Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Lesmana 0 856 1758997 1437532 2026-10-20T19:59:15Z Rotondus 15316 nambah [[:Kategori:Tokoh Ramayana]] ([[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]) 1758997 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:300px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex;" |- style="text-align:center;" !style="background: #ffaf00;" colspan="3"|'''Lesmana''' |- |colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajang kulit pop voorstellende Raden Lesmana TMnr 8-253.jpg|240px|Lesmana]]<br /> Lesmana. |- !style="background: #ffaf00;" colspan="3"|Jeneng miturut basa |- |'''Basa Sangskreta'''|| ''Lakṣmana'' |- !style="background: #ffaf00;" colspan="3"|Jeneng miturut aksara |- |'''[[aksara Dewanagari|Dewanagari]]'''|| <big><big>लक्ष्मण</big></big> |- |'''[[aksara Bali]]''' || |- |'''[[aksara Jawa]]''' || |- |} '''Lesmana''' utawa '''Laksmana''' ([[basa Sangskerta]]: लक्ष्मण, ''Lakṣmana'') iki rayiné Prabu [[Rama]] kang setya ndhèrèkaké kangmasé rikala Prabu Rama kasébrataké menyang wana Dandaka. Alas kang wingit kepati paribasan Sato mara sato mati janma mara kapiluyu. Papaning para [[jim]], [[sétan]] lan dununging para raseksa. Ya ing wana Dandhaka iki [[Sita|Dèwi Sinta]] garwané [[Prabu Rama Cinidra]] déning Prabu [[Rahwana|Dasamuka]] awit krenahing abdiné Prabu Dasamuka kang aran Kala Marica kang malih maujud dadi kidang kencana saperlu nggora godha Dèwi Sinta. Sang Dewi kapilu marang kaéndahané kidang Kencana nganti lali purwa duksina manawa teteluné lagi ana madyaning alas kang gawat kaliwat. Kidang musna lan Sang Dèwi aminta ingkang raka Prabu Rama supaya arsa ambujung nganti kacandhak arsa kanggo klangenan. Sadurungé tindak Prabu Rama dhawuh ingkang rayi Radèn Lesmana anjaga kasugengané ingkamg mbakyu Rakyan Sinta. Sauwisa sawatara wektu sanalika ana swara sambat-sambat ngarih-arih njaluk pitulung kang amadhani swarané Prabu Rama. Awit saka kuwatiré Dèwi Sinta paring dhawuh énggal-énggal budhal saperlu asung pitulung marang ingkang garwa mangka ing satemené swara iku mung apus krama saka swarané Kala Marica. Radèn Lesmana percaya marang kasektèné ingkang Raka mula nduwa kersané Dèwi Sinta nanging tinampa cubriya manawa ingkang rayi gadhah rasa milik ngrusak pager ayu marang dhèwèké. Rumangsa gerah panggalih awit dinakwa kang kaya mangkono mula tanpa saraba ngunus pusaka kanggo nugel planangané dhéwé lan sanalika planangan kang tugel mau musna lan ing kono ana wujud curiga kang aran pulanggeni. Banjuring carita para maos kaaturan mriksanana kitab wiracarita [[Ramayana]]. == Uga delengen == * [[Ramayana]] {{ramayana}} [[Kategori:Paraga wayang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Ramayana]] 8hx5vlov6fx3eqk8b3ga83laav4kogd Tata Surya 0 1797 1758993 1758606 2026-10-20T18:07:14Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Solar System True Color JV.png|right|upright=1.5|thumb|Gambaran umum Tata Surya (ukuran planit digambaraké saklaras ing skala, sauntara leté ora): [[Srengéngé]], [[Merkurius]], [[Venus]], [[Bumi]], [[Mars]], [[Ceres]], [[Yupiter]], [[Saturnus]], [[Uranus]], [[Neptunus]], [[Pluto]], [[Haumea]], [[Makemake]] lan [[Eris]].]] <!--{{Spoken Wikipedia|Tata Surya.ogg|2010-09-10}}--> '''Tata Surya'''{{Ref label|A|a|none}} ana ing galaksi [[Bimasekti]] iku golongan barang langit kang kawangun saka sawijining [[lintang]] kang diarani [[Srengéngé]] lan kabèh objèk kang kraket déning gaya [[gravitasi]]né. Objèk-objèk mau kalebu wolung [[planit]] kang wis kauninga kanthi orbit awujud [[elips]], limang [[planit cilik]], 173 [[satelit alami]] kang wis kaidhèntifikasi{{Ref label|B|b|none}}, lan mayuta-yuta barang langit ([[meteor]], [[asteroid]], [[komet]]) liyané. Tata Surya kawangun saka Srengéngé, patang [[#Planit-planit pérangan njero|planit pérangan njero]], [[#Sabuk asteroid|sabuk asteroid]], patang [[#Planit-planit njaba|planit pérangan njaba]], lan ing pérangan paling njaba yaiku [[#Sabuk Kuiper|Sabuk Kuiper]] lan [[#Piringan kasebar|piringan kasebar]]. [[#Awan Oort|Awan Oort]] diprakirakaké ana ing [[#laladan paling adoh|laladan paling adoh]] kang leté watara kaping sèwu ing njaba pérangan kang paling njaba. Adhedhasar leté saka Srengéngé, wolung planit Tata Surya yaiku [[Merkurius]] utawa ''Buda'' (57,9 yuta [[km]]), [[Venus]] utawa ''Sukra'' (108 yuta km), [[Bumi]] (150 yuta km), [[Mars]] utawa ''Anggara'' (228 yuta km), [[Yupiter]] utawa ''Wrehaspati'' (779 yuta km), [[Saturnus]] utawa ''Saniscara'' (1.430 yuta km), [[Uranus]] (2.880 yuta km), lan [[Neptunus]] (4.500 yuta km). Wiwit madyaning [[2008]], ana limang objèk akasa kang kaklasifikasikaké minangka [[planit cilik]]. Orbit planit-planit cilik, kajaba Ceres, ana luwih adoh saka Neptunus. Limang planit cilik mau yaiku [[Ceres]] (415 yuta km ing sabuk asteroid; biyèné kaklasifikasikaké minangka planit kalima), [[Pluto]] (5.906 yuta km.; biyèné kaklasifikasikaké minangka planit kasanga), [[Haumea]] (6.450 yuta km), [[Makemake]] (6.850 yuta km), lan [[Eris]] (10.100 yuta km). Enem saka wolung planit lan telu saka limang planit cilik iku diubengi déning [[satelit alami]]. Saben planit pérangan njaba diubengi déning [[cincin planit]] kang kawangun saka awu lan partikel liyané. == Asal usul == Akèh hipotèsis ngenani asal usul Tata Surya wis ditélakaké para ahli, sapérangan ing antarané yaiku: [[Gambar:Pierre-Simon Laplace.jpg|thumb|upright|Pierre-Simon Laplace, pandhukung Hipotesis Nebula]] [[Gambar:GerardKuiper.jpg|thumb|upright|Gerard Kuiper, pandhukung Hipotesis Kondènsasi]] ;Hipotesis Nebula Hipotesis nébula pisanan ditélakaké déning [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] ([[1688]]-[[1772]])<ref>Swedenborg, Emanuel. 1734, (Principia) Latin: Opera Philosophica et Mineralia (English: Philosophical and Mineralogical Works), (Principia, Volume 1)</ref> taun [[1734]] lan disampurnakaké déning [[Immanuel Kant]] ([[1724]]-[[1804]]) nalika taun [[1775]]. Hipotesis sarupa uga dikembangaké déning [[Pierre Marquis de Laplace]]<ref>{{cite journal |year=1909| title= The Past History of the Earth as Inferred from the Mode of Formation of the Solar System| journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society | volume=48 | pages=119 | author=See, T. J. J. | url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-049X%28190901%2F04%2948%3A191%3C119%3ATPHOTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U&size=LARGE | accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> kanthi indepènden nalika taun [[1796]]. Hipotesis iki, kang luwih ditepungi kanthi Hipotesis Nebula Kant-Laplace, nyebutaké yèn ing taap awal, Tata Surya isih wujud kabut raseksa. Kabut iki kawangun saka [[lebu]], [[ès]], lan [[gas]] kang diarani [[nébula]], lan unsur gas kang sapérangan gedhé [[hidrogen]]. Gaya gravitasi kang diduwèni njalari kabut iku nyusut lan mubeng kanthi arah tinentu, suhu kabut saya panas, lan akiré dadi lintang raseksa (srengéngé). Srengéngé raseksa terus nyusut lan mubeng tansaya rikat, lan cincin-cincin gas lan ès kalontar menyang saubengé Srengéngé. Akibat [[gaya]] [[gravitasi]], gas-gas mau saya padhet sairing karo pamudhunan suhuné lan minangka [[planit njero]] lan [[planit njaba]]. Laplace duwé pendhapat yèn orbit awangun mèh mbunder saka planit-planit wujud konsekuènsi saka pambentukané.