at_the_National_Resistance_Memorial,_Kaisariani.jpg|jmpl|Alexis Tsipras ndokok mawar abang ing Sasana Panambegan Kaisariani.]] SYRIZA nalika dipimpin Tsipras menang pilihan umum kang kagelar ing 25 Januwari 2015, sanajan kurang rong kursi supaya dadi mayoritas ing parlemèn. Ésuké, Tsipras ngadani mupakatan karo parté Yunani Mardika, kang kondhang minangka populis kiping tengen (''right wing''), saperlu yasa kowalisi. Ing dina kang padha, minangka Nayakotama kang enom dhéwé ing sajarah Yunani kawit 1865, dhèwèké dikepyakaké Présidhèn Karolos Papoulias nganggo ukara "Ingsun mratélakaké lumantar jeneng, kaurmatan, lan budi ingsun bilih sedya njunjung undhang-undhang lan ukum-ukumé."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsit.gr/politikh/greek-elections-alexis-tsipras-sworn-in-2601|title=Greek Elections: Alexis Tsipras sworn in as the new Greek Prime Minister|date=26 Januari 2015|website=newsit.gr|access-date=10 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Tsipras uga minangka nayakotama kapisan kang nganggo sumpah kalungguhan sipil, dudu sumpah kalungguhan agama. Kang mangkono nandhani sudané prabawané budaya upacara ortodhok Yunani.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2015/01/church-and-state-greece|title=A courteous distance|date=26 Januari 2015|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=10 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Sanajan kandha yèn parténé isih sesambungan becik karo gréja, dhèwèké njalari gendra nalika patemon karo Mahabiskop Ieronymos. Tsipras mratélakaké yèn dhèwèké ora bakal nganggo sumpah kalungguhan agama amarga dhèwèké [[Atéisme|atéis]] kang ora pikrama sarana upacara agama lan ora mbaptis anak-anaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.protothema.gr/alexis-tsipras-met-with-archbishop-ieronymos/|title=Tsipras explanation to Archbishop over lack of religious oath of office|date=26 Januari 2015|website=[[Proto Thema]]|access-date=10 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Kang kapisan ditindakaké Tsipras sawisé kepyakan iku nekani Sasana Panambegan (''memorial'') Kaisariani. Dhèwèké ndokok mawar abang kanggo mèngeti wong 200 kang mbélani Yunani kang diperjaya [[Wehrmacht]] Jerman ing 1 Mèi 1944.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/alexis-tsipras-greece-syriza-kaisariani-nazi-german|title=Alexis Tsipras pays homage to Greek communists at site of Nazi atrocity|last=Helena Smith|date=26 Januari 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=14 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Ing patemon kapisan saka kabinèt anyar, Tsipras ngumumaké prakara-prakara kang kudu tinengenaké pepréntahan saperlu ngrampungi "krisis kamanungsan" ing Yunani, rundhingan-rundhingan karo Uni Éropah lan [[IMF]] kanggo ngambali nata utangé Yunani, lan pangecaké jangji-jangjiné SYRIZA kaya déné mbusek niti-niti swastanisasi saka pepréntahan sadurungé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/188956/anatropes-pantoy-allazoyn-ola-se-dei-paideia-dimosio-idiotikopoiiseis|title="Ανατροπές παντού -Αλλάζουν όλα σε ΔΕΗ, Παιδεία, Δημόσιο, ιδιωτικοποιήσεις" (Total recall - Everything changes in Public Power Corp., Education, Public Sector and privatizations)|website=iefimerida.gr|access-date=28 Januari 2015}}</ref> Ing 3 Pèbruwari, Tsipras nindakaké lawad prajan (''state visit'') resmi kang kapisan marang Nayakotama Itali Matteo Renzi ing [[Roma]]. Wong loro iku nggelar pasamuwan près (''press conference'') barengan kanggo nyatakaké rasa prihatiné tumrap rékadaya pangéman kang dicakaké Kumisi Juncker lan wènèh panemu manawa undhak-undhakan ékonomi minangka sawiji cara kanggo metu saka krisis. Sarampungé pasamuwan près, Renzi mènèhi Tsipras bebungah [[dhasi]] Itali. Tsipras, kang kaciri amarga ora tau nganggo dhasi, ngaturaké panuwun marang Renzi lan kandha bakal nganggo dhasiné ing acara slametan nalika Yunani kasil ngambali rundhingan bab rékadaya pangéman mau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/economia/2015/02/03/news/tsipras_continua_il_tour_anti-austerit_oggi_a_palazzo_chigi_incontra_renzi-106424199/|title=Tsipras, il tour anti-austerità a Roma. Padoan: "Crescita priorità per la Grecia"|date=3 Fèbruari 2015|website=Repubblica.it}}</ref> [[Gambar:Tsipras_and_Junker.jpg|jmpl|Tsipras lan Présidhèn Kumisi Éropah Jean-Claude Juncker, 13 Maret 2015]] Ing 20 Pèbruwari, Eurogroup mupakatan karo Yunani saperlu ndawakaké mangsa dana talangan Yunani nganti patang sasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/20/eurozone-chiefs-meet-for-last-ditch-talks-to-avert-greece-cash-crunch|title=Eurozone chiefs strike deal to extend Greek bailout for four months|website=theguardian.com|access-date=20 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Tsipras uga martakaké lungané menyang Mosko ing 8 April saperlu ngéntukaké panyengkuyungé Ruslan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11511653/Isolated-Greece-pivots-east-to-Russia-China-and-Iran.-But-will-it-work.html|title=Isolated Greece pivots east to Russia, China and Iran. But will it work?|last=Khan|first=Mehreen|date=6 April 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=6 April 2015|location=London}}</ref> Ing 31 Mèi, Tsipras njlèntrèhaké panyruwéné lan rancangané minangka dudutan saka kadadéan-kadadéan kawit pamilihan umum. Pepuntoning panemuné ya iku ana saorané rong gegayuhan kang adu arep kanggo integrasi Éropah. Leloroné ora silih laras lan ana péhak mirunggan kang duwé "obsèsi" anggoné ngecakaké program tèhnokratiké dhéwé.<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/05/31/alexis-tsipras-l-europe-est-a-la-croisee-des-chemins_4644263_3234.html lemonde.fr: "Alexis Tetep<span> </span>:" Non à une zona euro à deux vitesses ""], 31 Mei 2015</ref> Ing 22 Juni, Tsipras medharaké proposal Yunani kang anyar, kang isiné kalebu ngundhakaké umur pènsiyunan baka sathithik dadi 67 lan matesi pènsiyun gasik. Proposal mau uga nawa owah-owahan gedhé ing tata pajeg winuwuhan aji (''value-added-tax'') supaya tarip pokoké dadi 23 persèn.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/22/us-eurozone-greece-idUSKBN0P10JN20150622 "Yunani nawakake rencana anyar kanggo menging default, tukang kredit ndeleng sawetara pangarep-arep"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220650/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/22/us-eurozone-greece-idUSKBN0P10JN20150622 |date=2015-09-24 }}, Reuters, 22 juni 2015</ref> Ing 29 Juni, bang-bang Yunani panggah tutup lan Tsipras kandha manawa tindakan mangkono kanggo ngendhalèni pawitan. Dedagangan panduman (''stocks'') lan obligasi (''bonds'') Yunani uga kaendheg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/28/news/economy/greece-banks-ecb/|title=Greece shuts banks in bid to prevent collapse|last=Mark Thompson|date=28 Juni 2015|work=CNNMoney|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=2017-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121132703/http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/28/news/economy/greece-banks-ecb/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33305019|title=Greek debt crisis: Banks to stay shut, capital controls imposed|work=BBC News}}</ref> ==== Réferèndhum bab dana talangan (''bailout'') ==== Ing 27 Juni 2015, Tsipras ngumumaké réferèndhum kanggo mutusaké kudu-orané [[Grikenlan|Yunani]] nampa wewaton dana talangan kang diusulaké Kumisi Juncker barengan karo [[IMF]] saha Bang Séntral Éropah. Tsipras mrayogakaké wong-wong supaya mènèhi swara "Ora". Ing 3 Juli, dhèwèké sesorah ing sangarepé udakara wong 250.000 ing alun-alun Syntagma ing arepé parlemèn. Ing kono, dhèwèké nulak pepéliké sawatara pangarep, ya iku yèn kasilé pilihan umum ing dina Minggu iku "Ora", Yunani bisa katundhung saka laladan yuro (''Eurozone''). Dhèwèké ngumumaké "Ing dina Minggu, awak dhéwé ora mung mutusaké supaya tetep ing Éropah, nanging awak dhéwé mutusaké supaya panggah urip luhur ing Éropah".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/greece-pm-urges-no-vote-live-dignity-europe-182709597.html|title=Greece PM urges 'No' vote to 'live with dignity in Europe'|date=3 Juli 2015|publisher=Yahoo News UK|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=2017-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017201007/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/greece-pm-urges-no-vote-live-dignity-europe-182709597.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasilé réferèndhum ya iku 61,3 persèn milih "Ora."<ref name="refresults">[http://ekloges.ypes.gr/current/e/public/index.html Δημοψήφισμα Ιούλιος 2015], [[Ministry of the Interior and Administrative Reconstruction|Ministry of Interior lan Administratif Reconstruction]]. (diakses 5 juli 2015)</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] ngirimi Tsipras layang slamet kawit wijayané swara "Ora". Ing layang iku, dhèwèké kandha yèn sudirané wong Yunani dadi gumuné wong-wong Amérikah Latin lan Karibiyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/822463/article/epikairothta/politikh/sygxarhthria-epistolh-fintel-kastro-ston-ale3h-tsipra|title="Συγχαρητήρια επιστολή Φιντέλ Κάστρο στον Αλέξη Τσίπρα" (Congratulation letter by Fidel Castro to Alexis Tsipras)|publisher=kathimerini.gr|access-date=6 Juli 2015}}</ref> ==== Mupakatan bab dana talangan ==== Sarampungé rundhingan sawatara dina, ing 13 Juli 2015 Tsipras wusana mupakatan karo péhak kang nyilihi dhuwit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naftemporiki.gr/finance/story/977809/analutika-ti-problepei-i-sumfonia-tis-sunodou-korufis|title=Αναλυτικά τι προβλέπει η συμφωνία της Συνόδου Κορυφής|website=news247.gr|access-date=13 Juli 2015}}</ref> Yunani bakal olèh silihan dhuwit kèhé 82 nganti 86 milyar yuro kang bakal kawènèhaké baka sathithik kawit 2015 nganti Juni 2018. Sawaliké, Yunani kudu (1) ngundhakaké pajeg-kawuwuhan-aji utawa VAT, (2) ngowahi tata pènsiyun, (3) mesthèkaké ELSTAT bisa lumaku mardika, (4) ngethok blanja nagara supaya olèh punjulan (''surplus''), (5) nganyari pangadilan supaya putusan bisa ginawé rikat, (6) nganut owah-owahan kang diusulaké [[OECD]], (7) njabut pranatan-pranatan kang diabsahaké Tsipras kajaba pranatan kang gegayutan "krisis kamanungsan", (8) ngambali mawiti bang-bang, (9) nindakaké swastanisasi marang barang-barang darbéné nagara kang ajiné 50 milyar, lan (10) nyuda blanja ing babagan publik. Kanthi mangkono, Tsipras bakal olèh pakèt Juncker kang ajiné 35 milyar yuro kang ancasé kanggo nulungi tuwuhé ékonomi Yunani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5373_en.htm|title=A new start for jobs and growth in Greece: Commission mobilises more than €35 billion from the EU budget|website=europa.eu|access-date=15 Juli 2015}}</ref> Pepréntahan Yunani kang diwengku parté SYRIZA iku nampa pakèt dana talangan kang isiné ngethok dana pènsiyun luwih akèh lan ngundhakaké pajeg. Prakara iku kang ditulak wong Yunani nalika réferèndhum.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/12/thisisacoup_n_7781736.html Jerman-Mimpin Eurozone Ngetokake Kudeta Marang Pamaréntah Yunani]. ''[[The Huffington Post|Ing Huffington Post]]. '' 12 juli 2015.</ref> Ing 14 Agustus, parlemèn Yunani nyengkuyung mupakatan dana talangan kang anyar, sanajan punjul 40 lid parlemèn saka parté SYRIZA milih nulak mupakatané lan Tsipras kudu gumantung marang panyengkuyungé oposisi kang pro-Uni Éropah kaya ta parté Dhémokrasi Anyar, To Potami, lan PASOK. Tsipras ngandhani lid parlemèn manawa nagara lagi ngadhepi rong pilihan antarané "panggah urip utawa nglampus dhiri." Dhèwèké uga kandha, "Aku duwé rasa-pangrasa kang pramana manawa prayogané kita nampa iku (dana talangan) ing kaanan Éropah saiki kang kuwasané satimbang lan ing kaanan ékonomi lan lara ardana kang kaener marang kita."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33925781|title=Greek MPs back €85bn bailout after marathon talks|website=bbc.com|access-date=14 Agustus 2015}}</ref> ==== Sèrèh ==== Ing 20 Agustus 2015, Tsipras sèrèh saka Nayakotama Yunani amarga pambalélané lid-lid parlemèn saka parténé dhéwé, SYRIZA, lan ngumumaké pilihan umum rikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34007859|title=Greece crisis: PM Alexis Tsipras quits and calls early polls|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=20 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Dhèwèké ngumumaké resmi kanthi siniyaraké ing télévisi. Sawurungé parté-parté oposisi yasa pepréntahan, Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou tinanggenah Nayakotama-antara nganti pilihan umum bisa katindakaké. [[Gambar:Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Greek_Prime_Minister_Tsipras_Before_Their_Meeting_at_the_UN_in_New_York_City_(21825003046).jpg|jmpl|Tsipras lan Panitra Praja Amérikah Sarékat John Kerry, 30 Sèptèmber 2015]] === Mangsa kapindho (2015–2019) === ==== Pilihan umum ambalan ==== Sanajan ing pilihan umum sadurungé olèh sathithik, mung 57% lumawan 64%, Tsipras olèh swara kuwat ing pilihan umum 20 Sèptèmber. Parté SYRIZA olèh 35,50% swara,<ref name="Greek Elections 20th September 2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/sep/20/greek-general-election-results-alexis-tsipras-syriza-meimarakis-new-democracy-live|title=Guardian|access-date=10 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> kang cukup kanggo y yasa kowalisi karo ANEL.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/09/21/voter-turnout-in-greek-elections-drops-to-new-historic-low-infographic/|title=Voter Turnout in Greek Elections Drops to New Historic Low|last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=21 Sèptèmber 2015|work=[[Greek Reporter]]|access-date=21 Sèptèmber 2015}}</ref> Aliya saka iku, ing pepréntahan kang, Tsiprassipras nanggenah Dimitris Kammenos, pulitikus ANEL, minangka wakil mantri pambangunan, pangangkudan, lan jejaringan. Pamilihé iku njpadudonianemu amarga Kammenos kaciri anti wong Yahudi, rasis, lan samatrasa (''homophobic'')''ocèhan-ocèhané''ndhané ing Twitter, kaya ta ndakwa yèn wong Y''i''a''u''i''kang'' kang nindakaké gègèr 9/11.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/greek-prime-minister-alexis-tsipras-just-made-a-man-with-a-horrendous-record-of-comments-about-jews-2015-9|title=Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras just appointed a minister with a horrendous record of anti-Semitic comments|website=businessinsider.com|access-date=23 Sèptèmber 2015|archive-date=2015-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926030828/http://uk.businessinsider.com/greek-prime-minister-alexis-tsipras-just-made-a-man-with-a-horrendous-record-of-comments-about-jews-2015-9|url-status=dead}}</ref> Panulak tumrap dhèwèké wusana meksa Kammenos mundhur. Mula, dhèwèké olèhé dadi mantri ora nganti 12 jam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/227597/paraitithike-o-dimitris-kammenos|title="Dimitris Kammenos resigns" Παραιτήθηκε ο Δημήτρης Καμμένος|website=iefimerida.gr|access-date=23 Sèptèmber 2015}}</ref> ==== Pepréntahan kapindho ==== Ing 27 Sèptèmber, Tsipras kandha marang [[Bill Clinton]] ing Clinton Global Initiative bab butuhé ngambali nata utangé Yunani, ngowahi administrasi publik lan nekakaké inpèstasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/omilia-tsipra-sto-idryma-klinton-na-feroyme-sto-trapezi-thn-anaptyksh.3687505.html|title="What Alexis Tsipras said to Bill Clinton" Τι είπε ο Αλέξης Τσίπρας στον Μπιλ Κλίντον|website=news247.gr/|access-date=28 Sèptèmber 2015|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306225704/http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/omilia-tsipra-sto-idryma-klinton-na-feroyme-sto-trapezi-thn-anaptyksh.3687505.