Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 2817 1758929 1669322 2026-10-19T19:17:19Z Rotondus 15316 /* Pranala njaba */ 1758929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TMH Infobox| | Image = Sita Ram.jpg | Nama = Sinta | Caption = Sinta lan [[Rama]] | Devanagari = | Ejaan_Sansekerta = Sītā | Nama_lain = Mithilī; Janakī;<br />Widehī; Ramaa | Asal = [[Mithila|Praja Manthili]] | Pasangan = [[Rama|Prabu Ramawijaya]] |Aksara_Jawa=ꦢꦺꦮꦶꦱꦶꦤ꧀ꦠ}} '''Sinta''' ([[Sanskerta]]: '''सीता'''; ''Sītā'', uga dieja ''Shinta'') utawa '''Dèwi Sinta''', iku garwané Sri [[Rama]] lan péranganing [[wiracarita]] [[Ramayana]]. [[Rama]] krama karo Sinta sawisé menang [[swayambara]] bisa mbenggang gandéwa. Sinta iku ya tau diculik déning [[Rahwana]], Ratu ing [[Alengka]]. Nanging dhèwèké bisa diuwalaké manèh déning pitulungé [[Anoman]], [[kethèk]] putih. == Tegesé Nama == Ing [[basa Sansekerta]], tembung ''Sita'' duwé teges "kerut". Tembung "kerut" iku tembung kang duwé rasa kang ''puitis'' nalika jaman [[Karajan India Kuna|India Kuna]], kang nuduhake aruming kasuburan. Jeneng Sita ing [[Ramayana]] iku saka tembung [[Dewi Sita]], kang wis disebutake ing [[Rigweda]] minangka dewi [[bumi]] kang mberkahi sawah lan tetuwuhan [[pari]] lan liya-liyané. Kaya paraga kang misuwur ing legenda [[Hindhu]] liyané, Sita uga misuwur kanthi pirang-pirang paraga, kaya ta, minangka putri [[Raja]] [[Janaka]], dhèwèké jejuluk '''Janaki'''; minangka putri [[Mithila]], dhèwèké jejuluk '''Maithili'''; minangka garwane [[Rama]], dhèwèké jejuluk '''Ramaa'''. Amarga saka [[Karajan Wideha]], dhèwèké uga dikenal kanthi jeneng '''Waidehi'''. == Asal-usul == Dewi Sinta iku panjanmane [[Wedawati|Dewi Sri Widawati]], putrane Prabu [[Dasamuka]] lan [[Dewi Tari]], kang sabanjure dadi putra pupone [[Prabu Janaka]] ratu ing [[Mithila|Mantili]]. Kacarita Dewi Tari (garwane Prabu Dasamuka) anggone nggarbini wus antuk tri dasa candra (30 sasi), meh 3 tahun. Prabu Dasamuka mesthekake yen bayi lair mesthi wadon tur titise Dewi Widawati. Mula banjur gawe pranatan, wong lanang [[Ngalengka]] ora kena nggarwa anake Dasamuka. Pamrihe, supaya anggone Dasamuka nggarwa wanita titising Dewi Widawati ora ana pepalange. Amarga pranatan iku, saben bayi arep lair bali lumebu maneh. Sawise Prabu Dasamuka mbiwarakake pranatan iku, Negara Ngalengka ketaman [[pageblug]] panas perbawane, sawah garing, kewan ingon padha mati amarga sumber banyu omben kaya ing kali, sendhang, lsp asat, larang sandhang pangan njalari angel golek rejeki, satemah [[begal]], [[maling]], lsp nambahi sengsara para kawula Ngalengka. Sawijining dina, Prabu Dasamuka ngimpi yen Ngalengka bakal bisa tentrem, yen Sang Prabu gelem siram jamas/kramas ing [[Tlaga Anggana]]. Mula esuke, banjur dianakake pasewakan, ngrembug impene mau. Miturut pangandikane Raden [[Wibisana]], impen kasebut sejatine pralambang saka pokale pranatane Prabu Dasamuka anggone arep ngepek bojo anake dhewe, iku ora kena malah dosa ing sajroning agama. Mula manut pakartine Raden Wibisana supaya Prabu Dasamuka njabel pranatan mau. Dasamuka ora sarujuk, malah Wibisana didukani akeh-akeh,"Priya iku bojone wanita, mula bapak nggarwa anake, kena!" Pancen Dasamuka wis ora ngugemi pranataning urip. Dupeh wis duwe panguwasa, ora gelem lumaku ing dalaning bebener. Rehne impen kuwi asale saka [[dewa]], mula Dasamuka bakal munggah menyang Kahyangan [[Jonggringsaloka]], takon marang [[Bathara Guru]] ratuning para dewa. Yen Bathara Guru ora bisa paring katrangan kang cetha, kahyangan bakal diobrak abrik. Katentremaning kedhaton dipasrahake Raden Wibisana adhine. Sapungkure Dasamuka, Wibisana gage manjing papane Dewi Tari, Dewi Tari diajak bebarengan [[ndedonga]] marang Gusti supaya enggal babaran. Kaleksanan panyuwune, Dewi Tari babaran, lair wadon. Banjur jabang bayi disuwun Wibisana kanggo keslametane Ngalengka. Sawise diparengake marang Sang Dewi, bayi wadon kang isih abang lan isih ana ari-arine digawa Wibisana tumuju saknjaban rangkah Ngalengka. Bayi mau banjur ditinggal ing pinggir sawah kang lagi entas diluku (lemah sinta). Sawise iku, Wibisana gage bali menyang kedhaton, aja nganti kedisikan Dasamuka. Bayi abang banjur ditemu Prabu Janaka kang lagi lelana brata. Dhasar wis suwe mangun bebrayan, nanging durung diparingi putra. Bayi digawa bali ing Mantili, diaku putra lan diparingi jeneng Sinta (Dewi Sinta). == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.bausastra.com/main/index.php?do=view&id=13 Sinta ing Bausastra Javanese Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213103926/http://www.bausastra.com/main/index.php?do=view&id=13 |date=2011-02-13 }}, 25 Agustus 2008 * Mulyono, Jaka Lodang "Dewi Sinta" seseratan 2018 * {{ramayana}} {{Déwa Hindhu}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Ramayana]] [[Kategori:Paraga wayang]] {{stub}} 0zsvittx8lrc3pase66y5btwn5adc64 0 2818 1758930 1281061 2026-10-19T19:30:02Z Rotondus 15316 1758930 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:300px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex;" |- style="text-align:center;" !style="background: #ffaf00;" colspan="3"|'''Barata''' |- |colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<br /> Barata. |- !style="background: #ffaf00;" colspan="3"|Jeneng miturut basa |- |'''Basa Sangskreta'''|| भरत, ''Bharata'' |- !style="background: #ffaf00;" colspan="3"|Jeneng miturut aksara |- |'''[[aksara Dewanagari|Dewanagari]]'''|| <big><big></big></big> |- |'''[[aksara Bali]]''' || |- |'''[[aksara Jawa]]''' || |- |} [[Barkas:Alone, Bharat worships the sandals.jpg|jmpl]] '''Barata''' ([[basa Sangskerta]]: भरत, ''Bharata'') iku adhiné [[Rama]] ing [[wiracarita]] [[Ramayana]]. Nanging Barata dudu adhi saibu, namung sabapa. Barata putrané [[Dasarata|Prabu Dasarata]] lan Dèwi Kekayi. Dhèwèké diadegaké dadi ratu ing Ngayodya kamangka dudu ragil. Banjur dhèwèké diparingi sandhal utawa ''p&#257;duka''né Rama supaya ora kuwatir maréntah dadi ratu. {{ramayana}} [[Kategori:Paraga wayang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Ramayana]] {{stub}} 3dwm1efvle9hfvjt4mwsfy10q7plrar 0 2829 1758956 1754581 2026-10-20T03:17:55Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wong}} '''Dr.(H.C.) Drs. H. Mohammad Hatta''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bukittinggi]]|12|8|1902|[[Jakarta]]|14|3|1980}}) inggih punika salah sawijining pejuang, nagarawan, lan pahlawan nasional wonten ing Indonésia.<ref name="pahlawan 1">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=3452851 www.kaskus.us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125225521/http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=3452851 |date=2012-01-25 }} (dipunundhuh surya kaping 7 Juni 2011)</ref> Mohammad Hatta inggih dados wakil présidhèn ingkang kapisan wonten ing [[Indonésia]].<ref>[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/back_office/wapres/index.asp?box=detail&from_box=list_nama_lengkap&id=1&page=1&presiden=&search_presiden=&search_keyword=&activation_status= kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh surya kaping 7 Juni 2011)</ref> Mohammad Hatta gadhah asma ingkang misuwur ing bebrayan inggih punika '''Bung Hatta''',<ref>[http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/branded-content/2105554-profile-dr-muhammad-hatta/ Profile Dr Mohammad Hatta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528173155/http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/branded-content/2105554-profile-dr-muhammad-hatta/ |date=2012-05-28 }} (dipunundhuh surya kaping 4 Juni 2011)</ref> nanging sajatosipun rumiyin asma alitipun inggih punika '''Mohammad Athar'''.<ref name="web 4"/> Bung Hatta punika misuwur dados Bapak Koperasi, lan namanipun dipun-ginakaken dados nama papan anggegana (papan anggegana) internasional wonten ing [[Jakarta]]. == Kulawargi == Bung Hatta miyos wonten ing Kampung Aur Tajungkang, Kutha [[Bukittinggi]] surya kaping [[12 Agustus]] [[1902]].<ref name="web 4"/> Bung Hatta punika putra saking H. Mohammad Djamil (bapak) lan Siti Saleha (ibu).<ref name="web 4"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzRwAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hatta:+Memoir&q=Hatta:+Memoir&hl=id|title=Mohammad Hatta: memoir : terbitan khusus satu abad Bung Hatta|last=Hatta|first=Mohammad|date=2002|publisher=Yayasan Hatta|isbn=978-979-97081-0-6|language=id}}</ref> Bung Hatta dipunkagungi putra 3 (tiga) saking garwanipun ingkang asma Rahmi Hatta.<ref name="web 4">[http://forum.um.ac.id/index.php?topic=9750.0 Biodata Mohammad Hatta]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh surya kaping 29 Juli 2011).</ref> Putra sapisan dipunparingi asma Meutia Farida Hatta (21 Maret 1947), kaping kalih ingkang asma Gemala Rabi’ah Hatta (1953) lajeng ingkang kaping tiga namanipun Halidah Nuriah Hatta (25 Januari 1956).<ref name="web 4"/> Putrinipun asma [[Meutia Hatta]] njabat minangka Mantri Nagara Pemberdayaan Perempuan sajeroning [[Kabinet Indonésia Bersatu]] pimpinan Présidhèn [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]. == Pendhidhikan == === Pendhidhikan ing Indonésia === [[Gambar:Id-Mohammad Hatta.ogg|right]] Pendhidhikan Mohammad Hatta inggih punika sapisan HIS (sekolah dhasar basa Walanda kanggé putra-putra pribumi).<ref name="buku">Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung hal 348</ref> Lan ugi Bung Hatta inggih pikantuk pendhidhikan dhasar ing Europese Largere School (ESL) ing Bukittingi (tamat 1916) lajeng Meer Vitgebreid Lagere Onderwijs (MULO) ing Padang (tamat 1919)).<ref name="internet 1">{{Cite web |url=http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/branded-content/2105554-profile-dr-muhammad-hatta/ |title=id.shvoong.com |access-date=2012-07-06 |archive-date=2012-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528173155/http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/branded-content/2105554-profile-dr-muhammad-hatta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> dipunundhuh tanggal 8 Juli 2011 Lan panjenenganipun ugi pados ngèlmu ugi nglajengaken pendhidhikan ing Handle Middlebare School (Sekolah Menengah Dagang) ing Jakarta lulus warsa 1921.<ref name="internet 1"/> Wiwit saking sekolah menengah pertama punika panjenenganipun sampun sregep ndhèrèk organisasi, sanèsipun panjeneganipun inggih tiyang ingkang tanggap nglampahi ajaran [[agama Islam]].<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> Nalika sekolah wonten ing Jakarta, panjeneganipun nglajengaken kagiyatan kaliyan Jong Sumatranen Bond.<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> Panjenenganipun nalika samanten ugi asring wonten ing asrama Sekolah Tinggi Kedhokteran pepanggihan kaliyan kancanipun ingkang asma Bahder Djohan ingkang dados guru besar lan Rektor [[Universitas Indonésia]].<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> === Pendhidhikan ing Luar Negeri === Nalika Bung Hatta ndhèrèk organisasi lan dados Bendahara Jong Sumatranen Bond ing Padang (1916-1919) ingkang kedah tanggel jawab lan ulet.<ref name="web 4"/> Panjenenganipun nglajengaken [[pendhidhikan]] perguruan tinggi [[Walanda]] mundhut [[ékonomi]] wonten ing Nederland Handelshogeschool di Rotterdam (tamat minangka gelar Drs, 1932).<ref name="web 4"/> == Lelabetan == === Aktif wonten Organisasi === Mohammad Hatta ndhèrèk Indonesischee Vereniging, obahan internasional (Liga Tegen Imperalisme,Tegen Koloniale Onderdrukking en voor Nationale Onafhankelijkheid-Liga menetang Imperialisme, Menentang Penindasan Kolonial Mendukung Kemerdekaan Indonésia).<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> === Mangsa Pandhudhuk Jepang === Wonten ing mangsa punika Bung Hatta dados tiyang wigatos ingkang nomer kalih(2) ing pemimpin Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Putera,[[1942]]-[[1943]]), lajeng ing Jawa Hokokai (Himpunan Kebaktian Rakyat Jawa, [[1943]]-[[1944]]).<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> Bung Hatta ugi ing Tyuo Sangi In (Dewan Pertimbangan Pusat, [[1943]]-[[1944]]);ugi dados penaséhat (sanyo) lan dados ketua dewan sanyo ([[1944]]-[[1945]]) ing departemen ékonomi.<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001. Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> Bung Hatta inggih dados anggota Panitia Penyelidik Adat-istiadat ([[1942]]), lan ingkang wigatos panjeneganipun ugi dados anggota Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha kemerdekaan Indonésia (1945).<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> === Mangsa Revolusi === Bung Hatta minangka salah sawijining tokoh saking prokamator kemerdekaan [[Indonésia]].<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> Panjenenganipun dados tiyang ingkang wigatos nggantos pitung tembung ing [[Piagam Jakarta]] ingkang dipundadosaken Pambukaan UUD 1945:"dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari'at [[Islam]] bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya" dipun-gantos kaliyan "Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa".<ref name="buku">[Noer,Deliar.2001.Membincangkan Tokoh-Tokoh Bangsa.Mizan Pustaka:Bandung] hal 348</ref> === Sipat Nagarawan kagunganipun Bung Hatta === Manawi bangsa India ngadhahi Mahatma Gandhi minangka bapak nagarawan ingkang sedherhana, santun, bersahaja kanggé rakyatipun, lajeng Indonésia ngadhahi Bung Hatta.<ref name="web 1">[http://orange.web.id/bung-hatta-nagarawan-yang-uncorruptable/ orange.web.id]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunundhuh surya kaping 14 Juli 2011)</ref> Salawas gesangipun, Bung Hatta kathah ngagem sipat santunipun dhumatheng sinten kemawon tiyangipun.<ref name="web 1"/> Menapa tiyangipun mungsuh manawi kanca.<ref name="web 1"/> Bung Hatta inggih sanget pakurmatanipun lan lajeng ngekanca ingkang raket kaliyan [[Bung Karno]], minangka ing taun 1950-an tiyang kekalih punika boten saged makarya sesarengan malih babagan pulitik.<ref name="web 1"/> Panjenenganipun lengser saking kalungguhan Wakil Présidhèn ing taun [[1956]], amarga pasulayan kaliyan Présidhèn [[Soekarno]]. === Pahargiyan Bung Hatta === Bung Hatta inggih dipuntunjuk dados tokoh [[HAM]] (Hak Asasi Manungsa).<ref name="web 2">[http://www.tribunnews.com/2010/12/11/patrialis-jangan-lupakan-jasa-bung-hatta www.tribunnews.com] (dipunundhuh surya kaping 18 Juli 2011)</ref> Pahargiyan punika saking mengeti lelabetan Bung Hatta minangka babagan perlindungan uga penegakkan HAM.<ref name="web 2"/> Mengeti dinten HAM punika dhumawah surya kaping 10 Dhésèmber ingkang wonten gegayutanipun kaliyan Bung Hatta.<ref name="web 3">[http://www.balitbangham.go.id/index/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75%3Aseminar-tentang-pemikiran-bung-hatta-dan-perkembangan-ham-di-indonesia&Itemid=76 www.balitbangham.go.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134248/http://www.balitbangham.go.id/index/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75:seminar-tentang-pemikiran-bung-hatta-dan-perkembangan-ham-di-indonesia&Itemid=76 |date=2016-03-04 }}(dipunundhuh surya kaping 18 Juli 2011)</ref> Badan Penelitian lan Pengembangan HAM punika gadhah tujuan paring pangertosan malih bilih kula lan panjenegan sadaya minangka bangsa kedah mengeti lelabetanipun Bung Hatta kanggé kepentinganipun bangsa ingkang salajengipun.<ref name="web 3"/> Bung Hatta ugi dados Gelar Dhoktor Honoris Causa saking [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] (1956), [[Universitas Hasanuddin]] (1973), lan [[Universitas Indonésia]] (1975).<ref name="web 4"/> Panjenenganipun ugi nampi tanda jasa Bintang Républik saking [[Présidhèn]] [[Soeharto]] (15 Agustus 1972).<ref name="web 4"/> == Tilar donya == Bung Hatta tilar donya surya kaping [[14 Maret]] [[1980]] ing [[Jakarta]].<ref name="web 4"/> Panjenenganipun dipunsarèkaken ing Tanah Kusir, [[Jakarta]]. == Uga delengen == * [[Pratélan Wakil Présidhèn Indonésia]] == Rujukan == === Cathetan suku === {{Reflist}} === Dhaptar pustaka === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |author = Arniati Prasedyawati Herkusumo | title = Chuo Sangi-in: Dewan Pertimbang Pusat Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang|language = Indonesian |trans-title = Chuo Sangi-in: The Central Advisory Council during the Japanese Occupation | publisher =PT. Rosda Jayaputra |location = Jakarta, Indonesia| year = 1982 }} * {{Cite book | last = Kahin | first = George McTurnan | author-link = George McTurnan Kahin | title = Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1961 | orig-year = 1952 | location = Ithaca, New York}} * {{Cite journal |title=In Memoriam: Mohammad Hatta (1902–1980) |last=Kahin |first=George Mc. T |journal=Indonesia |volume=30 |year=1980 |pages=113–120 |url=https://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=Repository&version=1.0&verb=Disseminate&view=body&content-type=pdf_1&handle=seap.indo/1107014423# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511115409/https://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=Repository&version=1.0&verb=Disseminate&view=body&content-type=pdf_1&handle=seap.indo/1107014423 |archive-date=2017-05-11 |access-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | last = Mrazek | first = Rudolf | title =Sjahrir: politics in exile in Indonesia | publisher = (SEAP Cornel South East Asia program | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-87727-713-3 }} * {{Cite book |author=Mohammad Hatta |title=The Co-operative Movement in Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/cooperativemovem00hatt |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |year=1957}} * {{Cite journal |author=Mohammad Hatta |title=Colonialism and the Danger of War |url=https://archive.org/details/asian-survey_1961-11_1_9/page/n9 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=1 |issue=9 |pages=10–14 |date=November 1961 |doi=10.2307/3023504 |jstor=3023504}} * {{Cite journal |author=Mohammad Hatta |title=One Indonesian View of the Malaysia Issue |url=https://archive.org/details/asian-survey_1965-03_5_3/page/139 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=139–143 |date=March 1965 |doi=10.2307/2642403 |jstor=2642403}} * {{Cite journal | first = Klaas | last = Stutje |title=To Maintain an Independent Course: Inter-war Indonesian Nationalism and International Communism on a Dutch-European Stage |journal= Dutch Crossing: Journal of Low Countries Studies| volume = 39|year=2015 | issue = 3 |pages=204–220 | doi = 10.1080/03096564.2015.1101298 | s2cid = 146939108 |language= nl}} * {{Cite book | last = Ricklefs | first = M.C. | author-link = M. C. Ricklefs | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_m3c8 | publisher = MacMillan | location = London | edition = 4th | year = 2008 | orig-year = 1981 | isbn = 978-0-230-54685-1}} * {{Cite book | last = Sudarmanto| first = Y.B. | title = Jejak-Jejak Pahlawan dari Sultan Agung hingga Syekh Yusuf (The Footsteps of Heroes from Sultan Agung to Syekh Yusuf) | publisher = Grasindo |location = Jakarta | year = 1996 | language = id | isbn =979-553-111-5}} * {{Cite book | last = Weismann | first = Itzchak | title = The Naqshbandiyya: Orthodoxy and Activism in a Worldwide Sufi Tradition | year = 2009 | publisher = Routledge | location = Abingdon-on-Thames | isbn = 978-0-415-48992-8 }} {{Refend}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/h/hatta/index.shtml Bung Hatta di TokohIndonésia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830105129/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/h/hatta/index.shtml |date=2007-08-30 }} * [http://www.deplujunior.org/menteri_luar_negeri.html?page=2120261782 Menteri Luar Negeri Drs. Muhamad Hatta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120121942/http://www.deplujunior.org/menteri_luar_negeri.html?page=2120261782 |date=2007-01-20 }} * [https://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0208/09/nasional/turu27.htm Turun Gunung: Bung Hatta 11 Tahun di Walanda (20 September 1921 - 20 Juli 1932)] {{kotak wiwit}} {{kotak suksesi|kalungguhan = [[Pratélan Wakil Présidhèn Indonésia|Wakil Présidhèn Républik Indonésia]]|pendahulu=''ora ana''|pengganti = [[Hamengkubuwana IX|Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX]]|taun = 1945-1956}} {{kotak suksesi|kalungguhan=[[Pratélan Nayakotama Indonésia|Nayakotama Indonésia]]|pendahulu=[[Amir Sjarifuddin|Amir Sjarifoeddin]]|pengganti=[[Abdul Halim]]|taun=1948–1950}} {{Kotak_suksesi | kalungguhan = [[Mantri Jaban Rangkah]] Indonésia | taun = [[1949]]-[[1950]] | pendahulu = [[Agus Salim]] | pengganti =[[Mohammad Roem]]}} {{kotak rampung}} {{Wakil Présidhèn Indonésia}} {{Pancasila Indonésia}} {{Pahlawan Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidhèn Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Nayakotama Indonésia]] [[Kategori:BPUPKI]] [[Kategori:Mantri Kabinet Hatta I]] [[Kategori:Mantri Kabinet Républik Indonésia Serikat]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Sosial Dhémokrat Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh HAM]] [[Kategori:Tokoh saka Bukittinggi]] [[Kategori:Lair 1902]] 0678g70pg9yvwqnmul19pufpcktzxyk 0 16956 1758966 1757754 2026-10-20T07:01:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel ing krama}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pantun | image = Koeh-232.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Gambar deskripsi pantun saking ''Koehler's Book of Medicinal Plants'' | regnum = [[tetuwuhan|Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tetuwuhan ngembang|Angiospermae]] | classis = [[Monocotyledoneae]] | ordo = [[Poales]] | familia = [[Poaceae]] | genus = '''''Oryza''''' | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = * ''O. barthii'' * ''O. glaberrima'' * ''O. latifolia'' * ''O. longistaminata'' * ''O. punctata'' * ''O. rufipogon'' * ''O. sativa'' }} '''Pantun''' ([[Basa Jawa Ngoko|basa ngoko]]: '''pari''') punika salah satunggaling [[tetuwuhan|tuwuhan]] budidaya wigatos kanggé nyekapi kabetahan pangan wujud [[beras|wos]] amargi dados sumber [[karbohidrat]] kanggé mayoritas [[tiyang]] ing donya. Saking sadaya ''serealia'' wonten ing donya, prodhuksi pantun punika urutan nomer tiga sasampunipun [[jagung]] lan [[gandum]]. == Prodhuksi lan perdhagangan pantun/wos ing donya == Nagari ingkang ngasilaken pantun/wos kathah inggih punika [[Tiongkok]] (31% saking total prodhuksi ing donya), [[India]] (20%), lan [[Indonésia]] (9%). Nanging namung sapérangan alit prodhuksi pantun wonten ing donya ingkang dipundagangaken antar nagari. [[Thailand]] punika ngèkspor pantun ingkang kathah piyambak (26 % saking total pantun ingkang dipundangangaken ing donya). Sasampunipun Thailand inggih punika [[Vietnam]] (15%) lan [[Amérika Sarékat]] (11%). Indonésia punika nagari ingkang ngimpor pantun paling ageng ing donya (14% saking pantun ingkang dipundagangaken ing donya). Sasampunipun Indonésia inggih punika [[Bangladesh]] (4%) lan [[Brazil]] (3%). {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2|Prodhusén pantun paling ageng — 2005<br />(yuta métrik ton) |- | {{Flagcountry|RRT||Y}} ||185 |- | {{Flagcountry|India||Y}} ||129 |- | {{Flagcountry|Indonésia||Y}} ||54 |- | {{Flagcountry|Banggaladésa||Y}} ||40 |- | {{Flagcountry|Vietnam||Y}} ||36 |- | {{Flagcountry|Thailand||Y}} ||27 |- | {{Flagcountry|Myanmar||Y}} ||25 |- | {{Flagcountry|Pakistan||Y}} ||18 |- | {{Flagcountry|Filipina||Y}} ||15 |- | {{Flagcountry|Brasil||Y}} ||13 |- | {{Flagcountry|Jepang||Y}} ||11 |- |'''Total Dunia''' || align="right" | '''700''' |- |colspan=2|<small>''Sumber: <br />[[Organisasi Pangan lan Pertanian]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619150659/http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN |date=2006-06-19 }}</small> |} == Biologi pantun == === Ciri-ciri umum === Pantun punika kalebet wonten ing suku ''padi-padian'' (''Graminae'', sinonim ''Glumiflorae'', sinonim ''Poaceae''). Sapérangan ciri [[familia|suku]] (''familia'') punika ugi dados ciri pantun, inggih punika: * [[oyot]]ipun serabut * wangun godhongipun lanset (ciut lan panjang) * urat [[godhong]] sajajar * gadhah pelepah godhong * [[kembang]] kasusun déning kembang majemuk kanthi kembang ékan wujud floret * floret kasusun wonten ing spikelet, mirunggan kanggé pantun satunggal spikelet namung gadhah satunggal floret. * woh lan wiji awrat dipunbèntenaken amargi wujud bulir ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Gain'') utawi kariopsis. === Panyebaran lan adhaptasi === Pantun kasebar kathah ing saindhenging donya lan gesang ing sadaya pérangan donya ingkang gadhah cekap [[banyu|toya]] lan hawa ingkang cekapan angetipun. Pantun remen siti ingkang lembab lan bècèk. Miturut para ahli, pantun punika [[évolusi]] saking tuwuhan moyang ingkang gesang ing rawa. Dhasar pamanggihipun inggih punika wontenipun jinis pantun ingkang gesang wonten ing [[rawa-rawa]] (saged kapanggih ing sapérangan panggènan ing pulo [[Kalimantan]]), kabetahan pantun ingkang kathah dhumateng toya ing sapérangan tahap gesangipun, lan wontenipun pembuluh mligi ing pérangan oyot pantun ingkang migunani kanggé ngaliraken [[oksigèn]] tumuju pérangan oyot. === Genetika lan pemuliaan pantun === Setunggal sét [[génom]] pantun wonten 12 [[kromosom]]. Setunggal [[sèl (biologi)|sèl]] pantun gadhah 12 pasang kromosom (kajawi sél sèksual) amargi pantun punika wujud tuwuhan diploid. Pantun punika dados organisme modhèl wonten ing kajian genetika tuwuhan amargi kalih alasan, inggih punika kapentinganipun kanggé umat manungsa lan ukuran kromosom ingkang relatif alit inggih punika 1,6 – 2,3 x 108 pasangan basa (''base pairs'', bp) (Sumber: [http://www.gramene.org/newsletters/rice_genetics/rgn8/v8p152.html situs Gramene.org]). Kanggé tetuwuhan modhél, genom pantun sampun dipun-sekuensing (''sequenced''), kados ugi genom manungsa. Hasil peruntutan genom pantun saged dipunpirsani wonten ing [https://web.archive.org/web/20041030105031/http://www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=4530 situs NCBI]. Sekuensing genom pantun dados bahan baku wonten ing upados pamulèn tuwuhan pantun ingkang ngginakaken rekayasa genetika. Pamulèn pantun piyambak sampun sauntawis wekdal, limrahipun ngginakaken métodhe silsilah. Salah satunggaling tahap paling wigatos wonten ing pamulèn pantun inggih punika dipun-rilisipun kultivar ‘IR5’ lan ‘IR8’, ingkang dados pantun nomer satunggal ingkang umuripun cendhak nanging gadhah poténsi asil ingkang kathah. Punika dados wiwitanipun [[révolusi ijo|révolusi ijem]] wonten ing budidaya pantun. Werni-warni kultivar pantun salajengipun limrahipun gadhah ‘darah’ kekalih kultivar perintis kalawau. Wiwit pungkasan abad kalihdasa dipunkembangaken pantun hibrida, ingkang gadhah potensial asil langkung inggil. Amargi beaya ndamelipun ingkang ageng, [[kultivar]] jinis punika dipunsadé kanthi regi langkung awis tinimbang kultivar pantun ingkang dipunrakit mawi métodhe sanès. Sanèsipun ndadosaken potènsi asil ingkang langkung saé, sasaran pamulèn pantun njangkep ugi tuwuhan ingkang langkung tahan saking ''organisme pengganggu tanaman'' (OPT) lan tekanan (stres) abiotik (umpaminipun: kawontenan garing, salinitas, lan siti masem). Pamulèn ingkang dipunarahaken ing paningkatan mutu sekul ugi dipunupados, umpaminipun kanthi ngrakit kultivar ingkang ngandhet karoten (provitamin A). === Variétas pantun === Wonten kalih [[spésies]] pantun ingkang dados tuwuhan budidaya, inggih punika ''Oryza sativa'' lan ''Orysa glaberrima''. ''Oryza sativa'' dipunkinten asalipun saking laladan hulu lèpèn ing sukunipun [[Pagunungan Himalaya]] ([[India]] lan [[Tibet]]/[[Tiongkok]]). ''Orysa glaberrima'' dipunkinten asalipun saking [[Afrika]] Kilèn (hulu [[Kali Niger|Lèpèn Niger]]). ''Oryza sativa'' wonten kalih variétas, inggih punika ''indica'' lan ''japonica'' sinonim ''sinica''. Variétas ''japonica'' limrahipun umuripun panjang, postur inggil nanging gampil rebah, paleanipun gadhah “wulu” ([[basa Inggris]]: ''awn''), wijinipun panjang. Variétas ''indica'', sawangsulipun, umuripun langkung cendhak, postur langkung alit, paleanipun boten wonten wulunipun utawi namung cendhak kéwawon, lan wiji oval. Kekalihipun saged silih mbuahi, nanging perséntase kasilipun boten inggil/kathah. Conto ingkang misuwur saking asil persilangan punika kultivar IR8, ingkang dados seléksi saking persilangan variétas ''japonica'' lan variétas ''indica''. Sanèsipun kalih variétas punika, dipuntepangi ugi saklompok pantun ingkang gadhah sipat mèmper kaliyan variétas utami ing nginggil. Variétas ''javanica'' namung kapanggih wonten ing pulo [[Jawa|Jawi]]. Ing lor Iran, ing Provinsi Gilan, akèh cultivars beras Indica kalebu Gerdeh, Hashemi, Hasani, lan Gharib wis dikembangke déning tani<ref name="pazuki">{{cite journal |last=Pazuki |first=Arman |last2=Sohani |first2=Mehdi |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in ‘Indica’ rice cultivars |url=http://aas.bf.uni-lj.si/september2013/08Pazuki.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Acta Agriculturae Slovenica |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.2478/acas-2013-0020 |accessdate=February 2, 2014 |archive-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203200611/http://aas.bf.uni-lj.si/september2013/08Pazuki.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reprodhuksi pantun == Saben kembang pantun gadhah 6 kepala sari (''anther'') lan kepala putik (''stigma'') ingkang cawang 2 lan wangunipun kados sikat botol. Kekalih organ séksual punika limrahipun siyap reprodhuksi ing wekdal ingkang sami. Kepala sari kadhangkala medal saking palea lan lemma manawi sampun mateng. Pantun punika tuwuhan ingkang penyerbukanipun piyambak dipunbantu [[angin]] lan [[gegremet]], amargi 95% utawi langkung serbuk sari mbuahi sèl telur tuwuhan ingkang sami (satunggal uwit). Sasampunipun pambuahan, ''zigot'' lan inti polar ingkang sampun dipunbuahi énggal kémawon nyigar dhiri. Zigot tambah ageng minangka [[embrio]] lan inti polar dados [[endospermia]]. Wonten ing pungkasan perkembangan, sapérangan ageng bulir pantun gadhah [[pathi]] ing pérangan endospermia. Kanggé tetuwuhan anèm, pathi migunani minangka cadhangan pangan. Tumraping manungsa, pathi dipunmupangataken minangka sumber [[gizi]]. == Sistem budidaya pantun == Teknik budidaya pantun sampun kaloka manungsa éwon taun kepengker. Sapérangan sistem budidaya dipunterapaken dhumateng pantun, inggih punika: * Budidaya pantun sabin ([[basa Inggris]]: ''paddy'' utawi ''paddy field''), dipunkinten kawiwitan saking laladan lembah [[Kali Yangtze|Lèpèn Yangtze]] ing [[Tiongkok]]. * Budidaya pantun lahan garing, kaloka manungsa langkung rumiyin tinimbang budidaya pantun sabin. * Budhidaya pantun lahan rawa, dipunterapaken ing sapérangan panggènan ing pulo [[Kalimantan]]. * Budidaya gaga rancah utawi dipunsingkat gora, ingkang kaubah saking budidaya lahan garing. Sistem punika suksès dipunterapaken ing [[pulo Lombok]], ingkang namung gadhah usum jawah singkat/cendhak. Saben sistem budidaya mbetahaken kultivar ingkang adaptif kanggé sistem punika piyambak-piyambak. Golongan kultivar pantun ingkang cocog kanggé lahan garing kaloka kanthi sebutan pantun gaga. Sacara ringkes, urutanipun tanem pantun inggih punika nyebar winih, tanem, pangopènan (kalebet njagi cacahing toya ingkang dipunbetahaken, matun, pangreksan tuwuhan, ugi maringi rabuk), lan panèn. Perkawis wigatos nanging boten kalebet ing urutanipun tanem pantun inggih punika pamilihan kultivar, pamrosèsan [[wiji]] lan panyimpenan wiji. <gallery> Image:Winih_pari_siap_ditandur.jpg|Winih pantun siyap dipuntanem ing sabin. Image:Tandur pari.JPG|Nanem pantun. Image:Sawah kang wus rampung ditanduri pari.JPG|Sabin ingkang sampun rampung dipuntanemi pantun ing Dhusun Daratan, [[Kabupatèn Sléman|Sléman]], [[Jogjakarta]]. Image:Matun_pari.jpg|Matun pantun ngagem kokrok. Image:Pari kematak.JPG|Pantun kematak, pantun ingkang sampun kembang lan wiwit dados uwoh. Image:Panen pari.JPG|Panen pantun. </gallery> == Pangolahan pantun == Sasampunipun pantun dipunpanèn, bulir pantun utawi [[gabah]] dipunpisahaken saking merang utawi damèn pantun. Pamisahan punika wonten 3 cara, inggih punika: * pantun dipun-gebugi ngagem kayu, manawi sampun kathah ingkang copot gabahipun dipunlajengaken kanthi ngiles merang ngagem suku ([[Basa Jawa Ngoko|basa ngoko]]: sikil) supados boten wonten gabah malih ingkang taksih cemanthel wonten ing merang. * pantun dipunsabetaken wonten kayu ngantos sadaya gabah copot saking damèn. * pantun dipunlebetaken wonten mesin pamisah gabah. Gabah ingkang sampun resik saking merang utawi damèn, dipunkempalaken lan dipunpépé ngantos garing supados awèt manawi dipunsimpen utawi gampil anggènipun ndheplok/nggiling dados [[beras]]. == Priksani ugi == * [[Sawah|Sabin]] * [[Gabah]] * [[Beras|Wos]] * [[Sega|Sekul]] * [[Pantun gaga]] == Pranala njawi == * [http://www.irri.org Lembaga Penelitian Padi Internasional (IRRI)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611100641/http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/countries/indonesia/indonwedurep03.pdf Dokumen pendukung artikel ini] * [http://www.bulog.go.id/pers/skb_hpg_2003.pdf Contoh pengaturan harga gabah di Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309005322/http://www.bulog.go.id/pers/skb_hpg_2003.pdf |date=2006-03-09 }} * International Rice Genome Sequencing Project, ''The map-based sequence of the rice genome.'' [[Nature (Zeitschrift)|Nature]] 436, 793-800 (11 August 2005) ([http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7052/full/nature03895.html Onlinetext]) * <references/>{{cite journal |last=Pazuki |first=Arman |last2=Sohani |first2=Mehdi |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in ‘Indica’ rice cultivars |url=http://aas.bf.uni-lj.si/september2013/08Pazuki.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Acta Agriculturae Slovenica |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.2478/acas-2013-0020 |accessdate=February 2, 2014 |archive-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203200611/http://aas.bf.uni-lj.si/september2013/08Pazuki.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{commons|Rice}} {{Artikel Dhasar}} [[Kategori:Botani]] [[Kategori:Pari]] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] 7dutfpr7hriac3lg6u0w5wc49taoge7 0 23643 1758976 1756180 2026-10-20T09:45:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Maret 2016}} '''Pratélan''' [[kutha]] ing [[nagara]] [[Jepang]]. __NOTOC__ {|border=0 class="toccolours plainlinks" |- valign="top" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}}: |[[#top|top]] - [[#Aichi|Aichi]] - [[#Akita|Akita]] - [[#Aomori|Aomori]] - [[#Chiba|Chiba]] - [[#Ehime|Ehime]] - [[#Fukui|Fukui]] - [[#Fukuoka|Fukuoka]] - [[#Fukushima|Fukushima]] - [[#Gifu|Gifu]] - [[#Gunma|Gunma]] - [[#Hiroshima|Hiroshima]] - [[#Hokkaidō|Hokkaidō]] - [[#Hyōgo|Hyōgo]] - [[#Ibaraki|Ibaraki]] - [[#Ishikawa|Ishikawa]] - [[#Iwate|Iwate]] - [[#Kagawa|Kagawa]] - [[#Kagoshima|Kagoshima]] - [[#Kanagawa|Kanagawa]] - [[#Kōchi|Kōchi]] - [[#Kumamoto|Kumamoto]] - [[#Kyoto|Kyoto]] - [[#Mi|Mi]] - [[#Miyagi|Miyagi]] - [[#Miyazaki|Miyazaki]] - [[#Nagano|Nagano]] - [[#Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] - [[#Nara|Nara]] - [[#Niigata|Niigata]] - [[#Ōita|Ōita]] - [[#Okayama|Okayama]] - [[#Okinawa|Okinawa]] - [[#Osaka|Osaka]] - [[#Saga|Saga]] - [[#Saitama|Saitama]] - [[#Shiga|Shiga]] - [[#Shimane|Shimane]] - [[#Shizuoka|Shizuoka]] - [[#Tochigi|Tochigi]] - [[#Tokushima|Tokushima]] - [[#Tokyo|Tokyo]] - [[#Tottori|Tottori]] - [[#Toyama|Toyama]] - [[#Wakayama|Wakayama]] - [[#Yamagata|Yamagata]] - [[#Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]] - [[#Yamanashi|Yamanashi]] |} == Aichi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.aichi.jp/toukei/ 月報　あいちの人口]. Toyokawa's data is adopted the total of Otowa, Mito, and Toyokawa before the recent merger.</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! Jeneng kutha !! Padunung !! Amba !! Kapadhetan !! Pangadegan !! Situs wèb resmi |- |align="left"|[[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]]||2,239,464||326.45||6,860||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.nagoya.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyohashi, Aichi|Toyohashi]]||377,045||261.35||1,443||1906-08-01||[http://www.city.toyohashi.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065441/http://www.city.toyohashi.aichi.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]]||371,380||387.24||959||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107142409/http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/tagengo/pgide/guide_en/index_e.html |date=2010-01-07 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ichinomiya, Aichi|Ichinomiya]]||375,939||113.91||3,300||1921-09-01||[http://www.city.ichinomiya.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Seto, Aichi|Seto]]||132,311||111.61||1,185||1929-10-01||[http://www.city.seto.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Handa, Aichi|Handa]]||117,927||47.24||2,496||1937-10-01||[http://www.city.handa.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011065058/http://www.city.handa.aichi.jp/joho/shigoto/welcometohanda/e-shichou/index.shtml |date=2007-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kasugai, Aichi|Kasugai]]||300,713||92.71||3,244||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.kasugai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyokawa, Aichi|Toyokawa]]||161,595||150.71||1,072||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.toyokawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsushima, Aichi]]||65,646||25.08||2,617||1947-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hekinan, Aichi|Hekinan]]||73,024||35.86||2,036||1948-04-05||[http://www.city.hekinan.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kariya, Aichi|Kariya]]||145,117||50.45||2,876||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.kariya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]||420,286||918.47||458||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Anjo</span>[[Anjō, Aichi|Anjō]]||176,046||86.01||2,047||1952-05-05||[http://www.city.anjo.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishio, Aichi|Nishio]]||106,643||75.78||1,407||1953-12-15||[http://www.city.nishio.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gamagori</span>[[Gamagōri, Aichi|Gamagōri]]||82,264||56.81||1,448||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gamagori.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225813/http://www.city.gamagori.aichi.jp/ |date=2007-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Inuyama, Aichi|Inuyama]]||75,304||74.97||1,004||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.inuyama.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tokoname, Aichi|Tokoname]]||52,837||55.63||950||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tokoname.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konan</span>[[Kōnan, Aichi]]||100,064||30.17||3,317||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.konan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komaki, Aichi|Komaki]]||149,060||62.82||2,373||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.komaki.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inazawa, Aichi|Inazawa]]||137,475||79.30||1,734||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.inazawa.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokai</span>[[Tōkai, Aichi|Tōkai]]||106,708||43.36||2,461||1969-04-01||[http://www.city.tokai.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Obu</span>[[Ōbu, Aichi|Ōbu]]||83,097||33.68||2,467||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.obu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chita, Aichi|Chita]]||84,782||45.43||1,866||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.chita.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chiryu</span>[[Chiryū, Aichi|Chiryū]]||68,216||16.34||4,175||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.chiryu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Owariasahi, Aichi|Owariasahi]]||79,197||21.03||3,766||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.owariasahi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahama, Aichi|Takahama]]||43,467||13.00||3,344||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.takahama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwakura, Aichi|Iwakura]]|||48,042||10.49||4,580||1971-12-01||[http://www.city.iwakura.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyoake, Aichi|Toyoake]]||69,124||23.18||2,982||1972-08-01||[http://www.city.toyoake.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010071331/http://www.city.toyoake.aichi.jp/ |date=2003-10-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nisshin, Aichi|Nisshin]]||80,921||34.90||2,319||1994-10-01||[http://www.city.nisshin.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tahara, Aichi|Tahara]]||66,698||188.81||353||2003-08-20||[http://www.city.tahara.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aisai, Aichi|Aisai]]||65,481||66.63||983||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aisai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kiyosu, Aichi|Kiyosu]]||56,635||13.31||4,255||2005-07-07||[http://www.city.kiyosu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shinshiro, Aichi|Shinshiro]]||51,326||499.00||103||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121645/http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/ |date=2007-10-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitanagoya, Aichi|Kitanagoya]]||80,112||18.37||4,361||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kitanagoya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yatomi, Aichi|Yatomi]]||43,145||48.92||882||2006-04-01||[http://www.city.yatomi.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509222602/http://city.yatomi.aichi.jp/ |date=2006-05-09 }} |} == Akita == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&ContentID=1132639874531&SiteID=0 |title={{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018231802/ |date=2007-10-18 }} 美の国あきたネット &#91;秋田県の人口と世帯(月報)過去データ&#93;<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018231802/http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&ContentID=1132639874531&SiteID=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Akita, Akita|Akita]]||329,287||905.67||364||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.akita.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Odate</span>[[Ōdate, Akita|Ōdate]]||80,587||913.70||88.2||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.odate.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kazuno, Akita|Kazuno]]||35,543||707.34||50.2||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kazuno.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Daisen, Akita|Daisen]]||91,143||866.67||105||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126235821/http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/ |date=2021-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Katagami, Akita|Katagami]]||35,460||97.96||362||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326092156/http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/ |date=2010-03-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitaakita, Akita|Kitaakita]]||38,543||1,152.57||33.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.kitaakita.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oga, Akita|Oga]]||34,194||240.80||142||2005-03-22||[http://www2.city.oga.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210214619/http://www2.city.oga.akita.jp/ |date=2007-12-10 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yurihonjo</span>[[Yurihonjō, Akita|Yurihonjō]]||87,525||1,209.04||72.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yurihonjo.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yuzawa, Akita|Yuzawa]]||53,588||790.72||67.8||2005-03-22||[http://www.city-yuzawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Semboku, Akita|Semboku]]||30,885||1,093.64||28.2||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.semboku.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yokote, Akita|Yokote]]||101,234||693.60||146||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yokote.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nikaho, Akita|Nikaho]]||28,422||240.61||118||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nikaho.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noshiro, Akita|Noshiro]]||61,295||426.74||144||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230153645/http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/ |date=2019-12-30 }} |} == Aomori == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |title=青森県人口移動統計調査 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115557/http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Hachinohe, Aomori|Hachinohe]]||241,613||305.17||792||1929-05-01||[http://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuroishi, Aomori|Kuroishi]]||37,585||216.96||173||1954-07-01||[http://www.net.pref.aomori.jp/kuroishi/] |- |align="left"|[[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa]]||42,535||119.97||355||1958-09-01||[http://www.net.pref.aomori.jp/misawa/] |- |align="left"|[[Mutsu, Aomori|Mutsu]]||62,220||863.79||72.0||1959-09-01||[http://www.city.mutsu.aomori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814123142/http://www.city.mutsu.aomori.jp/ |date=2012-08-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Towada, Aomori|Towada]]||66,834||688.60||97.1||2005-01-01||[http://www.net.pref.aomori.jp/city/towada/index.html] |- |align="left"|[[Tsugaru, Aomori|Tsugaru]]||38,919||253.85||153||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.tsugaru.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Goshogawara, Aomori|Goshogawara]]||60,788||404.58||150||2005-03-28||[http://www.goshogawara.net.pref.aomori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113011255/http://www.goshogawara.net.pref.aomori.jp/ |date=2007-01-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]]||305,884||824.52||371||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirakawa, Aomori|Hirakawa]]||34,638||345.81||100||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hirakawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirosaki, Aomori|Hirosaki]]||185,865||523.60||355||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.hirosaki.aomori.jp/] |} == Chiba == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |title=毎月常住人口調査月報インデックス<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014143831/http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]||938,695||272.08||3,450||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Choshi</span>[[Chōshi, Chiba|Chōshi]]||72,348||83.91||862||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.choshi.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]]||470,149||57.40||8,191||1934-11-03||[http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425105135/http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/ |date=2020-04-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Funabashi, Chiba|Funabashi]]||586,762||85.64||6,851||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214030110/http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/koho/eng/index.htm |date=2006-12-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tateyama, Chiba|Tateyama]]||49,987||110.21||454||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.tateyama.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kisarazu, Chiba|Kisarazu]]||123,743||138.73||892||1942-11-03||[http://www.city.kisarazu.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsudo, Chiba|Matsudo]]||477,603||61.33||7,787||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.matsudo.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noda, Chiba|Noda]]||153,422||103.54||1,482||1950-05-03||[http://www.city.noda.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mobara, Chiba|Mobara]]||93,032||100.01||930||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.mobara.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]]||124,773||213.84||583||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakura, Chiba]]||171,472||103.59||1,655||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Togane</span>[[Tōgane, Chiba|Tōgane]]||61,591||89.34||689||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.togane.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Narashino, Chiba|Narashino]]||159,758||20.99||7,611||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.narashino.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwa, Chiba|Kashiwa]]||389,036||114.90||3,386||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.kashiwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuura, Chiba|Katsuura]]||21,413||94.20||227||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011174244/http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]]||279,591||368.20||759||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.ichihara.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagareyama, Chiba|Nagareyama]]||156,686||35.28||4,441||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.nagareyama.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yachiyo, Chiba|Yachiyo]]||184,655||51.27||3,602||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023065947/http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/ |date=2007-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Abiko, Chiba|Abiko]]||133,533||43.19||3,092||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.abiko.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamagaya, Chiba|Kamagaya]]||104,564||21.11||4,953||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kamagaya.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kimitsu, Chiba|Kimitsu]]||89,350||318.83||280||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kimitsu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617020736/http://www.city.kimitsu.chiba.jp/ |date=2010-06-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Futtsu, Chiba|Futtsu]]||48,973||205.35||238||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.futtsu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217111505/http://www.city.futtsu.chiba.jp/ |date=2006-02-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Urayasu, Chiba|Urayasu]]||159,312||17.29||9,214||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121214957/http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/ |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yotsukaido</span>[[Yotsukaidō, Chiba|Yotsukaidō]]||85,738||34.70||2,471||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.yotsukaido.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sodegaura, Chiba|Sodegaura]]||59,443||94.92||626||1991-04-01||[http://www.city.sodegaura.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806000844/http://www.city.sodegaura.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-08-06 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yachimata, Chiba|Yachimata]]||75,369||74.87||1,007||1992-04-01||[http://www.city.yachimata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inzai, Chiba|Inzai]]||60,280||53.51||1,127||1996-04-01||[http://www.city.inzai.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920011457/http://www.city.inzai.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-09-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shiroi, Chiba|Shiroi]]||57,151||35.41||1,614||2001-04-01||[http://city.shiroi.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927182101/http://city.shiroi.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tomisato, Chiba|Tomisato]]||51,590||53.91||957||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.tomisato.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822172721/http://www.city.tomisato.chiba.jp/ |date=2005-08-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kamogawa, Chiba|Kamogawa]]||35,792||191.30||187||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.kamogawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asahi, Chiba|Asahi]]||69,971||129.91||539||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.asahi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isumi, Chiba|Isumi]]||41,605||157.50||264||2005-12-05||[http://www.city.isumi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Sosa</span>[[Sōsa, Chiba|Sōsa]]||41,361||101.78||406||2006-01-23||[http://www.city.sosa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamiboso</span>[[Minamibōsō, Chiba|Minamibōsō]]||43,553||230.22||189||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.minamiboso.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katori, Chiba|Katori]]||85,193||262.31||325||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.katori.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanmu, Chiba|Sanmu]]||57,806||146.38||395||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.sammu.lg.jp/] |} == Ehime == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |title=愛媛県統計BOX 推計人口 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308113720/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Matsuyama, Ehime|Matsuyama]]||515,068||429.03||1,201||1889-12-15||[http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Niihama, Ehime|Niihama]]||123,329||234.30||526||1937-11-03||[http://www.city.niihama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shikokuchuo</span>[[Shikokuchūō, Ehime|Shikokuchūō]]||91,688||420.10||218||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.shikokuchuo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Seiyo, Ehime|Seiyo]]||43,476||514.79||84.5||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.seiyo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Toon</span>[[Tōon, Ehime|Tōon]]||35,517||211.45||168||2004-09-21||[http://www.city.toon.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Saijo</span>[[Saijō, Ehime|Saijō]]||112,543||509.05||221||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.saijo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ozu</span>[[Ōzu, Ehime|Ōzu]]||49,543||432.20||115||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.ozu.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]]||170,986||419.85||407||2005-01-16||[http://www.city.imabari.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yawatahama, Ehime|Yawatahama]]||40,010||132.98||301||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.yawatahama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iyo, Ehime|Iyo]]||38,890||194.47||200||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.iyo.ehime.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214045746/http://www.city.iyo.ehime.jp/ |date=2006-12-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uwajima, Ehime|Uwajima]]||86,819||469.52||185||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.uwajima.ehime.jp/] |} == Fukui == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html |title=福井県の人口と世帯（推計） |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214003845/http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]]||268,574||536.17||501||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.fukui.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuruga, Fukui|Tsuruga]]||68,188||250.75||272||1937-04-01||[http://www.ton21.ne.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201023841/http://www.ton21.ne.jp/ |date=2022-02-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Obama, Fukui|Obama]]||31,486||232.86||135||1951-03-30||[http://www.city.obama.fukui.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013061933/http://www.city.obama.fukui.jp/ |date=2005-10-13 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ono</span>[[Ōno, Fukui]]||36,763||872.30||42.1||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ono.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuyama, Fukui|Katsuyama]]||26,333||253.68||104||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.katsuyama.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sabae, Fukui|Sabae]]||67,430||84.75||796||1955-01-15||[http://www.city.sabae.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awara, Fukui|Awara]]||30,765||116.99||263||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.awara.fukui.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413055722/http://www.city.awara.fukui.jp/ |date=2009-04-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Echizen, Fukui|Echizen]]||87,116||230.75||378||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.echizen.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakai, Fukui]]||92,420||209.91||440||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.fukui-sakai.lg.jp/] |} == Fukuoka == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205185609/http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html |date=2008-02-05 }} 月報「福岡県の人口と世帯（推計）」</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]||1,430,371||340.96||4,195||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]]||305,147||229.84||1,328||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kurume.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omuta</span>[[Ōmuta, Fukuoka|Ōmuta]]||127,474||81.55||1,563||1917-03-01||[http://www.city.omuta.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112081211/http://www.city.omuta.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2005-01-12 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nogata</span>[[Nōgata, Fukuoka|Nōgata]]||57,319||61.78||928||1931-01-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20120716234634/http://www.city.nogata.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tagawa, Fukuoka|Tagawa]]||50,484||54.52||926||1943-11-03||[http://www.joho.tagawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]]||72,798||76.90||947||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yame, Fukuoka|Yame]]||42,241||98.66||428||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikugo, Fukuoka|Chikugo]]||48,281||41.85||1,154||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.chikugo.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911043927/http://www.city.chikugo.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2005-09-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Okawa</span>[[Ōkawa, Fukuoka|Ōkawa]]||38,266||33.61||1,139||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.okawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yukuhashi, Fukuoka|Yukuhashi]]||70,064||69.83||1,003||1954-10-10||[http://www.city.yukuhashi.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]]||27,578||111.17||248||1955-04-10||[http://www.city.buzen.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakama, Fukuoka|Nakama]]||45,549||15.98||2,850||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.nakama.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000422061603/http://www.city.nakama.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2000-04-22 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kitakyushu</span>[[Kitakyūshū]]||986,998||487.71||2,024||1963-02-10||[http://www.city.kitakyushu.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ogori</span>[[Ogōri, Fukuoka|Ogōri]]||58,460||45.50||1,285||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.ogori.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikushino, Fukuoka|Chikushino]]||98,914||87.78||1,127||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.chikushino.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasuga, Fukuoka|Kasuga]]||107,845||14.15||7,622||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kasuga.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Onojo</span>[[Ōnojō, Fukuoka|Ōnojō]]||94,037||26.88||3,498||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.onojo.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]]||94,877||119.66||793||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.munakata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]]||68,561||29.58||2,318||1982-04-01||[http://www.city.dazaifu.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919150110/http://www2.city.dazaifu.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2003-09-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Maebaru, Fukuoka|Maebaru]]||68,025||104.50||651||1992-10-01||[http://www.city.maebaru.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828064434/http://www.city.maebaru.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2004-08-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Koga, Fukuoka]]||57,084||42.11||1,356||1997-10-01||[http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104031644/http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/eng/ |date=2007-01-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]]||55,123||52.70||1,046||2005-01-24||[http://www.city.fukutsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ukiha, Fukuoka|Ukiha]]||32,277||117.55||275||2005-03-20||[http://www.city.ukiha.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyawaka, Fukuoka|Miyawaka]]||30,793||139.99||220||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.miyawaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asakura, Fukuoka|Asakura]]||57,881||246.73||235||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.asakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]]||132,208||214.13||617||2006-03-26||[http://www.city.iizuka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kama, Fukuoka|Kama]]||44,431||135.18||329||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.kama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyama, Fukuoka|Miyama]]||42,219||105.12||402||2007-01-29||[http://www.city.miyama.lg.jp/] |} == Fukushima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |title=ふくしま統計情報ボックス 福島県の推計人口<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2012-09-07 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120907214634/http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima|Aizuwakamatsu]]||129,388||383.03||338||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/.] |- |align="left"|[[Fukushima, Fukushima|Fukushima]]||289,355||746.43||388||1907-04-01||[http://www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koriyama</span>[[Kōriyama, Fukushima|Kōriyama]]||339,395||757.06||448||1924-09-01||[http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516201456/http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/063000/koho/yoran.html |date=2017-05-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sukagawa, Fukushima|Sukagawa]]||80,336||279.55||287||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukagawa.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soma</span>[[Sōma, Fukushima|Sōma]]||38,543||197.67||195||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.soma.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]]||349,947||1,231.34||284||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411210504/http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/gaikokugo/english/ |date=2010-04-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tamura, Fukushima|Tamura]]||42,221||458.30||92.1||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.tamura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shirakawa, Fukushima|Shirakawa]]||65,665||305.30||215||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.shirakawa.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nihonmatsu, Fukushima|Nihonmatsu]]||61,698||344.65||179||2005-12-01||[http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamisoma</span>[[Minamisōma, Fukushima|Minamisōma]]||71,761||398.50||180||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.minamisoma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Date, Fukushima]]||67,487||265.10||255||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110075417/http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/ |date=2006-01-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitakata, Fukushima|Kitakata]]||54,684||554.67||98.6||2006-01-04||[http://www.city.kitakata.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Motomiya, Fukushima|Motomiya]]||31,737||87.94||361||2007-01-01||[http://www.city.motomiya.lg.jp/] |} == Gifu == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm |title=岐阜県統計課（岐阜県の人口・世帯数 調査結果）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014004928/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm#new |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Gifu, Gifu|Gifu]]||412,779||202.89||2,034||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.gifu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ogaki</span>[[Ōgaki, Gifu|Ōgaki]]||163,047||206.52||789||1918-04-01||[http://www.city.ogaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]]||94,879||2,177.67||43.6||1936-11-01||[http://www.city.takayama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tajimi, Gifu|Tajimi]]||114,866||91.24||1,259||1940-08-01||[http://www.city.tajimi.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927115157/http://www2.city.tajimi.gifu.jp/ |date=2003-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Seki, Gifu|Seki]]||92,896||472.84||196||1950-10-15||[http://www.city.seki.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakatsugawa, Gifu|Nakatsugawa]]||83,116||676.38||123||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.nakatsugawa.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mino, Gifu]]||22,912||117.05||196||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.mino.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mizunami, Gifu|Mizunami]]||41,556||175.00||237||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hashima, Gifu|Hashima]]||67,167||53.64||1,252||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053231/http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/ |date=2008-09-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minokamo, Gifu|Minokamo]]||53,988||74.81||722||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204112654/http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/home/ENGLISH/e_top.html |date=2007-02-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toki, Gifu|Toki]]||61,393||116.01||529||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.toki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakamigahara, Gifu|Kakamigahara]]||145,126||87.77||1,653||1963-04-01||[http://www.city.kakamigahara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kani, Gifu|Kani]]||99,318||87.60||1,134||1982-04-01||[http://www.city.kani.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820225543/http://www.city.kani.gifu.jp/ |date=2011-08-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yamagata, Gifu]]||29,857||222.04||134||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.yamagata.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mizuho, Gifu|Mizuho]]||51,230||28.18||1,818||2003-05-01||[http://www.city.mizuho.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hida, Gifu|Hida]]||28,112||792.31||35.5||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.hida.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Motosu, Gifu|Motosu]]||34,729||374.57||92.7||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.motosu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gujo</span>[[Gujō, Gifu|Gujō]]||46,338||1,030.79||45.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gujo.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gero, Gifu|Gero]]||37,455||851.06||44.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gero.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ena, Gifu|Ena]]||54,844||504.19||109||2004-10-25||[http://www.city.ena.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020134059/http://www.city.ena.gifu.jp/ |date=2016-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kaizu, Gifu|Kaizu]]||38,532||112.31||343||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kaizu.lg.jp/] |} == Gunma == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |title=基本統計・群馬県移動人口調査<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102214607/http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Maebashi, Gunma|Maebashi]]||318,058||241.22||1,319||1892-04-01||[http://www.city.maebashi.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takasaki, Gunma|Takasaki]]||341,838||401.01||852||1900-04-01||[http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kiryu</span>[[Kiryū, Gunma|Kiryū]]||124,892||274.57||455||1921-03-01||[http://www.city.kiryu.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isesaki, Gunma|Isesaki]]||204,240||139.33||1,466||1940-09-13||[http://www.city.isesaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ota</span>[[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]]||214,049||176.49||1,213||1948-05-03||[http://www.city.ota.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Numata, Gunma|Numata]]||52,319||443.37||118||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.numata.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tatebayashi, Gunma|Tatebayashi]]||79,023||60.98||1,296||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tatebayashi.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujioka, Gunma|Fujioka]]||68,710||180.09||382||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fujioka.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibukawa, Gunma|Shibukawa]]||86,134||240.42||358||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.shibukawa.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604061226/http://www.city.shibukawa.gunma.jp/ |date=2008-06-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Annaka, Gunma|Annaka]]||62,270||276.34||225||2006-03-18||[http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704214107/http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/ |date=2007-07-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tomioka, Gunma|Tomioka]]||53,332||122.90||434||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tomioka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Midori, Gunma|Midori]]||51,964||208.23||250||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.midori.gunma.jp/] |} == Hiroshima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221101232/http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm |date=2008-02-21 }} 推計人口（甲調査）第３表</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Hiroshima, Hiroshima|Hiroshima]]||1,163,806||905.13||1,286||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Onomichi, Hiroshima|Onomichi]]||148,085||284.85||520||1898-04-01||[http://www.city.onomichi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]]||246,118||353.74||696||1902-10-01||[http://www.city.kure.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]]||461,368||518.07||891||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.fukuyama.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mihara, Hiroshima|Mihara]]||103,209||471.03||219||1936-11-15||[http://www.city.mihara.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Fuchu</span>[[Fuchū, Hiroshima]]||44,212||195.71||226||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fuchu.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyoshi, Hiroshima]]||58,264||778.19||74.9||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.miyoshi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shobara</span>[[Shōbara, Hiroshima|Shōbara]]||41,747||1,246.60||33.5||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.shobara.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otake</span>[[Ōtake, Hiroshima|Ōtake]]||29,665||78.55||378||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.otake.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takehara, Hiroshima|Takehara]]||29,803||118.30||252||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.takehara.hiroshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221045238/http://www.city.takehara.hiroshima.jp/english_m.jsp |date=2006-12-21 }} |- |align="left"|[[Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima|Higashihiroshima]]||187,711||635.32||295||1974-04-20||[http://www.city.higashihiroshima.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima|Hatsukaichi]]||115,184||489.36||235||1988-04-01||[http://www.city.hatsukaichi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akitakata, Hiroshima|Akitakata]]||32,323||537.79||60.1||2004-03-01||[http://www.akitakata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Etajima, Hiroshima|Etajima]]||28,601||100.97||283||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.etajima.hiroshima.jp/] |} == Hokkaidō == * population:2007-12-31<ref>[http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/sk/tuk/900brr/index.htm 住民基本台帳人口・世帯数<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Sapporo, Hokkaidō|Sapporo]]||1,882,609||1,121.12||1,679||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915231600/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/ |date=2019-09-15 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]]||290,154||677.89||428||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Otaru, Hokkaidō|Otaru]]||138,876||243.30||571||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.otaru.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920134255/http://www.city.otaru.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2003-09-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Asahikawa, Hokkaidō|Asahikawa]]||357,228||747.60||478||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Muroran, Hokkaidō|Muroran]]||97,568||80.65||1,210||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.muroran.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Obihiro, Hokkaidō|Obihiro]]||170,066||618.94||275||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.obihiro.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yubari</span>[[Yūbari, Hokkaidō|Yūbari]]||12,203||763.20||16.0||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.yubari.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020831161059/http://www.city.yubari.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2002-08-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Iwamizawa, Hokkaidō|Iwamizawa]]||92,364||481.10||192||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.iwamizawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Abashiri, Hokkaidō|Abashiri]]||40,341||471.00||85.6||1947-02-11||[http://www.city.abashiri.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Rumoi, Hokkaidō|Rumoi]]||26,295||297.44||88.4||1947-10-01||[http://www.e-rumoi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tomakomai, Hokkaidō|Tomakomai]]||173,986||561.49||310||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.tomakomai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Wakkanai, Hokkaidō|Wakkanai]]||40,629||760.83||53.4||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.wakkanai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bibai, Hokkaidō|Bibai]]||27,849||277.61||100||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.bibai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashibetsu, Hokkaidō|Ashibetsu]]||18,310||865.02||21.2||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ashibetsu.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ebetsu, Hokkaidō|Ebetsu]]||123,671||187.57||659||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ebetsu.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akabira, Hokkaidō|Akabira]]||13,874||129.88||107||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.akabira.hokkaido.jp/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220111235/http://www.city.akabira.hokkaido.jp/index.php |date=2006-02-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Monbetsu, Hokkaidō|Monbetsu]]||25,873||830.70||31.1||1954-07-01||[http://mombetsu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mikasa, Hokkaidō|Mikasa]]||11,454||302.64||37.8||1957-04-01||[http://www.city.mikasa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nemuro, Hokkaidō|Nemuro]]||30,882||512.63||60.2||1957-08-01||[http://www.city.nemuro.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]]||92,924||594.95||156||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905165529/http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2016-09-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takikawa, Hokkaidō|Takikawa]]||44,895||115.82||388||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309110101/http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sunagawa, Hokkaidō|Sunagawa]]||19,641||78.69||250||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sunagawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Utashinai, Hokkaidō|Utashinai]]||4,988||55.99||89.1||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.utashinai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukagawa, Hokkaidō|Fukagawa]]||24,777||529.23||46.8||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.fukagawa.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231134526/http://www.city.fukagawa.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2009-12-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Furano, Hokkaidō|Furano]]||24,890||600.97||41.4||1966-05-01||[http://www.city.furano.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noboribetsu, Hokkaidō|Noboribetsu]]||53,340||212.11||251||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.noboribetsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Eniwa, Hokkaidō|Eniwa]]||68,604||294.87||233||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.eniwa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Date, Hokkaidō]]||37,476||444.28||84.4||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.date.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaidō|Kitahiroshima]]||61,094||118.54||515||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.kitahiroshima.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishikari, Hokkaidō|Ishikari]]||61,474||721.86||85.2||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.ishikari.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibetsu, Hokkaidō|Shibetsu]]||23,197||1,119.29||20.7||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.shibetsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kushiro, Hokkaidō|Kushiro]]||190,890||1,362.75||140||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.kushiro.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323035246/http://www.city.kushiro.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2006-03-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hokuto, Hokkaidō]]||49,506||397.30||125||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitami, Hokkaidō|Kitami]]||127,328||1,427.56||89.2||2006-03-05||[http://www.city.kitami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nayoro, Hokkaidō|Nayoro]]||31,300||535.23||58.5||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.nayoro.lg.jp/] |} == Hyōgo == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |title=兵庫県/推計人口<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000756/http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kobe]]||1,530,847||552.23||2,772||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kobe.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Himeji, Hyōgo|Himeji]]||536,170||534.27||1,004||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907223328/http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/ |date=2019-09-07 }} |- |align="left"|[[Amagasaki, Hyōgo|Amagasaki]]||461,202||49.77||9,267||1916-04-01||[http://www.city.amagasaki.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akashi, Hyōgo|Akashi]]||292,162||49.24||5,933||1919-11-01||[http://www.city.akashi.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019194909/http://www.city.akashi.hyogo.jp/ |date=2003-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nishinomiya, Hyōgo|Nishinomiya]]||477,056||99.96||4,772||1925-04-01||[http://www.nishi.or.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashiya, Hyōgo|Ashiya]]||92,828||18.47||5,026||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.ashiya.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627031903/http://www.city.ashiya.hyogo.jp/ |date=2009-06-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Itami, Hyōgo|Itami]]||194,488||24.97||7,789||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.itami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aioi, Hyōgo|Aioi]]||31,973||90.45||353||1942-10-01||[http://www.city.aioi.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827184359/http://www.city.aioi.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toyooka, Hyōgo|Toyooka]]||87,555||697.66||125||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.toyooka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakogawa, Hyōgo|Kakogawa]]||267,631||138.51||1,932||1950-06-15||[http://www.city.kakogawa.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030930010510/http://www.city.kakogawa.hyogo.jp/ |date=2003-09-30 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ako</span>[[Akō, Hyōgo|Akō]]||51,277||126.88||404||1951-09-01||[http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822230242/http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takarazuka, Hyōgo|Takarazuka]]||222,071||101.80||2,181||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000426/http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/foreign/en/index.html |date=2010-03-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Miki, Hyōgo|Miki]]||83,244||176.58||471||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takasago, Hyōgo|Takasago]]||94,198||34.40||2,738||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111064811/http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kawanishi, Hyōgo|Kawanishi]]||157,461||53.44||2,947||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.kawanishi.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ono, Hyōgo]]||49,664||92.92||534||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ono.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanda, Hyōgo|Sanda]]||113,600||210.22||540||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sanda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasai, Hyōgo|Kasai]]||48,435||150.95||321||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.kasai.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sasayama, Hyōgo|Sasayama]]||44,345||377.61||117||1999-04-01||[http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205231832/http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-02-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yabu, Hyōgo|Yabu]]||27,428||422.78||64.9||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.yabu.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tamba, Hyōgo|Tamba]]||69,233||493.28||140||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.tamba.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519012346/http://www.city.tamba.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-05-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minamiawaji, Hyōgo|Minamiawaji]]||51,069||229.18||223||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.minamiawaji.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asago, Hyōgo|Asago]]||34,084||402.98||84.6||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.asago.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awaji, Hyōgo|Awaji]]||47,849||184.21||260||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awaji.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shiso</span>[[Shisō, Hyōgo|Shisō]]||42,302||658.60||64.2||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.shiso.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishiwaki, Hyōgo|Nishiwaki]]||43,126||132.47||326||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nishiwaki.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831112740/http://www.city.nishiwaki.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tatsuno, Hyōgo|Tatsuno]]||80,988||210.93||384||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tatsuno.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111070620/http://www.city.tatsuno.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sumoto, Hyōgo|Sumoto]]||48,631||182.47||267||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111034013/http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kato</span>[[Katō, Hyōgo|Katō]]||39,935||157.49||254||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kato.lg.jp/] |} == Ibaraki == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |title=茨城県の人口と世帯（推計）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-03-25 |archive-date=2008-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325190656/http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito]]||264,062||217.43||1,214||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.mito.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hitachi, Ibaraki|Hitachi]]||195,844||225.55||868||1939-09-01||[http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904224525/http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2005-09-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tsuchiura, Ibaraki|Tsuchiura]]||143,986||113.82||1,265||1940-11-03||[http://www.city.tsuchiura.ibaraki.jp/]{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yuki</span>[[Yūki, Ibaraki|Yūki]]||52,065||65.84||791||1954-03-15||[http://www.city.yuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ryugasaki</span>[[Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki|Ryūgasaki]]||79,295||78.20||1,014||1954-03-20||[http://www.city.ryugasaki.ibaraki.jp/toppage.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918222403/http://www.city.ryugasaki.ibaraki.jp/toppage.html |date=2008-09-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shimotsuma, Ibaraki|Shimotsuma]]||45,918||80.88||568||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.shimotsuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joso</span>[[Jōsō, Ibaraki|Jōsō]]||65,858||123.52||533||1954-07-10||[http://www.city.joso.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hitachiota</span>[[Hitachiōta, Ibaraki|Hitachiōta]]||58,461||372.01||157||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.hitachiota.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahagi, Ibaraki|Takahagi]]||32,031||193.65||165||1954-11-23||[http://www.city.takahagi.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki|Kitaibaraki]]||48,437||186.55||260||1956-03-31||[http://www.city-kitaibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208195100/http://www.city-kitaibaraki.jp/ |date=2008-02-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toride, Ibaraki|Toride]]||109,953||69.96||1,572||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.toride.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ushiku, Ibaraki|Ushiku]]||79,254||58.88||1,346||1986-06-01||[http://www.city.ushiku.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031013035340/http://www.city.ushiku.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2003-10-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba]]||207,314||284.07||730||1987-11-30||[http://www.city.tsukuba.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826064935/http://www.city.tsukuba.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2005-08-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hitachinaka, Ibaraki|Hitachinaka]]||155,338||99.04||1,568||1994-11-01||[http://www.city.hitachinaka.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashima, Ibaraki]]||65,193||92.96||701||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.kashima.