<ref name=history>{{cite journal|title=The Solar System: Its Origin and Evolution|author=M. M. Woolfson<!-- [[Kategori:CS1 errors: redundant parameter‎]]|work=Physics Department, University of New York-->|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=34|pages=1–20|year=1993|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1993QJRAS..34....1W&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES |accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> ;Hipotesis Planètisimal Hipotesis planètisimal pisanan ditélakaké déning [[Thomas C. Chamberlin]] lan [[Forest R. Moulton]] nalika taun [[1900]]. Hipotesis planètisimal nélakaké yèn Tata Surya awaké dhéwé kawangun akibat anané lintang liya kang liwat cukup cerak karo Srengéngé, nalika mangsa awal pambentukan Srengéngé. Kacerakan mau njalari dumadiné tonjolan ing lumahing Srengéngé, lan bebarengan prosès internal Srengéngé, narik matèri bola-bali saka Srengéngé. Èfèk gravitasi lintang ngakibataké kawanguné loro lengen spiral kang ndawa saka Srengéngé. Sauntara sapérangan gedhé matèri katarik manèh, sapérangan liya bakal tetep ing orbit, saya adhem lan saya padhet, lan dadi barang-barang kanthi ukuran cilik kang diarani [[planètisimal]] lan sapérangan kang gedhé minangka [[protoplanèt]]. Objèk-objèk mau silih tabrakan lan minangka planit lan rembulan, sauntara sisa-sisa matèri liyané dadi komèt lan astéroid. ;Hipotesis Pasang Surut Lintang Hipotesis pasang surut lintang pisanan ditélakaké déning [[James Jeans]] nalika taun [[1917]]. Planit dianggep kawangun amarga nyeraké lintang liya menyang Srengéngé. Kaanan kang mèh silih tabrakan njalari katariké sapérangan gedhé matèri saka Srengéngé lan lintang liya mau déning [[gaya]] [[pasang surut]] kekaroné, kang banjur kakondhènsasi dadi planit.<ref name=history /> Nanging astronom [[Harold Jeffreys]] taun 1929 mbantah yèn tabrakan kang kaya mangkono iku mèh ora mungkin dumadi.<ref name=history/> Mangkono uga astronom [[Henry Norris Russell]] nélakaké kaabotané marang hipotèsis mau.<ref>{{cite book|author=Benjamin Crowell|title=Conservation Laws|publisher=lightandmatter.com|year=1998-2006|chapter=5|url=http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/2cl/ch05/ch05.html|access-date=2012-07-11|archive-date=2010-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214161609/http://lightandmatter.com/html_books/2cl/ch05/ch05.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;Hipotesis Kondhènsasi Hipotesis kondhènsasi awalé ditélakaké déning astronom Walanda kang jenengé [[G.P. Kuiper]] ([[1905]]-[[1973]]) nalika taun [[1950]]. Hipotesis kondhènsasi njelasaké yèn Tata Surya kawangun saka bal kabut raseksa kang mubeng minangka cakram raseksa. ;Hipotesis Lintang Kembar Hipotesis lintang kembar awalé ditélakaké déning [[Fred Hoyle]] ([[1915]]-[[2001]]) nalika taun [[1956]]. Hipotesis nélakaké yèn biyèné Tata Surya awaké dhéwé wujud loro lintang kang mèh padha ukurané lan silih cerak kang salah sijiné njeblug ninggal serpihan-serpihan cilik. Serpihan iku kaprangkep déning gravitasi lintang kang ora njeblug lan wiwit ngupengi lintang iku. == Sajarah panemon == [[Gambar:De Revolutionibus manuscript p9b.jpg|thumb|right|Modhèl heliosentris sajeroning [[manuskrip]] [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]].]] Lima [[planit]] paling cerak menyang Srengéngé saliyané [[Bumi]] ([[Merkurius]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Yupiter]] lan [[Saturnus]]) wis ditepungi wiwit jaman biyèn amarga kabèh bisa dideleng kanthi mata langsung. Akèh bangsa ing donya iki duwé [[Planit#Sajarah jeneng-jeneng planit|jeneng dhéwé kanggo saben planit]]. Perkembangan èlmu pengetauan lan tèknologi pangamatan ing limang abad kapungkur nggawa manungsa kanggo mahami barang-barang langit kabébas saka slubung mitologi. [[Galileo Galilei]] (1564-1642) kanthi [[teleskop]] refraktoré bisa ndadèkaké mata manungsa "luwih tajem" sajeroning ngamati barang langit kang ora bisa diamati lumantar mata langsung. Amarga teleskop Galileo bisa ngamati luwih tajem, dhèwèké bisa ndeleng manéka owah-owahan wangun kekatonan [[Venus]], kaya déné Venus Sabit utawa Venus Purnama minangka akibat owah-owahan posisi Venus tumrap Srengéngé. Panalaran Venus ngiteri Srengéngé saya nguwataké téyori [[heliosentris]], yaiku yèn Srengéngé iku punjer alam samesta, dudu Bumi, kang sadurungé digagas déning [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (1473-1543). Susunan heliosentris yaiku Srengéngé dikupengi déning [[Merkurius]] tekan [[Saturnus]]. Teleskop Galileo terus disampurnakaké déning èlmuwan liya kaya déné [[Christian Huygens]] (1629-1695) kang nemu [[Titan]], satelit Saturnus, kang ana mèh kaping 2 let orbit [[Bumi]]-[[Yupiter]]. Perkembangan teleskop uga diimbangi uga déning perkembangan pangétungan obah barang-barang langit lan gegandhèngan siji karo liyané lumantar [[Johannes Kepler]] (1571-1630) kanthi [[Hukum Kepler]]. Lan puncaké, [[Sir Isaac Newton]] (1642-1727) kanthi [[ukum gravitasi]]. Kanthi loro téyori pangétungan iki kang mungkinaké panggolèkan lan pangétungan barang-barang langit sabanjuré. Nalika taun [[1781]], [[William Herschel]] (1738-1822) nemu [[Uranus]]. Pangétungan tliti orbit Uranus nyimpulaké yèn planit iki ana kang ngganggu. [[Neptunus]] tinemu nalika sasi Agustus [[1846]]. Panemon Neptunus pranyata ora cukup njelasaké gangguan orbit Uranus. [[Pluto]] banjur tinemu taun [[1930]]. Nalika Pluto tinemu, Pluto mung dikawruhi minangka siji-sijiné objèk ngangkasa kang ana sawisé Neptunus. Banjur nalika taun 1978, [[Charon (satelit)|Charon]], satelit kang ngupengi Pluto tinemu, sadurungé sempat dikira minangka planit kang sabeneré amarga ukurané ora béda adoh karo Pluto. Para astronom banjur nemu watara 1.000 objèk cilik liyané kang papané ngliwati Neptunus (diarani [[objèk trans-Neptunus]]), kang uga ngupengi Srengéngé. Ing kana mungkin ana watara 100.000 objèk sakrupa kang ditepungi minangka Objèk [[Sabuk Kuiper]] (Sabuk Kuiper yaiku péranganing objèk-objèk trans-Neptunus). Welasan barang langit kalebu sajeroning Objèk Sabuk Kuiper ing antarané [[Quaoar]] (1.250&nbsp;km ing sasi Juni 2002), [[Huya]] (750&nbsp;km ing sasi Maret 2000), [[Sedna]] (1.800&nbsp;km ing sasi Maret 2004), [[Orcus]], [[Vesta]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], [[Hygiea]], [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]], lan [[Haumea (planit cilik)|{{mp|2003 EL|61}}]] (1.500&nbsp;km ing sasi Mèi 2004). Panemon {{mp|2003 EL|61}} cukup njalari héboh amarga Objèk Sabuk Kuiper iki dikawruhi uga nduwé satelit ing sasi Januari 2005 sanadyan kanthi ukuran luwih cilik saka Pluto. Lan puncaké yaiku panemon [[Eris (planit)|Eris]] (2.700&nbsp;km ing sasi Oktober 2003). Saliyané luwih gedhé saka Pluto, objèk iki uga nduwé satelit. == Struktur == [[Gambar:Masses of the planets en.svg|thumb|right|Pambandhing rélatif massa planit. Yupiter iku 71% saka total lan Saturnus 21%. Merkurius lan Mars, kang total bebarengan mung kurang saka 0.1% ora katon sajeroning diagram ing ndhuwur.]] [[Gambar:Oort cloud Sedna orbit-de.svg|thumb|right|Orbit-orbit Tata Surya kanthi skala kang sabeneré]] [[Gambar:Planetoid 90377 sedna animation location.gif|thumb|right|Illustrasi skala]] Komponèn utama sistem Tata Surya yaiku [[srengéngé]], sawijining [[lintang]] [[dhèrèt utama]] kelas G2 kang ngandhut 99,86 persèn massa saka sistem lan ndhominasi kabèh kanthi gaya gravitasiné.