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing 30 Sèptèmber, Panos Kammenos (Mantri Pangayoman) mèngeti wijayané Yunani ing perang Salamina. Tindakané njalari padudon amarga sawenèh wong ngarani olèhé mèngeti mirib tindakané junta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/kammenos-sth-salamina-vraxonhsides-fontamentalismos-kai-epikes-fwtografies.3692602.html|title="Kammenos in Salamina: rocky islets, fundamentalism and EPIC photos" Καμμένος στη Σαλαμίνα: Βραχονησίδες, φονταμενταλισμός και ΕΠΙΚΕΣ φωτογραφίες|website=news247.gr|access-date=30 Sèptèmber 2015|archive-date=2017-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113006/http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/kammenos-sth-salamina-vraxonhsides-fontamentalismos-kai-epikes-fwtografies.3692602.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/513936/deite-ton-kammeno-san-allo-salaminomaho/|title="See Kammenos like another fighter of Salamina....against Xerxes" Δείτε τον Καμμένο σαν άλλο Σαλαμινομάχο κατά... Ξέρξη|website=www.protothema.gr|access-date=30 Sèptèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing 9 Oktober, Tsipras karo Panos Kammenos marani gladhi militèr aran Parmenion mawa busana jakèt militèr.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1014214/sti-stratiotiki-askisi-parmenion-o-al-tsipras|title="In the military exercise Parmenion was Al. Tsipras" Στη στρατιωτική άσκηση "Παρμενίων" ο Αλ. Τσίπρας|website=www.naftemporiki.gr|access-date=9 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Ing 22 Oktober, punggawa pangumpul pajeg kang kondhang ing Yunani aran Katerina Savvaidou dilèrèhi Tsipras amarga dinuga nerusaké idin setasiyun télévisi kang mbayar pajeg pariwara 20 persèn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/61b20754-78d1-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html#axzz3qp3ENjTg|title=Greece’s top tax collector sacked by Tsipras|website=Financial Times|access-date=22 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Rékadaya kang ditindakaké pepréntahané njalari gendra. Wong-wong tani ngancam nggawa traktor-traktoré menyang Athína lan para apotèker mogok makarya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/hugo-dixon/2015/11/02/tsipras-biggest-stress-tests-yet-to-come/|title=Tsipras’ biggest stress tests yet to come|website=Reuters|access-date=2 Novèmber 2015|archive-date=2015-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108010907/http://blogs.reuters.com/hugo-dixon/2015/11/02/tsipras-biggest-stress-tests-yet-to-come/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing 7 Nopèmber, Tsipras olèh panampa sengit nalika nekani kémah-kémah wong ngungsi ing Lesbos lan diadhang protès wong satusan kang nganggo jakèt kambang ''(life jacket)'' mawa blabag kang isiné kongkon supaya Uni Éropah ngendheg pepati kanthi cara ngidinaké lan nglégalaké wong ngungsi teka menyang Éropah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/alex-tsipras-receives-angry-reception-at-lesbos-refugee-camp-a6722361.html|title=Alexis Tsipras receives angry reception at Lesbos refugee camp|website=Independent|access-date=7 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing dina kang padha, Giannis Panousis, tilas Mantri Sulih ing Pangayoman Warga (''Alternate Minister of Citizen Protection'') ing kabinèt kapisan, kandha manawa ana gegayutan antarané pulitikus lan téroris lan manawa pulitikus ing pepréntahan saiki péngin matèni awaké dhéwé. Dhèwèké ndakwa Tsipras weruh prakara iku. Nanging, pandakwané ora kacihna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/234684/vomves-panoysi-politikoi-poy-ehoyn-shesi-me-tromokrates-apeiloyn-tin-zoi-moy|title="Panousis: politicians who are connected with terrorists threaten my life" "Βόμβες" Πανούση: Πολιτικοί που έχουν σχέση με τρομοκράτες απειλούν την ζωή μου|website=www.iefimerida.gr|access-date=7 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> [[Gambar:With_Greek_Prime_Minister_Alexis_Tsipras.jpg|jmpl|Tsipras lan Présidhèn Ruslan [[Vladimir Putin]], 15 Mèi 2017]] Ing 17 Nopèmber, sabubaré diala-ala wong anarki, ing sesorahé ing parlemèn, Tsipras mbandhingaké wong-wong anarki mau karo parté Chrysí Avgí lan kandha manawa ora butuh anané juru slamet kang ora ingundhang "kang rumangsa bisa njangka urip lan pati".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/527942/tsipras-gia-adiexousiastes-einai-autoklitoi-sotirespou-theloun-na-kapileutoun-tis-prosdokies/|title="Tsipras for anarchists: Uncalled saviors who think that they can determinate life and death." Τσίπρας για δήθεν αντιεξουσιαστές: Αυτόκλητοι σωτήρες που νομίζουν ότι ορίζουν τη ζωή και το θάνατο|website=www.protothema.gr|access-date=17 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing 18 Nopèmber, Tsipras minangka nayakotama Yunani kapisan kang nekani Provinsi Izmir ing Wewengkon Ege ing Turki kawit wadyabala Yunani ngejègi Smyrna. Dhèwèké teka ing [[Turki]] saperlu patemon karo Nayakotama Ahmet Davutoğlu. Leloroné sarujuk saperlu tembayatan lan bakal ana tembayatan ing babagan tèhnik antarané jaga pasisir (''coast guard'') Yunani lan Turki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1032289/ntaboutoglou-theloume-statheri-geitniasi-kai-filia-me-tin-ellada|title="Tsipras: We must cooperate with Turkey on the refugee crisis" Αλ. Τσίπρας: Πρέπει να αντιμετωπίσουμε από κοινού με την Τουρκία το προσφυγικό|website=www.naftemporiki.gr|access-date=18 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing 8 Mèi 2016, Tsipras ngukuhaké rékadaya pangéman anyar ing parlemèn kang isiné nglimputi undhak-undhakan pajeg marang wong kang pakolèhé sedhengan lan dhuwur lan ngethok ardana kang nyrambahi samubarang péhak kang bakal ngéman GDP Yunani telung persèn. Owah-owahan uga nglimputi mbusek korting ing pajeg-kawuwuhan-aji, ngethok pènsiyun, lan murungaké sawenèh pranatan. Tsipras ngajak wong-wong supaya padha sarèh, nanging uga sarujuk marang pakèt pangéman lan kandha manawa pangéman iku minangkani mupakatané karo Uni Éropah taun kapungkur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebricspost.com/tsipras-defies-protesters-austerity-measures-pass/#.V0JbJSFa50x|title=Tsipras defies protesters, austerity measures pass|website=thebricspost|access-date=9 Mèi 2016|archive-date=2016-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510114835/http://thebricspost.com/tsipras-defies-protesters-austerity-measures-pass/#.V0JbJSFa50x|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing 22 Mèi, Tsipras ngukuhaké rékadaya pangéman lanjutan. Undhang-undhang nglebokaké rékadaya "ora dinuga" kaya ta ngethok opah lan pèsiyun, kang bakal lumaku langsung manawa tindakan-tindakané ing tembé ora mathuk karo rantaman (''budget''). Pajeg sigarèt, kopi, lan bir kaundhakaké, déné pajeg properti kaatur manèh supaya ngundhakaké pakolèh saka yasan-yasan gedhé. Siji agènsi swastanisasi anyar kayasa lan olèh wewenang 99 taun kanggo ngembangaké lan ngadol properti darbéné praja. Tsipras ngukuhaké anggoné nindakaké rékadaya fiskal. "Mangsa sumber (''spring'') bokmanawa wis mèh rampung, nanging awak dhéwé ngantu-antu sumber ékonomi lan bali nuwuhaké (ékonomi) taun iki," kandhané nayakotama marang parlemèn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/78343842-2058-11e6-9d4d-c11776a5124d.html?ftcamp=published_links%2Frss%2Fworld%2Ffeed%2F%2Fproduct#axzz49RCMNBqH|title=Athens agrees fiscal measures in exchange for debt relief talks|website=ft|access-date=22 Mèi 2016}}</ref> [[Gambar:President_Donald_J._Trump_shakes_hands_with_Greek_Prime_Minister_Alexis_Tsipras_at_their_joint_press_conference_in_the_Rose_Garden_at_the_White_House,_Tuesday,_October_17,_2017,_in_Washington,_D.C.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Tsipras lan Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat Donald Trump, 18 Oktober 2017]] Ilias Kasidiaris saka parté Chrysí Avgí teka ing protès anti-masjid ing Athína nalika 4 Nopèmber 2016. Wosé protèsé iku bab masjid kang didanani pepréntahan kang diwengku SYRIZA amarga manggoni palemahan Wadya Lautan Yunani lan nganggo dhuwit nagara anggoné yasa. Kaanan iku njalari panampa ala déning publik ing njero nagara lan saka manéka golongan pulitik, uga kawartakaké tekan njaban rangkah. Panampa ala iku amarga pepréntahan ngethok blanja publik kanggo warga Yunani kang pérangan gedhéné (punjul 98% <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=17 Mèi 2018|archive-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825033157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>) wong Kristen Ortodhok Yunani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/greek-police-clear-anti-mosque-demonstrators-as-golden-dawn-vows-to-fight-on-1478286861|title=Greek Police Clear Anti-Mosque Demonstrators as Golden Dawn Vows to Fight On|last=Bouras|first=Stelios|date=4 Novèmber 2016|publisher=|access-date=17 Mèi 2018}}</ref> Nanging, pepréntahan lan oposisi nyengkuyung yasané masjid kapisan ing Athína sanajan ana panampa ala saka warga lan parté amarga temahané ing babagan ardana lan undhang-undhang. Prakara liyané ya iku pepréntahan kang diwengku SYRIZA ngupaya nyuda prabawané Gréja Ortodhok Yunani ing bebrayan agung Yunani. Ing wawancara karo The Guardian kang kababar ing 24 Juli 2017, Tsipras mènèhi panemu manawa ékonomi Yunani "mundhak" lan "kang ala-ala wis kapungkur." Dhèwèké uga pracaya manawa Yunani ora bakal gumantung manèh marang dana talangan lan pangawas internasiyonal ing 2018. Miturut lapuran médhiyah saka tengah Juli, Yunani ngrancang arep mèlu manèh pasar obligasi, kawit metu nalika 2014, saperlu nyilih saka pasar pawitan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/18/greece-could-return-to-the-bond-markets-as-early-as-next-week.html|title=Greece could return to the bond markets as early as next week|last=Amaro|first=Silvia|date=2017-07-18|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> Tindak mangkono kinira amarga pepréntahan bisa mbabar obligasi limang taun sanalika nalika weton ing obligasi Yunani lagi cendhak-cendhaké kawit nagara iku ninggal pasar ing taun 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://euobserver.com/economic/138587|title=Greece looking at bond market return|access-date=2017-07-24|language=en}}</ref> Wara-warané metu sawatara dina sawisé IMF "manut asasé" nampa Yunani anggeré anggoné nyilih ardana kèhé $1,8 milyar. IMF mutusaké anggoné mènèhi ardana silihan gumantung marang bisané utangé Yunani pulih tanpa gumantung péhak njaba manèh, uga ndhesek nagara-nagara ing laladan yuro mènèhi pitulung marang Yunani nangani utangé. In Oktober 2017, Nayakotama Tsipras patemon karo Présidhèn Donald Trump ing Washington DC. Présidhèn Donald Trump ngandhani Nayakotama Yunani Alexis Tsipras manawa dhèwèké nyengkuyung rancangan "pitulung utang kang tanggung jawab" marang Yunani. Ngadeg ing sandhingé Tsipras ing Taman Mawar ing Griya Séta (''White House)'', Trump kandha manawa wong Amérikah “nyengkuyung wong Yunani pulih saka krisis ékonomi”.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/25b108d6-b3bc-11e7-aa26-bb002965bce8|title=Trump welcomes Greece’s Tsipras to White House|last=|first=|date=2017-10-18|work=Financial Times|access-date=2017-10-18|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Trump kandha yèn Yunani wis "ngliwati akèh prakara" ing kala masalah ékonomi kang dawa lan jangji manawa Amérikah Sarékat bakal tetep santosa nalika nindakaké rancangan pitulung utang. Trump uga kandha manawa pepréntahané wis ngabari Konggrès bab anané kamungkinan dol-tinumu kanggo nganyari montor mabur F-16 ing Wadya Gegana Yunani. Blanjan iku ajiné $2,4 milyar. Tsipras kandha yèn dhèwèké lan Trump ana dol-tinuku kang prodhuktif lan "ora rumangsa kaancam sawayah-sayah" nalika sapatemon. Pangarep Yunani iku uga kandha yèn nuggal "ajèn" (''value'') karo Amérikah Sarékat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-18/us-president-meets-greek-prime-minister/9060666|title=US President meets Greek Prime Minister|last=|first=|date=2017-10-18|work=ABC News|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> == Urip pribadi == Tsipras ora pikrama. Pasangané kang kadhaptar resmi aran Peristera "Betty" Baziana, insinyur èlèktronik lan komputer. Leloroné pranggulan ing 1987, nalika umur 13, ing Pamulangan Luhur Cawang Ampelokipoi. Leloroné ing tembé dadi lid Kanoman Kuminis Yunani. Wong loro iku urip barengan ing Athína karo anak lanangé loro.<ref name="partner son">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosmo.gr/News/Hellas/273766.html|date=17 Mèi 2010|publisher=cosmo.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Έγινε πατέρας ο Αλέξης Τσίπρας|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520014956/http://www.cosmo.gr/News/Hellas/273766.html|archive-date=20 Mèi 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref> Anak lanangé kang ragil jenengé tengah Ernesto kanggo ngajèni [[Ernesto Che Guevara|Che Guevara]]. Tsipras iku pandhemen bal-balan lan gedhé ing stadhiyon, nyengkuyung Panathinaikos, sabisané nekani saben tetandhingan ing jeron nagara.<ref name="BBC" /> Tsipras ngaku minangka [[Atéisme|atéis]].