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itako, Ibaraki|Itako]]||31,103||62.67||496||2001-04-01||[http://www.city.itako.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriya, Ibaraki|Moriya]]||57,793||35.63||1,622||2002-02-02||[http://www.city.moriya.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hitachiomiya</span>[[Hitachiōmiya, Ibaraki|Hitachiōmiya]]||46,729||348.38||134||2004-10-16||[http://www.city.hitachiomiya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Naka, Ibaraki|Naka]]||54,618||97.80||558||2005-01-21||[http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823124000/http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2016-08-23 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Bando</span>[[Bandō, Ibaraki|Bandō]]||57,128||123.18||464||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.bando.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inashiki, Ibaraki|Inashiki]]||48,125||178.12||270||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.inashiki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikusei, Ibaraki|Chikusei]]||110,813||205.35||540||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.chikusei.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasumigaura, Ibaraki|Kasumigaura]]||44,450||118.77||374||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017095928/http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2008-10-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kamisu, Ibaraki|Kamisu]]||93,538||147.24||635||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.kamisu.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Namegata, Ibaraki|Namegata]]||39,117||166.33||235||2005-09-02||[http://www.city.namegata.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koga, Ibaraki]]||144,392||123.58||1,168||2005-09-12||[http://www.city.ibaraki-koga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishioka, Ibaraki|Ishioka]]||80,502||213.38||377||2005-10-01||[http://city.ishioka.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154144/http://city.ishioka.lg.jp/ |date=2008-12-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakuragawa, Ibaraki|Sakuragawa]]||47,480||179.78||264||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.sakuragawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hokota, Ibaraki|Hokota]]||50,869||203.90||249||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.hokota.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasama, Ibaraki|Kasama]]||80,646||240.27||336||2006-03-19||[http://www.city.kasama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki|Tsukubamirai]]||41,957||79.14||530||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tsukubamirai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Omitama, Ibaraki|Omitama]]||52,834||140.21||377||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.omitama.lg.jp/] |} == Ishikawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://toukei.pref.ishikawa.jp/search/min.asp?sc_id=10 いしかわ統計指標ランド 石川県の統計情報ポータルサイト<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kanazawa, Ishikawa|Kanazawa]]||455,595||467.77||974||1889-04-01||[http://www4.city.kanazawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nanao, Ishikawa|Nanao]]||60,140||317.96||189||1939-07-20||[http://www.city.nanao.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komatsu, Ishikawa|Komatsu]]||109,285||371.13||294||1940-12-01||[http://www.city.komatsu.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018035511/http://www.city.komatsu.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2003-10-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Suzu, Ishikawa|Suzu]]||17,111||247.20||69.2||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.suzu.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hakui, Ishikawa|Hakui]]||23,963||81.96||292||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.hakui.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kahoku, Ishikawa|Kahoku]]||34,747||64.76||537||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.kahoku.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hakusan, Ishikawa|Hakusan]]||110,563||755.17||146||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135937/http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nomi, Ishikawa|Nomi]]||48,106||83.85||574||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521152917/http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/english/ |date=2009-05-21 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kaga, Ishikawa|Kaga]]||73,745||306.00||241||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Wajima, Ishikawa|Wajima]]||31,532||426.25||74.0||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.wajima.ishikawa.jp/] |} == Iwate == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&C=I002 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218143311/http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&C=I002 |date=2006-02-18 }} 毎月人口推計の概要</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Morioka, Iwate|Morioka]]||299,746||886.47||338||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.morioka.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamaishi, Iwate|Kamaishi]]||41,348||441.42||93.7||1937-05-05||[http://www.city.kamaishi.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ofunato</span>[[Ōfunato, Iwate|Ōfunato]]||42,119||323.28||130||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.ofunato.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Rikuzentakata, Iwate|Rikuzentakata]]||23,961||232.29||103||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.rikuzentakata.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitakami, Iwate|Kitakami]]||94,806||437.55||217||1991-04-01||[http://www.city.kitakami.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]]||58,342||696.82||83.7||2005-06-06||[http://www.city.miyako.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hachimantai, Iwate|Hachimantai]]||29,993||862.25||34.8||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.hachimantai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichinoseki, Iwate|Ichinoseki]]||123,155||1,133.10||109||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.ichinoseki.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tono</span>[[Tōno, Iwate|Tōno]]||30,587||825.62||37.0||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tono.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hanamaki, Iwate|Hanamaki]]||103,718||908.32||114||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hanamaki.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ninohe, Iwate|Ninohe]]||30,685||420.31||73.0||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.ninohe.iwate.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309140524/http://www.city.ninohe.iwate.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oshu</span>[[Ōshū, Iwate|Ōshū]]||128,273||993.35||129||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.oshu.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuji, Iwate|Kuji]]||37,824||623.14||60.7||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.kuji.iwate.jp/] |} == Kagawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm |title=統計速報(香川県推計人口及び人口移動)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129073738/http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu]]||418,557||375.11||1,116||1890-02-15||[http://www.city.takamatsu.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Marugame, Kagawa|Marugame]]||110,550||111.79||989||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.marugame.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakaide, Kagawa|Sakaide]]||56,501||92.46||611||1942-07-01||[http://www.city.sakaide.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Zentsuji</span>[[Zentsūji, Kagawa|Zentsūji]]||35,180||39.88||882||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.zentsuji.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanuki, Kagawa|Sanuki]]||54,832||158.90||345||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.sanuki.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashikagawa, Kagawa|Higashikagawa]]||34,953||153.35||228||2003-04-01||[http://www.higashikagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitoyo, Kagawa|Mitoyo]]||69,997||222.66||314||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.mitoyo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kan'onji, Kagawa|Kan'onji]]||64,020||117.47||545||2007-03-12||[http://www.city.kanonji.kagawa.jp/] |} == Kagoshima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311024207/http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html |date=2008-03-11 }} 鹿児島県毎月推計人口</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]]||605,196||547.06||1,106||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kanoya, Kagoshima|Kanoya]]||105,673||448.33||236||1941-05-27||[http://www.e-kanoya.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918223533/http://www.e-kanoya.net/ |date=2007-09-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Makurazaki, Kagoshima|Makurazaki]]||24,400||74.88||326||1949-09-01||[http://www.city.makurazaki.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akune, Kagoshima|Akune]]||24,166||134.30||180||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.akune.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izumi, Kagoshima]]||56,851||330.06||172||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928012037/http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Okuchi</span>[[Ōkuchi, Kagoshima|Ōkuchi]]||21,504||291.89||73.7||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.okuchi.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323151701/http://www.city.okuchi.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2004-03-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ibusuki, Kagoshima|Ibusuki]]||45,455||149.01||305||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.ibusuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima|Minamisatsuma]]||40,386||283.35||143||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.minamisatsuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishinoomote, Kagoshima|Nishinoomote]]||17,666||205.75||85.9||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.nishinoomote.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011212628/http://www.city.nishinoomote.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tarumizu, Kagoshima|Tarumizu]]||18,078||162.01||112||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.tarumizu.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222130952/http://www.city.tarumizu.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2007-02-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Satsumasendai, Kagoshima|Satsumasendai]]||100,730||683.50||147||2004-10-12||[http://www.city.satsumasendai.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020012842/http://www.city.satsumasendai.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2004-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hioki, Kagoshima|Hioki]]||51,472||253.06||203||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.hioki.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Soo, Kagoshima|Soo]]||41,179||390.39||105||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.soo.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichikikushikino, Kagoshima|Ichikikushikino]]||32,079||112.04||286||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.ichikikushikino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kirishima, Kagoshima|Kirishima]]||127,726||603.68||212||2005-11-07||[http://www.city-kirishima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibushi, Kagoshima|Shibushi]]||34,105||289.93||118||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.shibushi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Amami, Kagoshima|Amami]]||48,116||306.20||157||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.amami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamikyushu</span>[[Minamikyūshū, Kagoshima|Minamikyūshū]]||40,891||357.85||114||2007-12-01||[http://www.city.minamikyushu.lg.jp/] |} == Kanagawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |title=神奈川県の人口と世帯 : 神奈川県<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041142/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Yokohama]]||3,631,236||437.38||8,302||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yokohama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yokosuka, Kanagawa|Yokosuka]]||421,397||100.68||4,186||1907-02-15||[http://www.city.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]||1,373,630||142.70||9,626||1924-07-01||[http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hiratsuka, Kanagawa|Hiratsuka]]||260,419||67.83||3,839||1932-04-01||[http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]||173,588||39.60||4,384||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.kamakura.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]]||402,628||69.51||5,792||1940-10-01||[http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Odawara, Kanagawa|Odawara]]||198,841||114.09||1,743||1940-12-20||[http://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chigasaki, Kanagawa|Chigasaki]]||231,005||35.71||6,469||1947-10-01||[http://www.city.chigasaki.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Zushi, Kanagawa|Zushi]]||58,654||17.34||3,383||1954-04-15||[http://www.city.zushi.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sagamihara, Kanagawa|Sagamihara]]||706,342||328.84||2,148||1954-11-20||[http://www.city.sagamihara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miura, Kanagawa|Miura]]||49,371||32.28||1,529||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.miura.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hadano, Kanagawa|Hadano]]||169,201||103.61||1,633||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.hadano.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Atsugi, Kanagawa|Atsugi]]||225,163||93.83||2,400||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.atsugi.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamato, Kanagawa|Yamato]]||223,127||27.06||8,246||1959-02-01||[http://www.city.yamato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isehara, Kanagawa|Isehara]]||100,779||55.52||1,815||1971-03-01||[http://www.city.isehara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ebina, Kanagawa|Ebina]]||126,035||26.48||4,760||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ebina.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]]||127,582||17.58||7,257||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.zama.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamiashigara, Kanagawa|Minamiashigara]]||44,285||76.93||576||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.minamiashigara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ayase, Kanagawa|Ayase]]||82,083||22.28||3,684||1978-11-01||[http://www.city.ayase.kanagawa.jp/] |} == Kōchi == * population:2008-02-29<ref>[http://www.pref.kochi.jp/~toukei/index.htm 住民基本台帳人口移動]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kochi</span>[[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]]||342,944||309.22||1,109||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kochi.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sukumo, Kōchi|Sukumo]]||23,771||286.11||83.1||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukumo.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aki, Kōchi|Aki]]||20,555||317.34||64.8||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.aki.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tosashimizu, Kōchi|Tosashimizu]]||17,421||266.54||65.4||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.tosashimizu.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Susaki, Kōchi|Susaki]]||25,679||135.46||190||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.susaki.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tosa, Kōchi|Tosa]]||29,726||91.59||325||1959-01-01||[http://www.inforyoma.or.jp/tosashi/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212060935/http://www.inforyoma.or.jp/tosashi/ |date=2005-12-12 }} |- |align="left"|[[Muroto, Kōchi|Muroto]]||17,683||248.25||71.2||1959-03-01||[http://www.city.muroto.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nankoku, Kōchi|Nankoku]]||50,315||125.35||401||1959-10-01||[http://www.city.nankoku.kochi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008163502/http://www.city.nankoku.kochi.jp/ |date=2003-10-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shimanto, Kōchi|Shimanto]]||37,182||632.42||58.8||2005-04-10||[http://www.city.shimanto.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kami, Kōchi|Kami]]||29,144||538.22||54.1||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.kami.kochi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031134322/http://www.city.kami.kochi.jp/ |date=2012-10-31 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konan</span>[[Kōnan, Kōchi]]||34,084||126.49||269||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.kochi-konan.lg.jp/] |} == Kumamoto == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |title=熊本県の人口と世帯数 月報<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2001-11-20 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20011120195824/http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]]||670,348||267.23||2,509||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kumamoto.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423003228/http://www.city.kumamoto.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2003-04-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yatsushiro, Kumamoto|Yatsushiro]]||134,491||680.59||198||1940-09-01||[http://www.city.yatsushiro.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto|Hitoyoshi]]||36,556||210.55||174||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.hitoyoshi.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401162749/http://www.city.hitoyoshi.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2010-04-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Arao, Kumamoto|Arao]]||55,505||57.15||971||1942-04-01||[http://www.city.arao.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829091234/http://www.city.arao.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2005-08-29 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minamata, Kumamoto|Minamata]]||28,123||162.88||173||1949-04-01||[http://www.minamatacity.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tamana, Kumamoto|Tamana]]||70,747||152.55||464||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tamana.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamaga, Kumamoto|Yamaga]]||56,741||299.67||189||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126040213/http://city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2005-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kikuchi, Kumamoto|Kikuchi]]||51,471||276.66||186||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919121754/http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2011-09-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uto, Kumamoto|Uto]]||37,897||74.19||511||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716212732/http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2012-07-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto|Kamiamakusa]]||31,051||126.13||246||2004-03-31||[http://www.kamiamakusa-c.kumamoto-sgn.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224085647/http://www.kamiamakusa-c.kumamoto-sgn.jp/ |date=2009-02-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uki, Kumamoto|Uki]]||62,718||188.56||333||2005-01-15||[http://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aso, Kumamoto|Aso]]||29,149||376.25||77.5||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.aso.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koshi</span>[[Kōshi, Kumamoto|Kōshi]]||53,490||53.17||1,006||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.koshi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Amakusa, Kumamoto|Amakusa]]||93,047||683.17||136||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/] |} == Kyoto == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175115/http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kyoto, Kyoto|Kyoto]]||1,468,906||827.90||1,774||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama]]||80,836||552.57||146||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.fukuchiyama.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]]||90,461||342.15||264||1943-05-27||[http://www.city.maizuru.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ayabe, Kyoto|Ayabe]]||37,081||347.11||107||1950-08-01||[http://www.city.ayabe.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210163241/http://www.city.ayabe.kyoto.jp/ |date=2007-02-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uji, Kyoto|Uji]]||191,297||67.55||2,832||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.uji.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyazu, Kyoto|Miyazu]]||20,565||169.32||121||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miyazu.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kameoka, Kyoto|Kameoka]]||93,641||224.90||416||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.kameoka.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joyo</span>[[Jōyō, Kyoto|Jōyō]]||80,795||32.74||2,468||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.joyo.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Muko</span>[[Mukō, Kyoto|Mukō]]||55,137||7.67||7,189||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.muko.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nagaokakyo</span>[[Nagaokakyō, Kyoto|Nagaokakyō]]||79,031||19.18||4,120||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.nagaokakyo.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125110930/http://www.city.nagaokakyo.kyoto.jp/ |date=2005-11-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yawata, Kyoto|Yawata]]||73,822||24.37||3,029||1977-11-01||[http://www.city.yawata.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kyotanabe</span>[[Kyōtanabe, Kyoto|Kyōtanabe]]||65,211||42.94||1,519||1997-04-01||[http://www.kyotanabe.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013120104/http://www.kyotanabe.jp/ |date=2012-10-13 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kyotango</span>[[Kyōtango, Kyoto|Kyōtango]]||60,980||501.84||122||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008195221/http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/ |date=2012-10-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nantan, Kyoto|Nantan]]||35,937||616.31||58.3||2006-06-01||[http://www.city.nantan.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kizugawa, Kyoto|Kizugawa]]||66,783||85.12||785||2007-03-12||[http://www.city.kizugawa.lg.jp/] |} == Mi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.mie.jp/DATABOX/library.htm#jinko |title=みえDataBox（データライブラリ）毎月調査<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306000722/http://www.pref.mie.jp/databox/library.htm#jinko |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Yokkaichi, Mi|Yokkaichi]]||306,584||205.53||1,492||1897-08-01||[http://www.city.yokkaichi.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsusaka, Mi|Matsusaka]]||169,571||623.82||272||1933-02-01||[http://www.city.matsusaka.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuwana, Mi|Kuwana]]||140,816||136.61||1,031||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suzuka, Mi|Suzuka]]||197,437||194.67||1,014||1942-12-01||[http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217195322/http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/ |date=2007-02-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nabari, Mi|Nabari]]||81,184||129.76||626||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.nabari.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222100242/http://www.city.nabari.mie.jp/ |date=2007-02-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Owase, Mi|Owase]]||21,272||193.16||110||1954-06-20||[http://www.city.owase.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706130035/http://www.city.owase.mie.jp/ |date=2007-07-06 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kameyama, Mi|Kameyama]]||50,304||190.91||263||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.kameyama.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toba, Mi|Toba]]||22,286||107.98||206||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.toba.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inabe, Mi|Inabe]]||46,676||219.58||213||2003-12-01||[http://www.city.inabe.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shima, Mi|Shima]]||56,758||179.70||316||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.shima.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iga, Mi|Iga]]||99,662||558.17||179||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.iga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ise, Mi|Ise]]||133,547||208.53||640||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.ise.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kumano, Mi|Kumano]]||20,477||373.63||54.8||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.kumano.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsu, Mi|Tsu]]||289,215||710.81||407||2006-01-01||[http://www.info.city.tsu.mie.jp/] |} == Miyagi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm |title=宮城県/統計課/統計データ/宮城県推計人口（月報）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2011-03-22 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110322131800/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]]||1,029,552||783.54||1,314||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sendai.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishinomaki, Miyagi|Ishinomaki]]||163,840||555.77||295||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.ishinomaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiogama, Miyagi|Shiogama]]||58,057||17.86||3,251||1941-11-23||[http://www.city.shiogama.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiroishi, Miyagi|Shiroishi]]||38,629||286.47||135||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.shiroishi.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Natori, Miyagi|Natori]]||69,610||100.06||696||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.natori.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakuda, Miyagi|Kakuda]]||32,559||147.58||221||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.kakuda.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tagajo</span>[[Tagajō, Miyagi|Tagajō]]||63,200||19.65||3,216||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tagajo.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwanuma, Miyagi|Iwanuma]]||44,595||60.72||734||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.iwanuma.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tome, Miyagi|Tome]]||86,940||536.38||162||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tome.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurihara, Miyagi|Kurihara]]||77,862||804.93||96.7||2005-04-01||[http://www.kuriharacity.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimatsushima, Miyagi|Higashimatsushima]]||43,238||101.86||424||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsushima.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kesennuma, Miyagi|Kesennuma]]||64,578||226.67||285||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.kesennuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Osaki</span>[[Ōsaki, Miyagi|Ōsaki]]||137,164||796.76||172||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.osaki.miyagi.jp/] |} == Miyazaki == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |title=市町村別人口と世帯数 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219020019/http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Miyazaki, Miyazaki|Miyazaki]]||369,473||596.80||619||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Miyakonojo</span>[[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki|Miyakonojō]]||169,384||653.31||259||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyakonojo.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nobeoka, Miyazaki|Nobeoka]]||132,480||867.97||153||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.nobeoka.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nichinan, Miyazaki|Nichinan]]||43,264||294.46||147||1950-01-01||[http://www.city-nichinan.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113133737/http://www.city-nichinan.jp/ |date=2008-01-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kobayashi, Miyazaki|Kobayashi]]||40,514||474.23||85.4||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.kobayashi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hyuga</span>[[Hyūga, Miyazaki|Hyūga]]||63,066||336.29||188||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.hyuga.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kushima, Miyazaki|Kushima]]||21,386||294.96||72.5||1954-11-03||[http://www.city.kushima.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saito, Miyazaki|Saito]]||33,290||438.56||75.9||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.saito.miyazaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928215807/http://www.city.saito.miyazaki.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ebino, Miyazaki|Ebino]]||22,445||283.00||79.3||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.ebino.lg.jp/] |} == Nagano == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |title=毎月人口異動調査結果 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614041638/http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]]||227,392||919.35||247||1907-05-01||[http://www.city.matsumoto.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Okaya, Nagano|Okaya]]||53,722||85.14||631||1936-04-01||[http://www.city.okaya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suwa, Nagano|Suwa]]||52,671||109.06||483||1941-08-10||[http://www.city.suwa.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617013039/http://www.city.suwa.nagano.jp/ |date=2005-06-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Suzaka, Nagano|Suzaka]]||53,097||149.84||354||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.suzaka.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komoro, Nagano|Komoro]]||45,333||98.66||459||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.komoro.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050105/http%3A//www.city.komoro.nagano.jp/ |date=2002-09-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Komagane, Nagano|Komagane]]||34,696||165.92||209||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.komagane.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omachi</span>[[Ōmachi, Nagano|Ōmachi]]||31,276||564.99||55.4||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.omachi.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iiyama, Nagano|Iiyama]]||24,155||202.32||119||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.iiyama.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iida, Nagano|Iida]]||107,129||658.76||163||1956-09-30||[http://www.city.iida.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831091330/http://www.city.iida.nagano.jp/ |date=2009-08-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Chino, Nagano|Chino]]||57,363||266.41||215||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.chino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiojiri, Nagano|Shiojiri]]||67,781||290.13||234||1959-04-01||[http://www.city.shiojiri.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010720092104/http://www.city.shiojiri.nagano.jp/ |date=2001-07-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]]||378,204||730.83||517||1966-10-16||[http://www.city.nagano.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikuma, Nagano|Chikuma]]||63,305||119.84||528||2003-09-01||[http://www.city.chikuma.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030901020411/http://www.city.chikuma.nagano.jp/ |date=2003-09-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tomi</span>[[Tōmi, Nagano|Tōmi]]||31,211||112.30||278||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.tomi.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakano, Nagano|Nakano]]||46,295||112.06||413||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.nakano.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saku, Nagano|Saku]]||100,077||423.99||236||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saku.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Azumino, Nagano|Azumino]]||97,084||331.82||293||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.azumino.nagano.jp] |- |align="left"|[[Ueda, Nagano|Ueda]]||161,887||552.00||293||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.ueda.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ina, Nagano|Ina]]||71,937||667.81||108||2006-03-31||[http://www.inacity.jp/] |} == Nagasaki == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/toukei/new_date/nen_geppou/tuki/kokuseichousa/suikei/suikei.htm 長崎県公式ウェブサイト｜長崎県の統計長崎県統計課のホームページへようこそ世帯数と推計人口<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]||448,792||406.37||1,104||1889-04-01||[http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230090651/http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2015-12-30 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]]||254,650||364.00||700||1902-04-01||[http://www.city.sasebo.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702014029/http://www.city.sasebo.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2004-07-02 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shimabara, Nagasaki|Shimabara]]||48,953||82.77||591||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.shimabara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omura</span>[[Ōmura, Nagasaki|Ōmura]]||89,650||126.34||710||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.omura.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsushima, Nagasaki]]||36,347||708.81||51.3||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iki, Nagasaki|Iki]]||30,352||138.50||219||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.iki.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Goto</span>[[Gotō, Nagasaki|Gotō]]||42,447||420.77||101||2004-08-01||[http://www.city.goto.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isahaya, Nagasaki|Isahaya]]||142,635||312.24||457||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.isahaya.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saikai, Nagasaki|Saikai]]||32,737||241.95||135||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saikai.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]]||36,785||235.63||156||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.hirado.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416075114/http://www.city.hirado.lg.jp/ |date=2009-04-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Unzen, Nagasaki|Unzen]]||48,701||206.92||235||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.unzen.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsuura, Nagasaki|Matsuura]]||26,007||130.35||200||2006-01-01||[http://www.city-matsuura.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamishimabara, Nagasaki|Minamishimabara]]||52,347||169.88||308||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.Minamishimabara.lg.jp/] |} == Nara == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |title=各種人口統計<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064416/http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Nara, Nara|Nara]]||367,393||276.84||1,327||1898-02-01||[http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008220336/http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/ |date=2003-10-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yamatotakada, Nara|Yamatotakada]]||69,473||16.49||4,213||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatotakada.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yamatokoriyama</span>[[Yamatokōriyama, Nara|Yamatokōriyama]]||90,223||42.68||2,114||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatokoriyama.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]]||70,702||86.37||819||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tenri.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]||124,679||39.52||3,155||1956-02-11||[http://www.city.kashihara.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]]||60,699||98.92||614||1956-09-01||[http://www.city.sakurai.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gojo</span>[[Gojō, Nara|Gojō]]||36,002||292.05||123||1957-10-15||[http://www.city.gojo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gose, Nara|Gose]]||31,160||60.58||514||1958-03-31||[http://www.city.gose.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ikoma, Nara|Ikoma]]||115,359||53.18||2,169||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ikoma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiba, Nara|Kashiba]]||72,967||24.23||3,011||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiba.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuragi, Nara|Katsuragi]]||35,194||33.73||1,043||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuragi.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uda, Nara|Uda]]||35,895||247.62||145||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.uda.nara.jp/] |} == Niigata == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |title=新潟県庁：新潟県人口移動調査（推計人口および人口移動）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221042515/http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]]||813,053||726.10||1,120||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagaoka, Niigata|Nagaoka]]||281,222||840.88||334||1906-04-01||[http://www.city.nagaoka.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwazaki, Niigata|Kashiwazaki]]||93,506||442.70||211||1940-07-01||[http://www.city.kashiwazaki.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011010046/http://www.city.kashiwazaki.niigata.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shibata, Niigata|Shibata]]||103,490||532.82||194||1947-01-01||[http://www.city.shibata.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031017121056/http://www.city.shibata.niigata.jp/ |date=2003-10-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ojiya, Niigata|Ojiya]]||39,304||155.12||253||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.ojiya.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamo, Niigata|Kamo]]||30,800||133.68||230||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.kamo.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitsuke, Niigata|Mitsuke]]||42,139||77.96||541||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.mitsuke.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Murakami, Niigata|Murakami]]||30,197||142.12||212||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.murakami.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828083750/http://www.city.murakami.niigata.jp/ |date=2005-08-28 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Myoko</span>[[Myōkō, Niigata|Myōkō]]||36,837||445.52||82.7||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.myoko.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joetsu</span>[[Jōetsu, Niigata|Jōetsu]]||206,175||973.32||212||1971-04-29||[http://www.city.joetsu.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sado, Niigata|Sado]]||65,037||855.26||76.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.sado.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Agano, Niigata|Agano]]||46,158||192.72||240||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.agano.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uonuma, Niigata|Uonuma]]||42,334||946.93||44.7||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014907/http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/uogaku/ |date=2007-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minamiuonuma, Niigata|Minamiuonuma]]||62,518||584.82||107||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.minamiuonuma.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itoigawa, Niigata|Itoigawa]]||48,653||746.24||65.2||2005-03-19||[http://www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615224305/http://www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/ |date=2004-06-15 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokamachi</span>[[Tōkamachi, Niigata|Tōkamachi]]||60,480||589.92||103||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129140601/http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/ |date=2016-01-29 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Sanjo</span>[[Sanjō, Niigata|Sanjō]]||103,199||432.01||239||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.sanjo.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tainai, Niigata|Tainai]]||32,165||265.18||121||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.tainai.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gosen, Niigata|Gosen]]||55,936||351.87||159||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.gosen.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsubame, Niigata|Tsubame]]||82,910||110.88||748||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.tsubame.niigata.jp/] |} == Ōita == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.oita.jp/10800/chosakekka/jinko/index.html 各種統計調査結果／毎月流動人口調査<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>[[Ōita, Ōita|Ōita]]||467,267||501.25||932||1911-04-01||[http://www.city.oita.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Beppu, Ōita|Beppu]]||127,345||125.15||1,018||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakatsu, Ōita|Nakatsu]]||84,179||491.09||171||1929-04-20||[http://www.city-nakatsu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hita, Ōita|Hita]]||72,601||666.19||109||1940-12-11||[http://www.city.hita.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saiki, Ōita|Saiki]]||78,675||903.44||87.1||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.saiki.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Usuki, Ōita|Usuki]]||42,464||291.07||146||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.usuki.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsukumi, Ōita|Tsukumi]]||20,561||79.53||259||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.tsukumi.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Taketa, Ōita|Taketa]]||25,449||477.59||53.3||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.taketa.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bungotakada, Ōita|Bungotakada]]||24,484||206.64||118||1954-05-31||[http://www.city.bungotakada.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Usa, Ōita|Usa]]||59,971||439.12||137||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.usa.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Bungo-ono</span>[[Bungo-ōno, Ōita|Bungo-ōno]]||40,409||603.36||67.0||2005-03-31||[http://www.bungo-ohno.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitsuki, Ōita|Kitsuki]]||33,465||280.01||120||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kitsuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yufu, Ōita|Yufu]]||35,298||319.16||111||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yufu.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kunisaki, Ōita|Kunisaki]]||33,473||317.81||105||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.kunisaki.oita.jp/] |} == Okayama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |title=岡山県統計管理課　毎月流動人口調査 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106122221/http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]]||701,293||789.91||887||1889-06-01||[http://www.city.okayama.okayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019083515/http://www.city.okayama.okayama.jp/ |date=2009-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kurashiki, Okayama|Kurashiki]]||472,452||354.71||1,332||1928-04-01||[http://www.city.kurashiki.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuyama, Okayama|Tsuyama]]||109,493||506.36||216||1929-02-11||[http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820085908/http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/ |date=2012-08-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tamano, Okayama|Tamano]]||65,723||103.63||634||1940-08-03||[http://www.city.tamano.okayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014090840/http://www.city.tamano.okayama.jp/ |date=2003-10-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kasaoka, Okayama|Kasaoka]]||55,987||136.03||412||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.kasaoka.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ibara, Okayama|Ibara]]||44,423||243.36||183||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ibara.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soja</span>[[Sōja, Okayama|Sōja]]||66,789||212.00||315||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.soja.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahashi, Okayama|Takahashi]]||37,573||547.01||68.7||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.takahashi.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Niimi, Okayama|Niimi]]||35,022||793.27||44.1||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.niimi.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bizen, Okayama|Bizen]]||39,117||258.23||151||1971-04-01||[http://www.city.bizen.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Setouchi, Okayama|Setouchi]]||38,645||125.53||308||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.setouchi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akaiwa, Okayama|Akaiwa]]||43,742||209.43||209||2005-03-07||[http://www.city.akaiwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maniwa, Okayama|Maniwa]]||50,405||828.43||60.8||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.maniwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mimasaka, Okayama|Mimasaka]]||31,550||429.19||73.5||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.mimasaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asakuchi, Okayama|Asakuchi]]||37,108||66.46||558||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.asakuchi.okayama.jp/] |} == Okinawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/toukeika/estimates/estidata.html ‰«“ꌧ?„Œv?lŒûƒf [ƒ^ˆê—— iExcelŒ`Ž® j<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]]||314,162||39.23||7,963||1921-05-20||[http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishigaki, Okinawa|Ishigaki]]||46,489||229.00||195||1947-07-10||[http://www.city.ishigaki.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ginowan, Okinawa|Ginowan]]||91,233||19.70||4,569||1962-07-01||[http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318044008/http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/ |date=2010-03-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Urasoe, Okinawa|Urasoe]]||108,052||19.09||5,516||1970-07-01||[http://www.8761234.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nago, Okinawa|Nago]]||60,598||210.30||278||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.nago.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itoman, Okinawa|Itoman]]||56,171||46.63||1,200||1971-12-01||[http://www.city.itoman.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010070538/http://www.city.itoman.okinawa.jp/ |date=2003-10-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Okinawa, Okinawa|Okinawa]]||128,421||49.00||2,565||1974-04-01||[http://www.city.okinawa.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tomigusuku, Okinawa|Tomigusuku]]||54,586||19.45||2,751||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309075111/http://j2k.naver.com/j2k_frame.php/korean/www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/ |date=2007-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uruma, Okinawa|Uruma]]||114,087||86.03||1,313||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.uruma.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520003645/http://www.city.uruma.okinawa.jp/ |date=2005-05-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Miyakojima, Okinawa|Miyakojima]]||52,777||204.54||275||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.miyakojima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nanjo</span>[[Nanjō, Okinawa|Nanjō]]||39,458||49.70||819||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.nanjo.okinawa.jp/] |} == Osaka == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |title=大阪府毎月推計人口 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023139/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]]||2,645,305||222.30||11,900||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404214244/http://www.city.osaka.jp/ |date=2008-04-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakai, Osaka]]||835,333||149.99||5,569||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sakai.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111095125/http://www.city.sakai.osaka.jp/ |date=2012-11-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kishiwada, Osaka|Kishiwada]]||200,538||72.24||2,776||1922-11-01||[http://www.city.kishiwada.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103101744/http://www.city.kishiwada.osaka.jp/index_e.html |date=2009-01-03 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toyonaka, Osaka|Toyonaka]]||387,269||36.38||10,645||1936-10-15||[http://www.city.toyonaka.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ikeda, Osaka|Ikeda]]||104,426||22.09||4,727||1939-04-29||[http://www.city.ikeda.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suita, Osaka|Suita]]||354,600||36.11||9,820||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.suita.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Izumiotsu</span>[[Izumiōtsu, Osaka|Izumiōtsu]]||78,014||12.80||6,095||1942-04-01||[http://www.city.izumiotsu.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928055053/http://www.city.izumiotsu.osaka.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takatsuki, Osaka|Takatsuki]]||354,228||105.31||3,364||1943-01-01||[http://www.city.takatsuki.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kaizuka, Osaka|Kaizuka]]||90,447||43.99||2,056||1943-05-01||[http://www.city.kaizuka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriguchi, Osaka|Moriguchi]]||146,294||12.73||11,492||1946-11-01||[http://www.city.moriguchi.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirakata, Osaka|Hirakata]]||406,201||65.08||6,242||1947-08-01||[http://www.city.hirakata.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ibaraki, Osaka|Ibaraki]]||272,240||76.52||3,558||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.ibaraki.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yao, Osaka|Yao]]||273,244||41.71||6,551||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.yao.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izumisano, Osaka|Izumisano]]||99,636||55.03||1,811||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.izumisano.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813172929/http://www.city.izumisano.osaka.jp/ |date=2006-08-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tondabayashi, Osaka|Tondabayashi]]||122,205||39.66||3,081||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226104118/http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Neyagawa, Osaka|Neyagawa]]||239,029||24.73||9,666||1951-05-03||[http://www.city.neyagawa.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kawachinagano, Osaka|Kawachinagano]]||114,428||109.61||1,044||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.kawachinagano.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsubara, Osaka|Matsubara]]||125,274||16.66||7,519||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219030756/http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Daito</span>[[Daitō, Osaka|Daitō]]||125,847||18.27||6,888||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.daito.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216082546/http://www.city.daito.osaka.jp/ |date=2008-12-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Izumi, Osaka]]||179,352||84.98||2,110||1956-09-01||[http://www.city.izumi.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minoh, Osaka]]||127,757||47.84||2,671||1956-12-01||[http://www.city.minoh.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwara, Osaka|Kashiwara]]||75,875||25.39||2,988||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiwara.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]]||118,281||26.44||4,474||1959-01-15||[http://www.city.habikino.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040331180616/http://www.city.habikino.osaka.jp/ |date=2004-03-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kadoma, Osaka|Kadoma]]||130,026||12.28||10,588||1963-08-01||[http://www.city.kadoma.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Settsu, Osaka|Settsu]]||84,330||14.88||5,667||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.settsu.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takaishi, Osaka|Takaishi]]||60,077||11.35||5,293||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.takaishi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujiidera, Osaka|Fujiidera]]||65,892||8.89||7,412||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416203514/http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-04-16 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Higashiosaka</span>[[Higashiōsaka, Osaka|Higashiōsaka]]||509,157||61.81||8,237||1967-02-01||[http://www.city.higashiosaka.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005161739/http://www.city.higashiosaka.osaka.jp/ |date=2003-10-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sennan, Osaka|Sennan]]||64,916||48.48||1,339||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211222511/http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shijonawate</span>[[Shijōnawate, Osaka|Shijōnawate]]||57,239||18.74||3,054||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.shijonawate.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katano, Osaka|Katano]]||77,853||25.55||3,047||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.katano.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Osakasayama</span>[[Ōsakasayama, Osaka|Ōsakasayama]]||58,661||11.86||4,946||1987-10-01||[http://www.city.osakasayama.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hannan, Osaka|Hannan]]||56,853||36.10||1,575||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hannan.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304100204/http://www.city.hannan.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-03-04 }} |} == Saga == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&sessionid= |title={{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121219095948/ |date=2012-12-19 }} ƒgƒbƒvƒy &#91;ƒW<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2012-12-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219095948/http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&sessionid= |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Tosu, Saga|Tosu]]||66,842||71.73||932||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tosu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imari, Saga|Imari]]||57,604||254.99||226||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.imari.saga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashima, Saga]]||31,326||112.10||279||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.kashima.saga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505115227/http://www.city.kashima.saga.jp/ |date=2010-05-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Taku, Saga|Taku]]||22,165||96.93||229||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.taku.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Karatsu, Saga|Karatsu]]||129,194||487.45||265||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.karatsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ogi, Saga|Ogi]]||45,516||95.85||475||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.ogi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saga, Saga|Saga]]||239,932||431.42||556||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ureshino, Saga|Ureshino]]||29,644||126.51||234||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.ureshino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takeo, Saga|Takeo]]||50,788||195.44||260||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.takeo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kanzaki, Saga|Kanzaki]]||33,449||125.01||268||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kanzaki.saga.jp/] |} == Saitama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |title=埼玉県推計人口 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221164805/http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kawagoe, Saitama|Kawagoe]]||335,693||109.16||3,075||1922-12-01||[http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213071307/http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kawaguchi, Saitama|Kawaguchi]]||492,675||55.75||8,837||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.kawaguchi.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019041616/http://www.city.kawaguchi.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gyoda</span>[[Gyōda, Saitama|Gyōda]]||87,462||67.37||1,298||1949-05-03||[http://www.city.gyoda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chichibu, Saitama|Chichibu]]||69,139||577.69||120||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.chichibu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tokorozawa, Saitama|Tokorozawa]]||338,560||71.99||4,703||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.tokorozawa.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hanno</span>[[Hannō, Saitama|Hannō]]||84,053||193.16||435||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219024658/http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kazo, Saitama|Kazo]]||67,862||59.40||1,142||1954-05-03||[http://www.city.kazo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimatsuyama, Saitama|Higashimatsuyama]]||90,840||65.33||1,390||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsuyama.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019181622/http://www.city.higashimatsuyama.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sayama, Saitama|Sayama]]||156,634||49.04||3,194||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.sayama.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hanyu</span>[[Hanyū, Saitama|Hanyū]]||56,820||58.55||970||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.hanyu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konosu</span>[[Kōnosu, Saitama|Kōnosu]]||119,768||67.49||1,775||1954-09-30||[http://www.city.kounosu.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ageo, Saitama|Ageo]]||222,479||45.55||4,884||1958-07-15||[http://www.city.ageo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soka</span>[[Sōka, Saitama|Sōka]]||237,964||27.42||8,678||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.soka.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koshigaya, Saitama|Koshigaya]]||318,592||60.31||5,283||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.koshigaya.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Warabi, Saitama|Warabi]]||70,410||5.10||13,806||1959-04-01||[http://www.city.warabi.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toda, Saitama|Toda]]||118,591||18.17||6,527||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.toda.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iruma, Saitama|Iruma]]||148,203||44.74||3,313||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.iruma.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hatogaya, Saitama|Hatogaya]]||60,208||6.22||9,680||1967-03-01||[http://www.city.hatogaya.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031023200804/http://www.city.hatogaya.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Asaka, Saitama|Asaka]]||126,902||18.38||6,904||1967-03-15||[http://www.city.asaka.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031020205457/http://www.city.asaka.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shiki, Saitama|Shiki]]||68,531||9.06||7,564||1970-10-26||[http://www.city.shiki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Wako</span>[[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]]||78,575||11.04||7,117||1970-10-31||[http://www.city.wako.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212090244/http://www.city.wako.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-12-12 }} |- |align="left"|[[Niiza, Saitama|Niiza]]||155,926||22.80||6,839||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.niiza.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005192843/http://www.city.niiza.saitama.jp/ |date=2006-10-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Okegawa, Saitama|Okegawa]]||74,703||25.26||2,957||1970-11-03||[http://www.city.okegawa.lg.jp/index01.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114142555/http://www.city.okegawa.lg.jp/index01.html |date=2008-01-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kuki, Saitama|Kuki]]||71,667||25.35||2,827||1971-10-01||[http://www.city.kuki.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827001932/http://www.city.kuki.saitama.jp/ |date=2005-08-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitamoto, Saitama|Kitamoto]]||69,903||19.84||3,523||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215300/http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yashio, Saitama|Yashio]]||78,601||18.03||4,359||1972-01-15||[http://www.city.yashio.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujimi, Saitama|Fujimi]]||105,286||19.70||5,344||1972-04-10||[http://www.city.fujimi.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Misato, Saitama|Misato]]||128,956||30.16||4,276||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.misato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hasuda, Saitama|Hasuda]]||63,375||27.27||2,324||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.hasuda.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakado, Saitama|Sakado]]||99,680||40.97||2,433||1976-09-01||[http://www.city.sakado.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Satte, Saitama|Satte]]||53,485||33.95||1,575||1986-10-01||[http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219054705/http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tsurugashima, Saitama|Tsurugashima]]||70,131||17.73||3,955||1991-09-01||[http://www.city.tsurugashima.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717015130/http://www.city.tsurugashima.saitama.jp/ |date=2005-07-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hidaka, Saitama|Hidaka]]||55,454||47.50||1,167||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hidaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yoshikawa, Saitama|Yoshikawa]]||63,050||31.62||1,994||1996-04-01||[http://www.city.yoshikawa.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]]||1,192,418||217.49||5,483||2001-05-01||[http://www.city.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]]||204,853||159.88||1,281||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kumagaya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasukabe, Saitama|Kasukabe]]||236,854||65.98||3,590||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kasukabe.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujimino, Saitama|Fujimino]]||103,724||14.67||7,070||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.fujimino.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukaya, Saitama|Fukaya]]||146,128||137.58||1,062||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.fukaya.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Honjo</span>[[Honjō, Saitama|Honjō]]||81,805||89.71||912||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.honjo.lg.jp/] |} == Shiga == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko |title=滋賀県/滋賀県の人口と世帯数<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061821/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otsu</span>[[Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]]||329,024||464.10||709||1898-10-01||[http://www.city.otsu.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hikone, Shiga|Hikone]]||110,945||196.84||564||1937-02-11||[http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501090525/http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/ |date=2011-05-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omihachiman</span>[[Ōmihachiman, Shiga|Ōmihachiman]]||69,116||153.09||451||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.omihachiman.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kusatsu, Shiga|Kusatsu]]||123,512||67.92||1,818||1954-10-15||[http://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriyama, Shiga|Moriyama]]||74,263||54.81||1,355||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023173417/http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ritto</span>[[Rittō, Shiga|Rittō]]||62,353||52.75||1,182||2001-10-01||[http://www.city.ritto.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koka</span>[[Kōka, Shiga|Kōka]]||94,007||481.69||195||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.koka.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206022438/http://www.city.koka.shiga.jp/ |date=2008-02-06 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yasu, Shiga|Yasu]]||49,821||81.07||615||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yasu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Konan, Shiga]]||55,144||70.49||782||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.konan.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takashima, Shiga|Takashima]]||52,967||693.00||76.4||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218063311/http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/ |date=2006-02-18 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Higashiomi</span>[[Higashiōmi, Shiga|Higashiōmi]]||117,487||388.58||302||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.higashiomi.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maibara, Shiga|Maibara]]||40,757||250.46||163||2005-02-14||[http://www.city.maibara.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830215037/http://www.city.maibara.shiga.jp/ |date=2009-08-30 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]]||83,555||247.01||338||2006-02-13||[http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230232547/http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-12-30 }} |} == Shimane == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |title=しまね統計情報データベース　新着情報 今月の統計 推計人口（市町村別） |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410125028/http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Matsue, Shimane|Matsue]]||195,875||530.27||369||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125141356/http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/ |date=2018-01-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]]||146,115||543.48||269||1941-11-03||[http://www.city.izumo.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Masuda, Shimane|Masuda]]||50,980||733.16||69.5||1952-08-01||[http://www.iwami.or.jp/masudasi/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125210121/http://www.iwami.or.jp/masudasi/ |date=2007-11-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yasugi, Shimane|Yasugi]]||42,997||420.97||102||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yasugi.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gotsu</span>[[Gōtsu, Shimane|Gōtsu]]||26,958||268.51||100||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gotsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Unnan, Shimane|Unnan]]||43,269||553.37||78.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.unnan.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamada, Shimane|Hamada]]||61,325||689.60||88.9||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.hamada.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oda</span>[[Ōda, Shimane|Ōda]]||39,593||436.11||90.8||2005-10-01||[http://www.iwamigin.jp/ohda/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810222150/http://www.iwamigin.jp/ohda/ |date=2016-08-10 }} |} == Shizuoka == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |title=統計センターしずおか　静岡県人口推計 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203204758/http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]]||710,944||1,388.78||512||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamamatsu, Shizuoka|Hamamatsu]]||811,431||1,511.17||537||1911-07-01||[http://www.city.hamamatsu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Numazu, Shizuoka|Numazu]]||206,818||187.11||1,105||1923-07-01||[http://www.city.numazu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Atami, Shizuoka|Atami]]||40,524||61.56||658||1937-04-10||[http://www.city.atami.shizuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426053204/http://www.city.atami.shizuoka.jp/ |date=2012-04-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Mishima, Shizuoka|Mishima]]||112,320||62.13||1,808||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujinomiya, Shizuoka|Fujinomiya]]||122,122||314.81||388||1942-06-01||[http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025001740/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/ |date=2008-10-25 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ito</span>[[Itō, Shizuoka|Itō]]||72,038||124.13||580||1947-08-10||[http://www.city.ito.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimada, Shizuoka|Shimada]]||95,762||195.40||490||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.shimada.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata]]||172,583||164.08||1,052||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.iwata.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yaizu, Shizuoka|Yaizu]]||120,331||46.01||2,615||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.yaizu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakegawa, Shizuoka|Kakegawa]]||118,660||265.63||447||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.kakegawa.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujieda, Shizuoka|Fujieda]]||129,637||140.74||921||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fujieda.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gotenba, Shizuoka|Gotenba]]||88,078||194.63||453||1955-02-11||[http://www.city.gotemba.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuroi, Shizuoka|Fukuroi]]||85,163||108.56||784||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.fukuroi.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fuji, Shizuoka|Fuji]]||237,279||214.10||1,108||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fuji.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]]||25,784||104.70||246||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.shimoda.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Susono, Shizuoka|Susono]]||53,740||138.39||388||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.susono.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai]]||44,545||55.08||809||1972-01-01||[http://www.city.kosai.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izu, Shizuoka|Izu]]||35,911||363.97||98.7||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.izu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Omaezaki, Shizuoka|Omaezaki]]||35,015||65.85||532||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.omaezaki.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kikugawa, Shizuoka|Kikugawa]]||47,702||94.24||506||2005-01-17||[http://www.city.kikugawa.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izunokuni, Shizuoka|Izunokuni]]||49,711||94.71||525||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.izunokuni.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Makinohara, Shizuoka|Makinohara]]||49,726||111.50||446||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.makinohara.shizuoka.jp/] |} == Tochigi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html |title=栃木県毎月人口推計速報/栃木県<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918144152/http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Utsunomiya, Tochigi|Utsunomiya]]||507,833||416.84||1,218||1896-04-01||[http://www.city.utsunomiya.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashikaga, Tochigi|Ashikaga]]||157,793||177.82||887||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.ashikaga.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tochigi, Tochigi|Tochigi]]||81,601||122.06||669||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305195542/http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/ |date=2010-03-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kanuma, Tochigi|Kanuma]]||103,690||490.62||211||1948-10-10||[http://www.city.kanuma.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oyama, Tochigi|Oyama]]||162,283||171.61||946||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.oyama.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mooka, Tochigi|Mooka]]||66,705||111.76||597||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.moka.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919052800/http://www.city.moka.tochigi.jp/ |date=2003-09-19 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otawara</span>[[Ōtawara, Tochigi|Ōtawara]]||78,563||354.12||222||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ohtawara.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yaita, Tochigi|Yaita]]||35,462||170.66||208||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.yaita.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nasushiobara, Tochigi|Nasushiobara]]||115,633||592.82||195||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.nasushiobara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sano, Tochigi|Sano]]||123,034||356.07||346||2005-02-28||[http://www.city.sano.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319093824/http://www.city.sano.tochigi.jp/ |date=2008-03-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakura, Tochigi]]||42,403||125.46||338||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.tochigi-sakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nasukarasuyama, Tochigi|Nasukarasuyama]]||30,433||174.42||174||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nasukarasuyama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimotsuke, Tochigi|Shimotsuke]]||59,459||74.58||797||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.shimotsuke.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nikko</span>[[Nikkō, Tochigi|Nikkō]]||92,181||1,449.87||63.6||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.nikko.lg.jp/] |} == Tokushima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/Statistics.nsf/ 徳島県の統計情報　推計人口]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Tokushima, Tokushima|Tokushima]]||266,370||191.39||1,392||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tokushima.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Naruto, Tokushima|Naruto]]||62,453||135.46||461||1947-03-15||[http://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komatsushima, Tokushima|Komatsushima]]||41,540||45.24||918||1951-06-01||[http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062523/http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/ |date=2012-02-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Anan, Tokushima|Anan]]||77,099||279.39||276||1958-05-01||[http://www.city.anan.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima|Yoshinogawa]]||44,905||144.19||311||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yoshinogawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mima, Tokushima|Mima]]||33,520||367.38||91.2||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.mima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awa, Tokushima|Awa]]||40,303||190.97||211||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyoshi, Tokushima]]||32,329||721.48||44.8||2006-03-01||[http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722042934/http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/ |date=2012-07-22 }} |} == Tokyo == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm 東京都の人口推計トップページ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hachioji</span>[[Hachiōji, Tokyo|Hachiōji]]||567,367||186.31||3,045||1917-09-01||[http://www.city.hachioji.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]]||175,639||24.38||7,204||1940-12-01||[http://www.city.tachikawa.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023195034/http://www.city.tachikawa.tokyo.jp/ |date=2008-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]]||138,516||10.73||12,909||1947-11-03||[http://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]]||180,797||16.50||10,957||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026011433/http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/ |date=2006-10-26 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ome</span>[[Ōme, Tokyo|Ōme]]||141,708||103.26||1,372||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.ome.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Fuchu</span>[[Fuchū, Tokyo]]||248,445||29.34||8,468||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fuchu.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akishima, Tokyo|Akishima]]||111,763||17.33||6,449||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.akishima.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501130554/http://www.city.akishima.tokyo.jp/ |date=2009-05-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chofu</span>[[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]||219,053||21.53||10,174||1955-04-01||[http://www.city.chofu.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]]||413,786||71.63||5,777||1958-02-01||[http://www.city.machida.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koganei, Tokyo|Koganei]]||115,116||11.33||10,160||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.koganei.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kodaira, Tokyo|Kodaira]]||185,829||20.46||9,083||1962-10-01||[http://www.city.kodaira.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hino, Tokyo|Hino]]||179,482||27.53||6,520||1963-11-03||[http://www.city.hino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]]||146,585||17.17||8,537||1964-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimurayama.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kokubunji, Tokyo|Kokubunji]]||118,801||11.48||10,349||1964-11-03||[http://www.city.kokubunji.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kunitachi, Tokyo|Kunitachi]]||73,362||8.15||9,001||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.kunitachi.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fussa, Tokyo|Fussa]]||60,413||10.24||5,900||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.fussa.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komae, Tokyo|Komae]]||78,237||6.39||12,244||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.komae.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashiyamato, Tokyo|Higashiyamato]]||81,445||13.54||6,015||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashiyamato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kiyose, Tokyo|Kiyose]]||73,518||10.19||7,215||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.kiyose.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701174308/http://www.city.kiyose.tokyo.jp/ |date=2007-07-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Higashikurume, Tokyo|Higashikurume]]||115,405||12.92||8,932||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashikurume.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Musashimurayama, Tokyo|Musashimurayama]]||68,333||15.37||4,446||1970-11-03||[http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126164716/http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/ |date=2010-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tama, Tokyo|Tama]]||149,404||21.08||7,087||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tama.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715124647/http://www.city.tama.tokyo.jp/ |date=2008-07-15 }} |- |align="left"|[[Inagi, Tokyo|Inagi]]||80,772||17.97||4,495||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.inagi.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamura, Tokyo|Hamura]]||56,984||9.91||5,750||1991-11-01||[http://www.city.hamura.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]]||80,268||73.34||1,094||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.akiruno.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nishitokyo</span>[[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]]||193,350||15.85||12,199||2001-01-21||[http://www.city.nishitokyo.lg.jp/] |} == Tottori == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/dd.aspx?menuid=9974 鳥取県人口移動調査/とりネット/鳥取県公式サイト<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Tottori, Tottori|Tottori]]||200,315||765.66||262||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tottori.tottori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119053120/http://www.city.tottori.tottori.jp/ |date=2005-01-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yonago, Tottori|Yonago]]||149,140||132.21||1,128||1927-04-01||[http://www.yonago-city.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126135318/http://www.yonago-city.jp/ |date=2007-11-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kurayoshi, Tottori|Kurayoshi]]||51,453||272.15||189||1953-10-01||[http://www.city.kurayoshi.tottori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231191808/http://www.city.kurayoshi.tottori.jp/ |date=2007-12-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakaiminato, Tottori|Sakaiminato]]||35,908||28.79||1,247||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.sakaiminato.tottori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725195545/http://www.city.sakaiminato.tottori.jp/ |date=2016-07-25 }} |} == Toyama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.toyama.jp/sections/1015/lib/jinko/index.html 人口移動調査<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Toyama, Toyama|Toyama]]||421,116||1,241.85||339||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.toyama.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uozu, Toyama|Uozu]]||45,945||200.63||229||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.uozu.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Himi, Toyama|Himi]]||53,316||230.47||231||1952-08-01||[http://www.city.himi.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Namerikawa, Toyama|Namerikawa]]||33,789||54.61||619||1954-03-01||[http://www.city.namerikawa.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tonami, Toyama|Tonami]]||49,396||126.96||389||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tonami.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oyabe, Toyama|Oyabe]]||32,656||134.11||244||1962-08-01||[http://www.city.oyabe.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nanto, Toyama|Nanto]]||57,061||668.86||85.3||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201124816/http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/ |date=2005-12-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takaoka, Toyama|Takaoka]]||178,965||209.38||855||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.takaoka.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imizu, Toyama|Imizu]]||94,691||109.18||867||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.imizu.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurobe, Toyama|Kurobe]]||42,612||426.34||99.9||2006-03-31||[http://kurobe.city.kurobe.toyama.jp/] |} == Wakayama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/020300/suikei/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231453/https://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/020300/suikei/index.html |date=2018-07-13 }} 毎月推計人口</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Wakayama, Wakayama|Wakayama]]||372,175||209.23||1,779||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.wakayama.wakayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kainan, Wakayama|Kainan]]||55,877||101.18||552||1934-05-01||[http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210075705/http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/ |date=2021-02-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tanabe, Wakayama|Tanabe]]||80,478||1,026.77||78.4||1942-05-20||[http://www.city.tanabe.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gobo</span>[[Gobō, Wakayama|Gobō]]||26,335||43.93||599||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gobo.wakayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Arida, Wakayama|Arida]]||31,194||36.92||845||1956-05-01||[http://www.city.arida.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shingu</span>[[Shingū, Wakayama|Shingū]]||32,654||255.43||128||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.shingu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kinokawa, Wakayama|Kinokawa]]||67,192||228.24||294||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.kinokawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hashimoto, Wakayama|Hashimoto]]||67,505||130.31||518||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.hashimoto.wakayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427091637/http://www.city.hashimoto.wakayama.jp/ |date=2006-04-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Iwade, Wakayama|Iwade]]||51,843||38.50||1,347||2006-04-01||[http://www.city.iwade.wakayama.jp/] |} == Yamagata == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html |title=山形県の人口と世帯数（月報）（推計）の統計表電子データについて — 山形県ホームページ<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-05-19 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20070519180118/http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Yamagata, Yamagata]]||255,370||381.34||670||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yamagata.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yonezawa, Yamagata|Yonezawa]]||91,704||548.74||167||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yonezawa.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shinjo</span>[[Shinjō, Yamagata|Shinjō]]||39,808||223.08||178||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.shinjo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sagae, Yamagata|Sagae]]||43,299||139.08||311||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.sagae.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kaminoyama, Yamagata|Kaminoyama]]||35,086||240.95||146||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.kaminoyama.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Murayama, Yamagata|Murayama]]||27,586||196.83||140||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.murayama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagai, Yamagata|Nagai]]||30,285||214.69||141||1954-11-15||[http://www.city.nagai.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tendo</span>[[Tendō, Yamagata|Tendō]]||63,470||113.01||562||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.tendo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashine, Yamagata|Higashine]]||46,141||207.17||223||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.higashine.