<ref>{{cite journal |author=M Woolfson |title=The origin and evolution of the solar system |doi= 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x |year=2000 |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |volume=41 |pages=1.12}}</ref> [[Yupiter]] lan [[Saturnus]], loro komponèn gedhé dhéwé kang ngideri Srengéngé, nyakup kira-kira 90 persèn massa saluwihé.{{Ref label|C|c|none}} Mèh kabèh objèk-objèk gedhé kang ngorbit Srengéngé ana ing babagan édharan [[bumi]], kang lumrahé dijenengi [[èkliptika]]. Kabèh [[planit]] manggon cedhak banget karo èkliptika, sauntara komèt lan objèk-objèk sabuk Kuiper lumrahé duwé béda pojokan kang gedhé banget dibandhingaké èkliptika. Planit-planit lan objèk-objèk Tata Surya uga ngorbit ngupengi Srengéngé lawan arah jarum jam yèn dideleng saka ndhuwur kutub lor Srengéngé, kajaba [[Komèt Halley]]. [[Hukum Kepler|Hukum Gerakan Planit Kepler]] njabaraké yèn orbit saka objèk-objèk Tata Surya saubengé Srengéngé obah kanthi wangun èlips kanthi Srengéngé minangka salah siji titik fokusé. Objèk kang leté luwih cerak saka Srengéngé (sumbu ''sèmi-mayor''-é luwih cilik) duwé taun wektu kang luwih cendhak. Ing orbit èlips, let antarané objèk karo Srengéngé manéka variasi sakdawané taun. Let paling cerak antarané objèk karo Srengéngé dijenengi [[perihelion]], sauntara let paling adoh saka Srengéngé dijenengi [[aphelion]]. Kabèh objèk Tata Surya obah paling rikat ing titik perihelion lan paling alon ing titik aphelion. Orbit planit-planit bisa diarani mèh awangun bunderan, éwadéné komèt, asteroid lan objèk sabuk Kuiper akèh-akèhé orbité awangun [[èlips]]. Kanggo nggampangaké réprèsentasi, akèh-akèhé diagram Tata Surya nuduhaké let antarané orbit kang padha siji lan sijiné. Ing kasunyatané, kanthi sapérangan pangecualian, tansaya adoh panggonan sawijining planit utawa sabuk saka Srengéngé, saya gedhé let antarané objèk iku karo jalur ideran orbit sadurungé. Minangka conto, [[Venus]] manggon watara 0,33 [[ékan astronomi]] (SA) punjul [[Merkurius]]{{Ref label|D|d|none}}, éwadéné [[Saturnus]] iku 4,3 SA saka [[Yupiter]], lan [[Neptunus]] manggon 10,5 SA saka [[Uranus]]. Sapérangan upaya wis dicoba kanggo nemtokaké korélasi let antar orbit iki ([[ukum Titus-Bode]]), nanging nganti saiki ora ana siji téyori waé wis ditampa. Mèh kabèh planit-planit ing Tata Surya uga nduwé sistem sékundhèr. Akèh-akèhé iku barang pangorbit alami kang diarani satelit. Sapérangan barang iki nduwé ukuran luwih gedhé saka planit. Mèh kabèh [[satelit alami]] kang gedhé dhéwé manggon ing orbit sinkron, kanthi sasisih satelit ngadhep merang arah planit indhuké kanthi permanèn. Papat planit gedhé dhéwé uga nduwé cincin kang isi partikel-partikel cilik kang ngorbit kanthi bebarengan. === Tèrminologi === Sacara informal, Tata Surya bisa dibagi dadi telu laladan. Tata Surya pérangan njero nyakup papat [[planit kabumian]] lan [[sabuk asteroid]] utama. Ing laladan kang luwih adoh, Tata Surya pérangan njaba, ana papat gas planit raseksa.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Overview of the Solar System |author=nineplanets.org |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/overview.html |accessdate=2007-02-15}}</ref> Wiwit tinemu [[Sabuk Kuiper]], pérangan paling njaba Tata Surya dianggep wewengkon béda dhéwé kang ngambah kabèh objèk ngliwati Neptunus.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Horizons Set to Launch on 9-Year Voyage to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt |author=Amir Alexander |work=The Planetary Society |year=2006 |url=http://www.planetary.org/news/2006/0116_New_Horizons_Set_to_Launch_on_9_Year.html |accessdate=2006-11-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222080327/http://www.planetary.org/news/2006/0116_New_Horizons_Set_to_Launch_on_9_Year.html |archivedate=2006-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sacara dinamis lan fisik, objèk kang ngorbit [[srengéngé]] bisa diklasifikasikaké sajeroning telung golongan: [[planit]], [[planit cilik]], lan [[Benda Cilik Tata Surya|barang cilik Tata Surya]]. Planit iku sawijining badan kang ngideri Srengéngé lan duwé massa cukup gedhé kanggo minangka buletan dhiri lan wis ngresiki orbité kanthi nginkorporasikaé kabèh objèk-objèk cilik ing saubengé. Kanthi définisi iki, Tata Surya duwé wolu planit: [[Merkurius]], [[Venus]], [[Bumi]], [[Mars]], [[Yupiter]], [[Saturnus]], lan [[Neptunus]]. [[Pluto]] wis diuwalaké status planèté amarga ora bisa ngresiki orbité saka objèk-objèk Sabuk Kuiper.<ref name="FinalResolution"/> Planit cilik iku barang akasa dudu satelit kang ngupengi Srengéngé, duwé massa kang cukup kanggo bisa minangka buletan dhiri nanging durung bisa ngresiki laladan saubengé.<ref name="FinalResolution"/> Miturut définisi iki, Tata Surya duwé lima planit cilik: [[Ceres]], [[Pluto]], [[Haumea]], [[Makemake]], lan [[Eris]].<ref name=name>{{cite web|date=2008-11-07 <!--11:42:58-->|title=Dwarf Planets and their Systems|work= Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets| accessdate=2008-07-13 | publisher= U.S. Geological Survey }}</ref> Objèk liya kang mungkin bakal diklasifikasikaké minangka planit cilik yaiku: [[Sedna]], [[Orcus]], lan [[Quaoar]]. Planit cilik kang nduwé orbit ing laladan trans-Neptunus lumrahé ingaran "plutoid".<ref name="IAU0804">{{cite web |date=11 Juni 2008 |title=Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] (News Release-IAU0804), Paris |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0804 |accessdate=2008-06-11 |archive-date=2008-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613121232/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0804/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sisa objèk-objèk liya sabanjuré kang ngiteri Srengéngé yaiku barang cilik Tata Surya.<ref name="FinalResolution">{{cite news |title=The Final IAU Resolution on the definition of "planit" ready for voting |publisher=IAU |date=2006-08-24 |url=http://www.iau.org/iau0602.423.0.html |accessdate=2007-03-02 |archive-date=2009-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107044134/http://www.iau.org/iau0602.423.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Èlmuwan ahli planit migunakaké istilah gas, ès, lan watu kanggo ndhèskripsikaké kelas dat kang ana ing njero Tata Surya. ''Watu'' kanggo njenengi bahan mawa titik lebur dhuwur (luwih gedhé saka 500&nbsp;K), minangka conto [[silikat]]. Bahan batuan iki umum banget ana ing Tata Surya pérangan njero, wujud komponèn pambentuk utama mèh kabèh planit kabumian lan asteroid. Gas iku bahan-bahan mawa titik lebur asor kaya déné atom hidrogen, hélium, lan gas mulia, bahan-bahan iki ndhominasi wewengkon tengah Tata Surya, kang didhominasi déning Yupiter lan Saturnus. Éwadéné ès, kaya déné [[banyu]], [[metana]], [[amonia]] lan [[karbon dioksida]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.009 | bibcode=2007Icar..190..345F | title=Asymmetries in the distribution of H2O and CO2 in the inner coma of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 as observed by Deep Impact | year=2007 | author=Feaga, L | journal=Icarus | volume=190 | pages=345}}</ref> duwé titik lebur watara atusan drajat kelvin. Bahan iki arupakan komponèn utama saka sapérangan gedhé satelit planit raseksa. Dhèwèké uga wujud komponèn utama [[Uranus]] lan [[Neptunus]] (kang asring ingaran "ès raseksa"), sarta manéka barang cilik kang ana ing sacedhaké orbit Neptunus.