<ref name="theguardian atheist">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/pope-francis-alexis-tsipras-vatican|title=Pope Francis the 'pontiff of the poor', says Greece's Alexis Tsipras|last=Smith|first=Helena|date=18 Sèptèmber 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=Alexis Tsipras – a radical leftist and self-described atheist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21621878-syrizas-leader-could-win-next-election-company-he-keeps|title=Greece's far left: The company he keeps|date=4 Oktober 2014|work=[[The Economist]]|quote=Mr Tsipras, an atheist}}</ref> Kang mangkono njalari dhèwèké dadi salah siji saka rong pangarep pepréntahan lan praja ing Uni Éropah kang atéis nalika kasumpah. Aliya saka dhèwèké ya iku Présidhèn Céko Miloš Zeman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qz.com/334402/these-are-the-religious-beliefs-of-europes-leaders-including-the-atheists/|title=These are the religious beliefs of Europe’s leaders—including the atheists|access-date=28 Januari 2015}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist|2}} {{artikel pilihan}} ozhwwe4z1dxb7nuyelgn2mmg2ckzulq 4 165026 1758648 1758605 2026-10-09T09:28:49Z MediaWiki message delivery 19967 /* Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist */ pérangan anyar 1758648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Pambuka}} <div style="display: none;"> {{Naraguna:LabdajiwaBot/konfig arsip |archive = Wikipédia:Angkringan Warta/Arsip %(year)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 0 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} </div> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VIII, August 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Hot August/Cold August * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Love Monuments and new phase of Museu Paulista collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: The Catalan public domain: An application to identify Catalan works in public domain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Explore the Colombian public domain app: Browse works an authors in the public domain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wikimedia CR introduces new members of GLAM/partnership team * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: Egypt’s GLAM Team Brings Egyptian Postal History and Public Libraries to Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: The Musical Heritage of the Santa Cecilia Conservatory * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Thesis Project Update and the upcoming TDWG 2026 conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Connecting Culture and Free Knowledge - Wikimedia MKD’s GLAM Partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: August in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Summer, Follow-up in Aarau, CoCreation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikimedia gets Gazetted + Islamic Calligraphy on English Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: OpenGLAM Summer 2026 in Ukraine * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM USA Report (Past & Upcoming) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Ghana national register * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Wikimedia Commons report|Wikimedia Commons report]]: Media loading change affects Commons Impact Metrics and GLAM analytics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Sèptèmber 2026 08.36 (UTC)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=31028447 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-38</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Audiens Masa Depan (Future Audiences) telah memulai [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|diskusi di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]] mengenai usulan eksperimen baru untuk menampilkan pemberitahuan sementara tentang fitur [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Sumber Pilihan Google] kepada pembaca Wikipedia yang datang dari Google. Eksperimen ini bertujuan menguji apakah pemberitahuan tersebut dapat membuat pengunjung lebih sering kembali ke Wikipedia. Fitur Sumber Pilihan memungkinkan pengguna memilih situs web yang mereka percayai sehingga Google dapat menampilkan konten dari sumber-sumber tersebut secara lebih menonjol dalam Penelusuran dan berbagai pengalaman berbasis kecerdasan buatan. Kami tertarik untuk menguji fitur ini pada bahasa lain yang didukung Google dan menyambut bantuan untuk memulai diskusi di wiki lainnya. Jika berminat, silakan hubungi Tim Audiens Masa Depan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|halaman pembicaraan]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Platform percakapan Discord sedang merilis kerangka kerja mandiri baru yang dapat digunakan oleh situs web untuk menentukan tampilan pranala mereka ketika dibagikan di Discord. Tim Audiens Masa Depan berencana mulai menggunakan kerangka kerja ini untuk meningkatkan tampilan pranala Wikipedia ketika dibagikan di Discord, sekaligus memberikan atribusi dan penghargaan yang lebih baik kepada para kontributor. Pada tahap pertama proyek ini, tampilan dan perilaku pranala tidak akan berubah karena kami ingin terlebih dahulu mengumpulkan data dasar untuk menilai dampak perubahan pada tahap berikutnya. Namun, jika anggota komunitas yang aktif di Discord menemukan masalah, mereka dapat melaporkannya melalui [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] atau [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Meta-Wiki]]. * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca akan menjalankan eksperimen untuk menguji apakah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|pemadatan bagian pembuka artikel]] dengan menambahkan tombol "baca selengkapnya" dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca. Pengujian akan dimulai pada 17 September di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Spanyol, Prancis, Indonesia, Italia, Jepang, Portugis, Vietnam, dan Tionghoa, serta berlangsung selama empat pekan.</span> * Semua wiki akan berada dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|mode hanya-baca selama beberapa menit]] pada 23 September. Hal ini dijadwalkan berlangsung pada pukul 14.00 UTC. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diterbitkan dalam Berita Teknis dan juga akan diinformasikan ke setiap wiki pada pekan mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] untuk Wikipedia mengembalikan galat HTTP 500, sehingga tidak dapat diakses, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengembang yang memelihara perkakas yang melakukan kueri terhadap tabel pranala Wikimedia Commons perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar terhubung ke gugus basis data x4 yang baru. Tabel pranala tersebut telah dipindahkan dari gugus s4 ke x4 dan tidak akan lagi menerima pembaruan di s4. Tabel halaman dan tabel pengalihan tetap tersedia di kedua gugus. Replika wiki untuk klaster x4 akan disiapkan setelahnya. Perubahan ini dilakukan karena gugus s4 telah berkembang terlalu besar untuk dapat dioperasikan secara efisien. [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di sini]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Sèptèmber 2026 15.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Wiki Anda akan segera menjadi mode hanya baca</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya. Hal ini akan memastikan bahwa Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya dapat tetap beroperasi bahkan selepas bencana. Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. Sebuah papan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum pelaksanaan operasi ini. Papan pengumuman tersebut akan selalu terlihat hingga akhir pengerjaan. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Anda masih bisa membaca, tetapi tidak bisa menyunting, seluruh wiki dalam waktu terbatas.''' * Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|id}}. * Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga. ''Pengaruh lainnya'': * Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan. * Kami berharap penerapan kode akan terjadi seperti minggu-minggu lainnya. Namun, beberapa kasus pembekuan kode dapat terjadi secara cepat jika proses operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit. Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. '''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini kepada komunitas Anda.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15 Sèptèmber 2026 12.58 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == ''The Signpost'': 16 September 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/News and notes|The Balance of Power]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/In the media|Shocking photos may be changed on Wikipedia]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Disinformation report|Have UN Secretary-General candidates manipulated Wikipedia?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Recent research|Google's AI overviews may have reduced search engine referrals to English Wikipedia by 5%]] * WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/WikiConference report|The backwater symbiosis – reflections from Wiki Conference India 2026]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Traffic report|Heaven let your light shine down]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Serendipity|Wikipedia Family Mosh Pit]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Obituary|Passing of Gobonobo, community leader advocating for women and minorities]] * On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/On the bright side|Fantasy video games, hopeful science fiction, and the change of seasons]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Comix|The Adventure of the Unknown Corpse]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 16 Sèptèmber 2026 02.11 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=31028446 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 21 Sèptèmber 2026 15.26 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Books & Bytes – Issue 76 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px"> [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br /> Issue 76, July–August 2026 </div> <div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> * New partnership: The Chronicle of Higher Education * New Partnership Manager joins the team * Spotlight: TWL page on Meta <big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/July-August 2026|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big> </div> </div> <small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team – 23 Sèptèmber 2026 11.45 (UTC)</small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samwalton9 (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&oldid=31063353 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-39</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 23 September 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 pukul 14.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menguji pencadangan saat pengalihan peladen pusat data, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang berlangsung dua kali setahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia dialihkan dari satu pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan dan mencegah gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam situasi darurat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan menguji pemberitahuan baru setelah penyuntingan yang dirancang untuk mendorong [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|pengguna Akun Sementara agar mendaftarkan akun permanen]]. Pemberitahuan baru ini menggantikan beberapa kotak dialog dan pemberitahuan sambutan yang muncul secara bersamaan dengan satu pesan yang menyoroti manfaat dalam membuat akun. Eksperimen tersebut meningkatkan persentase pembuatan akun permanen dari 1,94% menjadi 3,66%, atau peningkatan relatif sebesar 87%. Perubahan ini selanjutnya akan diterapkan di seluruh wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * Bagi kontributor Wikipedia yang menggunakan [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur Beta "Mode Saran"]], kini tersedia [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|preferensi pengguna baru yang dapat diaktifkan secara sukarela]] untuk menampilkan pemeriksaan penyuntingan dan saran uji coba. Jenis-jenis ini tercantum di halaman [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]] dan ditujukan untuk pengujian awal oleh pengembang dan pengumpulan masukan dari pengguna berpengalaman. Pengurus dapat mengubah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|konfigurasi]] setiap saran seperti biasa. Pengurus juga dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|menggunakan fitur ini]] untuk membantu menguji gagasan komunitas mereka dalam hal pemeriksaan dan saran yang dibuat secara lokal. Jenis eksperimental akan memiliki tampilan visual yang lebih berbeda pada akhir minggu ini. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Masukan dari pengguna dipersilakan]]. * [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|Warung Kopi Teknis Eropa Tengah dan Timur]] telah diluncurkan sebagai ruang untuk diskusi teknis dan kolaborasi antarkomunitas Wikimedia di Eropa Tengah dan Eropa Timur. * Perkakas baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]] kini tersedia bagi komunitas Wikipedia dalam bahasa-bahasa yang masih baru dan berukuran kecil. Perangkat ini menggabungkan tugas terpandu, perangkat, dan sumber daya untuk membantu komunitas memulai, memantau perkembangan, serta berkolaborasi dengan komunitas Wikimedia yang lebih luas. Starter Kit diinang di Wikimedia Toolforge dan dirancang untuk Wikipedia yang memiliki kurang dari 50.000 artikel. Pelajari lebih lanjut cara kerja Starter Kit dan bagaimana komunitas telah menggunakannya melalui [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|artikel Diff ini]]. * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca meluncurkan pengujian ulang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|eksperimen karusel gambar]]. Pengujian ulang ini akan menggunakan tiga versi desain baru yang telah diperbarui berdasarkan masukan komunitas. Tim tersebut akan menilai hasilnya dan bersama komunitas menentukan apakah fitur ini akan dilanjutkan atau tidak. Eksperimen akan dimulai pada pekan tanggal 28 September dan dilaksanakan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Persia, Prancis, Jerman, Indonesia, Jepang, Polandia, Portugis, Spanyol, Swedia, dan Vietnam. * Setelah berhasil diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|fitur Daftar Bacaan]] dari tim Pengalaman Pembaca akan tersedia bagi seluruh pengguna yang telah masuk log di semua wiki Wikipedia mulai 28 September. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan skrip status mentor berulang kali memperbarui status mentor meskipun tidak ada perubahan, sehingga menghasilkan entri yang tidak diperlukan di Perubahan Terbaru, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi>, yang digunakan untuk mengambil informasi tertentu tentang penyaring penyalahgunaan yang aktif maupun historis dan dikonfigurasi di suatu wiki, telah diperbarui untuk mendukung parameter konfigurasi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi>. Pembaruan ini menyebabkan perubahan yang tidak kompatibel pada respons API. Semua pengguna yang memelihara skrip pengguna atau kode lainnya perlu memeriksa apakah mereka menggunakan API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> dan menyesuaikan kodenya terhadap perubahan yang tidak kompatibel tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Sèptèmber 2026 11.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-40</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna yang memakai kulit bawaan Vector 2022 di web desktop atau Minerva di web seluler kini akan diberi tahu jika saran pencarian yang muncul saat mengetik berasal dari pengalihan halaman. Sebelumnya, pengguna mungkin bingung ketika saran pencarian teratas tidak sama persis dengan kata yang mereka ketik. Pemberitahuan baru ini menjelaskan bahwa saran tersebut tetap berkaitan dengan pencarian yang dilakukan. Halaman yang muncul dalam saran dapat berupa pengalihan menuju artikel yang paling relevan dengan pencarian. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013] * Pengguna Wikipedia yang belum masuk log dan mengakses versi seluler kini akan mulai melihat tombol penanda buku untuk menyimpan artikel ke dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|daftar bacaan]], menggantikan tombol Bintangi yang digunakan saat ini. Ketika ditekan, tombol penanda buku akan meminta pengguna untuk masuk log atau membuat akun agar artikel dapat disimpan dan dibaca kembali di kemudian hari. Eksperimen sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa ikon penanda buku empat kali lebih mungkin mendorong pengguna yang belum masuk log untuk membuat akun dibandingkan tombol Bintangi. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya untuk mendorong lebih banyak pembaca menjadi pemilik akun dan menggunakan fitur yang membantu mereka menyimpan serta kembali ke konten yang ingin dibaca. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769] * Pada 29 September, sebuah uji coba akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Spanyol, Arab, Inggris, dan Prancis untuk menyederhanakan pengalaman yang diterima pengguna segera setelah membuat akun. Pengujian ini akan melihat apakah pengurangan hambatan dalam Survei Sambutan yang saat ini digunakan dapat membantu pengguna baru memahami dengan lebih mudah apa yang perlu dilakukan selanjutnya. Percobaan tersebut akan berlangsung hingga akhir Oktober. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] mengundang komunitas untuk mengusulkan topik yang perlu dipertimbangkan dan didiskusikan bersama Wikimedia Foundation. Kontributor dan kontributor teknis diundang untuk menyumbangkan topik ke [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|halaman pembicaraan dewan tersebut]]. * Mulai akhir minggu ini, komunitas akan dapat mengonfigurasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan dan Saran]] agar [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|ditampilkan di ruang nama tambahan]], seperti ruang nama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Draft:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Masukan dari komunitas dipersilakan]]. * Terdapat kekutu pada [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] yang menyebabkan halaman tersebut gagal dimuat bagi pengguna yang memiliki perubahan yang belum dilihat di Wikimedia Commons. Para pengembang sedang mengerjakan perbaikannya. Sementara itu, pengguna yang terdampak dapat mengikuti langkah penyelesaian sementara yang dijelaskan pada bagian bantuan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|terkait]]. * Kata ajaib baru <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> kini tersedia untuk digunakan. Keduanya dapat mengubah pengurutan bawaan kategori sehingga didasarkan pada waktu suatu halaman dimasukkan ke dalam kategori. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] untuk Wikipedia tidak dapat diakses kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengalihan pusat data yang dijadwalkan pada 23 September telah ditunda. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|Latihan ekuinoks]] menunjukkan adanya masalah kapasitas yang membuat seluruh layanan tidak dapat dialihkan ke pusat data lainnya. Proses tersebut dihentikan sementara agar perhatian dapat dipusatkan pada penyelidikan masalah tersebut dan agar layanan kepada pengguna tetap dapat berjalan dengan andal. Latihan baru akan dijadwalkan. Sementara itu, seluruh lalu lintas dan penyuntingan tetap berjalan seperti biasa. * Pada 23 September, kehilangan daya sempat berdampak pada seluruh wiki dan menimbulkan masalah yang muncul secara berkala, baik dalam mode membaca maupun menyunting. Gerrit juga terdampak. Kejadian ini tidak berkaitan dengan penundaan pengalihan pusat data. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] telah diterapkan di mediawiki.org dan [[phab:T421436|sejumlah wiki dalam bahasa-bahasa India]]. Kami mengharapkan masukan mengenai produk uji coba ini. Produnto memungkinkan pengguna menggunakan modul Lua yang diinang di [[gitlab:repos/lua|GitLab Wikimedia]]. Perangkat ini menyederhanakan proses berbagi kode Lua antarpeladen wiki. Alih-alih menyalin setiap modul Lua satu per satu dari satu wiki ke wiki lainnya, pengguna nantinya dapat dengan mudah berbagi paket di seluruh wiki. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Lokakarya kolaborasi kode lintas wiki]] akan diselenggarakan secara daring pada 2 Oktober pukul 12.30 UTC. Acara ini akan mempertemukan para kontributor teknis dari Asia Selatan untuk mempelajari Produnto dan mulai mengujicobakannya di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, dan Malayalam. Produnto merupakan pengelola paket untuk menerapkan modul Lua yang diinang di GitLab ke wiki Wikimedia, dan baru-baru ini diterapkan pada sejumlah wiki percontohan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 Sèptèmber 2026 10.48 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31092225 --> == This Month in Education: September 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 9 • September 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate|Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp & Team Building 2026|Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp & Team Building 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah|Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikidata integration in the Library & Information Science course|Wikidata integration in the Library & Information Science course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language|Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity|Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites|Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia|St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms|Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil|Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow & Learnings|Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow & Learnings]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful|Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia|Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script|From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership|CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026|Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?|Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 30 Sèptèmber 2026 18.36 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=31092240 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-41</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Proses untuk Daftar Harapan Komunitas tahun ini [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|telah dipublikasikan]] setelah menerima masukan dari komunitas. Sesi pengiriman permohonan akan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|berakhir pada 8 November 2026]]. Pada tahun ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|kelompok kerja (kami membutuhkan bantuan Anda!)]] yang beranggotakan kontributor sukarelawan dan staf Wikimedia Foundation akan bekerja pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|tahap pengelompokan]]. Proses pengelompokan diharapkan berlangsung pada akhir November 2026. Masa pemungutan suara akan dimulai pada Januari 2027. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Penyunting yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|penyunting visual]] kini akan melihat peringatan ketika menempelkan teks yang kemungkinan pada awalnya disalin dari salah satu dari lima chatbot AI generatif eksternal ke Wikipedia. Fitur ini dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|Pemeriksaan Tempelan MBB]]. Fitur tersebut merupakan salah satu jenis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan]] yang dapat diatur oleh komunitas. Pemeriksaan ini mencari penanda tertentu dalam HTML yang disalin dan tidak menggunakan pendeteksian tanda air pada konten. Suntingan juga akan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|diberi tanda]] sehingga dapat diperiksa lebih saksama oleh pengguna yang melakukan patroli. Fitur ini membantu pengguna baru menambahkan konten yang sesuai dengan kebijakan Wikipedia sekaligus memudahkan penyunting berpengalaman mengidentifikasi suntingan yang bermasalah. Komunitas yang memiliki kebijakan lokal mengenai penggunaan MBB dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|menyesuaikan teks peringatan dan kebijakan yang ditautkan]]. Tim tersebut [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|meminta maaf]] karena fitur ini diluncurkan tanpa memberikan waktu yang cukup untuk menerjemahkannya. * Penyunting kini dapat dengan mudah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|mengakses penyunting visual versi web secara langsung dari aplikasi iOS dan Android]]. Ketika membukanya, pengguna akan diberi pilihan antara penyuntingan visual dan penyuntingan sumber. Jika memilih penyuntingan visual, pengguna akan diarahkan ke jendela web seluler di peramban ponselnya. Setelah menyelesaikan suntingan, sebuah spanduk akan memberi pilihan untuk kembali ke aplikasi. Dengan demikian, pembaca dapat memberikan kontribusi dengan cepat ketika sedang membaca secara santai. * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android dan iOS kini akan melihat permintaan pembuatan akun satu kali setelah menggunakan aplikasi tersebut selama dua pekan berturut-turut. Permintaan ini akan menjelaskan manfaat memiliki akun. Fitur tersebut ditujukan untuk membantu lebih banyak pembaca yang hanya sesekali menggunakan aplikasi menjadi pengguna yang masuk log dengan akun dan kembali menggunakan aplikasi secara rutin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847] * Penyunting di [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|wiki grup 1]], termasuk Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, dan Wikisource, tidak akan lagi melihat pemberitahuan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Perubahan Terbaru]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Daftar Pantauan]] ketika pranala ke versi bahasa lain dari suatu halaman ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah pada butir Wikidata halaman tersebut. Perubahan ini akan dimulai pada 5 Oktober pukul 07.00 UTC sebagai uji coba selama dua pekan untuk mengurangi pemberitahuan dalam jumlah besar yang bernilai rendah dan memudahkan penyunting untuk mengenali perubahan-perubahan penting. Penyunting yang mengandalkan pemberitahuan ini dapat membaca informasi lebih lanjut di [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|halaman proyek]] dan menyampaikan masukan atau kekhawatiran di [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|halaman pembicaraannya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:36}} {{PLURAL:36|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pembimbing yang telah mengundurkan diri dari program bimbingan masih dapat memiliki peserta bimbing yang ditugaskan kepadanya dan tetap menerima pertanyaan kini telah diperbaiki. Peserta bimbing kini akan dialihkan kepada pembimbing lain ketika seorang pembimbing meninggalkan program tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Wikimedia Brasil telah menerbitkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Kerangka Kerja Praktik Terbaik Pengembangan]] (ABPD). Panduan ini ditujukan bagi staf, kontraktor, dan sukarelawan yang membangun alat serta proyek teknis. Panduan tersebut mencakup siklus hidup proyek, keamanan, aksesibilitas, perlindungan data pribadi, dan penggunaan kecerdasan buatan yang bertanggung jawab. Panduan ini juga menjelaskan bagaimana pedoman yang berlaku di seluruh gerakan Wikimedia dapat disesuaikan dengan konteks lokal. Wikimedia Brasil mendorong afiliasi lain untuk menggunakan kembali dan menyesuaikannya. Baca informasi lebih lanjut dalam [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|artikel di Diff]]. * URL dasar kanonis baru untuk API Wikimedia akan segera diperkenalkan. Rute kanonis baru menggunakan pola <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/api/</nowiki></code></bdi> dan akan berfungsi sebagai jalur alternatif untuk API REST yang saat ini tersedia, misalnya <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/w/rest.php/</nowiki></code></bdi>. Kedua versi tersebut dapat digunakan untuk seluruh API yang sudah ada, tetapi struktur baru akan menjadi jalur yang diutamakan untuk modul API yang baru dibuat. Perubahan ini tidak akan menyebabkan gangguan bagi sebagian besar pengguna. Jalur yang sudah ada akan tetap tersedia untuk seluruh permintaan ke titik akhir yang telah ada. Namun, beberapa titik akhir dapat mengembalikan URL dengan pola baru di dalam isi respons. Perubahan ini akan tersedia terlebih dahulu di wiki uji coba, dengan peluncuran ke seluruh wiki diharapkan selesai pada akhir Oktober. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W41"/> </div> 5 Oktober 2026 18.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31098825 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 9 Oktober 2026 09.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> 7t5kjfn96jbgnatgeb7u39u52f4ccnu 0 165260 1758641 1529810 2026-10-09T06:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Empanada|image=Empanada - Stu Spivack.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Two empanadas|alternate_name=|country=[[Spain]]|region=|national_cuisine=[[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]], [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]], [[Cape Verdean cuisine|Cape Verdean]], [[Sicilian cuisine|Sicilian]], [[Latin American cuisine|Latin American]], [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]]|creator=|course=Appetizer|type=[[Pastry]]|served=Hot or cold|main_ingredient=Meat, cheese, corn, or other ingredients|variations=[[Pastel (food)|Pastel]], [[pasty]]|calories=|other=}} '''Empanada''' ya iku saawijining pastri panggang utawa gorèng sing dumadi saka kulit lan isèn, racaké ing [[Éropah Kidul|Eropah Kidul]], [[Amérikah Latin|Amérika Latin]], lan [[Pilipina|Filipina]]. Jeneng kasebut asalé saka empanar Spanyol, lan tegese "diwaca". Suguhan iki dibungkus utawa dilapisi roti. Panganan iki digawé kanthi nggulung adonan ing saosan, sing bisa uga ana isiné daging, keju, jagung, utawa bahan liyané, banjur dimasak ing oven kanthi dipanggang utawa digoreng. == Mula bukané == Empanada asline saka ing sisih lor-kulon Spanyol, [[Galicia (Spanyol)|Galicia]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.produccion-animal.com.ar/temas_historia/76-empanadas.pdf|title=Historia de la empanada criolla|website=Dra. Susana Barberis|access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref><ref>[[Penelope Casas]] (1982), ''The Food, Wines, and Cheeses of Spain'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1982 (p. 52)</ref> Buku masak sing diterbitaké ing [[Basa Katala|Catalan]] ing taun 1520, ''Llibre del Coch'' dening Robert de Nola, nyebutaké empanada sing diisi panganan laut ing resep kanggo panganan Catalan, Italia, Prancis, lan Arab.