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Obanazawa, Yamagata|Obanazawa]]||19,937||372.32||53.5||1959-04-10||[http://www.city.obanazawa.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nan'yo</span>[[Nan'yō, Yamagata|Nan'yō]]||34,542||160.70||215||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.nanyo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuruoka, Yamagata|Tsuruoka]]||140,097||1,311.51||107||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tsuruoka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakata, Yamagata|Sakata]]||114,964||602.79||191||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.sakata.lg.jp/] |} == Yamaguchi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |title=山口県/統計分析課/人口・人口移動統計調査（平成20年3月1日現在）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2018-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202913/http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Ube, Yamaguchi|Ube]]||176,370||287.69||613||1921-11-01||[http://www.city.ube.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hofu</span>[[Hōfu, Yamaguchi|Hōfu]]||116,393||188.59||617||1936-08-25||[http://www.city.hofu.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi|Kudamatsu]]||54,026||89.36||605||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212033246/http://www.city.kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2008-02-12 }} |- |align="left"|[[Mine, Yamaguchi|Mine]]||17,355||228.25||76.0||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.mine.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024115614/https://www2.city.mine.lg.jp/ |date=2020-10-24 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shunan</span>[[Shūnan, Yamaguchi|Shūnan]]||150,299||656.25||229||2003-04-21||[http://www.city.shunan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hikari, Yamaguchi|Hikari]]||53,274||91.94||579||2004-10-04||[http://www.city.hikari.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi|Shimonoseki]]||286,073||716.06||400||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020094055/http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/seisaku/kokusai/gaikoku/ |date=2014-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yanai, Yamaguchi|Yanai]]||35,438||139.90||253||2005-02-21||[http://www.city-yanai.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]]||55,831||698.87||79.9||2005-03-06||[http://www.city.hagi.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050808005011/http://www.city.hagi.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2005-08-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato]]||39,825||357.92||111||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.nagato.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">San'yo-Onoda</span>[[San'yō-Onoda, Yamaguchi|San'yō-Onoda]]||65,523||132.99||493||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.sanyo-onoda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]]||192,008||730.23||263||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yamaguchi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwakuni, Yamaguchi|Iwakuni]]||146,885||872.71||168||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926071949/http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2009-09-26 }} |} == Yamanashi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |title={{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044252/ |date=2006-05-17 }} ŽR—œŒ§“?Œvƒf &#91;ƒ^ƒoƒ“ƒN @aa04000<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2006-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044252/http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kofu</span>[[Kōfu, Yamanashi|Kōfu]]||199,374||212.41||939||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.kofu.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi|Fujiyoshida]]||51,879||121.83||426||1951-03-20||[http://www.city.fujiyoshida.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuru, Yamanashi|Tsuru]]||34,439||161.58||213||1954-04-29||[http://www.city.tsuru.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otsuki</span>[[Ōtsuki, Yamanashi|Ōtsuki]]||29,869||280.30||107||1954-08-08||[http://www.city.otsuki.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nirasaki, Yamanashi|Nirasaki]]||33,539||143.73||233||1954-10-10||[http://www.city.nirasaki.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630220735/http://www.city.nirasaki.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2004-06-30 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minami-Alps, Yamanashi|Minami-Alps]]||72,295||264.06||274||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.minami-alps.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kai, Yamanashi|Kai]]||74,077||71.94||1,030||2004-09-01||[http://www.city.kai.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fuefuki, Yamanashi|Fuefuki]]||71,184||201.92||353||2004-10-12||[http://www.city.fuefuki.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hokuto, Yamanashi]]||47,754||602.89||79.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uenohara, Yamanashi|Uenohara]]||28,295||170.65||166||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107094120/http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2015-11-07 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yamanashi, Yamanashi|Yamanashi]]||38,202||289.87||132||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901231441/http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2000-09-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koshu</span>[[Kōshū, Yamanashi|Kōshū]]||35,072||264.01||133||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.koshu.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chuo</span>[[Chūō, Yamanashi|Chūō]]||31,875||31.81||1,002||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.chuo.yamanashi.jp/] |} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pratélan]] [[Kategori:Kutha ing Jepang]] [[de:Liste der Städte in Japan]] [[en:List of cities in Japan]] [[eo:Listo de urboj de Japanio]] [[fi:Luettelo Japanin kaupungeista]] [[fr:Villes du Japon]] [[hu:Japán városai]] [[ja:日本の地方公共団体一覧]] [[nl:Lijst van steden in Japan]] [[pl:Miasta Japonii]] [[pt:Lista de cidades no Japão]] [[ru:Города Японии]] [[sh:Popis gradova u Japanu]] [[sl:Seznam mest na Japonskem]] [[tl:Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Hapon]] [[tr:Japonya'daki şehirler listesi]] [[uk:Список муніципалітетів Японії]] [[zh:日本城市列表]] gsilk85e4w38855n312xy218lm1gq1h 0 33242 1758955 188339 2026-10-20T02:24:54Z ~2026-56050-70 75136 1758955 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Kutha Banyumas]] iwakiwakiwak gt3w1s0jwel79080bkldii4q56hohu5 0 42606 1758941 1758554 2026-10-19T21:34:57Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 2 books for (20261019sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1758941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = {{Taxobox colour|[[Bacteria]]}} | fossil_range = {{Long fossil range|4200|0|[[Arkean]] utawa sadurunge&nbsp;– Saiki}} | name = Bakteri | image = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg | image_width = 210px | image_caption = ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', salah sawijining bakteri berbentuk batang | domain = '''Bacteria''' | domain_authority = Woese et al., 1990<ref name="Woese">{{cite journal | author = Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 4576–9 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2112744 | pmc = 54159 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87.4576W }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Filum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|title=Bacteria (eubacteria)|accessdate=2008-09-10|work=Taxonomy Browser|publisher=NCBI|date=}}</ref> | subdivision = *'''[[Gram positif]]<!-- /no [[Bacterial outer membrane|outer membrane]]''' --> [[Actinobacteria]] ([[konten GC|G+C]] tinggi)<br /> [[Firmicutes]] ([[konten GC|G+C]] cendhèk)<br /> [[Tenericutes]] (ora ana [[Dinding sèl|dinding]]) *'''[[Gram négatif]]<!-- /[[Bacterial outer membrane|outer membrane]] present''' --> [[Aquificae]]<br/> [[Bacteroidetes]]/[[Fibrobacteres]]–[[Chlorobi]] ([[Sphingobacteria (filum)|grup FCB]])<br/> [[Deinococcus-Thermus]]<br/> [[Fusobacteria]]<br /> [[Gemmatimonadetes]]<br /> [[Nitrospirae]]<br /> [[Planctomycetes]]–[[Verrucomicrobia]]/[[Chlamydiae]] ([[Planctobacteria|grup PVC]])<br/> [[Proteobacteria]]<br /> [[Spirochaetes]]<br /> [[Synergistetes]] *'''Tidak diketahui''' [[Acidobacteria]]<br /> [[Chloroflexi (filum)|Chloroflexi]]<br /> [[Chrysiogenetes]]<br /> [[Cyanobacteria]]<br /> [[Deferribacteraceae|Deferribacteres]]<br /> [[Dictyoglomi]]<br /> [[Thermodesulfobacteria]]<br /> [[Thermotogae]] | synonyms = Eubacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small><ref name=Woese1977>{{cite journal | author = Woese CR, Fox GE | title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1977-11_74_11/page/5088 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 74 | issue = 11 | pages = 5088–90 | year = 1977 | pmid = 270744 | pmc = 432104 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W }}</ref> }} '''Baktèri''', saka tembung [[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''bacterium'' (jamak, ''bacteria''), iku golongan raseksa saka [[organisme]] urip. Baktèri iku cilik banget (mikroskopik) lan akèh-akèhé [[unisèlular]] ([[sèl]] tunggal), kanthi struktur sèl sing rélatif prasaja tanpa [[nukleus]]/inti sel, cytoskeleton, lan organel liya kaya [[mitokondria]] lan [[kloroplas]]. Struktur sèl baktèri dijlentrèhaké luwih pepak sajeroning artikel ngenani [[prokariota]], amarga baktèri minangka prokariota, kanggo mbédakaké saka organisme sing duwé sèl luwih komplèks, diarani [[eukariota]]. Jeneng "baktèri" wis ditrapaké kanggo kabèh prokariota utawa kanggo golongan gedhéné, gumantung marang panyaru ngenani gayutané. Baktèri iku sing paling akèh saka kabèh organisme. Baktèri kasebar ing [[lemah]], [[banyu]], lan minangka [[simbiosis]] saka organisme liya. Akèh [[patogen]] wujud bakteri. Akèh saka baktèri, padatan ukurané mung 0,5-5 μm, sanajan ana jinis sing ukurané bisa nganti 0,3&nbsp;mm ing dhiamèteré. Padatan duwé [[dinding sèl]] kaya ta [[kéwan]] lan [[fungi|jamur]], nanging kanthi komposisi béda banget ([[peptidoglikan]]). Akèh obah nganggo [[flagela]] sing béda ing struktur saka flagela golongan liya. <!-- == Sejarah == Bakteri pertama ditemukan oleh [[Anthony van Leeuwenhoek]] pada [[1674]] dengan menggunakan mikroskop buatannya sendiri. Istilah ''bacterium'' diperkenalkan di kemudian hari oleh Ehrenberg pada tahun 1828, diambil dari kata Yunani βακτηριον yang memiliki arti "''small stick''". == Struktur sel == [[Berkas:Prokaryote cell diagram.svg|thumb|left|300px|Struktur sel prokariota]] ''Artikel utama [[struktur sel bakteri]]'' Seperti prokariota (organisme yang tidak memiliki selaput inti) pada umumnya, semua bakteri memiliki struktur sel yang relatif sederhana. Struktur bakteri yang paling penting adalah [[dinding sel]]. Bakteri dapat digolongkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu Gram positif dan Gram négatif didasarkan pada perbedaan struktur dinging sel. Bakteri Gram positif memiliki dinding sel yang terdiri atas lapisan [[peptidoglikan]] yang tebal dan asam ''teichoic''. Sementara bakteri Gram négatif memiliki lapisan luar, [[lipopolisakarida]] - terdiri atas membran dan lapisan peptidoglikan yang tipis terletak pada periplasma (di antara lapisan luar dan membran sitoplasmik). Banyak bakteri memiliki struktur di luar sel lainnya seperti [[flagela]] dan [[fimbria]] yang digunakan untuk bergerak, melekat dan konjugasi. Beberapa bakteri juga memiliki kapsul atau lapisan lendir yang membantu pelekatan bakteri pada suatu permukaan dan ''biofilm formation''. Bakteri juga memiliki [[kromosom]], [[ribosom]] dan beberapa spesies lainnya memiliki [[granula makanan]], [[vakuola gas]] dan [[magnetosom]]. Beberapa bakteri mampu membentuk [[endospora]] yang membuat mereka mampu bertahan hidup pada lingkungan ekstrim. == Morfologi/bentuk bakteri == [[Berkas:Bacterial morphology diagram.svg|right|thumb|350px|Berbagai wujud tubuh bakteri]] Berdasarkan berntuknya, bakteri dibagi menjadi tiga golongan besar, yaitu: * Kokus (''Coccus'') dalah bakteri yang berbentuk bulat seperti bola, dan mempunyai beberapa variasi sebagai berikut: ** ''Mikrococcus'', jika kecil dan tunggal ** ''Diplococcus'', jka bergandanya dua-dua ** ''Tetracoccus'', jika bergandengan empat dan membentuk bujursangkar ** ''Sarcina'', jika bergerombol membentuk kubus ** ''Staphylococcus'', jika bergerombol ** ''Streptococcus'', jika bergandengan membentuk rantai * Basil (''Bacillus'') adalah kelompok bakteri yang berbentuk batang atau silinder, dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut: ** ''Diplobacillus'', jika bergandengan dua-dua ** ''Streptobacillus'', jika bergandengan membentuk rantai * Spiril (''Spirilum'') adalah bakteri yang berbentuk lengkung dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut: ** ''Vibrio'', (bentuk koma), jika lengkung kurang dari setengah lingkaran ** ''Spiral'', jika lengkung lebih dari setengah lingkaran Wujud tubuh/[[morfologi]] bakteri dipengaruhi oleh keadaan lingkungan, medium dan usia. Oleh karena itu untuk membandingkan wujud serta ukuran bakteri, kondisinya harus sama. Pada umumnya bakteri yang usianya lebih muda ukurannya relatif lebih besar daripada yang sudah tua. == Alat gerak bakteri == [[Berkas:flagella.png|thumb|100px|right|Gambar alat gerak bakteri: A-Monotrik; B-Lofotrik; C-Amfitrik; D-Peritrik;]] Banyak [[spesies]] bakteri yang bergerak menggunakan [[flagel]]. Hampir semua bakteri yang berbentuk lengkung dan sebagian yang berbentuk batang ditemukan adanya flagel. Sedangkan bakteri kokus jarang sekali memiliki flagel. Ukuran flagel bakteri sangat kecil, tebalnya 0,02 – 0,1 mikro, dan panjangnya melebihi panjang [[sel]] bakteri. Berdasarkan tempat dan jumlah flagel yang dimiliki, bakteri dibagi menjadi lima golongan, yaitu: * ''Atrik'', tidak mempunyai [[flagel]]. * ''Monotrik'', mempunyai satu [[flagel]] pada salah satu ujungnya. * ''Lofotrik'', mempunyai sejumlah [[flagel]] pada salah satu ujungnya. * ''Amfitrik'', mempunyai sejumlah [[flagel]] pada kedua ujungnya. * ''Peritrik'', mempunyai [[flagel]] pada seluruh permukaan tubuhnya. == Pengaruh lingkungan terhadap bakteri == Kondisi lingkungan yang mendukung dapat memacu pertumbuhan dan [[reproduksi]] bakteri. Faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan reproduksi bakteri adalah [[suhu]], [[kelembapan]], dan [[cahaya]]. === Suhu === Berdasarkan kisaran suhu aktivitasnya, bakteri dibagi menjadi 3 golongan: * Bakteri ''psikrofil'', yaitu bakteri yang hidup pada daerah suhu antara 0°– 30°C, dengan suhu optimum 15°C. * Bakteri ''mesofil'', yaitu bakteri yang hidup di daerah suhu antara 15° – 55°C, dengan suhu optimum 25° – 40°C. * Bakteri ''termofil'', yaitu bakteri yang dapat hidup di daerah suhu tinggi antara 40° – 75°C, dengan suhu optimum 25° – 40°C Pada tahun 1967 di [[Yellow Stone Park]] ditemukan bakteri yang hidup dalam sumber air panas bersuhu 93° – 94°C. === Kelembapan === Pada umumnya bakteri memerlukan kelembapan yang cukup tinggi, kira-kira 85%. Pengurangan kadar air dari protoplasma menyebabkan kegiatan [[metabolisme]] terhenti, misalnya pada proses pembekuan dan pengeringan. === Cahaya === Cahaya sangat berpengaruh pada proses pertumbuhan bakteri. Umumnya cahaya merusak sel [[mikroorganisme]] yang tidak ber[[klorofil]]. Sinar [[ultraviolet]] dapat menyebabkan terjadinya [[ionisasi]] komponen sel yang berakibat menghambat pertumbuhan atau menyebabkan kematian. Pengaruh cahaya terhadap bakteri dapat digunakan sebagai dasar [[sterilisasi]] atau pengawetan bahan [[makanan]]. Jika keadaan lingkungan tidak menguntungkan seperti suhu tinggi, kekeringan atau zat-zat kimia tertentu, beberapa spesies dari ''Bacillus'' yang [[aerob]] dan beberapa spesies dari ''Clostridium'' yang [[anaerob]] dapat mempertahankan diri dengan [[spora]]. Spora tersebut dibentuk dalam sel yang disebut endospora. Endospora dibentuk oleh penggumpalan protoplasma yang sedikit sekali mengandung air. Oleh karena itu endospora lebih tahan terhadap keadaan lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan bakteri aktif. Apabila keadaan lingkungan membaik kembali, endospora dapat tumbuh menjadi satu sel bakteri biasa. Letak endospora di tengah-tengah sel bakteri atau pada salah satu ujungnya. == Peranan Bakteri == === Bakteri menguntungkan === ==== Bakteri pengurai ==== Bakteri saprofit menguraikan tumbuhan atau hewan yang mati, serta sisa-sisa atau kotoran organisme. Bakteri tersebut menguraikan [[protéin]], [[karbohidrat]] dan senyawa organik lain menjadi CO₂, gas amoniak, dan senyawa-senyawa lain yang lebih sederhana. Oleh karena itu keberadaan bakteri ini sangat berperan dalam mineralisasi di alam dan dengan cara ini bakteri membersihkan dunia dari sampah-sampah organik. ==== Bakteri nitrifikasi ==== Bakteri nitrifikasi adalah bakteri-bakteri tertentu yang mampu menyusun senyawa nitrat dari amoniak yang berlangsung secara aerob di dalam tanah. Nitrifikasi terdiri atas dua tahap yaitu: * Oksidasi amoniak menjadi nitrit oleh bakteri nitrit. Proses ini dinamakan nitritasi. [[Berkas:nitritasi.png|thumb|400px|center|Reaksi nitritasi]] * Oksidasi senyawa nitrit menjadi nitrat oleh bakteri nitrat. Prosesnya dinamakan nitratasi. [[Berkas:nitratasi.png|thumb|400px|center|Reaksi nitratasi]] Dalam bidang pertanian, nitrifikasi sangat menguntungkan karena menghasilkan senyawa yang diperlukan oleh tanaman yaitu nitrat. Tetapi sebaliknya di dalam air yang disediakan untuk sumber air minum, nitrat yang berlebihan tidak baik karena akan menyebabkan pertumbuhan [[ganggang]] di permukaan air menjadi berlimpah. ==== Bakteri nitrogen ==== Bakteri nitrogen adalah bakteri yang mampu mengikat [[nitrogen]] bebas dari udara dan mengubahnya menjadi suatu senyawa yang dapat diserap oleh tumbuhan. Karena kemampuannya mengikat nitrogen di udara, bakteri-bakteri tersebut berpengaruh terhadap nilai ekonomi tanah pertanian. Kelompok bakteri ini ada yang hidup bebas maupun simbiosis. Bakteri nitrogen yang hidup bebas yaitu ''[[Azotobacter chroococcum]]'', ''[[Clostridium pasteurianum]]'', dan ''[[Rhodospirillum rubrum]]''. Bakteri nitrogen yang hidup bersimbiosis dengan tanaman polong-polongan yaitu ''[[Rhizobium leguminosarum]]'', yang hidup dalam akar membentuk nodul atau bintil-bintil akar. Tumbuhan yang bersimbiosis dengan ''Rhizobium'' banyak digunakan sebagai pupuk hijau seperti ''Crotalaria'', ''Tephrosia'', dan ''Indigofera''. Akar tanaman polong-polongan tersebut menyediakan karbohidrat dan senyawa lain bagi bakteri melalui kemampuannya mengikat nitrogen bagi akar. Jika bakteri dipisahkan dari inangnya (akar), maka tidak dapat mengikat nitrogen sama sekali atau hanya dapat mengikat nitrogen sedikit sekali. Bintil-bintil akar melepaskan senyawa nitrogen organik ke dalam tanah tempat tanaman polong hidup. Dengan demikian terjadi penambahan nitrogen yang dapat menambah kesuburan tanah. ==== Bakteri usus ==== Bakteri ''[[Entamoeba coli]]'' hidup di kolon ([[usus besar]]) manusia, berfungsi membantu membusukkan sisa pencernaan juga menghasilkan vitamin B₁₂, dan [[vitamin]] K yang penting dalam proses pembekuan [[darah]]. Dalam organ pencernaan berbagai hewan ternak dan kuda, bakteri anaerobik membantu mencernakan [[selusosa]] rumput menjadi zat yang lebih sederhana sehingga dapat diserap oleh dinding usus. ==== Bakteri fermentasi ==== Beberapa makanan hasil fermentasi dan mikroorganisme yang berperan: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Nama produk atau makanan ! Bahan baku ! Bakteri yang berperan |- | 1. | [[Yoghurt]] | susu | ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'' dan ''[[Streptococcus thermophilus]]'' |- | 2. | Mentega | susu | ''[[Streptococcus lactis]]'' |- | 3. | [[Trasi]] | ikan | ''[[Lactobacillus sp.]]'' |- | 4. | Asinan buah-buahan | buah-buahan | ''[[Lactobacillus sp.]]'' |- | 5. | [[Sosis]] | daging | ''[[Pediococcus cerevisiae]]'' |- | 6. | Kefin | susu | ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'' dan ''[[Srteptococcus lactis]]'' |- |}{{br}} ==== Bakteri penghasil antibiotik ==== [[Antibiotik]] merupakan zat yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme dan mempunyai daya hambat terhadap kegiatan mikroorganisme lain. Beberapa bakteri yang menghasilkan antibiotik adalah: * ''[[Bacillus brevis]]'', menghasilkan [[terotrisin]] * ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'', menghasilkan [[basitrasin]] * ''[[Bacillus polymyxa]]'', menghasilkan [[polimixin]] === Bakteri merugikan === ==== Bakteri perusak makanan ==== Beberapa spesies pengurai tumbuh di dalam makanan. Mereka mengubah makanan dan mengeluarkan hasil [[metabolisme]] yang berupa toksin (racun). Racun tersebut berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Contohnya: * ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'', menghasilkan racun botulinin, seringkali terdapat pada makanan kalengan * ''[[Pseudomonas cocovenenans]]'', menghasilkan asam bongkrek, terdapat pada tempe bongkrek * ''[[Leuconostoc mesenteroides]]'', penyebab pelendiran makanan ==== Bakteri denitrifikasi ==== Jika [[oksigen]] dalam tanah kurang maka akan berlangsung denitrifikasi, yaitu nitrat direduksi sehingga terbentuk nitrit dan akhirnya menjadi amoniak yang tidak dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tumbuhan. Contoh bakteri yang menyebabkan denitrifikasi adalah ''[[Micrococcus denitrificans]]'' dan ''[[Pseudomonas denitrificans]]''. --> ==== Baktèri patogen ==== Minangka golongan bakteri parasit sing nimbulaké [[lelara]] ing [[manungsa]], [[sato kéwan]] lan [[tetuwuhan]]. Baktèri jalaran lelara ing manungsa: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Jeneng baktèri ! Lelara sing ditimbulaké |- | 1. | ''[[Salmonella typhosa]]'' | [[Tipes]] |- | 2. | ''[[Shigella dysenteriae]]'' | [[Disentri]] basiler |- | 3. | ''[[Vibrio comma]]'' | [[Kolèra]] |- | 4. | ''[[Haemophilus influenza]]'' | [[Influensa]] |- | 5. | ''[[Diplococcus pneumoniae]]'' | [[Pneumonia]] (radhang paru-paru) |- | 6. | ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' | TBC paru-paru |- | 7. | ''[[Clostridium tetani]]'' | [[Tétanes]] |- | 8. | ''[[Neiseria meningitis]]'' | [[Meningitis]] (radhang selaput polo) |- | 9. | ''[[Neiseria gonorrhoeae]]'' | Gonorrhaeae ([[kencing nanah]]) |- | 10. | ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' | [[Sifilis]] utawa Lues utawa [[raja singa]] |- | 11. | ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'' | [[Lépra]] (kusta) |- | 12. | ''[[Treponema pertenue]]'' | [[Puru]] utawa [[pathèk]] |- |}{{br}} Baktèri jalaran lelara ing kéwan: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Jeneng baktèri ! Lelara sing ditimbulaké |- | 1. | ''[[Brucella abortus]]'' | Brucellosis ing [[sapi]] |- | 2. | ''[[Streptococcus agalactia]]'' | Mastitis ing sapi (radang payudara) |- | 3. | ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' | [[Antraks]] |- | 4. | ''[[Actinomyces bovis]]'' | Bengkak rahang ing sapi |- | 5. | ''[[Cytophaga columnaris]]'' | Lelara ing [[iwak]] |- |}{{br}} Baktèri jalaran lelara ing tetuwuhan: {{br}} {| align=center border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! No. ! Jeneng baktèri ! Lelara sing ditimbulaké |- | 1. | ''[[Xanthomonas oryzae]]'' | Nyerang pucuk wit [[pari]] |- | 2. | ''[[Xanthomonas campestris]]'' | Nyerang tuwuhan [[kubis]] |- | 3. | ''[[Pseudomonas solanacaerum]]'' | Lelara alum sajeroning famili [[térong]]-térongan |- | 4. | ''[[Erwinia amylovora]]'' | Lelara bonyok ing woh-wohan |- |}{{br}} <!-- == Dekomposisi == Bakteri bekerja secara terstruktur dalam proses degradasi organisme atau proses pembusukan mayat. Proses pembusukan berawal dari mikroorganisme, misalnya bakteri-bakteri yang hidup di dalam usus besar manusia. Bakteri tersebut mulai mendegradasi protéin yang terdapat dalam tubuh. Jika seluruh jenis ikatan protéin sudah terputus, beberapa jaringan tubuh menjadi tidak berfungsi. Proses ini disempurnakan bakteri yang datang dari luar tubuh mayat, bisa berasal dari udara, tanah, ataupun air. Seluruh jenis bakteri ini menyerang hampir seluruh sel di tubuh dengan cara menyerang sistem pertahanan tubuh yang tidak lagi aktif, menghancurkan jaringan otot, atau menghasilkan enzim penghancur sel yang disebut [[protease]]. Kemudian dengan berbagai jenis metabolisme, mikroorganisme mulai memakan jaringan mati dan mencernanya. Tak jarang kerja proses ini dibantu reaksi kimia alami yang terjadi dalam organisme mati. === Bakteri heterotrof === Tidak semua mikroorganisme mampu mendegradasi mayat. Kebanyakan mereka berasal dari jenis bakteri heterotrof. Bakteri ini membutuhkan molekul-molekul organik dari organisme lain sebagai nutrisi agar ia dapat bertahan hidup dan berkembang biak. Berbeda dengan bakteri autotrof yang mampu menghasilkan makanan sendiri dengan [[Karbondioksida|CO₂]] sebagai nutrisi makro serta bantuan dari cahaya matahari atau sumber energi kimia lainnya. Jenis bakteri heterotrof biasanya hidup dan berkembang biak pada organisme mati. Mereka mendapatkan energi dengan menguraikan senyawa organik pada organisme mati. Molekul-molekul besar seperti [[protéin]], [[karbohidrat]], [[lemak]], atau senyawa organik lain didekomposisi metabolisme tubuh bakteri tersebut menjadi molekul-molekul tunggal seperti [[asam amino]], [[metana]], gas CO₂, serta molekul-molekul lain yang mengandung enam nutrisi utama bakteri, yaitu senyawa-senyawa [[karbon]] (C), [[hidrogen]] (H), [[nitrogen]] (N), [[oksigen]] (O), [[fosfor]] (P), serta [[sulfur]] (S). === Kumpulan unsur organik === Tubuh mayat adalah tempat hidup, sumber makanan, serta tempat berkembang biak bakteri-bakteri tersebut, karena tubuh terdiri dari kumpulan protéin, karbohidrat, lemak, atau senyawa organik dan anorganik lain. Secara biologis, tubuh makhluk hidup (khususnya manusia) kumpulan dari unsur-unsur organik seperti C, H, N, O, P, S, atau unsur anorganik seperti K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mn, atau Ni. Keseluruhan unsur tersebut dibutuhkan bakteri heterotrof sebagai sumber nutrisi alias makanan utama mereka. Sementara cairan-cairan dengan [[pH]] (tingkat keasaman suatu larutan) tertentu yang berada dalam tubuh manusia adalah media kultur (lingkungan) pertumbuhan yang baik bagi bakteri-bakteri tersebut. === Bau busuk === Bau busuk dari tubuh mayat tidak hanya mengganggu, namun juga membahayakan. Pembusukan dimulai dengan pemutusan ikatan protéin-protéin besar pada jaringan tubuh oleh bakteri fermentasi menggunakan enzim protease. Kumpulan hasil pemutusan ikatan protéin yang disebut asam amino ini dicerna berbagai jenis bakteri, misalnya bakteri acetogen. Bakteri ini mereaksikan asam amino dengan oksigen dalam tubuhnya untuk menghasilkan asam asetat, hidrogen, nitrogen, serta gas karbon dioksida. Produk asam asetat ini menimbulkan bau. [[Asam asetat]] yang dihasilkan ini diproses kembali oleh bakteri jenis methanogen, misalnya ''[[Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicum]]'' yang biasa hidup di lingkungan kotor seperti selokan dan pembuangan limbah ([[septic tank]]). Asam asetat direaksikan dalam sel methanogen dengan gas hidrogen dan karbon dioksida untuk menghasilkan [[metana]], [[air]], dan karbon dioksida. Metana dalam wujud gas juga menghasilkan bau busuk. Selain asam asetat dan gas metana, beberapa bakteri menghasilkan gas hidrogen sulfida yang baunya seperti telur busuk. Lebih dari itu, bau busuk mayat di lautan yang bercampur dengan uap garam bersifat racun, karena mampu mereduksi konsentrasi elektrolit dalam tubuh. Produk berbahaya selain gas yang dihasilkan adalah cairan asam dan cairan lain yang mengandung protéin toksik. Jika cairan-cairan ini sempat menginfeksi kulit yang luka atau terkena makanan, bukan hanya produk beracun yang dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh tetapi juga bakteri heterotrof patogen seperti clostridium. Bakteri serta produk beracun ini dapat menginfeksi manusia lewat kontaminasi makanan, minuman, atau luka di kulit. Karena adanya saluran masuk ini, maka berbagai penyakit seperti [[malaria]], [[diare]], degradasi [[sel darah merah]], lemahnya [[sistem pertahanan tubuh]], infeksi pada luka ([[tetanus]]), bengkak, atau infeksi pada [[alat kelamin]] menjadi ancaman yang serius. Cara mengatasi serangan mikroorganisme ini adalah dengan menjaga makanan dan minuman tetap steril, yaitu dengan dipanaskan. Mencuci tangan dan kaki dengan [[sabun antiseptik]] cair sebelum makan. Menjaga lingkungan agar steril dengan cara menyemprotkan obat pensteril. Bakteri-bakteri tersebut juga dapat dicegah pertumbuhannya dengan cara meminum obat antibiotik atau suntik imunitas. Sifat-sifat inilah yang harus dipahami dengan cara mengikuti prosedur standar penanganan mayat. Antara lain menggunakan masker standar minimal [[WHO]] (tipe N-95), memakai sarung tangan khusus, serta mencuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah mengangkat satu mayat. Langkah terbaik adalah segera menguburkan mayat. --> == Uga delengen == * [[Bakteri kokus]] ==Réferènsi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Pratélan pustaka== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Alcamo IE |title=Fundamentals of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790763710674 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston |year=2001 |isbn=0-7637-1067-9}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Atlas RM |title=Principles of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmicr0000atla_l1q7 |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=1995 |isbn=0-8016-7790-4}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Martinko JM, Madigan MT |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms|url=https://archive.org/details/brockbiologyofmi0000madi_r4q9 |edition = 11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=2005 |isbn=0-13-144329-1}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Holt JC, Bergey DH |title=Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology |url=https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofd0000unse_l7d4 |edition = 9th |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |year=1994 |isbn=0-683-00603-7}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR | title = Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity | journal = J Bacteriol | volume = 180 | issue = 18 | pages = 4765–74 | date = 1998 | pmid = 9733676 | pmc = 107498 | url = http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676 }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Funke BR, Tortora GJ, Case CL |title=Microbiology: an introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805377521 |edition = 8th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2004 |isbn=0-8053-7614-3}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Ogunseitan OA |title=Microbial Diversity: Form and Function in Prokaryotes |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-4448-3}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Shively JM |title=Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes (Microbiology Monographs) |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2006 |isbn=3-540-32524-7}} {{refend}} == Pranala njaba == {{Wikiquote|Bacterium}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Sisterlinks}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206071749/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki MicrobeWiki], an extensive [[wiki]] about [https://web.archive.org/web/20150208122124/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Microbial_Biorealm bacteria] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214015059/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Viral_Biorealm viruses] * [http://www.ncppb.com/ Bacteria that affect crops and other plants] * [http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm Bacterial Nomenclature Up-To-Date from DSMZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083605/http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917230856/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/eubacteria.html Genera of the domain Bacteria]&nbsp;– list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature * [http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm The largest bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211094146/http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm |date=2012-12-11 }} * [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth Tree of Life: Eubacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015145/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth |date=2014-10-21 }} * [http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html Videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105182817/http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html |date=2015-11-05 }} of bacteria swimming and tumbling, use of optical tweezers and other videos. * [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_bacteria.html Planet of the Bacteria] by [[Stephen Jay Gould]] * [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ On-line text book on bacteriology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123627/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ |date=2008-09-13 }} * [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/Overview/overview.html Animated guide to bacterial cell structure.] * [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn14094-bacteria-make-major-evolutionary-shift-in-the-lab.html Bacteria Make Major Evolutionary Shift in the Lab] * [http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria Online collaboration for bacterial taxonomy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415222312/http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria |date=2014-04-15 }} * [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center for bacterial pathogens, funded by [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID] * [http://wormweb.org/bacteriachemo Bacterial Chemotaxis Interactive Simulator]&nbsp;– A web-app that uses several simple algorithms to simulate bacterial chemotaxis. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130052842/http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/bassler/bassler1.cfm Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria] on-line lecture by [[Bonnie Bassler]], and [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html TED: Discovering bacteria's amazing communication system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205033015/http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html |date=2011-12-05 }} * [http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/01/27/1419241112 Sulfur-cycling fossil bacteria from the 1.8-Ga Duck Creek Formation provide promising evidence of evolution's null hypothesis], ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''.&nbsp; '''Summarized in:''' [http://www.businessinsider.com/scientists-discover-bacteria-that-havent-evolved-in-more-than-2-billion-years-2015-2 Scientists discover bacteria that haven't evolved in more than 2 billion years], ''[[LiveScience]]'' and ''[[Businessinsider.com|BusinessInsider]]'' {{taxonbar}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Baktèri| ]] 6au4es57hr54812i1hmffug851yudaz 0 42695 1758934 1630267 2026-10-19T20:34:59Z ~2026-56043-40 75130 1758934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:zodiac_woodcut.png|thumb|right|400px|gambar zodiak saka abad kaping 16]] '''Intyy''' (saka tembung [[basa Yunani|Yunani]]<nowiki/>exe.:)?''Zoodiacos Cyclos'' kang tegesé ''Bunderan Kéwan'') ya iku sawijining sabuk khayal ing langit kang ambané 18° kang punjeré ing bunderan [[ekliptika]]<ref>{{cite book |hart.= Vogg Cc |first= Hans-Heinrich |title= Outline of astronomy volume I |year= 1974 |publisher= Noordhoff International Publishing |location= Leyden }}</ref>, nanging istilah iki bisa uga tegesé rasi-[[rasi lintang]] kang diliwati déning sabuk mau, kang saiki cacahé ana 13. Dipercaya konsèp iki asalé saka [[Mesopotamia|peradaban Lembah Kali Eufrat]] kamungkinan mung kanthi enem rasi, [[Taurus]], [[Cancer]], [[Virgo]], [[Scorpio]], [[Capricornus]], lan [[Pisces]], kang sabanjuré dipecah dadi 12 amarga penampakan taunan kaping 12 [[Bulan ndadari]] ing pérangan-pérangan urutan saka sabuk mau mati .(??)/:—))$!/@“ == Bunderan Ekliptika == Ing langit ana garis khayal kang diarani lingkaran [[ekliptika]]. Yèn diamati saka [[bumi]], kabèh ''benda'' tatasurya ([[planit]], [[Bulan]] lan [[srengéngé]]) mubeng ing langit ngubengi bunderan [[ekliptika]]. Kaistiméwaan saka karolas zodiak dibandhingaké rasi lintang liyané ya iku kabèh ana ing wewengkon langit kang ''memotong'' (ngliwati?) bunderan ekliptika. Dadi bisa disimpulaké zodiak iku kabèh rasi bintang kang dumunung ing sadawaning bunderam [[ekliptika]]. Rasi-rasi lintang mau ya iku: # [[Capricornus]]: Wedhus sagara, srengéngé ana ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 21 Jan-16 Feb (26 dina) # [[Aquarius]]: Tukang gawa banyu, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 16 Feb-11 Mar (24 dina) # [[Pisces]]: Ikan, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 11 Mar-18 Apr (38 dina) # [[Aries]]: Wedhus gibas, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 18 Apr-13 Mèi (25 dina) # [[Taurus]]: Kebo, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 13 Mèi-22 Jun (40 dina) # [[Gemini]]: Si Kembar, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 22 Jun-21 Jul (29 dina) # [[Cancer]]: Kepiting, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 21 Jul-10 Ags (20 dina) # [[Leo]]: Singa, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 10 Ags-16 Sep (37 dina) # [[Virgo]]: Gadis Perawan, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 16 Sep-31 Okt (45 dina) # [[Libra]]: Timbangan, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 31 Okt-23 Nov (23 dina) # [[Scorpius]]: Kalajengking, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 23 Nov-18 Des (25 dina) # [[Sagitarius]]: Si Pemanah, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 18 Des-21 Jan (34 dina) == Zodiak lan Astrologi == [[Astrologi]] iku èlmu kang ngubungaké antara obahan benda-benda tatasurya (planit, bulan lan srengéngé) karo nasib manungsa. Amarga kabèh planit, srengéngé lan bulan mubeng ing sadawaning bunderan ekliptik, otomatis kabèh mau uga mubeng antarané zodiak. Ramaalan astrologi didhasaraké marang dunungé benda-benda tatasurya sajeroning zodiak. Sadéngah wong bakal nyandang tanda zodiaké miturut dunungé srengéngé sajeroning zodiak ing tanggal kelairané. Umpamané, wong kang lair awal desember bakal duwé zodiak [[Sagittarius]], Amarga ing tanggal mau srengéngé dumunung ing wewengkon rasi bintang [[Sagittarius]]. Dunungé srengéngé dibédakaké antara [[wektu tropikal]] lan [[wektu sideral]] kang njalari ana rong warna zodiak, ya iku [[zodiak tropikal]] lan [[zodiak sideral]]. Sapérangan gedhé astrologer kulon migunakaké [[zodiak tropikal]]. == Rujukan == <div style="font-size: small; font-size: 90%"> {{reflist}} </div> [[Kategori:Zodiak| ]] ogbepym728pqr11adtittp2rsjqisxf 1758937 1758934 2026-10-19T20:45:49Z NDG 68369 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-56043-40|~2026-56043-40]] ([[User talk:~2026-56043-40|talk]]) to last version by Natsukusha: test edits, please use the sandbox 1630267 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:zodiac_woodcut.png|thumb|right|400px|gambar zodiak saka [[abad kaping 16]]]] '''Zodiak''' (saka tembung [[basa Yunani|Yunani]] ''Zoodiacos Cyclos'' kang tegesé ''Bunderan Kéwan'') ya iku sawijining sabuk khayal ing langit kang ambané 18° kang punjeré ing bunderan [[ekliptika]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Voigt |first= Hans-Heinrich |title= Outline of astronomy volume I |year= 1974 |publisher= Noordhoff International Publishing |location= Leyden }}</ref>, nanging istilah iki bisa uga tegesé rasi-[[rasi lintang]] kang diliwati déning sabuk mau, kang saiki cacahé ana 13. Dipercaya konsèp iki asalé saka [[Mesopotamia|peradaban Lembah Kali Eufrat]] kamungkinan mung kanthi enem rasi, [[Taurus]], [[Cancer]], [[Virgo]], [[Scorpio]], [[Capricornus]], lan [[Pisces]], kang sabanjuré dipecah dadi 12 amarga penampakan taunan kaping 12 [[Bulan ndadari]] ing pérangan-pérangan urutan saka sabuk mau<ref>{{cite book |last= Allen |first= Richard H. |title= Star-names and Their Meanings |year= 1936 |publisher= G. E. Stechert & Co. |location= New York }}</ref>. == Bunderan Ekliptika == Ing langit ana garis khayal kang diarani lingkaran [[ekliptika]]. Yèn diamati saka [[bumi]], kabèh ''benda'' tatasurya ([[planit]], [[Bulan]] lan [[srengéngé]]) mubeng ing langit ngubengi bunderan [[ekliptika]]. Kaistiméwaan saka karolas zodiak dibandhingaké rasi lintang liyané ya iku kabèh ana ing wewengkon langit kang ''memotong'' (ngliwati?) bunderan ekliptika. Dadi bisa disimpulaké zodiak iku kabèh rasi bintang kang dumunung ing sadawaning bunderam [[ekliptika]]. Rasi-rasi lintang mau ya iku: # [[Capricornus]]: Wedhus sagara, srengéngé ana ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 21 Jan-16 Feb (26 dina) # [[Aquarius]]: Tukang gawa banyu, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 16 Feb-11 Mar (24 dina) # [[Pisces]]: Ikan, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 11 Mar-18 Apr (38 dina) # [[Aries]]: Wedhus gibas, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 18 Apr-13 Mèi (25 dina) # [[Taurus]]: Kebo, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 13 Mèi-22 Jun (40 dina) # [[Gemini]]: Si Kembar, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 22 Jun-21 Jul (29 dina) # [[Cancer]]: Kepiting, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 21 Jul-10 Ags (20 dina) # [[Leo]]: Singa, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 10 Ags-16 Sep (37 dina) # [[Virgo]]: Gadis Perawan, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 16 Sep-31 Okt (45 dina) # [[Libra]]: Timbangan, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 31 Okt-23 Nov (23 dina) # [[Scorpius]]: Kalajengking, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 23 Nov-18 Des (25 dina) # [[Sagitarius]]: Si Pemanah, Srengéngé dumunung ing sangarepé rasi ini sajeroning 18 Des-21 Jan (34 dina) == Zodiak lan Astrologi == [[Astrologi]] iku èlmu kang ngubungaké antara obahan benda-benda tatasurya (planit, bulan lan srengéngé) karo nasib manungsa. Amarga kabèh planit, srengéngé lan bulan mubeng ing sadawaning bunderan ekliptik, otomatis kabèh mau uga mubeng antarané zodiak. Ramaalan astrologi didhasaraké marang dunungé benda-benda tatasurya sajeroning zodiak. Sadéngah wong bakal nyandang tanda zodiaké miturut dunungé srengéngé sajeroning zodiak ing tanggal kelairané. Umpamané, wong kang lair awal desember bakal duwé zodiak [[Sagittarius]], Amarga ing tanggal mau srengéngé dumunung ing wewengkon rasi bintang [[Sagittarius]]. Dunungé srengéngé dibédakaké antara [[wektu tropikal]] lan [[wektu sideral]] kang njalari ana rong warna zodiak, ya iku [[zodiak tropikal]] lan [[zodiak sideral]]. Sapérangan gedhé astrologer kulon migunakaké [[zodiak tropikal]]. == Rujukan == <div style="font-size: small; font-size: 90%"> {{reflist}} </div> [[Kategori:Zodiak| ]] 47wcb90glr178th8t6muqsy9mzt0ehh 0 45611 1758963 1748425 2026-10-20T05:53:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onkologi''' iku sub-babagan medhis kang nyinaoni lan ngrawat [[kanker]]. Dhokter kang nekuni onkologi karan onkolog. Istilah iki asal saka [[basa Yunani]]: ''onkos'' (ονκος), kang tegesé masa utawa [[tumor]] l panambang ''-ology'', kang tegesé "nyinaoni". Onkologis bisa dipérang miturut jinis perawatan kang disadiakaké. * [[Onkologi radhiasi]]: orang kang mligi ngenani perawatan kanker nganggo [[radhiasi ionisasi|radhiasi]], siji prosès kang karan [[radhioterapi]]. * [[Bedhah Onkologi]] iku kang ahli sajeroning pambuangan [[tumor]], kang ana ing pérangan: # Bedhah # [[THT-KL]] # Obsgyn # Mata * [[Onkologi medhis]] iku kang migunakaké pangobatan utawa [[kemoterapi]] kanggo ngrawat kanker. Onkologi ngayahi bab ig ngisor iki: * [[diagnosis]] kanker * Terapi (ya iku [[operasi]], [[kemoterapi]], [[radhioterapi]] lll) == Uga delengen == * [http://rumahkanker.com/content/view/18/31/ Terapi Gen]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://rumahkanker.com/content/view/17/31/ Pengobatan Anti-angiogenesis]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Perawatan kanker eksperimental]] == Pranala njaba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090917174447/http://www.rumahkanker.com/ Rumah Kanker - Informasi Pengobatan dan Perawatan Kanker] * [http://www.nci.nih.gov/ National Cancer Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308004625/http://www.nci.nih.gov/ |date=2005-03-08 }} * [http://www.cancer.org American Cancer Society] * [http://www.cancer.ca Canadian Cancer Society] * [http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/ BC Cancer Agency] * [http://www.iarc.fr/ International Agency for Research on Cancer] * [http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/ Cancer Research UK] * [http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Home Cancerbackup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804161247/http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Home |date=2008-08-04 }} * [http://www.macmillan.org.uk/ MacMillan cancer relief] * [http://www.quackwatch.org/00AboutQuackwatch/altseek.html Panduan Quackwatch untuk terapi kanker alternatif] * [http://oncowiki.info Oncowiki: A Wiki based repository of Cancer Chemotherapy Regimens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310225343/http://oncowiki.info/ |date=2007-03-10 }} * [http://www.plwc.org.za: People Living With Cancer South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225000320/https://plwc.org.za/ |date=2021-02-25 }} * [http://www.aacancer.com/articles.html: Articles on the scientific basis of popular alternatives.] {{kadhokteran}} [[Kategori:Onkologi| ]] [[Kategori:Spesialisasi medhis]] [[Kategori:Kedhokteran]] dsliudhcsxh7q7hvt2hsiqdjyf7kzi2 0 45845 1758965 1453675 2026-10-20T06:48:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pananggalan Surya''' utawa '''Kalèndher Solar''' iku siji [[pananggalan]] sing tanggalé nuduhaké posisi bumi sajeroning révolusi ngubengi [[srengéngé]] (utawa kanthi ekivalèn posisi srengéngé mubeng ing [[akasa]]). ==Uga delengen == * [[Pananggalan]] * [[Pananggalan candra]] ==Pranala njaba == *[http://www.jewfaq.org/calendar.htm Jewish Calendar] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080422184425/http://www.alsadiqin.org/history/The%20Islamic%20Jewish%20Calendar.pdf Correspondence between Hebrew and Islamic calendars, months and holidays (pdf)] {{Kalèndher}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pananggalan Surya}} [[Kategori:Pananggalan]] {{Wektu-stub}} blwry95zyakwkpe05keq1p7v3rrsxsv 0 59252 1758973 1648044 2026-10-20T08:59:57Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Skyscraper |building_name= Piramida Agung Giza |image= [[Gambar:Gizeh Cheops BW 1.jpg|300px|]] |previous_building= [[Red Pyramid of Sneferu]], [[Egypt]] |year_built= sakiwa-tengené 2560 [[SM]] |surpassed_by_building= [[Lincoln Cathedral]] |year_end= sakiwa-tengené 1300 [[M]] |year_highest = sakiwa-tengené 2560 [[Sebelum Masehi|SM]] |location= [[Giza]], [[Egypt]] |roof= 138.8 m, 455.2 ft{{br}}(Tinggi sebenarnya: 146.6 m, 480.9 ft) |construction_period = sakiwa-tengené 2560 SM |emporis_id=103184}} {{7keajaibandunia}} '''Piramid Giza''' utawa '''Piramida Agung Giza''' iku [[Piramida Mesir|piramida]] tuwa dhéwé lan gedhé dhéwé saka telu piramida sing ana ing Nekropolis Giza lan minangka siji-sijiné [[yasan]] sing isih dadi péranganing [[Pitu Kaajaiban Donya]]. Dipercaya yèn piramida iki dibangun minangka pesaréyan utawa makam kanggo [[firaun]] [[Dinasti kapapat Mesir|dinasti kapapt]] [[Mesir Kun|Mesir]], [[Khufu]] (Χεωψ, Cheops) lan dibangun sajeroning punjul 20 taun lan dikira-kira watara taun 2560 [[Sadurungé Masèhi|SM]].<ref name="wonder">{{cite web | last = Ashmawy | first = Alaa | authorlink = | title = The Great Pyramid of Giza | work = The Seven Wonders | publisher = | date = January 21, 2004 | url = http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/pyramid.html | format = | accessdate = 2007-04-13 | archive-date = 2007-08-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070824094451/http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/pyramid.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>. Piramida iki kadhangkala sinebut '''Piramida Khufu'''.<ref name="oxford1">''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt''. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001. Edited by Dana M Collins. Volume 2, Page 234.</ref> == Sajarah == Piramida Agung Giza iku pérangan utama saka komplèks yasan makam sing dumadi saka loro kuil kanggo ngurmati Khufu (siji cedhak karo piramida lan sijiné manèh ing cedhak [[Kal Nil]]), telu piramida sing luwih cilik kanggo garwané Khufu, lan siji piramida "satelit" sing luwih cilik manèh, wujud lintasan sing didhuwuraké, lan makam-makam [[mastaba]] ukuran cilik ing saubengé piramida para bangsawan. Salah siji saka piramida-piramida cilik iku nyimpen makan ratu [[Hetepheres]] (tinemu taun 1925), adik, lan garwa Sneferu sarta ibu saka Khufu. Iga tinemu sawijining kutha, kalebu siji pemakaman, toko-toko roti, pabrik bir, lan siji komplèks paleburan tembaga. Luwih akèh manèh yasan lan komplèks tinemu déning Proyèk Pamétaan Giza. Sawetara atus mèter ing kidul-kulon Piramida Agung ana sawijining piramida sing luwih cilik, [[Piramida Khafre]], salah siji panerus Khufu sing uga dianggep pembangun [[Sphinx Agung Giza|Sphinx Agung]], lan sawatara mèter luwih adoh mangidul-kulon ana [[Piramida Menkaure]], panerus Khafre, sing dhuwuré watara separoné. Weaktu ngrampungaké piramida iki disepakati watara taun 2560 BC.<ref>[" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore/khufustory.html"]</ref> [[Wazir]] Khufu, [[Hemon]], utawa [[Hemiunu]], dipercaya minangka [[arsitèk]] saka Piramida Agung.<ref>{{cite news | last = Kimmelman | first = Michael | title = Egyptian Art: The Mysterious Lure of an Old Friend | publisher = The New York Times | url = http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/egpart.htm | date = 1999-09-17 | accessdate = 2006-07-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310223121/https://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/egpart.htm | archive-date = 2016-03-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Réferènsi == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> {{reflist}} </div> == Pranala njaba == {{commons|Great Pyramid of Giza}} * [http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/GIZ/Giza.html The Giza Mapping Project] <span id="coordinates" class="plainlinksneverexpand"> [[Koordinat]]: {{coor dms|29|58|44.68|N|31|08|02.58|E|}} </span> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Dhataran Giza]] [[Kategori:Piramida Mesir Kuna]] [[Kategori:Mesir Kuna]] [[Kategori:Pitu Kaajaiban Donya Kuna]] {{sajarah-stub}} sjjyskj6buwysn75x94hgsvtv96t0xt 0 71028 1758932 1708748 2026-10-19T20:00:34Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan medis}} {{Infobox disease | Name = Kanker payudara | DiseasesDB = 1598 | Image = Mammo breast cancer.jpg | Caption = [[Mamogram]] nuduhaké sawijining payudara néormal (kiwa) lan payudara mawa kanker (tengen). | ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|50||c|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|174}}-{{ICD9|175}},{{ICD9|V10.3}}| ICDO = | OMIM = 114480 | MedlinePlus = 000913 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2808 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|3287}} {{eMedicine2|radhio|115}} {{eMedicine2|plastic|521}} | MeshID = D001943 }} '''Kanker payudara''' iku [[kanker]] ing jaringan [[payudara]]. Iki wujud jinis kanker paling umum kang ditandhang kaum [[wanita]]. Kaum [[priya]] uga bisa kaserang kanker payudara, sanajan kamungelané luwih cilik tinimbang wanita. Pangobatan kang paling umum ya iku kanthi [[pambedhahan]] lan yèn perlu diterusaké mawa [[kemoterapi]] uga [[radiasi]]. Lelara kanker iku bisa kadadéan amarga ''pola'' panguripan kang kurang séhat. ==Réferènsi== {{Reflist|2}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category|Breast cancer}} {{Wikibooks|Sexual Health|Cancer#Breast Cancer}} * {{dmoz|/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Breast/}} * {{Yahoo directory|Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/Breast_Cancer/|Breast cancer}} * [http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cancer-of-the-breast-female/Pages/Introduction.aspx Female Breast Cancer]{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from [[NHS Choices]] * [http://www.sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au/publications/cancerControl/26%20Alcohol.PDF Alcohol and cancer risk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204213010/http://www.sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au/publications/cancerControl/26%20Alcohol.PDF |date=2012-02-04 }} from the Cancer Control Program of South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area Health Service * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030826035117/http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Diet/fs13.alcohol.cfm Alcohol and the Risk of Breast Cancer] from [[Cornell University]] * [http://www.lifemath.net/cancer/index.html CancerMath.net] Calculates survival with breast cancer based on prognostic factors and treatment. From [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. * [http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastcancer&bhcp=1 Radiology Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118032325/http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastcancer&bhcp=1 |date=2007-11-18 }} from the [[Radiological Society of North America]] * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/53091/touched-by-breast-cancer Touched by Breast Cancer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214080404/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/53091/touched-by-breast-cancer |date=2010-12-14 }} - slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' [[Kategori:Kanker|Payudara]] 0c4avir5hl9invi6eqza55y9jzld1zq 0 73050 1758964 1746827 2026-10-20T05:54:25Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Urang-aring |image = Eclipta prostrata W IMG 2239.jpg |image_width = 240px |image_caption = Urang-aring, ''Eclipta alba'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] | ordo = [[Asterales]] |familia = [[Asteraceae]] |genus = ''[[Eclipta]]'' |species = '''''E. alba''''' |binomial = ''Eclipta alba'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Hassk.]] |synonyms = ''Eclipta erecta''<br />''Eclipta prostrata''<br />''Verbesina alba''<br />''Verbesina prostrata'' |}} '''Orang-aring''' (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., sin. Eclipta prostrata L.) ya iku tuwuhan, akèh tinemu alasan dadi [[gulma]], anggota [[suku Asteraceae]]. Terna iki kawéntar olehé miguna kanggo nyuburaké rambut. Saliyané iku, orang-aring uga duwé khasiat minangka tuwuhan obat. Orang-aring duwé jeneng liyané, kaya ta urang-aring (Indo.); te-lenteyan (Md.); daun tinta (Banda); daun sipat, keremak lanang (Mly.); lan false daisy (Ingg.).<ref name="heyne">{{aut|Heyne, K. 1987.}} ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonésia'', jil. '''3''':1833. Terj. Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta</ref> == Pangenalan == [[Gambar:Eclipta_prostrata_in_AP_W2_IMG_9785.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''Close up'']] Terna sakmusim, kanthi jejeg utawa dlosor, kerep nyawang-nyawang, nganti 0,8 m. Gagangé bulat pejal, semu ungu, kanthi rambut putih. Godhong adhep-adhepan, duduk, lanset ndawa nganti bundar ndog dawané, 2–12,5 × 0,5–3,5&nbsp;cm, pangkal nyempit lan ujung lancip, pinggiré godhong bergerigi utawa rada rata, lumah loro-loroné berambut.<ref name="steenis1981">{{aut|[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]]. 1981.}} ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonésia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 423-424</ref> Kembangé grombol ing bongkol kembang majemuk kang gagangé dawa, selanjutnya 2-3 bongkol bareng-bareng ngumpul ing ujung (terminal) utawa ing lempitan. Godhong pembalut jero 2 bunderan, dawané 5&nbsp;mm, mbentuk mangkok. Kembang pinggir kanthi makutha wujud pita sempit, bergigi loro. Kembang cakram wujud tabung, warna putih. Wohé atos (achene) dawané nganti kaya baji cendhak, 2&nbsp;mm, bintil-bintil.<ref name="steenis1981"/> == Kagunan == [[Gambar:Eclipta_prostrata-linedrawing1.png|thumb|left|180px|Lukisan menurut Britton & Brown, 1913]] Orang-aring ngasilké zat pewarna ireng. Cairan sariné bisa kanggo ngirengaké rambut lan kanggo gawé tato.<ref name="proseanet">{{aut|Jukema, J., N.Wulijarni-Soetjipto, R.H.M.J. Lemmens & J.W.Hildebrand. 1991.}} [http://www.proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=14 ''Eclipta alba'' (L.) Hassk.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193205/http://www.proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=14 |date=2016-03-04 }} Internet Record from Proseabase. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonésia</ref>. Godhong orang-aring diremes-remes ing jero banyu, banjur minangka ngademke sirah aerta kanggo nyuburké lan garingaké rambut.<ref name="heyne"/> Cairan orang-aring diusapaké ing sirahé bayi supaya rikat thukul rambut sing ireng. Seduhan orang-aring ing lenga kelapa minangka lenga penyubur rambut. Minyak orang-aring iki wis kawentar ing Jawa hingga udakara taun ’70-an. Ana ing Ayurveda (ngèlmu usada India), orang aring dipercaya kanggo kaya ta rasayana kang duwé khasiat dawa umuré lan awet enom. Penelitian anya-anyar iki ngandhakaké yèn tuwuhan ini duwé daya usada tumrap gangguan ati (hepar) lan lambung.<ref name="rasayana">{{aut|Puri, HS. 2003.}} ''Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation''. Taylor & Francis, London, p. 80–85</ref> Ing panggonan liya, orang-aring minangka obat luar kanggo lelara kulit, eksim, "kutu air", malah kanggo ngatasi serangan kéwan kang duwé wisa kaya ta entupé kalajengking utawa cokotan ula. Godhong orang-aring uga dimanfaatké kanggo lalap, utawa ing Bali, dicampurké karo jangan.<ref name="heyne"/> == Ekologi lan panyebaran == [[Gambar:Eclip alba 100221-1185 tdp.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Bongkol-bongkol buah]] Terna iki asal-usulé ora dimangerteni. Menyebar luas ing seluruh donya, ing wewengkon tropika lan subtropika, ana ing akèh-akèh panggonan wis ngrembaka dadi gulma sing ngganggu tumrap jinis tuwuhan pertanian.<ref name="soerjani"/> Ing India, Cina, Thailand, lan Brazil; ditemokak ing Indonésia.Orang-aring bisa adhaptasi karo lingkungan sing ubah-ubah, mligi ing pangggonan kang drainase buruk, panggonan-panggonan teles ing kiwa-tengené kali, parit, utawa rawa, nanging kena srengéngé. Wiwit saka pasisir gulma ini tahan urip ing lemah kang ngandhut zat garam nganti dhuwur 2000 m. Kemampuan kembangbiaké dhuwur: ngembang sepanjang taun, orang-aring bisa ngasilké 17.000 biji per individu tuwuhan.<ref name="soerjani">{{aut|[[Mohamad Soerjani|Soerjani, M.]], [[AJGH Kostermans]] dan [[Gembong Tjitrosoepomo|G. Tjitrosoepomo]]}} (Eds.). 1987. ''Weeds of Rice in Indonésia''. [[Balai Pustaka]], Jakarta. p. 76-77 (illust.)</ref> {{clear}} == Catatan kaki == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category| Eclipta prostrata}} * USDA Plants Profile: [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ECPR ''Eclipta prostrata''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019143547/http://www.plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ECPR |date=2010-10-19 }} * Jepson Manual Treatment: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716104442/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1065,1066 ''Eclipta prostrata''] * Deskripsi dan foto-foto [http://www.missouriplants.com/Whiteopp/Eclipta_alba_page.html ''Eclipta alba''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125130535/http://www.missouriplants.com/Whiteopp/Eclipta_alba_page.html |date=2010-01-25 }} * Sekolah Farmasi ITB: [http://bahan-alam.fa.itb.ac.id/detail.php?id=239 Pemeriksaan Senyawa Fenolik Herba Urang-Aring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925081242/http://bahan-alam.fa.itb.ac.id/detail.php?id=239 |date=2011-09-25 }} (abstrak) * [http://www.banyanbotanicals.com/prodinfo.asp?number=6131&variation=&aitem=16&mitem=77 Authentic Bhringaraj] [[Kategori:Asteraceae]] [[Kategori:Gulma]] [[Kategori:Tetuwuhan obat]] [[Kategori:Tuwuhan warna]] rq83bkz7du7m7b1f48kfyjvezsci5ot 0 75319 1758972 1738082 2026-10-20T08:48:33Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info kompetisi bal-balan internasional |tourney_name=Piala Asia AFC |year=2011 |other_titles=2011 AFC Asian Cup <small> ([[Basa Inggris]])</small> <br /> كأس الأمم الآسيوية لكرة القدم 2011 <small> ([[Basa Arab]])</small> |image=2011 AFC Asian Cup crest.png |size=200px |caption=Logo Resmi Piala Asia AFC 2011 |country=Qatar |dates=[[7 Januari|7]]–[[29 Januari]] |num_teams=16 |venues=[[#Tempat penyelenggaraan|5]] |cities=2 |champion=Jepang |count=4 |second=Australia |third=Koréa Kidul |fourth=Uzbekistan |matches = 31 |goals = 89 |attendance = {{#expr: +47143 +7423 +6255 +15768 +9783 +6669 +3639 +10478 +6481 +44778 +17349 +10453 +15526 +11032 +6488 +7233 +28339 +3529 +2022 +9849 +11366 +3919}} |top_scorer = {{nowrap begin}}{{flagicon|Koréa Kidul}} [[Koo Ja-Cheol]]<small> ([[#Pencetak gol|5 gol]])</small>{{nowrap end}} |yellow cards=75 |yellow-red cards=2 |red cards=3 |prevseason=[[Piala Asia AFC 2007|2007]] |nextseason=[[Piala Asia AFC 2015|2015]] }} '''Piala Asia AFC 2011''' ya iku tetandhingan bal-balan kang wujud edhisi angka limolas (15) sajeroning turnamèn [[Piala Asia AFC]], kanthi puputan ing ubengan finalé kadadéan ing tlatah [[Qatar]], tanggal [[7 Januari|7]] nganti [[29 Januari]] [[2011]]. Lan Qatar bisa dadi tuan [[omah]] kapindho sajeroning Piala Asia AFC, sawisé [[Piala Asia AFC 1988|1988]]. Turnamèn iki dimenangaké déning {{timnas|Jepang}}, sawisé menang ing [[Final Piala Asia AFC 2011|tetandhingan final]] saka {{timnas|Australia}} sawisé liwat [[tambahan wektu]] kanthi skor 1–0, sawisé main imbang 0–0 sajeroning 90 menit pisanan ing [[Final Piala Asia AFC 2011|tetandhingan final]] ing [[Stadion Internasional Khalifa]], [[Doha]]. Minangka pamenang turnamen edhisi iki, {{timnas|Jepang}} duwé hak makili [[Konfederasi Bal-balan Asia|Asia]] ing [[Piala Konfederasi FIFA 2013]] kang bakal digelar ing [[Brasil]]. Sauntara iku, {{timnas|Koréa Kidul}} ngraih juwara katelu sawisé [[Babak palastra Piala Asia AFC 2011#Perebutan papan katelu|menang]] kanthi skor 3–2 saka {{timnas|Uzbekistan}} sajeroning [[Babak palastra Piala Asia AFC 2011#Parebutan papan katelu|tetandhingan parebutan papan katelu]] ing [[Stadion Jassim Bin Hamad]], [[Doha]].<!-- [[Zinedine Zidane]], pemain {{timnas|Prancis}} dadi pemain paling apik jroning turnamèn edhisi iki, déné [[Miroslav Klose]], pemain {{timnas|Jerman}} dadi [[#Pencetak gol|pencetak gol]] paling akèh kanthi [[#Pencetak gol|5 gul]]. --> Bal resmi tetandhingan edhisi iki ya iku bal gawéan [[Nike]], ya iku [[Nike Total 90 Tracer|Nike T90 Ascente]].<ref>[http://www.the-afc.com/en/inside-afc/676-afc-news/31770-the-tracers-excitement-for-ac-2011 The Tracer's excitement for AC 2011]. ''[[Konfederasi Sepak Bola Asia]]'', [[13 Dhésèmber]] [[2010]]. Diaksès [[31 Dhésèmber]] [[2010]].</ref><ref>[http://www.qfa.com.qa/2011-asian-cup-official-ball-revealed-.aspx 2011 Asian Cup Official Ball Revealed]. ''[[Asosiasi Sepak Bola Qatar]]'', [[16 Dhésèmber]] [[2010]]. Diakses padha [[31 Dhésèmber]] [[2010]].</ref> <!-- == Tuan omah == [[India]], [[Iran]], dan [[Qatar]] menyatakan diri berminat untuk menyelenggarakan turnamen edisi iki.<ref name="FIFA">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/news/newsid=560563.html Qatar to host Asian Cup 2011]. ''[[Fédération Internationale de Football Association|FIFA]]'', [[29 Juli]] [[2007]]. Diakses pada [[31 Desember]] [[2010]].</ref> [[Australia]] juga menyatakan minatnya untuk mengajukan diri walaupun sudah terlambat.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Sport/Chances-to-host-2011-Asian-Cup-fading/2007/02/13/1171128971592.html Chances to host 2011 Asian Cup fading]. ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[13 Februari]] [[2007]]. Diakses pada [[31 Desember]] [[2007]].</ref> Qatar secara resmi menyerahkan penawaran mereka pada [[19 Juni]] [[2007]].<ref>[http://www.orange.mu/kinews/afp/football/165387/qatar-submits-bid-to-host-2011-asian-cup.html Qatar submits bid to host 2011 Asian Cup]. ''Orange.mu'', [[19 Juni]] [[2007]]. Diakses pada [[31 Desember]] [[2010]].</ref> India kemudian mengundurkan diri dari penawaran,<ref name="RT">[http://www.reuters.com/article/idIKIndia-28158520070625 Qatar only nation to submit formal bid for 2011 Asian Cup]. ''[[Reuters]]'', [[25 Juni]] [[2007]]. Diakses pada [[31 Desember]] [[2010]].</ref> sementara Iran gagal untuk menyerahkan penawaran pada batas waktu yang ditentukan.<ref name="RT" /> Pada [[29 Juli]] [[2007]], saat Piala Asia AFC 2007 tengah berlangsung di empat nagara di Asia Tenggara ([[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], dan [[Vietnam]]), Presiden AFC, [[Mohamed Bin Hammam]], menyatakan bahwa Komite Eksekutif AFC telah memutuskan bahwa turnamen edisi iki akan diselenggarakan di Qatar.<ref name="FIFA" /> Ia menyatakan bahwa Qatar telah memberikan presentasi yang mengagumkan.<ref name="FIFA" /> Qatar sebelumnya pernah menyelenggarakan Piala Asia pada tahun 1988.<ref>[http://www.the-afc.com/en/event-information/history Asian Cup 2011 History]. ''[[Konfederasi Sepak Bola Asia]]'', [[17 September]] [[2008]]. Diakses pada [[31 Desember]] [[2010]].</ref> Pada kesempatan tersebut, juga diputuskan bahwa turnamen akan diselenggarakan pada bulan Januari, dari pilihan lain pada bulan Juli dan Agustus.<ref name="GN">[http://gulfnews.com/sport/football/qatar-confirmed-as-host-for-2011-asian-cup-1.191552 Qatar confirmed as host for 2011 Asian Cup]. ''GulfNews.com'', [[29 Juli]] [[2007]]. Diakses pada [[31 Desember]] [[2010]].</ref> Pada Juli dan Agustus diperkirakan akan terlalu panas di Timur Tengah.<ref name="GN" /> --> == Maskot == Maskot resmi turnamèn edhisi iki ya iku kulawarga [[jerboa]], sawijining kéwan pengerat kang tinemu ing [[sagara wedhi]] [[Qatar]].<ref name="mascot">[http://www.the-afc.com/en/event-information/asiancup2011-official-mascots Meet the mascot family]. ''[[Konfederasi Sepak Bola Asia]]'', [[11 November]] [[2010]]. Diaksès [[1 Januari]] [[2011]].</ref> Jeneng saben karakter didhasaraké marang lokasi ing lor, kidul, kulon, lan wétan Qatar.<ref name="mascot" /> Kulawarga digambaraké lan kapérang dadi 5 [[wong]] anggota kulawarga. {|class="wikitable" |- !Status !Jeneng !Dasa nama |- |Bapak |Zkriti |Dhaérah Zekreet ing [[kulon]] Qatar |- |Ibu |Tranaa |Dhaérah Turayna ing [[kidul]] Qatar |- |Anak kapisanan (wadon) |Freha |Dhaérah Freha ing [[lor]] Qatar |- |Anak kaloro (lanang) |Saboog |Jeneng umum kanggo jerboa ing tlatah [[Teluk]] [[basa Arab]], kang dikaitake kanthi karikatan |- |Anak katelu (lanang) |Tmbki |Dhaérah Timbic ing [[kutha]] Qatar |} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.the-afc.com/en/tournaments/men-a-youth/afc-asian-cup Dokumentasi] padha situs resmi [[Konfederasi Sepak Bola Asia|AFC]]. * [http://idn.worldfootball.net/spielplan/asian-cup-2011-katar/ Dokumentasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130703120823/http://idn.worldfootball.net/spielplan/asian-cup-2011-katar/ |date=2013-07-03 }} padha situs [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125181001/http://idn.worldfootball.net/ WorldFootball.net] * [http://www.rsssf.com/tables/11asch.html Arsip] padha situs [[:en:Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]] ==Cathetan suku== {{reflist}} {{Piala Asia AFC 2011}} {{Piala Asia AFC}} {{bal-balan internasional}} [[Kategori:Piala Asia AFC 2011|*]] [[Kategori:Piala Asia AFC]] [[Kategori:Sepak bola ing Qatar|Piala Asia AFC]] [[Kategori:Qatar ing taun 2011|Piala Asia AFC]] [[Kategori:Sepak bola ing taun 2011|Piala Asia AFC]] {{bal-balan-stub}} 8f6fgkuavkfm0ryjunvdgpt06p14sa1 0 75516 1758960 1699727 2026-10-20T05:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tennis player |image = [[Gambar:Novak Djokovic AO win 2011.jpg|250px|Novak Đoković saat memenangkan Australia Terbuka 2011]] |caption = Novak Đoković saat memenangkan [[Australia Terbuka 2011]]. |playername = Novak Đoković |nickname = ''Nole'',<ref name="djokovic.com">{{cite web|title = The Official Internet Site of Novak Djokovic|url = http://www.novak-djokovic.com/eng/index.php|accessdate = 2007-08-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230131144410/http://www.novak-djokovic.com/eng/index.php|archive-date = 2023-01-31|url-status = dead}}</ref> ''The Djoker''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/the-man-they-call-the-djoker/2008/01/11/1199988590224.html|title= The man they call the Djoker|last= Pearce|first = Linda|publisher = The Age|date = 2008-01-12|accessdate = 2008-01-31}}</ref> |country = {{SRB}} |residence = [[Monte Carlo]], [[Monaco]] |datebirth = {{birth date and age|1987|5|22}} |placebirth = [[Beograd]], [[Serbia]] sebelumnya [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]<br /><small> |height = {{height|m=1.87}} |weight = |retired = |turnedpro = [[2003]] |plays = Tangan tengen; ''backhand'' rong tangan |careerprizemoney = [[United States dollar|US$]] 7,537,644 |singlesrecord = 381-107 |singlestitles = 27 |highestsinglesranking = No. 1 ([[4 Juli]] [[2011]]) |AustralianOpenresult = '''Juwara''' ([[Australia Terbuka 2008|2008]]) |FrenchOpenresult = SF ([[Prancis Terbuka 2007|2007]]) |Wimbledonresult = '''Juwara''' ([[Wimbledon 2011|2011]]) |USOpenresult = F ([[AS Terbuka 2007|2007]]) |doublesrecord = 15 – 24 |doublestitles = 0 |highestdoublesranking = No. 134 ([[20 Agustus]] [[2007]]) |updated = [[21 Mèi]] [[2008]] }} '''Novak Đoković''' ({{lang-sr|Новак Ђоковић}}; jenengé kerep uga diéja '''Novak Djokovic'''; lair [[22 Mèi]] [[1987]] ing [[Beograd]]), iku sawijining [[petènis]] profésional saka [[Serbia]]. Ing tanggal 9 Juli 2007, ana ing peringkat 3 donya lan kasil dadi juwara [[Kajuwaraan Wimbledon 2011|Wimbledon]] ing taun 2011. Miturut data [[ATP]], Đoković manggon ing [[Monte Carlo]]. == Karir tenis == === 2001-2003 === Minangka anggota tim nasional Yugoslavia, Djokovic tekan final Piala Davis Junior 2001 kanggo pemain ing umur 14 taun, nalika dhèwèké kalah ing tunggal.<ref name=Yugoslav>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/teamcompetitions/14under/boyswinners.asp|title=Juniors – Boys Winners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701234116/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/teamcompetitions/14under/boyswinners.asp|publisher=International Tennis Federation (ITF)|date=2008-06-30|archive-date=2008-07-01|access-date=2011-05-10}}</ref> === 2022 === Djokovic disetel kanggo miwiti musim 2022 kanthi melu Piala ATP nanging mundur.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/novak-djokovic-withdraws-from-atp-cup-vaccination-uncertain-australian-open | title=Djokovic decides to withdraw from ATP Cup | accessdate=2022-01-06}}</ref> Djokovic lelungan menyang Melbourne tanggal 5 Januari nanging ditahan dening Pasukan Perbatasan Australia sawise dhèwèké nemtokake dhèwèké ora nyukupi syarat lumebu kanggo wong lelungan sing ora divaksinasi.<ref name="gre22">{{cite news|last=Greene|first=Andrew|date=2022-01-06|title=ABF investigates two more Tennis Australia medical exemptions after Novak Djokovic's visa cancellation|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-06/border-force-investigate-more-medical-exemptions-novak-djokovic/100742868|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2022-01-08|title=Djokovic prepares Australian visa challenge as COVID vaccine furore mounts|url=https://businessmag.com.au/tennis-news-2022-novak-djokovic-cant-enter-america-but-is-still-in-indian-wells-draw/|access-date=2022-01-08|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316121640/https://businessmag.com.au/tennis-news-2022-novak-djokovic-cant-enter-america-but-is-still-in-indian-wells-draw/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Visane dibatalake lan dhèwèké ditahan ing hotel tahanan imigrasi nganti pirang-pirang dina ngenteni sidang pengadilan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/djokovic-detention-draws-focus-to-australias-asylum-seekers/ar-AASzWJU | title=Djokovic detention draws focus to Australia's asylum-seekers | website=[[MSN]] | accessdate=2022-01-10}}</ref> == Kauripan == Đoković iku anak tuwa dhéwé saka Srdjan lan Dijana. Đoković duwé adi lanang loro, Đorđe lan Marko. Đoković nguasani [[basa Serbia]], [[basa Jerman]], lan [[basa Inggris]]. == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.novak-djokovic.com/ Situs web resmi] * [http://www.atptennis.com/3/en/players/playerprofiles/?playernumber=D643 Profil di situs ATP] * [http://www.usopen.org/en_US/players/atpd643.html Profil dan data Đoković di situs AS Terbuka] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Novak Đoković}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Đoković, Novak}} [[Kategori:Lair 1987]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Petènis Serbia]] {{olahragawan-stub}} ph1nfwky0jnu4z94l8wxd9il4jx82zu 0 75529 1758979 1757815 2026-10-20T11:27:52Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | playername = Peter Crouch | image = [[Gambar:Peter Crouch.JPG|200px]] | caption = Peter Crouch nalika esih main ana ing [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | fullname = Peter James Crouch | height = {{height|ft=6|in=7}}<ref name="Height">{{cite web|title=At 6ft 7ins it's not always easy to squeeze into sports cars or supercars.|url=http://www.easier.com/11959-crouch-set-to-score-world-cup-double-with-hyundai.html|work=Crouch set to score World Cup double with Hyundai|publisher=Easier cars|accessdate=3 January 2011|date=12 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305230131/https://www.easier.com/11959-crouch-set-to-score-world-cup-double-with-hyundai.html|archive-date=5 March 2021|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Graham|title=A tall tale|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/4540025.stm|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=6 April 2011|authorlink=Graham Taylor (footballer)|date=20 July 2005}}</ref> | position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]] | dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1981|1|30|df=y}} | cityofbirth = [[Macclesfield]] | countryofbirth = Inggris | currentclub = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] | clubnumber = 15 | youthyears1 = 1995–1998 | youthclubs1 = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] | years1 = 1998–2000 | clubs1 = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2000 | clubs2 = → [[Dulwich Hamlet F.C.|Dulwich Hamlet]] (loan) | caps2 = 6 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2000 | clubs3 = → [[IFK Hässleholm]] (loan) | caps3 = 8 | goals3 = 3 | years4 = 2000–2001 | clubs4 = [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] | caps4 = 42 | goals4 = 10 | years5 = 2001–2002 | clubs5 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] | caps5 = 37 | goals5 = 18 | years6 = 2002–2004 | clubs6 = [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] | caps6 = 37 | goals6 = 6 | years7 = 2003 | clubs7 = → [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] (loan) | caps7 = 15 | goals7 = 4 | years8 = 2004–2005 | clubs8 = [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] | caps8 = 27 | goals8 = 12 | years9 = 2005–2008 | clubs9 = [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | caps9 = 85 | goals9 = 22 | years10 = 2008–2009 | clubs10 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] | caps10 = 38 | goals10 = 11 | years11 = 2009– | clubs11 = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] | caps11 = 72 | goals11 = 12 | totalcaps = 362 | totalgoals = 99 | nationalyears1 = 2002–2003 | nationalteam1 = [[England national under-21 football team|England U21]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2006 | nationalteam2 = [[England B national football team|England B]] | nationalcaps2 = 1 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2005–2010 | nationalteam3 = [[England national football team|England]] | nationalcaps3 = 42 | nationalgoals3 = 22 | manageryears1 = | managerclubs1 = | club-update = 06:59, 23 June 2011 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 16:00, 26 February 2011 (UTC) }} '''Peter James Crouch''' (lair 30 Januari 1981 ing [[Macclesfield]], [[Inggris]]) inggih punika juru main [[bal-balan]] saking nagari [[Inggris]]. Sapunika Crouch main ing klub saking [[Inggris]], [[Tottenham Hotspur]] lan tim nasional [[Inggris]].<ref name="internet1"/> Crouch gadhah posisi minangka penyerang.<ref name="internet1"/> Peter Crouch miwiti karieripun ing jagad bal-balan nalika gladhèn ing Tottenham Hotspur.<ref name="internet1"/> Salajengipun, Crouch main ing klub [[Portsmouth]], [[Aston Villa]], [[Southamton]], lan [[Liverpool]]. Crouch wangsul malih dhateng klub Tottenham Hotspur.<ref name="internet1">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/blog/2009/aug/01/peter-crouch-tottenham-expensive-english-strike ''Are we addicted to Peter Crouch?''] {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipunundhuh tanggal 6 Juli 2011)</ref> Peter Crouch naté dados ''top scorer'' nomer kalih ing adicara '''[[Liga Champions UEFA]]''' taun 2006 / 2007 sasampunipun juru main bal saking [[AC Milan]], [[Kaka]]. == Biografi == Crouch lair ing [[Macclesfield]], [[Cheshire]], nanging kulawarganipun pindah dhateng [[Singapura]] nalika Crouch nembé umur satunggal taun. Kulawarganipun manggèn ing [[Singapura]] sadangunipun tigang taun. Sasampunipun tigang taun, lajeng wangsul malih ing [[Inggris]]. Nalika taksih rumaja kinten-kinten umur sedasa taun, Crouch sampun saged main bal.<ref name="internet2">[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=17173591&method=full&siteid=62484&headline=my-pete-s-no-freak-name_page.html] dipunundhuh tanggal 6 Juli 2011)</ref> == Karier klub == * Crouch dipunkontrak [[Tettenham Hotspur]] tanggal 2 Juli 1998. Crouch boten betah main ing klub punika amargi boten mlebet tim utama, lajeng pindah dhateng klub [[Dulwich Hamlet]] ing '''Liga Isthmian''', ing mangsa 2000 ing klub [[IFK Hässleholm]] ing nagari [[Swèdhen]].<ref name="internet3">[http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersC/BioCrouchP.html ''Peter Crouch Profile''] dipunundhuh tanggal 6 Juli 2011)</ref> * 28 Juli 2000, Crouch pindah dhateng klub [[Queens Park Rangers]] (QPR) kanthi regi £60,000. Ing klub punika Crouch saged main bal kanthi saé. Nanging amargi klub punika mbetahaken arta, lajeng Crouch dipunsade dhateng klub [[Portsmouth]].<ref name="internet3"/> * Maret 2002, Crouch pindah dhateng [[Aston Villa]].<ref name="internet3"/> * Juli 2004, Crouch dipunsade dheteng klub [[Southampton]].<ref name="internet3"/> * Taun 2005-2008, Crouch main ing klub [[Liverpool]].<ref name="internet3"/> * Taun 2008-2009, Crouch main malih ing klub [[Portsmouth]].<ref name="internet3"/> * Taun 2009-2012, Crouch ndhèrèk klub [[Tottenham Hotspur]].<ref name="internet3"/> *Taun 2012-2017, Crouch bélani klub [[Stoke City]] *Taun 2017-2019, Crouch bélani klub [[Burnley]] == Jroning Angka == === Klub === {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+ Panampilan land gol adhedhasar klub, mangsa lan kompetisi |- !rowspan=2|Klub !rowspan=2|Mangsa !colspan=3|Liga !colspan=2|[[Piyala FA]] !colspan=2|[[EFL Cup|Piyala Liga]] !colspan=2|Eropah !colspan=2|Liyané !colspan=2|Gunggung |- !Dhivisi!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol!!Panampilan!!Gol |- |[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] |[[1999–2000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|1999–2000]] |[[Liga Primèr Inggris]] |0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||0||0 |- |[[Dulwich Hamlet F.C.|Dulwich Hamlet]] (silih) |[[1999–2000 Isthmian League#Premier Division|1999–2000]] |[[Isthmian League]] Premier Division |6||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||6||1 |- |[[IFK Hässleholm]] (silih) |[[2000 Swedish football Division 2|2000]] |[[Division 2 (Swedish football)|Swedish Division 2]] |8||3||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||8||3 |- |[[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] |[[2000–01 Queens Park Rangers F.C. mangsa|2000–01]] |[[Football League First Division|First Division]] |42||10||3||2||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||47||12 |- |[[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] |[[2001–02 Portsmouth F.C. mangsa|2001–02]] |First Division |37||18||1||0||1||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||39||19 |- |rowspan=4|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] |[[2001–02 Aston Villa F.C. mangsa|2001–02]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |7||2||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||7||2 |- |[[2002–03 Aston Villa F.C. mangsa|2002–03]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |14||0||0||0||0||0||4||0||colspan=2|—||18||0 |- |[[2003–04 Aston Villa F.C. mangsa|2003–04]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |16||4||0||0||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||18||4 |- !colspan=2|Gunggung !37||6||0||0||2||0||4||0||colspan=2|—||43||6 |- |[[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] (silih) |[[2003–04 Norwich City F.C. mangsa|2003–04]] |First Division |15||4||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||15||4 |- |[[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] |[[2004–05 Southampton F.C. mangsa|2004–05]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |27||12||5||4||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||33||16 |- |rowspan=4|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |[[2005–06 Liverpool F.C. mangsa|2005–06]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |32||8||6||3||1||0||8||0||2||2||49||13 |- |[[2006–07 Liverpool F.C. mangsa|2006–07]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |32||9||1||0||1||1||14||7||1||1||49||18 |- |[[2007–08 Liverpool F.C. mangsa|2007–08]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |21||5||4||2||3||0||8||4||colspan=2|—||36||11 |- !colspan=2|Gunggung !85||22||11||5||5||1||30||11||3||3||134||42 |- |Portsmouth |[[2008–09 Portsmouth F.C. mangsa|2008–09]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |38||11||3||1||1||0||6||4||1||0||49||16 |- |rowspan=4|Tottenham Hotspur |[[2009–10 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2009–10]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |38||8||6||1||3||4||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||47||13 |- |[[2010–11 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2010–11]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |34||4||1||0||0||0||10||7||colspan=2|—||45||11 |- |[[2011–12 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. mangsa|2011–12]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||0||0||colspan=2|—||1||0 |- !colspan=2|Gunggung !73||12||7||1||3||4||10||7||0||0||93||24 |- |rowspan=9|[[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] |[[2011–12 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2011–12]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |32||10||3||2||2||0||3||2||colspan=2|—||40||14 |- |[[2012–13 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2012–13]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |34||7||3||0||1||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||38||8 |- |[[2013–14 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2013–14]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |34||8||1||0||3||2||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||38||10 |- |[[2014–15 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2014–15]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |33||8||2||1||3||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||38||10 |- |[[2015–16 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2015–16]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |11||0||2||1||5||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||18||2 |- |[[2016–17 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2016–17]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |27||7||1||0||1||3||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||29||10 |- |[[2017–18 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2017–18]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |31||5||1||0||2||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||34||6 |- |[[2018–19 Stoke City F.C. mangsa|2018–19]] |[[EFL Championship|Championship]] |23||1||2||1||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||26||2 |- !colspan=2|Gunggung !225||46||15||5||18||9||3||2||colspan=2|—||261||62 |- |[[Stoke City F.C. Under-23s and Academy|Stoke City U23]] |[[2016–17 EFL Trophy|2016–17]] |colspan=1|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1||0||1||0 |- |[[Burnley F.C.