<ref name=zeilik>{{cite book | pages=[https://archive.org/details/astronomyevolvin0000zeil/page/240 240] | author=Michael Zellik| title=Astronomy: The Evolving Universe | url=https://archive.org/details/astronomyevolvin0000zeil | edition=9th | year=2002 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0521800900 | oclc=223304585}}</ref> Istilah ''volatiles'' nyakup kabèh bahan mawa titik umub asor (kurang saka atusan kelvin), kang kalebu gas lan ès; gumantung ing suhuné, 'volatiles' bisa tinemu minangka ès, cuwèran, utawa gas ing manéka pérangan Tata Surya. === Zona planit === [[Gambar:Solarsys.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|rifgt|Zona Tata Surya kang ngambah, planit pérangan njero, sabuk asteroid, planit pérangan njaba, lan [[sabuk Kuiper]]. (Gambar ora selaras karo skala) ]] Ing zona planit njero, [[Srengéngé]] iku punjer Tata Surya lan panggonané paling cedhak karo planit [[Merkurius]] (let saka Srengéngé 57,9&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>6</sup> km, utawa 0,39&nbsp;[[ékan astronomi|SA]]), [[Venus]] (108,2&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;km, 0,72&nbsp;SA), [[Bumi]] (149,6&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;km, 1&nbsp;SA) lan [[Mars]] (227,9&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;km, 1,52&nbsp;SA). Ukuran dhiamèteré antara 4.878&nbsp;km lan 12.756&nbsp;km, kanthi massa jinis antara 3,95&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> lan 5,52&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Ing antarané Mars lan [[Yupiter]] ana laladan kang ingaran [[sabuk asteroid]], kumpulan batuan métal lan mineral. Akèh-akèhé asteroid-asteroid iki mung duwé dhiamèter sapérangan kilomèter (pirsani: [[Pratélan asteroid]]), lan sapérangan duwé dhiamèter 100&nbsp;km utawa luwih. [[Ceres]], péranganing kumpulan asteroid iki, ukurané watara 960&nbsp;km lan dikategorikaké minangka [[planit cilik]]. Orbit asteroid-asteroid iki èliptis banget, malah sapérangan nyimpangi [[Merkurius]] ([[1566 Icarus|Icarus]]) lan [[Uranus]] ([[2060 Chiron|Chiron]]). Ing zona planit njaba, ana planit gas raseksa [[Yupiter]] (778,3&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;km, 5,2&nbsp;SA), [[Uranus]] (2,875&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>9</sup>&nbsp;km, 19,2&nbsp;SA) lan [[Neptunus]] (4,504&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>9</sup>&nbsp;km, 30,1&nbsp;SA) kanthi massa jinis antara 0,7&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> lan 1,66&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Let rata-rata antarané planit-planit karo Srengéngé bisa diprakirakaké kanthi migunakaké [[Hukum Titus-Bode|baris matématis Titus-Bode]]. Régularitas let antarané jalur ideran orbit-orbit iki kamungkinan wujud èfèk résonansi sisa saka awal kawanguné Tata Surya. Anèhé, planit [[Neptunus]] ora mijil ing baris matématis Titus-Bode, kang gawé para pangamat spékulasi yèn Neptunus wujud asil tabrakan kosmis. === Srengéngé === {{utama|Srengéngé}} [[Srengéngé]] iku lintang indhuk Tata Surya lan wujud komponèn utama sistem Tata Surya iki. [[Lintang]] iki ukurané 332.830 massa [[bumi]]. Massa kang gedhé iki njalari kapadhetan inti kang cukup gedhé kanggo bisa njurung kasinambungan [[fusi nuklir]] lan nyemburaké sapérangan ènèrgi kang ''dahsyat''. Akèh-akèhé ènèrgi iki dipancaraké menyang njaban akasa sajeroning wangun radhiasi èlètromagnètik, kalebu spèktrum optik. Srengéngé dikategorikaké sajeroning lintang cilik kuning (jinis G V) kang ukurané tengahan, nanging jeneng iki bisa njalari kasalahpahaman, amarga dibandhingaké karo lintang-lintang kang ana ing njero galaksi Bimasekti, Srengéngé kalebu cukup gedhé lan ''cemerlang''. Lintang diklasifikasikaké mawa [[dhiagram Hertzsprung-Russell]], yaiku sawijining grafik kang nggambaraké gegandhèngan pangaji [[luminositas]] sawijining lintang marang suhu lumahané. Lumrahé, lintang kang luwih panas bakal luwih ''cemerlang''. Lintang-lintang kang nuruti pola iki diarani ana ing [[dhèrèt utama]], lan Srengéngé panggoné persis ing tengah dhèrèt iki. Nanging, lintang-lintang kang luwih ''cemerlang'' lan luwih panas saka Srengéngé iku langka, éwadéné lintang-lintang kang luwih redhup lan adhem iku umum.<ref>{{cite web |year=2001 |author=Smart, R. L.; Carollo, D.; Lattanzi, M. G.; McLean, B.; Spagna, A. |title=The Second Guide Star Catalogue and Cool Stars |work=Perkins Observatory |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001udns.conf..119S |accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref> Dipercaya yèn posisi Srengéngé ing dhèrèt utama kanthi umum wujud "pucuk urip" saka sawijining lintang, amarga durung entèké hidrogen kang kasimpen kanggo fusi nuklir. Saiki Srengéngé tuwuh tansaya padhang jingglang. Ing awal uripé, tingkat kacemerlangané iku watara 70 persèn saka kacermelangan saiki.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Towards a Solution to the Early Faint Sun Paradox: A Lower Cosmic Ray Flux from a Stronger Solar Wind|author=Nir J. Shaviv|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|doi=10.1029/2003JA009997|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astroph/0306477v2|accessdate=2009-01-26|year=2003|volume=108|pages=1437}}</ref> Srengéngé kanthi [[métalisitas]] dikategorikaké minangka lintang "populasi I". Lintang kategori iki kawangun luwih akir ing tingkat évolusi [[alam semesta]], saéngga ngandhut luwih akèh unsur kang luwih abot tinimbang hidrogen lan hélium ("metal" sajeroning sebutan astronomi) dibandhingaké karo lintang "populasi II".<ref>{{cite journal |author=T. S. van Albada, Norman Baker |title=On the Two Oosterhoff Groups of Globular Clusters |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1973-10-01_185_1/page/n482 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=185 |year=1973 |pages=477–498 |doi=10.1086/152434}}</ref> Unsur-unsur kang luwih abot tinimbang [[hidrogen]] lan [[hélium]] kawangun ing njero inti lintang purba kang banjur njeblug. Lintang-lintang génerasi pisanan perlu cures luwih dhisik sadurungé alam semesta bisa dikebaki déning unsur-unsur kang luwih abot iki. Lintang-lintang tuwa dhéwé ngandhut metal sithik banget, éwadéné lintang anyar nduwé kandhungan métal kang luwih dhuwur. Tingkat métalitas kang dhuwur iki diprakirakaké duwé prabawa wigati ing pambentukan sistem Tata Surya, amarga kawanguné planit iku asil panggumpelan métal.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Estimate of the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe: Quantifying Metallicity as a Selection Effect |author=Charles H. Lineweaver |work=University of New South Wales |date=2001-03-09 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0012399 |accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> ==== Médhium antarplanèt ==== [[Gambar:Heliospheric-current-sheet.gif|right|thumb|[[Lembar ilènan heliosfer]], amarga obah rotasi magnètis Srengéngé tumrap médhium antarplanèt.