<ref name="B11x1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&lpg=PA122&ots=9ilNQugLY1&dq=empanada%20arab%20origin&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q=empanadas&f=false|title=Food in medieval times|last=Adamson|first=Melitta Weiss|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=0-313-32147-7}}</ref><ref name="1rW1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.florilegium.org/?http%3A//www.florilegium.org/files/FOOD-MANUSCRIPTS/Guisados1-art.html|title=An English translation of Ruperto de Nola's ''Libre del Coch''|last=Lady Brighid ni Chiarain|publisher=Stefan's Florilegium|access-date=January 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407100356/http://www.florilegium.org/?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florilegium.org%2Ffiles%2FFOOD-MANUSCRIPTS%2FGuisados1-art.html|archive-date=April 7, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Panganan sing padha == [[Gambar:Empanada arreglada y bocas.jpg|jmpl|Praèn isèn empanada]] Empanada meh padha karo pastri gurih sing ditemokake ing pirang-pirang budaya liyane, kaya ta pirozhki,<ref name="MackSurina">Glenn Randall Mack & Asele Surina, ''Food Culture in Russia and Central Asia'' (Greenwood, 2005), p. 138.</ref> [[calzone]], [[samosa]],<ref name="Yeo">Patricia Yeo & Julia Moskin, ''Cooking from A to Z'' (St. Martin's Press, 2002), p. 53.</ref> knish, kreatopitakia, lan pasty. == Kapustakan == [[Kategori:Panganan]] [[Kategori:Olah-olahan Éropah]] gbf6ksu2b2zna2o0jpo83mwwd69sjfo 0 183882 1758626 1583236 2026-10-08T23:01:15Z Meursault2004 3 Mertal sawetara 1758626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox country at games | NOC = EST | NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Éstlan]] | games = Olimpiade | year = | flagcaption = | oldcode = | website = {{url|www.eok.ee }}&nbsp;{{in lang|et}} | location = | competitors = | sports = | flagbearer = | rank = | gold = 13 | silver = 11 | bronze = 17 | officials = | appearances = | app_begin_year = | app_end_year = | summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Éstlan|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1920|end_year= }} | winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Éstlan|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=1928|end_year= }} | seealso = {{flagIOC|RU1}} (1908–1912)<br/>{{flagIOC|URS}} (1952–1988) }} Sawise proklamasi kamardikan saka [[Ruslan]] ing taun 1918, '''[[Éstlan]]''' miwiti melu minangka nagara ing [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1920]], sanadyan [[Komite Olimpiade Éstlan|Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] mung didegake ing 1923. [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin]] pertamine menika [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1924]]. Para atlit Éstlan melu ing [[Permainan Olimpiade]] nganti nagara kasebut diinvasi lan dilingguhi dening [[Uni Sovyet]] ing 1940. Sawise pungkasan pendudukan Soviet ing 1991, Éstlan melu ing kabeh Olimpiade. == Pranala jaba == * {{cite web |title=Estonia |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/estonia }} * {{IOC medals|NOC=EST}} * {{cite web |title=Olympic Medal Winners |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/athletes?search=1&countryname=estonia }} * {{cite web |title=Estonia |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EST |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172053/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EST/ |archivedate=2016-03-03 }} * [https://eok.ee/tippsport/olumpiamangud Olympic Games – Estonian Olympic Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512012742/https://eok.ee/tippsport/olumpiamangud |date=2020-05-12 }} {{in lang|et}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208140700/http://www.eok.ee/sportlased/sportlased_om-del Estonian Olympic Committee] {{nagara ing Olimpiade}} [[Kategori:Éstlan ing Olimpiade| ]] gy1wur3tujlmgl7e6ddozvi7z2ejj3i 1758627 1758626 2026-10-08T23:01:37Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox country at games | NOC = EST | NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Éstlan]] | games = Olimpiade | year = | flagcaption = | oldcode = | website = {{url|www.eok.ee }}&nbsp;{{in lang|et}} | location = | competitors = | sports = | flagbearer = | rank = | gold = 13 | silver = 11 | bronze = 17 | officials = | appearances = | app_begin_year = | app_end_year = | summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Éstlan|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=1920|end_year= }} | winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Éstlan|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=1928|end_year= }} | seealso = {{flagIOC|RU1}} (1908–1912)<br/>{{flagIOC|URS}} (1952–1988) }} Sawise proklamasi kamardikan saka [[Ruslan]] ing taun 1918, '''[[Éstlan]]''' miwiti melu minangka nagara ing [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1920]], sanadyan [[Komite Olimpiade Éstlan|Komite Olimpiade Nasional]] mung didegake ing 1923. [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin]] pertamine menika [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1924]]. Para atlit Éstlan melu ing [[Permainan Olimpiade]] nganti nagara kasebut diinvasi lan dilingguhi dening [[Uni Sovyet]] ing 1940. Sawise pungkasan pendudukan Soviet ing 1991, Éstlan melu ing kabeh Olimpiade. == Pranala njaba == * {{cite web |title=Estonia |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/estonia }} * {{IOC medals|NOC=EST}} * {{cite web |title=Olympic Medal Winners |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/athletes?search=1&countryname=estonia }} * {{cite web |title=Estonia |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EST |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172053/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EST/ |archivedate=2016-03-03 }} * [https://eok.ee/tippsport/olumpiamangud Olympic Games – Estonian Olympic Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512012742/https://eok.ee/tippsport/olumpiamangud |date=2020-05-12 }} {{in lang|et}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208140700/http://www.eok.ee/sportlased/sportlased_om-del Estonian Olympic Committee] {{nagara ing Olimpiade}} [[Kategori:Éstlan ing Olimpiade| ]] e6p9ew2ayfc31pxcq8dlsdani2rtial 0 184361 1758636 1584844 2026-10-09T02:15:56Z ~2026-54350-92 74956 1758636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film |name = Shutter Island |image =Shutter Island.png |image_size = |director = [[Martin Scorsese]] |producer = Martin Scorsese<br />Bradley J. Fischer<br />[[Mike Medavoy]]<br />Arnie Messer |writer = |based_on = '''Novel [[Shutter Island]]:'''<br />[[Dennis Lehane]] |screenplay = [[Laeta Kalogridis]]<br /> |narrator = |starring = [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]<br />[[Mark Ruffalo]]<br />[[Ben Kingsley]]<br />[[Michelle Williams (pemeran)|Michelle Williams]]<br />[[Patricia Clarkson]]<br />[[Jackie Earle Haley]]<br />[[Emily Mortimer]]<br /> [[Ted Levine]]<br />dan [[Max Von Sydow]] |music = [[Robbie Robertson]] |cinematography = [[Robert Richardson (sinematografer)|Robert Richardson]] |editing = [[Thelma Schoonmaker]] |studio = Phoenix Pictures<br />Appian Way Productions<br />Sikelia Productions |distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] |released = {{Film date|2010|2|19}} |runtime = 138 minit<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1130884/ |title=Shutter Island (2010) |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=December 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714080224/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shutterisland.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> |country = [[Amerika Sarekat]] |language = Inggris |budget = [[US$|$]]80 yuta<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> |gross = $294.803.000<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> }} '''Shutter Island''' yaiku filem [[crita seru]] Amerika Sarekat taun 2010 sing disutradharani dening [[Martin Scorsese]] kanthi pemeran utamine [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]. Filem iki diadaptasi saka novel taun 2003 sing nduweni [[Shutter Island|judhul sing padha]] gawean [[Dennis Lehane]]. Proses prodhuksi miwiti saka Maret 2008. Awalne, Shutter Island dijadwalkan rilis ing tanggal 2 Oktober 2009, nanging Paramount ngundurake. Pungkasanipun, Shutter Island rasmi dirilis ing 19 Februari 2010. == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala jaba == * {{resmi|www.shutterisland.com/}} * {{imdb title|id=1130884|title=Shutter Island}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Filem Paramount Pictures]] [[Kategori:Filem sing disutradharani Martin Scorsese]] lfdhjr71qmk9f1vxjq4ueieu86rojtj 0 198540 1758638 1750358 2026-10-09T04:20:53Z Jinkela37 72948 /* Turnamen */ 1758638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bal-balan Ligina | clubname = Persedikab | image = | upright = 0.8 | current = | fullname = Persatuan sepak bola Kediri kabupaten | nickname = ''Kediri Merah''{{br}}''[[Gajah|Bledug]] [[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]]'' | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1989|11|7}} |ketua umum = [[Hanindhito Himawan Pramana]] | owner = Pemkab Kediri | ground = *[[Stadion Gelora Daha Jayati]],{{br}}[[Tarokan, Kediri|Tarokan]], [[Kabupaten Kediri]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liputan6.com/surabaya/read/5394192/bupati-dhito-umumkan-nama-stadion-baru-kediri-gelora-daha-jayati | title= Bupati Dhito umumkan nama stadion baru Kediri: Gelora Daha Jayati |website=liputan6.com| accessdate=16 Oktober 2023|language=id}}</ref> (Kapasitas: 18.000) *[[Stadion Canda Bhirawa Pare|Stadion Canda Bhirawa]],{{br}}[[Pare, Kediri|Pare]], [[Kabupaten Kediri]] (Kapasitas: 3.000) | chairman = [[Hanindhito Himawan Pramana]] | manager = [[Dentama Ardiratna]] | coach = [[Muslim Habibi]] | league = Liga 4 Jawa Wétan | season = 2023 | position = Runner-up |fansgroup = Fire Ant Colony |pattern_la1=_whiteflair |pattern_b1=_whitesidesshoulders |pattern_ra1=_whiteflair |leftarm1=ff0000 |body1=ff0000 |rightarm1=ff0000 |shorts1=ffffff |socks1=ff0000 |pattern_la2= |pattern_b2=_collarnavy |pattern_ra2= |leftarm2=b3b3ff |body2=b3b3ff |rightarm2=b3b3ff |shorts2=000080 |socks2=000080 }} '''Persatuan Sepak Bola Kabupatèn Kediri''' ( dicekak '''Persedikab''' ) utawa diarani '''Persedikab Kediri''', ya iku klub [[bal-balan]] saka [[Indhonésia]] kang dumunung ing [[Kabupatèn Kedhiri]], [[Jawa Wétan]] . Klub iki saiki tandhing ing Liga 4 regional Jawa Wétan . Klub iki uga dikenal kanthi jejuluk Bledug Kelud . == Pemain == === Skuat sawetara iki === {{updated|5 Desember 2025}} {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=IDN|pos=GK|name=Fariz Frizky E.}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=IDN|pos=GK|name=Visal Muchammad A.}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=IDN|pos=GK|name=Alfitra Wicaksono}} {{Fs player|no=2|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Andreawan Saputra}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Hendra Aji D.}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Rendhi Suwarno P.}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Aziiz Al Ghany}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Moch. Dhanvy K.}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Kelang Aryasuta A.}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Johan Tetuko}} {{Fs player|no=27|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Fahmi Azizi}} {{Fs player|no=29|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Martin Panji}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Galih Akbar F.}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Faiza Eka K.}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Ahmad Hamzah}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Fikri Afrian M.}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Mohamad Aditya S.}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Reyhan Ridho B.}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Fahmi Arizi}} {{Fs player|no=16|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Andre Agustiar}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Dzusifa Mughni}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Fenno Jaya}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Zakki Adi}} {{Fs player|no=26|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Nagardi Okta P.}} {{Fs player|no=28|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Rizal Prasetyo}} {{Fs end}} === Mantan pemain asing === {{col-begin}} '''Liga Kansas (1996/1997)''' * {{Flag icon|Ceko}} Heřman Kubín * {{Flag icon|Ceko}} Martin Kuber * {{Flag icon|Ceko}} Miloslav Brožek {{col-end}} ==Prestasi== === Liga === * '''Liga 2/Divisi 1''' ** Runner-up: (2):''' 1995/96, 2001 * '''Liga 3 Jawa Wetan''' ** Runner-up: (2):''' 2021, 2023/24 === Turnamen === * '''Piala Soeratin''' ** '''Juara (2): <br> ''' Piala Soeratin U-17 Jawa Timur 2023 <br> Piala Soeratin U-17 Jawa Timur 2024 * '''Trofeo Blitar''' ** '''Juara (1): ''' 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227225241/https://satukanal.com/baca/kalahkan-psbi-dan-perseta-tulungagung-persedikab-kediri-juarai-trofeo-blitar/84931/|title=Kalahkan PSBI dan Perseta Tulungagung, Persedikab Kediri Juarai Trofeo Blitar!|date=5 Agustus 2022|access-date=10 Agustus 2023|website=satukanal.com|language=id}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tim bal-balan Indonésia]] 7xuakjag2rp86flv9ky5kdh1rw538j9 1758639 1758638 2026-10-09T04:35:53Z Jinkela37 72948 /* Turnamen */ 1758639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bal-balan Ligina | clubname = Persedikab | image = | upright = 0.8 | current = | fullname = Persatuan sepak bola Kediri kabupaten | nickname = ''Kediri Merah''{{br}}''[[Gajah|Bledug]] [[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]]'' | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1989|11|7}} |ketua umum = [[Hanindhito Himawan Pramana]] | owner = Pemkab Kediri | ground = *[[Stadion Gelora Daha Jayati]],{{br}}[[Tarokan, Kediri|Tarokan]], [[Kabupaten Kediri]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liputan6.com/surabaya/read/5394192/bupati-dhito-umumkan-nama-stadion-baru-kediri-gelora-daha-jayati | title= Bupati Dhito umumkan nama stadion baru Kediri: Gelora Daha Jayati |website=liputan6.com| accessdate=16 Oktober 2023|language=id}}</ref> (Kapasitas: 18.000) *[[Stadion Canda Bhirawa Pare|Stadion Canda Bhirawa]],{{br}}[[Pare, Kediri|Pare]], [[Kabupaten Kediri]] (Kapasitas: 3.000) | chairman = [[Hanindhito Himawan Pramana]] | manager = [[Dentama Ardiratna]] | coach = [[Muslim Habibi]] | league = Liga 4 Jawa Wétan | season = 2023 | position = Runner-up |fansgroup = Fire Ant Colony |pattern_la1=_whiteflair |pattern_b1=_whitesidesshoulders |pattern_ra1=_whiteflair |leftarm1=ff0000 |body1=ff0000 |rightarm1=ff0000 |shorts1=ffffff |socks1=ff0000 |pattern_la2= |pattern_b2=_collarnavy |pattern_ra2= |leftarm2=b3b3ff |body2=b3b3ff |rightarm2=b3b3ff |shorts2=000080 |socks2=000080 }} '''Persatuan Sepak Bola Kabupatèn Kediri''' ( dicekak '''Persedikab''' ) utawa diarani '''Persedikab Kediri''', ya iku klub [[bal-balan]] saka [[Indhonésia]] kang dumunung ing [[Kabupatèn Kedhiri]], [[Jawa Wétan]] . Klub iki saiki tandhing ing Liga 4 regional Jawa Wétan . Klub iki uga dikenal kanthi jejuluk Bledug Kelud . == Pemain == === Skuat sawetara iki === {{updated|5 Desember 2025}} {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=IDN|pos=GK|name=Fariz Frizky E.