|Burnley]] |[[2018–19 Burnley F.C. mangsa|2018–19]] |Liga Primèr Inggris |6||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||6||0 |- !colspan=3|Gunggung karir !599||145||45||18||33||15||53||24||5||3||735||205 |} === Nagara === {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+ Panampilan lan gol ing tim nasional lan taun |- !Tim nasional!!Taun!!Panampilan!!Gol |- |rowspan=6|[[England national football team|Inggris]] |2005||4||0 |- |2006||12||11 |- |2007||8||3 |- |2008||6||0 |- |2009||6||4 |- |2010||6||4 |- !colspan=2|Gunggung||42||22 |} == Gol Internasional == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Gol internasional déning tanggal, papan, main, mungsuh, angka, asil lan kompetisi |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col|Surya !scope=col|Papan !scope=col|Main !scope=col|Mungsuh !scope=col|Angka !scope=col|Asil !scope=col|Kompetisi |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|1 |1 Maret 2006||[[Anfield]], Liverpool, Inggris||align=center|5||{{fb|Uruguay}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–1||[[Exhibition game#Association football|Kekancan]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|2 |30 Mèi 2006||[[Old Trafford]], Manchester, Inggris||align=center|6||{{fb|Hungary}}||align=center|3–1||align=center|3–1||[[Exhibition game#Association football|Kekancan]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|3 |rowspan=3|3 Juni 2006||rowspan=3|[[Old Trafford]], Manchester, Inggris||rowspan=3 align=center|7||rowspan=3|{{fb|Jamaica}}||align=center|3–0||rowspan=3 align=center|6–0||rowspan=3|[[Exhibition game#Association football|Kekancan]]||rowspan=3 align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|4 |align=center|5–0 |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|5 |align=center|6–0 |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|6 |15 Juni 2006||[[Max-Morlock-Stadion|Frankenstadion]], Nuremberg, Jerman||align=center|9||Trinidad & Tobago|| align="center" |1–0||align=center|2–0||[[Piyala Donya 2006]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|7 |rowspan=2|16 Agustus 2006||rowspan=2|[[Old Trafford]], Manchester, Inggris||rowspan=2 align=center|12||rowspan=2|{{fb|Yunani}}||align=center|3–0||rowspan=2 align=center|4–0||rowspan=2|[[Exhibition game#Association football|Kekancan]]||rowspan=2 align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|8 |align=center|4–0 |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|9 |rowspan=2|2 Sèptèmber 2006||rowspan=2|[[Old Trafford]], Manchester, Inggris||rowspan=2 align=center|13||rowspan=2|{{fb|Andorra}}||align=center|1–0||rowspan=2 align=center|5–0||rowspan=2|[[Kuwalifikasi Euro 2008]]||rowspan=2 align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|10 |align=center|5–0 |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|11 |6 Sèptèmber 2006||[[Philip II Arena]], Skopje, Makedonia||align=center|14||{{fb|Macedonia}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–0||[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying|UEFA Euro 2008 qualification]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|12 |6 Juni 2007||[[A. Le Coq Arena]], Tallinn, Éstlan||align=center|19||{{fb|Éstlan}}||align=center|2–0||align=center|3–0||[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying|Kuwalifikasi Euro 2008]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|13 |16 Novèmber 2007||[[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]], Vienna, Ostenrik||align=center|23||{{fb|Ostenrik}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–0||[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|14 |21 November 2007||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, Inggris||align=center|24||{{fb|Croatia}}||align=center|2–2||align=center|2–3||[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying|Kuwalifikasi Euro 2008]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|15 |1 April 2009||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, Inggris||align=center|33||{{fb|Ukraina}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|2–1||[[Kuwalifikasi Piyala Donya 2010]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|16 |10 Juni 2009||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, Inggris||align=center|34||{{fb|Andorra}}||align=center|6–0 ||align=center|6–0||[[Kuwalifikasi Piyala Donya 2010]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|17 |rowspan=2|14 Oktober 2009||rowspan=2|[[Wembley Stadium]], London, Inggris||rowspan=2 align=center|35||rowspan=2|{{fb|Belarus}}||align=center|1–0||rowspan=2 align=center|3–0||rowspan=2|[[Kuwalifikasi Piyala Donya 2010]]||rowspan=2 align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|18 |align=center|3–0 |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|19 |rowspan=2|3 Maret 2010||rowspan=2|[[Wembley Stadium]], London, Inggris||rowspan=2 align=center|37||rowspan=2|{{fb|Egypt}}||align=center|1–1||rowspan=2 align=center|3–1||rowspan=2|[[Exhibition game#Association football|Kekancan]]||rowspan=2 align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|20 |align=center|3–1 |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|21 |24 Mèi 2010||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, Inggris||align=center|38||{{fb|Mèksiko}}||align=center|2–0||align=center|3–1||[[Exhibition game#Association football|Kekancan]]||align=center| |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|22 |17 Novèmber 2010||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, Inggris||align=center|42||{{fb|Prancis}}||align=center|1–2||align=center|1–2||[[Exhibition game#Association football|Kekancan]]||align=center| |} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == [http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersC/BioCrouchP.html ''Peter Crouch Profile''] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] [[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Pemain Liverpool F.C.]] [[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Donya FIFA 2010]] [[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Éropa UEFA 2012]] {{stub}} f0vuj2mc1dvzqluyo75h4ilijzqyltz 0 78105 1758931 1629924 2026-10-19T19:39:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|42|25|47|N|130|36|41|E|display=title}} {{Chinese |pic=Location Tumen-River.png |piccap=Lokasi Sungai Tumen |t=圖們江 |s=图们江 |p=Túmen Jiāng |w=T'u-man-chiang |northkorea=yes |hangul=두만강 |hanja=豆滿江 |rr=Duman-gang |mr=Tuman-gang |mon={{lang|mn|Түмэн гол}}, ''Tümen gol'' |mnc=[[Berkas:Tumen1.png|20px]]<br />(Tumen ula) |rus= Туманная река, ''Tumannaya Reka'' }} '''Kali Tumen''' utawa '''Kali Tuman''' ya iku kali kang dawané 521&nbsp;km, kang dadi wates antarané nagara [[Républik Rakyat Cina]], [[Koréa Lor]], lan [[Ruslan]]; hulu saka kali iki ana ing [[Gunung Baekdu]] lan ngalir nganti tekan [[Sagara Jepang]] (Sagara Wétan).<ref name=times1006>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/22/weekinreview/22marsh.html?_r=1&oref=login] Onishi, Norimitsu, "Tension, Desperation: The China-North Korean Border", [[October 22]], [[2006]]. Much of the information cited in this footnote comes from the captions to the large illustrated map published with the newspaper article and available online with it.</ref> Kali iki ngalir ana ing [[Asia]] pérangan lor-wétan, ing wates antarané [[Républik Rakyat Cina|RRC]] lan [[Koréa Lor]], lan antarané [[Koréa Lor]] lan [[Ruslan]] ana ing 17 kilometere terakhire sadurungé tekan Sagara Jepang.<ref name=times1006/> Kali iki dadi wates ana ing sisih kidul [[Provinsi Jilin]] ing [[Manchuria]] lan wates sisih lor provinsi [[Hamgyong Utara]] lan provinsi [[Yanggang]] ana ing Koréa Lor.<ref name=times1006/> [[Gunung Baekdu]] kang mapan ing wtes Cina-Koréa Lor dadi sumber saka kali iki, lan uga dadi sumber saka [[Kali Yalu]].<ref name="times1006"/> Jeneng kali iki asalé saka sawijining tembung saka [[basa Mongolia|Mongolia]] ''[[Tumen|tümen]]'', kang duwé teges i "satus sewu" utawa [[samyriad]].<ref name=times1006/> Kali iki wis dicemari déning pabrik-pabrik kang ana ing kiwa-tengené kali tumeng iki ana ing Koréa Lor dan Cina; nanging kali iki isih daya tarik kanggo wisatawan kang ana ing kawasan iku.<ref name="kali">{{Cite web |url=http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en{{!}}id&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608794/Tumen-River |title=www.britannica.com |access-date=2011-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203055338/http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608794/Tumen-River |archive-date=2012-02-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing [[Tumen, Jilin]], Cina, ya iku papan kanggo ''berpesiar'' ana ing pinggiran kali kang ana warung kang bisa ndelok sesawangan kang ana.<ref name=times1006/> Jeneng Ruslan kali iki ya iku ''Tumannaya'', tegesé ana [[kabut]]e''.<ref name="kali"/> == Cathetan SUku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Républik Rakyat Cina]] {{stub}} f69uim97gdrrvg0yindlz73bde63eqg 0 81539 1758974 1743770 2026-10-20T09:21:14Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Pondhasi (arsitèktur)|ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦱꦶ (ꦄꦂꦱꦶꦠꦺꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦂ)}} '''Pondhasi''' utawi '''Pondhamèn''' saged ugi dipunwastani '''tèknik pondhasi''' punika pamarkaryan ing babagan tèknik ingkang tumuju utawi ngasilaken jinis ugi dhimènsi pondhasi yasan ingkang praktis utawi ''efisien'', saéngga saged lan kiyat nyangga bobot yasan kanthi saé.Tèknik pondhasi punika pérangan saking èlmu [[géotèknik]]. Perangan paling ngandhap saka struktur bangunan sing katandur ing sajroning lemah, kang nduwèni fungsi kanggo nyaluraké bobot kabèh bangunan menyang lemah atos ing sangisoringé kanthi rata. Pamilihan jinis pondhasi, apa pondhasi cethek utawa pondhasi jero, gumantung marang aboté bangunan lan kahanan lemahé, kanthi ancas nyegah anané penurunan (settlement) lan njamin kestabilan bangunan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://serpongnaturacity.co.id/berita-media/kelebihan-kekurangan-pondasi-batu-kali/|title=Pondasi Batu Kali: Pengertian, Kelebihan, dan Kekurangannya|website=Serpong Natura City|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-14}}</ref> Ing babagan konstruksi, ana manéka warna jinis pondhasi sing bisa dipilih manut kabutuhan lan kahanan lemah. Salah siji sing kerep dienggo yaiku pondhasi watu kali. == Pondhasi watu kali == Pondhasi watu kali yaiku salah siji jinis pondhasi sing migunakaké watu kali minangka bahan utama. Watu kali dipilih amarga nduwèni daya tahan sing apik banget kanggo nahan bobot sing cukup gedhé lan uga stabil ing kahanan lemah tartamtu.<ref name=":0" /> Proses pambangunan pondhasi iki kalakoni kanthi cara nyusun watu kali manut tata susunan tartamtu sing wis dirancang cocog karo desain struktur bangunan. Lumrahé, pondhasi watu kali akèh dienggo kanggo bangunan kanthi struktur entheng, kayata omah, vila, utawa bangunan komersial cilik.<ref name=":0" /> '''Material Pondhasi Watu Kali''' Pondhasi watu kali kasusun saka sawetara bahan utama. Sing kapisan yaiku watu kali sing lumrahé ditemokaké ing kali utawa pagunungan. Watu-watu iki dipilih kanthi tliti, banjur dipethèk utawa dipracah nganti nduwèni ukuran sing meh padha. Tujuané supaya bisa ngasilaké struktur pondhasi sing kuwat lan sanggup nahan manéka warna tekanan lan bobot bangunan ing sadhuwuré.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://teknoscaff.com/articles/pondasi-batu-kali-pengertian-bahan-kelebihan-dan-cara-membuatnya/|title=Pondasi Batu Kali: Pengertian, Bahan, Kelebihan dan Cara Membuatnya|last=Kakali|date=2024-02-06|website=Teknoscaff|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116145657/https://teknoscaff.com/articles/pondasi-batu-kali-pengertian-bahan-kelebihan-dan-cara-membuatnya/|archive-date=2026-01-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kajaba watu kali, pasir uga nduwèni peran wigati kanggo nglengkapi susunan pondhasi. Pasir mbantu nyetabilaké struktur pondhasi watu kali supaya luwih rapet lan ajeg. Sabanjuré, kanggo ngiket watu kali lan pasir supaya dadi siji struktur sing luwih kokoh, digunakaké campuran semen minangka bahan pangiket.<ref name=":1" /> == Jinis pondhasi == Pondhasi punika saged dipungolongaken dados tigang jinis: * [[Pondhasi cethèk]] ** [[Pondhasi saenggon|Pondhasi saenggèn]] ** Pondhasi penerus ** Pondhasi pelat * [[Pondhasi jero|Pondhasi lebet]]. == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Tèknik sipil]] swy8fgm66kcecdba9v5rjkaikm6l2fq 0 84313 1758943 1758649 2026-10-19T21:55:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 2 books for (20261019sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1758943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Disease |Name=Influenza |Image=EM of influenza virus.jpg |Caption=[[transmisi èlèktron mikroskopik|TEM]] saka [[virus]] influenza, digedhèkaké kurang luwih tikel kaping 100.000. |Width=226 |DiseasesDB=6791 |ICD10={{ICD10|J|10||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|11||j|09}} |ICD9={{ICD9|487}} |MedlinePlus=000080 |eMedicineSubj=med |eMedicineTopic=1170 |eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|ped|3006}} |MeshID=D007251 }} '''Influenza''', kang asring ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud [[lelara nular]] kang disebabaké déning [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] saka [[famili]] [[Orthomyxoviridae]] (virus influenza), kang nyerang [[unggas]] lan [[mamalia]]. Tandha-tandha sing paling lumrah saka lelara iki yaiku ndredheg, mriyang, perih tenggorokane, perih otot, sirah abot, [[watuk]], lemes, lan [[malaise]].<ref name=Merck>{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html |title=Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition |publisher=www.merck.com |accessdate=2008-03-15 |last= |first= }} </ref> Sanajan asring kijolan karo lelara mèmper influenza liyané, mligi [[selesma]], influenza wujud lelara kang luwih abot tinimbang selesma lan disababaké déning jinis virus kang béda<ref name=Eccles>{{cite journal |last=Eccles |first=R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}</ref> Influenza bisa njalari eneg, lan muntah, mligi ing bocah-bocah,<ref name=Merck/> nanging tandha-tandha mau luwih asring ana ing lelara [[gastroenteritis]], kang babar pisan ora ana gegandhèngané, kang uga sok-sok kanthi ora trep diarani "flu weteng".<ref>[http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074827/http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} by Kristina Duda, R.N.; Diakses 12 Maret 2007 (Website: "About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company"). So-called "stomach flu" is sometimes also called "24-hour flu." Neither one is actually flu and are instead unrelated [[gastroenteritis]].</ref> Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia kanthi langsung uga njalari pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr.<ref name="Ballinger-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ballinger | first1 = MN. | last2 = Standiford | first2 = TJ. | title = Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: host defenses gone awry. | journal = J Interferon Cytokine Res | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 643-52 |date=Sep 2010 | doi = 10.1089/jir.2010.0049 | PMID = 20726789 }}</ref> Lumrahé, influenza nular saka udara utawa wahin, sing bakal njalari ''[[aerosol]]'' sing ngandhut virus. Influenza uga bisa ditularraké merga tepungan karo ndemok tai manuk utawa [[umbel]], uga bisa liwat lumahan kang wis kena kontaminasi. Aerosol kang kagawa déning udara (airborne aerosols) dinuga nimbulaké sapérangan gedhé infèksi, sanajan jalur panularan endi kang paling duwé peran sajeroning lelara iki durung cetha temenan.<ref name=Brankston/> Virus influenza bisa diinaktivasi déning sinar [[srengéngé]], [[disinfektan]], lan [[deterjen]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Suarez |first=D |author2=Spackman E, Senne D, Bulaga L, Welsch A, Froberg K |title=The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/1091 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1091–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14575118 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1091}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)]: Implications for [[Disease|Human Disease]]. Physical characteristics of influenza A viruses. UMN CIDRAP.</ref> Asring ngumbah tangan bakal ngurangi risiko infèksi amarga virus bisa diinaktivasi karo sabun.<ref name="Jefferson-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jefferson | first1 = T. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Dooley | first3 = L. | last4 = Ferroni | first4 = E. | last5 = Al-Ansary | first5 = LA. | last6 = Bawazeer | first6 = GA. | last7 = van Driel | first7 = ML. | last8 = Nair | first8 = S. | last9 = Foxlee | first9 = R. | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD006207 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub3 | PMID = 20091588 }}</ref> Influenza nyebar menyang saindhenging donya sajeroning [[epidemi]] mangsan, kang nimbulaké pepati 250.000 lan 500.000 wong saben tauné,<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza (Seasonal)], [[World Health Organization]], April 2009. Diaksès 13-02-2010.</ref> malah nganti mayuta-yuta wong ing sapérangan taun pandemik. Rata-rata 41.400 wong mati saben tauné ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] sajeroning kurun wektu antara taun 1979 tekan 2001 amarga influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/2/181 |title=Mortality due to Influenza in the United States — An Annualized Regression Approach Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data | author=[[Jonathan Dushoff]] | journal =[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] | volume = 163| issue = 2| pages = 181–7|accessdate=2009-10-29 |quote=The regression modhèl attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979–2001. |work= |pmid=16319291 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwj024 |year=2006 |first2=JB |first3=C |first4=DJ |first5=L |last2=Plotkin |last3=Viboud |last4=Earn |last5=Simonsen }}</ref> Nalika taun 2010 [[Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] ing Amérikah Sarékat ngowahi carané nglapuraké prakiran pepati amarga influenza sajeroning 30 taun. Saiki Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara nglapuraké yèn ana kisaran angka pepati wiwit saka 3.300 nganti 49.000 pepati per tauné.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Julie Steenhuysen]] |title=CDC backs away from decades-old flu death estimate |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3NA20100826 |quote=Instead of the estimated 36,000 annual flu deaths in the United States... the actual number in the past 30 years has ranged from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of nearly 49,000, the CDC said on Thursday. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}</ref> Telu pandemi influenza dumadi nalika abad karongpuluh lan wis niwasaké puluhan yuta wong. Saben pandemi mau disababaké déning munculé galur anyar [[virus]] iki ing manungsa. Asring uga, [[galur]] anyar iki muncul nalika virus flu kang wis ana nyebar ing manungsa saka [[spésies]] kéwan kang liya, utawa nalika galur virus influenza manungsa kang wis ana njupuk [[gen]] anyar saka virus kang lumrahé nginfèksi unggas utawa babi. Galur unggas kang diarani [[H5N1]] wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing [[Asia]] nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung [[évolusi]] dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avian influenza ("bird flu") fact sheet |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ |date=February 2006 |publisher=WHO |accessdate=2006-10-20}}</ref> Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu [[manungsa]], [[babi]], lan [[unggas]], kang ing awalé diarani "[[flu babi]]" lan uga ditepungi minangka [[Virus H1N1|influenza A/H1N1]], kang muncul ing [[Mèksiko]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], lan sapérangan nagara liya. [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Donya]] (WHO) kanthi resmi ndhéklarasikaké wabah iki minangka pandemi nalika tanggal 11 Juni 2009 (delengen [[Wabah flu babi 2009|pandemi flu 2009]]). Dhéklarasi WHO ngenani pandemi tingkat 6 wujud indhikasi panyebaran virus, dudu abot-ènthèngé lelara, galur iki sajatiné duwé tingkat mortalitas kang luwih asor tinimbang wabah virus flu biyasa.<ref>World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html</ref> [[Vaksin influenza|Vaksinasi marang influenza]] lumrahé sumadiya kanggo wong-wong ing [[nagara ngrembaka]].<ref name=WHOvaccines>[http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf WHO position paper: influenza vaccines] ''WHO weekly Epidemiological Record'' 19 August 2005, vol. 80, 33, hal. 277–288.</ref> Kéwan ingon unggas asring divaksinasi kanggo nyegah tumpes tapisé kabèh kéwan ingon.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Villegas |first=P |title=Viral diseases of the respiratory system |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_1998-08_77_8/page/1143 |journal=Poult Sci |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1143–5 |year=1998 |pmid=9706079}}</ref> Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké yaiku vaksin influenza trivalen (''trivalent influenza vaccine'' [TIV]) kang ngandhut [[antigen]] kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. Lumrahé, vaksin jinis iki ngandhut matérial saka rong galur [[virus influenza A|virus influenza subtipe A]] lan [[virus influenza B|siji galur influenza subtipe B]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horwood F, Macfarlane J |title=Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects |journal=Thorax |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=II24–II30 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364707 |pmc=1766003 |url=http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364707}}</ref> TIV ora duwé risiko nularaké lelara, lan duwé réaktivitas kang asor banget. Vaksin kang diformulasikaké kanggo setaun mungkin dadi ora èfèktif kanggo taun sabanjuré, amarga virus influenza ngalami évolusi kanthi rikat, lan galur anyar bakal rikat nggantèkaké galur kang sadurungé. Obat-obatan antivirus bisa dipigunakaké kanggo nambani influenza, ''[[neuraminidase inhibitor]]'' (kaya ta Tamiflu utawa Relenza).<ref name=WHOmedrecDec2009>World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response (GAR), [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/antivirals/definitions_use/en/index.html Antiviral drugs for pandemic (H1N1) 2009: definitions and use], 22 Dhésèmber 2009.</ref> <!--yang terutama efektif-->. == Klasifikasi == {{Flu}} === Jinis-jinis virus === Sajeroning [[Virus#Klasifikasi virus|klasifikasi virus]], virus influenza kalebu [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] kang wujud telu saka lima [[genera]] sajeroning famili Oethomyxoviridae:<ref name=Kawaoka>{{cite book |author=Kawaoka Y (juru besut). |title=Influenza Virology: Current Topics |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2006 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |isbn=978-1-904455-06-6 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509195454/http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Virus influenza A]] * [[Virus influenza B]] * [[Virus influenza C]] Virus-virus mau duwé kakerabatan kang adoh karo [[virus parainfluenza manungsa]], kang wujud virus RNA kang wujud péranganing famili [[Paramyxoviridae#Paramyxovirus|paramyxovirus]] kang wujud jalaran umum saka infèksi [[sistem ambegan|ambegan]] ing bocah, kaya ta [[croup]] (laryngotracheobronchitis),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T |title=Biology of parainfluenza viruses |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=265–75 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8055470 |pmc=358320 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8055470}}</ref> nanging bisa uga nimbulaké lelara kang sarupa karo influenza ing wong diwasa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=25 |pages=1917–28 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11419430 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11419430&promo=ONFLNS19 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442507}}</ref> ==== Virus influenza A ==== Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza A. Unggas akuatik alasan wujud inang alamiah kanggo pérangan gedhé variétas influenza A. Sok-sok, virus bisa ditularaké marang spésies liya lan bisa nimbulaké wabah kang duwé dhampak gedhé ing paternakan unggas dhomèstik utawa nimbulaké sawijining [[pandemi]] influenza manungsa.<ref name=sobrino6>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|author=Klenk|display-authors=etal|year=2008|chapter=Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|access-date=2012-03-18|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|url-status=dead}}</ref> Virus jinis A wujud patogèn manungsa paling virulen ing antarané katelu jinis influenza lan nimbulaké lelara kang paling abot. Virus influenza A bisa dipérang manèh dadi subdhivisi wujud [[serovar|serotipe-serotipe]] kang béda dhedhasar tanggepan [[antibodi]] marang virus iki.<ref name=hay/> Serotipe kang wis dikonfirmasi ing manungsa, diurutaké dhedhasar guènggung pepati pandemi ing manungsa, yaiku: * [[H1N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Spanyol]] nalika taun 1918, lan [[Flu Babi]] nalika taun 2009 * [[H2N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Asia]] nalika taun 1957 * [[H3N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Hongkong]] nalika taun 1968 * [[H5N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Manuk]] nalika taun 2004 * [[H7N7]], kang duwé potènsi [[zoanatik]] kang ora biyasa<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fouchier |first=R |author2=Schneeberger P, Rozendaal F, Broekman J, Kemink S, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, Schutten M, Van Doornum G, Koch G, Bosman A, Koopmans M, Osterhaus A |title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/1356 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=1356–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14745020 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308352100 |last12=Bosman |first12=A |last13=Koopmans |first13=M |last14=Osterhaus |first14=AD |pmc=337057}}</ref> * [[H1N2]], endemik ing manungsa, babi, lan unggas * [[H9N2]] * [[H7N2]] * [[H7N3]] * [[H10N7]] ==== Virus influenza B ==== Genus iki duwé siji spésies, yaiku virus influenza B. Influenza B mèh kanthi èksklusif mung nyerang manungsa<ref name=hay>{{cite journal |last=Hay |first=A |author2=Gregory V, Douglas A, Lin Y |title=The evolution of human influenza viruses |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1861–70 |date=29 Dhésèmber 2001 |pmid=11779385 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0999 |pmc=1088562}}</ref> lan luwih arang dibandhingaké karo influenza A. Kéwan liya kang dikawruhi bisa kena infèksi déning influenza B yaiku [[asu laut]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Osterhaus |first=A |author2=Rimmelzwaan G, Martina B, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R |title=Influenza B virus in seals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-05-12_288_5468/page/1051 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5468 |pages=1051–3 |year=2000 |pmid=10807575 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.1051}}</ref> lan [[garangan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jakeman KJ, Tisdale M, Russell S, Leone A, Sweet C |title=Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1864–7 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7986023 |pmc=284652 |doi=|url=http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7986023}}</ref> Jinis influenza iki ngalami mutasi kaping 2-3 luwih alon dibandhingaké jinis A<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nobusawa |first=E |author2=Sato K |title=Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2006-04_80_7/page/3675 |journal=J Virol |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=3675–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16537638 |doi=10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 |pmc=1440390}}</ref> lan mula saka iku karagaman génétiké luwih sithik, mung ana siji serotipe influenza B.<ref name=hay/> Amarga ora ana karagaman [[antigen]]ik, sapérangan tingkat [[imunitas|kakebalan]] marang influenza B lumrahé dièntuki ing umur enom. Nanging, mutasi kang dumadi ing virus influenza B cukup kanggo gawé kakebalan permanèn dadi ora mungkin.<ref name=webster>{{cite journal |first=Webster |last=R |author2=Bean W, Gorman O, Chambers T, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |pmc=372859 |journal=Microbiol Rev |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |year=1992 |pmid=1579108}}</ref> Owah-owahan antigèn kang alon, dikombinasikaké karo gunggung inang kang winates (ora mungkinaké [[pepindhahan antigèn]] antarspesies), agawé pandemi influenza B ora dumadi.<ref name=Zambon>{{cite journal |last=Zambon |first=M |title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 Suppl B |issue=|pages=3–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10877456 |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/suppl_2/3 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3}}</ref> ==== Virus influenza C ==== Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza C, kang nginfèksi manungsa, asu, lan babi, sok-sok nimbulaké lelara kang abot lan èpidemi lokal.<ref name="Matsuzaki">{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Suzuki H, Nakamura K |title=Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998 |pmc=153379 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=422–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11825952 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002}}</ref><ref name=Taubenberger2008/> Nanging, influenza C luwih arang dumadi dibandhingaké karo jinis liya lan lumrahé mung nimbulaké lelara ènthèng ing bocah-bocah.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H |title=Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-05-01_193_9/page/1229 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=193 |issue=9 |pages=1229–35 |date=1 Mèi 2006|pmid=16586359 |doi=10.1086/502973}}</ref><ref name="Katagiri">{{cite journal |last=Katagiri |first=S |author2=Ohizumi A, Homma M |title=An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1983-07_148_1/page/51 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6309999}}</ref> === Struktur, sipat, lan tata jeneng subtipe === Virus influenza A, B, lan C sarupa banget ing struktur sakabèhé.<ref>International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses descriptions of: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm Orthomyxoviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234624/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm |date=2006-10-02 }}, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm Influenzavirus B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034903/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm |date=2007-10-06 }} and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm Influenzavirus C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231084902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm |date=2009-12-31 }}</ref> Partikel virus iki dhiameteré 80-120 [[nanometer]] lan lumrahé kurang-luwih wanguné kaya bal, sanadyan wangun filamèntosa mungkin waé ana.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses |title=The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113220345/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Lamb>{{cite journal |author=Lamb RA, Choppin PW |title=The gene structure and replication of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1983_52_annual/page/467 |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=52 |issue=|pages=467–506 |year=1983 |pmid=6351727 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002343}}</ref> Wangun filamèntosa iki luwih asring dumadi ing influenza C, kang bisa minangka struktur kaya bolah kanthi dawa tekan 500 [[mikrometer]] ing lumahan saka sèl kang kena infèksi.<ref name=Bouvier/> Nanging, sanadyan manéka wanguné, partikel saka kabèh virus influenza duwé komposisi kang padha.<ref name=Bouvier/> Komposisi mau wujud [[envelope virus]] kang ngandhut loro jinis [[glikoprotein]], kang mbungkus sawijining inti punjer. Inti punjer mau ngandhut [[genom]] [[RNA]] lan protèin viral liya kang mbungkus lan ngreksa RNA. RNA ''cenderung'' kapérang saka sauntaian nanging ing kasus-kasus mirunggan bisa wujud rong untaian.<ref name=Lamb/> Ing virus, génom virus ora kapérang saka rerangkèn [[asem nukleat]]; nanging lumrahé kapérang saka pitu utawa wolung pérangan RNA ''[[negative-sense]]'' kang kasègmèntasi, saben pérangan RNA ngandhut siji utawa loro gèn.<ref name=Bouvier/> Contoné, génom influenza A ngandhut 11 gèn sajeroning wolung pérangan RNA, kang ngodhe 11 [[protèin]]: [[hemagglutinin]] (HA), [[neuraminidase]] (NA), [[nukleoprotein]] (NP), [[protèin M1|M1]], [[protèin M2|M2]], [[protèin NS1 influenza|NS1]], NS2 (NEP: ''nuclear export protéin''), PA, PB1 (''polymerase basic'' 1), PB1-F2 lan PB2.<ref name=Ghedin>{{cite journal |last=Ghedin |first=E | last2 = Sengamalay | first2 = NA | last3 = Shumway | first3 = M | last4 = Zaborsky | first4 = J | last5 = Feldblyum | first5 = T | last6 = Subbu | first6 = V | last7 = Spiro | first7 = DJ | last8 = Sitz | first8 = J | last9 = Koo | first9 = H |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-10-20_437_7062/page/1162 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239 }}</ref> Hemagglutinin (HA) lan neuraminidase (NA) wujud loro flikoprotèin gedhé kang ana ing sanjabaning partikel virus. HA wujud [[lektin]] kang dadi mèdhiasi ikatan (binding) virus marang sèl targèt lan lumebuné génom virus ing sèl targèt, sauntara NA kalibat sajeroning uculé anak virus saka sèl kang kainfèksi, kanthi nyigar gula kang silih iket ing partikel virus diwasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Y |title=Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |journal=Biol Pharm Bull |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=399–408 |year=2005 |pmid=15744059 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.399 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023059/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oleh karena itu, protéin ini merupakan target bagi obat-obat antivirus.<ref name=Itzstein>{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=J |author2=von Itzstein M |title=Recent strategies in the search for new anti-influenza therapies |journal=Curr Drug Targets |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=389–408 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12816348 |doi=10.2174/1389450033491019}}</ref> Lan manèh, kaloroné wujud antigèn, ing endi antibodi marang antigèn mau bisa diriptakaké. Virus influenza A diklasifikasikaké dadi subtipe dhedhasar rèspons antibodi marang HA lan NA. Jinis-jinis HA lan NA mau wujud pambédan H lan N sajeroning pamènèhan jeneng virus, umpamané H5N1.<ref name=Hilleman/> Ana 16 subtipe H lan 9 subtipe N kang wis dikawruhi, nanging mung H 1, 2, lan 3, sarta N 1 lan 2 kang lumrahé tinemu ing manungsa.<ref name=Lynch>{{cite journal |author=Lynch JP, Walsh EE |title=Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=144–58 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17458769 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976487}}</ref> === Réplikasi === Virus bisa nglakoni réplikasi mung ing sèl urip.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith AE, Helenius A |title=How viruses enter animal cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-04-09_304_5668/page/237 |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=237–42 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15073366 |doi=10.1126/science.1094823}}</ref> Infèksi lan réplikasi influenza wujud prosès mawa tahap: pisanan, virus kudu gawé ikatan karo sèl lan ngleboni sèl, banjur mindhahaké genomé ing sawijining papan ing endi virus mau bisa mrodhuksi dhuplikat saka protèin virus lan RNA, banjur nyusun komponèn-komponèn mau dadi partikel virus anyar, lan pungkasan, metu saka sèl inang.<ref name=Bouvier>{{cite journal |author=Bouvier NM, [[Peter Palese|Palese P]] |title=The biology of influenza viruses |journal=Vaccine |volume=26 Suppl 4 |pages=D49–53 |date=September 2008 |pmid=19230160 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039}}</ref> Virus influenza gawé ikatan liwat [[hemagglutinin]] karo gula [[asem sialat]] ing lumahing [[epitelium|sèl èpitèl]], lumrahé ing irung, tenggorok, lan [[paru-paru]] mamalia, lan usus unggas (tahap 1 ing gambar infèksi).<ref name=Wagner>{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=R |author2=Matrosovich M, Klenk H |title=Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=159–66 |date=May 2002|pmid=11987141 |doi=10.1002/rmv.352}}</ref> Sawisé hemagglutinin [[proteolisis|dipecah]] déning [[protease]], sèl bakal nglebokaké virus liwat prosès [[endositosis]].<ref name=Steinhauer>{{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA |title=Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/virology_1999-05-25_258_1/page/1 |journal=Virology |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10329563 |doi=10.1006/viro.1999.9716}}</ref> Sawisé ana ing njero sèl, kaanan asem sajeroning [[éndosom]] bakal njalari loro kedadèn dumadi: pisanan, péranganing protèin hemagglutinin bakal nyawijikaké envelope virus karo mèmbran vakuola, banjur [[kanal ion]] M2 bakal mungkinaké [[proton]] kanggo pindhah ngliwati envelope virus lan ngasamaké inti virus, kang bakal nyababaké inti dadi kaurai lan ngeculaké RNA virus lan protèin inti.<ref name=Bouvier/> Molekul RNA virus (vRNA), protèin aksesoris, lan RNA polymerase kang gumantung ing RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) bakal dieculaké ing sitoplasma (Tahap 2).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lakadamyali |first=M |author2=Rust M, Babcock H, Zhuang X |title=Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2003-08-05_100_16/page/9280 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9280–5 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12883000 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0832269100 |pmc=170909}}</ref> Kanal ion M2 bakal disekat (diblok) déning obat amantadine, kang bakal nyegah infèksi.<ref name=Pinto>{{cite journal |author=Pinto LH, Lamb RA |title=The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue=14 |pages=8997–9000 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16407184 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R500020200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16407184 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Protèin inti iki bebarengan karo vRNA bakal minangka komplèks kang bakal ditranspor menyang [[inti sèl]], ing endi polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA bakal miwiti transkripsi vRNA komplemèntèr sense positif (langkah 3a lan b).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cros |first=J |author2=Palese P |title=Trafficking of viral genomic RNA into and out of the nucleus: influenza, Thogoto and Borna disease viruses |journal=Virus Res |volume=95 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12921991 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00159-X}}</ref> vRNA bisa metu nuju sitoplasma lan ngalami translasi (langkah 4) utawa tetep ''bertahan'' ing nukléus. Protèin virus kang anyar disintèsis bisa disèkrèsi liwat [[apparatus Golgi]] nuju lumahing sèl (ing neuraminidase lan hemagglutinin, langkah 5b) utawa ditranspor manèh nuju inti sèl kanggo gawé ikatan karo vRNA lan minangka partikel génom virus kang anyar (langkah 5a). Protèin virus liyané duwé makarya kang manéka ing sèl inang, kalebu ngurai [[mRNA]] sèlulèr lan migunakaké [[nukléotida]] bébas kanggo sintèsis vRNA lan uga nyandhet translasi mRNA lan uga nyandhet [[translasi (biologi)|translasi]] mRNA sèl inang.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kash |first=J |author2=Goodman A, Korth M, Katze M |title=Hijacking of the host-cell response and translational control during influenza virus infection |journal=Virus Res |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=111–20 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16630668 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.013}}</ref> vRNA ''negative-sense'' kang [[génom]] saka calon virus, RNA polimerase kang gumantung RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), lan protèin virus liya bakal disusun dadi virion. Molekul hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase bakal gawé golongan minangka sawijining tonjolan ing lumahing sèl. vRNA lan protèin [[capsid|inti virus]] bakal ninggal inti sèl lan ngeboni panonjolan mèmbran iki (langkah 6). Virus diwasa bakal nglakokaké budding off saka sèl sajeroning sawijining wangun bal kang kapérang saka mèmbran fosfolipid inang, éntuk hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase kang kakandhut sajeroning lapisan mèmbran iki (langkah 7).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=D |author2=Hui E, Barman S |title=Assembly and budding of influenza virus |journal=Virus Res |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=147–65 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15567494 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.08.012}}</ref> Kaya sadurungé, virus bakal gawé ikatan liwat hemagglutinin; virus diwasa bakal ngeculaké dhiri yèn [[neuraminidase]]é wis mecah résidhu asem sialat saka sèl inang.<ref name=Wagner/> Obat kang nyandhet neuraminidase, kaya déné [[oseltamivir]], bakal nyegah uculé virus infèksius anyar lan nyegah réplikasi virus.<ref name=Itzstein/> Sawisé uculé virus influenza anyar, sèl inang bakal mati. Amarga ora anané ènzim [[proofreading (biologi)|proofreading]] RNA, polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA kang ngopi génom virus bakal nglakokaké kasalahan kurang luwih saben 10 éwu nukléotida, kang selaras karo rata-rata saka vRNA influenza. Mula saka iku, sapérangan gedhé saka virus influenza kang rampung dironcé iku mutan; iki bakal nimbulaké [[hanyutan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan alon ing antigèn ing lumahing virus sairing karo lumakuné wektu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=J |title=Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1993-05-01_90_9/page/4171 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=4171–5 |date=1 Mèi 1993|pmid=8387212 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.9.4171 |pmc=46468}}</ref> Pamisahan génom dadi wolu sègmèn vRNA kang kapisah mungkinaké panyampuran utawa [[reassortment]] saka vRNA yèn punjul sajinis virus influenza nginfèksi sawijining sèl tunggal. Iki bakal nimbulaké owah-owahan rikat saka génétika virus kang bakal nimbulaké [[papindhahan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan dumadakan saka sawijining antigèn menyang antigèn liyané. Owah-owahan gedhé kang dadakan mungkinaké virus kanggo nginfèksi spésies inang anyar lan bisa kanthi rikat ngatasi kakebalan protèktif kang wis ana.<ref name=Hilleman/> Iki wigati sajeroning mékanisme munculé pandemi, kang didhiskusikaké ing ngisor iki sajeroning pérangan [[#Epidemiologi|Epidemiologi]]. == Tandha lan tandha-tandha == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;" |+ Tandha-tandha kang paling sènsitif kanggo ndhiagnosis influenza <ref name="pmid15728170"/> ! Tandha-tandha: !! [[Sènsitivitas (pacoban)|Sènsitivitas]] !! [[Spésifisitas (pacoban)|Spésivisitas]] |- ! Mriyang |68–86% ||25–73% |- ! Watuk |84–98% || 7–29% |- ! Irung mampet |68–91% ||19–41% |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"| <small> * Katelu temuan mau, mligi mriyang, kurang sènsitif marang pasièn kanthi umur punjul 60 taun.</small> |} Tandha-tandha influenza bisa diwiwiti kanthi rikat, sadina nganti rong dina sawisé infèksi. Lumrahé tandha-tandha pisanan yaiku ndrodhog utawa rumangsa adhem, nanging mriyang uga asring dumadi ing awal infèksi, kanthi suhu awak watara 38-39&nbsp;°C (kurang luwih 100-103&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Suzuki E, Ichihara K, Johnson AM |title=Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–9 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17164515 |doi=10.1177/0009922806289588}}</ref> Akèh wong krasa lara banget saéngga ora bisa tangi saka papan anggoné turu suwéné pirang-pirang dina, kanthi rasa lara lan nyeri saawak, kang krasa luwih abot ing tlatah geger lan sikil.<ref name=Merck /> Tandha-tandha influenza bisa ngambah: * Mriyang lan krasa adhem kang èkstrem (ndrodhog, gumeter) * Watuk * Irung mampet * Nyeri awak, mligi sendhi lan tenggorok * Kekeselen * Nyeri sirah * Iritasi mata, mata mbanyu * Mata abang, kulit abang (mligi rai), sarta semu abang ing tutuk, tenggorok, lan irung * [[Ruam petechiae]] <ref name="pmid10476766">{{cite journal |author=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ |title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1999-08_29_2/page/453 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=453–4 |date=August 1999 |pmid=10476766 |doi=10.1086/520240}}</ref> * Ing bocah, tandha-tandha gastrointestinal kaya déné [[diare]] lan nyeri [[abdomen]],<ref name=Richards/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Heikkinen T |title=Influenza in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2006-07_95_7/page/778 |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=778–84 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16801171 |doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}</ref> (bisa dumadi parah ing bocah kanthi influenza B) <ref>{{cite journal |author=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS |title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7902 |pages=291–5 |year=1975 |pmid=46444 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}</ref> Sok-sok angèl mbédakaké antarané [[selesma]] lan influenza ing tahap awal saka infèksi iki,<ref name=Eccles/> nanging flu bisa diidhèntifikasi yèn ana mriyang dhuwur ndadak kanthi rasa kesel kang èkstrém. Diare lumrahé dudu tandha-tandha saka influenza bocah,<ref name="pmid15728170"/> nanging iki bisa ditemoni ing sapérangan kasus "flu manuk" H5N1 ing manungsa<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hui DS |title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection |journal=Respirology |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S10–3 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18366521 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}</ref> lan bisa dadi tandha-tandha ing bocah-bocah.<ref name=Richards>{{cite journal |author=Richards S |title=Flu blues |journal=Nurs Stand |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=26–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16295596}}</ref> Tandha-tandha kang paling asring ana ing influenza dituduhaké ing tabèl ing sisih tengen.<ref name="pmid15728170">{{cite journal |author=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W |title=Does this patient have influenza? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987 |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=8 |pages=987–97 |year=2005 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987 |pmid=15728170}}</ref> Amarga obat-obat antivirus èfèktif sajeroning nambani influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal (deleng pérangan [[#Terapi|terapi]] ing ngisor), wigati kanggo ngidhèntifikasi kasus kanthi gasik. Saka tandha-tandha-tandha-tandha kang disebutaké ing ndhuwur, kombinasi mriyang karo watuk, nyeri tenggorok lan/utawa irung mampet bisa ngundhakaké akurasi diagnositik.<ref name="pmid11088084">{{cite journal |author=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J |title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=160 |issue=21 |pages=3243–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11088084 | doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/21/3243}}</ref> Loro panalitèn analisis kaputusan<ref name="pmif12361816">{{cite journal |author=Smith K, Roberts M |title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2002-09_113_4/page/300 |journal=Am J Med |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=300–7 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6 |pmid=12361816}}</ref><ref name="pimd12965940">{{cite journal |author=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D |title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=139 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=321–9 |date=2 Sèptèmber 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/139/5_Part_1/321 |pmid=12965940 }}</ref> nuduhaké yèn nalika ana wabah influenza lokal, [[prevalensi]]né punjul 70%,<ref name="pimd12965940"/> Mula pasièn kanthi salah siji kombinasi saka tandha-tandha mau bisa ditambani kanthi [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] tanpa pamriksan. Malah nalika ora anané wabah lokal, pangobatan bisa dibeneraké ing pasièn tuwa nalika mangsa influenza suwéné prévalènsiné punjul 15%.<ref name="pimd12965940"/> Kasumadyan pamriksan laboratorium kanggo influenza terus ngalami paningkatan. [[Punjer Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] (CDC) Amérikah Sarékat, ngrangkum pamriksan laboratorium paling anyar kang cumawis.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Diaksès 1 Mèi 2009</ref> Miturut CDC, pamriksan diagnostik rikat (rapid diagnostic test) duwé sènsitivitas 70-75% lan spésifisitas 90-95% dibandhingaké karo kultur virus. Pamriksan iki mligi migunani ing mangsa influenza (prévalènsi = 25%) tanpa anané wabah langsung, utawa mangsa periinfluenza (prévalènsi = 10%<ref name="pimd12965940"/>). == Mekanisme == === Panularan === ''Shedding'' virus influenza (wektu ing ngendi sawijining wong bisa nularaké virus marang wong liya) diwiwiti sadina sadurungé tandha-tandha muncul lan virus bakal diuculaké suwéné antara 5 tekan 7 dina, sanajan sapérangan wong mungkin ngeculaké virus suwéné périodhe kang luwih suwé. Wong kang katular influenza paling infèktif ing dina kaloro lan katelu sawisé infèksi.<ref name=Carrat>{{cite journal |author=Carrat F, Luong J, Lao H, Sallé A, Lajaunie C, Wackernagel H |title=A 'small-world-like' modhèl for comparing interventions aimed at preventing and controlling influenza pandemics |pmc=1626479 |journal=BMC Med |volume=4 |issue=|page=26 |year=2006|pmid=17059593 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-4-26}}</ref> Gunggung virus kang diculaké katoné gegandhèngan karo mriyang, gunggung virus kang diculaké luwih gedhé nalika suhuné luwih dhuwur.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|title = CDC H1N1 Flu : Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009-2010 Season|url=http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm}}</ref> Bocah-bocah luwih infèksius tinimbang wong diwasa lan bocah mau ngeculaké virus sadurungé ngalami tandha-tandha nganti rong minggu sawisé infèksi.<ref name=Carrat/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitamura K, Sugaya N |title=[Diagnosis and Treatment of influenza—clinical investigation on [[viral shedding]] in children with influenza] |journal=Uirusu |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=109–16 |year=2006 |pmid=17038819 |doi=10.2222/jsv.56.109}}</ref> Panularan influenza bisa [[modhèl matématis lelara nular|dimodhèlaké kanthi matématis]], kang bakal mbantu sajeroning prédhiksi kepriyé virus nyebar sajeroning populasi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grassly NC, Fraser C |title=Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=477–87 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18533288 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1845}}</ref> Influenza bisa disebaraké sajeroning telu cara utama:<ref name=Weber>{{cite journal |author=Weber TP, Stilianakis NI |title=Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review |journal=J. Infect. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=361–73 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18848358 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: complexities and conjectures |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=353–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17599315 |doi=10.1086/519433 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/519433}}</ref> lumantar panularan langsung (nalika wong kang kainfèksi wahing, ana ilu irung kang lumebu kanthi langsung menyang mata, irung, lan tutuk saka wong liya); lumantar udara (nalika sawijining wong nyedhot aerosol (butiran cuwèran cilik sajeroning udara) kang diasilaké nalika wong kang kainfèksi watuk, wahing, utawa idu), lan lumantar panularan tangan-menyang-mata, tangan-menyang-irung, utawa tangan-menyang-tutuk, saka lumahan kang kakontaminasi utawa saka kontak personal langsung kaya déné salaman. Modhèl panularan endi kang paling wigati isih durung cetha, nanging kabèh duwé kontribusi sajeroning panyebaran virus.<ref name=Brankston>{{cite journal |author=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M |title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376383 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tellier R |title=Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1657–62 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17283614 |doi=|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0426.htm}}</ref> Ing rute panularan udara, ukuran droplèt kang cukup cilik kanggo disedhot duwé dhiameter 0,5 nganti 5 [[Mikrometer|μm]] lan inhalasi sadroplèt mungkin cukup kanggo nimbulaké infèksi.<ref name=Weber/> Sanajan sapisan wahing bisa ngeculaké nganti 40.000 droplèt,<ref name=Cole_1998>{{cite journal |author=Cole E, Cook C |title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-infection-control_1998-08_26_4/page/453 |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=453–64 |year=1998 |pmid=9721404 | doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> sapérangan gedhé saka droplèt mau cukup gedhé lan bakal ilang saka udara kanthi rikat.<ref name=Weber/> Pira suwéné virus influenza bisa tahan sajeroning droplèt udara katoné diprabawai déning kadhar kalembaban lan [[Ultraungu|radhiasi ultraviolèt]]: kalembaban asor lan kurangé [[cahya]] [[srengéngé]] ing [[mangsa adhem]] mbantu tahané virus iki.<ref name=Weber/> Amarga virus influenza bisa tahan ing njaba awak, virus iki uga bisa ditularaké liwat lumahan kang kakontaminasi kaya déné lembaran [[dhuwit]],<ref name=Thomas>{{cite journal |author=Thomas Y, Vogel G, Wunderli W|display-authors=etal|title=Survival of influenza virus on banknotes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2008-05_74_10/page/3002|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=3002–7 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18359825 |pmc=2394922 |doi=10.1128/AEM.00076-08}}</ref> gagang lawang, saklar lampu, lan bandha-bandha rumah tangga liyané.<ref name=Merck/> Suwéné wektu virus bisa tahan marang sawijining lumahan manéka wektuné, virus bisa tahan suwéné sadina utawa rong dina ing lumahan kang atos lan ora duwé pori kaya déné [[plastik]] utawa métal, suwéné kurang luwih limalas menit ing [[kertas]] tissue garing, lan mung limang menit ing [[kulit]].<ref name=Moore>{{cite journal |author=Bean B, Moore BM, Sterner B, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Balfour HH |title=Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1982-07_146_1/page/47 |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |date=July 1982 |pmid=6282993}}</ref> Nanging, yèn virus ana sajeroning mukus/lendhir, lendhir mau bisa ngreksa virus saéngga tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang suwé (nganti 17 dina ing dhuwit kertas).<ref name=Weber/><ref name=Thomas/> Virus flu manuk bisa tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang durung dikawruhi nalika ana sajeroning kaanan beku.<ref name=cfsph>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/influenza.pdf |title=Influenza Factsheet|publisher=Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University}} hal. 7</ref> Virus ngalami inaktivasi déning pamanasan nganti 56&nbsp;°C (133&nbsp;°F) suwéné minimun 60 menit, lan uga déning asem (ing pH <2).<ref name=cfsph/> === Patofisiologi === Mékanisme kepriyé infèksi influenza bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha ing manungsa wis disinaoni kanthi intènsif. Salah saji mékanisme kang dipercaya yaiku kanthi inhibisi hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) kang nimbulaké pamudhunan kadhar hormon kortisol.<ref name=jefferies1998>{{cite journal |author=Jefferies WM, Turner JC, Lobo M, Gwaltney JM Jr. |title=Low plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with acute influenza. |journal=Clin Infect Dis. |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=708–10 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/514594 |year=1998 |pmid=9524849 |pmc= |doi=10.1086/514594 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ngawruhi gèn endi kang sok sajeroning galur virus tinentu bisa mbiyantu mrédhiksi kepriyé virus mau bisa nular lan sepira aboté infèksi kang bakal dumadi (mrédhiksi [[patofisiologi]] saka sawijining galur virus).<ref name=Taubenberger2008>{{cite journal | last1 = Taubenberger | first1 = JK | last2 = Morens | first2 = DM |title=The pathology of influenza virus infections |journal=Annu Rev Pathol |volume=3 |issue=|pages=499–522 |year=2008 |pmid=18039138 |pmc=2504709 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316}}</ref><ref name=Korteweg>{{cite journal |author=Korteweg C, Gu J |title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1155–70 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18403604 |pmc=2329826 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791}}</ref> Contoné, péranganing prosès kang mungkinaké virus influenza nginvasi sawijining sèl yaiku panguraian saka protèin hemagglutinin virus déning salah saji ènzim [[protease]] manungsa.<ref name=Steinhauer/> Ing virus kang infèksiné asifat ringan lan avirulèn, struktur hémagglutinin kang ana mung bisa diurai déning protease kang tinemu sajeroning tenggorok lan paru, saéngga virus iki ora bisa nginfèksi jaringan liya. Nanging, ing galur kang virulèn banget, kaya ta H5N1, hémagglutinin kang kakandhut sajeroning virus bisa diurai déning variétas protease kang manéka, saéngga mungkinaké virus nyebar menyang sakabèhing awak.<ref name=Korteweg/> Protèin hémagglutinin virus duwé tanggung jawab sajeroning nemtokaké spésiès endi kang bisa diinfèksi déning sawijining galur virus uga papan [[saluran ambegan]] endi kang bisa duwé ikatan karo sawijining galur virus influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholls JM, Chan RW, Russell RJ, Air GM, Peiris JS |title=Evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=149–57 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18375125 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.008}}</ref> Galur kang bisa ditularaké kanthi gampang saka manungsa-marang-manungsa duwé protèin hémagglutinin kang duwé ikatan karo résèptor ing saluran ambegan pérangan ndhuwur, kaya ta ing irung, tenggorok, lan tutuk. Suwaliké, strain H5N1 kang mbebayani banget duwé ikatan karo résèptor kang paling akèh tinemu ing njero paru.<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-04-21_312_5772/page/n88|journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5772 |page=399 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16556800 |doi=10.1126/science.1125548}}</ref> Prabédan ing papan infèksi iki mungkin wujud péranganing alesan ngapa galur H5N1 nimbulaké pnéumonia virus kang abot ing paru, nanging ora ditularaké kanthi gampang liwat watuk lan wahing.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y |title=Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-03-23_440_7083/page/435 |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7083 |pages=435–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16554799 |doi=10.1038/440435a}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=1215–23 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17717141 |pmc=1988871 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2007.070248}}</ref> Tandha-tandha kang asring ana ing flu kaya ta mriyang, sirak cekot-cekot, lan kekeselen wujud asil saka sapérangan gedhé [[sitokin]] lan [[chemokin]] proinflamasi (kaya ta [[interferon]] utawa ''[[tumor necrosis factor]]'' (TNF)) kang diprodhuksi déning sèl kang kainfèksi influenza.<ref name=Eccles/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Bachmann M, Kopf M |title=Interleukin-1 is responsible for acute lung immunopathology but increases survival of respiratory influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2005-05_79_10/page/6441 |journal=J Virol |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=6441–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15858027 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6441-6448.2005 |pmc=1091664}}</ref> Ora kaya rhinovirus kang nimbulaké selesma (common cold/masuk angin), influenza nimbulaké karusakan jaringan, saéngga tandha-tandha kang dumadi ora kabèh disebabaké déning rèspons inflamasi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Winther B, Gwaltney J, Mygind N, Hendley J |title=Viral-induced rhinitis |journal=Am J Rhinol |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |year=1998|pmid=9513654 |doi=10.2500/105065898782102954}}</ref> Rèspons imun kang gedhé iki bisa nimbulaké “badai sitokin” kang bisa ngancam nyawa. Kadadéan iki dinuga wujud jalaran saka pati kang ora biyasa ing flu manuk H5N1,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS|display-authors=etal|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-12-07_360_9348/page/1831|journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9348 |pages=1831–7 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12480361 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}</ref> lan galur pandemik 1918.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K|display-authors=etal |title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-01-18_445_7125/page/319|journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7125 |pages=319–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17230189 |doi=10.1038/nature05495 |last12=Alimonti |first12=JB |last13=Fernando |first13=L |last14=Li |first14=Y |last15=Katze |first15=MG |last16=Feldmann |first16=H |last17=Kawaoka |first17=Y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7111 |pages=578–81 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17006449 |pmc=2615558 |doi=10.1038/nature05181 |last12=Katze |first12=MG}}</ref> Nanging, kamungkinan liyané yaiku sapérangan gedhé sitokin kang diasilaké mung wujud asil saka réplikasi virus kang gedhé banget kang ditimbulaké déning galur mau, lan rèspons imun ora mènèhi kontribusi marang lelara.<ref name=Beigel/> == Panyegahan == === Vaksinasi === Vaksinasi marang influenza kanthi vaksin influenza asring dirékomendhasikaké marang golongan risiko dhuwur, kaya ta bocah-bocah lan lansia, utawa marang panandhang [[asma]], [[diabetes]], [[lelara jantung]], utawa wong-wong kang ngalami gangguan imun. Vaksin influenza bisa diprodhuksi liwat sapérangan cara; cara kang paling umum yaiku kanthi nuwuhaké virus ing endhog pitik kang wis diwohi. Sawisé dimurnèkaké, virus banjur bakal diaktivasi (upamané, mawa détergen) kanggo ngasilaké vaksin virus kang ora aktif. Minangka alternatif, virus bisa dituwuhaké ing endhog nganti kélangan virulensiné banjur virus kang avirulen diwènèhaké minangka vaksin urip.<ref name=Hilleman/> Èfèktivitas saka vaksin influenza iku manéka rupa. Amarga tingkat mutasi virus kang dhuwur banget, vaksin influenza tinentu lumrahé mènèhaké pangreksan suwéné ora punjul sapérangan dina. Saben tauné, WHO mrédhiksikaké galur virus endi kang paling mungkin sirkulasi ing taun sabanjuré, saéngga mungkinaké perusahaan farmasi kanggo ngembangaké vaksin kang bakal nyumadyakaké kakebalan kang paling apik marang galur mau.<ref name=WHOrecommendation/> Vaksin uga wis dikembangaké kanggo ngreksa sato iwèn unggas saka flu manuk. Vaksin iki bisa èfèktif marang sapérangan galur lan minangka strategi preventif, utawa dikombinasikaké karo culling (pamuliaan) minangka usaha kanggo nyuresaké wabah.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Capua |first=I |author2=Alexander D |title=The challenge of avian influenza to the veterinary community |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a747651074&fulltext=713240928 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=189–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16753610 |doi=10.1080/03079450600717174}}</ref> Ana kamungkinan kena influenza sanajan wis divaksin. Vaksin bakal diformulasi ulang saben mangsa kanggo galur flu spésifik nanging ora bisa nyakup kabèh galur kang kanthi aktif nginfèksi kabèh manungsa ing mangsa mau. Merlokaké wektu suwéné enem sasi manèh manufaktur kanggo mformulasikaké lan mrodhuksi mayuta-yuta dosis kang diperlokaké kanggo ngadhepi epidemi mangsan; sok-sok, galur anyar utawa galur kang ora dinuga pinunjul ing wektu tinentu lan nginfèksi wong-wong sanajan wong-wong mau wis divaksinasi (kaya déné kang dumadi ing [[flu Fujian|Flu Fujian H3N2]] ing mungsa flu 2003-2004).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=E |author2=Ghedin E, Miller N, Taylor J, Bao Y, St George K, Grenfell B, Salzberg S, Fraser C, Lipman D, Taubenberger J |title=Whole-genome analysis of human influenza A virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent H3N2 viruses |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e300 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16026181 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030300 |pmc=1180517}}</ref> Uga ana kamungkinan éntuk infèksi sadurungé vaksinasi lan dadi lara déning galur kang kuduné dicegah déning vaksinasi, amarga vaksin merlokaké wektu rong minggu sadurungé dadi èfèktif.<ref name=CDCkeyfacts/> Ing muangsa 2006-2007, CDC kaping pisanané ngrékomendasikaké bocah kang umuré kurang saka 59 sasi kanggo nampa vaksin influenza taunan.<ref name=cdcreport>{{cite journal | author = Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA | title = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) | journal = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]] | volume = 55 | issue = RR-10 | pages = 1–42 |date=July 2006 | pmid = 16874296 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf }}</ref> Vaksin bisa nimbulaké sistem imun kanggo réaksi nalika awak nampa infèksi kang sabeneré, lan tandha-tandha infèksi umum (akèh tandha-tandha selesma lan flu mung wujud tandha-tandha infèksi umum) bisa mijil, sanajan tandha-tandha mau lumrahé ora padha aboté utawa tahan suwéné influenza. Èfèk samping kang paling mbebayani yaiku réaksi alèrgi abot ing matérial virus uga résidu saka endhog pitik kang dipigunakaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus influenza; nanging réaksi mau arang banget.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/flushot.htm Questions & Answers: Flu Shot] Publikasi CDC dianyaraké 24 Juli 2006. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.</ref> Minangka tambahan saliyané vaksinasi marang influenza mangsan, paneliti ngupaya kanggo ngembangaké vaksin marang kamungkinan pandemi influenza. Perkembangan, prodhuksi, lan distribusi vaksin inluenza pandemik kang rikat bisa nylametaké nyawa mayuta-yuta wong nalika dumadi pandemi influenza. Amarga mung ana wektu kang cendhak antarané idhèntifikasi galur pandemik lan kabutuhan vaksinasi, para paneliti lagi nggolèk pilihan moda prodhuksi vaksin saliyané liwat endhog. Tèknologi vaksin urip kang diinaktivasi (kanthi basis endhog utawa kanthi basis sèl), lan tèknologi rékombinan (protèin lan partikel mèmper virus), bakal mènèhaké aksès wektu nyata (''real time'') kang luwih apik lan bisa diprodhuksi kanthi luwih kejangkau, saéngga ngundhakaké aksès kanggo wong-wong kang urip ing nagara-nagara kanthi pangasilan sedheng lan asor, ing endi dadi asal kamungkinan pandemi. Tekan Juli 2009, punjul 70 uji klinis kang dikawruhi wis ditindakaké utawa lagi ditindakaké ngenani vaksin influenza pandemi.<ref>World Health Organization. Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines. Juli 2009. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/immunogenicity/immunogenicity_table.xls</ref> Ing sasi September 2009, Badan POM Amérikah Sarékat nyarujuki papat vaksin marang virus influenza H1N1 2009 (galur pandemik nalika wektu iku), lan njaluk stok vaksin mau sumadiya sajeroning sasi sabanjuré.<ref>US Food & Drug Administration. FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic. 15 September 2009. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015083833/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm |date=2009-10-15 }}</ref> === Pangendhalian infèksi === Cara kang cukup èfèktif kanggo ngedhunaké panularan influenza salah sajiné yaiku njaga kaséhatan pribadi lan kabiyasan higiénis kang becik: kaya ta ora ndumuk mata, irung lan tutuk;<ref name="CDCQA">[http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/qa.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention: "QUESTIONS & ANSWERS: Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You"]. Diaksès 15 Dhésèmber 2009.</ref> asring ngumbah tangan (mawa banyu lan sabun, utawa mawa cuwèran pangumbah kanthi basis alkohol);<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J|display-authors=etal|title=Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-02-01_48_3/page/285|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=285–91 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19115974 |doi=10.1086/595845}}</ref> nutup tutuk lan irung nalika watuk lan wahing, ngéndhani kontak cerak karo wong kang lara; lan tetep ana ing ngomahé dhéwé nalika lagi lara. Ora idu uga disaranaké.<ref name=Aledort>{{cite journal |author=Aledort JE, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette SA |title=Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7 |issue=|page=208 |year=2007 |pmid=17697389 |pmc=2040158 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-208 }}</ref> Sanajan masker rai bisa mbiyantu nyegah panularan nalika ngrawat wong kang lara<ref>{{cite journal |author=MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE|display-authors=etal|title=Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=233–41 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19193267 |pmc=2662657 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/2/pdfs/233.pdf |doi=10.3201/eid1502.081167}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB |title=Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-10-15_37_8/page/1094 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=1094–101 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523774 |doi=10.1086/378292}}</ref> ana bukti-bukti kang matentangan ngenani mupangan babagan mau ing masarakat.<ref name=Aledort/><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/maskguidance.htm Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Influenza Transmission] ''Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID)'' 8 Agustus 2005</ref> Ngrokok ngundhakaké risiko panularan influenza, lan uga nimbulaké tandha-tandha lelara kang luwih abot.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 16231688| volume = 72| issue = 10| pages = 916–920| last = Murin| first = Susan| author2 = Kathryn Smith Bilello| title = Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke| journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine| accessdate = 2009-10-01| year = 2005| url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916| archive-date = 2011-07-15| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112713/http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702| issn = 0028-4793| volume = 307| issue = 17| pages = 1042–1046| last = Kark| first = J D| author2 = M Lebiush, L Rannon| title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1982-10-21_307_17/page/1042| journal = The New England Journal of Medicine| year = 1982 | pmid = 7121513}}</ref> Amarga influenza nyebar liwat aerosol lan kontak karo lumahan kang kakontaminasi, pangresikan lumahan mau bisa mbiyantu nyegah sapérangan saka infèksi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hota B |title=Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-10-15_39_8/page/1182 |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1182–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15486843 | doi=10.1086/424667}}</ref> [[Alkohol]] wujud bahan sanitasi kang èfèktif marang virus influenza, sauntara senyawa amonium kuarterner bisa dipigunakaké bebarengan karo alkohol saéngga èfèk sanitasi mau bisa tahan luwih suwé.<ref name=McDonnell>{{cite journal |author=McDonnell G, Russell A |title=Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/147.pdf |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |date=1 Januari 1999|pmid=9880479 |pmc=88911}}</ref> Ing [[rumah sakit]], senyawa amonium kuarterner lan [[bahan pamutih]] dipigunakaké kanggo ngresiki ruwangan lan piranti kang sadurungé dipigunakaké déning pasièn kanthi tandha-tandha influenza.<ref name=McDonnell/> Ing ngomah, babagan mau bisa dilakokaké kanthi èfèktif kanthi migunakaké bahan pamutih chlorine kang dièncèraké.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |title=Chlorine Bleach: Helping to Manage the Flu Risk |publisher=Water Quality & Health Council |date=April 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-12 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607164343/http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing pandemi kapungkur, panutupan sekolah, gréja, lan biyoskup nyandhet panyebaran virus nanging ora duwé dampak kang gedhé marang angka pepati sakabèhé.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M |title=Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7582.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7582–7587 |year=2007 |pmid=17416679 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0610941104 |pmc=1849867}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM |title=The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7588.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7588–7593 |year=2007 |pmid=17416677 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0611071104 |pmc=1849868}}</ref> Durung bisa dipesthèkaké apa ngedhunaké patemon publik, upamané kanthi nutup sekolah lan papan makarya, bakal ngedhunaké panularan amarga wong kang nandhang influenza bisa waé isih pindhah saka sawijining papan menyang papan liyané; panyerakan kaya iki uga bakal angèl dilakokaké lan mungkin ora disenengi.<ref name=Aledort/> Yèn sapérangan cilik wong ngalami infèksi, ngisolasi wong kang lagi lara bisa ngurangi risiko panularan.<ref name=Aledort/> == Pangobatan == Wong kang nandhang flu disaranaké kanggo akèh istirahat, minum akèh cuwèran, ngéndhani panggunaan [[alkohol]] lan [[rokok]], lan yèn diperlokaké, ngonsumsi obat kaya ta asetaminofen ([[parasetamol]]) kanggo ngredhakaké tandha-tandha mriyang lan perih otot kang gegandhèngan karo flu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000080.htm |title=Flu: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=7 Fèbruari 2010}}</ref> Bocah-bocah lan nom-noman kanthi tandha-tandha flu (mligi mriyang) sabeciké ngéndhani panggunaan [[aspirin]] nalika infèksi influenza (mligi influenza jinis B), amarga bisa nimbulaké [[Sindrom Reye]], sawijining lelara [[ati]] kang langka nanging duwé potènsi nimbulaké pepati.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Glasgow |first=J |author2=Middleton B |title=Reye syndrome — insights on causation and prognosis |url=http://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/351.full.pdf |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=351–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11668090 |doi=10.1136/adc.85.5.351 |pmc=1718987}}</ref> Amarga influenza disababaké déning virus, antibiotik ora duwé prabawa marang infèksi; kajaba diwènèhaké kanggo [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kaya déné [[pneumonia]] baktérialis. Pangobatan antiviral bisa èfèktif, nanging sapérangan galur influenza bisa nuduhaké résistènsi marang obat-obat antivirus baku.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hurt AC, Ho HT, Barr I |title=Resistance to anti-influenza drugs: adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors |journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=795–805 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17140356 |doi=10.1586/14787210.4.5.795}}</ref> Loro kelas obat antivirus kang dipigunakaké marang influenza yaiku inhibitor neuraminidase lan inhibitor [[protéin M2]] (derivat [[adamantane]]). Inhibitor neuraminidase saiki luwih disenengi tumrap infèksi virus amarga kurang toksik lan luwih èfèktif.<ref name=Beigel>{{cite journal |author=Beigel J, Bray M |title=Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18328578 |pmc=2346583 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003}}</ref> CDC ngrékomendhasikaké supaya ora migunakaké inhibitor M2 ing mangsa influenza 2005-06 amarga dhuwuré tingkat [[résistènsi obat]].<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/han011406.htm CDC Recommends against the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Influenza in the United States during the 2005–06 Influenza Season.] 14 Januari 2006. Diaksès 1 Januari 2007</ref> Amarga wanita ngandhut katoné bakal kena dhampak kang luwih gedhé tinimbang populasi umum déning virus influenza H1N1 2009, pangobatan sacepeté kanthi obat-obat anti influenza wis dirékomendhasikaké.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jamieson|first=Denise J|last2=Honein|first2=Margaret A|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Sonja A|last4=Williams|first4=Jennifer L|last5=Swerdlow|first5=David L|last6=Biggerstaff|first6=Matthew S|last7=Lindstrom|first7=Stephen|last8=Louie|first8=Janice K|last9=Christ|first9=Cara M|date=Agustus 2009|title=H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609613040|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=374|issue=9688|pages=451–458|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61304-0}}</ref> Ing Konferènsi Pèrs influenza H1N1 November 2009, WHO ngrékomendhasikaké wong ing golongan risiko dhuwur, kalebu wanita ngandhut, bocah umur kurang saka rong taun lan wong kanthi masalah ambegan, supaya wiwit ngonsumsi obat-obat antivirus sacepeté sawisé ngalami tandha-tandha flu.<ref name=WHOpressconf12Nov2009>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009. "... persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. These symptoms include difficulty breathing and a high fever that lasts beyond 3 days... [page 1]" "... The pandemic virus can cause severe pneumonia even in healthy young people... [page 2]"</ref> Obat anti virus kang dipigunakaké kalebu oseltamivir (Tamiflu) lan zanamivir (Relenza). === Inhibitor neuraminidase === Obat-obat antivirus kaya déné [[oseltamivir]] (mèrek dagang Tamiflu) lan [[zanamivir]] (mèrek dagang Relenza) wujud [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] kang didhesain kanggo nyandhet panyebaran virus ing awak.<ref name=Neuraminidase_inhibitors>{{cite journal |last=Moscona |first=A |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra050740 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1363–73 |year=2005 |pmid=16192481 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050740}}</ref> Obat-obatan iki asring èfèktif marang influenza A lan B.<ref name=Stephenson/> ''[[Cochrane Collaboration]]'' ninjo manèh obat-obat iki lan nyimpulaké yèn obat-obat iki bisa ngurangi tandha-tandha lan komplikasi.<ref name="pmid16855962">{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=T |author2=Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Jones M, Rivetti D |editor1-last=Jefferson |editor1-first=Tom |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue=|pages=CD001265 |year=2006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001265.pub2 |pmid=16855962}}</ref> Galur influenza kang béda duwé drajat résistènsi kang béda marang obat antivirus iki, lan ora mungkin kanggo mpédhiksi segedhé apa résistènsi kang diduwèni galur pandemik ing mangsa ngarep.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Robert G. |title=H5N1 Influenza — Continuing Evolution and Spread |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp068205 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=21 |pages=2174–77 |year=2006 |pmid=17124014 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068205 |first2=E. A. |last2=Govorkova}}</ref> === Inhibitor M2 (adamantanes) === Obat-obat antivirus [[amantadine]] lan [[rimantadine]] bakal mblokadhe [[kanal ion]] virus (protéin M2) lan nyegah virus kanggo nginfèksi sèl.<ref name=Pinto/> Obat-obatan mau sok-sok èfèktif marang influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal ing infèksi nanging mesthi ora èfèktif marang influenza B amarga virus influenza B ora duwé molekul M2.<ref name=Stephenson>{{cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=I |author2=Nicholson K |title=Chemotherapeutic control of influenza |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/1/6.full.pdf |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |year=1999 |pmid=10459804 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.1.6}}</ref> Résistènsi kang kaukur tumrap amantadine lan rimantadine ing isolat Amerka saka H3N2 wis ngalami paningkatan tekan 91% nalika taun 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents — United States, 2005–06 influenza season |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5502.pdf |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=44–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16424859 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> Dhuwuré tingkat résistènsi iki mungkin disababaké déning sumadyané wiyar saka amantadine minangka obat kang didol tanpa [[resèp dhokter]] kanggo pangobatan selesma ing nagara-nagara kaya déné Cina lan Ruslan,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bright | first1 = Rick A | last2 = Medina | first2 = Marie-jo | last3 = Xu | first3 = Xiyan | last4 = Perez-Oranaz | first4 = Gilda | last5 = Wallis | first5 = Teresa R | last6 = Davis | first6 = Xiaohong M | last7 = Povinelli | first7 = Laura | last8 = Cox | first8 = Nancy J | last9 = Klimov | first9 = Alexander I | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2 | title = Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-1-7-2005_366_9492/page/1175 | journal = The Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1175–81 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198766 }}</ref> lan panggunaané kanggo nyegah wabah influenza ing kéwan ingon unggas.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG |title=Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia |journal=Virology |volume=341 |issue=1 |pages=102–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16081121 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003 |url=http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721204615/http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2012-06-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Parry J |title=Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7507 |page=10 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15994677 |pmc=558527 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10}}</ref> == Prognosis == Prabawa influenza adoh luwih abot lan tahan luwih suwé tinimbang selesma. Sapérangan gedhé wong bakal mari dhéwé ing sajeroning wektu seminggu tekan rong minggu, nanging kang liyané bakal ngalami komplikasi kang ngancam nyawa (kaya déné pneumonia). Influenza misa njalari pepati, mligi ing wong kang lemah, enom lan tuwa, utawa ngalami lelara kronis.<ref name=Hilleman/> Wong-wong kanthi sistem imun kang lemah, kaya déné panandhang infèksi [[HIV]] tingkat lanjut utawa pasièn panampa transplan (kang sistem imuné ditekan karo obat kanggo nyegah panulakan organ transplan), nandhang lelara kang luwih abot.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hayden FG |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in immunocompromised patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1997-03-17_102_3a/page/55 |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=102 |issue=3A |pages=55–60; discussion 75–6 |date=March 1997 |pmid=10868144 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(97)80013-7}}</ref> Golongan risiko dhuwur liyané yaiku wanita ngandhut lan bocah cilik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whitley RJ, Monto AS. |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in high-risk groups: children, pregnant women, immunocompromised hosts, and nursing home residents. |journal=J Infect Dis. |volume=194 S2 |pages=S133–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17163386 |doi=10.1086/507548 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/507548 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Flu bisa nambah ala masalah kaséhatan kronis. wong-wong kanthi emfisema, bronkitis kronis utawa asma bisa ngalami [[dispnea|kangèlan ambegan]] nalika ngalami flu, lan influenza bisa nimbulaké saya alané lelara [[jantung koroner]] utawa [[gagal jantung kongestif]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Angelo SJ, Marshall PS, Chrissoheris MP, Chaves AM |title=Clinical characteristics associated with poor outcome in patients acutely infected with Influenza A |journal=Conn Med |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=199–205 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15095826}}</ref> Ngrokok wujud faktor risiko liya kang gegandhèngan karo lelara kang luwih abot lan mortalitas kang luwih dhuwur kang ditimbulaké déning influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murin S, Bilello K |title=Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cleveland-clinic-journal-of-medicine_2005-10_72_10/page/916 |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=916–20 |year=2005 |pmid=16231688 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916}}</ref> Miturut WHO: “Saben mangsa adhem, puluhan yuta wong kena flu. Sapérangan gedhé mung lara lan ora nyambut gawé suwéné seminggu, sauntara para lanjut usia duwé risiko pati kang luwih dhuwur amarga lelara iki. Awaké dhéwé ngawruhi yèn kurban mati ing saindhenging donya ngluwihi atusan èwu wong saben tauné, nanging malah ing nagara maju, gunggung mau ora bisa dipesthèkaké, amarha pihak mèdhis kang duwé kuwajiban lumrahé ora mvèrifikasi wong kang mati amarga influenza lan wong kang mati kanthi lelara-mèmper-flu.”<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sandman | first1 = Peter M. | last2 = Lanard | first2 = Jody | year = 2005 | title = Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk | url = http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number22_article1.htm | journal = Perspectives in Health Magazine | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–6 }}</ref> Malah wong séhat bisa kena, lan masalah sérius kang ditimbulaké déning influenza bisa dumadi ing umur pira waé. Wong kanthi umur punjul 50 taun, bocah kang enom banget, lan wong saka kabèh umur kanthi kaanan mèdhis kronis luwih mungkin kanggo éntuk komplikasi influenza, kaya déné pneumonia, [[bronkitis]], infèksi sinus lan kuping.<ref name=CDCkeyfacts>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) Vaccine] CDC publication. Published 17 October 2006. Diaksès 18 Oktober 2006.</ref> Ing sapérangan kasus, réspons autoimun marang influenza bisa mènèhaké kontribusi marang [[sindrom Guillain-Barré]] (GBS).<ref name=Sivadon-Tardy>{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R|display-authors=etal|title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-01-01_48_1/page/n67|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124}}</ref> Nanging, amarga akèh infèksi liya kang bisa ngundhakaké risiko lelara iki, influenza wujud jalaran kang wigati mung nalika dumadi epidemi.<ref name=Sivadon-Tardy/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG|display-authors=etal|title=The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1998-10_51_4/page/1110|journal=Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1110–5 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9781538}}</ref> Sindrom iki wis dipercaya uga minangka èfèk samping kang langka saka vaksin influenza. Sanajan sawijining lapuran panalitèn mènèhaké insidensi gedhéné sakasus per sayuta vaksinasi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P |title=Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=15 |pages=2114–2120 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19356614 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125}}</ref> sawijining panalitèn gedhé ing Cina, kang dilapuraké ing [[NEJM]] kang nyakup mèh 100 yuta dosis vaksin marang flu”babi” H1N1 2009 mung tinemu sewelas kasus sindrom Guillain-Barré, (0,1%) saka total insidensi ing wong kang divaksin, sabeneré luwih asor saka tingkat kedadèyan lelara ing Cina, lan ora ana èfèk samping kang tinemu; "rasio risiko-mupangat, kang biyasa ditrepaké ing vaksin lan kabèh sajeroning pangobatan médhis, banget luwih condong marang panggunaan vaksin."