<!-- The heliospheric current sheet. -->]] Saliyané cahya, [[Srengéngé]] uga kanthi kasinambungan mancaraké semburan partikel kanthi momotan ([[plasma]]) kang ditepungi minangka [[angin surya]]. Semburan partikel iki nyebar metu kira-kira ing karikatan 1,5 yuta kilomèter per jam,<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Physics: The Solar Wind |work=Marshall Space Flight Center |date=2006-07-16<!--Internet Archive estimate--> |url=http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml |accessdate=2006-10-03 |archive-date=2015-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813081520/http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> nyiptakaké atmosfèr tipis ([[heliosfer]]) kang ngrambah Tata Surya paling ora adohé 100 SA (deleng uga ''[[heliopause]]''). Kabèh iki ingaran [[médhium antarplanèt]]. Lésus géomagnètis ing lumahing Srengéngé, kaya déné [[semburan Srengéngé]] (''solar flares'') lan [[uncalan massa korona]] (''coronal mass ejection'') njalari gangguan ing heliosfer, nyiptakaké cuaca ruwang akasa.<ref name="SunFlip">{{cite web |url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast15feb_1.htm |title=The Sun Does a Flip |accessdate=2007-02-04 |last=Phillips |first=Tony |date=2001-02-15 |work=Science@NASA |archive-date=2009-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512121817/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast15feb_1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Struktur gedhé dhéwé saka heliosfer dijenengi [[lembar ilènan heliosfer]] (''heliospheric current sheet''), sawijining spiral kang dumadi amarga obah rotasi magnètis Srengéngé tumrap médhium antarplanèt.<ref>[http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/22apr_currentsheet.htm A Star with two North Poles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718014855/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/22apr_currentsheet.htm |date=2009-07-18 }}, April 22, 2003, Science @ NASA</ref><ref>Riley, Pete; Linker, J. A.; Mikić, Z., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080205064113/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRA.107g.SSH8R Modeling the heliospheric current sheet: Solar cycle variations]", (2002) ''Journal of Geophysical Research'' (Space Physics), Volume 107, Issue A7, pp. SSH 8-1, CiteID 1136, DOI 10.1029/2001JA000299. ([http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/science/monthly_highlights/2002-July-2001JA000299.pdf Full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814052347/http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/science/monthly_highlights/2002-July-2001JA000299.pdf |date=2009-08-14 }})</ref> [[Magnetosfer|Médhan magnèt]] bumi nyegah [[atmosfèr bumi]] interaksi karo angin surya. [[Venus]] lan [[Mars]] kang ora duwé médhan magnèt, atmosfèré entèk kakikis menyang njaba akasa.<ref>{{cite science |last=Lundin |first=Richard |date=2001-03-09 |title=Erosion by the Solar Wind |author=Rickard Lundin |journal=Science |volume=291 |issue=5510 |pages=1909 |doi=10.1126/science.1059763 |url=http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5510/1909 |accessdate=2006-12-26|abstract=http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/291/5510/1909}}</ref> Interaksi antarané angin surya lan médhan magnèt bumi njalari dumadiné [[aurora]], kang bisa dideleng cedhak kutub magnètik bumi. Heliosfer uga duwé peran ngreksa Tata Surya saka [[sinar kosmik]] kang asalé saka njaban Tata Surya. Médhan magnèt planit-planit nambah peran pangreksan sabanjuré. Dhènsitas [[sinar kosmik]] ing [[médhium antarlintang]] lan kekuwatan médhan magnèt Srengéngé ngalami owah-owahan ing skala wektu kang dawa banget, saéngga drajat radhiasi kosmis ing njero Tata Surya dhéwé iku manéka variasi, sanajan ora dikawruhi sepira gedhéné.<ref name="Langner_et_al_2005">{{cite journal |last=Langner |first=U. W. |author2=M.S. Potgieter |year=2005 |title=Effects of the position of the solar wind termination shock and the heliopause on the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2084–2090 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.005 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AdSpR..35.2084L |accessdate=2007-02-11}}</ref> Médhium antarplanèt uga wujud papan anané paling ora loro laladan mèmper piringan kang isiné lebu kosmis. Sing pisanan, méga lebu zodhiak, ana ing Tata Surya pérangan njero lan wujud jalaran cahya zodhiak. Iki kamungkinan kawangun saka tabrakan sajeroning [[sabuk astéroid]] kang disebabaké déning interaksi karo planit-planit.<ref>{{cite web |year=1998 |title=Long-term Evolution of the Zodiacal Cloud |url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/workshops/1997/zodiac/backman/IIIc.html |accessdate=2007-02-03 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501105418/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/workshops/1997/zodiac/backman/IIIc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laladan kaloro mbentang antarané 10 SA nganti watara 40 SA, lan mungkin disebabaké déning tabrakan kang mèmper nanging dumadi ing njero [[Sabuk Kuiper]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2003 |title=ESA scientist discovers a way to shortlist stars that might have planets |work=ESA Science and Technology |url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=29471 |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Landgraf |first=M. |author2=Liou, J.-C.; Zook, H. A.; Grün, E. |date=May 2002 |title=Origins of Solar System Dust beyond Jupiter |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=2857–2861 |doi=10.1086/339704 |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/123/5/2857/201502.html |accessdate=2007-02-09}}</ref> === Tata Surya pérangan njero === Tata Surya pérangan njero iku jeneng umum kang nyakup [[planit kabumian]] lan [[asteroid]]. Mliginé kagawé saka [[silikat]] lan logam, objèk saka Tata Surya pérangan njero nglingkup cerak karo [[Srengéngé]], radhius saka kabèh laladan iki luwih cendhak saka let antarané Yupiter lan Saturnus. ==== Planit-planit pérangan njero ==== {{utama|Planit kebumian}} [[Gambar:Terrestrial planit size comparisons.jpg|thumb|Planit-planit pérangan njero. Saka kiwa nengen: [[Merkurius]], [[Venus]], [[Bumi]], lan [[Mars]] (ukuran miturut skala)]] Papat [[planit]] pérangan njero utawa planit kabumian (''terrestrial planit'') duwé komposisi batuan kang padhet, mèh ora duwé utawa ora duwé satelit lan ora duwé sistem cincin. Komposisi planit-planit iki mligi yaiku mineral kanthi titik lèlèh dhuwur, kaya déné silikat kang intip lan slubung, lan logam kaya déné wesi lan nikel kang intiné. Telu saka papat planit iki ([[Venus]], [[Bumi]] lan [[Mars]]) duwé [[atmosfèr]], kabèh duwé kawah météor lan sipat-sipat lumahan tèktonis kaya déné gunung geni lan lembah pecahan. Planit kang panggonané ing antarané Srengéngé lan Bumi ([[Merkurius]] lan [[Venus]]) diarani uga minangka planit infèrior. ===== Merkurius ===== : [[Merkurius]] (0,4 SA saka Srengéngé) iku planit paling cerak saka Srengéngé sarta uga paling cilik (0,055 massa Bumi). Merkurius ora duwé satelit alami lan ciri géologisé saliyané kawah météorid kang dikawruhi yaiku ''lobed ridges'' utawa ''rupes'', kamungkinan dumadi amarga pangerutan ing périodhe awal sajarahé.