}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=IDN|pos=GK|name=Visal Muchammad A.}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=IDN|pos=GK|name=Alfitra Wicaksono}} {{Fs player|no=2|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Andreawan Saputra}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Hendra Aji D.}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Rendhi Suwarno P.}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Aziiz Al Ghany}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Moch. Dhanvy K.}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Kelang Aryasuta A.}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Johan Tetuko}} {{Fs player|no=27|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Fahmi Azizi}} {{Fs player|no=29|nat=IDN|pos=DF|name=Martin Panji}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Galih Akbar F.}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Faiza Eka K.}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Ahmad Hamzah}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Fikri Afrian M.}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Mohamad Aditya S.}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat=IDN|pos=MF|name=Reyhan Ridho B.}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Fahmi Arizi}} {{Fs player|no=16|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Andre Agustiar}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Dzusifa Mughni}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Fenno Jaya}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Zakki Adi}} {{Fs player|no=26|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Nagardi Okta P.}} {{Fs player|no=28|nat=IDN|pos=FW|name=Rizal Prasetyo}} {{Fs end}} === Mantan pemain asing === {{col-begin}} '''Liga Kansas (1996/1997)''' * {{Flag icon|Ceko}} Heřman Kubín * {{Flag icon|Ceko}} Martin Kuber * {{Flag icon|Ceko}} Miloslav Brožek {{col-end}} ==Prestasi== === Liga === * '''Liga 2/Divisi 1''' ** Runner-up: (2):''' 1995/96, 2001 * '''Liga 3 Jawa Wetan''' ** Runner-up: (2):''' 2021, 2023/24 === Turnamen === * '''Piala Soeratin''' ** '''Juara (2): <br> ''' Piala Soeratin U-17 Jawa Timur 2023 <br> Piala Soeratin U-17 Jawa Timur 2024 * '''Trofeo Blitar''' ** '''Juara (1): ''' 2022<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227225241/https://satukanal.com/baca/kalahkan-psbi-dan-perseta-tulungagung-persedikab-kediri-juarai-trofeo-blitar/84931/|archivedate=27 February 2024|url=https://satukanal.com/baca/kalahkan-psbi-dan-perseta-tulungagung-persedikab-kediri-juarai-trofeo-blitar/84931/|title=Kalahkan PSBI dan Perseta Tulungagung, Persedikab Kediri Juarai Trofeo Blitar!|date=5 August 2022|access-date=10 August 2023|website=satukanal.com|language=id}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tim bal-balan Indonésia]] qwloeje77hjp0rghr3ll9q86172o16f 0 199907 1758645 1744553 2026-10-09T07:54:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox partai politik|jeneng=Partai Golongan Karya|cekakan=Golkar|logo=Logo Golkar.svg|ketua=Bahlil Lahadalia|sekjen=Muhammad Sarmuji|madeg=20 Oktober 1964|pendiri=Soeharto, Suhardiman, Djuhartono|ideologi=Pancasila, Nasionalisme Indonesia, Konservatisme|posisi=Tengah nganti tengen-tengah|kantor_pusat=Jakarta, Indonesia|situs_web=https://www.partaigolkar.com}} '''Partai Golongan Karya''' (dicekak '''Golkar''') iku salah siji [[partai pulitik]] ing [[Indonesia]]. Partai iki diadegaké tanggal 20 Oktober 1964 lan dadi kekuwatan pulitik paling dominan nalika jaman [[Orde Baru]] ing sangisoré pamaréntahan [[Soeharto]]. Golkar nduwèni dhasar ideologi [[Pancasila]] lan kalebu partai kanthi posisi tengah nganti tengen-tengah ing spektrum pulitik Indonesia. == Sajarah == === Jaman Orde Baru === Golkar wiwitané kawangun saka Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya (Sekber Golkar) ing taun 1964. Nalika pamaréntahan Soeharto, Golkar dadi kendaraan pulitik utama pamaréntah. Ing pemilihan umum taun 1971 nganti 1997, Golkar tansah menang mayoritas kursi ing [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|DPR]]. === Jaman Reformasi === Sawisé Soeharto mundur ing taun 1998, Golkar ngalami reformasi internal lan dadi partai sing luwih mandiri. Ing [[Pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2004|Pemilu Presiden 2004]], Golkar nyalonaké Wiranto dadi calon présidhèn. Nganti saiki, Golkar tetep dadi salah siji partai gedhé ing pulitik Indonesia. == Ideologi lan posisi == Golkar nganut ideologi Pancasila lan nekanaké pembangunan ekonomi lan nasionalisme. Ing spektrum pulitik, Golkar kerep dianggep minangka partai tengah nganti tengen-tengah. == Kepemimpinan == Ketua umum Golkar saiki yaiku [[Bahlil Lahadalia]] lan sekretaris jenderalé Muhammad Sarmuji. == Delengen uga == * [[Pulitik Indonesia]] * [[Dhaptar partai pulitik ing Indonesia]] * [[Orde Baru]] == Pranala njaba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301104529/https://www.partaigolkar.com/ Situs resmi] oqg13b2297jdtwd6o3y27e62ijr0cnp 0 200669 1758617 1752780 2026-10-08T16:16:52Z Henri Aja 45299 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "A7". (TwinkleGlobal) 1758617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Busak|1=A7}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Aiman Valoryn | birth_name = Wan Aiman bin Wan Aaqashah | birth_date = 5 Oktober 2010 | birth_place = Malaysia | genre = Pop, hip hop | occupation = Penyanyi, rapper | years_active = 2024–saiki }} '''Aiman Valoryn''' (lair 5 Oktober 2010) yaiku sawijining penyanyi lan rapper saka Malaysia. Dheweke aktif ing donya musik lan nggunakake jeneng panggung Aiman Valoryn.<ref name="IMDb">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18631263/ |title=Aiman Valoryn |website=IMDb |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> == Karir musik == Aiman Valoryn miwiti karir musiké ing pertengahan taun 2020-an. Karyané kalebu musik kanthi pengaruh pop lan hip hop. Aktivitas musiké entuk liputan saka sawetara media hiburan digital lan situs musik.<ref name="Malaysia Entertainment 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.malaysiaentertainment.asia/2026/03/evolusi-artistik-aiman-valoryn-single.html?m=1 |title=Evolusi Artistik Aiman Valoryn |website=Malaysia Entertainment |date=2026 |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> Ing taun 2026, Aiman Valoryn ngrilis sawetara karya musik, kalebu album ''Hell Guard Crazy Bitch''.<ref name="Malaysia Entertainment 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.malaysiaentertainment.asia/2026/05/aiman-valoryn-release-of-latest-album.html?m=1 |title=Aiman Valoryn Release of Latest Album |website=Malaysia Entertainment |date=2026 |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> Lagu ''Eye Hell'' uga dadi salah siji karya sing diliput dening media musik digital.<ref name="Artist News Daily 1">{{cite web |url=https://artistnewsdaily.com/out-now-aiman-valoryn-delivers-haunting-new-single-eye-hell/ |title=Out Now: Aiman Valoryn Delivers New Single Eye Hell |website=Artist News Daily |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> == Gaya lan citra == Karya Aiman Valoryn uga dadi subyek tulisan sing mbahas citra lan estetika musiké. Salah siji artikel mbahas konsep estetika ''The Bad Pussy'' sing digandhengake karo perkembangan karir musiké.<ref name="Artist News Daily 2">{{cite web |url=https://artistnewsdaily.com/the-bad-pussy-aesthetic-how-aiman-valoryn-is-setting-new-trends-in-indie-culture/?i=1 |title=The Bad Pussy Aesthetic: How Aiman Valoryn Is Setting New Trends in Indie Culture |website=Artist News Daily |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> Album ''Hell Guard Crazy Bitch'' uga entuk liputan saka Universal World Bulletin Daily ing Mei 2026.<ref name="Universal World Bulletin Daily 1">{{cite web |url=https://universalworldbulletindaily.online/17/05/2026/thomas-wright/out-now-hell-guard-crazy-bitch-the-bold-new-vision-from-aiman-valoryn/?i=1 |title=Out Now: Hell Guard Crazy Bitch, the Bold New Vision from Aiman Valoryn |website=Universal World Bulletin Daily |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> == Rilisan musik == === Album studio === * ''Hell Guard Crazy Bitch'' (2026) == Penarikan rilisan == Ing Juli 2026, sawetara media digital nglaporake babagan penarikan utawa penghapusan sawetara karya musik Aiman Valoryn saka platform musik.<ref name="Artist News Daily 3">{{cite web |url=https://artistnewsdaily.com/aiman-valoryn-pulls-all-music-down-says-hell-return-only-better/ |title=Aiman Valoryn Pulls All Music Down, Says He'll Return Only Better |website=Artist News Daily |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> Laporan liyane uga nyebutake babagan sawetara rilisan sing wis dibusak lan sebab sing gegandhengan karo keputusan kasebut.<ref name="Artist News Daily 4">{{cite web |url=https://artistnewsdaily.com/aiman-valoryn-deleted-some-of-his-releases-why/ |title=Aiman Valoryn Deleted Some of His Releases: Why? |website=Artist News Daily |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> Universal World Bulletin Daily uga nerbitake tulisan babagan penarikan salah siji lagu lan panjelasan sing digandhengake karo Aiman Valoryn.<ref name="Universal World Bulletin Daily 2">{{cite web |url=https://universalworldbulletindaily.online/30/07/2026/elena-rossi/why-aiman-valoryn-takedown-song-he/ |title=Why Aiman Valoryn Takedown Song He |website=Universal World Bulletin Daily |date=30 Juli 2026 |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Universal World Bulletin Daily 3">{{cite web |url=https://universalworldbulletindaily.online/30/07/2026/hannah-schmidt/explanation-from-aiman-valoryn-regarding-his-takedown-of-his-song/ |title=Explanation from Aiman Valoryn Regarding His Takedown of His Song |website=Universal World Bulletin Daily |date=30 Juli 2026 |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> Ing April 2026, BillboardMY.online uga nerbitake artikel babagan rasa ora puas Aiman Valoryn marang pihak distribusi musik.<ref name="BillboardMY">{{cite web |url=https://billboardmy.online/2026/04/17/aiman-valoryn-kesal-dengan-pihak-distribution-labelnye/?i=1 |title=Aiman Valoryn Kesal dengan Pihak Distribution Labelnye |website=BillboardMY |date=17 April 2026 |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Basis data == Jeneng Aiman Valoryn uga kacathet ing sawetara basis data musik lan identitas internasional, kalebu ISNI, Discogs lan MusicBrainz.<ref name="ISNI">{{cite web |url=https://isni.oclc.org/cbs/DB=1.2//CMD?ACT=SRCH&IKT=8006&TRM=ISN%3A0000000530512960 |title=ISNI record |website=ISNI |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Discogs">{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/17446090-Aiman-Valoryn |title=Aiman Valoryn |website=Discogs |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref><ref name="MusicBrainz">{{cite web |url=https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fe11b6b4-e2d1-4ac1-b69a-f97eec378581 |title=Aiman Valoryn |website=MusicBrainz |access-date=4 Agustus 2026 }}</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Penyanyi Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Rapper Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Penyanyi pop]] [[Kategori:Penyanyi hip hop]] [[Kategori:Wong lair taun 2010]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] 6z8bfjmwfcwotvheo0chc2vm1r55vh0 0 200955 1758628 1758574 2026-10-08T23:05:27Z Meursault2004 3 + foto 1758628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hertzler Campaign Headshot.jpg|thumb|John Hetzler]] '''John Garman Hertzler''' (lair taun 1950) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1950]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] bow3371un7ax0ufksdo5hd01jztdosz 1758629 1758628 2026-10-08T23:06:52Z Meursault2004 3 Sithik 1758629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hertzler Campaign Headshot.jpg|thumb|John Hetzler]] '''John Garman Hertzler''' (lair 18 Maret 1950) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1950]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] iap9anqfqrzstkmjci6snfr5mgh7u70 1758630 1758629 2026-10-08T23:07:31Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hertzler Campaign Headshot.jpg|thumb|John Hetzler]] '''John Garman Hertzler''' (lair 18 Maret 1950) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == * {{IMDb name}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hertzler, J. G.}} [[Kategori:Lair 1950]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] d7pvh2wyanc8nvqolkl2vfxow52s39i 0 200961 1758608 2026-10-08T12:01:31Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Anthony Montgomery|]] 1758608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair taun) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] fcmf2mip36l2fseems0uxlsx0e9d5cf 1758609 1758608 2026-10-08T12:15:17Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair taun) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Filmografi == == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] 1981en1fjcn2gt5f0zb4j0846s7wqsa 1758610 1758609 2026-10-08T12:16:06Z Meursault2004 3 /* Filmografi */ 1758610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair taun) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Filmografi == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[Hard Rain (film)|Hard Rain]]'' | – | |- | ''ESP: Extra Sexual Perception'' | Tony | [[Direct-to-video]] |- | 2000 | ''[[Leprechaun in the Hood]]'' | Postmaster P. | Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''[[I'm Through with White Girls]]'' | Jay Brooks | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''An American in China'' | Sha | |- | ''The Porter'' | Thomas Dodd (adult) | [[Short film]] |- | 2009 | ''Why Am I Doing This?'' | Lester | |- | 2012 | ''Directing Reality'' | Kevin | Short film |- | 2013 | ''Chariot'' | Cole | |- | 2015 | ''The Man in 3B'' | Avery | |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 | ''The Preacher's Son'' | Rev. Reynolds | |- | ''DDX: Department of Disclosure'' | William Bennett | Short film |- | 2019 | ''#Truth'' | Patrick Winter | |- |rowspan="3"| 2020 | ''Long Lost Sister'' | Corey's Lawyer Friend | |- | ''[[Unbelievable!!!!!]]'' | The Launchman | |- | ''Angie: Lost Girls'' | Chase | |- |rowspan="2"| 2022 | ''Without Ward'' | Billy | |- | ''Down & Out'' | Mack | Short film |- |rowspan="2"| 2023 | ''Maya'' | Detective Chase Dawson | |- | ''The Do Over'' | Man | Short film |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- | 1995 | ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' | Himself | Episode: "1691: Mad Feelings" |- | 1998 | ''[[Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction]]'' | State Trooper | Episode: "Deer Hunters" |- | 1998–99 | ''[[Awesome Adventures]]'' | Himself | Host (seasons 1–2) |- |rowspan="2"| 1999 | ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' | Seaman