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |title=2009 H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001728/http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Éntuk infèksi influenza dhéwé ngundhakaké risiko pepati (tekan 1 saka 10.000) lan ngundhakaké risiko ngalami GBS nganti tingkat kang luwih dhuwur tinimbang kang ditimbulaké déning panggunaan vaksin (kurang luwih kaping 10 ing panggunaan prakiran saiki).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E |title=Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=382–8 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19033158 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn310 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.long}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R |display-authors=etal |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/594124 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Epidemiologi == === Variasi mangsan === Influenza nggayuh prévalènsi pucuk nalika [[mangsa adhem]], lan amarga [[wilahan bumi lor]] lan [[wilahan bumi kidul|kidul]] ngalami mangsa adhem ing wektu kang béda saben tauné, ana loro mangsa flu saben tauné. Mula WHO (dibantu déning National Influenza Centers) gawé rékomèndhasi kanggo loro formulasi vaksin saben tauné; siji kanggo wilahan bumi lor, lan siji kanggo kidul.<ref name=WHOrecommendation>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528111237/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/2007northreport.pdf Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season] WHO report 2006-02-14. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.</ref> Wis suwé dadi pitakonan kenapa wabah flu dumadi kanthi mangsan, ora dumadi kanthi mangsan sadawané taun. Siji wedharan kang mungkin yaiku amarga wong ana sajeroning ruwangan luwih asring ing mangsa adhem, wong-wong mau ana sajeroning kontak cerak luwih asring, lan babagan mau ngundhakaké panularan saka wong-menyang-wong. Paningkatan tingkat lelaku amarga prèinan mangsa adhem ing wilahan bumi pérangan lor mungkin uga nyekel peranan.<ref name="NPR2003-12-17">[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1551913 Weather and the Flu Season] NPR Day to Day, 17 December 2003. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006</ref> Faktor liyané yaiku suhu kang adhem njalari udara luwih adhem, kang bisa nggaringaké mukus/lendhir, nyegah awak kanggo ngusir partikel virus kanthi èfèktif. Virus uga tahan luwih suwé ing lumahan ing suhu kang luwih adhem lan transmisi aerosol saka virus paling dhuwur ing lingkungan kang adhem (kurang saka 5&nbsp;°C) kanthi kalembaban rélatif kang asor.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature | last1 = Lowen | first1 = AC | last2 = Mubareka | first2 = S | last3 = Steel | first3 = J | last4 = Palese | first4 = P | authorlink4 = Peter Palese | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | page = e151 | url = http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030151&representation=PDF | format = PDF | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151 | pmc = 2034399 | pmid = 17953482 |date=October 2007 }}</ref> Kalembaban udara kang asor ing mangsa adhem katoné wujud jalaran utama saka transmisi influenza mangsan ing iklim sedheng.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Kohn M |title=Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-03-03_106_9/page/3243 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=3243–8 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19204283 |pmc=2651255 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806852106}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M |editor1-last=Ferguson |editor1-first=Neil M. |title=Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States |journal=PLoS Biol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e1000316 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20186267 |pmc=2826374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316}}</ref> Nanging, owah-owahan mangsan ing tingkat infèksi uga dumadi ing wewengkon [[tropis]], lan ing sapérangan nagara pucuk infèksi katon mligi ing mangsa udan.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1526-0542(03)00024-1 | last1 = Shek | first1 = LP | last2 = Lee | first2 = BW | title = Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. | journal = Paediatric respiratory reviews | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12758047 }}</ref> Owah-owahan mangsan sajeroning tingkat kontak kang magepokan karo mangsa sekolah (semèster) wujud faktor utama sajeroning lelara anak liyané kaya déné [[campak]] lan [[pertussis]], mungkin uga nyekel peranan sajeroning kombinasi lelara flu. Kombinasi saka èfèk mangsan cilik iki bisa digedhèkaké kanthi résonansi dinamis siklus endogen lelara.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dushoff | first1 = J | last2 = Plotkin | first2 = JB | last3 = Levin | first3 = SA | last4 = Earn | first4 = DJ | title = Dynamical resonance can account for seasonality of influenza epidemics. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2004-11-30_101_48/page/16915 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 48 | pages = 16915–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15557003 | pmc = 534740 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0407293101 }}</ref> H5N1 nuduhaké pola mangsan ing [[manungsa]] lan unggas.<ref name=WHOH5N1data>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040218103733/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en/ WHO Confirmed Human Cases of H5N1] Data published by WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). Diaksès 24 Oktober 2006</ref> Sawijining hipotèsis alternatif kang njelasaké pola mangsan ing infèksi influenza yaiku èfèk kadhar [[vitamin D]] tumrap kakebalan marang virus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cannell |first=J |author2=Vieth R, Umhau J, Holick M, Grant W, Madronich S, Garland C, Giovannucci E |title=Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_2006-12_134_6/page/1129 |journal=Epidemiol Infect |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=1129–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16959053 |doi=10.1017/S0950268806007175 |pmc=2870528 |authorlink=John Cannell}}</ref> Pendhapat iki pisanan diajokaké déning [[Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson]] nalika taun 1965.<ref>{{cite journal |last=HOPE-SIMPSON |first=R |title=The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=58 |issue=|pages=9–20 |year=1965|pmid=14267505 |pmc=1898279}}</ref> Dhèwèké ngajokaké yèn jalaran epidemi influenza ing mangsa adhem mungkin gegandhèngan karo fluktuasi mangsan vitamin D, kang timbul ing [[kulit]] ing sangisoré prabawa [[radhiasi UV]] [[srengéngé]] (utawa radhiasi artifisial). Iki bisa njelasaké kenapa influenza dumadi mligi nalika [[mangsa adhem]] lan ing [[mangsa udan]] ing tlatah tropis, nalika wong akèh ana sajeroning ruwangan, adoh saka sinar srengéngé, lan kadhar vitamin D-né ngalami pamudhunan. === Panyebaran epidemi lan pandemi === Amarga influenza disababaké déning manéka spésiès lan galur virus, saben tauné sapérangan galur bisa cures sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké epidemi, sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké pandemi. Lumrahé, loro mangsa flu taunan (siji sajeroning sawilahan bumi), ana telu nganti limang yuta kasus abot lan nganti 500.000 pepati ing saindhenging donya, kang nyukupi kritéria epidemi influenza taunan.<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza] WHO Fact sheet No. 211 revised March 2003. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006.</ref> Sanajan insidènsi influenza bisa banget manéka saka taun-menyang-taun, kurang luwih 36.000 pepati lan punjul 200.000 rawat inep gegandhèngan kanthi langsung karo influenza saben tauné ing Amérikah Sarékat.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson L, Fukuda K |title=Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/179 |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |year=2003 |pmid=12517228 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.179}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges C, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/11/1333 |journal=JAMA |volume=292 |issue=11 |pages=1333–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15367555 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.11.1333}}</ref> Kurang luwih kaping telu sajeroning saabad, dumadi pandemi, kang bakal nginfèksi sapérangan gedhé populasi donya lan bisa njalari patiné mayuta-yuta wong (delengen pérangan [[#sajarah|sajarah]]). Sawijining panalitèn mrakirakaké yèn sawijining galur kanthi virulènsi kang padha karo [[pandemi flu 1918|influenza 1918]] muncul saiki, mula virus mau bisa matèni 50 nganti 80 yuta wong.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH |title=Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2211–8 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17189032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4}}</ref> Virus influenza anyar ngalami [[évolusi]] spontan lumantar [[mutasi]] utawa lumantar reassortment.<ref name=hay/> Mutasi bisa nimbulaké owah-owahan cilik ing [[hemagglutinin]] lan antigen [[neuraminidase]] ing lumahan virus. Iki diarani antigenic drift, kang kanthi alon-alon nimbulaké akèh variasi galur nganti salah siji bisa nginfèksi manungsa kang kebal marang galur kang wis ana sadurungé. Varian anyar iki banjur nggantèkaké galur kang luwih tuwa amarga galur mau kanthi rikat nyapu populasi manungsa – asring nimbulaké epidemi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wolf, Yuri I|title=Long intervals of stasis punctuated by bursts of positive selection in the seasonal evolution of influenza A virus |journal=Biol Direct |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=34 |year=2006 |pmid=17067369|doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-34 |first2=C |first3=EC |first4=EV |first5=DJ |pmc=1647279 |last2=Viboud |last3=Holmes |last4=Koonin |last5=Lipman}}</ref> Nanging, amarga galur kang ditimbulaké déning kèlinan mau bakal cukup sarupa karo galur sadurungé, sapérangan wong bakal isih imun marang virus mau. Suwaliké, yèn virus influenza ngalami reassortment, wong-wong bakal olèh antigen kang anyar – umpamané reassortment antarané galur unggas lan galur manungsa; iki diarani [[pepindhahan antigen]]. Yèn virus influenza manungsa duwé antigen kang anyar, saben wong bisa kena infèksi, lan virus influenza anyar mau bakal nyebar kanthi ora kakontrol lan nimbulaké pandemi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Parrish |first=C |author2=Kawaoka Y |title=The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza A viruses |journal=Annual Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=|pages=553–86 |year=2005|pmid=16153179 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059}}</ref> Béda karo modhèl pandemi kang didhasaraké marang katutan lan pepindhahan antigen, sawijining panyerakan alternatif wis diajokaké ing endi pandemi périodik ditimbulaké déning interaksi saka sawijining rangkéyan galur virus kang tetep karo populasi manungsa kang kanthi konstan ngalami owah-owahan imunitas marang galur virus kang béda.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Recker M, Pybus OG, Nee S, Gupta S |title=The generation of influenza outbreaks by a network of host immune responses against a limited set of antigenic types |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/18/7711 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7711–7716 |year=2007 |pmid=17460037 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702154104 |pmc=1855915}}</ref> == Sajarah == === Ètimologi === Tembung influenza asalé saka [[basa Italia]] kang tegesé “prabawa”, iki ngrujuk marang jalaran lelara; awalé lelara iki disebutaké disababaké déning prabawa [[astrologi]]s kang kurang apik.<ref>''Influenza'', [[Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]], second edition.</ref> Owah-owahan pendhapat mèdhis njalari modhifikasi jeneng dadi influenza del freddo, kang tegesé “prabawa adhem”. Tembung influenza pisanan dipigunakaké sajeroning basa Inggris kanggo nyebut lelara kang awaké dhéwé kawruhi saiki nalika taun 1703 déning J Hugger saka Univèrsitas Edinburgh sajeroning thesisé kang judhulé "''De Catarrho epidemio, vel influenza, prout in India occidentali sese ostendit''".<ref>Creighton, Charles (1965): A History Of Epidemics In Britain, With Additional Material By D.E.C. Eversley</ref> Istilah biyèn kang dipigunakaké kanggo influenza yaiku ''epidemic catarrh'', ''grippe'' (saka [[basa Prancis]], pisanan dipigunakaké déning Molyneaux nalika taun 1694<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=11576290 | last1=Potter | first1=CW | year=2001 | title=A history of influenza. | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-microbiology_2001-10_91_4/page/572 | journal=Journal of applied microbiology | volume=91 | issue=4 |pages= 572–579 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}</ref>), ''sweating sickness'', lan mriyang Spanyol (mligi ing galur flu pandemi 1918).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=P|title=Swine Flu|journal=Croatian Medical Journal|doi= 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.412|year=2009|volume=50|page=412|pmid=19673043|issue=4|pmc=2728380}}</ref> === Pandemi === Tandha-tandha influenza manungsa dijlèntrèhaké kanthi cetha déning [[Hippocrates]] kurang luwih 2.400 taun kapungkur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=Juni 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hippocrates |author2=Adams, Francis |title=Of the Epidemics |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.html |orig-date=400 BCE |accessdate=2006-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan virus katoné njalari epidemi sadawané sajarah manungsa, data historis ngenani influenza angèl kanggo diinterprétasikaké, amarga gejalané bisa sakrupa karo tandha-tandha lelara ambegan liyané.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 1724803| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 223–234| last = Beveridge| first = W I| title = The chronicle of influenza epidemics| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1991_13_2/page/223| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1991}}</ref><ref name=Potter/> Lelara iki mungkin wis nyebar saka Éropah menyang Amérika nalika kolonisasi Amérika déning wong-wong Éropah; amarga mèh kabèh warga [[Antilles]] mati déning epidemi kang mèmper karo influenza kang nyebar nalika taun 1493, sawisé tekané [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1171451|author=Guerra, Francisco |title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-history_fall-1988_12_3/page/305|year=1988 |journal=Social Science History |volume= 12 |issue= 3 | pages=305–325|pmid=11618144|jstor=1171451 }} (only the first page can be read for free, but that has enough information about influenza being the main disease brought by Columbus killing 90 % of the indiginous population)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 7529930| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 313–327| last = Guerra| first = F| title = The European-American exchange| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1993_15_3/page/313| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1993| doi = 10.1016/S1471-0846(02)80108-1}}</ref> Lapuran pisanan kang nyakinaké ngenani pandemi influenza yaiku wabah nalika taun 1580, kang awalé ing Ruslan lan nyebar menyang Éropah liwat Afrika. Ing [[Roma]], punjul 8.000 wong mati, lan sapérangan kutha Spanyol mèh kabèh cures. Pandemi terus lumaku kanthi sporadis tekan abad ka 17 lan 18, kanthi pandemi 1830-1833 kang mligi nyebar kanthi wiyar; pandemi mau nginfèksi kurang luwih saprapat saka warga kang kapapar.<ref name=Potter>{{cite journal |author=Potter CW |title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120718156/HTMLSTART |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wabah kang paling misuwur lan paling matèkaké yaiku pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) (influenza jinis A, subtipe H1N1), kang dumadi antarané taun 1918 tekan 1919. Ora dikawruhi kanthi cetha sapira akèhé pati kang ditimbulaké, nanging prakirané watara 20 nganti 100 yuta wong.<ref name=Knobler>{{cite book |editor=Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) |chapter=1: The Story of Influenza |pages=60–61 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&page=58 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref name=Patterson1>{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=KD |author2=Pyle GF |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1991_65_1/page/n7 |journal=Bull Hist Med. |date=Spring 1991 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |pmid=2021692}}</ref> Pandemi iki diarani “pambantéyan médhis gedhé dhéwé sajeroning sajarah” lan mungkin wis matèni wong padha akèhé karo [[Pepati Ireng]].<ref name=Potter/> Angka pepati kang gedhé banget iki disebabaké déning tingkat infèksi kang dhuwur banget ngancik 50% lan tingkat tandha-tandha kang abot banget, dinuga disababaké déning [[badai sitokin]].<ref name=Patterson1/> Tandha-tandha flu nalika taun 1918 ora biyasa banget nganti influenza ing awalé salah didiagnosis minangka mriyang dengue, [[kolera]], utawa uga [[mriyang tifoid]]. Sawijining pangamat nulisaké, “Salah sawijining komplikasi kang paling abot yaiku panggetihan saka [[selaput lendhir]], mligi saka [[irung]], [[lambung]], lan [[usus]]. Panggetihan saka [[kuping]] lan panggetihan [[petechia]] uga dumadi.”<ref name=Knobler/> Mayoritas pepati disababaké déning [[pneumonia bakterial]], [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kang ditimbulaké déning influenza, nanging virus uga matèni wong kanthi langsung, nimbulaké panggetihan masif lan [[edema]] paru.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite journal | author = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG | title = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus | journal = [[Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.]] | volume = 356 | issue = 1416 | pages = 1829–39 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11779381 | pmc = 1088558 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020 }}</ref> Pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) bener-bener mandonya, malah nyebar tekan Kutub Lor lan [[Kapuloan Pasifik]] kang adoh. Lelara kang abot banget matèni watara 2 nganti 20% saka panandhang kang kainfèksi, ora kaya tingkat pepati epidemi flu kang lumrahé mung 0,1%.<ref name=Knobler/><ref name="Taubenberger">{{cite journal |last=Taubenberger |first=J |author2=Morens D |title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16494711}}</ref> Tandha-tandha liya saka pandemi iki yaiku kedadèyan iki sapérangan gedhé matèni wong diwasa enom, kanthi 99% pepati pandemi influenza dumadi ing wong-wong kanthi umur sangisoré 65, lan punjul setengahé umur 20 tekan 40 taun.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Simonsen |first=L |author2=Clarke M, Schonberger L, Arden N, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-07_178_1/page/53 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |date=July 1998 |pmid=9652423}}</ref> Iki ora biyasa amarga influenza lumrahé paling matèkaké ing umur enom banget (sangisoré umur 2 taun) lan ing umur tuwa banget (sandhuwuré 70 taun). Mortalitas total saka pandemi 1918-1919 ora dikawruhi, nanging diprakirakaké watara 2,5% nganti 5% saka kabèh populasi donya wis mati amarga flu iki. Akèhé 25 yuta mungkin wis mati sajeroning 25 minggu pisanan; minangka tetimbangan, [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] wis matèni 25 yuta panandhangé sajeroning 25 taun pisanan.<ref name=Knobler/> Pandemi flu kang dumadi sabanjuré ora duwé dampak gedhé banget. Pandemi mau yaiku [[Flu Asia]] 1957 (jinis A, galur [[H2N2]]) lan [[Flu Hongkong]] 1968 (Tipe A, galur [[H3N2]]), nanging wabah kang luwih cilik iki malah matèni mayuta-yuta wong. Ing pandemi kang dumadi ing samburiné antibiotik wis sumadiya kanggo ngendhalèkaké infèksi sékundhèr lan iku wis mbiyantu ngurangi mortalitas tinimbang Flu Spanyol 1918.<ref name=Taubenberger/> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ [[Pandemi flu]] kang wis dikawruhi<ref name=Hilleman>{{cite journal |last=Hilleman |first=M |title=Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control |journal=Vaccine |volume=20 |issue=25–26 |pages=3068–87 |date=19 Agustus 2002 |pmid=12163258 |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2}}</ref><ref name=Potter/><ref name="TenThings">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2005-10-14|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=2009-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016015026/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=2005-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref> ! Jeneng pandemi !! Wektu !!Pepati !! Tingkat pepati !! Subtipe kang duwé peran !! [[Tingkat Aboté Pandemi]] |- ! [[Flu Ruslan|Flu (Ruslan) Asia]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Boëlle PY |title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-05-11_107_19/page/8778 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8778–81 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20421481 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1000886107 |pmc=2889325}}</ref> |1889–1890 ||1 yuta ||0,15% ||kamungkinan [[H3N8]] ||NA |- ! [[Pandemi flu 1918]]<br />(Flu Spanyol)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mills CE, [[James Robins|Robins JM]], Lipsitch M |title=Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-12-16_432_7019/page/904 |journal=Nature |volume=432 |issue=7019 |pages=904–6 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15602562 |doi=10.1038/nature03063 }}</ref> |1918–1920 ||20 nganti 100 yuta ||2%||[[H1N1]] ||5 |- ! [[Flu Asia]] |1957–1958 ||1 nganti 1,5 yuta ||0,13%||[[H2N2]] ||2 |- ! [[Flu Hong Kong]] |1968–1969 ||0,75 nganti 1 yuta ||<0,1%||[[H3N2]] ||2 |- ! [[Pandemi flu 2009]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM|display-authors=etal |title=Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study |journal=BMJ |volume=339 |issue= |pages=b5213 |year=2009 |pmid=20007665 |pmc=2791802 |doi=10.1136/bmj.b5213}}</ref> |2009–2010 ||18.000 ||0,03%||[[H1N1]] ||NA |} Virus influenza pisanan kang kasil diisolasi asalé saka unggas, nalika taun 1901 agèn kang nimbulaké lelara kang diarani “''fowl plague''” diliwataké lumantar [[filter Chamberland]], kang duwé pori kang ukurané cilik banget kanggo diliwati déning bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heinen PP |url=http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html |title=Swine influenza: a zoanasis |journal=Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow |issn=1569-0830 |date=15 Sèptèmber 2003}}</ref> [[Etiologi]] influenza, famili virus Orthomyxoviridae, pisanan tinemu ing babi déning [[Richard Shope]] nalika taun 1931.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics èand discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}</ref> Panemon iki banjur diumiluni déning isolasi virus saka manungsa déning saklompok panaliti kang dipanggedhèni déning [[Patrick Laidlaw]] saka [[Konsili Panalitèn Brtainia Raya]] nalika taun 1933.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1933-01-14_1_2/page/66 |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2}}</ref> Nanging, nalika taun 1935, nalika Wendell Stanley pisanan ngristalisasikaké [[tobacco mosaic virus]], sipat non sélulèr saka virus dikawruhi. Laku signifikan pisanan sajeroning nyegah influenza yaiku dikembangaké vaksin virus mati kanggo influenza nalika taun 1944 déning [[Thomas Francis, Jr.]]. Iki wujud perkembangan saka karya [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], sawijining wong Australia, kang nuduhaké yèn virus bakal kélangan virulènsiné nalika dhèwèké dikultur sajeroning endhog pitik kang wis dibagi.<ref name="Nobel">[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Biography] The [[Nobel Foundation]]. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006</ref> Aplikasi saka temon iki déning Francis mungkinaké dhèwèké lan tim panalitiné ing [[Universitas Michigan]] kanggo ngembangaké vaksin influenza pisanan, kanthi panjurung saka [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amérikah Sarékat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kendall |first=H |title=Vaccine Innovation: Lessons from World War II |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–57 |year=2006 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064 |pmid=16681187 |access-date=2012-06-28 |archive-date=2014-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004142356/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dinas Katentaraan duwé katerlibatan ing panalitèn iki amarga pengalaman ing influenza nalika [[Perang Donya I]], nalika èwonan wadya mati déning virus sajeroning étungan sasi.<ref name=Knobler/> Dibandhingaké karo vaksin, perkembangan obat anti-influenza luwih alon, kanthi diwetokaké lisènsi [[amantadine]] nalika taun 1966, lan mèh telung puluh taun sabanjuré, golongan obat sabanjuré ([[inhibitor neruaminidase]]) dikembangaké.<ref name=Lynch/> == Masarakat lan kabudayan == Influenza nimbulaké beban béya langsung amarga ilangé [[prodhuktivitas]] lan béya pangobatan mèdhis kang diakibataké, lan uga béya ora langsung wujud laku-laku prévèntif. Ing Amérikah Sarékat, influenza duwé tanggung jawab kanggo total beban gedhéné punjul 10 yuta dollar per taun, sauntara wis diprakirakaké yèn pandemi ing mangsa ngarèp bisa nimbulaké tuna atusan yuta dolar sajeroning wangun beban langsung lan ora langsung.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Statement from President George W. Bush on Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Diakses 26 Oktober 2006</ref> Nanging, dampak [[ékanami]] saka pandemi kang sadurungé durung disinaoni kanthi intènsif, lan sapérangan panulis wis nduga yèn influenza Spanyol sabeneré duwé èfèk jangka dawa positif ing patuwuhan ''pendapatan per-kapita'', sanajan ana pamudhunan kang gedhé ing populasi punggawa lan èfèk déprèsi jangka cendhak kang abot.<ref>Brainerd, E. and M. Siegler (2003), "The Ecanamic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic", ''CEPR Discussion Paper'', no. 3791.</ref> Panalitèn liya wis ngupaya kanggo mrédhiksi beban béya saka sawijining pandemi kang padha aboté karo flu Spanyol 1918 ing ékanami Amérikah Sarékat, ing endi 30% saka kabèh punggawa dadi lara, lan 2,5% ngalami pati. Angka lelara watara 30% lan suwéné lelara watara telung minggu bakal ngedhunaké [[prodhuk dhomèstik bruto]] gedhéné 5%. Beban tambahan bisa muncul saka pangobatan mèdhis saka 18 yuta nganti 45 yuta wong, lan beban ékanami kabèh bakal dadi kurang luwih 700 yuta dolar.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poland G |title=Vaccines against avian influenza—a race against time |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=354 |issue=13 |pages=1411–3 |year=2006 |pmid=16571885 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe068047 |access-date=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230075940/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Béya pancegahan uga dhuwur. Pamaréntah ing saindhenging donya wis ngentèkaké mayuta-yuta dolar Amérika sajeroning persiapan lan parencanaan sajeroning ngadhepi kamungkinan pandemi flu manuk H5N1, kanthi beban béya kang magepokan karo panukonan obat lan vaksin lan uga ngembangaké latihan bencana lan strategi sajeroning ngundhakaké [[pangawasan wewatesan]].<ref name=Rosenthal/> Pada 1 November 2005, [[Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat]] [[George W. Bush]] mengeluarkan ''the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza'' (Strategi Nasional kanggo Ngreksa Bebaya Pandemi influenza)<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Whitehouse.gov Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.</ref> kang dijurung déning panjaluk dana marang [[kongrès Amérikah Sarékat|kongrès]] gunggungé 7,1 yuta dollar kanggo miwiti implemèntasi rencana mau.<ref>[http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 Bush Outlines $7 Billion Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807204025/http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 |date=2007-08-07 }} US Mission to the EU, Diaksès 12 Dhésèmber 2009 {{Wayback|url=http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3|date =2007-08-07|bot=DASHBot}}{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> Ing donya internasional, ing tanggal 18 Januari 2006, nagara-nagara danar wis janji kanggo nyumbang 2 yuta dolar kanggo merangi flu manuk ing Konferènsi Prajanjian Internasional ngenani influenza Unggas lan Manungsa ''(International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza)'' kang ditindakaké suwéné rong dina ing Cina.<ref>[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-18-02.asp Danar Nations Pledge $1.85 Billion to Combat Bird Flu] Newswire Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.</ref> Sajeroning pambijian pandemi H1N1 2009 ing nagara-nagara kapilih ing wilahan bumi pérangan kidul, data nuduhaké yèn kabèh nagara ngalami dampak sosio/ékanami sajeroning wates wektu lan/utawa géografis tartamtu lan pamudhunan sauntara sajeroning kapariwisataan kang mligi disababaké déning kewedèn bakal lelara H1N1 2009. Isih awal banget kanggo nemtokaké apa pandemi H1N1 wis nimbulaké dampak ékanami jangka dawa.<ref>Assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) Outbreak on Selected Countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 2009. http://flu.gov/professional/global/southhemisphere.html</ref> == Panalitèn == [[Gambar:Influenza virus research.jpg|thumb|left|upright|200px|Dr. Terrence Tumpey mriksa virus [[flu Spanyol]] 1918.]] Panalitèn ing influenza nyakup panalitèn ing [[virologi molekulèr]], kepriyé virus nimbulaké lelara ([[patogenesis]]), [[rèspon imun]] inang, génom virus, lan kepriyé panyebaran virus ([[epidemiologi]]). Panalitèn iki mbiyantu pangembangan laku nangkal influenza; contoné, pamahaman kang luwih becik ngenani rèspons sistem imun awak mbiyantu pangembangan vaksin, lan gambaran kang dhetil ngenani kepriyé influenza nyerang sèl mbiyantu dikembangaké obat-obat antivirus. Salah siji program panalitèn dhasar kang paling wigati yaiku ''Influenza Genome Sequencing Project'' (Proyèk panemton urutan génom influenza), kang nyiptakaké pustaka (pratélan kumpulan) sékuèns (gèn) influenza; pustaka iki bisa mbiyantu nemtokaké faktor endi kang gawé sawijining galur luwih matèkaké tinimbang galur liyané, gèn endi kang paling mangaruhi [[imunogenisitas]], lan kepriyé virus évolusi saka wektu menyang wektu sabanjuré.<ref>[http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml Influenza A Virus Genome Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108045050/http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml |date=2006-11-08 }} at The Institute of Genomic Research. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006</ref> Panalitèn vaksin anyar wigati banget, amarga vaksin kang sumadiya saiki alon banget lan larang kanggo diprodhuksi lan kudu diformulasi ulang saben tauné. Panemton urutan (sequencing) saka génom influenza lan tèknologi [[DNA rékombinan]] bisa nyepetaké tinemu galur vaksin anyar kanthi mungkinaké panaliti ngganti antigèn anyar ing galur vaksin kang wis dikembangaké sadurungé.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Subbarao K, Katz J |title=Influenza vaccines generated by reverse genetics |journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |volume=283 |issue=|pages=313–42 |year=2004|pmid=15298174}}</ref> Tèknologi anyar uga nembé dikembangaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus ing kultur sèl, kang njanjèkaké angka prodhuksi kang luwih dhuwur, béya kang luwih asor, kualitas kang luwih apik lan ''surge capacity'' kang luwih apik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bardiya N, Bae J |title=Influenza vaccines: recent advances in production technologies |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |year=2005 |pmid=15660212 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1874-1 |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326073534/http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Panalitèn ing vaksin influenza A universal, kang dituduhaké ing domain èksternal saka [[protéin M2]] transmémbran virus (M2e), nembé ditindakaké déning [[University of Ghent]] déning [[Walter Fiers]], [[Xavier Saelens]], lan klompoké<ref>{{cite journal |author=Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Vanlandschoot P, Jou WM, Fiers W |title=A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protéin |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1157–63 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10502819 |doi=10.1038/13484 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Jou WM |title=Soluble recombinant influenza vaccines |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1961–3 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11779398 |pmc=1088575 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, De Filette M, Birkett A, Neirynck S, Min Jou W |title=A "universal" human influenza A vaccine |journal=Virus Res. |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=173–6 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15163506 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030 }}</ref> lan saiki wis kasil ngliwati uji klinis fase 1. Sapérangan ''[[biologic]]'', vaksin lan ''imunobiologic'' terapeutik uga nembé ditliti kanggo nambani infèksi kang disebabaké déning virus. Biologi terapeutik dirancang kanggo ngaktivasi rèspon imun tumrap virus utawa antigèn. Lumrahé ''biologic'' ora nargètaké [[jalur métabolik]] kaya déné obat-obat antivirus, nanging ngrangsang sèl imun kaya déné [[limfosit]], [[makrofag]], lan/utawa ''[[antigen presenting cells]]'' kanggo mènèhi rèspon imun tumrap èfèk [[sitotoksik]] marang virus. Modhèl influenza, kaya déné influenza mencit (''murine influenza'') wujud modhèl kang apik kanggo dipigunakaké kanggo nguji èfèk ''biologic'' profilaksis lan terapeutik. Contoné ''[[Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator]]'' nyandhet patuwuhan virus ing modhèl influenza mencit.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: Review of the ImmunoPharmacology of a new Veterinary Biologic |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=61–68 | url=http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol6Iss2/Vol6Iss2Gingerich61-68.pdf |format=PDF | access-date=5 Dhésèmber 2010 |author=Gingerich, DA}}</ref> == Infèksi ing kéwan liya == Influenza nginfèksi akèh spésiès [[kéwan]], lan transfer galur virus antar spésiès bisa dumadi. Unggas dinuga wujud inang kéwan utama saka virus influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gorman O, Bean W, Kawaoka Y, Webster R |title=Evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1990-04_64_4/page/1487 |pmc=249282 |journal=J Virol |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1487–97 |year=1990 |pmid=2319644}}</ref> Nembelas wangun [[hémagglutinin]] lan sanga wangun [[néuraminidase]] wis diidhèntifikasi. Kabèh subtipe kang wis dikawruhi (HxNy) tinemu ing unggas, nanging akèh subtipe endemik ing [[manungsa]], [[asu]], [[jaran]], lan [[babi]]; populasi [[onta]], [[garangan]], [[kucing]], [[asu laut]], cerpelai (mink) lan [[iwak lodan]] uga nuduhaké bukti-bukti infèksi utawa paparan tumrap influenza.<ref name=webster/> Varian saka virus flu sok-sok dijenengi miturut spésiès ing endi galur mau endemik utawa adhaptasi. Varian utama saka jeneng-jeneng kang migunakaké konvènsi iki yaiku: flu unggas, flu manungsa, flu babi, [[flu jaran]], lan [[flu asu]]. ([[Flu kucing]] lumrahé ngrujuk marang [[rhinotracheitis virus kucing]] utawa ''[[Feline calicivirus]]'' lan dudu wujud infèksi kang asalé saka virus influenza.). Ing babi, jaran, lan asu, tandha-tandha influenza sarupa karo ing manungsa, mawa watuk, mriyang, lan [[anoreksia|kéhalangan nepsu mangan]].<ref name=webster/> Frékuènsi lelara iki ing kéwan ora disinaoni padha apiké ing infèksi marang manungsa, nanging wabah influenza ing asu laut pelabuhan nimbulaké kurang luwih 500 patiné asu laut ing pasisir [[New England]] nalika taun 1979-1980.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hinshaw V, Bean W, Webster R, Rehg J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci J, St Aubin D |title=Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1984-09_51_3/page/863 |pmc=255856 |journal=J Virol |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=863–5 |year=1984 |pmid=6471169}}</ref> Ing sisih liya, wabah ing babi asring dumadi lan ora nimbulaké angka pepati kang abot.<ref name=webster/> === Flu unggas === Tandha-tandha flu ing unggas manéka lan mungkin ora spésifik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Elbers A, Koch G, Bouma A |title=Performance of clinical signs in poultry for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=181–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16191700 | doi=10.1080/03079450500096497}}</ref> Tandha-tandha kang ngetutaké infèksi flu unggas kanthi patogenesitas kang asor bisa wujud wulu kang morak-marik, pamudhunan cilik sajeroning prodhuksi endhog, utawa pamudhunan bobot awak dikombinasikaké karo [[lelara ambegan]] ènthèng.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Capua| first1= I |last2= Mutinelli | first2= F. |chapter=Low pathogenicity (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza in turkeys and chicken | title=A Colour Atlas and Text on Avian Influenza |publisher= Papi Editore |location= Bologna |year= 2001 |pages=13–20 | isbn=88-88369-00-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S1hEAAAACAAJ }}</ref> Amarga tandha-tandha kang ènthèng iki bisa gawé diagnosis ing lapangan dadi angèl, ngetutaké panyebaran flu unggas merlokaké uji laboratorium saka sampel kang asalé saka unggas kang kainfèksi. Sapérangan galur kaya déné [[H9N2]] Asia virulèn banget marang kéwan ingon unggas lan bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha kang luwih èkstrém lan mortalitas kang signifikan.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bano S, Naeem K, Malik S |title=Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/817 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=817–22 |year=2003 |pmid=14575070 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.817}}</ref> Ing wangun kang paling patogenik, influenza ing [[pitik]] lan [[kalkun]] nimbulaké munculé tandha-tandha ndadak lan pepati mèh 100% sajeroning rong dina.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Swayne D, Suarez D |title=Highly pathogenic avian influenza |journal=Rev Sci Tech |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=463–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10935274}}</ref> Amarga virus nyebar kanthi rikat ing kaanan kang padhet kaya déné ing paternakan intènsif pitik lan kalkun, wabah iki bisa nimbulaké dampak [[ékanami]] kang gedhé kanggo paternak unggas. Galur H5N1 kang wis adhaptasi marang unggas lan patogèn banget (diarani HPAI A(H5N1), cekakan saka "''highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1''") nimbulaké flu H5N1, kang lumrahé ditepungi minangka flu unggas, utawa "flu manuk", lan endemik ing akèh populasi manuk, mligi ing [[Asia Kidul-wétan]]. Galur turunan Asia saka HPAI A (H5N1) nyebar kanthi global. Epizootik (epidemi ing makluk urip dudu manungsa) lan panzootik (lelara kang ngenani kéwan saka akèh spésiès, mligi sajeroning wewengkon kang wiyar banget), wis matèni puluhan yuta unggas lan njalari pepati disengaja atusan yuta unggas liya sajeroning upaya kanggo ngendhalèkaké panyebarané. Sapérangan gedhé réferènsi ing médhia marang “flu manuk” lan sapérangan gedhé réferènsi marang H5N1 yaiku ngenani galur spésifik iki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Li K, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith G, Xu K, Duan L, Rahardjo A, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen T, Estoepangestie A, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long H, Hanh N, Webby R, Poon L, Chen H, Shortridge K, Yuen K, Webster R, Peiris J |title=Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-07-08_430_6996/page/209 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=6996 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15241415 | doi=10.1038/nature02746}}</ref><ref>Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L, Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie AT, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NT, Webby RJ, Poon LL, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS. [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/116.html "The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?" Workshop Summary] The National Academies Press (2005) "Today's Pandemic Threat: Genesis of a Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Eastern Asia", pages 116–130</ref> Saiki, HPAI A(H5N1) wujud lelara unggas, lan ora ana bukti kang nuduhaké panularan kang èfisièn manungsa-marang-manungsa saka HPAI A(H5N1). Ing mèh kabèh kasus, wong-wong kang kainfèksi wis ngalami kontak fisik kang èkstènsif karo unggas kang kainfèksi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Liu J |title=Avian influenza—a pandemic waiting to happen? |url=http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |year=2006 |pmid=16440117 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216094539/http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing mangsa ngarep, H5N1 bisa mutasi utawa ngalami réassortment dadi galur kang mampu ditularaké antar manungsa kanthi èfisièn. Owah-owahan kang diperlokaké nganti iki dumadi durung dikawruhi kanthi becik.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salomon R, Webster RG |title=The influenza virus enigma |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2009-02-06_136_3/page/402 |journal=Cell |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=402–10 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19203576 |pmc=2971533 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.029}}</ref> Nanging, amarga dhuwuré angka pepati lan virulènsi H5N1, kaanan endemiknya, lan inang réservoir biologis kang gunggungé gedhé lan tansaya tambah, virus H5N1 wujud ancaman pandemi donya ing mangsa flu taun 2006-07, lan milyaran dolar wis diklumpukaké lan dientèkaké sajeroning nliti H5N1 lan ngrencanakaké kanggo kamungkinan pandemi influenza.<ref name=Rosenthal>{{cite news | last1=Rosenthal |first1= E. |last2= Bradsher |first2= K. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/16/business/16bird.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | title= Is Business Ready for a Flu Pandemic? |work= The New York Times |date=16 Maret 2006 |accessdate= 17 April 2006 }}</ref> === Flu babi === Ing [[babi]], influenza babi nimbulaké mriyang, awak lemes, wahing, watuk, kangèlan ambegan, lan pemudhunan nepsu mangan.<ref name=Kothalawala>{{cite journal |author=Kothalawala H, Toussaint MJ, Gruys E |title=An overview of swine influenza |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=46–53 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16841566}}</ref> Ing sapérangan kasus infèksi bisa nimbulaké aborsi. Sanajan mortalitas lumrahé asor, virus bisa nimbulaké pamudhunan bobot awak lan patuwuhan kang ala, nimbulaké dampak karugèn ékanami kanggo para paternak.<ref name=Kothalawala/> Babi kang kainfèksi bisa ngalami kélangan bobot watara 12 pon bobot awak sajeroning jangka wektu 3 nganti 4 minggu.<ref name=Myers>{{cite journal |author=Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC |title=Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2007-04-15_44_8/page/1084 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1084–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17366454 |pmc=1973337 |doi=10.1086/512813 }}</ref> Nalika taun 2009, galur virus [[H1N1]] kang asalé saka babi, kang asring diarani “flu babi” njalari pandemi flu 2009, nanging ora ana bukti yèn virus iki èndemik ing babi (temenan wujud flu babi) utawa bisa nular saka babi menyang manungsa, nanging virus iki nyebar saka manungsa-marang-manungsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|title=Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement|author=Maria Zampaglione|publisher=[[World Organisation for Animal Health]]|date=April 29, 2009|accessdate=April 29, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105521/http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|archivedate=April 30, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01name.html?scp=5&sq=&st=nyt |title=W.H.O. Gives Swine Flu a Less Loaded, More Scientific Name | work=The New York Times | first=Denise | last=Grady | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}</ref> Galur iki wujud réassortment saka sapérangan galur H1N1 kang lumrahé tinemu kanthi kapisah, ing manungsa, unggas, lan babi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01origin.html?scp=2&sq=&st=nyt |title=Virus's Tangled Genes Straddle Continents, Raising a Mystery About Its Origins |format=| work=The New York Times | first=Donald G. | last=McNeil Jr. | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}</ref> == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist|2}} <!-- {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} --> == Wacan terusan == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} '''Umum''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM |display-authors=etal |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=N Engl J Med. |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1374–85 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16192482 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052211 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |access-date=2012-02-09 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104920/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |url-status=dead }} * Bernd Sebastian Kamps, Christian Hoffmann and Wolfgang Preiser (Eds.) 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Rev. Genet. |volume=36 |issue=|pages=305–32 |year=2002 |pmid=12429695 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052402.152757}} {{Refend}} {{Col-2-of-2}} '''Patogenesis''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=García-Sastre A |title=Antiviral response in pandemic influenza viruses |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=44–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494716 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1186.htm}} * {{cite journal |author=Zambon MC |title=The pathogenesis of influenza in humans |journal=Rev Med Virol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=227–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11479929 |doi=10.1002/rmv.319}} {{Refend}} '''Epidemiologi''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Dowdle WR |title=Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494714 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1013.htm}} * {{cite journal |author=Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y |title=Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2001-01_14_1/page/129 |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=129–49 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11148006 |pmc=88966 |doi=10.1128/CMR.14.1.129-149.2001}} * [http://www.who.int/wer/wer8126.pdf Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection] {{Refend}} '''Pananganan lan panyegahan''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB |title=Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=54 |issue=RR-8 |pages=1–40 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16086456}} * {{cite journal |author=Monto AS |title=Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494718 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1068.htm}} {{Refend}} '''Panelitèn''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal |author=Palese P |title=Making better influenza virus vaccines? |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494719 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1043.htm }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824004040/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/recommendationvaccine.pdf WHO (PDF) contains latest Evolutionary "Tree of Life" for H5N1] article ''Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines'' published 18 August 2006 * [http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_3C.pdf WHO's assessment of Flu Research] as of November 2006. {{Refend}} {{Col-end}} == Pranala njaba == {{sisterlinks}} {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.ers-education.org/pages/default.aspx?id=331 ERS Online Course on Influenza] * [http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx Swine and Seasonal Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105753/http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx |date=2011-07-27 }}, [http://www.goodmedicine.org/ Institute for Good Medicine] at the [http://www.pamedsoc.org/ Pennsylvania Medical Society] * [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ Info on influenza] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] * [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html Summary of the disease] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714223418/http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html |date=2011-07-14 }} at the [[NYTimes]]. * [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05virus.html 10 Genes, Furiously Evolving] [[NYTimes]] May 2009 * [http://www.outbreakalerts.com/ Outbreak Alerts] United States based communicable disease notification website * [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/influenza/DS00081 Influenza (Mayo Clinic)] * [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html Fact Sheet] Overview of influenza at World Health Organization * [http://origem.info/misms/index.php The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909230155/http://www.origem.info/misms/index.php |date=2016-09-09 }} [[Fogarty International Center]] * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/flubiology.html Influenza Virus Resource] from the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] * [http://www.eiss.org/ European Influenza Surveillance Scheme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013203342/http://www.eiss.org/ |date=2011-10-13 }} * [http://www.google.org/flutrends/ Flu Trends] – flu activity across the U.S. * [https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd Cold and flu advice] (NHS Direct) * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 Online video discussing influenza outbreaks and spread of other infectious diseases] (Vega Science Trust) * [http://www.pandemicflu.gov/ Flu.gov: Know What To Do About the Flu] * [http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/influenza.php PATH Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources] * [http://www.fludb.org/ Influenza Research Database] – Database of influenza genomic sequences, serotypes, polymorphisms, structures, epitopes, drugs and related tools. * [http://www.recombinomics.com/whats_new.html? Recombinomics - What's New]: Up to date details of circulating strains. {{Refend}} {{artikel pilihan}} [[Kategori:Influenza| ]] [[Kategori:Lelara nular]] [[Kategori:Pulmanalogi]] [[Kategori:Lelara ambegan]] 4ouk8wk1onpxrg6d3mlb0fqggen4qrz 0 92888 1758970 1664464 2026-10-20T08:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} {{Crusade}} '''Perang Salib Kapisan''' ya iku perang ing taun [[1095]] déning [[Paus Urbanus II]] kanggo ngrebut kutha suci [[Yerusalem]] kang dadi kutha suci agama [[Islam]] lan [[Kristen]].<ref name="as">[http://www.almukmin-ngruki.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143:perang-salib&catid=36:artiekel-ustadz&Itemid=59 Perang Salib Bagian 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213815/http://www.almukmin-ngruki.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143:perang-salib&catid=36:artiekel-ustadz&Itemid=59 |date=2012-01-20 }} (diundhuh tanggal 22 Oktober 2012)</ref> Perang salib kang pisanan iki isiné mung suwara-suwara sing digedhekgedhekake déning para ulama kristen kang disebabake déning kaum seljuk Turki kang dodolan, nanging ora nganggo jeneng agama. Tujuwan saka [[migrasi]] kang wiwitane kanggo njaga lan nentremake agama telu, malih dadi tujuwan kanggo nguwasani papan iku, para warga ''non'' kristen lan yahudi uga nguwasani kabèh tlatah ing Yerusalem. Saka para ksatriya, masarakat biyasa saka nagara [[Éropah Kulon]], lumaku tumujukutha Yerusalem, banjur nguwasani kutha mau nalika sasi Juli [[1099]], sarta ngadegaké [[Krajan Yerusalem]] utawa krajan Latin ing Yerussalem. Sanajan penguwasane kurang saka 200 taun, nanging Perang Salib Kapisan nggawék jungkir walike jamannguwasani donya kulon. == Kang Njalari == [[Gambar:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg|thumb|left|300px|Pengepungan [[Antioch]], gambar cilik abad pertengahan sasuwéné Perang Salib Kapisan]] Nalika tumuju abad ka 11, para warga Éropah wis akèh sing nganut agama Kristen, ing kono katon saka anané bimbingan ''pastoral'', nikahan ing [[gréja]], lan wong kang lagi lara uga digawa ing gréja.<ref name="ad">[http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2012/04/17/sejarah-perang-salib-muslim-vs-nasrani/ Sejarah Perang Salib (Muslim Vs Nasrani)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831094705/http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2012/04/17/sejarah-perang-salib-muslim-vs-nasrani |date=2012-08-31 }} (diundhuh tanggal 22 Oktober 2012)</ref> Nalika taun [[1088]], wong [[Prancis]] kang jenenge Urbanus II dadi Paus. Nalika dadi Paus, ana kadadéan perang antarané raja [[Jerman]], [[Henry IV]] — ngenani pembaruan déning [[Paus Gregorius VIII]] kang ora ngasilaké apa-apa. Paus anyaran iki, ora péngin nerusaké geger mau. Nanging dhèwèké péngin ndadèkaké siji kabèh krajan Kristen. Nalika [[Kaisar Alexis]] saka Konstantinopel njaluk tulung Paus mungsuh wong Muslim [[Turki]]. Pikirane Urbanus yèn kabèh krajan Kristen dadi siji bakal bisa ngalahake mungsuh. Ora dadi prakara sanajan Paus ngucilke [[patriark Konstantinopel]], lan Kristen Ortodoks Timor wis ora sagreja. Urbanus golèk dalan liya kanggo nguwasani tlatah wétan. Nalika iku para Pangeran ing tlatah kulon lagi padha padu. Nalika taun [[1095]] Urbanus nganakake ''Konsili Clermont''. Ing kono dhèwèké ngandharake [[kutbah]] kang isiné ngajak-ajak, lan mènèhi pawarta kang nggawé gething karo wong [[muslim]]. '' "Telah tersebar sebuah carita mengerikan... sebuah golongan terkutuk yang sama sekali diasingkan Allah... telah menyerang tanah (nagara) orang Kristen dan memerangi penduduk setempat dengan pedang, menjarah dan membakar." Ia berseru: "Pisahkanlah laladan itu dari tangan bangsa yang jahat itu dan jadikanlah ia sebagai milikmu." '' Iki sing diandharake, lan gawé warga kristiani Éropah geger. Iki salah siji usaha saka Urbanus kanggo nguwasai tlatah wétan, lan unjere ana ing Yerusalem, kang dadi kutha suci Yahudi, Kristiani lan Muslim. ''Deus vult! Deus vult!'' ''(Allah menghendakinya)''', suwarane para jamaah. Tembung iku dadi unen-unen nalika perang déning para bala [[Perang Salib]]. Nalika para utusan Paus ngliwati Éropah, ngajak para ksatria lunga menyang [[Palestina]] kanthi ''propaganda'' saka pimpinan, para wadyabala disengkuyung pejuang saka [[Perancis]] lan [[Italia]]. Akèh kang mèlu nyengkuyung, ana uga kang ngrebut tlatah kang dikuwasai déning bala muslim. Urbanus lan para paus, mènèhi pituduh marang para bala ngenani babagan kabecikan ''spiritual'' saka perang mungsuh wong muslim. Ing Bible, Urbanus ngeyakinake para bala yèn mèlu perang iki bisa langsung lumebu surga, utawa saora-orane nyuda wektu nalika ing neraka. Nanging ing kono ana niyat liya kang dilakoni wiwit jaman ''Alexander the great'' tekan jaman Imperium Roma ya iku kanggo nguwasani tlatah wétan. Ing satengahe laku tumuju ing ''tanah suv=ci'' para bala Salib mandheg ing Konstantinopel. Ing kono, kaisar Konstantinopel ndeleng yèn tentreme Wétan lan Kulon iku ora bakal kelakon, para prajurit dianggep anceman marang jabatane. Nalika para bala ngerti yèn Alexis wis ana perjanjian karo wong-wong [[Turki]], banjur para bala rumangsa yèn dikianati. == Sumber terpilih dan bacaan lebih lanjut == === Sumber utama === * [[Albert of Aix]], ''Historia Hierosolymitana'' * [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[The Alexiad]]'' * [[Guibert of Nogent]], ''[[Dei gesta per Francos]]'' * [[Fulcher of Chartres]], ''Historia Hierosolymitana'' * ''[[Gesta Francorum|Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum]]'' (anonymous) * Peter Tudebode, ''Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere'' * [[Raymond of Aguilers]], ''Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem'' * [[Third Crussaders]],saladdin and richard the lion heart" === Sumber online utama === * Selected letters by Crusaders: ** Anselme of Ribemont, [http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stCrusade1.htm Anselme of Ribemont, Letter to Manasses II, Archbishop of Reims] (1098) ** Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, [http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stcrusade2.html Letter to his wife, Adele] (1098) ** Daimbert, Godfrey and Raymond, [http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stcru3.html Letter to the Pope], (1099) * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1k.html#The%20First%20Crusade Online primary sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110144040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1k.html#The%20First%20Crusade |date=2011-01-10 }} from the [[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]] ** Peter the Hermit and the Popular Crusade: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/peterhermit.html Collected Accounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430130514/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/peterhermit.html |date=2011-04-30 }}. ** The Crusaders Journey to Constantinople: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-tocp.html Collected Accounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002120854/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-tocp.html |date=2012-10-02 }}. ** The Crusaders at Constantinople: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-atcp.html Collected Accounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929191656/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-atcp.html |date=2012-09-29 }}. ** The Siege and Capture of Nicea: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-nicea.html Collected Accounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131553/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-nicea.html |date=2012-10-04 }}. ** The Siege and Capture of Antioch: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-antioch.html Collected Accounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728072709/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-antioch.html |date=2012-07-28 }}. ** The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html Collected Accounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175951/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE |date=2014-08-14 }}. * [[Fulcher of Chartres]]: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk2.html The Capture of Jerusalem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726134734/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk2.html |date=2012-07-26 }}, 1099. * [[Ekkehard of Aura]]: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ekkehard-aur1.html On the Opening of the First Crusade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726132802/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ekkehard-aur1.html |date=2012-07-26 }}. * [[Albert of Aix]] and Ekkehard of Aura: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews.html Emico and the Slaughter of the Rhineland Jews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805121449/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews.html |date=2012-08-05 }}. * [[Soloman bar Samson]]: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews-mainz.html The Crusaders in Mainz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818075012/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews-mainz.html |date=2012-08-18 }}, attacks on Rhineland Jewry. * [[Ali ibn Tahir Al-Sulami]] (d. 1106): [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717021151/http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/447/texts/Sulami.html Kitab al-Jihad] (extracts). First known Islamic discussion of the concept of [[jihad]] written in the aftermath of the First Crusade. === Sumber sekunder === * Asbridge, Thomas. ''The First Crusade: A New History''. Oxford: 2004. ISBN 0-19-517823-8. * Bartlett, Robert. ''The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Exchange, 950–1350''. Princeton: 1993. * Chazan, Robert. ''In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews''. Jewish Publication Society, 1997. ISBN 0-8276-0575-7. * Hillenbrand, Carole. ''The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives''. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-92914-8. * Holt, P.M. ''The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517''. Longman, 1989. ISBN 0-582-49302-1. * Mayer, Hans Eberhard. ''The Crusades''. John Gillingham, translator. Oxford: 1988. ISBN 0-19-873097-7. * Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading''. University of Pennsylvania: 1991. ISBN 0-8122-1363-7. * Riley-Smith, Jonathan, editor. ''The Oxford History of the Crusades''. Oxford: 2002. ISBN 0-19-280312-3. * Runciman, Steven. ''The First Crusaders, 1095–1131'', Cambridge: 1998. ISBN 0-521-64603-0. * Setton, Kenneth, editor. ''A History of the Crusades.'' Madison: 1969–1989 ([http://libtext.library.wisc.edu/HistCrusades/ available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030401233647/http://libtext.library.wisc.edu/HistCrusades/ |date=2003-04-01 }}). * Maalouf, Amin. ''The Crusades Through Arab Eyes'', New York: Schocken Books, 1984. ISBN 0-8052-0898-4 === Bibliografi === * [http://www.deremilitari.org/biblio/firstcrusade.htm Bibliography of the First Crusade (1095-1099)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208052341/http://www.deremilitari.org/biblio/firstcrusade.htm |date=2005-02-08 }} compiled by Alan V. Murray, Institute for Medieval Studies, [[University of Leeds]]. Extensive and up to date as of 2004. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Perang Salib]] [[Kategori:1090-an]] <!--Interlanguage links--> fv2wixl9xc4i1iemxfvw9ew5mzvwpor 0 94325 1758950 1752520 2026-10-20T01:40:38Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:Margaret Mead (1901-1978).jpg|thumb|240px|Margaret Mead]] '''Margaret Mead''' ([[16 Dhésèmber]] [[1901]] – [[15 November]] [[1978]]) inggih punika salah satunggaling [[antropologi budaya|antroplog budaya]] [[Amérika Sarékat|Amérika]].<ref name="internet1">[http://anthropology.usf.edu/women/mead/margaret_mead.htm Margaret Mead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213014346/http://anthropology.usf.edu/women/mead/margaret_mead.htm |date=2012-12-13 }}(dipunundhuh 17 November 2012)</ref> Mead miyos ing [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] lajeng ageng ing kitha [[Doylestown, Pennsylvania]] ingkang boten tebih saking kitha miyosipun.<ref name="internet1"/> Ramanipun inggih punika satunggaling [[profesor]] ing salah satunggaling [[universitas]], déné ibunipun satunggaling ''aktivis sosial''.<ref name="internet1"/> Mead lulus saking [[Barnard College]] taun [[1923]] kaliyan pikantuk gelar Ph. D saking [[Universitas Columbia]] ing taun [[1929]].<ref name="internet1"/> Ing universitas punika Mead kepanggih kaliyan [[Ruth Benedict]] kaliyan [[Franz Boas]] ingkang dados prabawa ''intelektual'' kanggé Mead ing Columbia.<ref name="internet1"/> Margaret Mead kalebet antropolog ingkang paling misuwur ing [[donya]].<ref name="internet2">[http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html Biografi Margaret Mead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226044531/http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html |date=2012-12-26 }}(dipunundhuh 17 November 2012)</ref> Lumantar padamelanipun dados antropolog, kathah tiyang ingkang saged sinau babagan antropologi kaliyan ''visi holistik'' saking spésies [[manungsa]].<ref name="internet2"/> Mead maringi kathah sumbangan kanggé ngrembakanipun dhisiplin èlmu, sarta sampun nepangaken wawasan dhumateng éwonan tiyang ing njawi akademi.<ref name="internet1"/> Mead sampun ngasilaken 44 [[buku]] kaliyan langkung saking 1000 [[artikel]].<ref name="internet1"/> == Kulawarga == Margaret Mead miyos ing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 16 Dhésèmber 1901 nanging ageng ing kitha Doylestown.<ref name="internet4">[http://profil.merdeka.com/mancanagara/m/margaret-mead/ Profil Margaret Mead]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dupunundhuh 17 November 2012)</ref> Mead punika putri pambarep saking sedherèkipun ingkang gunggungipun sekawan.<ref name="internet4"/> Ramanipun inggih punika satunggaling profesor ing babagan dana ''(babagan keuangan)'', déné ibunipun ingkang namanipun Emily Fogg Mead inggih punika satunggaling [[sosiolog]].<ref name="internet4"/> Mead gadhah rayi wadon ingkang namanipun Katherine nanging séda nalika yuswanipun taksih 9 wulan.<ref name="internet4"/> [[Kulawarga]]nipun gesang kanthi cara [[nomaden]], saéngga panjenenganipun kapeksa ndhèrèk ''home-schooling''.<ref name="internet4"/> Miyos ing satengahing kulawarga ingkang gadhah manéka jinis bobot, bibit, kaliyan bèbètipun, ndadosaken Mead gadhah tekad ageng supados ngupadi jati dhirinipun.<ref name="internet4"/> == ''Karier'' == Sadangunipun [[Perang Donya II]], Margaret Mead ngabdi dados [[sekretaris]] ''èksekutif'' saking ''National Research Council's Committee on Food Habits''.<ref name="internet4"/> Ing taun [[1948]], Mead kapilih dados anggota ing American Academy of Arts and Science. Sasampunipun punika, Mead dados profesor antropologi ing ''Fordham University's Lincoln Center Campus'' saking taun [[1968]] ngantos taun [[1970]].<ref name="internet4"/> Margaret Mead naté mengku kathah kalungguhan ing ''American Association for the Advancement of Science'' kaliyan dados [[présidhèn]] [[organisasi]] ing taun [[1975]].<ref name="internet4"/> Margaret nindakaken panalitèn babagan saklompok tiyang ing [[Samoa]].<ref name="internet4"/> Ing panalitèn punika, Margaret Mead mapan, guyub, nindakaken kagiyatan, lan ngawontenaken [[wawancara]] dhateng 68 tiyang wadon saking yuswa 9 taun ngantos yuswa 20 taun.<ref name="internet4"/> Kasil saking panalitènipun inggih punika saged ngandharaken bilih kadéwasan tiyang Samoa dipuntandhani kathi éwahipun ingkang temata, sanès minggah mudhunipun [[émosi]] utawi [[psikologis]] kémawon kados kasus ingkang ditemokaken ing [[Amérika]].<ref name="internet4"/> Kasil panalitèn punika nuwuhaken kathah ''kecaman'' saking sawatara pihak. Nanging, tanggal 19 Januari [[1979]] inggih punika satunggal taun sasampunipen Mead séda, Présidhèn [[Jimmy Carter]] nganugrahi ''Margaret Presidential Medal of Freedom'' kanggé Margaret Mead.<ref name="internet4"/> Duta ageng Amérika, [[Andrew Young]] ingkang dados sesulih saking Présidhèn Amérika masrahaken anugrah punika dhumateng putranipun Margaret Mead.<ref name="internet4"/> == Bibliografi == * ''Coming of Age in Samoa'' (1928) ISBN 0-688-05033-6 * ''Growing Up in New Guinea'' (1930) ISBN 0-688-17811-1 * ''The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe'' (1932) * ''Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies'' (1935) * ''Male and Female'' (1949) ISBN 0-688-14676-7 * ''New Lives for Old: Cultural Transformation in Manus, 1928-1953'' (1956) * ''People and Places'' (1959; buku kanggé pamaos enèm) * ''Continuities in Cultural Evolution'' (1964) * ''Culture and Commitment'' (1970) * ''Blackberry Winter'' (1972; biografi babagan Mead nalika taksih enèm) ISBN 0-317-60065-6 == Buku-buku suntingan == * ''Cultural Patterns and Technical Change'', penyunting (1953) * ''Primitive Heritage: An Anthropological Anthology'', penyunting kaliyan Nicholas Calas (1953) * ''An Anthropologist at Work'', penyunting (1959, dipunambali cetak taun 1966; buku ingkang ngemot seratan-seratanipun [[Ruth Benedict]]) * ''The Study of Culture At A Distance'', penyunting kaliyan Rhoda Metraux, 1953 * ''Themes in French Culture'', dipunserat kaliyan Rhoda Metraux, 1954 * ''A Way of Seeing'', dipunserat kaliyan Rhoda Metraux, 1975 == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/audiofiles.html#mead Creative Intelligence: Female ("The Silent Revolution: Creative Man In Contemporary Society"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323082220/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/audiofiles.html#mead |date=2008-03-23 }} Ceramah di UC Berkeley, 1962 (arsip audio online) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121130090714/http://www.interculturalstudies.org/ The Institute for Intercultural Studies] – Institut étnografi yang didirikan olèh Mead, dengan sumber-sumber yang terkait dengan pekerjaan Mead ** [http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html Biografi Margaret Mead di IIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226044531/http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html |date=2012-12-26 }} * [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/ Library of Congress, Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture] [[Kategori:Antropolog]] [[Kategori:Lair 1901]] fsm82qwblvcz05kg52a9m6wrgxrij2a 0 95344 1758948 1702065 2026-10-19T23:52:25Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758948 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gluehbirne_2_db.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Lampu pijar lan filamenipun ingkang nembe murub.]] '''Lampu bohlam''' inggih punika sumber [[cahya]] damèlan ingkang kaasilakèn ngèlampahi penyaluran [[arus listrik]] ngèlampahi [[filamen]] ingkang lajèngipun memanas lan ngasilakèn cahya.<ref name="internet_lb_book_1">(en){{cite web | title=The Great Internet Light Bulb Book, Part I | url=http://members.misty.com/don/bulb1.html | last=Klipstein | first=Donald L. | year=2006 | accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref> Kaca ingkang nyelubungi filamen panas mau nghalangi udara kanggé gegayutan kaliyanipun pramila filamen boten badhé kalangsungaken rusak sebab [[oksidasi|teroksidasi]].<ref name="enotes">(en){{cite web | title="Light Bulb." How Products are Made | publisher=eNotes.com | url=http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/light-bulb | author=Gale Cengage | author2=Stacey L. Blachford | year=2006 | accessdate=2010-04-23 | archive-date=2010-09-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914105212/http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/light-bulb | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lampu pijar dipunpasaraken ing pinten-pinten macem bentuk<ref name="buylighting">(en){{cite web | title=buylighting.com: Incandescent Light Bulbs | url=http://www.buylighting.com/Incandescent-Light-Bulbs-s/165.htm | accessdate=2010-04-23 | archive-date=2010-04-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428165314/http://www.buylighting.com/Incandescent-Light-Bulbs-s/165.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> lan kasedia kanggé tegangan ([[voltase]]) kerja ingkang bervariasi saking wiwit 1,25 volt<ref>(en){{cite web | title=Round MES Type (E10): Small Bulbs & Lamps: Maplin | url=http://www.maplin.co.uk/Module.aspx?ModuleNo=1977 | accessdate=2010-04-23 | archive-date=2010-08-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803044332/http://www.maplin.co.uk/Module.aspx?ModuleNo=1977 | url-status=dead }}</ref> hingga 300 volt.<ref>(en){{cite web | title=GE 16317 50A19 at eLightBulbs.com | url=http://www.elightbulbs.com/GE-16317-50A19-A19-Light-Bulb | accessdate=2010-04-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085748/http://www.elightbulbs.com/ge-16317-50a19-a19-light-bulb | archive-date=2016-03-05 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Energi [[listrik]] ingkang dipunbetahaken lampu pijar kanggé ngasilaken cahya ingkang terang langkung ageng dipunbandingaken kaliyan sumber cahya ndamel sanèsipun kaliyan [[lampu pendar]] lan [[diode cahya]], mila kanthi bertahap ing pinten-pinten nagara peredaran lampu pijar wiwit dipunwatisi.<ref>(en) {{cite web | title=LED Efficiency Comparison | language=Inggris | url=http://www.ecoledlighting.com/docs/LEDEfficiencyComparison.pdf | publisher=EcoLEDLighting.com | filetype=pdf | accessdate=2010-05-02 | archive-date=2022-07-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717002322/http://www.ecoledlighting.com/docs/LEDEfficiencyComparison.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="nagara_pembatasan_lampu">(en){{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1107290/Revolt-Robbed-right-buy-traditional-light-bulbs-millions-clearing-shelves-supplies.html|title=Revolt! Robbed of their right to buy traditional light bulbs, millions are clearing shelves of last supplies|last=Derbyshire|first=David|date=7 Januari 2009|publisher=The Daily Mail|accessdate=2010-04-10}} Untuk pratélan nagara lihat pada pérangan "What Happens Overseas?"</ref> Ing sisih mupangati cahya ingkang dipunkasilaken, pinten-pinten penggunaan lampu pijar langkung mupangati benter ingkang dipunkasilaken, tuladhanipun inggih punika pemanas kandang [[ayam]],<ref>{{cite paper | author=Edlyn, Edith; Surisdiarto; dan M. Halim Natsir | title=PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN TEPUNG AFKIRAN KACANG SHANGHAI SEBAGAI PENGGANTI JAGUNG DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP PENAMPILAN AYAM PEDAGING | date=2008 | publisher=Laboratorium Lapang Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Brawijaya | url=http://pakan-ternak.brawijaya.ac.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=59 | format=[[PDF]] | accessdate=2010-04-10 }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> dan [[Inframerah#Babagan Industri|pemanas inframerah]] dalam prosès pemanasan di babagan indhustri. == Sajarah == Pengembangan lampu pijar sampun dipunwiwiti ing abad XIX.<ref name="enotes"/><ref name="sej_aboutcom">{{cite web | title=The History of Incandescent Lightbulb | url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllight2.htm | first=Mary | last=Bellis | publisher=About.com | language=English | accessdate=2010-04-23 }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="sej_frognet">{{cite web | title="Early Incandescent Lamp" | url=http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/index40.html | first=Edward | last=Covington | language=English | date=2010-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref><ref name="sej_invsee">{{cite web | title=The History of the light bulb | url=http://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/lightbulb/meathist.htm | publisher=National Science Foundation: Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science and Engineering Education | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> Sajarah lampu pijar saged dipunandaraken sampun dipunwiwiti kaliyan kapanggih [[tumpukan volta]] déning [[Alessandro Volta]].<ref name="sej_frognet"/> Ing taun [[1802]], [[Sir Humphry Davy]] nedahaken arus listrik saged memanaskan seuntai logam tipis ngantos nyala putih<ref name="enotes"/>. Lajeng, ing taun [[1820]], [[Warren De la Rue]] rancang sebuah lampu kaliyan cara nempataken sebuah kumparan [[logam mulia]] [[platina]] di dalam sebuah tabung lalu mengalirkan arus listrik melaluinya.<ref name="sej_aboutcom"/> namung kémawon, regi logam platina ingkang sangat tinggi nghalangi pendayagunaan penemuan punika langkung lanjut.<ref name="sej_aboutcom"/><ref name="sej_invsee"/> Elemen [[karbon]] ugi naté dipun-ginakaken, nanging karbon kaliyan rikat saged teroksidasi ing udara; amargi punika, wangsulanipun inggih punika menempatkan elemen ing vakum.<ref name="enotes"/> Ing taun [[1870]]-an, ingkang penemu asma[[Thomas Alva Edison]] saking Menlo Park, praja [[New Jersey]], Amérikah Sarékat, wiwit derek sarta ing usaha rancang lampu pijar.<ref name="enotes"/><ref name="sej_aboutcom"/> Kaliyan ngginakaken elemen platina, Edison angsal [[paten]] kawiwitan ing wulan [[April]] [[1879]].<ref name="enotes"/> Rancangan punika relatif boten praktis nanging Edison ajeg berusaha madosi elemen sanès kanggé angsal dipunpanasaken kanthi ekonomis lan efisien.<ref name="enotes"/> Ing taun ingkang sami, [[Sir Joseph Wilson Swan]] ugi nyiptaaken lampu pijar ingkang saged bertahan selama 13,5 jam.<ref name="sej_invsee"/> Sebagian besar filamen lampu pijar ingkang dipunciptakaken ing wanci punika putus ing wekdal ingkang sangat cekak ngantos boten gadhah kanthi komersial.<ref name="enotes"/> Kangge mungkasi prekawis punika, Edison malih nyobi ngginakaken untaian karbon ingkang dipunpanggenaken ing bola lampu hampa udara ngantos ing tanggal [[19 Oktober]] [[1879]] piyambakipun kasil nyalakan lampu ingkang mbetahaken bertahan ngantos 40 jam.<ref name="enotes"/> == Konstruksi == Komponèn utama saking lampu pijar inggih punika bola lampu ingkang kadamel saking [[kaca]], filamen ingkang kadamel saking [[wolfram]], dhasar lampu ingkang kapérang saking filamen, bola lampu, gas pengisi, lan kaki lampu.<ref name="SNI03-6575-2001">{{Citation | title=SNI 03-6575-2001 Tata Cara Perancangan Sistem Pencahayaan damelan ing Wangunan Gedung | publisher=Badan Standardisasi Nasional | date=2001}}</ref> {| border="0" | [[Gambar:Incandescent light bulb.svg|300px|center]] | # Bola lampu # Gas bertekanan cendhèk ([[argon]], [[neon]], [[nitrogen]]) # Filamen wolfram # Kawat penghubung ke kaki tengah # Kawat penghubung ke ulir # Kawat penyangga # Kaca penyangga # Kontak listrik di ulir # Sekrup ulir # Isolator # Kontak listrik di kaki tengah |} == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|Light bulb}} [[Kategori:Lampu|Pijar]] k5afqxrsdor9xpsio3xokzw58zagwd2 0 96434 1758942 1752894 2026-10-19T21:50:12Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261019sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1758942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:Bilirubin_ZZ.png|thumb|right|300px|Struktur kimiawi Bilirubin]] '''Bilirubin''' ({{lang-en|bilirubin, hematoidin}}) ya iku [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] [[pigmen]] awerna [[kuning]] kang minangka kasil [[katabolisme]] [[enzim]]atik [[biliverdin]] déning [[biliverdin reduktase]]. [[Oksidasi]] bilirubin ngasilaké biliverdin manèh, saéngga mènèhi atribut [[antioksidan]] ing [[senyawa kimia]] iki ing [[fisiologi]] selular, kajaba [[glutathion|GSH]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456881 | title = Biliverdin reductase: a major physiologic cytoprotectant | accessdate = 2010-10-27 | work = Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baranano DE, Rao M, Ferris CD, Snyder SH. }}</ref> Bilirubin ya iku penghambat respon [[sel T|sel T CD4⁺]], dhuwuré rasio [[serum getih|serum]] bilirubin bakal ngindhuksi [[apoptosis]] sèl T CD4⁺ mau, saéngga bilirubin dianggep bisa mandhegaké [[lelara]] [[otoimun]] kaya ta [[sklerosis multipel]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641326 | title = Bilirubin possesses powerful immunomodulatory activity and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis | accessdate = 2010-10-27 | work = Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia; Liu Y, Li P, Lu J, Xiong W, Oger J, Tetzlaff W, Cynader M. }}</ref> Bilirubin iku [[pigmen]] kang diculaké nalika sèl-sèl [[getih]] [[abang]] ''(eritrost)'' dipecah.<ref name="internet1">[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/bilirubin/ Arti Bilirubin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121071421/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/bilirubin/ |date=2012-11-21 }}(diundhuh 25 Januari 2013)</ref> Padtan bilirubin diprosès lan ditokaké déning [[ati]].<ref name="internet1"/> Tingkat kaluwihan bilirubin ing [[getih]] (hiperbilirubinemia) bisa ngindhikasi karusakan ati lan bisa njalari [[lelara kuning]].<ref name="internet1"/> Penyakit kuning ya iku lelara kang ditandhani [[kulit]]é kuning, [[mripat]] dadi [[putih]], warna [[tinja]] pucet, lan [[uyuh]] peteng.<ref name="internet1"/> Tingkat bilirubin normal ya iku sangisoré 1,3&nbsp;mg.<ref name="internet1"/> == Fungsi == Bilirubin digawé déning kagiyatan biliverdin reduktase ing biliverdin, pigmen [[empedu]] [[ijo]] tetrapyrrolic kang uga minangka kasil katabolisme [[heme]]. Bilirubin, nalika keoksidai malih dadi biliverdin manèh. Siklus iki, kajaba dhémonstrasi kagiyatan antioksidan kang kuat saka bilirubin <ref name="PMID 3029864">{{cite journal |author=Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, Glazer AN, Ames BN |title=Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1987-02-27_235_4792/page/1043 |journal=Science |volume=235 |pages=1043–6 |year=1987 |bibcode=1987Sci...235.1043S |last2=Yamamoto |last3=McDonagh |last4=Glazer |last5=Ames |doi=10.1126/science.3029864 |pmid=3029864 |issue=4792}}</ref> wis mbuktekake yèn kagunan utama bilirubin ya iku minangka antioksidan selular.<ref name="pmid12456881">{{cite journal |author=Baranano DE, Rao M, Ferris CD, Snyder SH |title=Biliverdin reductase: A major physiologic cytoprotectant |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2002-12-10_99_25/page/16093 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue=25 |pages=16093–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12456881 |doi=10.1073/pnas.252626999 |pmc=138570 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9916093B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Liu Y, Li P, Lu J, Xiong W, Oger J, Tetzlaff W, [[Max Cynader|Cynader M.]] |title=Bilirubin possesses powerful immunomodulatory activity and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-immunology_2008-08-01_181_3/page/1887 |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=181 |issue=3 |pages=1887–97 |year=2008 |pmid=18641326 }}</ref> == Struktur Kimia == Bilirubin kawangun saka ranté tarbuka saka patang pirol kaya [[ali-ali]] (tetrapyrrole). Ing heme, patang ali-ali kang kahubung ing ali-ali kang luwih gedhé, kang diarani ali-ali [[porfirin]]. Bilirubin bisa ''terkonjugasi'' kanthi molekul asem glukuronat kang nggawé bilirubin larut ing [[banyu]]. Bilirubin mèmper karo ''phycobilin pigmen'' kang digunakaké déning [[ganggang]] tartamtu kanggo nangkep ènergi cahya lan ''pigmen fitokrom'' kang digunakaké déning [[tetuwuhan]] supaya bisa éntuk cahya [[srengéngé]]. Kabèh iki ngandhut ranté tarbuka saka patang ali-ali pyrrolic. Kaya pigmen liyané, sawatara bilirubin digunakaké ing [[fototerapi]] saka [[bayi]] kuning. E, Z-isomer bilirubin kawentuk ing paparan cahya luwih rikat larut tinimbang Z unilluminated Z-isomer minangka bisa dadi ikatan [[hidrogen]] intramolekul. == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biokimia]] [[Kategori:Antioksidan]] h7k8a6ogx4uyhvco8s5568e7ma3a9hm 0 96675 1758959 1752653 2026-10-20T04:28:55Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758959 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Naguib Mahfouz HR.jpg|ka|jmpl|Naguib Mahfouz]] '''Naguib Mahfouz''' ([[basa Arab]]: نجيب محفوظ, ''Nağīb Maḥfūẓ''; Gamaliya, [[Kairo]], [[11]] [[Dhésèmber]] [[1911]] – [[30]] [[Agustus]] [[2006]]) inggih punika salah satunggaling novelis [[Mesir]] ingkang pinatuk Pangaji Nobel Kasusastran. Naguib Mahfouz miyos wonten ing laladan Gamaliya ing [[Kairo]]. Namanipun dipunparingi déning tiyang sepuhipun sami kaliyan nama [[Naguib Pasha Mahfouz|Profesor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz]], dhokter ingkang mbiyantu miyosipun. Mahfouz, ingkang dangu dados punggawa nagari, dinas wonten ing Kementerian Wakaf Mortmain, lajeng njabat minangka Direktur Badan Sensor wonten ing Biro Kagunan, Direktur Yayasan Pendukung Bioskop, lan pungkasanipun minangka konsultan wonten ing Kementerian Kebudayaan. Piyambakipun nerbitaken langkung saking 30 novèl. Piyambakipun pikantuk Penghargaan Nobel babagan Sastra nalika taun [[1988]].<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1988/mahfouz-bio.html</ref> Kathah saking novelipun ingkang wiwitan dipunterbitaken wonten ing, kalebet ''[[Anak-anak Gebelawi]]'' lan ''[[Lorong Midaq (novèl)|Lorong Midaq]]'' ingkang dipunadaptasi dados sawijining filem [[Meksiko]] ingkang dipunbintangi déning [[Salma Hayek]] (''[[El callejón de los milagros]]'').