<ref>Schenk P., Melosh H.J. (1994), ''Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury's Lithosphere'', Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 1994LPI....25.1203S</ref> Atmosfèr Merkurius kang mèh bisa dilirwakaké kapérang saka atom-atom kang uwal saka lumahané amarga semburan angin surya.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Bill Arnett |title=Mercury |work=The Nine Planets |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html |accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> Gedhéné inti wesi lan tipisé kerak Merkurius isih durung bisa diterangaké. Miturut prakiran hipotésa lapisan njaba planit iki ucul sawisé dumadi tabrakan gedhé, lan ngrembakané ("akresi") penuhé kacandhet déning ènèrgi awal Srengéngé.<ref>Benz, W., Slattery, W. L., Cameron, A. G. W. (1988), ''Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle'', Icarus, v. 74, p. 516–528.</ref><ref>Cameron, A. G. W. (1985), ''The partial volatilization of Mercury'', Icarus, v. 64, p. 285–294.</ref> ===== Venus ===== : [[Venus]] (0,7 SA saka Srengéngé) mawa ukuran mèmper bumi (0,815 massa bumi). Lan kaya déné [[bumi]], planit iki duwé slimut kulit silikat kang kandel lan mawa inti wesi, atmosfèré uga kandel lan duwé aktivitas géologi. Nanging planit iki luwih garing saka bumi lan atmosfèré kaping sanga luwih padhet saka bumi. Venus ora duwé satelit. Venus iku planit paling panas kanthi suhu lumahan ngancik 400&nbsp;°C, kamungkinan gedhé disebabaké gunggung gas omah kaca kang kakandhut ing njero atmosfèr.<ref>{{cite paper |author=Mark Alan Bullock |title=The Stability of Climate on Venus |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |year=1997 |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate=2006-12-26 |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202751/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tekan saiki aktivitas géologis Venus durung didhetèksi, nanging amarga planit iki ora duwé medhan magnèt kang bisa nyegah entèké atmosfèr, dinuga sumber atmosfèr Venus asalé saka gunung geni.<ref>{{cite web |year=1999 |author=Paul Rincon |title=Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus |work=Johnson Space Center Houston, TX, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-11-19 |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202807/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===== Bumi ===== : [[Bumi]] (1 SA saka Srengéngé) iku planit pérangan njero kang gedhé dhéwé lan paling padhet, siji-sijiné kang dikawruhi duwé aktivitas géologi lan siji-sijiné planit kang dikawruhi duwé mahluk urip. Hidrosfèr-é kang cuwèr iku kas ing antarané planit-planit kabumian lan uga wujud siji-sijiné planit kang diamati duwé lèmpèng tèktonik. Atmosfèr bumi béda banget dibandhingaké planit-planit liyané, amarga diprabawai déning anané mahluk urip kang ngasilaké 21% [[oksigèn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Earth's Atmosphere: Composition and Structure |author=Anne E. Egger, M.A./M.S. |work=VisionLearning.com |url=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?c3=&mid=107&l= |accessdate=2006-12-26 |archive-date=2007-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221231635/http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=107&l=&c3= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bumi duwé siji [[satelit]], [[rembulan]], siji-sijiné satelit gedhé saka planit kabumian ing njero Tata Surya. ===== Mars ===== : [[Mars]] (1,5 SA saka Srengéngé) kanthi ukuran luwih cilik saka bumi lan Venus (0,107 massa bumi). Planit iki duwé atmosfèr tipis kang kandhutan mligi iku [[karbon dioksida]]. Lumahan Mars kang dikebaki gunung geni raseksa kaya déné [[Olympus Mons]] lan lembah retakan kaya déné [[Valles marineris]], nuduhaké aktivitas géologis kang terus dumadi nganti saiki. Warna abangé asalé saka warna karat lemahé kang sugih wesi.<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Modern Martian Marvels: Volcanoes? |author=David Noever |work=NASA Astrobiology Magazine |url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1360&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> Mars duwé loro satelit alami cilik ([[Deimos]] lan [[Phobos]]) kang dinuga wujud [[asteroid]] kang kajebak gravitasi Mars.<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness |author=Scott S. Sheppard, David Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna |work=The Astronomical Journal |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/128/5/2542/204263.html |accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref> ==== Sabuk asteroid ==== {{utama|Sabuk asteroid}} [[Gambar:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|thumb|Sabuk asteroid utama lan asteroid Troya]] [[Asteroid]] kanthi umum iku objèk Tata Surya kang kapérang saka batuan lan mineral logam beku.<ref>{{cite web|title=Are Kuiper Belt Objects asteroids? Are large Kuiper Belt Objects planets?|publisher=Cornell University|url=http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=601|accessdate=2009-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103110110/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=601|archive-date=2009-01-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sabuk asteroid]] utama ana ing antarané orbit [[Mars]] lan [[Yupiter]], leté watara 2,3 lan 3,3 SA saka [[Srengéngé]], dinuga wujud sisa saka bahan formasi Tata Surya kang gagal nggumpel amarga prabawa gravitasi Yupiter.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Petit, J.-M.; Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J. | title=The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt | journal=Icarus | year=2001 | volume=153 | pages=338–347 | url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/asteroids.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-03-22 | doi=10.1006/icar.2001.6702 | archive-date=2007-02-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221085835/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/asteroids.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Gradhasi ukuran asteroid iku atusan kilomèter tekan mikroskopis. Kabèh asteroid, kajaba [[Ceres]] kang gedhé dhéwé, diklasifikasikaké minangka [[Benda Cilik Tata Surya|barang cilik Tata Surya]]. Sapérangan asteroid kaya déné [[Vesta]] lan [[Hygiea]] mungkin bakal diklasifikasikaké minangka [[planit cilik]] yèn kabukti wis ngancik [[kasetimbangan hidrostatik]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IAU Planit Definition Committee|publisher=International Astronomical Union|year=2006|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/newspaper/|accessdate=2009-03-01|archive-date=2009-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603001603/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/newspaper/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sabuk asteroid kapérang saka maèwu-èwu, mungkin yutan objèk kanthi dhiamèter sakilometer.