Hendrix | Episode: "Dungaree Justice" |- | ''[[Stark Raving Mad (TV series)|Stark Raving Mad]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Fish Out of Water" |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue: Part 1 & 2" |- | ''[[Movie Stars (TV series)|Movie Stars]]'' | Male Student | Episode: "Two Guys, Two Girls and a Guest House" |- | ''[[Charmed]]'' | Paramedic | Episode: "The Honeymoon's Over" |- | 2000–01 | ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]'' | George Austin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2001–05 | ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' | [[Travis Mayweather|Ensign Travis Mayweather]] | Main cast |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Half & Half]]'' | Ron Brown | Episode: "The Big Keep Your Eyes Off My Prize Episode" |- | ''[[Players (G4 TV series)|Player$]]'' | - | Episode: "Tenacious D a la Mode" |- | ''[[Boomtown (2002 TV series)|Boomtown]]'' | Recruit Dwight Baker | Episode: "Wannabe" |- | 2008 | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Corporal George Linden | Episode: "Collateral Damage" |- | 2009 | ''[[House M.D.]]'' | James Carlton | Episode: "Painless" |- | 2011–12 | ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' | Darryl | Recurring role (seasons 1–2) |- | 2011–19 | ''[[General Hospital]]'' | [[Andre Maddox (General Hospital)|Andre Maddox]] | Regular cast |- | 2012 | ''[[The Client List (TV series)|The Client List]]'' | Tim | Episode: "Tough Love" |- |rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' | Chris Ward | Episode: "Sleeping Monster" |- | ''[[Baby Daddy]]'' | Marcus | Episode: "I'm Not That Guy" |- | 2018 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Garner | Recurring role (season 3) |- |rowspan="2"| 2019 | ''[[Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)|Magnum P.I.]]'' | Roy Till | Episode: "Day I Met the Devil" |- | ''Carole's Christmas'' | Marcus | [[TV movie]] |- | 2020–21 | ''[[The Family Business (American TV series)|The Family Business]]'' | Elijah | Main cast (season 2), recurring role (seasons 3–4) |- | 2021 | ''[[All the Queen's Men (TV series)|All the Queen's Men]]'' | Allen Fisk | Recurring role (season 1) |- | 2022 | ''[[B Positive]]'' | Kyle | Episode: "Louisville, Bubbaroo and Sully" |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] lidx3nweix5zoiedex40y1q8qankszg 1758611 1758610 2026-10-08T12:18:01Z Meursault2004 3 /* Télévisi */ 1758611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair taun) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Filmografi == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[Hard Rain (film)|Hard Rain]]'' | – | |- | ''ESP: Extra Sexual Perception'' | Tony | [[Direct-to-video]] |- | 2000 | ''[[Leprechaun in the Hood]]'' | Postmaster P. | Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''[[I'm Through with White Girls]]'' | Jay Brooks | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''An American in China'' | Sha | |- | ''The Porter'' | Thomas Dodd (adult) | [[Short film]] |- | 2009 | ''Why Am I Doing This?'' | Lester | |- | 2012 | ''Directing Reality'' | Kevin | Short film |- | 2013 | ''Chariot'' | Cole | |- | 2015 | ''The Man in 3B'' | Avery | |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 | ''The Preacher's Son'' | Rev. Reynolds | |- | ''DDX: Department of Disclosure'' | William Bennett | Short film |- | 2019 | ''#Truth'' | Patrick Winter | |- |rowspan="3"| 2020 | ''Long Lost Sister'' | Corey's Lawyer Friend | |- | ''[[Unbelievable!!!!!]]'' | The Launchman | |- | ''Angie: Lost Girls'' | Chase | |- |rowspan="2"| 2022 | ''Without Ward'' | Billy | |- | ''Down & Out'' | Mack | Short film |- |rowspan="2"| 2023 | ''Maya'' | Detective Chase Dawson | |- | ''The Do Over'' | Man | Short film |} ===Télévisi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- | 1995 | ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' | Himself | Episode: "1691: Mad Feelings" |- | 1998 | ''[[Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction]]'' | State Trooper | Episode: "Deer Hunters" |- | 1998–99 | ''[[Awesome Adventures]]'' | Himself | Host (seasons 1–2) |- |rowspan="2"| 1999 | ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' | Seaman Hendrix | Episode: "Dungaree Justice" |- | ''[[Stark Raving Mad (TV series)|Stark Raving Mad]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Fish Out of Water" |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue: Part 1 & 2" |- | ''[[Movie Stars (TV series)|Movie Stars]]'' | Male Student | Episode: "Two Guys, Two Girls and a Guest House" |- | ''[[Charmed]]'' | Paramedic | Episode: "The Honeymoon's Over" |- | 2000–01 | ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]'' | George Austin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2001–05 | ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' | [[Travis Mayweather|Ensign Travis Mayweather]] | Main cast |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Half & Half]]'' | Ron Brown | Episode: "The Big Keep Your Eyes Off My Prize Episode" |- | ''[[Players (G4 TV series)|Player$]]'' | - | Episode: "Tenacious D a la Mode" |- | ''[[Boomtown (2002 TV series)|Boomtown]]'' | Recruit Dwight Baker | Episode: "Wannabe" |- | 2008 | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Corporal George Linden | Episode: "Collateral Damage" |- | 2009 | ''[[House M.D.]]'' | James Carlton | Episode: "Painless" |- | 2011–12 | ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' | Darryl | Recurring role (seasons 1–2) |- | 2011–19 | ''[[General Hospital]]'' | [[Andre Maddox (General Hospital)|Andre Maddox]] | Regular cast |- | 2012 | ''[[The Client List (TV series)|The Client List]]'' | Tim | Episode: "Tough Love" |- |rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' | Chris Ward | Episode: "Sleeping Monster" |- | ''[[Baby Daddy]]'' | Marcus | Episode: "I'm Not That Guy" |- | 2018 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Garner | Recurring role (season 3) |- |rowspan="2"| 2019 | ''[[Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)|Magnum P.I.]]'' | Roy Till | Episode: "Day I Met the Devil" |- | ''Carole's Christmas'' | Marcus | [[TV movie]] |- | 2020–21 | ''[[The Family Business (American TV series)|The Family Business]]'' | Elijah | Main cast (season 2), recurring role (seasons 3–4) |- | 2021 | ''[[All the Queen's Men (TV series)|All the Queen's Men]]'' | Allen Fisk | Recurring role (season 1) |- | 2022 | ''[[B Positive]]'' | Kyle | Episode: "Louisville, Bubbaroo and Sully" |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] 5wrv4rokljghc8ktr8dglpu4zhnxsi5 1758612 1758611 2026-10-08T12:19:12Z Meursault2004 3 /* Film */ 1758612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair taun) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Filmografi == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Irah-irahan ! Paraga ! Cathetan |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[Hard Rain (film)|Hard Rain]]'' | – | |- | ''ESP: Extra Sexual Perception'' | Tony | [[Direct-to-video]] |- | 2000 | ''[[Leprechaun in the Hood]]'' | Postmaster P. | Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''[[I'm Through with White Girls]]'' | Jay Brooks | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''An American in China'' | Sha | |- | ''The Porter'' | Thomas Dodd (adult) | [[Short film]] |- | 2009 | ''Why Am I Doing This?'' | Lester | |- | 2012 | ''Directing Reality'' | Kevin | Short film |- | 2013 | ''Chariot'' | Cole | |- | 2015 | ''The Man in 3B'' | Avery | |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 | ''The Preacher's Son'' | Rev. Reynolds | |- | ''DDX: Department of Disclosure'' | William Bennett | Short film |- | 2019 | ''#Truth'' | Patrick Winter | |- |rowspan="3"| 2020 | ''Long Lost Sister'' | Corey's Lawyer Friend | |- | ''[[Unbelievable!!!!!]]'' | The Launchman | |- | ''Angie: Lost Girls'' | Chase | |- |rowspan="2"| 2022 | ''Without Ward'' | Billy | |- | ''Down & Out'' | Mack | Short film |- |rowspan="2"| 2023 | ''Maya'' | Detective Chase Dawson | |- | ''The Do Over'' | Man | Short film |} ===Télévisi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- | 1995 | ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' | Himself | Episode: "1691: Mad Feelings" |- | 1998 | ''[[Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction]]'' | State Trooper | Episode: "Deer Hunters" |- | 1998–99 | ''[[Awesome Adventures]]'' | Himself | Host (seasons 1–2) |- |rowspan="2"| 1999 | ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' | Seaman Hendrix | Episode: "Dungaree Justice" |- | ''[[Stark Raving Mad (TV series)|Stark Raving Mad]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Fish Out of Water" |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue: Part 1 & 2" |- | ''[[Movie Stars (TV series)|Movie Stars]]'' | Male Student | Episode: "Two Guys, Two Girls and a Guest House" |- | ''[[Charmed]]'' | Paramedic | Episode: "The Honeymoon's Over" |- | 2000–01 | ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]'' | George Austin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2001–05 | ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' | [[Travis Mayweather|Ensign Travis Mayweather]] | Main cast |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Half & Half]]'' | Ron Brown | Episode: "The Big Keep Your Eyes Off My Prize Episode" |- | ''[[Players (G4 TV series)|Player$]]'' | - | Episode: "Tenacious D a la Mode" |- | ''[[Boomtown (2002 TV series)|Boomtown]]'' | Recruit Dwight Baker | Episode: "Wannabe" |- | 2008 | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Corporal George Linden | Episode: "Collateral Damage" |- | 2009 | ''[[House M.D.]]'' | James Carlton | Episode: "Painless" |- | 2011–12 | ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' | Darryl | Recurring role (seasons 1–2) |- | 2011–19 | ''[[General Hospital]]'' | [[Andre Maddox (General Hospital)|Andre Maddox]] | Regular cast |- | 2012 | ''[[The Client List (TV series)|The Client List]]'' | Tim | Episode: "Tough Love" |- |rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' | Chris Ward | Episode: "Sleeping Monster" |- | ''[[Baby Daddy]]'' | Marcus | Episode: "I'm Not That Guy" |- | 2018 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Garner | Recurring role (season 3) |- |rowspan="2"| 2019 | ''[[Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)|Magnum P.I.]]'' | Roy Till | Episode: "Day I Met the Devil" |- | ''Carole's Christmas'' | Marcus | [[TV movie]] |- | 2020–21 | ''[[The Family Business (American TV series)|The Family Business]]'' | Elijah | Main cast (season 2), recurring role (seasons 3–4) |- | 2021 | ''[[All the Queen's Men (TV series)|All the Queen's Men]]'' | Allen Fisk | Recurring role (season 1) |- | 2022 | ''[[B Positive]]'' | Kyle | Episode: "Louisville, Bubbaroo and Sully" |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] 74zln0lvrrkysucvonvm6hnp0bjxzis 1758613 1758612 2026-10-08T12:23:23Z Meursault2004 3 + kategori 1758613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair 2 Juni 1971) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. == Filmografi == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Irah-irahan ! Paraga ! Cathetan |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[Hard Rain (film)|Hard Rain]]'' | – | |- | ''ESP: Extra Sexual Perception'' | Tony | [[Direct-to-video]] |- | 2000 | ''[[Leprechaun in the Hood]]'' | Postmaster P. | Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''[[I'm Through with White Girls]]'' | Jay Brooks | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''An American in China'' | Sha | |- | ''The Porter'' | Thomas Dodd (adult) | [[Short film]] |- | 2009 | ''Why Am I Doing This?'' | Lester | |- | 2012 | ''Directing Reality'' | Kevin | Short film |- | 2013 | ''Chariot'' | Cole | |- | 2015 | ''The Man in 3B'' | Avery | |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 | ''The Preacher's Son'' | Rev. Reynolds | |- | ''DDX: Department of Disclosure'' | William Bennett | Short film |- | 2019 | ''#Truth'' | Patrick Winter | |- |rowspan="3"| 2020 | ''Long Lost Sister'' | Corey's Lawyer Friend | |- | ''[[Unbelievable!!!!!]]'' | The Launchman | |- | ''Angie: Lost Girls'' | Chase | |- |rowspan="2"| 2022 | ''Without Ward'' | Billy | |- | ''Down & Out'' | Mack | Short film |- |rowspan="2"| 2023 | ''Maya'' | Detective Chase Dawson | |- | ''The Do Over'' | Man | Short film |} ===Télévisi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Irah-irahan ! Paraga ! Cathetan |- | 1995 | ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' | Himself | Episode: "1691: Mad Feelings" |- | 1998 | ''[[Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction]]'' | State Trooper | Episode: "Deer Hunters" |- | 1998–99 | ''[[Awesome Adventures]]'' | Himself | Host (seasons 1–2) |- |rowspan="2"| 1999 | ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' | Seaman Hendrix | Episode: "Dungaree Justice" |- | ''[[Stark Raving Mad (TV series)|Stark Raving Mad]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Fish Out of Water" |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue: Part 1 & 2" |- | ''[[Movie Stars (TV series)|Movie Stars]]'' | Male Student | Episode: "Two Guys, Two Girls and a Guest House" |- | ''[[Charmed]]'' | Paramedic | Episode: "The Honeymoon's Over" |- | 2000–01 | ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]'' | George Austin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2001–05 | ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' | [[Travis Mayweather|Ensign Travis Mayweather]] | Main cast |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Half & Half]]'' | Ron Brown | Episode: "The Big Keep Your Eyes Off My Prize Episode" |- | ''[[Players (G4 TV series)|Player$]]'' | - | Episode: "Tenacious D a la Mode" |- | ''[[Boomtown (2002 TV series)|Boomtown]]'' | Recruit Dwight Baker | Episode: "Wannabe" |- | 2008 | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Corporal George Linden | Episode: "Collateral Damage" |- | 2009 | ''[[House M.D.]]'' | James Carlton | Episode: "Painless" |- | 2011–12 | ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' | Darryl | Recurring role (seasons 1–2) |- | 2011–19 | ''[[General Hospital]]'' | [[Andre Maddox (General Hospital)|Andre Maddox]] | Regular cast |- | 2012 | ''[[The Client List (TV series)|The Client List]]'' | Tim | Episode: "Tough Love" |- |rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' | Chris Ward | Episode: "Sleeping Monster" |- | ''[[Baby Daddy]]'' | Marcus | Episode: "I'm Not That Guy" |- | 2018 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Garner | Recurring role (season 3) |- |rowspan="2"| 2019 | ''[[Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)|Magnum P.I.]]'' | Roy Till | Episode: "Day I Met the Devil" |- | ''Carole's Christmas'' | Marcus | [[TV movie]] |- | 2020–21 | ''[[The Family Business (American TV series)|The Family Business]]'' | Elijah | Main cast (season 2), recurring role (seasons 3–4) |- | 2021 | ''[[All the Queen's Men (TV series)|All the Queen's Men]]'' | Allen