<ref>http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358178/Naguib-Mahfouz</ref> ''[[Anak-anak Gebelawi]] ''([[1959]]), salah satunggal saking karya Mahfouz ingkang saé piyambak, dipunlarang ''beredar'' wonten ing [[Mesir]] amargi dipunanggep ''menghujat'' amargi nggambaraken [[Allah]] lan [[agama]]-[[agama]] [[Abrahamik]] [[monoteistik]] [[Yudaisme]], [[Kristen]] lan [[Islam]]. Nalika taun [[1989]], sasampunipun wonten fatwa murtad tumrap [[Salman Rushdie]], satunggaling teolog Mesir ingkang wuta, [[Omar Abdul-Rahman]], ngendika dhumateng satunggaling wartawan bilih manawi Mahfouz sampun dipunhukum amargi nyerat novèl punika, Rushdie tamtu boten wantun nerbitaken novelipun. Syekh Omar ngendika bilih punika sanès fatwa, nanging nalika taun [[1994]] para ekstremis [[Islam]], ingkang pitados bilih punika minangka satunggaling fatwa, ngupaya numpes novelis ingkang sampun gadhah yuswa 82 taun punika, nikem wonten ing gulonipun ing njawi dalemipun wonten ing kutha [[Kairo]], Mahfouz nahan, lan wiwit punika terus dipunkawal. Pungkasanipun, nalika wiwitan taun [[2006]], novelipun dipunterbitaken ing [[Mesir]] kanthi pengantar ingkang dipunserat déning [[Ahmad Kamal Abu Almajd]]. Dumugi wekdal sédanipun, Mahfouz minangka panarima Penghargaan Nobel ingkang paling sepuh ingkang taksih gesang kanggé babagan Sastra lan paling sepuh angka 3 wonten ing masa sabibaripun [[Bertrand Russell]] lan [[Halldor Laxness]]. Nalika [[Juli]] [[2006]], Mahfouz dipunbekta dhateng unit gawat darurat amargi luka wonten ing mustakanipun. Piyambakipun tilar donya wonten ing yuswa 94 taun nalika tanggal [[30]] [[Agustus]] [[2006]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Naguib Mahfouz, First Writer in Arabic to Win Nobel Prize, Dies at 94|publisher=New York Times|date=August 30, 2006|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/books/31mahfouzcnd.html?ex=1314590400&en=903bfd6de675d9b3&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss}}</ref> == Karya-karya == * ''Mesir Lami'' ([[1932]]) مصر القديمة * ''Bisikan Kagilan'' ([[1938]])همس الجنون * ''Enyékan Nasib'' ([[1939]]) عبث الأقدار * ''Rhadopis saking Nubia'' ([[1943]]) رادوبيس * ''Perjuangan Tyba'' ([[1944]]) كفاح طيبة * ''Kairo Modern'' ([[1945]]) القاهرة الجديدة * ''Khan al-Khalili'' 1945 خان الخليلى * ''Lorong Midaq (novèl)'' ([[1947]]) زقاق المدق * ''Fatamorgana'' السراب * ''Awal lan Akhir'' ([[1950]]) '''بداية ونهاية''' * Trilogi Kairo ** ''Lorong Pura'' ([[1956]]) '''بين القصرين''' ** ''Pura Hasrat'' ([[1957]]) '''قصر الشوق''' ** ''Jalan Gendhis'' ([[1957]]) '''السكرية''' * ''Anak-anak Gebelawi'' ([[1959]]) '''أولاد حارتنا''' * ''Maling lan Asu-asu'' ([[1961]]) اللص والكلاب * ''Manuk Puyuh lan Mangsa Gugur'' ([[1962]]) السمان والخريف * ''Donya Allah'' ([[1962]]) دنيا الله * ''Zaabalawi'' ([[1963]]) * ''Pamadosan (novèl)'' ([[1964]]) الطريق * ''Pangemis'' ([[1965]]) الشحاذ * ''Kadampar ing Nil'' ([[1966]]) ثرثرة فوق النيل * ''Miramar (novèl)'' ([[1967]]) '''ميرامار''' * ''Kaca (novèl)'' ([[1972]]) المرايا * ''al-Karnak'' ([[1974]]) الكرنك * ''Tuan ingkang Kinurmatan'' ([[1975]]) حضرة المحترم * ''The Harafish'' ([[1977]]) '''ملحمة الحرافيش''' * ''Cinta lan Hejab'' ([[1980]]) * ''Ratri lan Siyang Arab'' ([[1981]]) ليالى ألف ليلة * ''Madah Palakrama'' ([[1981]]) * ''Lelampahaning Ibn Fattouma'' ([[1983]]) رحلة إبن فطومة * ''Akhenaten, ingkang Dunung ing Kaleresan'' ([[1985]]) العائش فى الحقيقة * ''Air Mancur lan Kubur]]'' ([[1988]])<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Naguib-Mahfouz/e/B000APYKVU</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} * Alamgir Hashmi, ''The Worlds of Muslim Imagination'' (1986), ISBN 0-00-500407-1 * Rasheed El-Enany, ''Naguib Mahfouz: The Pursuit of Meaning'' (1993), ISBN 0-415-07395-2 == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mahfouz.htm Naguib Mahfouz dari Kalender Pengarang Pegasos] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19990209133502/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/mahfz.htm Biografi Cornell] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5297470.stm Laporan kematian BBC 30 Agustus 2006] {{Nobel Sastra}} [[Kategori:Lair 1911]] [[Kategori:Pati 2006]] [[Kategori:Pamenang Bebungah Nobel babagan sastra]] t78zlbd79p4hjrb8jffx2b5ofj9y1rx 0 99716 1758958 1758340 2026-10-20T04:25:11Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758958 wikitext text/x-wiki {| {{prettytable}} align="right" width="300" |+ <big>'''Métz'''</big> |- | style="background: #ffffff;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| cellspacing="0" border="0" cellpadding="2" | align="center" width="140" | |- | align="center" width="140" | <small>'''Kutha Métz'''</small> |} |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;" | <small>[[Gendéra]]<br /> Kutha Métz</small> |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid gray;" | [[Gambar:Metz flag.svg|150px]] |- | '''Nagara''' | [[Prancis]] |- | '''Wewengkon Administratif''' | [[Lorraine]] |- | '''Dhépartemèn''' | [[Moselle]] |- | '''[[Gubernur]]''' | [[Dominique Gros]] (2008-2014) |- | '''Wewengkon'''<br />&nbsp;-Wiyaripun:<br /> | <br />363&nbsp;km² |- | '''[[Padunung]]'''<br />&nbsp;-Total (2004):<br />&nbsp;-Kapadhetan: | <br />389.851 (2010)<br />2 879/km² |} '''Métz''' (dipunwaos /mɛs/ ing [[basa Perancis]]) inggih punika kutha krajan [[Lorraine]], dhépartemèn [[Moselle (dhépartemèn)|Moselle]], [[Prancis]] lan wewatesan kaliyan [[Luksemburg]] lan [[Jerman]]. Métz kalebet kitha administrasi ing Prancis ingkang wigati awit taun [[1972]].<ref name="Internet5"/> Kitha Métz kalebet salah satunggalipun punjering [[bisnis]], niyaga, lan [[Pendhidhikan dhuwur|pawiyatan luhur]] ing Prancis.<ref name="Internet5">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378964/Metz |title=''Metz'' |author= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |year=2013 |publisher=britannica.com |access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> == Sajarah == Kitha Métz sampun dipundunungi [[Manungsa|tiyang]] wiwit wekdal pungkasaning [[Jaman Prunggu]] watawis 1000 SM.<ref name="Internet3"/> Kitha punika dados tilaranipun [[Romawi]] ingkang wekdal samanten namanipun '''Kitha''' '''Divodurum''' (ateges kitha ing gunung suci), kutha krajan saking wewengkon [[Celtic Médiomatrici]].<ref name="Internet4"/> Satunggaling suku ingkang manggén ing Divodurum namanipun suku Méttis, dangu-dangu nama Méttis éwah dados Métz, lan dipundadosaken nama kitha '''Métz''' ngantos sapunika.<ref name="Internet4">{{cite web |url=http://www.bonjourlafrance.com/france-city/metz-france/metz-history.htm |title=''France City-Metz-Metz History'' |author= bonjourlafrance.com |year= |publisher=bonjourlafrance.com |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> [[Gambar:Maquette GalloRomainMetz.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Makét Kitha Divodurum sadèrèngipun éwah dados Kitha Métz.]] Wiwit wekdal kapengker Métz kalebet punjering niyaga ingkang wigati.<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz dados punjering niyaga amargi mapan ing kalih presimpangan [[dalan|margi]] [[Romawi]], margi saking sisih [[lor|lèr]]-[[kidul]] ingkang nyambungaken [[Trier]] dhateng [[Lyon]] lan [[wétan]] [[kulon|kilèn]] margi saking [[Strasbourg]] dhateng [[Soissons]].<ref name="Internet2"/> Wonten ing abad angka 2 [[Masehi]] Métz sampun dados wewengkon ingkang tuwuh ngrembaka, kanthi gunggungipun kang ndunungi 40.000, wontenipun panggénan kanggé pepanggihan umum, lan papan padusan umum.<ref name="Internet2"/> Sasampunipun [[Roma]] kawon déning karajan sanès, Métz dipunkuwaosi [[Frank Merovingian]].<ref name="Internet2"/> Salajengipun dipunpandhégani Raja [[Clovis]] ingkang tilar donya ing taun 511.<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz ingkang dipunkuwaosi kulawargi trah Frank Merovingian lajeng dipunpérang lan dipunbagékaken dhateng putra-putranipun Raja Clovis.<ref name="Internet2"/> Wewengkon Métz dipunparingaken dhateng [[Austrasia]], ingkang nalika samanten wewengkonipun saking [[Champagne]] dumugi [[Bavaria]], lan ugi [[Bèlgi]] lan [[Luksemburg]].<ref name="Internet2"/> Taun [[561]] [[Raja Sigisbert]] ndadosaken Métz minangka kutha krajanipun.<ref name="Internet2"/> Abad angka 4 Métz dipundadosaken kutha krajan wewengkon [[Merovingian]] satunggaling karajan ingkang taksih mlebet Austrasia.<ref name="Internet3"/> Métz dados kitha ingkang misuwur ing donyaning agami [[Kristen]] wekdal Jaman [[Renaisans]].<ref name="Internet3"/> Métz dados wewengkon [[Kristen]] ing abad kaping tiga, Kitha Métz dipunparéntah déning para [[biskop]].<ref name="Internet2"/> Para biskop ingkang dados panguwaos minggahaken béaya [[pajak]], damel undhang-undhang lan maréntah kanthi adil.<ref name="Internet2"/> Para biskop mandhégani kitha punika ngantos abad angka 13, sadèrèngipun dipunrebat déning kulawargi Paragies ingkang ngrebat kakuwaosan para biskop.<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz tuwuh dados satunggalipun wewengkon ingkang mardika wekdal dipunkuwaosi [[Kakaisaran Romawi]].<ref name="Internet3">{{cite web |url=http://tourisme.metz.fr/en/metz/histoire/histoire.php |title=''History of Metz'' |author=Vivian Thomas |year= |publisher=tourisme.metz.fr |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507104939/http://tourisme.metz.fr/en/metz/histoire/histoire.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wekdal samanten Métz dipunpandhégani déning [[Maitre-échevin]] ingkang dipunpilih kulawargi ningrat.<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz dados wewengkon ingkang makmur lan sugih saéngga saged ngampilaken [[dhuwit|arta]] dhateng wewengkon sanès ing [[Lorraine]], ugi dhateng raja-raja Prancis lan [[kaisar]] Romawi.<ref name="Internet2"/> Awit saking kamakmuranipun punika Kitha Métz dipunsebat '''Métz la Riche''' utawi "Kitha Métz ingkang sugih".<ref name="Internet2"/> [[Gambar:Metz1944-1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Para [[prajurit]] perang ing Métz, taun [[1944]].]] Satunggaling prastawa pangepungan ing abad angka 16 déning [[Henri II]] ndadosaken Métz dipunkuwaosi [[Prancis]].<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz kaliyan [[Lorraine]] lan [[Alsace]] dipunrebat [[Jerman]] taun [[1870]] sasampunipun Prancis kawon ing [[Paprangan Franco-Prusia]].<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz dipunyasa déning Jerman dados bètèng ingkang kiyat.<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz dipunwangsulaken malih dhateng [[Prancis]] sasampunipun [[Perang Donya I]].<ref name="Internet2"/> [[Prajanjén Versailles]] taun [[1919]] resmi dipunakeni minangka prajanjén Jerman-Prancis ingkang isinipun Métz dados péranganing Prancis.<ref name="Internet4"/> Nanging kitha punika dipunkuwaosi [[Jerman]] malih taun [[1940]] ngantos dumugi [[November|Novémber]] [[1944]].<ref name="Internet2"/> Métz dipunwangsulaken malih dhateng [[Prancis]] sasampunipun paprangan ingkang dangu antawisipun prajurit Jerman lan Prancis ingkang dipunbiyantu [[Amérikah Sarékat]].<ref name="Internet4"/> == Papan Dunungipun == [[Gambar:Metz Pont Moyen.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Satunggaling [[kreteg]] ing lèpèn Moselle, Métz.]] Métz punika kutha krajanipun dhépartemèn Moselle.<ref name="Papan"/> Métz mapan ing presimpangan [[Kali Moselle|lèpèn Moselle]] lan Seille, 178 [[mil]] (286 [[kilomèter]]) wétan [[Paris|Kitha Paris]].<ref name="Papan"/> Kitha punika kalebet punjering [[transportasi]] ing wewengkon administratif [[Lorraine]], satunggaling wewengkon tambang wesi lan pabrik baja.<ref name="Papan"/> [[Tekstil|Tèkstil]], prodhuk logam, panganan [[kalèng]], lan piranti-piranti saking [[kulit]].<ref name="Papan">{{cite web |url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-metz.htm |title=''Geography of Metz'' |author=geography.howstuffworks.com |year= |publisher=geography.howstuffworks.com |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401063821/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-metz.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Métz mapan ing lintang 49,1191 drajat lan bujur 6,17269 drajat.<ref name="Papan2"/> Inggilipun wewengkon Métz punika rata-rata 182 mèter.<ref name="Papan2"/> Bilih zona wekdal ingkang dipunanggé ing Métz punika zona wekdal [[Paris]].<ref name="Papan2">{{cite web |url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/france/2994160/metz |title=''Population of Metz, France'' |author= population.mongabay.com|year= |publisher=population.mongabay.com|access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> == Ékonomi == Kitha Métz dados jantung ékonomi wewengkon [[Lorraine]].<ref name="Internet6"/> Métz sampun ngripta kakiyatan [[ékonomi]] ing babagan niyaga, [[pariwisata]], [[tèknologi]] informasi, lan [[indhustri otomotif]].<ref name="Internet6">{{cite web |url=http://www.metz.fr/metz2/municipalite/cyber_mairie/conseil/cm110707/doc/110707_pdcm01_annexe01.pdf |title=''La réforme territorialeVille de METZ Conseil municipal du 07 juillet 2011'' |author= metz.fr |year= |publisher=metz.fr |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> Kanggé nyurung ékonomi, piranti transportasi modérn sampun dipunoperasikaken ing kitha Métz, kalebet ril sepur canggih, [[dalan|margi]] tol, sistem konéksi lan transit bis lokal ingkang rikat.<ref name="Internet7">{{cite web |url=http://www.granderegion.net/fr/publications/cesgr/CESGR_actes_colloque_conference_transports.pdf |title=''2nd seminar on the Greater Region transports'' |author=granderegion.net |year= |publisher=granderegion.net |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526015454/http://www.granderegion.net/fr/publications/cesgr/CESGR_actes_colloque_conference_transports.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pamaréntah Métz ugi ngatur bab niyaga, sadaya informasi ngéngingi niyaga Kitha sampun dipunsiapaken déning pamaréntah.<ref name="EkonomiMetz">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ilovemetz.com/index.php?id=17 |title=''OFFICE DU COMMERCE ET DES SERVICES '' |author=ilovemetz.com |year= |publisher=ilovemetz.com |access-date=13 April 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054833/http://www.ilovemetz.com/index.php?id=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Pamaréntahan == Walikutha Métz lan wakilipun dados pangarsaning Kitha Métz.<ref name="Pamaréntahan"/> Walikutha lan wakilipun dipunpilih saking para anggota dhéwan ing pamilian umum.<ref name="Pamaréntahan"/> Walikutha Métz angsal pambiyantu 15 wakil walikutha.<ref name="Pamaréntahan">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://metz.fr/pages/maire_adjoints/maire_adjoints.php |title=''LE MAIRE ET SES ADJOINTS'' |author=metz.fr |year= |publisher=metz.fr |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601100937/http://metz.fr/pages/maire_adjoints/maire_adjoints.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Populasi == Populasi kang ndunungi wewengkon Métz punika 123.580 kang ndunungi taun [[2007]], 123.776 kang ndunungi taun [[1999]], 119.594 kang ndunungi taun [[1990]], 114.232 kang ndunungi taun [[1982]], 111.869 kang ndunungi taun [[1975]], lan 107.537 kang ndunungi taun [[1968]].<ref name="Pop Padunung"/> Wiyaripun Métz punika 41,94&nbsp;km² kanthi kepadhetan kang ndunungi 2 946,59 tiyang/km².<ref name="Pop Padunung">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cartesfrance.fr/carte-france-ville/population_57463_Metz.html|title=''Population Metz'' |author=cartesfrance.fr|year= |publisher=cartesfrance.fr|access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> Gunggungipun kang ndunungi [[lanang|jaler]] ing taun [[2007]] wonten 59 960, lan kang ndunungi [[wadon|èstri]] wonten 63.621.<ref name="Pop Padunung"/> ==== Dhémografi Kitha Métz taun [[1962]]-[[2008]] ==== [[Gambar:Population - Municipality code 57463.svg|left|thumb|250px|Dhémografi Kitha Métz taun [[1962]]-[[2008]].]] {{clear}} ==== Angka dhistribusi kang ndunungi miturut umur ==== * Ngéngingi dhistribusi kang ndunungi miturut umur ing Kitha Métz dipunjlèntrèhaken ing ngandhap: {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Angka dhistribusi kang ndunungi Kitha Métz miturut umur ing taun [[2007]] lan [[1999]].<ref name="Pop Padunung"/> |- | ! scope="col" | 0-14 taun ! scope="col" | 15-29 taun ! scope="col" | 30-44 taun ! scope="col" | 45-59 taun ! scope="col" | 60-74 taun ! scope="col" | ≥ 75 taun |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun kang ndunungi (2007) | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 19 859 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 34 737 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 24 574 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 23 319 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 12 782 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 8 310 |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun kang ndunungi (1999) | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 22 111 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 35 2507 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 27 211 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 19 893 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 12 612 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 6 627 |} ==== Angka dhistribusi kang ndunungi jaler lan èstri miturut umur ==== * Ngéngingi dhistribusi kang ndunungi [[Lanang|jaler]] lan [[Wadon|èstri]] miturut umur ing Kitha Métz dipunjlèntrèhaken ing ngandhap: {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Dhistribusi kang ndunungi jaler lan èstri Kitha Métz miturut umur ing taun [[2007]]<ref name="Pop Padunung"/> |- | ! scope="col" | '''0-14 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''15-29 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''30-44 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''45-59 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''60-74 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''75-90 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''≥ 90 taun''' |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun ([[lanang|jaler]]) | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 10337 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 17.366 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 12.699 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 10.968 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 5796 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 2673 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 120 |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun ([[Wadon|èstri]]) | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 9522 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 17.371 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 11.874 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 12.351 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 6986 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 4984 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 533 |} ==== Angka kalairan lan tilar donya ==== * Ngéngingi angka kalairan lan angka tilar donya ing Kitha Métz dipunjlèntrèhaken ing ngandhap: {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Angka kalairan lan tilar donya ing Kitha Métz taun [[1999]]-[[2008]]<ref name="Pop Padunung"/> |- | ! scope="col" | '''1999''' ! scope="col" | '''2000''' ! scope="col" | '''2001''' ! scope="col" | '''2002''' ! scope="col" | '''2003''' ! scope="col" | '''2004''' ! scope="col" | '''2005''' ! scope="col" | '''2006''' ! scope="col" | '''2007''' ! scope="col" | '''2008''' |- ! scope="row" | Angka Lair ([[Wong|tiyang]]) | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 727 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 803 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 821 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 712 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 715 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 730 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 750 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 745 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 693 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1 719 |- ! scope="row" | Angka Tilar Donya (tiyang) | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 961 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 908 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 898 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 949 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 1.062 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 928 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 949 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 955 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 926 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 982 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Angka kalairan lan tilar donya ing Kitha Métz taun [[1968]]-[[2007]]<ref name="Pop Padunung"/> |- | ! scope="col" | '''1999-2007''' ! scope="col" | '''1990-1999''' ! scope="col" | '''1982-1990''' ! scope="col" | '''1975-1982''' ! scope="col" | '''1968-1975''' |- ! scope="row" | Angka Lair (tiyang) | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 14.003 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 16.983 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 17.549 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 15.641 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 17.205 |- ! scope="row" | Angka Tilar Donya (tiyang) | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 7.610 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 8.200 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 7.575 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 7.145 | bgcolor="#E0FFFF" | 7.128 |} == Iklim == Iklim Kitha Métz punika lembab kanthi [[Mangsa panas|Mangsa bentér]] ingkang anget lan boten wonten mangsa garing.<ref name="Iklim">{{cite web |url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/32088/Metz-Lorraine-France |title=''Average Weather For Metz, France'' |author= weatherspark.com|year= |publisher=weatherspark.com|access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> [[Suhu]] ing Kitha Métz ing sadangunipun satunggal taun punika bènten-bènten watawis saking suhu 30&nbsp;°F ngantos 77&nbsp;°F lan suhu jarang ing sangandhapipun 18&nbsp;°F utawi ing sanginggilipun 87&nbsp;°F.<ref name="Iklim"/> [[Mangsa panas|Mangsa bentér]] ing Métz dipunwiwiti saking [[30 Mèi]] ngantos [[4 September|4 Séptémber]] kanthi suhu rata-rata sanginggilipun angka 70&nbsp;°F.<ref name="Iklim"/> Dinten paling bentér punika tanggal [[30 Juli]] kanthi suhu paling inggil rata-ratanipun 77&nbsp;°F lan paling sakedhik suhu 59&nbsp;°F.<ref name="Iklim"/> Mangsa asrep dipunwiwiti saking [[15 November|15 Novémber]] ngantos [[2 Maret]] kanthi suhu rata-rata ing sangandhaping suhu 46&nbsp;°F.<ref name="Iklim"/> Dinten paling [[Mangsa adhem|asrep]] [[suhu|hawanipun]] ing Métz punika tanggal [[27 Dhésèmber|27 Désémber]] kanthi suhu paling sakedhik rata-rata 30&nbsp;°F.<ref name="Iklim"/> [[Srengéngé]] paling rikat medal/sumunar ing wewengkon Métz punika tabuh 5.30 ing tanggal [[18 Juni]] lan srengéngé kangslup paling rikat punika tabuh 09.44 ing [[23 Juni]].<ref name="Iklim"/> Srengéngé medal paling terlat punika tabuh 08.29 ing tanggal [[4 Januari]] lan srengéngé kangslup paling rikat punika tabuh 04.37 ing tanggal [[11 Dhésèmber]].<ref name="Iklim"/> Jawah [[salju]] ing Kitha Metz dipunwiwiti awit tanggal [[15 November|15 Novémber]] ngantos [[29 Maret]].<ref name="Iklim"/> Kalembaban suhu sadangunipun satunggal taun ing Métz watawis 45 [[persèn]] ngantos 97 persèn.<ref name="Iklim"/> Suhu paling garing punika ing tanggal [[26 Juli]] kanthi kalembaban mandhap ing sangandhaping 51 persèn.<ref name="Iklim"/> Suhu paling lembab punika wonten ing tanggal [[21 November|21 Novémber]] kanthi kalembaban sanginggilipun 95 persèn.<ref name="Iklim"/> == Transportasi == === Bis === [[Transportasi]] [[bis]] ing Kitha Métz dipuntandhangi déning ''Métz Métropole'' kanthi pambiyantunipun perusahaan ''Méttis Exqui''.<ref name="Transportasi Bis"/> Bis ingkang dipun-ginakaken kanggé transportasi ing Métz punika gadhah panjang 24 [[mèter]] kanthi mesin [[diesel]]-[[listrik]].<ref name="Transportasi Bis"/> Bis prodhuksi perusahaan bis ''"Van Hool"'' punika sampun ngembangaken bis kanthi modhél ingkang canggih lan ngutamakaken layanan ingkang saé.<ref name="Transportasi Bis">{{cite web|url=http://www.vanhool.be/ENG/highlights/vanhoolpresentst.html|title=''Van Hool presents the Exqui.City Design Mettis at Transports Publics 2012''|author=vanhool.be|year=|publisher=vanhool.be|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605074801/http://www.vanhool.be/ENG/highlights/vanhoolpresentst.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sedaya jalur/[[dalan|margi]] bis ing Métz kempal ing panggénan ingkang namanipun ''Place de la République''.<ref name="Transportasi Bis2"/> Regi tiket bis ing Métz punika 0,70 [[euro]].<ref name="Transportasi Bis2">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/France/Lorraine/Metz-103520/Transportation-Metz-TG-C-1.html|title=''Metz Transportation''|author=virtualtourist.com|year=|publisher=virtualtourist.com|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=11 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611171218/http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/France/Lorraine/Metz-103520/Transportation-Metz-TG-C-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gambar:Gare de Metz R01.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Stasiun [[sepur]] ing Métz]] === Sepur === Transportasi [[sepur]] ing Kitha Métz nyambungaken dhateng kitha sanès, kados dhateng [[Paris]] lan [[Luksemburg]].<ref name="Sepur"/> Rute saking Métz dhateng [[Paris]] nelasaken wekdal tigang jam kanthi regi tikét 37,80 [[Euro]], dhateng Luksemburg nelasaken wekdal 50 [[menit]] kanthi tiket 12,40 [[Euro]].<ref name="Sepur"/> Manawi dhateng kutha sanès kados dhateng [[Nancy]] nelasaken wekdal 38-61 menit kanthi regi tikét [[5|gangsal]] Euro, [[Strasbourg]] satunggal sprapat jam kanthi beaya 20,40 Euro, lan dhateng [[Verdun]] nelasaken wekdal satunggal sprapat jam kanthi tikét 6 Euro.<ref name="Sepur">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/alsace-and-lorraine/metz/transport/getting-there-away|title=''Getting there & away'' |author=lonelyplanet.com|year= |publisher=lonelyplanet.com|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> === Taksi === Transportasi jinis [[taksi]] ugi kathah dipun-ginakaken ing Kitha Métz.<ref name="Taksi">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.yelp.com/search?cflt=transport&find_loc=Metz|title=''Transportation Metz '' |author=yelp.com|year= |publisher=yelp.com|access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> Manéka warni nama perusahaan taksi ing Métz inggih punika: ''Artisans Radio Taxis Metz'' saking [[dalan|margi]] Lafayette Métz, ''Kharraze Noureddine'' saking margi Doct Schweitzer Métz, ''Taxi Plappeville'' saking Gaston Ramon Métz, ''Taxi Zephirin'' saking margi Square Venance Fortunat Métz, ''Nau Sebastien'' ing margi Evêchés Métz lan sanèsipun.<ref name="Taksi"/><ref name="Taksi2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fromatob.it/taxi/metz|title=''Taxi in Metz''|author=fromatob.it|year=|publisher=fromatob.it|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113211924/http://www.fromatob.it/taxi/metz|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Arsitèktur == [[Gambar:Metz vue sur la Moselle et la cathédrale Saint-Etienne.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Lèpèn Moselle lan Katedral St Stéphen]] Wangunan ing Métz manut kaliyan modhél [[arsitèktur]] tartamtu, kados arsitèktur ''Raymond-Mondon'', dipunyasa jumbuh kaliyan skéma parencanaan Kitha Métz.<ref name="Arsi"/> Alun-alun Comédie kalebet alun-alun kabikak ing Kitha Métz ingkang caket kaliyan wangunan [[Katedral]] lan [[Kali Moselle ing Métz|Lèpèn Moselle]].<ref name="Arsi"/> Ing Kitha Métz dipunyasa [[Kreteg]] ingkang cacahipun langkung saking [[10|sedasa]].<ref name="Arsi"/> Kreteg ingkang paling sepuh dipunyasa ing abad angka 12.<ref name="Arsi"/> Kitha Métz dados kitha kapisan ingkang damel margi mligi kanggé tiyang mlampah.<ref name="Arsi"/> Wonten ugi wangunan tilaranipun kakaisaran ingkang dipunyasa [[Jerman]] awit taun 1870 ngantos 1910.<ref name="Arsi"/> Wonten ing Kitha Métz kathah wangunan [[omah|griya]] lan apartemén.<ref name="Arsi"/> Modhél griya kanthi [[arsitèktur]] modérn wiwit dipunremeni kang ndunungi Métz awit pungkasaning abad 19.<ref name="Arsi"/> Sasampunipun [[Perang Donya I]], kathah wangunan ing Kitha Métz ingkang dipunyasa malih kanthi arsitèktur modérn.<ref name="Arsi">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.french-property.com/property/lorraine/moselle/metz/insight/|title=''Metz Property Insight'' |author=French-Property.com|year= |publisher=French-Property.com|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> Saben-saben wangunan ing Métz bénten arsitèkturipun, nanging wonten pérangan wangunan ingkang taksih dipunjagi kakhasanipun.<ref name="Arsi"/> Griya modérn ingkang ageng ukuranipun dipunparingi lawang lan kori (cendhéla) ingkang ageng.<ref name="Arsi"/> == Dhaharan == [[Gambar:Potée.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Potée Lorraine, dhaharan khas Metz]] Métz dados satunggaling kitha ''favorit'' kanggé pandemen [[Pangan|dhaharan]] utawi kulinér.<ref name="Dhaharan"/> Dhaharan khas saking Métz punika '''Potée Lorraine''' ingkang kadamel saking daging [[babi]], [[wortel]], ron [[bawang]], lan [[kubis]].<ref name="Dhaharan"/> Sedaya bahan punika dipunmasak kanthi dipungodhog tigang jam.<ref name="Dhaharan"/> Sadèrèngipun dipunentas dipuntambahaken [[sosis]] lan [[kenthang]] godhog rumiyin.<ref name="Dhaharan">{{cite web |url=http://www.gustave.com/recettes/417/ |title=''Potée Lorraine'' |author= gustave.com |year= |publisher=gustave.com |access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> Ing Kitha Métz ugi wonten dhaharan '''Pâté''', satunggaling [[roti]] ingkang kadamel saking campuran [[daging]], [[bumbon crakèn]], sayuran lan [[anggur]].<ref name="Dhaharan2"/> Campuran bahan punika lajeng dipunmasak kanthi cethakan roti.<ref name="Dhaharan2"/> Sasampunipun mateng lajeng dipunsukani pamanis (rerenggan) wujud [[Woh|woh-wohan]] lan [[acar]].<ref name="Dhaharan2">{{cite web |url=http://www.francetravelguide.com/pate-a-delicious-spreadable-treat.html |title=''Pâté: A Delicious Spreadable Treat'' |author= Christine Cantera |year= 2011|publisher=francetravelguide.com|access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> == Pendidikan == Métz dados salah satunggaling kitha ing Prancis ingkang gadhah manéka pawiyatan luhur kados [[Universitas Lorraine]] lan [[Universitas Métz]] (Utawi Universitas Paul Metz).<ref name="Pendidikan">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.univ-lorraine.fr/ |title=''Universite de Lorraine'' |author= univ-lorraine.fr |year= |publisher=univ-lorraine.fr |access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Pendidikan2">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.university-directory.eu/France/Universite-de-Metz.html#.UWyqaqLwboI |title=''Université de Metz'' |author= university-directory.eu |year= |publisher=university-directory.eu |access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> Universitas Lorraine kapérang dados kalih panggénan, satunggal ing Métz lan satunggal malih ing [[Nancy]].<ref name="Pendidikan"/> Universitas Lorraine ingkang wonten ing Métz kapérang dados jurusan ngèlmu material, [[tèknologi]], lan manajemen.<ref name="Pendidikan"/> Bilih ingkang wonten ing [[Nancy]] kapérang saking jurusan [[biologi]], kasarasan (''kasehatan''), administrasi, lan manajemen.<ref name="Pendidikan"/> Ing Kitha Métz ugi madeg manéka institusi pendidikan sanès kados Institut Administratif Régional Métz utawi Institut IRA de Métz.<ref name="Sekolah">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ira-metz.fr/ |title=''Bienvenue sur le site de l'IRA de Metz'' |author= ira-metz.fr |year= |publisher=ira-metz.fr |access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> == Ulah raga == [[Gambar:Metz 2010 4.1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[yasan|Wangunan]] ulah raga ing Métz.]] Kitha Métz gadhah klub [[bal-balan]] ingkang namanipun [[FC Metz]].<ref name="Ulah raga"/> FC Métz kalebet salah satunggaling anggota [[Asosiasi Klub Bal-Balan Nasional Prancis]], lan mlebet ing dhivisi 3 Prancis.<ref name="Ulah raga"/> FC Metz sampun naté dados jawara [[Piala Prancis]] ing taun [[1984]] lan [[1988]] lan [[Piala Liga Prancis]] taun [[1986]] lan [[1996]], lan jawara kalih kajuwaraan Piala Liga Prancis taun [[1998]].<ref name="Ulah raga"/> Klub punika sampun dipunakeni ing Prancis lan [[Éropah]], tim punika ugi naté dados jawara Piala Gambardella wekdal taun [[1981]], [[2001]] lan [[2010]].<ref name="Ulah raga"/> FC Métz gadhah stadhion inggih punika [[Stadhion Saint-Symphorien Métz]].<ref name="Ulah raga">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.fcmetz.com/historique/palmares|title=''Le palmares'' |author= fcmetz.com|year= |publisher= fcmetz.com|access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> Ing Métz ugi wonten klub [[ulah raga]] [[bal tangan|bal asta]] ingkang namanipun klub ''Métz Handball''.<ref name="Ulah raga2"/> Klub punika sampun menang ing kajuwaraan Liga Kapisan Bal Asta Prancis [[Wadon|Éstri]] ngantos 17 kathahipun, pikantuk 7 piala jawara Piala Liga Prancis Éstri, lan 5 Piala FA Éstri Prancis.<ref name="Ulah raga2">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.metz-handball.com/historique.php|title=''L'historique Metz Handball'' |author= metz-handball.com|year= |publisher= metz-handball.com|access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> == Wewangunan == Ing Kitha Métz jumeneng manéka wanguan kados: [[Gambar:Abbaye Saint-Arnould (cloître).JPG|thumb|250px|right|Grèja Saint-Arnulf Métz.]] [[Gambar:Cathedrale metz 2003.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Katedral Saint-Etienne utawi [[Katedral Métz]].]] === Gréja === * [[Gréja Saint-Arnulf Métz]], dipunyasa déning Pendéta [[Saint Arnulf]].<ref name="ArnulfPendeta">{{cite web |url=http://www.deloriahurst.com/deloriahurst%20page/1682.html|title=''Saint Arnulf, Bishop of Metz de Heristal'' |author=deloriahurst.com|year= |publisher=deloriahurst.com|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> * Gréja Saint-Clement Abbey Métz.<ref name="ArnulfPendeta2">{{cite web|url=http://www.geolocation.ws/v/W/File%3AAbbaye%20Saint-Cl%C3%A9ment%20clo%C3%AEtre.JPG/-/en|title=''Saint Clement abbey in Metz (France)''|author=geolocation.ws|year=|publisher=geolocation.ws|access-date=18 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Gréja Sainte-Glossinde Métz.<ref name="ArnulfPendeta3">{{cite web |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0045198|title=''Evêché de Metz-Chapelle Sainte-Glossinde'' |author=en.structurae.de|year= |publisher=en.structurae.de|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Gréja Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains Métz]].<ref name="ArnulfPendeta4">{{cite web|url=http://travel.michelin.com/web/destination/France-Alsace_Lorraine_Champagne-Metz/tourist_site-Church_of_St_Pierre_aux_Nonnains-Rue_de_la_Citadelle|title=''Church of St-Pierre-aux-Nonnains''|author=travel.michelin.com|year=|publisher=travel.michelin.com|access-date=18 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Gréja Saint-Louis Métz, satunggaling [[gréja]] ing Métz ingkang dipunyasa ing abad 13.<ref name="Misuwur6">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://tout-metz.com/place-saint-louis.php|title=''Place Saint-Louis de Metz ''|author=Chris|year=2009|publisher=tout-metz.com|access-date=12 April 2013}} {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Katedral === * [[Katedral Gothic]] ingkang mapan ing sangunggiling [[paredèn]] sacaketipun [[Kali|lèpèn]] [[Kali Moselle|Moselle]] lan [[Kali Seile|Seile]].<ref name="Internet2">{{cite web |url=http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2012/09/24/discovering_metz.html |title=''Discovering Metz'' |author=Vivian Thomas |year= |publisher=francetoday.com |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625222840/http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2012/09/24/discovering_metz.html |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Katedral Saint-Etienne utawi [[Katedral Métz]], wangunan kanthi konstruksi gotik flamboyan punika dipunyasa taun 1220-1550.<ref name="Misuwur"/> Katedral punika gadhah kalih menara lan karya kagunan kaca ''polikromatik'' kanthi ukuran 6.500 [[Mèter|m²]].<ref name="Misuwur">{{cite web|url=http://rendezvousenfrance.com/en/discover/st-stephen-cathedral-metz|title=''St. Stephen's Cathedral in Metz''|author=rendezvousenfrance.com|year=|publisher=rendezvousenfrance.com|access-date=12 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Katedral Saint-Stephen Métz]].<ref name="Kated">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/alsace-and-lorraine/metz/sights/religious-spiritual/st-stephen-cathedral|title=''Lonely Planet review for St Stephen's Cathedral ''|author=lonelyplanet.com|year=|publisher=lonelyplanet.com|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=7 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107084247/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/alsace-and-lorraine/metz/sights/religious-spiritual/st-stephen-cathedral|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kapél === * [[Kapél Templar's Métz]], dipunyasa ing antawisipun taun [[1180]] lan [[1220]].<ref name="Kapél">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g187164-d3428429-Reviews-Templar_s_Chapel-Metz_Moselle_Lorraine.html|title=''Templar's Chapel '' |author=tripadvisor.in|year= |publisher=tripadvisor.in|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Kapél Saint-Genest Métz]].<ref name="Kapél2">{{cite web|url=http://fr.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0043127|title=''Chapelle Saint-Genest''|author=fr.structurae.de|year=|publisher=fr.structurae.de|access-date=18 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Sinagog === * [[Sinagog Métz]], dipunyasa taun [[1850]] lan manggén ing margi Rabbin Elie Bloch Métz.<ref name="Sinagog2">{{cite web |url=http://www.alloj.fr/synagogue/metz.html|title=''Synagogue Metz'' |author=alloj.fr|year= |publisher=alloj.fr|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sinagog3">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.kosherdelight.com/FranceSynagoguesMetz.htm|title=''SYNAGOGUES IN METZ, FRANCE'' |author=kosherdelight.com|year= |publisher=kosherdelight.com|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Sinagog Michaux]], manggén ing margi Paul Michaux Métz.<ref name="Sinagog2"/> === Wewangunan sanès === * Wangunan D'Armes utawi ing [[Basa Prancis]] '''''La place d’Armes'''''<ref name="Misuwur3">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.alainbaudry.com/livre.php?id_livre=175&PHPSESSID=6a8b1ac2e994188dfc7064624ea3b01b|title=''La place d’Armes de Metz''|author=Aurélien Davrius|year=2011|publisher=alainbaudry.com|access-date=12 April 2013|archive-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511052418/http://www.alainbaudry.com/livre.php?id_livre=175&PHPSESSID=6a8b1ac2e994188dfc7064624ea3b01b|url-status=dead}}</ref>, satunggaling wangunan [[pesagi]] panjang ingkang wonten ing Kutha Métz, manggén ing antawisipun wangunan [[Katedral Saint Stéphen]] lan Balai Kitha Métz.<ref name="Misuwur2"/> Wangunan punika dipunyasa ing abad 18 kanthi [[arsitèk]] Jacques François Blondel.<ref name="Misuwur2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.visitermetz.com/la-place-darmes|title=''La place d’Armes''|author=visiter metz|year=2012|publisher=visiter metz.com|access-date=12 April 2013|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618164940/http://www.visitermetz.com/la-place-darmes|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Opera Téater Métropole ing Métz]], satunggaling wangunan opera ing [[Prancis]] ingkang dipunyasa taun 1738<ref name="Misuwur5">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tourisme-lorraine.fr/fr/pagetouristique.asp?IDPAGET=838140118p|title=''OPERA THEATRE DE METZ METROPOLE''|author=tourisme-lorraine.fr|year=|publisher=tourisme-lorraine.fr|access-date=12 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> lan asring dipun-ginakaken kanggé pagelaran [[kagunan]] [[Ballet|ballét]], [[téater]] lan [[opera]].<ref name="Misuwur4">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.metz.fr/lieux/lieu-5.php|title=''Opéra-Théâtre'' |author= metz.fr|year=|publisher= metz.fr|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> {{clear}} == Rélasi == Métz kalebet anggota ''QuattroPole'', satunggaling pakempalan kitha kaliyan [[Luksemburg]], [[Saarbrücken]], lan [[Trier]] (nagara-nagara tangga: Luksemburg, Prancis, lan Jerman).<ref name="Rélasi2">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.quattropole.org/de/home |title=''Official website of the Quattropole city union.'' |author=quattropole.org |year= |publisher=quattropole.org |access-date=23 April 2013 |archive-date=17 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417234247/http://www.quattropole.org/de/home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Métz gadhah kitha kembar kaliyan:<ref name="Rélasi2"/> * [[Gloucester]], [[Inggris]], wiwit taun [[1967]] * [[Karmiel]], [[Israèl]],<ref name="Rélasi">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.metz.fr/metz2/articles/090817_karmiel.php |title=''Metz en visite à Karmiel'' |author= metz.fr |year= |publisher=metz.fr|access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> wiwit taun [[1984]] * [[Djambala]], Republik Kongo, wiwit taun [[2012]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist|2}} == Pranala njawi == {{Commons category}} {{wikivoyage|Metz}} * {{fr}}[http://www.mairie-metz.fr Site resmi Kitha Métz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911055248/http://www.mairie-metz.fr/ |date=2010-09-11 }} * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/alsace-and-lorraine/metz/things-to-do ''Things to do in Metz''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203061323/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/alsace-and-lorraine/metz/things-to-do |date=2012-12-03 }} [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] 31532x1a2y85i53lna68b4tpu1ia5su 10 100827 1758935 1739069 2026-10-19T20:36:43Z ~2026-56043-40 75130 Tagarg 1758935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |name=Infobox Konstelasi |above = {{cc(#>:{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}} |abovestyle = background: #fc8; |image = <br />[[File:{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} constellation map.png|250px|border|Peta {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |imagestyle = background: #000; |caption = <span style=color:#fff;>{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing rasi lintang {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|[[Daftar lintang ing rasi lintang {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]|{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing rasi {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|[[Daftar lintang ing rasi {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]|{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |[[Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |{{#ifexist: #Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |[[#Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |[[#Daftar lintang|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]}}}}}}}}</span> |labelstyle = background:#aaf |datastyle= background:#eee; |label1 = Cekakan |data1 = {{{abbreviation<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label2 = [[Genitif]] |data2 = {{{genitive<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label3 = Simbolisme |data3 = {{{symbology<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label4 = [[Asensio rekta]] |data4 = {{{RA<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label5 = [[Deklinasi]] |data5 = {{{dec<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label6 = Area |data6 = {{#if:{{{areatotal<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{areatotal<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} derajad pesagi {{#if:{{{arearank<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|(#[[Daftar rasi bintang miturut jembar{{!}}{{{arearank<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]])}}}} |label7 = Lintang utama |data7 = {{{numbermainstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label8 = Lintang<br />[[Penamaan Bayer|Bayer]]/[[Penamaan Flamsteed|Flamsteed]] |data8 = {{{numberbfstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label9 = Lintang<br />mawa [[planèt jaban surya|planèt]] |data9 = {{{numberstarsplanets<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label10 = Lintang padhang |data10 = {{{numberbrightstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label11 = Lintang cedhak |data11 = {{{numbernearbystars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label12 = Lintang paling padhang |data12 = {{#if:{{{brighteststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{brighteststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;({{{starmagnitude<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}^{[[magnitudo tampak|m]]})}} |label13 = Lintang paling cedhak |data13 = {{#if:{{{neareststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{neareststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;({{{stardistance<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;[[tahun cahaya|tc]])}} |label14 = [[Obyèk Messier]] |data14 = {{{numbermessierobjects<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label15 = [[Udan météor]] |data15 = {{{meteorshowers<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label16 = Rasi lintang<br />sing wewatesan |data16 = {{{bordering<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |headerstyle = font-size:smaller ;background:#cfc; |header17 = {{#if:{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Katon antara lintang {{#ifeq:{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|90|[[Kutub lor|+90°]]|+{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}°}} lan {{#ifeq:{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|90|[[Kutub kidul|&minus;90°]]|&minus;{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}°}}.}}{{#if:{{{month<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|<br />Katon paling cetha ing wektu 21.00 jroning sasi [[{{{month<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]].}}<br/>''{{{notes<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}'' }}<noinclude> == Panggunaan == {| style="background: transparent;" |<pre>{{Kothak info rasi bintang | name = | abbreviation = | genitive = | symbology = | RA = | dec = | areatotal = | arearank = | numbermainstars = | numberbfstars = | numberstarsplanets = | numberbrightstars = | numbernearbystars = | brighteststarname = | starmagnitude = | neareststarname = | stardistance = | numbermessierobjects = | meteorshowers = | bordering = | latmax = | latmin = | month = | notes = }}</pre> |} [[Kategori:Cithakan kothak info astronomi|Rasi]] </noinclude> 3rwx416oobjgo5xe4zlothp5c2yg4bs 1758936 1758935 2026-10-19T20:38:26Z ~2026-56043-40 75130 /* */ 1758936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |name=Infobox Konstelasi |above = {{cc(#>:{{{name< iki Senèn Pon, 7 Jumadilawal 1960 Bé. 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GG>|</includeonly>}}}}} |abovestyle = background: #fc8; |image = <br />[[File:{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} constellation map.png|250px|border|Peta {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |imagestyle = background: #000; |caption = <span style=color:#fff;>{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing rasi lintang {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|[[Daftar lintang ing rasi lintang {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]|{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing rasi {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|[[Daftar lintang ing rasi {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]|{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |[[Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |{{#ifexist: #Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |[[#Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |[[#Daftar lintang|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]}}}}}}}}</span> |labelstyle = background:#aaf |datastyle= background:#eee; |label1 = Cekakan |data1 = {{{abbreviation<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label2 = [[Genitif]] |data2 = {{{genitive<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label3 = Simbolisme |data3 = {{{symbology<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label4 = [[Asensio rekta]] |data4 = {{{RA<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label5 = [[Deklinasi]] |data5 = {{{dec<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label6 = Area |data6 = {{#if:{{{areatotal<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{areatotal<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} derajad pesagi {{#if:{{{arearank<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|(#[[Daftar rasi bintang miturut jembar{{!}}{{{arearank<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]])}}}} |label7 = Lintang utama |data7 = {{{numbermainstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label8 = Lintang<br />[[Penamaan Bayer|Bayer]]/[[Penamaan Flamsteed|Flamsteed]] |data8 = {{{numberbfstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label9 = Lintang<br />mawa [[planèt jaban surya|planèt]] |data9 = {{{numberstarsplanets<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label10 = Lintang padhang |data10 = {{{numberbrightstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label11 = Lintang cedhak |data11 = {{{numbernearbystars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label12 = Lintang paling padhang |data12 = {{#if:{{{brighteststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{brighteststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;({{{starmagnitude<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}^{[[magnitudo tampak|m]]})}} |label13 = Lintang paling cedhak |data13 = {{#if:{{{neareststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{neareststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;({{{stardistance<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;[[tahun cahaya|tc]])}} |label14 = [[Obyèk Messier]] |data14 = {{{numbermessierobjects<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label15 = [[Udan météor]] |data15 = {{{meteorshowers<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label16 = Rasi lintang<br />sing wewatesan |data16 = {{{bordering<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |headerstyle = font-size:smaller ;background:#cfc; |header17 = {{#if:{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Katon antara lintang {{#ifeq:{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|90|[[Kutub lor|+90°]]|+{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}°}} lan {{#ifeq:{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|90|[[Kutub kidul|&minus;90°]]|&minus;{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}°}}.}}{{#if:{{{month<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|<br />Katon paling cetha ing wektu 21.00 jroning sasi [[{{{month<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]].}}<br/>''{{{notes<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}'' }}<noinclude> == Panggunaan == {| style="background: transparent;" |<pre>{{Kothak info rasi bintang | name = | abbreviation = | genitive = | symbology = | RA = | dec = | areatotal = | arearank = | numbermainstars = | numberbfstars = | numberstarsplanets = | numberbrightstars = | numbernearbystars = | brighteststarname = | starmagnitude = | neareststarname = | stardistance = | numbermessierobjects = | meteorshowers = | bordering = | latmax = | latmin = | month = | notes = }}</pre> |} [[Kategori:Cithakan kothak info astronomi|Rasi]] </noinclude> 8ns3dyfcg8fhz8cqxj3r7xro4wgu85e 1758949 1758936 2026-10-20T00:53:34Z TimWu007 42765 Membatalkan 2 revisi dari [[Special:Diff/1758935|1758935]] hingga [[Special:Diff/1758936|1758936]] 1758949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |name=Infobox Konstelasi |above = {{uc:{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}} |abovestyle = background: #fc8; |image = <br />[[File:{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} constellation map.png|250px|border|Peta {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |imagestyle = background: #000; |caption = <span style=color:#fff;>{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing rasi lintang {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|[[Daftar lintang ing rasi lintang {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]|{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing rasi {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|[[Daftar lintang ing rasi {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]|{{#ifexist: Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |[[Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |{{#ifexist: #Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |[[#Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]] |[[#Daftar lintang|Daftar lintang ing {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]]}}}}}}}}</span> |labelstyle = background:#aaf |datastyle= background:#eee; |label1 = Cekakan |data1 = {{{abbreviation<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label2 = [[Genitif]] |data2 = {{{genitive<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label3 = Simbolisme |data3 = {{{symbology<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label4 = [[Asensio rekta]] |data4 = {{{RA<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label5 = [[Deklinasi]] |data5 = {{{dec<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label6 = Area |data6 = {{#if:{{{areatotal<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{areatotal<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} derajad pesagi {{#if:{{{arearank<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|(#[[Daftar rasi bintang miturut jembar{{!}}{{{arearank<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]])}}}} |label7 = Lintang utama |data7 = {{{numbermainstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label8 = Lintang<br />[[Penamaan Bayer|Bayer]]/[[Penamaan Flamsteed|Flamsteed]] |data8 = {{{numberbfstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label9 = Lintang<br />mawa [[planèt jaban surya|planèt]] |data9 = {{{numberstarsplanets<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label10 = Lintang padhang |data10 = {{{numberbrightstars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label11 = Lintang cedhak |data11 = {{{numbernearbystars<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label12 = Lintang paling padhang |data12 = {{#if:{{{brighteststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{brighteststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;({{{starmagnitude<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}^{[[magnitudo tampak|m]]})}} |label13 = Lintang paling cedhak |data13 = {{#if:{{{neareststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|{{{neareststarname<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;({{{stardistance<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}&nbsp;[[tahun cahaya|tc]])}} |label14 = [[Obyèk Messier]] |data14 = {{{numbermessierobjects<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label15 = [[Udan météor]] |data15 = {{{meteorshowers<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |label16 = Rasi lintang<br />sing wewatesan |data16 = {{{bordering<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |headerstyle = font-size:smaller ;background:#cfc; |header17 = {{#if:{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|Katon antara lintang {{#ifeq:{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|90|[[Kutub lor|+90°]]|+{{{latmax<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}°}} lan {{#ifeq:{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|90|[[Kutub kidul|&minus;90°]]|&minus;{{{latmin<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}°}}.}}{{#if:{{{month<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}|<br />Katon paling cetha ing wektu 21.00 jroning sasi [[{{{month<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}]].}}<br/>''{{{notes<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}'' }}<noinclude> == Panggunaan == {| style="background: transparent;" |<pre>{{Kothak info rasi bintang | name = | abbreviation = | genitive = | symbology = | RA = | dec = | areatotal = | arearank = | numbermainstars = | numberbfstars = | numberstarsplanets = | numberbrightstars = | numbernearbystars = | brighteststarname = | starmagnitude = | neareststarname = | stardistance = | numbermessierobjects = | meteorshowers = | bordering = | latmax = | latmin = | month = | notes = }}</pre> |} [[Kategori:Cithakan kothak info astronomi|Rasi]] </noinclude> 6ov5n4ks6nh26n812pu5rdngl8el6n0 0 106070 1758967 1667990 2026-10-20T07:18:29Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Park Jung-yang.jpg|thumb|200px|Park Jung-yang, [[1940]]]] '''Park Jung-yang'''(Koréa: 박중양 朴重陽, lair ing Yangju,(saiki Gyeonggi), Koréa Kidul, 7 Januari 1872 – tilar donya in Daegu, Koréa Kidul, 23 April 1959 kanthi yuswa 87 taun) punika Birokrat lan politikus, liberalisme filsuf saka Koréa. Gubernur saka Province Gyeongsang Utara(1906 - 1907, 1908 - 1910), Province Jeolla Selatan(1907), Province Pyongan Utara(1907), Province Gyeongsang Selatan(1907 - 1908), Province Chungcheong Utara(1910, 1910 - 1915), Province Hwanghae(1921 - 1923, 1928), Province Chungcheong Lor(1923 - 1925). Mayor saka Jinju(1905), Daegu(1906 - 1907). penname ana '''Haeak'''(해악 海岳), '''Ilso'''(일소 一笑). == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=3463&yy=2010 "일제가 현대 조선 개신" 해방후에도 망발…친일파 박중양] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517164512/http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=3463&yy=2010 |date=2017-05-17 }} The imaeil 2010.01.25 {{ko}} * [http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/407481.html 친일중의 친일 ‘3·1운동 자제단’은 누구?] Hankyorye 2010.03.01 {{ko}} * [http://www.dailian.co.kr/news/news_view.htm?id=189674&page=41&code=&gubun=sh&search= 순종의 남행에는 친일파 뿐이었다] dailian 2010.01.30 {{ko}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234414/http://www.dailian.co.kr/news/news_view.htm?id=189730 "순종 남행이 박중양의 정치적 입지 높여"] dailian 2010.01.30 {{ko}} {{artikel Dhasar}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Korea|Park]] [[Kategori:Lair 1872]] [[Kategori:Pati 1959|Park]] [[Kategori:Lair 1874]] 5j1kjipdflsv3erbi83v0jtly1m2an8 0 128236 1758953 1098588 2026-10-20T02:10:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758953 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Artikel iki ngenani pulitikus Prancis. Kanggo ahli biologi Prancis, delengen: [[Maurice Alfred Fontaine]]'' '''Maurice Fontaine''' (lair [[19 September]] [[1919]] – surut [[2 Januari]] [[2015]], nalika surut umuré 95 taun), iku sawijining pulitikus Prancis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Allard|first1=Thierry|title=AIGUES-MORTES Décès de l’ancien sénateur-maire Maurice Fontaine|url=http://www.objectifgard.com/2015/01/03/aigues-mortes-deces-lancien-senateur-maire-maurice-fontaine/|publisher=objectifgard|accessdate=4 Maret 2015|language=Basa Prancis}}</ref> ==Réferènsi== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala njaba== * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151005195953/http://www.senat.fr/senateur/fontaine_maurice58021r.html Sa fiche sur le site du Sénat His page on the Senate website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Fontaine, Maurice}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Prancis]] [[Kategori:Lair 1919]] [[Kategori:Pati 2015]] s84pe4h4fal1lzsix7qhadgwdn1jccb 0 130356 1758951 1711690 2026-10-20T01:42:00Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = Mr. Hj. |name = Maria Ulfah Santoso |colorcode = <!-- HTML color code (e.g. red, #FF0000 or affiliated Party metadata color template) or transparent for no colouring --> |image = Maria Ulfah Santoso.jpg |imagesize = |smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> |alt = |caption = Maria {{circa}} 1955 |order = |office = [[Pratélan Mantri Sabajati Indonésia|Mantri Sabajati Indonésia]] ka-4 |term_start = 12 Maret 1946 |term_end = 26 Juni 1947 |president = [[Sukarno]] |predecessor = Soedarsono |successor = Soeparjo |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|08|18}} |birth_place = [[Serang]], [[Banten]], [[Indhiya Nèderlan]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1988|04|15|1911|08|18}} |death_place = [[Jakarta]], Indonésia |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |birthname = |citizenship = Indonésia |nationality = |party = |otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> |spouse = R. Santoso Wirodihardjo <small>(1938–1946)</small><br>Soebadio Sastrosatomo <small>(1964–1988)</small> |children = |residence = |alma_mater = |occupation = |profession = |religion = Muslim{{sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} |signature = |signature_alt = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Maria Ulfah Soebadio Sastrosatomo''' (18 Agustus 1911&nbsp;– 15 April 1988), luwih misuwur mawa jeneng kramané sing kapisan '''Maria Ulfah Santoso''', iku aktivis hak-hak wanita lan pulitikus Indonésia. Dhèwèké wong wadon Indonésia kapisan sing nampa gelar ukum lan wong wadon kapisan sing dadi anggota kabinèt Indonésia. Dadi siwiné pulitikus, dhèwèké migatèkaké bab hak-hak wanita jalaran nyeksèni sawenèh kaniaya dhèk mangsa nomé. Dhèwèké satemené dipangaribawani murih dadi dhokter, nanging malah wisudha magister ukum saka [[Universitas Léiden|Universitas Leiden]] ing taun 1933. Nalika ing nagara Walanda, dhèwèké mèlu ing obahan nasionalis Indonésia. Samulihé menyang [[Indhiya Nèderlan]], Maria wiwit ngajar lan makarya kanggo réformasi ing palakrama. Dhèwèké anggota [[Badan Panyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kamardikan Indonésia|BPUPKI]] lan nuli ndhapuk mantri sosial wiwit 12 Maret 1946 nganti 26 Juni 1947. Sawisé rampung mangsané, dhèwèké lanjut makarya ing papréntahan tumrap warna-warna babagan. Nalika kapilih lungguh ing kabinèt sing sapérangan awit kagiyatan émansipasiné, Maria uga mbukakaké dalan tumrap anggota kabinèt wadon liyané, kaya déné S. K. Trimurti ing taun 1947. Dhèwèké nampa sawenèh pangaji saka pamaréntah Indonésia awit kagiyatan-kagiyatané. == Biografi == [[Gambar:Maria_Ulfah_Santoso_29_March_1947_KR.JPG|jmpl|Maria nalika ndhapuk mantri ing papréntahan, udakara taun 1947-an.]] [[Gambar:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_In_juni_1950_organiseerde_de_leiding_van_de_KOWANI_(Kongres_Wanita_Indonesia)_in_Djakarta_een_congres_dat_door_alle_afdelingen_in_Indonesië_werd_bijgewoond_TMnr_10000217.jpg|jmpl|Maria sesorah ing Konggrès Wanita Nasional taun 1950.]] === Kauripan wiwitan lan aktivisme === Maria lair ing [[Kutha Serang|Serang]], [[Banten]], [[Indhiya Nèderlan]], tanggal 18 Agustus 1911{{Sfn|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} saka pasangan R.A.A. Mohammad Achmad lan R.A. Hadidjah Djajadiningrat.{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Minangka anak bungsu saka dulur telu, Maria dhèk cilik urip ing [[Kuningan, Kuningan|Kuningan]], sing kala iku [[Pamérangan administratif Indonésia|dibupatèni]] bapaké.{{Sfn|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} Sawiji dina, ana buliké sing lara teka nyuwun pitulung. Nanging, awit nampa layang saka lakiné, buliké banjur mulih lan ora let suwé ninggal donya. Kadadèn iki njiwani dhèwèké murih makarya tumrap hak-hak wanita.{{Sfn|Wieringa|2010|p=181}} Nalika Maria isih ing pamulangan dhasar, bapaké mboyong dhèwèké menyang [[Jakarta|Batavia]] (saiki Jakarta). Ing kana, dhèwèké urip karo kulawarga Walanda ing Pamulangan Dhasar Willemslaan. Dhèwèké banjur ngrampungaké sekolah madya ing Pamulangan Madya Koning Willem III.{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}}{{Sfn|Cholid, Indrayati, B.S. 1988, Maria Ulfah Kekasih}} Nalika urip ing Batavia, Maria nyeksèni manèh prakara-prakara wanita, kaya ta wong wadon mesthi nalangsa nalika lakiné megat dhèwèké tanpa jalaran utawa rabi manèh.{{Sfn|Robinson|2009|p=46}} Mulané, Maria sumeksa lumebu kuliah ukum masiya bapaké ndhesek dhèwèké dadi dhokter.{{Sfn|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} Maria mangkat [[Den Haag]], ing Walanda, taun 1929 karo bapaké sing nglanjutaké kuliah. Maria banjur lumebu [[Universitas Léiden|Universitas Leiden]] ing [[Leiden]] lan wisudha taun 1933 mawa gelar [[Meester in de Rechten]] (Magister Ukum). Préstasiné iku njalari dhèwèké dadi wong wadon Indonésia kapisan sing éntuk gelar ukum.{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Nalika kuliah, dhèwèké mèlu obahan nasionalis Indonésia lan srawung karo lelurah-lelurahé, kaya ta [[Mohammad Hatta]] lan [[Sutan Syahrir]].{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Taun 1934, Maria mulih Batavia lan makarya ngajar ing paguron [[Muhammadiyah]] kanthi mungkuri tawan ngajar déning papréntahan kolonial. Nalika isih ngajar, dhèwèké panggah giyat ing obahan nasionalis, mbiyantu [[Adam Malik]] yasa agènsi pawarta Antara. Wulan Fèbruari 1938, dhèwèké nikah karo R. Santoso Wirodihardjo.{{Sfn|Tempo 1977, Wanita Itu Orang}} Uga ing taun iku, dhèwèké mandhégani konggrès sing ngrembug réformasi ing palakrama supaya bisa luwih ngayomi hak-hak wanita. Réformasiné disahaké ing taun 1941.{{Sfn|Robinson|2009|p=46}} Maria uga makarya ngangkat prakara melèk aksara ing wanita sarana pakumpulan-pakumpulan panjait. Wong-wong wadon sing teka sinau njait uga diajaki sinau maca lan sinau bab hak-hak ing palakrama saha cara nggedhékaké anak.{{Sfn|Robinson|2009|p=47}} === Karya ing papréntahan === Nalika Jepang njajah Indonésia taun 1942, Maria mungkasi makarya minangka guru lan lanjut nyambut gawé dadi asistèn ukumé [[Soepomo]], sing ing samangké dadi mantri ukum kapisané Indonésia.{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Ing taun 1945, nalika Jepang arep bedhol gendéra saka Indhiya-Néderlan déné ana [[Proklamasi kamardikan Indonésia|proklamasi kamardikan]], Maria dadi anggota [[Badan Panyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kamardikan Indonésia|BPUPKI]].{{Sfn|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} Tanggal 12 Maret 1946,{{Sfn|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} Maria dadi anggota kabinèt wadon kapisan awit kapilih dadi mantri ing Kabinèt Syahrir Kapindho. Dhèwèké dadi sing ngatur baliné tawanan saka pakuwon-pakuwon Jepang.{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Kalungguhan iku ajeg tekan Kabinèt Syahrir Katelu. Nalika kabinèt iku bubar tanggal 26 Juni 1947,{{Sfn|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} Maria mungkiri kalungguhan mantri sosial. Dhèwèké luwih milih dadi lelurah ing sékrétariaté wasir [[Amir Sjarifuddin]]. Dhèwèké panggah ing kalungguhan iku tekan ing Kabinèt Hatta Kapisan. Rikala ana Operasi Kraai, serangan sing diadani Walanda tumrap [[Kutha Ngayogyakarta]] tanggal 19 Dhésèmber 1948, lakiné tiwas sajabané Papan Anggegana Maguwa (saiki Adisucipto).{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Taun 1949, Maria iku anggota panitya mawa ayahan nyepakaké undhang-undhang palakrama sing "salaras karo jiwa mangsa saiki".{{Sfn|Robinson|2009|p=60}} Salawas taun 1950-an, dhèwèké ngayahi pirang-pirang pakarya sosial. Saka taun 1950 nganti 1961, dhèwèké ing panti sènsor filem Indonésia minangka lelurah, kalungguhan sing dilakoni kanthi sungkan. Dhèwèké uga minangka lelurah Konggrès Wanita Nasional, Kowani, saka taun 1950 tekan 1961.{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Maria laki manèh, karo blegering [[Partai Sosialis Indonésia|Parté Sosialis Indonésia]] Soebadio Sastrosatomo tanggal 10 Januari 1964. Pasangan iki kerep kapisah nalika Soebadio dikunjara jalaran kagiyatan pulitiké, nanging bisa mangkat [[Kaji|haji]] bareng. Salawas taun 1960-an, Maria panggah giyat ing jagat pulitik kanthi leladi ing Sékrétariat Nagara kawit 1962 tekan 1967 lan ing Dewan Penasehat Nagara kawit 1967 tekan 1972.{{Sfn|Kahin|1989|pp=119–120}} Nalika omah-omah karo Soebadio, dhèwèké ngangkat anak.{{Sfn|Cholid, Indrayati, B.S. 1988, Maria Ulfah Kekasih}} Ing pungkasan uripé, Maria lan Soebadio ngentèkaké pénsiyuné ing Jakarta. Ing obituariné, kalawarta ''[[Tempo (kalawarti)|Tempo]]'' martakaké manawa pensiyuné pas-pasan kanggo kabutuhan padinan. Dhèwèké ninggal donya tabuh 2:15 isuk tanggal 15 April 1988 sawisé enem wulan diupakara ing Panti Roga Wadya Anggegana Gatot Subroto ing Jakarta. Dhèwèké dikurebaké ing Pakuburan Wira Kalibata.{{Sfn|Cholid, Indrayati, B.S. 1988, Maria Ulfah Kekasih}} == Warisan == Soebadio Sastrosatomo nulis yèn milih Maria dadi mantri sosial iku wigati. Kapisan, kapilihé nuduhaké pamaréntah pancèn ngajèni darmaning wong wadon marang obahan nasionalis. Kapindho, cara iki dianggo Syahrir kanggo nuduhaké manawa wong Indonésia nggatèkaké kabutuhaning wong-wongé sarana ndhapuk wong wadon kanggo ngurusi prakara-prakara wanita.{{Sfn|Zara|2009|pp=119–120}} Sawisé Maria, wong-wong wadon liya banjur uga éntuk kalungguhan ing papréntahan. Mantri wadon Indonésia kapindho, S. K. Trimurti, minangka mantri buruh kawit 1947 tekan 1948.{{Sfn|Robinson|2009|p=58}} Taun 2001, [[Megawati Soekarnoputri|Megawati Sukarnoputri]] dadi [[Pratélan Présidhèn Indonésia|présidhèn Indonésia]] wadon sing kapisan.{{Sfn|Aglionby 2001, Great expectations}} Maria nampa sawenèh [[Pratélan tandha kaurmatan ing Indonésia|pangaji saka pamaréntah Indonésia]], kalebu Satya Lencana Karya Satya (Tataran II), Satya Lencana Peringatan Perjuangan Kemerdekaan, lan Bintang Mahaputra Utama (Kelas Telu).{{Sfn|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} Bintang Mahaputra iku pangaji paling dhuwur ing Indonésia kanggo wong sipil.{{Sfn|Simamora 2011, SBY awards medal}} == Rujukan == ;Cathetan sikil {{reflist|30em}} ;Bibliografi {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} *{{cite news |last=Aglionby |first=John |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/jul/26/gender.uk1 |title=Great expectations |work=The Guardian |date=26 Juli 2001 |access-date=11 Maret 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309134018/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/jul/26/gender.uk1 |archive-date=2012-03-09 |ref={{harvid|Aglionby 2001, Great expectations}} |url-status=dead }} *{{cite news |title=Maria Ulfah Kekasih Abadi Soebadio |trans-title=Maria Ulfah is Soebadio's Eternal Love |last1=Cholid |first1=Mohamad |last2=Indrayati |first2=Sri |last3=B.S. |first3=Priyono |url=http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1988/04/23/OBI/mbm.19880423.OBI27021.id.html |date=23 April 1988 |work=Tempo |language=Indonesian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043004/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1988/04/23/OBI/mbm.19880423.OBI27021.id.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |ref={{SfnRef|Cholid, Indrayati, B.S. 1988, Maria Ulfah Kekasih}} |access-date=19 June 2016 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite journal |journal=Indonésia |last=Kahin |first=George |title=In Memoriam: Maria Ullfah Soebadio, 1911&nbsp;– 1988 |url=http://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=seap.indo/1107011452 |volume=47 |pages=118–120 |date=April 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617002119/http://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=seap.indo/1107011452 |archive-date=2012-06-17 |access-date=2016-06-19 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/cabinet_personnel/popup_profil_pejabat.php?id=52&presiden_id=1&presiden=sukarno |title=Maria Ulfah Soebadio Sastrosatomo |language=Indonesian |publisher=Presidential Library of Indonésia |access-date=11 Maret 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111153408/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/cabinet_personnel/popup_profil_pejabat.php?id=52&presiden_id=1&presiden=sukarno |archive-date=2014-01-11 |ref={{harvid|PLI, Maria Ulfah Soebadio}} |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |title=Gender, Islam, and Democracy in Indonésia |last=Robinson |first=Kathryn May |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=978-0-203-89175-9 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_sHwDYUyJpUC }} *{{cite news |title=SBY awards medal to his own wife |last1=Simamora |first1=Adianto P. |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/13/sby-awards-medal-his-own-wife.html |date=13 Agustus 2011 |work=The Jakarta Post |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000751/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/13/sby-awards-medal-his-own-wife.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 |ref={{SfnRef|Simamora 2011, SBY awards medal}} |access-date=2016-06-19 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite news |title=Wanita Itu Orang Banten |trans-title=That Woman is Bantenese |url=http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1977/02/26/TK/mbm.19770226.TK73646.id.html |date=26 Fèbruari 1977 |work=Tempo |language=Indonesian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000206/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1977/02/26/TK/mbm.19770226.TK73646.id.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |ref={{SfnRef|Tempo 1977, Wanita Itu Orang}} |access-date=2016-06-19 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |title=Penghancuran Gerakan Perempuan: Pulitik Seksual di Indonésia Pascakejatuhan PKI |trans-title=Destruction of the Women's Movement: Sexual Politics in Indonésia after the Fall of the PKI |last=Wieringa |first=Saskia |year=2010 |publisher=Galangapress |location=Yogyakarta |language=Indonesian |isbn=978-602-8174-38-1 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=v6pQAYkVVFgC }} *{{cite book |title=Peristiwa 3 Juli 1946 : Menguak Kudeta Pertama dalam Sejarah Indonesia |trans-title=The 3 July 1946 Incident: Exploring the First Coup D'etat in Indonesian History |last=Zara |first=M Yuanda |year=2009 |publisher=Media Pressindo |location=Yogyakarta |language=Indonesian |isbn=978-979-788-031-6 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=gb25rErnCUoC }} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Lair 1911]] [[Kategori:Pati 1988]] [[Kategori:Mantri Sosial Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Islam Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]] nuzdtm2bdgnvi2w74259vgl3lo9sp5z 0 134588 1758969 1758750 2026-10-20T08:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |image = [[File:CivilWarUSAColl.png|300px]] |caption = Saarah jarum jam saka ndhuwur: [[Pertempuran Gettysburg]], [[Union Army|Union]] [[John C. Tidball|Captain John Tidball's]] [[Field artillery in the American Civil War|artillery]], [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] prisoners, [[Casemate ironclad|ironclad]] {{USS|Atlanta|1861|6}}, reruntuhan [[Richmond, Virginia]], [[Pertempuran Franklin]] |partof= |date=12 April 1861 – 9 Mèi 1865 (miturut proklamasi)<ref name="NYT JD Cap">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1865/05/10/news/important-proclamations-belligerent-rights-rebels-end-all-nations-warned-against.html|title=The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There. |work=The New York Times|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=May 10, 1865|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><br />(4 taun, 3 minggu lan 6 dina)<br />([[CSS Shenandoah|Last shot fired]] June 22, 1865) |place=[[Amérikah Sarékat Kidul]], [[Amérikah Sarékat Lor-Wétan]], [[Amérikah Sarékat Kulon]], [[Samodra Atlantik]] |casus=[[Pertempuran Fort Sumter|Serangan Konfederasi ing Fort Sumter]] |result=[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] victory * [[Batur tukon ing Amérikah Sarékat|Batur tukon]] [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|diilangi]] * [[Territorial integrity]] preserved * Destruction and dissolution of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]] * Wiwité [[Éra Rékonstruksi]] |combatant1={{Flag|United States|1863|size=23px}} |combatant2={{Flag|Confederate States of America|name=Confederate States|variant=1861|size=23px}} |commander1='''[[Abraham Lincoln]]'''<br />[[Ulysses S. Grant]]<br />[[William Tecumseh Sherman|William T. Sherman]]<br />[[George B. McClellan]]<br />[[David Farragut]] {{center|''[[Military leadership in the American Civil War#The Union|and others]]''}} |commander2='''[[Jefferson Davis]]'''{{surrendered}}<br />[[Robert E. Lee]]{{surrendered}}<br />[[Joseph E. Johnston]]{{surrendered}}<br />[[Stonewall Jackson]]{{DOW}}<br />[[Raphael Semmes]]{{surrendered}} {{center|''[[Military leadership in the American Civil War#The Confederacy|and others]]''}} |strength1=2,200,000:<ref name="auto">Total number that served</ref> *[[Union Army]] *[[United States Marine Corps|Union Marines]] *[[Union Navy]] *[[United States Revenue Cutter Service|Revenue Service]] 698,000 (peak)<ref name="nps.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/civilwar/facts.htm|title=Facts|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>[http://www.oocities.org/littlegreenmen.geo/UASize.htm "Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War"]: Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army.</ref> |strength2=750,000–1,000,000<ref name="auto"/><ref>Long, E. B. ''The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865.'' Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. {{OCLC|68283123}}. p. 705.</ref> *[[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]] *[[Confederate States Marines|Confederate Marines]] *[[Confederate States Navy|Confederate Navy]] 360,000 (peak)<ref name="nps.gov"/><ref>[http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=abstract;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0128;didno=waro0128;view=image;seq=0542 "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 - Volume 2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725221244/http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=abstract;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0128;didno=waro0128;view=image;seq=0542 |date=2017-07-25 }}, United States. War Dept 1900.</ref> |casualties1=110,000+ killed in action/died of wounds<br>230,000+ accident/disease deaths<ref name="civilwarhome.com">Fox, William F. [http://www.civilwarhome.com/foxspref.html Regimental losses in the American Civil War] (1889)</ref><ref name="Official DOD data">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_principal_wars.xhtml |title=Official DOD data |access-date=2016-09-14 |archive-date=2014-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228202255/https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_principal_wars.xhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><br> 25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons<ref name="nps.gov"/><ref name="civilwarhome.com" /> 365,000+ total dead{{sfn|Chambers|Anderson|1999|p=849}} 282,000+ wounded<ref name="Official DOD data" /> |casualties2=94,000+ killed in action/died of wounds<ref name="civilwarhome.com" /> 26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons<ref name="Official DOD data" /> 290,000+ total dead 137,000+ wounded |casualties3= 50,000 civilians dead<ref name="StatsWarCost" /><br />'''Total''': 705,000–900,000+ dead<ref>[http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead/ Recounting the dead], Associate Professor J. David Hacker, "''estimates, based on Census data, indicate that the death toll was approximately 750,000, and may have been as high as 850,000''"</ref> }} '''Perang Sadulur Amérika''' ({{lang-en|American Civil War}}) ya iku [[perang sadulur]] ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] saka taun 1861 nganti 1865. ''[[Union (Perang Sadulur Amérika)|Union]]'' ngadhepi ''secessionists'' ing sewelas nagara Kidul diklompokaké minangka [[Konfederasi Amérika]]. Union menang perang, kang tetep paling berdarah ing [[Sajarah Amérikah Sarékat|sajarah AS]]. Antarane 34 [[praja AS]] ing Januari 1861, pitu [[praja budak]] tlatah Kidul (''Southern'') mbiwara ''[[secession]]'' saka AS lan mangun Konfederasi Amérika. Perang pecah ing April 1861 nalika Konfederasi nyerang beteng AS [[Fort Sumter]]. ''Konfederasi'' tambah sewelas praja; Konfederasi ngeklaim rong praja liyané lan tlatah kulon [[Arizona]]. Konfederasi ora tau diakoni kanthi diplomasi déning nagara manca. praja kang tetep setya, kalebu [[nagara wates (Perang Sadulur Amérika)|nagara wewatesan ngendi batur tukon légal]], mau ''Union'' utawa ''Lor'' (''the North''). Perang rampung kanthi nyerahé kabèh bala Konfederasi lan ambruké pamaréntah Konfederasi ing mangsa semi 1865. [[Asalé Perang Sadulur Amérika|Perang iki diwiwiti]] saka masalah [[Batur tukon ing Amérikah Sarékat|batur tukon]], mligi nyebaré [[batur tukon]] menyang tlatah kulon. Papat taun peperangan kuat ninggal 620.000-750.000 prajurit mati, jumlahé punjul pati militèr Amérika ing [[Perang Donya I]] lan [[Perang Donya II]] digabungaké, lan akèh infrastruktur Kidul kang dirusak. Konfederasi ambruk lan 4 yuta babu padha dibebaske (paling akèh déning [[Proklamasi Émansipasi]] [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]). [[Éra Rékonstruksi]] (1863-1877) sawisé perang ya iku prosès kanggo mulihake manunggaling nagara, nguwataké pamaréntahan nasional, lan mènèhi [[hak sipil|hak-hak sipil]] kanggo babu kang dibébasaké. ==Rérefènsi== '''Cathetan''' {{reflist|30em|group=N}} '''Sitiran''' {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="StatsWarCost">{{cite web|last=Nofi|first=Al|authorlink=Albert Nofi|title=Statistics on the War's Costs|publisher=Louisiana State University|date=June 13, 2001|url=http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm|archivedate=July 11, 2007|accessdate=October 14, 2007}}</ref> }} ===Bibliografi=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last= Ahlstrom|first= Sydney E.|title= A Religious History of the American People|publisher= Yale University Press|year= 1972|location= New Haven, Connecticut|isbn= 978-0-300-01762-5|url= https://books.google.com/?id=5kFF6a1viGcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last= Anderson|first= Bern|title= By Sea and By River: The naval history of the Civil War|publisher= Da Capo Press|year= 1989|location= New York, New York|isbn= 978-0-306-80367-3|url= https://books.google.com/?id=hoCK_yzA8xkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last1=Asante|first1=Molefi Kete|last2=Mazama|first2=Ama|title=Encyclopedia of Black Studies|url=https://books.google.com/?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA82|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, California|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-2762-4|edition=}} * Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, ''Why the South Lost the Civil War'' (1986), influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is ''The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion'' (1988) * {{cite journal |last=Bestor |first=Arthur |year=1964 |title=The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1964-01_69_2/page/327 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=327–52 |jstor=1844986 }} * {{cite book |last1=Canney |first1=Donald L. |title=Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1998 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-55750-519-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=o_fB_SD5QhIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{cite book| ref={{sfnRef|Catton 1960}} | last= Catton | first= Bruce | title=The Civil War | year= 1960 | publisher= American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin | location=New York|isbn=978-0-8281-0305-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Chambers|first1=John W.|last2=Anderson|first2=Fred|title=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-507198-6}} * {{cite book | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Stand in the Day of Battle: The Imperiled Union : 1861–1865 | url= https://archive.org/details/standindayofbatt00davi | year= 1983 | publisher= Doubleday | location= Garden City, New York | isbn= 978-0-385-14895-5 }} * {{cite book | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America | url= https://archive.org/details/lookawayhistoryo00will | year= 2003 | publisher= Free Press | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-7432-3499-3 }} * {{cite book | last1= Donald | first1= David | last2= Baker | first2= Jean H. | last3= Holt | first3= Michael F. | title= The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarreconstr0000dona | year= 2001 | publisher= W. W. Norton & Company | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-393-97427-0}} * {{cite book|last= Fehrenbacher|first= Don E.|title= Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 1981|location= Oxford, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-502883-6|url= https://books.google.com/?id=3KYFlabs2hQC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book | last1= Fellman | first1= Michael | last2= Gordon | first2= Lesley J. | last3= Sunderland | first3= Daniel E. | title= This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath | url= https://archive.org/details/thisterriblewarc0000fell_y1x1 | year= 2007 | edition= 2 | publisher= Pearson | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-321-38960-2 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rQSYk-LWTxcC |title=Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War |first=Eric |last=Foner |year=1981 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-502926-0 |accessdate=April 20, 2012 }} * {{cite book|last1=Foner|first1=Eric|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|url=https://books.google.com/?id=earytjxi6pEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2010|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-34066-2}} * {{cite book| last= Foote| first= Shelby | title= [[The Civil War: A Narrative|The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville]] | year= 1974 | publisher= Vintage Books | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-74623-4}} * {{cite book|last1=Frank|first1=Joseph Allan|last2=Reaves|first2=George A.|title=Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J_GlcVOb374C&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2003|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07126-3}} * {{cite book |last=Fuller |first=Howard J. |title=Clad in Iron – The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power |url=https://archive.org/details/cladiniron0000full |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59114-297-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Gallagher|first1=Gary W.|title=The Confederate War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHNEtpvEB30C&pg=PA57|year=1999|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-16056-9}} * Gara, Larry. 1964. ''The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox'' in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970 (originally published in Civil War History, X, No. 3, September 1964) * {{cite book|last=Green|first=Fletcher M.|title=Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1776–1860: A Study in the Evolution of Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/?id=A5c0LKovqJUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2008|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina|isbn=978-1-58477-928-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Guelzo|first1=Allen C.|title=Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XcgqWAt1kZUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-536780-5}} * {{cite book| last= Guelzo| first= Allen C.| title= Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction| url= https://archive.org/details/fatefullightning0000guel| year= 2012| publisher= Oxford University Press| location= Oxford, New York| isbn= 978-0-19-984328-2}} * {{cite journal | first=J. David | last=Hacker | date=December 2011 | title=A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead | journal=Civil War History | volume=57 | issue=4 | pages=307–348 | bibcode= | doi=10.1353/cwh.2011.0061 | pmid=22512048 | url=//muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v057/57.4.hacker.html }} * {{cite book | last1= Heidler | first1= David S. | first2= Jeanne T. | last2= Heidler | first3= David J. | last3= Coles | title= Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576070665_4 | year= 2002 | publisher= ABC-CLIO | location= Santa Barbara, California | isbn= 1-57607-382-3}} * {{cite book |last= Herring |first= George C. |title= From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2011 |location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-976553-9 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Hofstadter |title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=1938 |pages=50–55 |jstor=1840850 }} * {{cite book | last= Holt | first= Michael F. | title= The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/fateoftheircount0000holt | year= 2005 | publisher= Hill and Wang | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-8090-4439-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Holzer|first1=Harold|last2=Gabbard|first2=Sara Vaughn|title=Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xLbkXsn6xHAC&pg=PA174|year=2007|location=Carbondale, Illinois|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2764-5}} * {{cite book |last= Huddleston |first= John |title= Killing Ground: The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape |url= https://archive.org/details/killinggroundpho0000hudd |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press |year= 2002 |location= Baltimore, Maryland |isbn= 978-0-8018-6773-6}} * {{cite book | last= Johannsen | first= Robert W. | title= Stephen A. Douglas | url= https://archive.org/details/stephenadouglas0000joha_o4n6 | year= 1973 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-19-501620-8}} * {{cite book|last= Johnson|first= Timothy D.