<ref>{{cite web |year=2002 |title=New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed |work=ESA |url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/ESAASPF18ZC_index_0.html|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref> Sanajan mangkono, massa total saka sabuk utama iki ora punjul saprasèwu massa bumi.<ref name=Krasinsky2002>{{cite journal |authorlink=Georgij A. Krasinsky |first=G. A. |last=Krasinsky |author2=[[Elena V. Pitjeva|Pitjeva, E. V.]]; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I. |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002Icar..158...98K&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=4326fb2cf906949 |title=Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt |journal=Icarus |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=98–105 |date=July 2002 |doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6837}}</ref> Sabuk utama ora rapet, kapal ruwang akasa kanthi rutin mbrobos laladan iki tanpa ngalami kacilakan. Asteroid kang dhiamèteré watara 10 lan 10<sup>−4</sup>&nbsp;m ingaran météorid.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beech, M. |author2=Duncan I. Steel |date=September 1995 |title=On the Definition of the Term Meteoroid |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=281–284 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1995QJRAS..36..281B&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=44b52c369007834 |accessdate=2006-08-31}}</ref> ===== Ceres ===== [[Gambar:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ceres]] [[Ceres]] (2,77 SA) iku barang gedhé dhéwé ing sabuk asteroid lan diklasifikasikaké minangka planit cilik. Dhiamèteré iku kurang sithik saka 1000&nbsp;km, cukup gedhé kanggo duwé gravitasi dhéwé kanggo nggumpel minangka bunderan. Ceres dianggep planit nalika tinemu ing abad ka 19, nanging di-réklasifikasi dadi asteroid nalika taun 1850an sawisé observasi luwih lanjut nemu sapérangan asteroid manèh.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Discovery of Asteroids |format=DOC |work=NASA |url=http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/DawnClassrooms/1_hist_dawn/history_discovery/Development/a_modeling_scale.doc |accessdate=2006-08-29}}</ref> Ceres diréklasifikasi lanjut nalika taun 2006 minangka planit cilik. ===== Golongan asteroid ===== [[Asteroid]] ing sabuk utama dibagi dadi golongan lan kulawarga asteroid dhedhasar sipat-sipat orbité. Satelit asteroid iku asteroid kang ngiteri asteroid kang luwih gedhé. Satelit-satelit iki ora gampang dibédakaké saka satelit-satelit planit, sok-sok mèh padha gedhéné karo pasangané. Sabuk asteroid uga duwé komèt sabuk utama kang mungkin wujud sumber banyu bumi.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Phil Berardelli |title=Main-Belt Comets May Have Been Source Of Earths Water |work=SpaceDaily |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Main_Belt_Comets_May_Have_Been_Source_Of_Earths_Water.html |accessdate=2006-06-23 |archive-date=2011-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816083413/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Main_Belt_Comets_May_Have_Been_Source_Of_Earths_Water.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asteroid-asteroid Trojan ana ing titik L<sub>4</sub> atau L<sub>5</sub> [[Yupiter]] (laladan gravitasi stabil kang ana ing ngarep lan mburi sawijining orbit planit), sebutan "trojan" asring dipigunakaké kanggo objèk-objèk cilik ing [[Titik Langrange]] saka sawijining planit utawa satelit. Golongan Asteroid Hilda ana ing orbit résonansi 2:3 saka Yupiter, kang tegesé golongan iki ngiteri Srengéngé kaping telu kanggo saben loro ideran [[Yupiter]]. Pérangan njero Tata Surya uga dikebaki déning asteroid alasan, kang akèh ngethok orbit-orbit planit-planit pérangan njero. === Tata Surya pérangan njaba === Ing pérangan njaba Tata Surya ana gas-gas raseksa karo satelit-satelité kang mawa ukuran planit. Akèh komèt kanthi périodha cendhak kalebu sapérangan Centaur, uga duwé orbit ing laladan iki. Badan-badan padhet ing laladan iki ngandhut gunggung ''volatil'' (conto: banyu, amonia, métan, kang asring ingaran "es" sajeroning pangistilahan èlmu kaplanètan) kang luwih dhuwur dibandhingaké planit batuan ing pérangan njero Tata Surya. ==== Planit-planit njaba ==== {{utama|Raseksa gas}} [[Gambar:Gas giants and the Sun (1 px = 1000 km).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Raseksa-raseksa gas sajeroning Tata Surya lan Srengéngé, dhedhasar skala]] Kapapat planit njaba, kang ingaran uga planit raseksa gas (''gas giant''), utawa [[planit jovian]], kanthi kasluruhan nyakup 99 persèn massa kang ngorbit Srengéngé. Yupiter lan Saturnus sapérangan gedhé ngandhut [[hidrogen]] lan [[hélium]]; Uranus lan Neptunus duwé proporsi ès kang luwih gedhé. Para astronom ngusulaké yèn kaloroné dikategorikaké dhéwé minangka raseksa ès.<ref>{{cite web |title=Formation of Giant Planets |author=Jack J. Lissauer, David J. Stevenson |work=NASA Ames Research Center; California Institute of Technology |year=2006 |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/djs/lissauer%26stevenson%28PPV%29.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-01-16 |archive-date=2009-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326060004/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/djs/lissauer%26stevenson%28PPV%29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kapapat raseksa gas iki kabèh duwé cincin, sanajan mung sistem cincin Saturnus kang bisa dideleng kanthi gampang saka bumi. ===== Yupiter ===== : [[Yupiter]] (5,2 SA), kanthi massa kaping 318 massa bumi, iku massané kaping 2,5 massa saka gabungan kabèh planit liyané. Kandhutan mligi iku [[hidrogen]] lan [[hélium]]. Sumber panas ing njero Yupiter njalari timbulé sapérangan ciri sèmi-permanèn ing atmosfèré, minangka conto pita pita awan lan [[Bintik Abang Raseksa]]. Sing dikawruhi, Yupiter duwé 63 satelit. Papat kang gedhé dhéwé, [[Ganymede]], [[Callisto]], [[Io]], lan [[Europa (satelit)|Europa]] ngatonaké kamèmperan karo planit kabumian, kaya déné gunung geni lan inti kang panas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: A Framework for Compositional Studies |author=Pappalardo, R T |work=Brown University |year=1999 |url=http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |accessdate=2006-01-16 |archive-date=2008-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212155912/http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ganymede, kang wujud satelit gedhé dhéwé ing Tata Surya, duwé ukuran luwih gedhé saka Merkurius. ===== Saturnus ===== : [[Saturnus]] (9,5 SA) kang ditepungi kanthi sistem cinciné, duwé sapérangan pepadhan karo Yupiter, minangka conto komposisi atmosfèré. Sanajan Saturnus gehdéné mung 60% volume Yupiter, planit iki mung duwé bobot kurang saka sapratelu Yupiter utawa kaping 95 massa bumi, agawé planit iki wujud sawijining planit kang paling ora padhet ing Tata Surya. Saturnus duwé 60 satelit kang dikawruhi tekan saiki (lan 3 kang durung dipesthèkaké) loro ing antarané [[Titan]] lan [[Enceladus]], nuduhaké aktivitas géologis, sanajan mèh kapérang mung saka ès waé.