Fisk | Recurring role (season 1) |- | 2022 | ''[[B Positive]]'' | Kyle | Episode: "Louisville, Bubbaroo and Sully" |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1971]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] dr0yt4w67rlb1fcadvg4xjtzodfin7h 1758624 1758613 2026-10-08T22:54:01Z Meursault2004 3 Tambah sithik 1758624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair 2 Juni 1971) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé maragakaké Ensign Travis Mayweather ing sèri télévisi fiksi ngèlmiah ''Star Trek: Enterprise.'' Anthony Montgomery maragakaké Andre Maddox ing sinétron ABC General Hospital saka taun 2015 nganti 2019. Dhèwèké putuné gitaris jazz Wes Montgomery. == Filmografi == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Irah-irahan ! Paraga ! Cathetan |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[Hard Rain (film)|Hard Rain]]'' | – | |- | ''ESP: Extra Sexual Perception'' | Tony | [[Direct-to-video]] |- | 2000 | ''[[Leprechaun in the Hood]]'' | Postmaster P. | Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''[[I'm Through with White Girls]]'' | Jay Brooks | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''An American in China'' | Sha | |- | ''The Porter'' | Thomas Dodd (adult) | [[Short film]] |- | 2009 | ''Why Am I Doing This?'' | Lester | |- | 2012 | ''Directing Reality'' | Kevin | Short film |- | 2013 | ''Chariot'' | Cole | |- | 2015 | ''The Man in 3B'' | Avery | |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 | ''The Preacher's Son'' | Rev. Reynolds | |- | ''DDX: Department of Disclosure'' | William Bennett | Short film |- | 2019 | ''#Truth'' | Patrick Winter | |- |rowspan="3"| 2020 | ''Long Lost Sister'' | Corey's Lawyer Friend | |- | ''[[Unbelievable!!!!!]]'' | The Launchman | |- | ''Angie: Lost Girls'' | Chase | |- |rowspan="2"| 2022 | ''Without Ward'' | Billy | |- | ''Down & Out'' | Mack | Short film |- |rowspan="2"| 2023 | ''Maya'' | Detective Chase Dawson | |- | ''The Do Over'' | Man | Short film |} ===Télévisi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Irah-irahan ! Paraga ! Cathetan |- | 1995 | ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' | Himself | Episode: "1691: Mad Feelings" |- | 1998 | ''[[Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction]]'' | State Trooper | Episode: "Deer Hunters" |- | 1998–99 | ''[[Awesome Adventures]]'' | Himself | Host (seasons 1–2) |- |rowspan="2"| 1999 | ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' | Seaman Hendrix | Episode: "Dungaree Justice" |- | ''[[Stark Raving Mad (TV series)|Stark Raving Mad]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Fish Out of Water" |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue: Part 1 & 2" |- | ''[[Movie Stars (TV series)|Movie Stars]]'' | Male Student | Episode: "Two Guys, Two Girls and a Guest House" |- | ''[[Charmed]]'' | Paramedic | Episode: "The Honeymoon's Over" |- | 2000–01 | ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]'' | George Austin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2001–05 | ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' | [[Travis Mayweather|Ensign Travis Mayweather]] | Main cast |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Half & Half]]'' | Ron Brown | Episode: "The Big Keep Your Eyes Off My Prize Episode" |- | ''[[Players (G4 TV series)|Player$]]'' | - | Episode: "Tenacious D a la Mode" |- | ''[[Boomtown (2002 TV series)|Boomtown]]'' | Recruit Dwight Baker | Episode: "Wannabe" |- | 2008 | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Corporal George Linden | Episode: "Collateral Damage" |- | 2009 | ''[[House M.D.]]'' | James Carlton | Episode: "Painless" |- | 2011–12 | ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' | Darryl | Recurring role (seasons 1–2) |- | 2011–19 | ''[[General Hospital]]'' | [[Andre Maddox (General Hospital)|Andre Maddox]] | Regular cast |- | 2012 | ''[[The Client List (TV series)|The Client List]]'' | Tim | Episode: "Tough Love" |- |rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' | Chris Ward | Episode: "Sleeping Monster" |- | ''[[Baby Daddy]]'' | Marcus | Episode: "I'm Not That Guy" |- | 2018 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Garner | Recurring role (season 3) |- |rowspan="2"| 2019 | ''[[Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)|Magnum P.I.]]'' | Roy Till | Episode: "Day I Met the Devil" |- | ''Carole's Christmas'' | Marcus | [[TV movie]] |- | 2020–21 | ''[[The Family Business (American TV series)|The Family Business]]'' | Elijah | Main cast (season 2), recurring role (seasons 3–4) |- | 2021 | ''[[All the Queen's Men (TV series)|All the Queen's Men]]'' | Allen Fisk | Recurring role (season 1) |- | 2022 | ''[[B Positive]]'' | Kyle | Episode: "Louisville, Bubbaroo and Sully" |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1971]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] 1crgg3pu15qpo4a1spqfa7kyp8c0kv7 1758625 1758624 2026-10-08T22:57:02Z Meursault2004 3 + 1758625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anthony Montgomery Dragon Con September 5 2026 0609.JPG|thumb|Anthony Montgomery (2026)]] '''Anthony Montgomery''' (lair 2 Juni 1971) iku sawijining aktor Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé maragakaké Ensign Travis Mayweather ing sèri télévisi fiksi ngèlmiah ''Star Trek: Enterprise.'' Anthony Montgomery maragakaké Andre Maddox ing sinétron ABC General Hospital saka taun 2015 nganti 2019. Dhèwèké putuné gitaris jazz Wes Montgomery. == Filmografi == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Irah-irahan ! Paraga ! Cathetan |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[Hard Rain (film)|Hard Rain]]'' | – | |- | ''ESP: Extra Sexual Perception'' | Tony | [[Direct-to-video]] |- | 2000 | ''[[Leprechaun in the Hood]]'' | Postmaster P. | Direct-to-video |- | 2007 | ''[[I'm Through with White Girls]]'' | Jay Brooks | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''An American in China'' | Sha | |- | ''The Porter'' | Thomas Dodd (adult) | [[Short film]] |- | 2009 | ''Why Am I Doing This?'' | Lester | |- | 2012 | ''Directing Reality'' | Kevin | Short film |- | 2013 | ''Chariot'' | Cole | |- | 2015 | ''The Man in 3B'' | Avery | |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 | ''The Preacher's Son'' | Rev. Reynolds | |- | ''DDX: Department of Disclosure'' | William Bennett | Short film |- | 2019 | ''#Truth'' | Patrick Winter | |- |rowspan="3"| 2020 | ''Long Lost Sister'' | Corey's Lawyer Friend | |- | ''[[Unbelievable!!!!!]]'' | The Launchman | |- | ''Angie: Lost Girls'' | Chase | |- |rowspan="2"| 2022 | ''Without Ward'' | Billy | |- | ''Down & Out'' | Mack | Short film |- |rowspan="2"| 2023 | ''Maya'' | Detective Chase Dawson | |- | ''The Do Over'' | Man | Short film |} ===Télévisi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Irah-irahan ! Paraga ! Cathetan |- | 1995 | ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' | Himself | Episode: "1691: Mad Feelings" |- | 1998 | ''[[Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction]]'' | State Trooper | Episode: "Deer Hunters" |- | 1998–99 | ''[[Awesome Adventures]]'' | Himself | Host (seasons 1–2) |- |rowspan="2"| 1999 | ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' | Seaman Hendrix | Episode: "Dungaree Justice" |- | ''[[Stark Raving Mad (TV series)|Stark Raving Mad]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Fish Out of Water" |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[Frasier]]'' | Waiter | Episode: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue: Part 1 & 2" |- | ''[[Movie Stars (TV series)|Movie Stars]]'' | Male Student | Episode: "Two Guys, Two Girls and a Guest House" |- | ''[[Charmed]]'' | Paramedic | Episode: "The Honeymoon's Over" |- | 2000–01 | ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]'' | George Austin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2001–05 | ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' | [[Travis Mayweather|Ensign Travis Mayweather]] | Main cast |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Half & Half]]'' | Ron Brown | Episode: "The Big Keep Your Eyes Off My Prize Episode" |- | ''[[Players (G4 TV series)|Player$]]'' | - | Episode: "Tenacious D a la Mode" |- | ''[[Boomtown (2002 TV series)|Boomtown]]'' | Recruit Dwight Baker | Episode: "Wannabe" |- | 2008 | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Corporal George Linden | Episode: "Collateral Damage" |- | 2009 | ''[[House M.D.]]'' | James Carlton | Episode: "Painless" |- | 2011–12 | ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' | Darryl | Recurring role (seasons 1–2) |- | 2011–19 | ''[[General Hospital]]'' | [[Andre Maddox (General Hospital)|Andre Maddox]] | Regular cast |- | 2012 | ''[[The Client List (TV series)|The Client List]]'' | Tim | Episode: "Tough Love" |- |rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' | Chris Ward | Episode: "Sleeping Monster" |- | ''[[Baby Daddy]]'' | Marcus | Episode: "I'm Not That Guy" |- | 2018 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Garner | Recurring role (season 3) |- |rowspan="2"| 2019 | ''[[Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)|Magnum P.I.]]'' | Roy Till | Episode: "Day I Met the Devil" |- | ''Carole's Christmas'' | Marcus | [[TV movie]] |- | 2020–21 | ''[[The Family Business (American TV series)|The Family Business]]'' | Elijah | Main cast (season 2), recurring role (seasons 3–4) |- | 2021 | ''[[All the Queen's Men (TV series)|All the Queen's Men]]'' | Allen Fisk | Recurring role (season 1) |- | 2022 | ''[[B Positive]]'' | Kyle | Episode: "Louisville, Bubbaroo and Sully" |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1971]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] [[Kategori:Wong Afrika-Amérika]] r2hel2ztl6jcoheb7lpfl3mm4dyt9ra 1 200962 1758616 2026-10-08T14:27:53Z Meursault2004 3 /* Draf */ 1758616 wikitext text/x-wiki == Draf == Margaret Elaine Hamilton (lair mawa jeneng Heafield; 17 Agustus 1936 – 30 September 2026) iku sawijining ilmuwan komputer Amerika. Dhèwèké mimpin Divisi Rekayasa Piranti Lunak ing Laboratorium Instrumentasi MIT, ing ngendi dhèwèké mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo Apollo Guidance Computer NASA kanggo program Apollo. Dhèwèké banjur ngedegaké rong perusahaan piranti lunak, Higher Order Software ing taun 1976 lan Hamilton Technologies ing taun 1986, loro-lorone ing Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hamilton nerbitaké luwih saka 130 makalah, prosiding, lan laporan, udakara sewidak proyèk, lan enem program utama. Dhèwèké ngripta istilah "rekayasa piranti lunak", kanthi nyatakake, "Aku wiwit nggunakake istilah 'rekayasa piranti lunak' kanggo mbédakaké saka perangkat keras lan jinis rekayasa liyané, nanging nganggep saben jinis rekayasa minangka bagéan saka proses rekayasa sistem sakabèhé."[2][3][4] Tanggal 22 November 2016, Hamilton nampa Medali Kebebasan Presiden saka Presiden Barack Obama kanggo karyané sing mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo misi Apollo Moon NASA.[5] 5kub731t0mcc3qsu9u0u6ya1ue8d78g 0 200963 1758632 2026-10-09T01:30:16Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Margaret Hamilton|]] 1758632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margaret Elaine Hamilton''' (lair mawa jeneng Heafield; 17 Agustus 1936 – 30 September 2026) iku sawijining ilmuwan komputer Amerika. Dhèwèké mimpin Divisi Rekayasa Piranti Lunak ing Laboratorium Instrumentasi MIT, ing ngendi dhèwèké mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo Apollo Guidance Computer NASA kanggo program Apollo. Dhèwèké banjur ngedegaké rong perusahaan piranti lunak, Higher Order Software ing taun 1976 lan Hamilton Technologies ing taun 1986, loro-lorone ing Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hamilton nerbitaké luwih saka 130 makalah, prosiding, lan laporan, udakara sewidak proyèk, lan enem program utama. Dhèwèké ngripta istilah "rekayasa piranti lunak", kanthi nyatakake, "Aku wiwit nggunakake istilah 'rekayasa piranti lunak' kanggo mbédakaké saka perangkat keras lan jinis rekayasa liyané, nanging nganggep saben jinis rekayasa minangka bagéan saka proses rekayasa sistem sakabèhé."[2][3][4] Tanggal 22 November 2016, Hamilton nampa Medali Kebebasan Presiden saka Presiden Barack Obama kanggo karyané sing mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo misi Apollo Moon NASA.[5] 78dpvd9lr7taog2rogg9342js203sqr 1758633 1758632 2026-10-09T01:41:24Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margaret Elaine Hamilton''' (lair mawa jeneng Heafield; 17 Agustus 1936 – 30 September 2026) iku sawijining ilmuwan komputer Amerika. Dhèwèké mimpin Divisi Rekayasa Piranti Lunak ing Laboratorium Instrumentasi MIT, ing ngendi dhèwèké mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo Apollo Guidance Computer NASA kanggo program Apollo. Dhèwèké banjur ngedegaké rong perusahaan piranti lunak, Higher Order Software ing taun 1976 lan Hamilton Technologies ing taun 1986, loro-lorone ing Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hamilton nerbitaké luwih saka 130 makalah, prosiding, lan laporan, udakara sewidak proyèk, lan enem program utama. Dhèwèké ngripta istilah "rekayasa piranti lunak", kanthi nyatakake, "Aku wiwit nggunakake istilah 'rekayasa piranti lunak' kanggo mbédakaké saka perangkat keras lan jinis rekayasa liyané, nanging nganggep saben jinis rekayasa minangka bagéan saka proses rekayasa sistem sakabèhé."[2][3][4] Tanggal 22 November 2016, Hamilton nampa Medali Kebebasan Presiden saka Presiden Barack Obama kanggo karyané sing mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo misi Apollo Moon NASA.[5] == Pranala njaba == b2xjwcf0fahaq9549dc1tglwbapf2rj 1758634 1758633 2026-10-09T01:42:47Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margaret Elaine Hamilton''' (lair mawa jeneng Heafield; 17 Agustus 1936 – 30 September 2026) iku sawijining ilmuwan komputer Amerika. Dhèwèké mimpin Divisi Rekayasa Piranti Lunak ing Laboratorium Instrumentasi MIT, ing ngendi dhèwèké mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo Apollo Guidance Computer NASA kanggo program Apollo. Dhèwèké banjur ngedegaké rong perusahaan piranti lunak, Higher Order Software ing taun 1976 lan Hamilton Technologies ing taun 1986, loro-lorone ing Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hamilton nerbitaké luwih saka 130 makalah, prosiding, lan laporan, udakara sewidak proyèk, lan enem program utama. Dhèwèké ngripta istilah "rekayasa piranti lunak", kanthi nyatakake, "Aku wiwit nggunakake istilah 'rekayasa piranti lunak' kanggo mbédakaké saka perangkat keras lan jinis rekayasa liyané, nanging nganggep saben jinis rekayasa minangka bagéan saka proses rekayasa sistem sakabèhé."[2][3][4] Tanggal 22 November 2016, Hamilton nampa Medali Kebebasan Presiden saka Presiden Barack Obama kanggo karyané sing mimpin pangembangan piranti lunak penerbangan on-board kanggo misi Apollo Moon NASA.[5] == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1936]] [[Kategori:Pati 2026]] [[Kategori:Wong Amérika Sarékat]] 8s18e8rbb73r5kthmjebodsgbj2pspj