|title= Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory|url= https://archive.org/details/winfieldscottque0000john|publisher= University Press of Kansas|year= 1998|location= Lawrence, Kansas|isbn= 978-0-7006-0914-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gVvZb5oeVtwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1999|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|isbn=978-0-8032-2582-4}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Howard|title=Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&pg=PA225|year=2002|location=Wilmington, Delaware|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8420-2916-2}} * {{cite book | last= Keegan | first= John | title= The American Civil War: A Military History | url= https://archive.org/details/americancivilwar00keeg | year= 2009 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-307-26343-8}} * {{cite book| last= Krannawitter| first= Thomas L.| title= Vindicating Lincoln: defending the politics of our greatest president| url= https://archive.org/details/vindicatinglinco00kran| year= 2008| publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers| location= Lanham, Maryland| isbn= 0-7425-5972-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Lipset|first1=Seymour Martin|title=Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalmansoci00inlips|year=1960|publisher=Doubleday & Company, Inc.|location=Garden City, New York|isbn=}} * {{cite book| last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= [[Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era]]| year= 1988 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-503863-7}} * {{cite book | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/ordealbyfirecivi00mcph | year= 1992 | publisher= McGraw-Hill | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-07-045842-0 | edition= 2}} * {{cite book|last1=McPherson|first1=James M.|title=For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qhEHVki8tEC&pg=PA169|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-974105-2}} * {{cite book | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313666 | year= 2007 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York | isbn= 978-0-19-539242-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Thornton|first1=Mark|last2=Ekelund|first2=Robert Burton|title=Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|isbn=}} * Murray, Robert Bruce. ''Legal Cases of the Civil War'' (2003). ISBN 0-8117-0059-3 * {{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Williamson|last2=Bernstein|first2=Alvin|last3=Knox|first3=MacGregor|title=The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ld8NPYqqUnMC&pg=PA235|year=1996|location=Cabmbridge, New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56627-8}} * {{cite book|last= Neely|first= Mark|title= Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties|publisher= Marquette University Press|year= 1993|location= Milwaukee, Wisconsin|isbn= 978-0-87462-325-3|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Confederate_Bastille.html?id=zPV2AAAAMAAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=James L. |title=Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2005 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-052404-3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=d8XD-j--EVsC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=Delamater+Iron+works+monitor }} * [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''[[Ordeal of the Union]]'', an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize-winner ** 1. ''Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852''; 2. ''A House Dividing, 1852–1857''; 3. ''Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859''; 4. ''Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861''; vols 5–8 have the series title ''War for the Union''; 5. ''The Improvised War, 1861–1862''; 6. ''War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863''; 7. ''The Organized War, 1863–1864''; 8. ''The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865'' * {{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Christopher J.|title=Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860|url=https://books.google.com/?id=RrBb2ThDuCkC&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-516097-0}} * {{cite book|last1=Perman|first1=Michael|last2=Taylor|first2=Amy M.|title=Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rPbZT_hrncC&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=3|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-618-87520-7}} * {{cite journal |first=David M. |last=Potter |title=The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1962-07_67_4/page/924 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=67 |issue=4 |year=1962 |pages=924–950 |jstor=1845246 }} * {{cite book |first1=David M. |last1=Potter |first2=Don E. |last2=Fehrenbacher |title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 |url=https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-06-013403-7}} * {{cite book | last= Rhodes | first= John Ford | title= History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 | year= 1917 | publisher= The Macmillan Company | location= New York | isbn= | url= https://books.google.com/?id=nY4sAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{cite book|first=William L.|last=Richter|title=The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/?id=obFt-MmS6ygC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-6336-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Robert R. |year=1966 |title=Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_1966-11_32_4/page/466 |journal=[[Journal of Southern History]] |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=466–486 |doi=10.2307/2204926 |jstor=2204926 }} * {{cite book | title=Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography | publisher=Louisiana State University Press |last1=Schott|first1= Thomas E. | year=1996 | location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana | isbn=978-0-8071-2106-1}} * {{cite book | last= Sheehan-Dean, ed. | first= Aaron | title= A Companion to the U.S. Civil War | year= 2014 | publisher= Wiley Blackwell | location= New York | url= http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1444351311.html | isbn= 1-4443-5131-1 | access-date= 2016-09-14 | archive-date= 2017-08-23 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205138/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1444351311.html | url-status= dead }}, 2 vol. 1232pp; 64 topical chapters by experts; emphasis on historiography. * {{cite book | last= Stampp | first= Kenneth M. | title= America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink | url= https://archive.org/details/americain185700kenn | year= 1990 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York | isbn= 0-19-503902-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Symonds|first1=Craig L.|last2=Clipson|first2=William J.|title=The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy|url=https://books.google.com/?id=q_HIcc8n3K4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2001|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-984-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |last2=Pierpaoli |first2=Paul G. |last3=White |first3=William E. |title=The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-59884-338-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=q4mwAtj2r3UC&pg=PA462#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{cite book | last= Varon | first= Elizabeth R. | title= Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 | url= https://archive.org/details/disunioncomingof0000varo | year= 2008 | publisher= University of North Carolina Press | location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina | isbn= 978-0-8078-3232-5}} * {{cite book|last= Vinovskis|first= Maris|title= Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 1990|location= Cambridge, England|isbn= 978-0-521-39559-5|url= https://books.google.com/?id=9D4TAwc93VoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book | last= Ward | first= Geoffrey R. | title= The Civil War: An Illustrated History | url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarillustra0000ward | year= 1990 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-394-56285-8}} * {{cite book|last=Weeks|first=William E.|title=The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations|url=https://books.google.com/?id=y2zFFnaqgpsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, New York|isbn=978-1-107-00590-7}} * {{cite book | last= Weigley | first= Frank Russell | title= A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 | year= 2004 | publisher= Indiana University Press | location= Bloomington, Indiana | isbn= 0-253-33738-0 | url= http://www.questia.com/read/14877569 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080219225328/http://www.questia.com/read/14877569 | archive-date= 2008-02-19 | access-date= 2016-09-14 | url-status= dead }} * {{cite book |last1= Welles |first1= Gideon |title= Secretary of the Navy's Report |publisher= American Seamen's Friend Society |year= 1865 |volume= 37–38 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=u4gfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{cite book|last1=Winters|first1=John D.|title=The Civil War in Louisiana|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PjicJWUQhPYC&pg=PR3|year=1963|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|isbn=978-0-8071-0834-5}} * {{cite book | last1= Woodworth | first= Steven E. | title= American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research | url= https://archive.org/details/americancivilwar0000unse_c3b1 | year= 1996 | publisher= Greenwood Press | location= Wesport, Connecticut | isbn= 978-0-313-29019-0}} {{refend}} ==Wacan luwih lanjut== * Gugliotta, Guy. [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html?ref=science&pagewanted=all New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 3, 2012, p. D1 (of the New York edition), and April 2, 2012 on NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2012-04-03 online. * [[Bibliography of early American naval history#American Civil War|Bibliography of American Civil War naval history]] * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=American Civil War |short=x}} == Pranala njaba == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} {{wikisource index}} {{wikivoyage|American Civil War}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/|American Civil War}} * [http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html Civil War photos] at the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] * [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search?st=grid&c=100&co=cwp View images] from the [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cwp/ Civil War Photographs Collection] at the Library of Congress * [http://www.civilwar.org/ Civil War Trust] * [http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811064152/http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm |date=2009-08-11 }} This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil-war Civil War 150] ''Washington Post'' interactive website on the 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War. * [http://www.american-south.org/ Civil War in the American South] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313231903/https://www.american-south.org/ |date=2021-03-13 }} – An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War-era items—books, pamphlets, broadsides, letters, maps, personal papers, and manuscripts—held at ASERL member libraries * [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/ The Civil War] – site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.54756|name=A HOUSE DIVIDED (1960)}} * [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&oq=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube.12...0.0.0.855.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0.U.S. Civil War Living History Reenactments (videos)] * [http://www.loc.gov/item/map66001088 West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210224091229/https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/browse-subject "American Civil World" maps at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection], [[Cornell University Library]] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Amérikah Sarékat]] awjls2p8p4cof4rac3nyxb55g67f8y6 0 137186 1758971 1750707 2026-10-20T08:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Petrus_Kaseke.jpg|jmpl|al=Empu Kolintang|Petrus kaseke]] '''Petrus Kaseke''' ({{lahirmati|[[Minahasa]], [[Sulawesi Utara]]|2|10|1942}}) ya iku salah sijiné panguri-uri piranti musik [[kolintang]] saka [[Kutha Salatiga]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonesia]]. Nalika esih umur 10 taun ([[1954|1952]]), dhèwèké wis kasil ngripta kolintang 2,5 ''oktaf'' laras ''diatonis'' kang sinau saka wong-wong sing duwé kaprigelan lan mainke kolintang. Dhèwèké tur sinau, ngangsu kawruh lan ngembangaké piranti musik iki nganti bisa ngripta titi laras telu setengah ''oktaf,'' asli, siji ''kres'', lan siji ''mol'', ing taun [[1960]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jualo.com/jawa-tengah/salatiga/alat-musik/kolintang-angklung-petrus-kaseke |title=Jualo, diwaca 6 Februari 2015 |access-date=2017-04-20 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516163038/https://www.jualo.com/jawa-tengah/salatiga/alat-musik/kolintang-angklung-petrus-kaseke |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Guiness World Records:[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-kolintang-xilophono Largest Kolintang Xilophone], dideleng 21 April 2017</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indomaritim.id/mengenang-maestro-kolintang-indonesia-petrus-kaseke/ |title=ing memori saka Empu Petrus Kaseke diwaca 24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427233018/https://indomaritim.id/mengenang-maestro-kolintang-indonesia-petrus-kaseke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Riwayat == Kolintang, piranti musik tradhisional rakyat [[Minahasa]] iku naté ora diparengake dimainke naila mangsa kompeni Walanda. Sebabe, kolintang mau wiwitane dienggo ngiringi upacara ritual pamujan arwah leluhur déning masarakat kono.<ref>[http://bukan-tokohindonesia.blogspot.com/2009/06/petrus-kaseke-pelestari-kolintang.html Bukan Tokoh Indonesia, diwaca 6 Februari 2015]</ref> Sasuwene saabad luwih, kolintang sansaya ilang lan meh ora dingerteni bathange. Tembe sawisé Perang Donya II, kira-kira taun 1952, salah sijiné piyantun [[tunanetra]] kang asmane Nelwan Katuuk ngenalke manèh piranti musik ana ing pagelaran musik kang digiyaraké ing Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Minahasa. Pagelaran kolintang kang dimainke Nelwan Katuuk jebule nggugah ''inspirasine'' salah sijiné bocah lanang cilik umur sepuluh taun saka Ratahan, Minahasa Lor, ngripta piranti musik kolintang. Cita rasa musik saka kalangan kaluwargane ya sing ndadekke bocah mau sansaya tuwuh. Sabanjure dhèwèké ngangsu kawruh nukang saka éyang kakunge, kareben bisa nggawe kolintang. Kasile, ing taun 1954 bocah lanang sing arane Petrus Kaseke mau bisa ngripta kolintang dawane loro setengah oktaf titi laras ''diatonis''. Awis saka telatene lan tansa ngangsu kawruh marang wong-wong sing wis prigel mainake kolintang, dhèwèké bisa ngembangaké kolintang kanti nggawe sing telu setengah ''oktatf'', siji ''kres'', asli, sarta siji ''mol'', taun 1960.<ref>[http://www.kolintang.co.id/ Kolintang, diwaca 6 Februari 2015]</ref> Petrus Kaseke, putra ontang-antinge Pendeta Yohanes Kaseke lan Adelina Komalig. Sanajan saka kulawarga sekeng, naika umur rong puluh taun, Petrus nggayuh predhikat pelajar berprestasi lan nampa beasiswa saka Bupati Minahasa kanggo nerusaké pendhidhikan ing Jurusan Teknik Mesin [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] [[Yogyakarta|Ngayojakarta]]. Nanging sawisé beasiswa saka Bupati Minahasa diwatesi, Petrus kapeksa urip pas-pasan ing Ngayojakarta, lan nelateni main kolintang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.got-blogger.com/si-dudut/?p=591 |title=Si Dudut, diwaca 6 Februari 2015 |access-date=2017-04-20 |archive-date=2018-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233709/http://www.got-blogger.com/si-dudut/?p=591 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Pamentasan ing manca nagara == Tahun [[1970]] pentas ing [[Singapura]] suwéné telung dina. Tahun [[1971]] pentas ing [[Australia]] kira-kira telung sasi. Luwih saka seket kutha diampiri, kalebu Canberra, bareng karo Duta Besar [[Indonesia]] ing Australia, Sujitno Sukirno. Tahun [[1972]] pentas ing saperang kutha ing [[New York]] lan [[Los Angeles]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]]. Tahun [[1973]] pentas ing benua [[Eropa]] antarané [[Switserlan]], [[Jerman]], [[Dhènemarken]], lan [[Belanda]] (dijurung déning Duta Besar [[Indonesia]] ing Belanda, Sutopo Yuwono). == Uga delengen == * [[Kolintang]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230321211815/https://www.kobo.com/ww/en/ebook/maimo-kumolintang-harmoni-semesta Maimo Kumolintang] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa Tengah]] [[Kategori:Minahasa]] [[Kategori:Piranti musik Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]] {{bio-stub}} siw0ethchcgmv7ttcadhjdwjarwc7dq 0 138004 1758957 1757711 2026-10-20T04:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = My One and Only | image = My one and only.jpg | caption = Promotional film poster | alt = <!-- description of poster needed see [[WP:ALT]] --> | director = [[Richard Loncraine]] | producer = Aaron Ryder <br />Ara Katz<br />Art Spigel | writer = Charlie Peters | starring = [[Renée Zellweger]] <br />[[Logan Lerman]] <br />[[Mark Rendall]]<br />[[Eric McCormack]]<br />[[Chris Noth]] <br />[[Nick Stahl]] <br />[[Steven Weber (actor)|Steven Weber]]<br />[[Kevin Bacon]] | music = [[Mark Isham]] | cinematography = [[Marco Pontecorvo]] | editing = | distributor = Herrick Entertainment<br>[[Freestyle Releasing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freestylereleasing.com/my-one-and-only/|title=My One And Only|work=Freestyle Releasing|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2016-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016171600/http://freestylereleasing.com/my-one-and-only/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | released = {{Film date|2009|08|21}} | runtime = 108 menit <!-- U.S. theatrical release: 107:37 --> | country = Amérikah Sarékat | language = Basa Inggris | budget = | gross = $3,026,272<ref name="mojo">{{mojo title|myoneandonly|My One and Only}}</ref> (Ing saindenging donya) }} '''''My One and Only''''' inggih punika [[filem]] [[sandhiwara]] [[komedi]] saking [[Amérikah Sarékat]] ingkang kadamel taun 2009. Filem punika dipunsutradarani [[Richard Loncraine]], dhedhasar skénario anggitanipun [[Charlie Petes]], dipunangkat saking cariyos babagan [[George Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton's]] ing wiwitan pagesanganipun sesarengan kang ibu lan mbakyunipun, kanthi nyuguhaken carita alit ingkang dipunngendikakaken dhumateng sutradara Robert Kosberg lan [[Merv Griffin]].<ref name="only">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117986454.html|title=Noth's the 'Only' one for Loncraine|last=Fleming|first=Michael|date=May 26, 2008|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=July 15, 2008}} {{Pranala mati|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kosberg maringaken pamikiranipun saking lelakon sajatos punika dhumateng panganggit skénario Charlie Peters, lajeng Merv Griffin nyusun proyèk punika dhedhasar skénario, dumugi sédanipun, taun 2007. Merv Griffin dados juru damel filem punika sesarengan Robert Kosberg.<ref name="only" /> Wondéné para juru paraga ingkang kadhapun wonten filem ''My One and Only'' punika antawisipun [[Logan Lerman]] minangka George, lan [[Renée Zellweger]] minangka George.<ref name="only" /><ref name="My One and Only">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/736293/My-One-and-Only/full-credits.html|title=My One and Only|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]] ([[Time Warner]])|location=[[Atlanta]]|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|accessdate=October 20, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305063225/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/736293/My-One-and-Only/full-credits.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Filem punika dipunbabar kanggé sagung pamirsa Amérikah Sarékat surya 21 Agustus 2009, lan ing [[Belanda|Walanda]] kababar ing surya 10 Sèptèmber 2009. == Ingkang maragani == * [[Renée Zellweger]]-Anne Deveraux<ref name="only" /> * [[Logan Lerman]]-George Deveraux nalika gangsal welas taun<ref name="hamilton">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ie29ff31c80c6e3dfca33a8318ece35d4|title=Logan Lerman to play George Hamilton|date=June 2, 2008|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|author=Borys Kit|accessdate=July 15, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605070202/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ie29ff31c80c6e3dfca33a8318ece35d4 <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=June 5, 2008}}</ref> * [[Kevin Bacon]]-Danny Deveraux<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117987776.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|title=Bacon lands 'One and Only' role|date=June 19, 2008|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|author=Michael Fleming|accessdate=July 15, 2008|archive-date=February 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206204051/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117987776.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Mark Rendall]]-Robbie<ref name="hamilton" /> * [[Chris Noth]]-Harlan<ref name="only" /> * [[Molly Quinn]]-Paula * [[Nick Stahl]]-Bud<ref name="hamilton" /> * [[Steven Weber (actor)|Steven Weber]]-Wallace<ref name="hamilton" /> * [[Eric McCormack]]-Charlie<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/movies/bal-to.people170jul17,0,1749137.story|title=Eric McCormack of 'Will & Grace' joins 'My One and Only' cast|date=July 17, 2008|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|author=Sam Sessa|accessdate=August 11, 2008}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Robin Weigert]]-Hope * [[David Koechner]]-Bill Massey == Latar wingking == Pamundhutan gambar filem punika kacakaken wonten tlatah [[Baltimore]] wiwit ing surya 9 Juni 2008. Sapérangan panggènan ingkang dipunagem antawisipun sekolah [[Institute of Notre Dame]].<ref name="hamilton" /> Panggènan sanès kalebet [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore]], lan Tyrconnell caket [[Lake Roland (Maryland)|Danau Roland]]. Sawenèh peken ing wiwitan wulan Agustus 2008, pamundhutan gambar ditindakaken ing [[Albuquerque]], New Mexico.<ref name="only" /> Montor Eldorado ingkang kadamel taun 1953 utawi langsung misuwur kanthi sebatan ''"hero car"'' (montor kaping #87 saking 532 Cadillac Eldorados ingkang kadamel taun punika) dipunagem nalika nepangaken filem ing New York City, surya 18 Agustus 2009 ing The Paris Theater, Manhattan. Musik pangiring nyuguhaken lagu jazz sesirah ''My One and Only'' ingkang dipun-garap déning [[Mark Isham]], dipunsengkuyung déning 20 piranti musik ènsèmbel jazz ing Hollywood Studio Symphony [[LA Sound Gallery]], [[Burbank, California]].<ref name="scoring">{{cite news|url=http://www.scoringsessions.com/news/171/|title=Mark Isham scores 'My One and Only'|date=January 21, 2009|publisher=ScoringSessions.com|author=Dan Goldwasser|accessdate=January 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912204524/http://www.scoringsessions.com/news/171/|archive-date=September 12, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''My One and Only'' dipunbabar ing surya 21 Agustus 2009, ing [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], dan [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref>Press notes, "Herrick Entertainment Presents 'My One and Only', A Film by Richard Loncraine"</ref> Ing 4 Sèptèmber 2009 pambabaranipun kalajengaken ing 20 panggènan sanèsipun sajawinipun [[Amérikah Sarékat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/us-americas/freestyle-takes-on-us-release-of-my-one-and-only/5002550.article|title=Freestyle takes on US release of My One And Only|publisher=}}</ref> Filem punika ugi dipunbabar ing [[Belanda|Walanda]], surya 10 Sèptèmber 2009.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1185431/releaseinfo</ref> [[Rotten Tomatoes]] nglaporaken bilih filem punika nglenggahi urutan lan paremenan ing angka 68% dhedhasar pratélanipun 71 juru kritik.<ref name="tomatoes">{{rotten-tomatoes|id=1215970-my_one_and_only|title=My One and Only}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pranala njawi == * {{official website|http://www.myoneandonly.com/}} * {{IMDb title|1185431|My One and Only}} {{artikel ing krama}} {{DEFAULTSORT:My One And Only (Film)}} [[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Film Amérikah Sarékat taun 2009]] [[Kategori:Filem 2009]] [[Kategori:Filem drama]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]] c9iphgjsrgp36glx5yh5qh8jgkh0ffb 0 151301 1758968 1747304 2026-10-20T07:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tempat wisata |image = Pantai Wohkudu (3).jpg |caption = Pantai Wohkudu adalah pantai yang berada di Dukuh Wiroso, Girikarto, Panggang, Wiloso, Girikarto, Panggang, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. |name = {{PAGENAME______}} <br /> Pantai Wohkudu |lokasi = Wiloso, Girikarto, Kec. Panggang, [[Kabupaten Gunung Kidul|Kabupaten Gunung Kidul]], [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]] |negara = {{flag|Indonesia}} |arsitek = |pengelola = |pembuat = |mulai_dibangun = |selesai_dibangun = |ditutup = |biaya = |jenis_wisata =[[Alam|Alam]], [[Pasisir|Pasisir]] |gaya = Alam |luas = |fasilitas = {{*}}Warung Makan<br>{{*}}Tempat Sampah<br> {{*}}Toilet<br>{{*}}Area Parkir<br>{{*}}Mushola<br>{{*}}Spot Foto }} '''Pasisir Wohkudh''' utawi '''Pantai Wohkudu''' yaiku destinasi alam pantai kang ana ing Wiloso, Girikarto, Kecamatan Panggang, Kabupaten [[Kabupatèn Gunungkidul|Gunung Kidul]], Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Pantai iki nglakoni para pengunjung karo keindahan alam sing ngeguyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gemasulawesi.com/wisata-pantai-wohkudu-yogyakarta-jadi-salah-satu-destinasi-terbaik-untuk-camping-sangat-asri-dan-tentram/|title=Wisata Pantai Wohkudu Yogyakarta jadi Salah Satu Destinasi Terbaik untuk Camping, Sangat Asri dan Tentram|date=2023-05-26|website=gemasulawesi.com Berita Terkini Indonesia Hari Ini|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2023-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605192402/https://www.gemasulawesi.com/wisata-pantai-wohkudu-yogyakarta-jadi-salah-satu-destinasi-terbaik-untuk-camping-sangat-asri-dan-tentram/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nalika posisi ing sisih kidul kutha Yogyakarta, Pantai Wohkudu bisa dijangkau kanthi jarak sekitar 40 kilometer, lan perjalanan saka Yogyakarta bakal mlaku selama siji setengah jam karo kendaraan. Yen nganggo kendharaan saka Kota Wonosari, ibu kota Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, perjalanan menyang arah kulon-kidul kanthi jarak sekitar 30 kilometer bakal mlaku selama 45 menit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hipwee.com/travel/pantai-untuk-kamping-di-jogja/?q=pantai+wohkudu+alamat&sca_esv=573369116&tbm=nws&sxsrf=AM9HkKmC7FxDOP6oLeF8paGRIREDLaKvUw:1697255310135&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF8ene0PSBAxUcSmwGHTU5Bk0Q_AUoA3oECAEQBQ&biw=958&bih=913&dpr=1|title=6 Pantai untuk Kamping Terbaik di Jogja|date=2023-06-18|website=www.hipwee.com|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/jendela-dunia/6-pantai-di-jogja-yang-sepi-untuk-menenangkan-diri-21FxlDPKdes|title=6 Pantai di Jogja yang Sepi untuk Menenangkan Diri|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/hot/read/4997621/38-wisata-pantai-di-yogyakarta-yang-unik-indah-manjakan-mata|title=38 Wisata Pantai di Yogyakarta yang Unik, Indah Manjakan Mata|last=Liputan6.com|date=2022-06-28|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref> Pantai iki nyedhiyakaké perpaduan apik antara pasir putih, banyu laut sing jernih, lan pemandangan alam sing memukau. Pengunjung bisa nikmati sejumlah kagiyatan ing pantai iki, kaya renang, berjemur, utawa mungkin berenang-berombongan yen cuaca cocok. Manawi saka aktivitas pantai, Pantai Wohkudu uga dikelilingi déning watu kapur sing munggah. Pantai iki uga nerusakaké fasilitas kaya warung panganan lan penyewaan perlengkapan pantai, supaya pengunjung bisa nglampahi lan nikmati hidangan enak sawise aktifitas ing pantai. Karo lokasi sing gampang dijangkau lan keindahan alam sing memukau, Pantai Wohkudu yaiku destinasi liburan sing apik kanggo wong-wong sing pengin kasenangan lan keindahan alam ing Yogyakarta. Pantai iki cuma adohi lebar sakitar 20 nganti 25 mitèr, karo gunung batu gedhe ing sisi kewan uguh lan kiwa.Saben Pantai Wohkudu, pantai iki ana panorama alam sing cukup apik. Lokasine uga kaya pantai pribadi, sepi saka keramaian lan duwé lokasi rahasia. Cocok banget kanggo sampeyan sing pengin dandani lan rileks saka kabeh aktifitas sing bosen. Pantai iki kaya teluk, karo watu karang sing legi njabèhi sekitar pantai. Maka saka samudra ora terasa banget nganti pinggir pantai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeindonesia.com/pantai-wohkudu/|title=Pantai Wohkudu, Pantai Tersembunyi Nan Cantik - NativeIndonesia.com|date=2021-07-28|website=www.nativeindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=2023-10-13}}</ref> ==Harga Tiket== Mlebu ing wisata ing Pantai Wohkudu Yogyakarta duwé tarif sing cukup terjangkau, yaitu 3.000 rupiah saben wong. Akan tetapi, ana sawetara biaya tambahan sing perlu diwaspadai nalika berkunjung menyang pantai iki. Retribusi parkir kendaraan roda dua dikutukaké nganti 3.000 rupiah, sementara kendaraan roda empat dikutukaké 5.000 rupiah. Iki perlu diperhatikan manawa sampeyan datang nganggo kendaraan pribadi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://niagatour.com/pantai-wohkudu/|title=Tiket Masuk, Fasilitas, Lokasi, Rute Menuju Lokasi Pantai Wohkudu|last=niagatour|website=Paket Wisata Domestik & Internasional Murah & Terbaik 2023|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagantour.com/pantai-wohkudu/|title=Pantai Wohkudu: Lokasi, Tiket Masuk dan Daya Tarik (2023) –|last=Tour|first=Nagan|date=2023-07-05|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagantour.com/pantai-wohkudu/|title=Pantai Wohkudu: Lokasi, Tiket Masuk dan Daya Tarik (2023) –|last=Tour|first=Nagan|date=2023-07-05|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref> Nanging, ana biaya tambahan liyane sing mungkin perlu sampeyan pertimbangkan, kaya sewa tikar utawa biaya nganggo toilet. Karena iku, apik kanggo ngecek harga tiket lan biaya tambahan secara real-time sadurunge berkunjung, lan apik uga kanggo nampa uang ekstra, sing jumlahé cilik, kanggo tindak lanjut. Kanthi cara iki, sampeyan bisa nikmati kunjungan sampeyan tanpa khawatir tentang biaya tambahan sing mungkin muncul. Pantai Wohkudu yaiku destinasi sing patut kanggo didatangi karo fasilitas sing cukup terjangkau kanggo pengunjung.<ref name=":1" /> == Fasilitas == Pantai sing ana nganggo atara wewengkon watu iki ora duwe sawetara fasilitas sing komplit, nanging iku malah nambah daya tariké minangka destinasi alam sing alami. Meskipun begitu, pengunjung sing datang menyang Pantai Wohkudu bakal nemokaké sawetara fasilitas sing bisa nglancarake kunjungan sampeyan. Salah siji aktivitas sing populer ing pantai iki yaiku memancing. Pantai Wohkudu dikenal minangka kawasan pantai sing apik kanggo mancing. Kanggo iku, ana penyewaan alat pancing sing bakal nglancarake pengunjung sing pengin nyobani nasibé ing samudra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://getlost.id/2022/02/08/camping-di-antara-tebing-tebing-eksotis-di-pantai-wohkudu/|title=Camping di Antara Tebing-tebing Eksotis di Pantai Wohkudu|last=Yuliani|first=Melinda|date=2022-02-08|website=Where Your Journey Begins|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216085601/https://getlost.id/2022/02/08/camping-di-antara-tebing-tebing-eksotis-di-pantai-wohkudu/|archive-date=2025-02-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Utawa, pantai iki wis dikompliti karo fasilitas toilet, nglampahi pengunjung nganti bisa merasa luwih nyaman nalika mlebu pantai. Iki iku hal sing penting amarga kenyamanan pengunjung yaiku prioritas utama. Sawise aku katon, Pantai Wohkudu uga duwe mushola, sing bisa digunakaké dening pengunjung sing pengin ibadah utawa sekadar mlaku. Iki nuduhaké perhatian marang kebutuhan spiritual saka pengunjung lan njalukake pantai iki luwih ramah. Sing munggah, uga manggoné Pantai Wohkudu nggoleki pengalaman alam sing unik lan asri sing cocok kanggo wong sing pengin kasenangan lan keindahan alam. Iki yaiku tempat sing cocok kanggo merenung, nikmati alam, utawa nyoba nasibé mancing ing antara watu pegunungan sing mempesona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pantainesia.com/pantai-wohkudu#fasilitas-di-pantai-wohkudu|title=Pantai Wohkudu 🏖️ HTM, Rute, Foto & Ulasan Pengunjung|website=www.pantainesia.com|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://widyalokawisata.com/pantai-wohkudu/|title=Pantai Wohkudu {{!}} Lokasi, Akses dan Harga Tiket Masuk {{!}} WidyaLoka Wisata|last=Wisata|first=WidyaLoka|date=2020-03-26|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-10-14}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pesisir.net/pantai-wohkudu-gunung-kidul|title=Pantai Wohkudu Gunung Kidul - Daya Tarik, Aktivitas Liburan, Lokasi & Harga Tiket - Pesisir|date=2023-09-30|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923004601/https://www.pesisir.net/pantai-wohkudu-gunung-kidul|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Lokasi== [[file: Pantai Wohkudu (2).jpg| left | thumb | 300px | Pamandangan watu ing pasisir Wohkudh]] Lokasi Pasisir Wohkudu ana ing Desa Girikarto, Kecamatan Panggang, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. # Menika lewat Jalan Wonosari: Nalika saka Jalan Wonosari - Piyungan - Patul - Lanud Gading, ambil metu munggu - Pasar Playen - Paliyan - Girikarto - Pasisir Wohkudu. # Menika lewat Banguntapan: Ambil saka arah Banguntapan - Imogiri - Siluk - Panggak - Girikarto - Pasisir Wohkudu. Lewat kedua rute iki, para wisatawan bakal cepet tiba ing kawasan wisata Pasisir Wohkudu. Nanging sayang, sawisé sampun tiba ing lokasi wisata, para pengunjung kudu mlaku kaké kurang lewat 10 menit saka tempat parkir menyang arah Pantai. Mboten uga jalanan saka parkir menyang pantai wis ora terlalu apik lan njaluk cor blok lan bebatuan. Yèn para wisatawan maksa nggunakake kendaraan bermotor, mungguh dikhawatiraké bakal ana masalah ing tengah jalan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tribunnews.com/2017/04/21/pantai-wohkudu-tumbuhan-hijau-terbelah-pasir-kecokelatan-keeksotisannya-pukau-wisatawan|title=Pantai Wohkudu - Tumbuhan Hijau Terbelah Pasir Kecokelatan, Keeksotisannya Pukau Wisatawan|website=Tribun Travel|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref> ==Wisata== Pantai iki ana ing teluk sing memukau, sing nerusakaké aktivitas menarik kanggo pengunjung sing lagi mencari pengalaman alam sing unik. Ing ngisor iki yaiku sawetara hal menarik sing bisa digawe ing pantai iki:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inilah.com/panduan-bertualang-ke-pantai-wohduku-keindahan-wisata-alam-di-yogyakarta|title=Panduan Bertualang ke Pantai Wohduku, Keindahan Wisata Alam di Yogyakarta|last=Pratiwi|first=Aniza|website=www.inilah.com}}</ref> # Nikmati Keindahan Pantai Berbatu. Pantai iki duwe ciri khas batu-batu alam sing nambah pesonane. Pengunjung bisa njalukake pantai iki sambil nikmati pemandangan batu-batu sing indah, ambek gambar bareng kanthi latar belakang batu-batu sing unik, utawa sekadar merasakake alam sing beda saka pantai-pantai sing pasir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genpi.id/pantai-wohkudu-di-gunungkidul/|title=Pantai Wohkudu yang Indah dan Tersembunyi di Gunungkidul|last=Pangkey|first=Yopie|date=2021-08-09|website=Genpi|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519155344/https://genpi.id/pantai-wohkudu-di-gunungkidul/|url-status=dead}}</ref> #Nikmati Panorama Teluk. Pantai Wohkudu nyedhiyakake pemandangan sing spektakuler saka teluké. Pengunjung bisa nikmati panorama samudra sing loro-lero, nyedhiyakake pemandangan ombak sing mejal ing pantai, utawa njupuk sembrono sambil ngrasakake keindahan alam. #Kemah Ria. Kanggo pengunjung sing seneng petualangan, pantai iki yaiku tempat sing apik kanggo kemah. Ngalamiaké tenda ing kene bakal ngasorake pengalaman kemah sing ora bakal dilupakan. Bobo ing sajabanget ing tengah langit malam sing berbintang lan ngrasakake alunan ombak yaiku salah siji aktivitas sing bisa dinikmati ing Pantai Wohkudu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-5106252/pantai-wohkudu-yogyakarta-yang-pas-buat-kemping|title=Pantai Wohkudu Yogyakarta yang Pas Buat Kemping|last=Bagasz|first=Yogga|website=detikTravel|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2021-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614184634/https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-5106252/pantai-wohkudu-yogyakarta-yang-pas-buat-kemping|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goldentourjogja.com/pantai-wohkudu/|title=Asyiknya Camping di Padang Rumput Pantai Wohkudu {{!}} GoldenTour Jogja|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-14}}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> #Tenang Rasa Diri ing Suasana Alam sing Asri lan Damai. Pantai iki uga yaiku tempat sing apik kanggo sekadar nyantai lan merenung. Pengunjung bisa duduk ing pinggir pantai, ngrasakake suara ombak, lan merasakake ketenangan sing bakal ora bisa diganti ing alam terbuka. Pantai Wohkudu yaiku destinasi alam sing mempesona sing ngegabungake keindahan alam karo beragam aktivitas rekreasi. Iki yaiku tempat sing apik kanggo ngalami waktune karo keluarga lan teman-teman, utawa uga kanggo meresapi keindahan alam ing suasana kanggo kagem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/kholisraihan5715/606f2eb3d541df102a5935c2/cerita-wisata-camping-pantai-wohkudu-yogyakarta|title=Cerita Wisata Camping Pantai Wohkudu Yogyakarta|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2021-04-08|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery mode = "packed"> file: Pantai Wohkudu (4).jpg | Pantai Wohkudu adalah pantai yang berada di Dukuh Wiroso, Girikarto, Panggang, Wiloso, Girikarto, Panggang, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. file: Pantai Wohkudu (5).jpg | Pantai Wohkudu adalah pantai yang berada di Dukuh Wiroso, Girikarto, Panggang, Wiloso, Girikarto, Panggang, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. file: Pantai Wohkudu (1).jpg | Pantai Wohkudu adalah pantai yang berada di Dukuh Wiroso, Girikarto, Panggang, Wiloso, Girikarto, Panggang, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. </gallery> == Rujukan == <div class="reflist <!-- -->{{#if: 00000000000000000002 | columns references-column-width }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: 00000000000000000002 | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: 00000000000000000002 > 1 }} | {{column-width|1= 00000000000000000002 }} | {{#switch: 00000000000000000002 |1=|2={{column-width|1=30em}}|#default={{column-width|1=25em}}}} }} | {{#if: | {{column-width|1={{{colwidth}}}}} }} }} list-style-type: <!-- -->{{#switch: | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group}}} | #default = decimal}};"> {{#tag:references||group=|responsive={{#if: 00000000000000000002 |0|1}}}}</div>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using reflist with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]] }}|preview=Page using [[Template:Reflist]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | colwidth | group | liststyle | refs }} [[Kategori:Papan wisata ing Ngayogyakarta]] [[Kategori:WikiPlesir]] ocdcoitycsnj98cxs6ekc1gv1zc718y 0 161046 1758945 1754668 2026-10-19T22:17:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261019sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1758945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|jmpl|Sawijining iklan kang nawakaké batur tukon ]] '''Sajarah Batur Tukon''' ya iku sajarah anané batur tukon kang nyrambahi budaya, bangsa, lan kapitayan (agama), saka jaman kuna nganti wektu saiki. Sanajan mangkono, posisi batur tukon sacara legal, sosial, lan ékonomi iku béda-béda miturut sistemé, papané lan wektuné.<ref>{{cite book|title=African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean|url=https://archive.org/details/africanslaveryin0000herb|last=Klein|first=Herbert S.|author2=III, Ben Vinson|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195189421|edition=2nd|location=New York [etc.]}}</ref> Batur tukon iki arang anané ing populasi kang dumadi saka populasi ''hunter-gatherer<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Eric Alden|last2=Hill|first2=Kim|last3=Marlowe|first3=Frank|last4=Nolin|first4=David|last5=Wiessner|first5=Polly|last6=Gurven|first6=Michael|last7=Bowles|first7=Samuel|last8=Mulder|first8=Monique Borgerhoff|last9=Hertz|first9=Tom|date=February 2010|title=Wealth Transmission and Inequality Among Hunter-Gatherers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2010-02_51_1/page/n24|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=51|issue=1|pages=19–34|doi=10.1086/648530|pmc=2999363|pmid=21151711|quote=Summary characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCSS). [...] Social stratification [: ...] Hereditary slavery 24% [...].|last10=Bell|first10=Adrian}}</ref>,'' amarga batur tukon iki tuwuh sangisore sistem tataran sosial (stratifikasi sosial)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=hLFGpdkpHKsC&pg=PT72|title=Rediscovering the Hidden World: The Changing Human Geography of Kongo|last=Wanzola|first=Hamba|date=30 November 2012|publisher=[[Xlibris Corporation]]|isbn=978-1479751914|page=72|quote=Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations as slavery depends on a system of social stratification.}}</ref>. Batur tukon wiwit dilakokaké ing kauripan masarakat kang paling pisanan, (kaya ta [[Sumer]] ing [[Mesopotamia|Mésopotamia]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C|title=Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East|last1=Tetlow|first1=Elisabeth Meier|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780826416285|series=Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society|volume=1|location=New York|publication-date=2004|page=7|chapter=Sumer|quote=In Sumer, as in most ancient societies, the institution of slavery existed as an integral part of the social and economic structure. Sumer was not, however, a slavery-based economy.|access-date=17 Mar 2019}}</ref> kang bisa ditlesih wektuné ing kala kawuri saka 3500 ''BC''). Batur tukon uga kasebut ing ''[[Code of Hammurabi]]'' Mésopotamia (''c. 1860&nbsp;BC''), kang dirujuk minangka sawijining institusi kang diyasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM|title=Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033802/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM|archivedate=14 May 2011|quote=e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".}}</ref> Batur tukon dadi umum sajroning Éropa nalikané ''[[Dark Ages]]'' lan terus tekan [[Jaman Tengahan]]. [[Perang antarané Bizantium lan Osmani]] (1265–1479) lan [[perang Osmani ing Éropah]] (abad ka-14 nganti abad ka- 20) kasil nawan batur tukon Kristen kanthi gunggung kang akèh. Wong Walanda, wong Perancis, wong Spanyol, wong Portugis, wong Inggris, wong Arab, lan saweneh krajan Afrika Kulon duwé peran kang wigati ing padagangan batur tukon ing wewengkon Atlantik, utamané sawisé 1600. Sanajan batur tukon iku wis ora diéntukaké manèh ing saindenging donya (kajaba anané buruh tahanan),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavery2.htm|title=Anti-Slavery Society|publisher=Anti-slaverysociety.addr.com|accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref> pangedolan manungsa isih dadi masalah internasional, lan yèn diwetara, nganti taun 2013, wus ana udakara 25-40 yuta wong kang didadèkaké batur tukon, akèh-akèhé ing [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/|title=Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals more Than 29 Million people Living In Slavery|date=4 October 2013|work=Global Slavery Index 2013|accessdate=17 October 2013|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407232555/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Antaraning taun Perang Sipil Sudan Kaloro ing taun 1983–2005, akèh wong kang didadèkaké batur tukon.<ref name="US Department of State2">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm|title=Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan|date=22 May 2002|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=20 March 2014}}</ref> Bukti-bukti anané sistem batur tukon lan pangedolan bocah-bocah ing sawijining kebon kakao ing Afrika Kulon, nuli katon udakara ing taun 1990-an.<ref name="theAustralian-208672">{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html|title=West is master of slave trade guilt|author=5 Minutes 10 Minutes <!-- // .tier-2 -->|publisher=Theaustralian.news.com.au|accessdate=4 December 2011|archive-date=13 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613155944/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Batur tukon terus lumaku nganti abad ka-21. Sanajan [[Mauritania]] ndadèkaké batur tukon minangka sawijining tumindak kriminal ing sasi Agustus 2007,<ref name="Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm|title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law|date=9 August 2007|accessdate=4 December 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> audakara 600.000 wong, utawa 20% saka populasiné Mauritania, isih akèh kang didadèkaké budhak, lan akèh saka wong-wong iku kang dadi batur utang. <ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml|title=The Abolition season on BBC World Service|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> kl9iwcfxep7c1jki8grov8n80p6fe9f 0 161400 1758938 1744275 2026-10-19T21:12:12Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Cauliflower.JPG|jmpl|Gobis kembang]] [[File:2008 Veg Egypt 3140277021.jpg|jmpl|panen kembang Kol ing [[mesir]]]] '''Cauliflower''' utawa kembang kol ya iku tanduran kang melu pepanthan ''botrytis'' saka [[Spésies|spesies]] ''Brassica oleracea'' (suku [[Brassicaceae]] ). Minangka [[Janganan|sayuran]], tanduran iki umum diceluk minangka '''kembang kubis,''' yai ku pertalan barès saka ''Bloemkool'' basa [[Basa Walanda|Walanda]] . Tembung '''blumbol''' uga umum diceluk.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/blumkol |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-19 |archive-date=2022-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317093259/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/blumkol |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kembang kol iku bentuké amèh kaya [[brokoli]] . Bentenipun inggih menika kembang Kobis kanthi kathah sirah kembang lan rada padhet. Mung "sirah" kembang kol kang padatan bisa dipangan (ing literatur [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]] kembang kol diarani ''curd pethak'' ). Ing sisih endhas ana godhong ijo sing kandel lan disusun kandel. Kembang kol uga padha karo kubis Romanesco . Kembang kubis minangka sumber [[vitamin]] lan [[mineral]] lan padatané dipangan kanthi cara dimasak dhisik, sanajan bisa uga dipangan mentah utawa digawé [[acar]] . Miturut Departemen Pertanian [[Amérikah Sarékat]] (USDA), sacangkir kembang kol mentah bisa andum 77% [[vitamin C]] saka " Acuan Konsumsi Pangan " kanggo tiyang diwasa. Kembang Kol uga minangka dadi sumber [[Protéin|protein]], [[Tiamin|thiamin]], [[riboflavin]], [[niasin]], [[Kalsiyum|kalsium]], [[Wesi(fèrum)|wesi]], [[Magnèsiyum|magnesium]], [[fosfor]] lan [[Sèng|seng]], sing becik kanggo dadi sumber [[Serat makanan|serat pangan]], vitamin B6, asam folat, asam pantotenat lan [[Kaliyum|kalium]] . Sayur-sayuran iki uga ngandhut [[lemak jenuh]], lan sethithik banget [[kolesterol]] ya iku kurang saka 1 g saben kg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/sehat/7-manfaat-mengonsumsi-kembang-kol-untuk-kesehatan.html|title=Manfaat mengonsumsi Kembang Kol untuk Kesehatan|last=Kusumaningrum|first=Febrianti Diah|date=2014-12-01|website=merdeka.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> Kaya déné kol-kolan liyané, kembang kol uga ngandhut zat anti-gizi uga ( ''goiterogens'', "pamicu weteng kembung") saéngga wigati kanggo ngewatesi konsumsiné. Kembang Kol iku sawijining tanduran semangsa kang duwé siklus urip wiwit patang wulan lan paling suwé setaun, gumantung ing jinis, jinis ''panas'' utawa jinis ''mangsa'' (ndeleng vernalization ). == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Brassica+oleracea+cauliflower+and+broccoli&RF=Webdisplay PROTBase ing ''Brassica oleracea (cauliflower lan brokoli)''] [http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Brassica+oleracea+cauliflower+and+broccoli&RF=Webdisplay] * [http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0411597 Ukuran dimensi brokoli ijo lan cauliflower putih (Kim)] (PDF) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513014110/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/2004/040412caulif.html Orange Cauliflower Development] [[Kategori:Janganan]] [[Kategori:Kembang]] [[Kategori:Panganan]] 19by3l6v3fbq8vnucfu82m1xbiv7e0u 0 163641 1758939 1756971 2026-10-19T21:28:42Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 2 books for (20261019sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1758939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Lipid_bilayer_section.gif|ka|jmpl|300x300px| Sesawangan cuwéran lipid dumadi saka fosfatidil kolina]] '''Lipid Dwilapis''' (utawa '''fosfolipid dwilapis''' ) yaiku lapisan membran tipis sing dumadi saka rong lapisan [[molekul]] lipid . Membran iki ana lembar warata sing dadi alangan terus ing [[Sèl (biologi)|sèla]] . [[Mémbran sèl|Membran sèl]] meh saben [[Organisme|organisme urip]] lan akéh jinis [[virus]], uga membran sing ngubengi [[Inti sel|inti sèl]] lan struktur sub-sèl liyané, dibentuk dening lapisan lipid Lapis. Lipid dwilapis minangka alangan sing njaga [[ion]], [[Protéin|protein]] lan molekul liyané ing endi sing dibutuhaké lan ngalangi supaya ora nglewati menyang wilayah liyané sing ora dibutuhaké. Bilayered lemak sampurna cocog kanggo muter peran iki amarga sanajan iku mung sawetara [[Nanometer|nanomèter]] sudhut,<ref name="andersen2007">{{Cite journal|last=Andersen|first=Olaf S.|last2=Koeppe, II|first2=Roger E.|date=June 2007|title=Bilayer Thickness and Membrane Protein Function: An Energetic Perspective|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132643|journal=Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure|volume=36|issue=1|pages=107–130|doi=10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132643|access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref> iku bisa ora bakal penetrated dening paling molekul telat ing banyu ( hidrofilik ). Kajaba iku, dwilapis kasebut ora bisa ditembus dening ion, ngidini sèl kanggo ngatur konsentrasi uyah lan tingkat pH kanthi ngompa ion ing membran nggunakaké protein sing diarani pompa ion . Dwilapis alami biasané kalebu [[fosfolipid]] sing duwé sirah hidrofilik lan loro buntut hidrofobik ing saben molekul. Nalika phospholipid kapapar banyu, disusun kanggo mbentuk rong lapisan (siji dwilapis) kanthi saben molekul nuding ing tengah lembaran iki. Pusat dwilapis meh ora duwé banyu lan rahasia molekul kaya ta [[gula]] lan uyah sing bisa larut ing banyu nanging ora ana minyak. Proses instalasi iki meh padha karo proses tetesan minyak sing ana ing banyu lan didorong dening daya sing padha, sing diarani efek hidrofobik . Amarga lipid dwilapis rada ringkih lan tipis nganti ora bisa ndeleng nggunakaké mikroskop tradisional, overlay banget angel sinau. Penghapusan suku dwilapis asring mbutuhaké teknik sing canggih kaya ta mikroskop elektron lan mikroskopis atom . Phosolipid kanthi pirang-pirang pepanthan sirah bisa ngganti kimia lumahing dwilapis lan bisa nindakaké barang kaya ta menehi sèl supaya bisa dirusak dening [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan]] . Buntut lipid uga bisa mangaruhi karakteristik membran, kaya ta kanthi nemtokaké fase dwilapis. Wilayah kasebut bisa duwé bentuk gel padhet ing suhu sing luwih murah, nanging fase dadi bentuk Cairan kanthi suhu sing luwih dhuwur. Komposisi lipid ing dwilapis uga menehi pengaruh karakteristik mekanik, kalebu resistensi kanggo mbengkongaké lan mbengkongaké. Umumé fitur kasebut diteliti nganggo lapisan "model" gawean ing laboratorium. Vesikel sing diasilaké model dwilapis uga digunakaké sacara klinik kanggo obat. [[Mémbran sèl|Membran biologis]] biasané ngemot pirang-pirang jinis lipid saliyané fosfolipid. Conto utama kanggo sèl kewan yaiku [[kolesterol]] sing mbantu nguataké dwilapis lan nyuda wolung. Kolesterol uga mbantu ngontrol kegiatan sawetara protein membran integral . Protein membran integral bisa digunakaké nalika digabung dadi lapisan lipid. Amarga dwilapis nemtokaké wates kanggo siji sèl lan komponen, protein membran iki melu macem-macem proses pangolahan ing jero lan sèl. Sawetara jinis protein membran melu proses gawe putih rong lapisan bebarengan. Bunder iki ngidini nggabungaké rong struktur sing beda kaya ta ing proses persenyawaan [[endhog]] kanthi [[Spermatozoid|sperma]] utawa ngetik [[virus]] menyang sèl. == Struktur lan organisasi == [[Gambar:Bilayer_hydration_profile.svg|ka|jmpl|275x275px| Rencana profil lipid salib khas. Ana telung wilayah sing béda: pepanthan sirah sing dihidrat kanthi lengkap, inti alkané dehidrasi lan area antara hidrasi sing cekak lan sebagean. Sanajan pepanthan sirah ora netral, dheweke duwé wektu dipole sing signifikan sing mengaruhi susunan molekul.<ref>Mashaghi et al. Hydration strongly affects the molecular and electronic structure of membrane phospholipids. 136, 114709 (2012)</ref>]] Lipid dwi-lipid, uga dikenal minangka fosfolipid dual -lipid, yaiku rong lembar lipid-lipid sing disusun supaya sirah fosfat hidrofilik langsung metu menyang banyu ing sisih loro glosari, lan buntut hidrofobik uga ngadhepi lumebu menyang inti dwarfic. Pengaturan iki ngasilaké rong "lembar"; saben lembar siji lapisan molekuler. Lipid sing nyusun awaké dhewe nggawe struktur iki amarga efek hidrofobik sing nyebabaké reaksi sing sregep antarané buntut hidrofobik lipid lan banyu ing sekitare. Dadi, formasi lipid dwilapis biasané dipertahanaké dening pasukan non-kovalen sing ora kalebu penampilan [[Roncèn kimia|ikatan kimia ing]] antarané siji molekul. Ana sawetara persamaan ing antarané struktur iki lan [[sabun]] scum biasa, sanajan ana uga bedané penting. Minangka ditampilaké, loro struktur nglibataké rong lapisan molekul bahan amphiphilic . Kanggo sinetron scum, rong lapisan sabun nutupi lapisan banyu ing antarané loro.<ref name="Divecha1995">{{Cite journal|last=Divecha|first=Nullin|last2=Irvine|first2=Robin F|date=27 January 1995|title=Phospholipid signaling|url=http://ac.els-cdn.com/0092867495904093/1-s2.0-0092867495904093-main.pdf?_tid=98202c6e-dc68-11e3-85aa-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1400182934_aecb2735d6748a91f12b61ce3dfbc000|format=PDF, 0.04 MB|journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]|volume=80|issue=2|pages=269–278|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(95)90409-3|pmid=7834746}}</ref> Sirah hidrofilik ngadhepi lumebu menyang inti banyu iki, déné buntut hidrofobik nuding menyang udara. Kanggo dwilapis lipid uga, struktur iki dibalik, yaiku sirah ing njaba lan buntut ing njero. Bedané liyané antarané dwidapis lipid lan sinetron yaiku ukuran sing relatif. Sabun umumé biasané ana sawetara atus nanomèter - luwih utawa kurang padha karo gelombang gelombang, lan iki minangka sababe pengaruh gangguan nggawe pelangi ing permukaan umpluk. Beda, siji dwilapis lipid mung kira-kira limang nanomèter tebal, luwih cilik tinimbang gelombang gelombang. Dadi, lapisan iki ora bisa didelok mripat manungsa, utawa uga mikroskop sing entheng. === Analisis penampang === [[Gambar:Bacillus_subtilis.jpg|kiri|jmpl|240x240px| Gambar bakteri TEM . Penampilan wulu ing njaba amarga ana gula dawa sing dipasang ing membran sèl. Lapisan iki mbantu banyu trobosan supaya bakteri ora dadi séhat.]] Dwilapis lipid banget lancip dibandhingaké karo dimensi tambahan. Yen sèl mamalia khas (~ 10 mikromèter diamèter) ditambahaké ukuran semangka (~ 1 &nbsp; ft / 30 &nbsp; cm), lipid dwilapis sing arus [[Mémbran sèl|membran plasma]] meh padha karo kertas kertas. Sanajan mung sawetara nanomèter sing kandel, dwilapis kalebu pirang-pirang wilayah kimia sing beda ing bagean kasebut. Wilayah lan interaksi karo banyu lingkungan wis di wènèhi pratandha ing dekadé anyar kanthi nggunakaké reflectometry x-ray,<ref name="Lewis1983">{{Cite journal|date=May 1983|title=Lipid bilayer thickness varies linearly with acyl chain length in fluid phosphatidylcholine vesicles|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1983-05-15_166_2/page/211|journal=J. Mol. Biol.|volume=166|issue=2|pages=211–7|doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(83)80007-2|pmid=6854644}}</ref> semprotané saka neutron <ref name="Zaccai1975">{{Cite journal|date=January 1975|title=Neutron Diffraction Studies on the Location of Water in Lecithin Bilayer Model Membranes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1975-01_72_1/page/376|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=72|issue=1|pages=376–380|bibcode=1975PNAS...72..376Z|doi=10.1073/pnas.72.1.376|pmc=432308|pmid=16592215}}</ref> lan resonansi magnetik nuklir . Wilayah pisanan ing sisih loro dwilapis yaiku pepanthan kepala hidrofilik. Bagean iki membran dihidrat kanthi lengkap lan biasané ana ing sekitar 0.8-0.9 &nbsp; nm nglukis. Ing [[Fosfolipid|phospholipids]] bilayered grup, [[fosfat]] ing area iki hydrated, kira-kira 0,5 &nbsp; Nm ing njaba inti hidrofobik <ref name="Nagle2000">{{Cite journal|date=November 2000|title=Structure of lipid bilayers|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-4157(00)00016-2|journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta|volume=1469|issue=3|pages=159–95|doi=10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00016-2|pmc=2747654|pmid=11063882}}</ref> Ing sawetara kasus, wilayah terhidrat bisa luwih adoh, umpamané ing lipid kanthi protein gedhé utawa chain gula sing dawa digabung menyang sirah. Salah sawijining conto modifikasi sing umum yaiku lapisan [[Lipopolisakarida|lipopolysakarida]] ing membran njaba bakteri,<ref name="Brock2003">{{Cite book|title=Brock biology of microorganisms|url=https://archive.org/details/brockbiologyofmi00madi|vauthors=Parker J, Madigan MT, Brock TD, Martinko JM|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2003|isbn=0-13-049147-0|edition=10th|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J}}</ref> sing mbantu njaga lapisan banyu ing sekitar [[Baktèri|bakteri]] supaya nyegah dehidrasi. Sabanjuré menyang area sing ana hydrated yaiku area penengah sing mung ana hydrated. Lapisan bates iki udakara 0.3 &nbsp; nm nglukis. Ing jarak cendhak kasebut, konsentrasi banyu nyelehaké saka 2M ing sisih endhas nganti meh nul ing buntut (inti).<ref name="Marsh2001">{{Cite journal|last=Marsh D|date=July 2001|title=Polarity and permeation profiles in lipid membranes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2001-07-03_98_14/page/7777|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=98|issue=14|pages=7777–82|bibcode=2001PNAS...98.7777M|doi=10.1073/pnas.131023798|pmc=35418|pmid=11438731}}</ref><ref name="Marsh2002">{{Cite journal|last=Marsh D|date=December 2002|title=Membrane water-penetration profiles from spin labels|journal=Eur. Biophys. J.|volume=31|issue=7|pages=559–62|doi=10.1007/s00249-002-0245-z|pmid=12602343}}</ref> Intine hidrofobik Dwilapis biasané 3-4 tebal &nbsp; nm, nanging nilai kasebut beda karo dawa rantai lan kimia.<ref name="Lewis1983"/><ref name="Rawicz2000">{{Cite journal|date=July 2000|title=Effect of chain length and unsaturation on elasticity of lipid bilayers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biophysical-journal_2000-07_79_1/page/328|journal=Biophys. J.|volume=79|issue=1|pages=328–39|bibcode=2000BpJ....79..328R|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76295-3|pmc=1300937|pmid=10866959}}</ref> Kekandelan inti uga beda karo suhu, utamané kanthi owah-owahan fase.<ref name="Trauble1971">{{Cite journal|year=1971|title=The volume change in lipid bilayer lamellae at the crystalline-liquid crystalline phase transition|journal=Chem. Phys. Lipids.|volume=7|issue=4|pages=324–35|doi=10.1016/0009-3084(71)90010-7}}</ref> === Kimia panampang === Nalika buntut lipid utamané modifikasi tumindak fase dwilapis, iku pepanthan kepala sing nemtokaké kimia permukaan dwilapis. Umumé dwilapis alami kalebu [[fosfolipid]], sanajan sphingolipid kaya ta sphingomyelin lan sterol kaya ta [[kolesterol]] uga dadi komponen penting. Saka fosfolipid, pepanthan sirah sing paling umum yaiku fosfatidil kolin (PC), kira-kira setengah saka phospholipid ing sèl-sèl mamalia.<ref name="Yeagle1993">{{Cite book|title=The membranes of cells|url=https://archive.org/details/membranesofcells0000unse|last=Yeagle, Philip|publisher=Academic Press|year=1993|isbn=0-12-769041-7|edition=2nd|location=Boston}}</ref> PC minangka pepanthan kepala zwitterionic, amarga nduwéni biaya negatif marang pepanthan fosfat lan biaya positif ing amine nanging, amarga biaya lokal iki seimbang, ora ana biaya net. Pepantah sirah liyané uga ana ing macem-macem tingkat lan bisa kalebu fosfatidilserine (PS) fosfatidiletanolamine (PE) lan fosfatidilgliker (PG). Kluster alternatif iki asring nyedhiyakaké fungsi biologis spesifik sing gumantung banget karo konteks. Contone, anané PS ing permukaan membran ekstrasèl [[Eritrosit|erythrocyte]] minangka panandha apoptosis sèl,<ref name="Fadoka1998">{{Cite journal|date=July 1998|title=The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes|journal=Cell Death Differ.|volume=5|issue=7|pages=551–62|doi=10.1038/sj.cdd.4400404|pmid=10200509}}</ref> déné PS ing piring tuwuh dibutuhaké kanggo inti saka kristal hidroksisapatit lan mineralisasi sakteruse.<ref name="Anderson2005">{{Cite journal|date=January 2005|title=The role of matrix vesicles in growth plate development and biomineralization|url=http://www.bioscience.org/2005/v10/af/1576/fulltext.htm|journal=Front. Biosci.|volume=10|issue=1–3|pages=822–37|doi=10.2741/1576|pmid=15569622|access-date=2019-11-16|archive-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527060747/http://www.bioscience.org/2005/v10/af/1576/fulltext.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Eanes1987">{{Cite journal|date=January 1987|title=Calcium phosphate precipitation in aqueous suspensions of phosphatidylserine-containing anionic liposomes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_calcified-tissue-international_1987-01_40_1/page/43|journal=Calcif. Tissue Int.|volume=40|issue=1|pages=43–8|doi=10.1007/BF02555727|pmid=3103899}}</ref> Ora kaya PC, sawetara pepanthan sirah liyané nggawa muatan, sing bisa ngganti interaksi elektrostatik molekul cilik kanthi dwilapis.<ref name="Kim1991">{{Cite journal|date=July 1991|title=Binding of peptides with basic residues to membranes containing acidic phospholipids|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biophysical-journal_1991-07_60_1/page/135|journal=Biophys. J.|volume=60|issue=1|pages=135–48|bibcode=1991BpJ....60..135K|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(91)82037-9|pmc=1260045|pmid=1883932}}</ref> == Sejarah == Awal abad kaping 20 para wasis wiwit percaya yen sèl dikubengi alangan kaya minyak tipis,<ref name="Loeb1904">{{Cite journal|last=Loeb J|date=December 1904|title=The recent development of Biology|journal=Science|volume=20|issue=519|pages=777–786|bibcode=1904Sci....20..777L|doi=10.1126/science.20.519.777|pmid=17730464}}</ref> nanging sifat strukture membran iki ora dingerteni. Loro eksperimen ing taun 1925 nggawe dhasar kanggo ngisi sèla iki. Kanthi ngukur kapasitase larutan [[Eritrosit|erythrocyte]], Hugo Fricke nemtokaké manawa membran sèl duwé ketebalan 3,3 &nbsp; n.<ref name="Fricke1925">{{Cite journal|last=Fricke H|year=1925|title=The electrical capacity of suspensions with special reference to blood|journal=Journal of General Physiology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=137–52|doi=10.1085/jgp.9.2.137|pmc=2140799|pmid=19872238}}</ref> Sanajan asil eksperimen iki akurat, Fricke salah ngelingaké data manawa membran sèl minangka lapisan molekuler. Prof. Pak Dr. Evert Gorter <ref name="Gorterbio">{{Cite journal|year=1986|title=On bimolecular layers of lipids on the chromocytes of the blood|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-pediatrics_1986-10_145_5/page/329|journal=Journal of European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=145|issue=5|page=329|doi=10.1007/BF00439232}}</ref> (1881-1954) lan F. Grendel saka Universitas Leiden nyedhaki perkara kasebut saka perspektif sing beda, nyebar lipid erythrocyte minangka monolapis ing bolongan Langmuir-Blodgett . Nalika mbandhingaké area monolitik karo area permukaan sèl, dheweke nemokaké rasio loro nganti siji.<ref name="Gorter1925">{{Cite journal|year=1925|title=On bimolecular layers of lipids on the chromocytes of the blood|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-medicine_1925-04_41_4/page/439|journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=41|issue=4|pages=439–43|doi=10.1084/jem.41.4.439|pmc=2130960|pmid=19868999}}</ref> Analisa sakteruse ngungkapaké pirang-pirang kesalahan lan asumsi sing salah karo eksperimen iki nanging, bebarengan, kasalahan kasebut dibatalaké lan saka data kekurangan Gorter lan Grendel, narik kesimpulan sing bener - manawa membran sèl minangka dwilapis lipid.<ref name="Yeagle1993"/> Teori iki dikonfirmasi kanthi nggunakaké mikroskop elektron ing pungkasan taun 1950an. Sanajan dheweke ora nerbitaké sinau mikroskop elektron pisanan saka lipid dwilapis <ref name="Sjöstrand1958">{{Cite journal|date=April 1958|title=The ultrastructure of the intercalated discs of frog, mouse and guinea pig cardiac muscle|journal=J. Ultrastruct. Res.|volume=1|issue=3|pages=271–87|doi=10.1016/S0022-5320(58)80008-8|pmid=13550367}}</ref> J. David Robertson minangka wong sing pisanan nyatakaké yen rong pita gelap elektron sing padhet yaiku pepanthan sirah lan protein sing gegandhengan karo loro monolither lipid.<ref name="Robertson1960">{{Cite journal|last=Robertson JD|year=1960|title=The molecular structure and contact relationships of cell membranes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-biophysics-and-molecular-biology_1960_10/page/343|journal=Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol.|volume=10|issue=|pages=343–418|pmid=13742209}}</ref><ref name="Robertson1959">{{Cite journal|last=Robertson JD|year=1959|title=The ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives|journal=Biochem. Soc. Symp.|volume=16|issue=|pages=3–43|pmid=13651159}}</ref> Ing karya iki, Robertson ngutarakaké konsep "unit membran". Iki minangka struktur dwilapis sing diwenehaké sacara universal ing kabèh [[Mémbran sèl|membran sèl]] lan membran [[Organel|organél]] . Sawetara wektu sing padha, pangembangan modhèl membran dikonfirmasi manawa lipid dwilapis minangka struktur stabil sing bisa ana kanthi mandhiri [[Protéin|protein]] . Kanthi "nglukis" larutan lipid ing pelarut organik ing ndhuwur ''aperture'', Mueller lan Rudin bisa nggawe lapisan ganda tiruan lan nemtokaké manawa cairan iki mengko lateral, resistensi listrik sing dhuwur lan penyembuhan diri kanggo nanggepi cublesan,<ref name="Mueller1962">{{Cite journal|date=June 1962|title=Reconstitution of cell membrane structure in vitro and its transformation into an excitable system|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1962-06-09_194_4832/page/979|journal=Nature|volume=194|issue=4832|pages=979–80|bibcode=1962Natur.194..979M|doi=10.1038/194979a0|pmid=14476933}}</ref> kabèh kalebu sipat membran. sèl alami. Sawetara taun sabanjuré, Alec Bangham nuduhaké yen dwilapis, ing bentuk vesikel lipid, bisa uga mung dibentuk kanthi nganalisa sampel lipid garing menyang banyu.<ref name="Bangham1964">{{Cite journal|last=Bangham|first=A. D.|last2=Horne|first2=R. W.|year=1964|title=Negative Staining of Phospholipids and Their Structural Modification by Surface-Active Agents As Observed in the Electron Microscope|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1964-05_8_5/page/660|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=8|issue=5|pages=660–668|doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80115-7|pmid=14187392}}</ref> Iki minangka kemajuan penting, amarga nuduhaké yen dwilapis lipid dibentuk sacara spontan liwat swarakit lan ora mbutuhaké struktur dhukungan pola. == Deleng uga == {{Div col||22em}} * [[Surfaktan]] * [[Protein]] * [[Eksositosis]] * [[Membran sel]] * [[Polimorfisme lipid]] * [[Liposom]] * [[Lipidomik]] {{Div col end}} == Cathetan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://avantilipids.com/ Avanti Lipids] Salah sawijining [http://avantilipids.com/ suplemen] lipid komersial paling gedhé. Informasi teknis babagan sifat lipid lan teknik nangani lan nyiapaké dwilapis lipid. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830182312/http://www.lipidat.ul.ie/search.htm LIPIDAT] Database ekstensif situs fisik lipid * [http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html Struktur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411145853/http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html |date=2011-04-11 }} Simulasi [http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html Fluid Lipid Bilayers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411145853/http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html |date=2011-04-11 }} lan pranala sing ana hubungané karo publikasi ing struktur cross-section lipid dwidapis. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030133335/http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model2/bilayer/en/inicio.htm Lipid Bilayers lan Saluran Gramicidin] (mbutuhaké plugin Java) Gambar lan film sing nuduhaké simulasi asil dinamika molekuler lipid dwilapis. * [http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html Struktur Fluid Lipid Bilayers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411145853/http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html |date=2011-04-11 }}, saka laboratorium Stephen White ing Universitas California, Irvine * [http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/biology/MembranePage/index2.html Animasi dinamika lipid Dwilapis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612051816/http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/biology/MembranePage/index2.html |date=2007-06-12 }} (mbutuhaké plugin Flash) [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Biologi sèl]] [[Kategori:Biokimia]] [[Kategori:Kaca mawa pertalan kang durung kapriksa]] nwei8q4kkvklaj8mc5jc0nwo9b3zvlw 4 165026 1758927 1758894 2026-10-19T14:37:09Z MediaWiki message delivery 19967 /* Berita Teknis: 2026-43 */ pérangan anyar 1758927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Pambuka}} <div style="display: none;"> {{Naraguna:LabdajiwaBot/konfig arsip |archive = Wikipédia:Angkringan Warta/Arsip %(year)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 0 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} </div> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 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Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 23 September 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 pukul 14.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menguji pencadangan saat pengalihan peladen pusat data, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang berlangsung dua kali setahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia dialihkan dari satu pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan dan mencegah gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam situasi darurat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan menguji pemberitahuan baru setelah penyuntingan yang dirancang untuk mendorong [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|pengguna Akun Sementara agar mendaftarkan akun permanen]]. Pemberitahuan baru ini menggantikan beberapa kotak dialog dan pemberitahuan sambutan yang muncul secara bersamaan dengan satu pesan yang menyoroti manfaat dalam membuat akun. Eksperimen tersebut meningkatkan persentase pembuatan akun permanen dari 1,94% menjadi 3,66%, atau peningkatan relatif sebesar 87%. Perubahan ini selanjutnya akan diterapkan di seluruh wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * Bagi kontributor Wikipedia yang menggunakan [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur Beta "Mode Saran"]], kini tersedia [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|preferensi pengguna baru yang dapat diaktifkan secara sukarela]] untuk menampilkan pemeriksaan penyuntingan dan saran uji coba. Jenis-jenis ini tercantum di halaman [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]] dan ditujukan untuk pengujian awal oleh pengembang dan pengumpulan masukan dari pengguna berpengalaman. Pengurus dapat mengubah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|konfigurasi]] setiap saran seperti biasa. Pengurus juga dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|menggunakan fitur ini]] untuk membantu menguji gagasan komunitas mereka dalam hal pemeriksaan dan saran yang dibuat secara lokal. Jenis eksperimental akan memiliki tampilan visual yang lebih berbeda pada akhir minggu ini. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Masukan dari pengguna dipersilakan]]. * [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|Warung Kopi Teknis Eropa Tengah dan Timur]] telah diluncurkan sebagai ruang untuk diskusi teknis dan kolaborasi antarkomunitas Wikimedia di Eropa Tengah dan Eropa Timur. * Perkakas baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]] kini tersedia bagi komunitas Wikipedia dalam bahasa-bahasa yang masih baru dan berukuran kecil. Perangkat ini menggabungkan tugas terpandu, perangkat, dan sumber daya untuk membantu komunitas memulai, memantau perkembangan, serta berkolaborasi dengan komunitas Wikimedia yang lebih luas. Starter Kit diinang di Wikimedia Toolforge dan dirancang untuk Wikipedia yang memiliki kurang dari 50.000 artikel. Pelajari lebih lanjut cara kerja Starter Kit dan bagaimana komunitas telah menggunakannya melalui [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|artikel Diff ini]]. * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca meluncurkan pengujian ulang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|eksperimen karusel gambar]]. Pengujian ulang ini akan menggunakan tiga versi desain baru yang telah diperbarui berdasarkan masukan komunitas. Tim tersebut akan menilai hasilnya dan bersama komunitas menentukan apakah fitur ini akan dilanjutkan atau tidak. Eksperimen akan dimulai pada pekan tanggal 28 September dan dilaksanakan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Persia, Prancis, Jerman, Indonesia, Jepang, Polandia, Portugis, Spanyol, Swedia, dan Vietnam. * Setelah berhasil diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|fitur Daftar Bacaan]] dari tim Pengalaman Pembaca akan tersedia bagi seluruh pengguna yang telah masuk log di semua wiki Wikipedia mulai 28 September. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan skrip status mentor berulang kali memperbarui status mentor meskipun tidak ada perubahan, sehingga menghasilkan entri yang tidak diperlukan di Perubahan Terbaru, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi>, yang digunakan untuk mengambil informasi tertentu tentang penyaring penyalahgunaan yang aktif maupun historis dan dikonfigurasi di suatu wiki, telah diperbarui untuk mendukung parameter konfigurasi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi>. Pembaruan ini menyebabkan perubahan yang tidak kompatibel pada respons API. Semua pengguna yang memelihara skrip pengguna atau kode lainnya perlu memeriksa apakah mereka menggunakan API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> dan menyesuaikan kodenya terhadap perubahan yang tidak kompatibel tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Sèptèmber 2026 11.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-40</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna yang memakai kulit bawaan Vector 2022 di web desktop atau Minerva di web seluler kini akan diberi tahu jika saran pencarian yang muncul saat mengetik berasal dari pengalihan halaman. Sebelumnya, pengguna mungkin bingung ketika saran pencarian teratas tidak sama persis dengan kata yang mereka ketik. Pemberitahuan baru ini menjelaskan bahwa saran tersebut tetap berkaitan dengan pencarian yang dilakukan. Halaman yang muncul dalam saran dapat berupa pengalihan menuju artikel yang paling relevan dengan pencarian. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013] * Pengguna Wikipedia yang belum masuk log dan mengakses versi seluler kini akan mulai melihat tombol penanda buku untuk menyimpan artikel ke dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|daftar bacaan]], menggantikan tombol Bintangi yang digunakan saat ini. Ketika ditekan, tombol penanda buku akan meminta pengguna untuk masuk log atau membuat akun agar artikel dapat disimpan dan dibaca kembali di kemudian hari. Eksperimen sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa ikon penanda buku empat kali lebih mungkin mendorong pengguna yang belum masuk log untuk membuat akun dibandingkan tombol Bintangi. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya untuk mendorong lebih banyak pembaca menjadi pemilik akun dan menggunakan fitur yang membantu mereka menyimpan serta kembali ke konten yang ingin dibaca. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769] * Pada 29 September, sebuah uji coba akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Spanyol, Arab, Inggris, dan Prancis untuk menyederhanakan pengalaman yang diterima pengguna segera setelah membuat akun. Pengujian ini akan melihat apakah pengurangan hambatan dalam Survei Sambutan yang saat ini digunakan dapat membantu pengguna baru memahami dengan lebih mudah apa yang perlu dilakukan selanjutnya. Percobaan tersebut akan berlangsung hingga akhir Oktober. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] mengundang komunitas untuk mengusulkan topik yang perlu dipertimbangkan dan didiskusikan bersama Wikimedia Foundation. Kontributor dan kontributor teknis diundang untuk menyumbangkan topik ke [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|halaman pembicaraan dewan tersebut]]. * Mulai akhir minggu ini, komunitas akan dapat mengonfigurasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan dan Saran]] agar [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|ditampilkan di ruang nama tambahan]], seperti ruang nama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Draft:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Masukan dari komunitas dipersilakan]]. * Terdapat kekutu pada [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] yang menyebabkan halaman tersebut gagal dimuat bagi pengguna yang memiliki perubahan yang belum dilihat di Wikimedia Commons. Para pengembang sedang mengerjakan perbaikannya. Sementara itu, pengguna yang terdampak dapat mengikuti langkah penyelesaian sementara yang dijelaskan pada bagian bantuan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|terkait]]. * Kata ajaib baru <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> kini tersedia untuk digunakan. Keduanya dapat mengubah pengurutan bawaan kategori sehingga didasarkan pada waktu suatu halaman dimasukkan ke dalam kategori. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] untuk Wikipedia tidak dapat diakses kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengalihan pusat data yang dijadwalkan pada 23 September telah ditunda. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|Latihan ekuinoks]] menunjukkan adanya masalah kapasitas yang membuat seluruh layanan tidak dapat dialihkan ke pusat data lainnya. Proses tersebut dihentikan sementara agar perhatian dapat dipusatkan pada penyelidikan masalah tersebut dan agar layanan kepada pengguna tetap dapat berjalan dengan andal. Latihan baru akan dijadwalkan. Sementara itu, seluruh lalu lintas dan penyuntingan tetap berjalan seperti biasa. * Pada 23 September, kehilangan daya sempat berdampak pada seluruh wiki dan menimbulkan masalah yang muncul secara berkala, baik dalam mode membaca maupun menyunting. Gerrit juga terdampak. Kejadian ini tidak berkaitan dengan penundaan pengalihan pusat data. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] telah diterapkan di mediawiki.org dan [[phab:T421436|sejumlah wiki dalam bahasa-bahasa India]]. Kami mengharapkan masukan mengenai produk uji coba ini. Produnto memungkinkan pengguna menggunakan modul Lua yang diinang di [[gitlab:repos/lua|GitLab Wikimedia]]. Perangkat ini menyederhanakan proses berbagi kode Lua antarpeladen wiki. Alih-alih menyalin setiap modul Lua satu per satu dari satu wiki ke wiki lainnya, pengguna nantinya dapat dengan mudah berbagi paket di seluruh wiki. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Lokakarya kolaborasi kode lintas wiki]] akan diselenggarakan secara daring pada 2 Oktober pukul 12.30 UTC. Acara ini akan mempertemukan para kontributor teknis dari Asia Selatan untuk mempelajari Produnto dan mulai mengujicobakannya di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, dan Malayalam. Produnto merupakan pengelola paket untuk menerapkan modul Lua yang diinang di GitLab ke wiki Wikimedia, dan baru-baru ini diterapkan pada sejumlah wiki percontohan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 Sèptèmber 2026 10.48 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31092225 --> == This Month in Education: September 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 9 • September 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate|Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp & Team Building 2026|Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp & Team Building 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah|Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikidata integration in the Library & Information Science course|Wikidata integration in the Library & Information Science course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language|Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity|Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites|Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia|St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms|Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil|Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow & Learnings|Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow & Learnings]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful|Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia|Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script|From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership|CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026|Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?|Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 30 Sèptèmber 2026 18.36 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=31092240 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-41</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Proses untuk Daftar Harapan Komunitas tahun ini [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|telah dipublikasikan]] setelah menerima masukan dari komunitas. Sesi pengiriman permohonan akan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|berakhir pada 8 November 2026]]. Pada tahun ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|kelompok kerja (kami membutuhkan bantuan Anda!)]] yang beranggotakan kontributor sukarelawan dan staf Wikimedia Foundation akan bekerja pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|tahap pengelompokan]]. Proses pengelompokan diharapkan berlangsung pada akhir November 2026. Masa pemungutan suara akan dimulai pada Januari 2027. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Penyunting yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|penyunting visual]] kini akan melihat peringatan ketika menempelkan teks yang kemungkinan pada awalnya disalin dari salah satu dari lima chatbot AI generatif eksternal ke Wikipedia. Fitur ini dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|Pemeriksaan Tempelan MBB]]. Fitur tersebut merupakan salah satu jenis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan]] yang dapat diatur oleh komunitas. Pemeriksaan ini mencari penanda tertentu dalam HTML yang disalin dan tidak menggunakan pendeteksian tanda air pada konten. Suntingan juga akan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|diberi tanda]] sehingga dapat diperiksa lebih saksama oleh pengguna yang melakukan patroli. Fitur ini membantu pengguna baru menambahkan konten yang sesuai dengan kebijakan Wikipedia sekaligus memudahkan penyunting berpengalaman mengidentifikasi suntingan yang bermasalah. Komunitas yang memiliki kebijakan lokal mengenai penggunaan MBB dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|menyesuaikan teks peringatan dan kebijakan yang ditautkan]]. Tim tersebut [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|meminta maaf]] karena fitur ini diluncurkan tanpa memberikan waktu yang cukup untuk menerjemahkannya. * Penyunting kini dapat dengan mudah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|mengakses penyunting visual versi web secara langsung dari aplikasi iOS dan Android]]. Ketika membukanya, pengguna akan diberi pilihan antara penyuntingan visual dan penyuntingan sumber. Jika memilih penyuntingan visual, pengguna akan diarahkan ke jendela web seluler di peramban ponselnya. Setelah menyelesaikan suntingan, sebuah spanduk akan memberi pilihan untuk kembali ke aplikasi. Dengan demikian, pembaca dapat memberikan kontribusi dengan cepat ketika sedang membaca secara santai. * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android dan iOS kini akan melihat permintaan pembuatan akun satu kali setelah menggunakan aplikasi tersebut selama dua pekan berturut-turut. Permintaan ini akan menjelaskan manfaat memiliki akun. Fitur tersebut ditujukan untuk membantu lebih banyak pembaca yang hanya sesekali menggunakan aplikasi menjadi pengguna yang masuk log dengan akun dan kembali menggunakan aplikasi secara rutin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847] * Penyunting di [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|wiki grup 1]], termasuk Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, dan Wikisource, tidak akan lagi melihat pemberitahuan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Perubahan Terbaru]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Daftar Pantauan]] ketika pranala ke versi bahasa lain dari suatu halaman ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah pada butir Wikidata halaman tersebut. Perubahan ini akan dimulai pada 5 Oktober pukul 07.00 UTC sebagai uji coba selama dua pekan untuk mengurangi pemberitahuan dalam jumlah besar yang bernilai rendah dan memudahkan penyunting untuk mengenali perubahan-perubahan penting. Penyunting yang mengandalkan pemberitahuan ini dapat membaca informasi lebih lanjut di [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|halaman proyek]] dan menyampaikan masukan atau kekhawatiran di [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|halaman pembicaraannya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:36}} {{PLURAL:36|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pembimbing yang telah mengundurkan diri dari program bimbingan masih dapat memiliki peserta bimbing yang ditugaskan kepadanya dan tetap menerima pertanyaan kini telah diperbaiki. Peserta bimbing kini akan dialihkan kepada pembimbing lain ketika seorang pembimbing meninggalkan program tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Wikimedia Brasil telah menerbitkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Kerangka Kerja Praktik Terbaik Pengembangan]] (ABPD). Panduan ini ditujukan bagi staf, kontraktor, dan sukarelawan yang membangun alat serta proyek teknis. Panduan tersebut mencakup siklus hidup proyek, keamanan, aksesibilitas, perlindungan data pribadi, dan penggunaan kecerdasan buatan yang bertanggung jawab. Panduan ini juga menjelaskan bagaimana pedoman yang berlaku di seluruh gerakan Wikimedia dapat disesuaikan dengan konteks lokal. Wikimedia Brasil mendorong afiliasi lain untuk menggunakan kembali dan menyesuaikannya. Baca informasi lebih lanjut dalam [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|artikel di Diff]]. * URL dasar kanonis baru untuk API Wikimedia akan segera diperkenalkan. Rute kanonis baru menggunakan pola <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/api/</nowiki></code></bdi> dan akan berfungsi sebagai jalur alternatif untuk API REST yang saat ini tersedia, misalnya <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/w/rest.php/</nowiki></code></bdi>. Kedua versi tersebut dapat digunakan untuk seluruh API yang sudah ada, tetapi struktur baru akan menjadi jalur yang diutamakan untuk modul API yang baru dibuat. Perubahan ini tidak akan menyebabkan gangguan bagi sebagian besar pengguna. Jalur yang sudah ada akan tetap tersedia untuk seluruh permintaan ke titik akhir yang telah ada. Namun, beberapa titik akhir dapat mengembalikan URL dengan pola baru di dalam isi respons. Perubahan ini akan tersedia terlebih dahulu di wiki uji coba, dengan peluncuran ke seluruh wiki diharapkan selesai pada akhir Oktober. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W41"/> </div> 5 Oktober 2026 18.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31098825 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 9 Oktober 2026 09.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IX, September 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: What a great month again in the GLAM community! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Wikifying the ALIA West Conference 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Thousands of eyes on Brazilian heritage through Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: The Long Strides of Egypt’s GLAM Team in September * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Organized Labour Month in France * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Note condivise opens up Italy’s musical heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Can I trust Wikipedia?, Books of Mana, an Auckland War Memorial Museum update and a report on TDWG2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wiki Loves Film – Collaboration with Manaki Film Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Opening Collections, Growing Networks: Polish GLAM-Wiki in September * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Wiki Ambassadors, Wiki Partners, Raduni Wikigita * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Tunisia report|Tunisia report]]: Wikipedian in Residence: National Archives of Tunisia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art in Korean + UK Honours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM USA Report (Past & Upcoming) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Content Partnerships Hub: Some news from the first half of the year * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Peruvian heritage in Thai * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Oktober 2026 22.57 (UTC)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=31124240 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-42</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Mulai 13 Oktober, wiki dapat mengubah pola baku [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|nama referensi yang dibuat secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Saat ini, nama referensi tersebut menggunakan pola seperti <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name=":1" /></syntaxhighlight>. Dengan perubahan ini, wiki dapat menggunakan nama referensi yang lebih mudah dibaca dan didasarkan pada isi sumber sehingga lebih membantu kontributor yang menggunakan penyunting sumber, misalnya <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name="Miller2026-1" /></syntaxhighlight>. Pola nama referensi di VisualEditor dapat ditentukan melalui pesan sistem MediaWiki, JSON, templat, dan modul. [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia dalam dokumentasi terkait]]. Pengurus dapat mengaktifkan perubahan ini melalui [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|konfigurasi komunitas]]. Perubahan ini merupakan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|permintaan komunitas]] yang diwujudkan oleh tim [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Daftar Harapan Teknis Wikimedia Deutschland]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]] merupakan fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan para penyunting menggunakan kembali referensi dengan keterangan yang berbeda. Fitur ini akan diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 Oktober dan di wiki Wikimedia Foundation lainnya paling lambat akhir Oktober, kemungkinan pada 21 Oktober. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|Pertanyaan yang umum ditanyakan di sini]] memuat daftar tindakan yang dapat dilakukan di wiki untuk mendukung penerapan fitur ini. Fitur ini merupakan [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|permintaan komunitas yang telah lama diajukan]] dan diwujudkan oleh tim [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Daftar Harapan Teknis Wikimedia Deutschland]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Perkakas Moderator]] akan menghapus tampilan daftar pada Daftar pantauan dan menjadikan tampilan catatan perubahan sebagai tampilan baku bagi semua pengguna. Sebelumnya, terdapat dua tampilan daftar pantauan bagi pengguna peramban web seluler, yaitu tampilan daftar yang menampilkan artikel-artikel yang dipantau dalam bentuk daftar, dan tampilan catatan perubahan yang menampilkan perubahan pada artikel-artikel tersebut dalam bentuk catatan. Pengguna dapat memilih tampilan melalui pengaturan Kontrol Seluler Lanjutan. Keberadaan dua tampilan ini menimbulkan kendala dalam pemeliharaan basis kode karena setiap tampilan memerlukan kumpulan kode tersendiri. Dengan menetapkan tampilan catatan perubahan sebagai tampilan baku, basis kode dapat disederhanakan dan kemungkinan terlewatnya berbagai kekutu dapat dikurangi. * Aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android sedang menguji fitur yang memungkinkan pengguna mendengarkan bagian pendahuluan artikel melalui umpan "Untuk Anda". Model pengubah teks menjadi suara akan membacakan teks artikel yang sudah ada tanpa menulis ulang atau menambahkan isi apa pun. Eksperimen selama 30 hari ini akan dimulai melalui aplikasi Wikipedia Beta pada minggu ketiga September, kemudian dipindahkan ke aplikasi Wikipedia Android biasa pada bulan Oktober untuk kelompok terbatas pengguna yang memenuhi syarat. Fitur ini akan tersedia bagi sebagian kecil pengguna aplikasi, yakni mereka yang menggunakan umpan berbahasa Inggris dan telah memilih sekurang-kurang satu topik yang diminati. Eksperimen ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk memberikan pilihan kepada pembaca aplikasi dalam mengakses isi sehingga keterlibatan dan retensi pengguna dapat ditingkatkan. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Pelajari lebih lanjut]] dan [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|sampaikan masukan]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|Penyorotan sintaks CodeMirror]] [[phab:T288161|diaktifkan]] secara baku bagi semua pengguna yang belum masuk log dan pengguna yang baru mendaftar di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 September. Karena belum ditemukan dampak merugikan, perubahan yang sama diusulkan untuk diterapkan secara global di seluruh wiki dalam beberapa pekan mendatang. Jika memiliki kekhawatiran atau masukan, atau jika wiki Anda tidak ingin mendapat perubahan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|silakan baca halaman bantuan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077] * [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Penyuntingan pernyataan Wikidata melalui perangkat seluler]] untuk semua jenis data akan diluncurkan secara resmi pada 13 Oktober. Pada saat itu, fitur ini akan dihapus dari [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] Wikidata dan tersedia bagi semua penyunting. Pengguna dapat [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|melaporkan kekutu dan menyampaikan umpan baliknya]]. * Pekan lalu, perubahan pranala antarbahasa dihapus dari umpan [[Special:RecentChanges|Perubahan terbaru]] dan [[Special:Watchlist|Daftar pantauan]] di Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote, dan Wiktionary. Karena tidak ditemukan dampak merugikan, proyek [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata untuk Proyek Wikimedia]] berencana menerapkan perubahan ini secara global di semua Wikipedia. Penerapan dijadwalkan pada 13 Oktober pukul 07.00 UTC. Setelah itu, penyunting tidak akan lagi menerima pemberitahuan ketika pranala ke versi bahasa lain dari suatu halaman ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah pada butir Wikidata tersebut. Penyunting yang mengandalkan pemberitahuan ini dapat membaca informasi lebih lanjut di [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|halaman proyek]], menyampaikan masukan, atau meminta agar wiki mereka tidak mengikuti perubahan ini melalui [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|halaman pembicaraannya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan grafik pada fitur jumlah kunjungan halaman diperbesar secara tidak sengaja saat pengguna menyentuhnya ketika menggulir layar di perangkat seluler telah diperbaiki. Kini, fitur pembesaran grafik dengan klik-seret akan dinonaktifkan pada perangkat layar sentuh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Terdapat tiga perubahan besar dalam hal berkas arsip data (''dump''). Berkas arsip konten lama yang statusnya ditetapkan untuk [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ dihentikan penggunaannya pada Januari 2026] kini akan dihentikan sepenuhnya. Pengganti berupa [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports Ekspor Berkas Konten MediaWiki] akan ditunda agar tim dapat menerapkan jeda pengaman sebelum peralihan tersebut. Berkas tersebut juga kini tersedia dalam format terkompresi 7zip. Pengguna perlu mengganti alamat URL yang digunakan untuk mengunduh berkas arsip data tersebut. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, jadwal, dan petunjuk migrasi, lihat halaman [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Penghentian berkas arsip konten lama]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Wikimedia Foundation menemukan aktivitas tanpa izin yang dilakukan oleh agen OpenAI di proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Aktivitas tersebut mencakup penyuntingan wiki, upaya mengeksploitasi perangkat pencatatan publik, dan lalu lintas otomatis dalam jumlah besar. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Baca tulisan blog di Diff]] untuk mengetahui perincian aktivitas tersebut dan tanggapan Wikimedia Foundation. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Catat tanggal pelaksanaan Wikimedia Hackathon berikutnya! [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 Wikimedia Hackathon 2027] akan diselenggarakan di Tirana, Albania, pada 9–11 April 2027. Pendaftaran permohonan beasiswa dan sponsor staf saat ini [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ dibuka melalui Pretix] dan akan ditutup pada 30 Oktober 2026. Pendaftaran umum akan dibuka pada Januari 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Oktober 2026 07.38 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31142468 --> == ''The Signpost'': 13 October 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/News and notes|AELECT returns, Jimbo gives a union update, VisualEditor is now default]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Serendipity|From a rare portrait of a female millionaire in Nancy to a Japanese painter in Lyon]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Obituary|Doug Weller]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/In the media|A(I)pocalypses afoot]] * WikiConference Report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/WikiConference Report|WikiConference 2026 & the importance of in-person community]] * By the numbers: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/By the numbers|Does the country of birth affect the likelihood of having a Wikipedia biography?]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/News from Diff|OpenAI "rogue" agent activities found on Wikimedia projects]] * On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/On the bright side|Good people]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Op-ed|Who are our readers?]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Traffic report|This world is big and wild and half insane]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Comix|Fudging the numbers]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 13 Oktober 2026 22.46 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=31092234 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-43</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Untuk mengukur dampak penerapan sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#November 2025: Ideas and feedback|fitur yang diminta oleh komunitas]] terhadap retensi pembaca yang belum masuk log, uji coba fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing|Korsel Gambar]] akan diluncurkan kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log. Melalui fitur ini, pembaca dapat menjelajahi gambar yang diunggah oleh komunitas dan dipilih oleh penyunting karena relevan dengan artikel tertentu. Uji coba ini akan dimulai pada 20 November. * Pemberitahuan uji coba akan ditampilkan kepada 0,5% pembaca perangkat seluler yang belum masuk log dan mengakses Wikipedia bahasa Inggris melalui Google. Pemberitahuan tersebut akan meminta mereka menambahkan Wikipedia sebagai [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/preferred-sources/ Sumber Pilihan di Google]. Uji coba ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pemberitahuan tersebut dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca dan mendorong pengguna Google Penelusuran untuk lebih sering mengunjungi Wikipedia. Uji coba akan berlangsung pada 15–29 Oktober, kemudian dampaknya terhadap retensi pembaca dan jumlah kunjungan dari sumber lain akan dievaluasi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:26}} {{PLURAL:26|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [[quarry:|Quarry]] menampilkan galat "Akses ditolak" ketika pengguna mencoba menjalankan kueri SQL, sehingga kueri tidak dapat dijalankan sebagaimana mestinya, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440966] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Cog-icon-grey.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Akibat kekutu yang telah lama ada, aplikasi yang menggunakan alur kredensial klien [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For_Developers|OAuth 2]] untuk bertindak atas nama pemiliknya diperlakukan seolah-olah belum masuk log. Masalah ini akan diperbaiki untuk aplikasi baru yang didaftarkan pada atau setelah Senin, 19 Oktober. Sejumlah aplikasi yang terdampak perlu didaftarkan ulang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420297] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Sebuah usulan untuk menyelenggarakan Wikimedia Hackathon setiap tiga tahun sekali, diselingi dengan hackathon regional, [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|telah dibagikan]] kepada komunitas. Usulan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji cara meningkatkan aksesibilitas acara tersebut bagi komunitas teknis di berbagai wilayah. Masukan mengenai usulan ini dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|halaman pembicaraannya]] sebelum 6 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Oktober 2026 14.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31178499 --> rpfqc1p589zi6v86mif3dc7mdrgukb9 0 169775 1758926 1523397 2026-10-19T14:29:12Z Mas Ngabehi 75127 /* */ 1758926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raden Adipati Sindureja II''' ya iku pepatih Surakarta taun 1782-1784M.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.sastra.org/arsip-dan-sejarah/umum/1573-urutipun-pepatih-surakarta-kajawen-1935-1475|title=Urutipun Ingkang Jumeneng Pepatih Karaton Dalem ing Surakarta - 1935|last=Kajawen|language=jv}}</ref> Sebelum menjabat Patih, Raden Adipati menjabat sebagai Bupati Bumi wilayah Kedu. == Leluhur == Leluhure saka pancer kakung ya iku : 1. Radèn Adipati Sindurêja (suwau nama Kyai Sutamarta kaping 3, lajêng asma Radèn Tumênggung Mangkuyuda), punika putranipun Kiyai Sutamarta kaping 2, ibu saking Têmuirêng. 2. Kyai Sutamarta kaping 2, punika putranipun Kiyai Bèi Sutamarta ingkang kapisan. 3. Kyai Sutamarta ingkang kapisan, punika putranipun Kiyai Ngabèi Martadipa. 4. Kyai Ngabèi Martadipa, punika putranipun Kiyai Sutamarta ingkang lajêng nama Ngabèi Saradipa, mantri Matawis. 5. Kyai Sutamarta utawi Ngabèi Saradipa, punika putranipun Kiyai Buyut Sutamarta, ingkang ugi nama Kyai Agêng Pagêrgunung kaping 4. 6. Kyai Agêng Pagêrgunung kaping 4, punika putranipun Kiyai Agêng Pagêrgunung kaping 3. 7. Kyai Agêng Pagêrgunung kaping 3, punika putranipun Kiyai Agêng Pagêrgunung kaping 3, ibunipun, putra pangeran ing Karanggayam, pujăngga nagari Pajang. 8. Kyai Agêng Pagêrgunung kaping 2, punika putranipun Kiyai Agêng Pagêrgunung ingkang kapisan, ibunipun putra Kyai Agêng ing Ampuhan. 9. Kyai Agêng Pagêrgunung ingkang kapisan, ingkang ugi karan Kiyai Agêng Karotangan, punika putranipun [[Ki Ageng Ngenis|Kiyai Agêng Anis]], kalêrês ingkang rayi Kyai Agêng Mataram utawi ingkang raka Kyai Agêng Jurumartani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.sastra.org/arsip-dan-sejarah/mangkunagaran/884-nayakatama-citra-upaya-1930-273-hlm-091-175|title=Serat Nayakatama - 1930|last=Upaya|first=Citra|language=jv}}</ref> == Garwa Putra == Dene garwa putrane ya iku : Garwanipun 1. Sangking Têmuirêng, 2. Sangking Panaraga, 3. Sangking Pancuran. Ampilipun: 1. Bok Ajêng Wida, 2. Bok Ajêng Wadon, 3. Bok Ajêng Rêsmi Putranipun: 1. Radèn Ngabêi Mangkurêja ingkang kapisan, santun nama Radèn Ngabèi Sumarêja, saking garwa ăngka 1 2. Radèn Ayu Adipati Jayaningrat, [[Jayaningrat (Patih Surakarta)|garwanipun pêpatih]] ing karaton Surakarta, saking garwa ăngka 2 3. Radèn Ayu Cakrawijaya, saking garwa ăngka 3 4. Radèn Riya Cakrawinata, saking garwa ăngka 3 5. Bandara Radèn Ayu Adipati Prangwadana garwa dalêm kangjêng gusti [[Mangkunagara II|Mangkunegara II]], saking garwa ăngka 3 6. Radèn Tumênggung Martanagara, saking garwa ăngka 3 7. Radèn Ngabèi Wiryawinata, saking garwa ăngka 3 8. Bokmas Brajayuda, saking ampil ăngka 1 9. Mas Ngabèi Martadipa, saking ampil ăngka 1 10. Bokmas Danamênggala, saking ampil ăngka 2 11. Radèn Căndrasari, saking ampil ăngka 3 12. Radèn Ngabèi Cakradirja, saking ampil ăngka 3 13. Radèn Rêtnadiluwih, saking garwa ăngka 3 14. Radèn Wiryadipura, saking garwa ăngka 3 15. Mas Ngabèi Mangkudiwirya, saking ampil ăngka 3 16. Bokmas Atmawikrama, saking ampil ăngka 1 17. Mas Ngabèi Jayadirja, saking ampil ăngka 3<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == 65ooacsh8skcrzb6gzwe1r8hcirou7t 0 173154 1758954 1731704 2026-10-20T02:22:52Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Memek''' minangka cemilan khas saka Pulo Simeulue ing [[Aceh]], [[Indonesia]]. Panganan iki padha karo [[bubur]] lan digawe saka [[ketan]] lan [[gedhang]]. Memek ditunjuk minangka Warisan Budaya Intangible ing Indonesia ing sidhang sing ditindakake ing Millennium Hotel Jakarta tanggal 13-16 Agustus 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/berita-boga/d-4670982/memek-kuliner-khas-simeulue-jadi-warisan-budaya-tak-benda-indonesia|title=Memek, Kuliner Khas Simeulue Jadi Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia|last=Setyadi|first=Agus|date=|website=detikfood|language=id|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327034408/https://food.detik.com/berita-boga/d-4670982/memek-kuliner-khas-simeulue-jadi-warisan-budaya-tak-benda-indonesia|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disbudpar.acehprov.go.id/amp/memek-simeulue-dan-3-karya-budaya-aceh-lainnya-jadi-warisan-budaya-tak-benda-indonesia/|title=Memek Simeulue dan 3 Karya Budaya Aceh Lainnya jadi Warisan Budaya Tak Benda Indonesia|website=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Aceh|language=id|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821091729/https://disbudpar.acehprov.go.id/amp/memek-simeulue-dan-3-karya-budaya-aceh-lainnya-jadi-warisan-budaya-tak-benda-indonesia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://disbudpar.acehprov.go.id/ada-memek-yang-menggoda-lidah-di-pka-vii/|title=Ada ‘Memek’ yang Menggoda Lidah di Anjungan Simeulue PKA VII|website=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Aceh|language=id|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821090005/http://disbudpar.acehprov.go.id/ada-memek-yang-menggoda-lidah-di-pka-vii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Memek digawe nganggo bakaran utawa panggang ketan. Pisang banjur digiling kasar lan dicampur karo pulut, santen, uyah, lan gula. Proses iki butuh wektu nganti sakjam.<ref name=":0" /> Ana rong jinis memek; yaiku "memek teles" lan "memek garing". Memek garing digawe saka sega bakar sing dicampur karo parutan [[klapa]] lan [[gula]], dene memek teles uga dicampur karo [[santen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/@kumparanfood/memek-khas-simeulue-masuk-dalam-warisan-budaya-tak-benda-indonesia-1rhKG2BJVkF|title=Memek Khas Simeulue Masuk Dalam Warisan Budaya Tak Benda Indonesia|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> Sanajan jeneng panganan iki duwe konotasi negatif ing basa gaul basa Indonesia ''memek'' sing artine [[bawok]], nanging asline jeneng memek asale saka tembung mamemek ing basa Devayan. Panganan iki digawe sajrone penjajahan [[Jepang]], nalika warga nyoba ndhelikake [[pari]] supaya ora dirampas pasukan penjajah. Dheweke mutusake ora masak amarga asap saka pembakaran bisa dideleng tentara Jepang. Sekul mau dikunyah mentah nganggo gedhang, lan mamah kasebut ngasilake swara gemeretuk sing diarani ''mamemek''. Sawise Jepang lunga menyang Simeulue, jeneng mamemek diganti dadi memek amarga cara ngolah wis diganti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://habadaily.com/ekbis/6885/dekranas-simeulue-minta-nama-memek-tak-dipelintir.html|title=Dekranas Simeulue Minta Nama Memek Tak Dipelintir|website=Habadaily|language=id|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821101135/https://habadaily.com/ekbis/6885/dekranas-simeulue-minta-nama-memek-tak-dipelintir.html|archive-date=2019-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Refrensi == {{Reflist}} {{stub}} ae047y99daaduebydmcefld0iifagm6 0 173737 1758940 1753076 2026-10-19T21:31:33Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261019sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1758940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:FEMA_-_3634_-_Photograph_by_Leif_Skoogfors_taken_on_07-21-2001_in_West_Virginia.jpg|al=Animal welfare|jmpl|300x300px| Anak [[kirik]] umur patang minggu, ditemokake ing pinggir dalan sawise banjir ing [[West Virginia]], Amerika Serikat, dipangan ing papan perlindungan Layanan Kewan Darurat ing Twin Falls State Park .]] '''Kesejahteraan''' [[Sato kéwan|kewan]] minangka '''kesejahteraan''' [[Sato kéwan|kewan sing]] dudu manungsa . Standar formal kesejahteraan kewan beda-beda ing antarane konteks, nanging biasane debat dening klompok kesejahteraan kewan, legislator, lan akademisi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanities.uci.edu/collective/hctr/trans-scripts/2013/2013_03_10.pdf|title=Animals are not things: A view on animal welfare based on neurological complexity|last=Grandin|first=Temple|authorlink=Temple Grandin|year=2013|website=Trans-Scripts 3: An Interdisciplinary Online Journal in Humanities And Social Sciences at UC Irvine|publisher=[[UC Irvine]]|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140819053847/http://www.humanities.uci.edu/collective/hctr/trans-scripts/2013/2013_03_10.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Hewson">{{Cite journal|last=Hewson|first=C.J.|year=2003|title=What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-canadian-veterinary-journal_2003-06_44_6/page/496|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal|volume=44|issue=6|pages=496–99|pmc=340178|pmid=12839246}}</ref> Ilmu kesejahteraan kewan nggunakake langkah-langkah kayata umur dawa, [[Lelara|penyakit]], imunosupresi, prilaku, [[fisiologi]], lan [[Réprodhuksi|reproduksi]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Broom|first=D. M.|year=1991|title=Animal welfare: concepts and measurement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-science_1991-10_69_10/page/4167|journal=[[Journal of Animal Science]]|volume=69|issue=10|pages=4167–75|doi=10.2527/1991.69104167x|pmid=1778832}}</ref> sanajan ana debat babagan sing paling apik sing nuduhake kesejahteraan kewan. Ngurmati kesejahteraan kewan asring adhedhasar kapercayan manawa kewan sing [[Pengalaman|dudu manungsa]] iku [[Pengalaman|asale]] lan kudu dipikirake [[Karaharjan|kesejahteraan]] utawa [[Kasangsaran|kasengsarane]], luwih-luwih nalika dijaga manungsa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media.animalsmatter.org/media/resources/en/en_draft.pdf|title=Draft of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare|publisher=media.animalmatter.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227004725/http://media.animalsmatter.org/media/resources/en/en_draft.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-27}}</ref> Keprigelan kasebut bisa uga kalebu cara kewan [[Nyembeleh kewan|disembelih]] kanggo panganan, cara digunakake ing riset ilmiah, cara dijaga (minangka kewan kewan, ing kebon binatang, peternakan, sirkus, lan liya-liyane), lan kepiye kegiyatan manungsa mengaruhi kesejahteraan lan kaslametan spesies liar. . == Referensi == [[Kategori:Kéwan lan manungsa]] 3rhhc1onr9oq7singu3tf01ref86d6e 0 174381 1758962 1630810 2026-10-20T05:37:28Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Hot_Brown_Kurtz.jpg|ka|jmpl|250x250px| The [[Coklat panas|Hot Brown]] iki pisanan dadi ing Louisville kang Brown Hotel]] '''Masakan [[Kentucky]]''' biasane padha karo masakan tradisional Selatan . Sawetara sajian nedha bengi sing umum yaiku lele lele lan hushpuppy, ayam goreng lan steak goreng negara. Biasane disajeni karo sayuran kayata kacang ijo, sayuran ijo, kacang pinto (utawa "kacang sup") sing dimasak alon-alon karo daging babi minangka bumbu lan diwenehake karo roti jagung. Barang-barang populer liyane kalebu tomat ijo goreng, grit keju, puding jagung, okra goreng, lan [[Pitik lan pangsit|daging ayam lan pangsit]], sing bisa ditemokake ing negara umum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hallsontheriver.com/|title=Hall's on the River|website=Hallsontheriver.com|access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramseysdiners.com/|title=Ramseys|website=Ramseysdiners.com|access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref><ref>[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914174606/http://www.mountain-breeze.com/kitchen/kentucky/index.html]</ref> Kajaba iku, Kentucky misuwur kanthi gaya [[Barbecue|bakar]] - [[Barbecue|bakar]] daerah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbbregion.org/|title=Bluegrass, Blues and Barbecue Region of Western Kentucky: Home|website=Bbbregion.org|access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref> Gaya bakar bakar iki unik dhewe amarga nggunakake [[Daging domba|daging kambing]], lan gaya barbekyu Kidul sing khas ing Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.louisvillehotbytes.com/ole-hickory-pit-old-western-kentucky-tradition|title=Ole Hickory Pit, old Western Kentucky tradition|date=2009-08-20|publisher=Louisvillehotbytes.com|access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref> Sanajan masakan Kentucky umume padha karo masakan tradisional Selatan, beda karo sawetara masakan khas, utamane ing Louisville ing pie [[Coklat panas|Hot Brown]] lan Derby (variasi [[Pai pecan|kue pecan]], umume ing Amerika Selatan).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brownhotel.com/dining/hot-brown.html|title=The History of The Brown Hotel's "Hot Brown"|publisher=The Brown Hotel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822025230/http://www.brownhotel.com/dining/hot-brown.html|archive-date=2009-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.derbypie.com/|title=Derby-Pie|publisher=Kern's Kitchen|access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref> Ing sisih kulon kulon Kentucky, [[burgoo]] minangka sing paling disenengi, lan ing sisih kidul-kulon negara bagian iki, [[Chili con carne|cabai con carne]] biasa minangka panganan khas. Ing [[Kentucky Lor|sisih lor Kentucky]] plus Louisville lan Lexington, [[Lombok Cincinnati|cabai Cincinnati]] minangka [[Panganan cepet saji|panganan cepat saji sing]] populer. [[Kentucky Lor]] lan wilayah [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] uga dadi pedunung [[Jerman-Amerika|Jerman-Amerika sing]] pocapan, dadi pilihan kaya ing sisih lor kanggo bir lan [[sosis]] Eropa. Nanging, seko masakan negara cenderung dadi sak tenane Southern, luwih seneng sarapan daging kaya [[Negara ham|negara Ham]], sosis lemah daging babi lan minangka ombenan sing dipilih, negara kang kesuwur [[Wiski Bourbon|Bourbon wiski]] . Sawetara panganan [[Cobbler|cuci]] mulut umum yaiku [[Pai catur|pie catur, pie]] [[Pai pecan|pecan]], [[cobbler]] [[Blèkbéri|blackberry]] lan [[Pudhing roti|puding roti]] . == Masakan lan resep sing misuwur == [[Barkas:Kentucky_burgoo.jpg|jmpl| Kentucky [[burgoo]] disajikake karo [[Kenthang uleg|kentang tumbuk]]]] [[Barkas:Bourbon_Balls.JPG|jmpl|Bal Bourbon]] * Ale-8-One, omben-omben rempah-rempah jahe ing botol ing Winchester * Mingua daging sapi [[Dhèndhèng|jerky]], digawe lan rangkep ing Bourbon County * [[Burgoo]], rebus kenthel digawe saka sayuran lan daging kambing, utawa daging domba, utawa daging game liyane * Mint julep, omben-omben kuat sing digawe nganggo bourbon lan [[Godhong Mint|mint sing digiling]] lan minangka minuman 'resmi' saka Kentucky Derby <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyderby.com/2006/derby_experience/mint_julep.html|title=The Mint Julep|publisher=Kentucky Derby|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208164427/http://www.kentuckyderby.com/2006/derby_experience/mint_julep.html|archive-date=December 8, 2006|access-date=2006-12-03}}</ref> * Goetta, panganan khas Kentucky sisih lor biasane digawe saka daging, gandum sing dipotong waja lan dibumboni godhong salam, rosemary, uyah, mrico lan thyme * Saus Henry Bain, saos kuat kanggo disajikake kanthi game * [[Jeroan|Otak lan endhog]], sing biasane dikenal minangka masakan Inggris; iki dilayani ing restoran Frankfort nganti ajrih BSE * [[Sop bulus ethok-ethokan|Sup penyu mock]], Welsh lan warga Inggris nggawa resep iki nalika urip ing Clay County * [[Swikee|Sikil kodhok]], asring dipanggang lan digoreng * Pai derby, kue [[Soklat|coklat]] lan [[Walnut|walnut sing]] diarani Kentucky Derby * [[Benedictine (spread)|Benediktin]], keju [[timun]] lan krim sing disebar karo pewarna panganan ijo sing digawe populer dening penulis buku lan juru masak Louisville Jennie C. Benedict * [[Coklat panas|Panas Coklat]], sajian roti, daging babi, lan kalkun sing dilapis nganggo saus Mornay <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brownhotel.com/hotbrown.php3|title=Hot Brown Recipe|publisher=The Brown Hotel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828031841/http://www.brownhotel.com/hotbrown.php3|archive-date=August 28, 2006|access-date=2006-12-03}}</ref> * Kue tumpukan, kue lapis Appalachian kanthi [[apel]] disimpen ing saben lapisan * [[Kuwé johnny|Kue Johnny]], uga dikenal ing sawetara wilayah negara kasebut minangka roti jagung laba-laba, yaiku roti jagung rata sing dimasak kanthi panas langsung. * Bal Bourbon, cookie remuk sing dicampur karo [[Soklat|coklat]] lan bourbon, banjur dilapisi [[Gula alus|gula bubuk]], pisanan digawe ing Frankfort sajrone Larangan * Keju bir, keju sing disebar nganggo [[bir]], [[Kèju cheddar|keju Cheddar]], lan rempah-rempah * Modjeska, permen [[Karamèl|karamel]] gooey kanthi pusat [[Marshmallow|marshmallow sing]] diarani aktris Polandia abad kaping 19 sing nate ngunjungi Louisville <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/07/21/157095829/the-modjeska-a-star-on-stage-sweetly-remembered|title=The Modjeska: A Star On Stage, Sweetly Remembered|last=Rick Howlett|date=July 21, 2012|work=Weekend Edition Saturday|publisher=NPR}}</ref> * Roti sendok minangka panganan sing adhedhasar jagung sing asri lan lembab * Chili gaya Louisville, cabe kaya rebus sing beda-beda gumantung saka kulawarga lan kulawarga, nanging biasane kalebu daging (biasane daging sapi, kadang daging babi, domba, daging babi, utawa daging rempah-rempah), saos, kacang buncis, bawang putih, bawang, spaghetti lan wiyar macem-macem sayuran lan bahan-bahan liyane, sing dadi cara kanggo kulawarga nggegirisi sethithik daging sajrone seminggu{{Butuh sitiran|date=August 2016}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">perlu rujukan</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">perlu rujukan</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * Kentang goreng, testis domba disajekake roti lan goreng, asring nganggo [[Duduh kenthel|kuah krim]], sajian tradisional sing disajekake ing wilayah Bluegrass ing Kentucky <ref>Alvey, R. Gerald. ''Kentucky Bluegrass Country''. University Press of Mississippi, 1992.</ref>{{Perlu nomer kaca|date=June 2016}} * Tiram sing digulung, sajian panganan sagara sing disedhiyakake ing Louisville lan sakiwa tengene * Kentucky Common, gaya bir regional kanthi historis dilayani ing sekitar wilayah Louisville * [[Chow-chow|Chow-Chow]], sajian macem-macem sayuran acar adhem sing ditemokake ing saindenging Appalachia * Ski, soda jeruk digawe saka jus [[jeruk]] lan [[Lémon|jeruk]] nipis sing diprodhuksi dening Perusahaan Cola Ganda sing nyebar ing bagean kidul negara kasebut. * Biskuit lan kuah, biskuit glepung biasane ditutupi kuah putih (kadang kuah duwe mrica ireng sing digiling) <ref name="Shockley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/kentucky/iconic-foods-ky/|title=These 15 Iconic Foods In Kentucky Will Have Your Mouth Watering|last=Shockley|first=Jenn|date=2016-03-03|website=OnlyInYourState|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615164859/https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/kentucky/iconic-foods-ky/|archive-date=2021-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Iwak Goreng, lele sing asale saka Kentucky Lakes lan kali, kadang dilempar adonan banjur digoreng coklat emas sing garing <ref name="Shockley"/> == Sumber == 7hxdn1tjpuchwwyjr9zj1skeuqrzkwu 0 174988 1758925 1713825 2026-10-19T12:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=''Gopchang''|main_ingredient=[[Beef]] [[small intestine]] or [[pork]] [[big intestine]]s|similar_dish=''[[Chunchullo]]''|glycemic_index=|carbohydrate=|fat=|protein=|calories_ref=<ref name="Ju">{{Cite book|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1711620&cid=48180&categoryId=48246|title=Gogi sucheop|last=주|first=선태|last2=김|first2=갑돈|publisher=Woodumji|year=2012|isbn=978-89-6754-000-5|location=Seoul|pages=106–107|language=ko|script-title=ko:고기 수첩|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref>|calories=145|serving_size=100 g|variations=|minor_ingredient=|served=|image=Gopchang 2.jpg|course=|type=''[[Gui (food)|Gui]]''|maxtime=|mintime=|year=|creator=|national_cuisine=[[Korean cuisine]]|region=|country=[[Korea]]|alternate_name=''Gopchang-gui''|caption=''Gopchang-[[gui (food)|gui]]'' (grilled beef small intestines)|other=}}{{Infobox Korean name}}'''''Gopchang''''' ( '''Hangul:''' {{Korean|hangul=곱창}} ) bisa nuduhake [[Usus alus|usus cilik]] [[sapi]] (utawa [[Usus gedhé|usus]] babi gedhe ) utawa ''gui'' (sajian panggang) sing digawe saka usus cilik. <ref name="SKLD">{{Cite web|url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=28619|title=gopchang|website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]]|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]]|language=ko|script-title=ko:곱창|access-date=9 May 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152030/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=28619|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sing terakhir uga diarani '''''gopchang-gui''''' ( {{Korean|hangul=곱창구이}} ; "usus panggang"). Tabung-shaped [[jeroan]] punika kenyel karo sugih serat lentur . <ref name="Doo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000942307|title=gopchang|website=[[Doopedia]]|publisher=[[Doosan Corporation]]|language=ko|script-title=ko:곱창|access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> Ing [[Olahan Koréa|masakan Korea]], godhok ing panci panas ( ''gopchang-jeongol ,'' 곱창 전골), panggang liwat barbecue ( ''gopchang-gui'' ), digodhog ing sup karo usus liyane ( ''naejang-tang'' ), utawa digawe sosis ( ''[[Sundae sosis|sundae]]'' ) . <ref name="Montgomery">{{Cite news|url=https://www.10mag.com/the-10-most-bizarre-korean-foods-to-try-out/|title=The 10 Most Bizarre Korean Foods To Try Out|last=Montgomery|first=Charles|date=15 May 2014|work=[[10 Magazine (South Korean magazine)|10 Magazine]]|access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> ''Biyen'', ''gopchang'' minangka ''panganan sing'' populer, nutrisi, lan murah kanggo masarakat umum. <ref name="KFF2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hansik.org/en/board.do?cmd=view&bbs_id=211&menu=PEN3020000&lang=en&art_id=37073|title=gopchang gui|website=[[Korean Food Foundation]]|trans-title=Grilled Beef Tripe|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807192006/http://www.hansik.org/en/board.do?cmd=view&bbs_id=211&menu=PEN3020000&lang=en&art_id=37073|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sugih karo [[Wesi|zat besi]] lan [[vitamin]], disedhiyakake minangka suplemen kesehatan kanggo ningkatake konstitusi sing lemah, pulih pasien, lan depresi postpartum. Saiki, ''gopchang'' uga dianggep minangka ''panganan'' enak lan luwih larang tinimbang daging biasa kanthi bobote padha. Iki minangka ''[[Anju (panganan)|anju]]'' populer (panganan sing disedhiyakake lan dipangan karo [[soju]] ), amarga bisa mbantu ngrusak alkohol. <ref name="Yoon2">{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3027573|title=Bottomless eats, endless headache|last=Yoon|first=So-yeon|date=19 December 2016|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807192047/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3027573|archive-date=7 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gopchang minangka panganan eksotik kanggo wong asing. nanging Iki uga salah sawijining panganan sing paling populer sing dicoba ing Korea. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20101003000286|title=Top seven exotic Korean dishes for foreigners|last=Herald|first=The Korea|date=2010-10-04|website=www.koreaherald.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-24|archive-date=2021-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113040704/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20101003000286|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery> Gopchang 3.jpg|''Gopchang sing durung masak'' siyap kanggo masak ing panggangan 양념곱창.JPG|''Yangnyeom-gopchang'' ( ''gopchang marin'' ) Korean.food-Gobchang.bokkem-01.jpg|''Gopchang- [[bokkeum]]'' ( ''gopchang'' goreng) Korean cuisine-Gobchang jeongol-01.jpg|''[[Gopchang-jeongol]]'' ( ''gopchang'' hot pot) </gallery> == Referensi == 6t49gaxhk4vwjmglxsd0htgigzy0lm7 0 175918 1758978 1648405 2026-10-20T11:02:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Carrot pudding|image=Carrot pudding with fruits.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Carrot pudding with fruits|alternate_name=|country=|region=|creator=|course=|type=[[Pudding]]|served=|main_ingredient=carrots, butter, sugar, eggs, spices|variations=|calories=|other=}} '''Puding wortel''' minangka panganan tradisional kanggo macem-macem budaya ing saindenging jagad. Bisa disajikake minangka puding [[gurih]] (minangka iringan kanggo panganan biasa) utawa minangka [[Panganan cuci mulut|panganan]] cuci [[Panganan cuci mulut|mulut sing]] legi. Resep Inggris, diterbitake ing 1591, nggambaraké "pudding ing Carret (sic) oyod" <ref name="Cookrye.15912">{{Cite book|url=https://jducoeur.org/Cookbook/Cookrye.html|title=A Book of Cookrye: Very Necessary for All Such as Delight Therin|last=A. W.|publisher=Edward Allde|year=1591}}</ref> sing ateges diiseni wortel karo daging, shortening, krim, endhog, raisins, pemanis ( [[Kurma|tanggal]] lan gula), rempah-rempah (cengkeh lan gada), wortel sing wis dikerok, lan remah roti. Ing ''Oxford Companion to Food'', panulis Alan Davidson percaya manawa [[Wortel jangan|wortel]] digunakake ing [[Éropah|Eropa]] kanggo nggawe kue manis. <ref name="oxford2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|last=Davidson|first=Alan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-19-211579-0|url-access=registration}}</ref> Iki minangka pendahulune [[Kuwé wortel|kue wortel]] . Puding wortel wis kasedhiya ing [[Pulo Irlandia|Irlandia]] wiwit paling ora abad kaping 18. <ref name="it2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/magazine/2010/0313/1224265915652.html|title=Bia, glorious bia|last=Belinda McKeon|date=2010-03-13|work=The Irish Times|access-date=2021-02-08|archive-date=2010-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031203521/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/magazine/2010/0313/1224265915652.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iki uga diladeni ing [[Amérika Sarékat|Amerika Serikat wiwit taun]] 1876. <ref name="scribners2">{{Cite journal|last=staff|date=April 1876|title=Home and Society|url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=scmo;cc=scmo;rgn=full%20text;idno=scmo0011-6;didno=scmo0011-6;view=image;seq=898;node=scmo0011-6%3A21;page=root;size=100|journal=Scribner's Monthly|volume=0011|issue=6|pages=892–896}} {{Pranala mati|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Amarga pemanis dirangkul nalika [[Perang Donya II|Perang Dunia II]], puding wortel katon minangka alternatif ing [[Karajan Manunggal|Inggris]] . Mengko, wortel katon minangka 'panganan kesehatan'. == Referensi == eylyrf317q2mu1jw4v0n44lpjbi4a6s 0 181351 1758952 1735730 2026-10-20T01:49:12Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} '''Maryam''' ({{lang-ar|مريم|Maryam}}, {{lang-arc|מרים|}}, ''Maryam'' utawa ''Mariam''), sinebut '''[[Maria]]''' ing agama [[Nasrani]], yaiku paraga saka [[Al-Qur'an]] lan [[Alkitab]]. Panjenengane yaiku ibu '[[Isa|Kanjeng Nabi Isa alaihissalam]]. Miturut kapitayan Islam lan Nasrani, Maryam mbobot Kanjeng Nabi 'Isa kanthi cara kang ora kaya mbobote para wanita samesthine, yaiku ing kahanan prawan lan tanpa garwa kakung.<ref>Ali 'Imran (3): 47</ref><ref>Maryam (19): 20</ref> [[File:Maryamat the palm tree with baby Isa.jpg|thumb|Gambaran miyose Kanjeng Nabi Isa 'alaihissalam, kacarita Siti Maryam babaran ing sangisore wit kurma kang wus diberkahi dening Gusti Allah. Yen wite diobahake, rontok woh-wohan kurma kang bisa didhahar dening Siti Maryam]] Maryam kalebu paraga kang dikurmati ing tradhisi Islam lan Nasrani. Ya mung dhèwèké wong wadon sing jenenge kasebut ing [[Kuran]] lan kalebu wong sing jenenge didadekake jeneng [[Surat Maryam|surat]]. Kasebut ing riwayat [[kadis]] yen Maryam kalebu salah sawijining papat wanita kang paling becik ing sadawaning jaman. == Cathetan == {{notelist}} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} === Pratelan pustaka === * {{cite book |last1=Ibnu Katsir |first1= |authorlink=Ibnu Katsir |translator=Muhammad Zaini |title=Kisah-Kisah Para Nabi |year=2014 |publisher=Insan Kamil Solo |location=[[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]] |isbn=978-602-6247-11-7 |url= }} * {{cite book | last1 = Shoemaker | first1 = Stephen J. | title = Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=YuQTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA430&dq=Decretum+Gelasianum+assumption+mary#v=onepage | isbn = 9780199250752 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Shoemaker | first1 = Stephen J. | title = Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=Fa8ODAAAQBAJ&pg=PT28&dq=%22Two+apocryphal+texts%22#v=onepage | isbn = 9780300219531 }} == Pranala njaba == * [https://kisahmuslim.com/4995-maryam-teladan-bagi-muslimah.html Kisahmuslim: Kisah Maryam] * [https://bincangmuslimah.com/muslimah-talk/belajar-tegar-hadapi-cercaan-dari-maryam-binti-imran-ibunda-nabi-isa-as-27037/ BincangMuslimah: Belajar Tegar Hadapi Cercaan dari Maryam binti Imran] * {{en}} [https://www.islamic-awareness.org/quran/contrad/external/mary.html Islamic Awareness: Silsilah Maryam] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220203005727/http://quran-tafsir.org/maryam.pdf#zoom=100 Tafsir Surah Maryam] [[Kategori:Al-Qur'an]] 1aguqljcnng6vf75nzlq920nhuzmcus 0 189701 1758928 1729283 2026-10-19T17:19:56Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabiskopan Agung Tororo''' ({{lang-la|Tororoën(sis)}}) yaiku [[Tahta Episkopal|Tahta]] [[Biskop Metropolitan|Metropolitan]] kanggo [[provinsi grejawi]] [[Tororo]] ing [[Ugandha]]. == Babad == * 13 Juli 1894: Didegaké minangka [[Vikariat Apostolik]] Nil Hulu saka [[Vikariat Apostolik Victoria–Nyanza]] * 10 Mei 1951: Ganti jeneng minangka Vikariat Apostolik Tororo * 25 Maret 1953: Dipromosèkaké minangka Kabiskopan Tororo * 2 Januari 1999: Dipromosèkaké minangka Kabiskopan Agung Metropolitan Tororo == Kabiskopan Suffragan == * [[Kabiskopan Jinja|Jinja]] * [[Kabiskopan Kotido|Kotido]] * [[Kabiskopan Moroto|Moroto]] * [[Kabiskopan Soroti|Soroti]] == Pranala njaba == {{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Upper Nile|Apostolic Vicariate of Upper Nile }} * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/toro1.htm GCatholic.org] * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtoug.html Catholic Hierarchy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220811082502/https://tororoarchdiocese.org/ Tororo archdiocese] {{coord|0.7069|N|34.1998|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tororo}} {{Kabiskopan ing Ugandha}} [[Kategori:Tororo]] [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Ugandha]] e9x8h04dtj7kfl0dpko7k6fa2jrsnlr 0 196353 1758946 1753024 2026-10-19T22:29:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Coffee Flowers.JPG|image_caption=Bunga ''Coffea arabica''|image2=Starr 070308-5472 Coffea arabica.jpg|image2_caption=Buah ''Coffea arabica''|genus=Coffea|species=arabica|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]}}'''Kopi Arabika''' ('''''Coffea arabica'''''), uga dikenal minangka '''kopi Arab''', '''kopi semak Arab''', utawa '''kopi gunung''', iku spesies saka [[Gènus|genus]] [[Coffea]]. Spesies iki diyakini minangka spesies [[kopi]] pisanan sing dibudidayakake, lan minangka kultivar dominan, sing makili kira-kira 60% saka produksi kopi global.<ref name="CoffeeProduction">{{Cite web|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/fas/tropprod//2010s/2017/tropprod-06-16-2017.pdf|title=Coffee: World Markets and Trade|date=16 June 2017|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] – [[Foreign Agricultural Service]]|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175005/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/fas/tropprod//2010s/2017/tropprod-06-16-2017.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jinis kopi liyane sing akeh dibudidayakake yaiku [[Kopi Robusta|kopi robusta]] (''C. canephora'') (kurang asam, luwih pait, lan luwih akeh kafein tinimbang kopi arabika). Kopi Arabika asale saka [[Éthiopia|Ethiopia]]. Kopi iki pisanan dicathet minangka budidaya ing [[Yaman]], lan didokumentasikan ing abad kaping 12.<ref>Meyer, Frederick G. 1965. Notes on wild ''Coffea arabica'' from Southwestern Ethiopia, with some historical considerations. Economic Botany 19: 136–151.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Espresso Coffee: The Science of Quality|last=Söndahl|first=M. R.|last2=van der Vossen|first2=H. A. M.|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-370371-2|editor-last=Illy|editor-first=Andrea|edition=Second|page=21|chapter=The plant: Origin, production and botany|editor-last2=Viani|editor-first2=Rinantonio|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJdlfSFCmVIC&pg=PA21}}</ref> ''Kopi arabica'' diarani ‏(''{{Lang|ar-Latn|būnn}}'') ing [[basa Arab]], sing dijupuk saka tembung Oromo "Buna". == Taksonomi == ''Coffea arabica'' pisanan diterangake kanthi ilmiah dening [[Antoine de Jussieu]], sing menehi jeneng ''Jasminum arabicum'' sawise nyinaoni spesimen saka [[Kebun Raya Amsterdam|Kebon Raya Amsterdam]]. Linnaeus dilebokake ing genus [[Coffea]] dhewe ing taun 1737.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/coffeebotanybioc0000mncl|title=Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage|last=Charrier|first=A.|last2=Berthaud|first2=J.|publisher=AVI Publishing|year=1985|isbn=978-0-7099-0787-9|editor-last=Clifford|editor-first=M. H.|location=Westport, Connecticut|page=[https://archive.org/details/coffeebotanybioc0000mncl/page/14 14]|chapter=Botanical Classification of Coffee|editor-last2=Wilson|editor-first2=K. C.}}</ref> == Karakteristik fisik == Tanduran ''Coffea arabica'' liar tuwuh nganti dhuwuré 9 nganti 12 m (30 lan 39 kaki), lan duwé sistem percabangan sing mbukak; Godhongé ngelawan, elips-elips nganti oval prasaja, dawane 6–12.&nbsp;cm (2.5–4.5 in) lan ambane 4–8&nbsp;cm (1,5–3 in), ijo peteng nggilap. Kembang kasebut putih, kanthi diameter 10-15&nbsp;mm, lan tuwuh ing axils rwaning. Wiji kasebut ana ing drupe (biasa disebut "cherry") kanthi diameter 10-15.&nbsp;mm, werna abang padhang nganti ungu lan biasane ngemot rong wiji, sing asring diarani [[Wiji kopi|biji kopi]]. == Varietas ing Indonesia == Ing Indonesia, kebon kopi Arabika asring ditemokake ing wilayah pegunungan Toraja, Sumatera Utara, Aceh lan ing sawetara wilayah ing pulo Jawa. Sawetara varietas kopi arabika sing dikembangake ing Indonesia kalebu kopi abesinia arabica, Pasumah, Marago, kopi arabika Typica lan kopi arabika Congensis.{{Fact}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan.">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipédia:Nyuplik sumber|butuh referensi]]'' &#x5D;</span></sup> [[Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Mei 2024|Kopi arabika]] === Tipikal === Varietas kopi Arabika jinis Typica iki minangka varietas pisanan sing mlebu ing Indonesia. Sepisanan digawa Walanda nalika teka ing Indonesia. Nanging, macem-macem Typica asli sing digawa Walanda banjur punah nalika Karat Daun Kopi nyerang Indonesia. Untunge, ora kabeh padha punah, amarga isih ana varietas Typica lokal, yaiku Bergendal lan Sidikalang, sing asring ditemokake ing dataran tinggi kayata Sumatra, Sulawesi lan Flores. Biasane gotong royong ing perkebunan ing dhaerah terpencil. Ing Papua, varietas Typica iki isih ditemokake ing Desa Modio, Kecamatan Mapiha Tengah, Kabupaten Dogiyai, Papua, sing digawa dening misionaris Walanda. === Hibrido de Timor (HDT) === Varietas Hybrido de Timor ing Indonesia uga umum diarani varietas "Tim Tim", tembung kasebut asale saka Timor Timur. Varietas iki minangka asil saka persilangan alami antarane Arabica lan Robusta. Varietas Tim Tim pisanan ngalami panen ing panggonan asale, yaiku Timor Timur, ing taun 1978. Amarga kualitase apik, varietas iki dicoba ditandur ing wilayah liyane kayata Aceh lan Flores ing taun 1980. Saiki varietas Tim Tim uga dikenal kanthi jeneng liya, yaiku Varietas Churia. === Linie S === Linie S yaiku kopi arabika sing asale saka India. Varietas Linie S banjur dikembangake nggunakake kultivar Bourbon. Jinis umum sing paling misuwur minangka asil pangembangan Linie S yaiku S-288 lan S-795. Varietas iki asring ditemokake ing wilayah dataran tinggi kayata Aceh, Lintong, Jawa, Bali, Sulawesi, Flores lan Papua (ing Papua nyebar ing Jayawijaya, Lanny Jaya, Kurima, Tangma). === Linie Ethiopian === Varietas kopi Arabika jinis Linie Ethiopia iki pisanan mlebu ing Indonesia nalika taun 1928, nalika pisanan digawa menyang pulo Jawa. Wilayah pisanan sing ngembangake varietas iki yaiku Aceh. Varietas liyane sing kalebu keturunan Ethiopia yaiku Rambung lan Abyssinia. Varietas Ethiopian Linie banjur uga dikembangake ing Sumatra lan Flores, ing kono dikenal minangka "USDA", ing ngendi jeneng iki dijupuk saka proyek pemerintah Amerika Serikat nalika iku ing taun 1950 nalika kedadeyan ing Indonesia. [[Barkas:Girls_cleaning_coffee.JPG|jmpl| wanita nyortir kopi ing pasar Ethiopia]] === Catura Cultivars === Varietas kopi Arabika jinis iki minangka asil persilangan saka Kopi Bourbon sing asale saka Brazil. === Lini Catimor === Varietas garis Catimor uga padha karo Tim Tim, loro-lorone minangka asil persilangan antara Arabica lan Robusta. Nanging, varietas iki dikenal minangka varietas sing ora apik, amarga nduweni aroma lan rasa sing ora enak kaya kopi liyane. Ananging sakmenika dipuntindakaken panaliten salajengipun babagan varietas menika, amargi ing tlatah Aceh varietas menika gadhah ambu saha rasa ingkang sae, para petani kopi Aceh biasanipun nyebat varietas "''Ateng Jaluk''". [[Barkas:Petani_Arabika.jpg|jmpl| Petani Arabika Sulawesi Selatan]] [[Barkas:Arabica.jpg|jmpl| Buah Kopi Arabika Kab]] == Deloken sisan == * [[Kopi Robusta|Robusta]] == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Wacan liyane == * {{Cite journal|last=Silvarolla|first=Maria B.|author-link=|authorlink=Mazzafera, Paulo; Fazuoli, Luiz C.|year=2004|title=A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-06-24_429_6994/page/826|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=429|issue=6994|pages=826|doi=10.1038/429826a|pmid=15215853|access-date=|quote=}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines0024wein|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|last=Weinberg|first=Bennet Alan|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=0-415-92722-6|location=New York|page=|pages=|author-link=|coauthors=}} == Pranala njaba ==   * [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/rubiaceae/ Daftar Priksa Dunia Rubiaceae] * [https://www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/ Ngerteni prabédan antarane Arabica lan Robusta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820053209/https://www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/ |date=2016-08-20 }} * [http://www.coffeeresearch.org/agriculture/coffeeplant.htm CoffeeResearch.org] {{Taxonbar|from=Q47685}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kopi]] 9w62gkf05obl9n2o1ou28zo4lszfikp 0 199298 1758961 1738169 2026-10-20T05:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nuke''' yaiku [[Piranti alus pangetrap|aplikasi]] [[reracanan dhigital]] lan efek visual birid node sing pisanan dirembaka dening Digital Domain. Piranti alus iki digunakaké ing prosès [[pascaprodhuksi]] kanggo acara télévisi lan filèm. Nuke cumepak kanggo [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], macOS (nganti Monterey), lan RHEL / CentOS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foundry.com/products/nuke-family/requirements|title=System Requirements {{!}} Nuke {{!}} Foundry|publisher=Foundry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523012050/https://www.foundry.com/products/nuke-family/requirements|archive-date=23 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> Foundry wis ngrembaka piranti alus iki wiwit Nuke kaadol ing taun 2007. Parusahan-parusahan sing nggunakaké piranti alus iki tuladhané Digital Domain, [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]], Blizzard Entertainment, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://warcraft.blizzplanet.com/blog/comments/blizzcon-2015-world-of-warcraft-cinematics-the-road-to-legion-panel-transcript/13|title=BlizzCon 2015 World of Warcraft Cinematics: The Road to Legion panel transcript|date=8 January 2016|access-date=6 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231181844/https://warcraft.blizzplanet.com/blog/comments/blizzcon-2015-world-of-warcraft-cinematics-the-road-to-legion-panel-transcript/13|archive-date=31 December 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> DreamWorks Animation, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foundry.com/insights/film-tv/blur-studios-deadpool|title=Blur Studio use Nuke on Deadpool|publisher=Foundry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221075722/https://www.foundry.com/insights/film-tv/blur-studios-deadpool|archive-date=2020-12-21|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref> Illumination Mac Guff, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cgw.com/Press-Center/In-Focus/2018/Spoiler-Alert-.aspx|title=Spoiler Alert|last=Moltenbrey|first=Karen|date=13 December 2018|website=In Focus|publisher=Computer Graphics World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205139/http://www.cgw.com/Press-Center/In-Focus/2018/Spoiler-Alert-.aspx|archive-date=9 January 2019|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> Sony Pictures Imageworks, Sony Pictures Animation, Light Chaser Animation Studios, Framestore, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefoundry.co.uk/case-studies/lincoln/|title=NUKE helps Framestore make history on Oscar winning Lincoln|publisher=The Foundry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111060809/https://www.thefoundry.co.uk/case-studies/lincoln/|archive-date=2016-11-11}}</ref> Industrial Weta, Framestore, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fxguide.com/quicktakes/weta-digital-purchases-site-license-of-nuke/|title=Weta Digital Purchases Site License Of Nuke|date=6 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513042902/http://www.fxguide.com/quicktakes/weta-digital-purchases-site-license-of-nuke/|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=6 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/double-negative-procures-nuke-site-license|title=Double Negative Procures Nuke Site License|publisher=AWN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528134424/https://www.awn.com/news/double-negative-procures-nuke-site-license|archive-date=2019-05-28|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> Industrial lan Digital Cahya & Piandel . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.creativeplanetnetwork.com/the_wire/2009/06/09/industrial-light-magic-ilm-purchases-nuke-site-licence/|title=Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) Purchases Nuke Site Licence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513014351/http://www.creativeplanetnetwork.com/the_wire/2009/06/09/industrial-light-magic-ilm-purchases-nuke-site-licence/|archive-date=2013-05-13}}</ref> 332se54932pgln4zgw1rzpj11blmfqj 0 199349 1758944 1738570 2026-10-19T21:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261019sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1758944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pangelingan tanduk''' ([[basa Inggris]]: ''working memory'') yaiku sistem kognitif sing lagi mergawé utawa tanduk lan ndarbé daya simpen winates kanggo [[Pangelingan|nyinggahaké desana]] ing sauntara wektu. Pangelingan iki wigati kanggo tumindak nenalaran, gumawé pepunthon, uga solah tingkah saben dina.<ref name="Executive functions">{{Cite journal|year=2013|title=Executive functions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_2013_64/page/n168|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=64|pages=135–168|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750|pmc=4084861|pmid=23020641|quote=WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D'Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.<br /><br />WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.}}</ref> <ref name="NHM-Cognitive Control">{{Cite book|title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience|vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|year=2009|isbn=978-0-07-148127-4|veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=313–321|chapter=Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control|quote={{bull}} Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.<br />{{bull}} Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior.&nbsp;...<br /> working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings&nbsp;... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression).&nbsp;... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.}}</ref> Pangelingan tanduk asring dipadhakaké karo [[pangelingan wangen cendhak]] (''short-term memory''), nanging sawetara nimpuna nganggep rong wujud pangelingan iki séjé. Amarga pangelingan tanduk ana tumandang ngolah [[Desana|desana,]] déné pangelingan wangen cendhak mung kanggo nyimpen desana.<ref name="Executive functions" /> <ref name="Cowan">{{Cite book|title=Essence of Memory|vauthors=Cowan N|publisher=Elsevier|year=2008|isbn=978-0-444-53164-3|series=Progress in Brain Research|volume=169|pages=323–338|chapter=Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?|doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9|pmc=2657600|pmid=18394484|issue=169}}</ref> Pangelingan tanduk minangka gagasan téyoretis sing wigati ing babagan kanggo [[psikologi kognitif]], [[neuropsikologi]], lan [[neurosains]]. i2726eubqsiw743hbogieyf1s6j8nzz 0 199993 1758975 1752430 2026-10-20T09:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758975 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ngaji Kilatan = [[Barkas:Pendidikan Santri Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|Para santri melu ngaji kilatan kitab kuning ing sawijining pesantren nalika wulan Ramadan. Kiai nerangake isi kitab kanthi metode bandongan, dene para santri nyimak lan menehi makna ing kitab.]] '''Ngaji kilatan''' utawa posonan yaiku salah siji tradhisi pengajian kitab ing pondok pesantren sing dianakake ing wulan Ramadan kanthi metode maca lan nerangake kitab kanthi cepet supaya bisa khatam sajrone wektu sing relatif cekak. Tradhisi iki umum ditemokake ing pesantren tradisional ing Jawa lan wilayah liya ing Indonesia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nu.or.id/opini/ramadhan-di-pesantren-IqUNv|title=Ramadhan di Pesantren|website=NU Online|language=id-id|access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref> Ngaji kilatan kerep uga disebut '''ngaji pasaran''', '''pasanan''', utawa '''posonan''', amarga dianakake khusus ing wulan pasa (puasa). Ing tradhisi pesantren, kegiatan iki dadi salah siji cara kanggo ngisi wulan Ramadan kanthi nambah ilmu agama lan ningkatake kualitas ibadah para santri. <ref name=":0" /> Tembung ''kilatan'' asalé saka tembung '''“kilat”''' sing tegesé cepet. Ing konteks pengajian, istilah iki nuduhake cara maca kitab kanthi cepet lan sistematis supaya kitab bisa rampung utawa khatam sajrone wektu sing cendhak, biasane sajrone wulan Ramadan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malyjurnalistik.com/berita/ramadhan-di-andalusia-menyelami-samudra-ilmu-dalam-cahaya-ngaji-pasaran/|title=Ngaji Posonan: Tradisi Pesantren Jawa {{!}} kompas walimah Andalusia|date=2025-02-26|language=id|access-date=2026-03-07}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sejarah dan Perkembangan == Tradhisi ngaji kilatan wis suwe dadi bagean saka budaya pendidikan ing pesantren salaf. Ing wulan Ramadan, akeh pesantren sing nambah jadwal pengajian kitab kuning kanthi sistem intensif saka esuk nganti wengi. Ing sawetara pesantren gedhe, kayata pesantren ing wilayah '''Jawa Tengah''' utawa '''Jawa Timur''', program ngaji kilatan bisa diikuti dening ewu santri saka macem-macem daerah sing teka khusus kanggo ngalap berkah lan nambah ilmu agama sajrone wulan Ramadan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nu.or.id/opini/puasa-dan-tradisi-posonan-KxNes|title=Puasa dan Tradisi|website=NU Online|language=id-id|access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref> == Metode Pembelajaran == Ngaji kilatan biasane nggunakake metode '''bandongan''', yaiku kiai utawa ustaz maca teks kitab kuning lan nerangake maknane, dene para santri nyimak lan menehi cathetan makna ing kitab. Metode iki nggawe proses sinau bisa luwih cepet lan efektif.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://bhaktikencanabatang.sch.id/2022/04/05/mengkhidmatkan-bulan-suci-ramadhan-dengan-ngaji-pasaran/|title=Mengkhidmatkan Bulan Suci Ramadhan dengan Ngaji Pasaran – SMK Bhakti Kencana Subah Batang|date=2022-04-05|language=id|access-date=2026-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124001559/https://bhaktikencanabatang.sch.id/2022/04/05/mengkhidmatkan-bulan-suci-ramadhan-dengan-ngaji-pasaran/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kegiatan iki biasane dianakake ing pirang-pirang wektu sajrone dina, kayata:<ref name=":2" /> * Sawisé shalat Subuh * Sawisé shalat Dzuhur * Sawisé shalat Asyar * Sawisé shalat Tarawih Ing sawetara pesantren, jadwal pengajian iki bisa lumaku meh sedina muput sajrone Ramadan.<ref name=":1" /> == Referensi == gmuifyox8ja7t1s88f2soe116o3ncul 0 200471 1758947 1751064 2026-10-19T23:49:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tradhisi Laporan Suro''' yaiku tradhisi tola bala lan salah sawijining warisan budaya leluhur sing nganti saiki isih dijaga lan dilestarekake dening masyarakat [[Kabupatèn Blora|Kabupaten Blora]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muria.tribunnews.com/2022/08/13/mengenal-lamporan-tradisi-tolak-bala-yang-masih-lestari-di-kunduran-blora-ada-obor-dan-barongan|title=Mengenal Lamporan, Tradisi Tolak Bala yang Masih Lestari di Kunduran Blora, Ada Obor dan Barongan|last=Mustakim|first=Ahmad|date=2022-08-13|website=muria.tribunnews.com|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> Tradhisi iki wis ana wiwit jaman biyen lan diwarisake kanthi turun-temurun denung para leluhur marang generasi sabanjure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berita.murianews.com/murianews/305113/ini-daftar-tradisi-bulan-sura-yang-masih-lestari-di-blora|title=Ini Daftar Tradisi Bulan Sura yang Masih Lestari di Blora|date=2022-07-28|website=berita.murianews.com|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Tujuan lan Makna Tradisi == Tradhisi iki lumrahe dianakake saben sasi Suro minangka wujud panyuwunan lan donga supaya masyarakat tansah diparingi kaslametan lan diadohake saka bebaya, pageblug, lan sakabehe balak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloranews.com/pungkasan-suro-di-blora-tradisi-lamporan-kunden/|title=PUNGKASAN SURO DI BLORA : TRADISI LAMPORAN KUNDEN|date=2016-10-28|website=www.bloranews.com|access-date=2026-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808100652/https://www.bloranews.com/pungkasan-suro-di-blora-tradisi-lamporan-kunden/|archive-date=2024-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sasi Suro dipercaya dening masyarakat Jawa minangka wektu kang nduweni suasana sakral lan makna spiritual. == Suasana lan Simbol Cahya Obor == Lamporan dikenal minangka [[tradhisi arak-arakan]] ing wayah wengi kanthi nggawa obor utawa oncor. Cahya obor kasebut dadi pralambang pepadhang urip lan pangarep-arep supaya warga tansah pinaringan katentreman lan karaharjan. Suasana tradhisi iki katon luwih sakral lan mistis amarga dilaksanakake ing wayah wengi kanthi iringan tetabuhan tradhisional lan donga adat. Salah sawijining paugeran sing isih dijaga nganti saiki yaiku kabeh lampu ing [[Désa|desa]] kudu dipateni nalika prosesi Lamporan lumaku. Tujuwane supaya cahya obor bisa sumunar kanthi cetha lan nambah rasa khidmat sajrone acara. Nalika kahanan desa peteng lan mung katerangan cahya obor, swasana Lamporan katon luwih magis lan nduweni makna kang jero. Cahya obor dipercaya minangka pralambang pepadhang kang bisa ngusir energi ala lan mara bebaya saka desa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.uksw.edu/items/2d79c4cc-863d-4e25-bef0-4650b3cbfa50|title=Makna Tradisi Lamporan Bagi Masyarakat Desa Kunden di Kabupaten Blora|first=1. Mayasari, 2. Winda|date=2013|website=repository.uksw.edu|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Lamporan Kang Diuripake Maneh == Miturut crita masyarakat setempat, tradhisi Lamporan Suran biyen tau suwé ora dianakake nganti meh ilang lan punah. Nanging amarga anane kepedulian para pegiat seni budaya lan para sesepuh [[Désa|desa]], tradhisi iki bisa diuripake maneh kanthi tata cara sing luwih tertib tanpa ngilangake nilai sakral lan ciri khas tradhisine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ucej/article/view/5865|title=Nilai-Nilai Pancasila dalam Tradisi Lamporan di Kelurahan Kunden Kabupaten Blora|date=2025-04-09|website=journal.unnes.ac.id|access-date=2026-06-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Prosesi Lamporan == Prosesi Lamporan biasane diawali kanthi donga bebarengan. Sawisé kuwi, para peserta miwiti nyunyuk lampor, yaiku mlaku ngubengi desa kanthi nggawa obor nganti tekan tengah wengi. Sajrone ngubengi [[Désa|desa]], rombongan bakal mampir menyang [[omah-omah]] warga kanggo njupuk sesaji utawa persembahan sing wis disiapake, kayata jajanan tradhisional lan asil bumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blorakab.com/budaya-blora-mengenal-tradisi-dan-kearifan-lokal-yang-masih-terjaga-hingga-kini/|title=Budaya Blora: Mengenal Tradisi dan Kearifan Lokal yang Masih Terjaga Hingga Kini|date=2025-11-10|website=blorakab.com|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Tokoh Kemamang == Ing jaman biyen, tradhisi iki uga dimeriahake kanthi anane tokoh Kemamang, yaiku wong sing awake dibuntel nganggo pelepah [[gedhang]] lan dipasangi mancung kang banjur disulut nganti metu bara geni. Tokoh Kemamang dipercaya nduweni makna minangka simbol tolak bala. Nanging kanggo dadi Kemamang ora kena sembarangan. Sajrone prosesi, Kemamang biasane dioyak bocah angon minangka pralambang ngusir bebaya saka desa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pertapakendeng.com/2025/07/kecamatan-todanan-menggelar-tradisi.html|title=Kecamatan Todanan Menggelar Tradisi Lamporan Bulan Suro|date=2025-07-24|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Lamporan Minangka Sarana Kerukunan == Saliyane minangka tradhisi spiritual, Lamporan uga dadi sarana ngukuhake kerukunan masyarakat. Tradhisi iki melu nglibatake kabeh lapisan masyarakat, wiwit bocah-bocah nganti wong tuwa. Kanthi lestarine tradhisi Lamporan, masyarakat ngarep-arep supaya warisan budaya leluhur iki bisa terus dijaga lan dikenal dening generasi mudha supaya ora ilang katelan perkembangan jaman.[1]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greenindonesia.co/obor-menyala-tujuh-malam-di-dalangan/|title=Obor Menyala Tujuh Malam di Dalangan|date=2025-08-19|website=greenindonesia.co|access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rujukan == rpsw7zoatxdiauei1zc1j0w3dux4u60 0 200786 1758933 1756275 2026-10-19T20:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kate Mulgrew by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Kate Mulgrew (2022)]] '''Katherine Kiernan Maria Mulgrew''' (29 April 1955) iku sawijiné aktris Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olehé maragakaké Captain Janeway ing sèri ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' (1995-2001) lan Red ing sèri Netflix ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' (2013–2019). == Filmografi == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1981 | ''[[Lovespell]]'' | [[Iseult|Isolt]] | |- | 1982 | ''{{sortname|A|Stranger Is Watching|A Stranger Is Watching (film)}}'' | Sharon Martin | |- | 1985 | ''[[Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins]]'' | Major Rayner Fleming | |- | 1987 | ''[[Throw Momma from the Train]]'' | Margaret Donner | |- | 1992 | ''Round Numbers'' | Judith Schweitzer | |- | 1994 | ''[[Camp Nowhere]]'' | Rachel Prescott | |- | 1995 | ''Captain Nuke and the Bomber Boys'' | Mrs. Pescoe | |- | 2002 | ''[[Star Trek: Nemesis]]'' | rowspan="2" | Admiral [[Kathryn Janeway]] | Cameo |- | 2004 | ''Star Trek: The Experience – Borg Invasion 4D'' | |- | 2005 | ''Perception'' | Mary | |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|The|Response|nolink=1}}'' | Colonel Simms | Short film |- | 2010 | ''{{sortname|The|Best and the Brightest|The Best and the Brightest (film)}}'' | The Player's Wife | |- | 2012 | ''Flatland 2: Sphereland'' | Over-Sphere | |- | rowspan="2"|2014 | ''[[The Principle]]'' | rowspan="2" | Narrator | rowspan="2" |Documentary |- | ''Divine Discontent: Charles Proteus Steinmetz'' |- | 2016 | ''[[Drawing Home]]'' | Edith Morse Robb | |- | 2025 | ''[[Elio (film)|Elio]]'' | [[Voyager 1]] Exhibit Narrator | Cameo<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathai |first=Jeremy |date=June 20, 2025 |title=Pixar's Elio Features A Clever Star Trek Easter Egg That Works On A Few Levels |url= https://www.slashfilm.com/1890837/disney-pixar-elio-star-trek-easter-egg/ |website=SlashFilm |access-date=September 10, 2025}}</ref> |} ===Télévisi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1975 | ''[[ABC's Wide World of Entertainment|The Wide World of Mystery]]'' | Susan | Episode: "Alien Lover" |- | 1975–1978 | ''[[Ryan's Hope]]'' | Mary Ryan Fenelli | Main role |- | 1976 | ''{{sortname|The|American Woman: Portraits of Courage|nolink=1}}'' | Deborah Sampson | Television film |- | rowspan="2" | 1978 | ''[[The Word (novel)#TV miniseries|The Word]]'' | Tony Nicholson | Television film |- | ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' | Garnet McGee | Episode: "Triangle" |- | 1979 | ''Jennifer: A Woman's Story'' | Joan Russell | Television film |- | 1979–1980 | ''[[Mrs. Columbo]]'' | Kate Callahan Columbo | 13 episodes |- | 1980 | ''{{sortname|A|Time for Miracles}}'' | Mother [[Elizabeth Bayley Seton]] | Television film |- | 1981 | ''{{sortname|The|Manions of America|nolink=1}}'' | Rachel Clement | 3 episodes |- | 1984 | ''Jessie'' | Maureen McLaughlin | Episode: "McLaughlin's Flame" |- | rowspan="4" | 1986 | ''[[St. Elsewhere]]'' | Helen O'Casey | 2 episodes |- | ''[[Cheers]]'' | Janet Eldridge | 3 episodes |- | ''Carly Mills'' | Carly Mills | Television film |- | ''My Town'' | Laura Adams | Television film |- | rowspan="2" | 1987 | ''Roses Are for the Rich'' | Kendall Murphy | Television film |- | ''[[Hotel (American TV series)|Hotel]]'' | Leslie Chase | Episode: "Reservations" |- | 1987–1994 | ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' | Sonny Grier/Joanna Rollins/Maude Gillis | 3 episodes |- | 1988 | ''[[Roots: The Gift]]'' | Hattie Carraway | Television film |- | 1988–1989 | ''[[HeartBeat (1988 TV series)|HeartBeat]]'' | Joanne Halloran<ref>''Born With Teeth: A Memoir'' by Kate Mulgrew (2015). p. 190</ref> | 18 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 1991 | ''[[Daddy (1991 film)|Daddy]]'' | Sarah Watson | Television film |- | ''Fatal Friendship'' | Sue Bradley | Television film |- | 1991–1992 | ''[[Man of the People (TV series)|Man of the People]]'' | Mayor Lisbeth Chardin | 10 episodes |- | rowspan="2"|1992 | ''[[Murphy Brown]]'' | Hillary Wheaton | Episode: "On the Rocks" |- | ''{{sortname|The|Pirates of Dark Water}}'' | Cressa | Voice, 4 episodes |- | 1992–1995 | ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' | Red Claw | Voice, 3 episodes<ref name="btva">{{cite web |title=Kate Mulgrew (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Kate-Mulgrew/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> |- | 1993 | ''For Love and Glory'' | Antonia Doyle | Television film |- | 1994 | ''[[Mighty Max (TV series)|Mighty Max]]'' | [[Isis]] | Voice, episode: "The Mommy's Hand" |- | 1994–1995 | ''[[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]]'' | Queen Hippsodeth | Voice, 2 episodes |- | 1995–2001 | ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' | [[Kathryn Janeway]] | 172 episodes |- | 1996 | ''[[Gargoyles (TV series)|Gargoyles]]'' | [[Titania (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Titania / Anastasia Renard]] | Voice, 4 episodes<ref name="btva" /> |- | 1998 | ''[[Riddler's Moon]]'' | Victoria Riddler | Television film |- | 2006 | ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' | Donna Geysen | Episode: "Web" |- | 2007 | ''[[The Black Donnellys]]'' | Helen Donnelly | 9 episodes |- | 2009–2010 | ''[[Mercy (TV series)|Mercy]]'' | Mrs. Jeannie Flanagan | 10 episodes |- | rowspan="2"|2011–2013 | ''[[Warehouse 13]]'' | Jane Lattimer | 6 episodes |- | ''[[NTSF:SD:SUV::]]'' | Kove | 34 episodes |- | 2013–2019 | ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' | Galina "Red" Reznikov | 85 episodes |- | rowspan="3" | 2015 | ''[[American Dad!]]'' | June Rosewood | Voice, episode: "A Star Is Reborn" |- | ''[[I Live with Models]]'' | Joanna Vermouth | Episode: "Editor" |- | ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' | General Zera | Voice, episode: "Half Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past"<ref name="btva" /> |- | 2017–2018 | ''[[Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters]]'' | Dr. C. | Voice, 5 episodes<ref name="btva" /> |- | 2019 | ''[[Mr. Mercedes (TV series)|Mr. Mercedes]]'' | Alma Lane | 9 episodes |- | 2019–2021 | ''[[Infinity Train]]'' | The Cat / Samantha | Voice, 9 episodes<ref name="btva" /> |- | 2021–2024 | ''[[Star Trek: Prodigy]]'' | Kathryn Janeway | Voice, 40 episodes |- | rowspan="5" | 2022 | ''[[The First Lady (American TV series)|The First Lady]]'' | [[Susan Sher]] | 4 episodes |- | ''[[The Man Who Fell to Earth (TV series)|The Man Who Fell to Earth]]'' | Drew Finch | 7 episodes |- | ''[[Dogs in Space (TV series)|Dogs in Space]]'' | Mavis | Voice, episode: "Mistaken Id-ED-ity" |- | ''[[Bubble Guppies]]'' | Felina Meow | Voice, episode: "Puppy Girl and Super Pup!" |- | ''[[Garden of Shadows#Adaptation|Flowers in the Attic: The Origin]]'' | Mrs. Steiner | 3 episodes |- |2023 |''The Magnificent Meyersons'' |Dr Terri Meyerson | Television film |- | 2025 | ''[[Dope Thief]]'' | Theresa Bowers | 8 episodes |- | 2025-2026 | ''[[The Bad Guys: The Series]]'' | Serpentina | Voice; 4 episodes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2025/10/dreamworks-announces-the-bad-guys-breaking-in-series-with-trailer-first-look-pics/|title=DreamWorks Announces ‘The Bad Guys: Breaking In’ Series with Trailer & First Look Pics|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|website=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=October 8, 2025|access-date=November 7, 2025}}</ref> |- |2026 |''[[Invincible (TV series)|Invincible]]'' | Domina | Voice; episode: "Hurm"<ref>{{cite web|title=TV Review: INVINCIBLE Season 4 still packs a punch|url=https://www.comicsbeat.com/tv-review-invincible-season-4-still-packs-a-punch/|date=March 16, 2026|first=Taimur|last=Dar}}</ref> |- | {{TBA}} | {{Pending film|The Yank}} | Nora Savage | Lead role; filming in Ireland in 2026 <ref>{{cite web|title=‘Star Trek’ Star Kate Mulgrew Leading RTÉ Series ‘The Yank’ About NYPD Detective In Ireland|url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/the-yank-kate-mulgrew-colm-meaney-rte-new-york-cop-1236861280/|date=April 15, 2026|first=Max|last=Goldbart}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RTÉ announces new crime drama The Yank starring Kate Mulgrew and Colm Meaney|url=https://about.rte.ie/2026/04/15/rte-announces-new-crime-drama-the-yank-starring-kate-mulgrew-and-colm-meaney/|date=April 15, 2026|first=Éadaoin|last=Nic Giolla Chomhaill|access-date=September 1, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901073710/https://about.rte.ie/2026/04/15/rte-announces-new-crime-drama-the-yank-starring-kate-mulgrew-and-colm-meaney/|archive-date=September 1, 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |} ===Téater=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1975 | ''[[Our Town]]'' | Emily Webb | American Shakespeare Theater, Stratford, Connecticut |- | 1976 | ''[[Absurd Person Singular]]'' | Eva Jackson | |- | 1977 | ''[[Uncommon Women and Others]]'' | Kate Quin | Eugene O'Neill Theater Center |- | 1978 | ''[[Othello]]'' | [[Desdemona]] | Hartman Theater Company |- | 1980 | ''[[Chapter Two (play)|Chapter Two]]'' | Jennie Malone | Coachlight Dinner Theater |- | 1981–1982 | ''[[Another Part of the Forest]]'' | Regina Hubbard | [[Seattle Repertory Theater]] |- | rowspan="2" | 1982 | ''[[Major Barbara]]'' | Major Barbara Undershaft | Seattle Repertory Theater |- | ''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]'' | Margaret | Syracuse Stage, New York |- | 1983 | ''{{sortname|The|Ballad of Soapy Smith|nolink=1}}'' | Kitty Strong | Seattle Repertory Theater |- | rowspan="2" | 1984 | ''{{sortname|The|Philadelphia Story|The Philadelphia Story (play)}}'' | Tracy Lord | Alaska Repertory Theater |- | ''{{sortname|The|Misanthrope}}'' | Celimene | Seattle Repertory Theater |- | 1985 | ''[[Measure for Measure]]'' |Isabella | Center Theater Group, Los Angeles |- | rowspan="2" | 1986 | ''[[Hedda Gabler]]'' | Hedda Gabler | Center Theater Group, Los Angeles |- | ''{{sortname|The|Real Thing|The Real Thing (play)}}'' | Charlotte | Center Theater Group, Los Angeles |- | 1987 | ''{{sortname|The|Film Society|nolink=1}}'' | Nan Sinclair | The Los Angeles Theater Center |- | 1989 | ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'' | Tamora | New York Shakespeare Festival |- | 1990 | ''Aristocrats'' | Alice | Center Theater Group, Los Angeles |- | 1992 | ''[[What the Butler Saw (play)|What the Butler Saw]]'' | Mrs. Prentice | La Jolla Playhouse |- | 1993 | ''[[Black Comedy (play)|Black Comedy]]'' | Clea | Roundabout Theater Company, New York |- | 2002 | ''Dear Liar'' | [[Mrs Patrick Campbell]] | Youngstown State University |- | 2003 | ''[[Tea at Five]]'' | [[Katharine Hepburn]] | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''[[The Royal Family (play)|The Royal Family]]'' |Julie Cavendish |[[Ahmanson Theatre]], Los Angeles<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hernandez |first=Ernio |date=March 27, 2004 |title=Mulgrew and Seldes are Cavendish Women in L.A.'s The Royal Family, March 27 |work=[[Playbill]] |url=https://playbill.com/article/mulgrew-and-seldes-are-cavendish-women-in-las-the-royal-family-march-27-com-118746 |access-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref> |- | ''Tea at Five'' | Katharine Hepburn | |- | ''[[Mary Stuart (Schiller play)|Mary Stuart]]'' | [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary Stuart]] | [[Classic Stage Company]], New York |- | 2005 | ''Tea at Five'' | Katharine Hepburn | |- | 2006 | ''{{sortname|The|Exonerated}}'' | Sunny Jacobs | Riverside Studios, London, England |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Our Leading Lady'' | Laura Keene | Manhattan Theater Club at New York City Center |- | ''Iphigenia'' | [[Clytemnestra]] | Signature Theater Company |- | rowspan="2" | 2008 | ''[[Farfetched Fables]]'' and ''The Fascinating Foundling'' | Anastasia | Project Shaw Reading - The Players Club - New York |- | ''{{sortname|The|American Dream and The Sandbox|nolink=1}}'' | Mommy | Cherry Lane Theater, New York |- | 2008–2009 | ''[[Equus (play)|Equus]]'' | Hesther Saloman | Broadhurst Theater, New York |- | 2010 | ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' | [[Cleopatra]] | [[Hartford Stage]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hetrick |first=Adam |date=October 8, 2010 |title=John Douglas Thompson and Kate Mulgrew Open Antony and Cleopatra in Hartford Oct. 8 |work=[[Playbill]] |url=https://playbill.com/article/john-douglas-thompson-and-kate-mulgrew-open-antony-and-cleopatra-in-hartford-oct-8-com-172516 |access-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref> |- | 2013 | ''Somewhere Fun'' | Rosemary Rappaport | [[Vineyard Theatre]], New York<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Frank |first1=David |last2=Piepenburg |first2=Erik |date=June 17, 2013 |title=Video: In Performance: 'Somewhere Fun' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/theater/100000002242261/in-performance-somewhere-fun.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''The Half-Life of Marie Curie'' | [[Hertha Ayrton]] | Minetta Lane Theater |- | 2024 | ''The Beacon'' | Beiv | [[Irish Repertory Theatre]] |} ===Video games=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role |- | 1997 | ''Star Trek: Captain's Chair'' | rowspan=2 | Captain Kathryn Janeway |- | 2000 | ''[[Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Force]]'' |- | 2002 | ''[[Run Like Hell (video game)|Run Like Hell]]'' | Dr. Mek |- | 2003 | ''[[Lords of EverQuest]]'' | Lady Kreya |- | 2006 | ''[[Star Trek: Legacy]]'' | Admiral Kathryn Janeway |- | 2009 | ''[[Dragon Age: Origins]]<ref name="btva" />'' | rowspan=3 | [[Flemeth]] |- | 2011 | ''[[Dragon Age II]]'' |- | 2014 | ''[[Dragon Age: Inquisition]]<ref name="btva" />'' |- | 2017 | ''Augmented Empire'' | Jules Avalon |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | ''[[Star Trek Online]]'' | Admiral Janeway / Marshal Janeway |- | ''Star Trek Prodigy: Supernova'' | Hologram Janeway |} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1955]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] 1p1a713y87q1m0ve0vrjlghdsocdxf2 0 200985 1758977 2026-10-20T10:57:26Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Dee Bradley Baker|]] 1758977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dee Bradley Baker''' iku sawijining aktoe Amérika Sarékat. fi560qup1y2ugxi3juogxrfcgfnmspo