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites |author=J. S. Kargel |work=U.S. Geological Survey |year=1994 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/n7435h4506788p22/ |accessdate=2006-01-16 |archive-date=2013-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202057/http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00613296 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Titan duwé ukuran luwih gedhé saka [[Merkurius]] lan wujud siji-sijiné satelit ing Tata Surya kang duwé atmosfèr kang cukup duwé arti. ===== Uranus ===== : [[Uranus]] (19,6 SA) kang duwé massa kaping 14 massa bumi, iku planit kang paling ènthèng ing antarané planit-planit njaba. Planit iki duwé kabédan ciri orbit. Uranus ngiteri Srengéngé kanthi ukuran poros 90 drajat ing [[ekliptika]]. Planit iki duwé inti kang adhem banget dibandhingaké gas raseksa liyané lan mung sithik mancaraké ènèrgi panas.<ref>{{cite web |title=10 Mysteries of the Solar System |author=Hawksett, David; Longstaff, Alan; Cooper, Keith; Clark, Stuart |work=Astronomy Now |year=2005 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AsNow..19h..65H |accessdate=2006-01-16}}</ref> Uranus duwé 27 satelit kang dikawruhi, kang gedhé dhéwé iku Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel lan Miranda. ===== Neptunus ===== : [[Neptunus]] (30 SA) sanajan luwih cilik sithik saka Uranus, duwé massa kaping 17 massa bumi, saéngga agawé planit iki luwih padhet. Planit iki mancaraké panas saka njero nanging ora akèh kaya déné Yupiter utawa Saturnus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune |author=Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R. |work=NASA, Ames Research Center |year=1990 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GeoRL..17.1737P |accessdate=2006-01-16}}</ref> Neptunus duwé 13 satelit kang dikawruhi. Sing gedhé dhéwé, [[Triton]], géologiné aktif, lan duwé geyser nitrogèn cuwèr.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Plausibility of Boiling Geysers on Triton |author=Duxbury, N.S., Brown, R.H. |work=Beacon eSpace |year=1995 |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |accessdate=2006-01-16 |archive-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426005806/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |url-status=dead }}</ref> Triton iku siji-sijiné satelit gedhé kang orbité walik arah (''retrogade''). Neptunus uga diampingi sapérangan planit minor ing orbité, kang ingaran Trojan Neptunus. Bendha-barang iki duwé résonansi 1:1 karo Neptunus. ==== Komèt ==== {{utama|Komèt}} [[Gambar:CometMcNaught MatakoheNZ.JPG|right|thumb|[[Komèt McNaught]] utawa [[C/2006 P1]] dideleng saka [[Matakohe, New Zealand]] tanggal [[20 Januari]] [[2007]] jam 9.03pm.]] [[Komèt]] iku badan Tata Surya cilik, lumrahé mung mawa ukuran sapérangan kilomèter, lan kagawé saka [[ès volatil]]<!-- (volatiles ices) -->. Badan-badan iki duwé èksèntrisitas orbit dhuwur, kanthi umum [[perihelion]]-é ana ing planit-planit pérangan njero lan panggonan [[aphelion]]-é luwih adoh saka [[Pluto]]. Nalika sawijining komèt ngleboni Tata Surya pérangan njero, ceraké let saka Srengéngé njalari lumahan èsé ngalami sumblimasi lan ionisasi, kang ngasilaké koma, buntut gas lan lebu dawa, kang asring bisa dideleng kanthi mata langsung. Komèt mawa périodha cendhak, duwé kalangsungan orbit kurang saka rongatus taun. Éwadéné komèt mawa périodha panjang, duwé orbit kang lumaku èwonan taun. Komèt mawa périodha cendhak dipercaya asalé saka [[Sabuk Kuiper]], éwadéné komèt mawa périodha dawa, kaya déné [[Hale-bopp]], asalé saka [[Awan oort|Awan Oort]]. Akèh golongan komèt, kaya déné [[Kreutz Sungrazers]], kawangun saka pecahan sawijining indhuk tunggal.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sekanina, Zdenek |year=2001 |title=Kreutz sungrazers: the ultimate case of cometary fragmentation and disintegration? |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic |volume=89 p.78–93}}</ref> Sapérangan komèt mawa orbit hiperbolik mungkin asalé saka njaba Tata Surya, nanging nemtokaké jalur orbité kanthi mesthi iku angèl banget.<ref name="hyperbolic">{{cite journal |last=Królikowska |first=M. |year=2001 |title=A study of the original orbits of ''hyperbolic'' comets |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=376 |issue=1 |pages=316–324 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010945 |url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_base_ora&url=articles/aa/full/2001/34/aa1250/aa1250.right.html&access=standard&Itemid=81 |accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref> Komèt tuwa kang bahan volatilesé wis entèk amarga panas Srengéngé asring dikategorikaké minangka [[asteroid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0358l71h463w246/ |title=The activities of comets related to their aging and origin |author=Fred L. Whipple |accessdate=2006-12-26 |date=April 1992 |archive-date=2012-05-24 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20120524184654/http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0358l71h463w246/?MUD=MP |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Centaur ==== Centaur iku barang-barang ès mèmper komèt kang poros semi-majoré luwih gedhé saka [[Yupiter]] (5,5 SA) lan luwih cilik saka Neptunus (30 SA). Centaur gedhé dhéwé kang dikawruhi yaiku, [[10199 Chariklo]], kanthi dhiamèter 250&nbsp;km.<ref name=spitzer>{{cite web |title=Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects: Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope |author=John Stansberry, Will Grundy, Mike Brown, Dale Cruikshank, John Spencer, David Trilling, Jean-Luc Margot |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0702538v2 |year=2007 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}</ref> Centaur temonan pisanan, [[2060 Chiron]], uga diklasifikasikaké minangka komèt (95P) amarga duwé koma padha kaya déné komèt yèn nyedhaki Srengéngé.<ref>{{cite web |year=1995 |author=Patrick Vanouplines |title=Chiron biography |work=Vrije Universitiet Brussel |url=http://www.vub.ac.be/STER/www.astro/chibio.htm |accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref> Sapérangan astronom nglasifikasikaké Centaurs minangka [[objèk sabuk Kuiper sebaran-menyang-njero]] (''inward-scattered Kuiper belt objects''), sairing karo sebaran metu kang manggon ing [[piringan kasebar]] (''outward-scattered residents of the scattered disc'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/Centaurs.html |title=List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects |work=IAU: Minor Planit Center |accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> === Laladan trans-Neptunus === [[Gambar:Outersolarsystem objectpositions labels comp.png|right|thumb|Plot kabèh objèk [[sabuk Kuiper]]]] [[Gambar:TheKuiperBelt Projections 55AU Classical Plutinos.svg|right|thumb|Dhiagram kang nuduhaké pambagian sabuk Kuiper]] Laladan kang ana adoh ngliwati Neptunus, utawa laladan trans-Neptunus, sapérangan gedhé durung dièksplorasi. Miturut praduga laladan iki sapérangan gedhé kapérang saka donya-donya cilik (kang gedhé dhéwé duwé dhiamèter sapralima bumi lan massané adoh luwih cilik saka rembulan) lan mligi ngandhut watu lan ès. Laladan iki uga ditepungi minangka [[laladan njaba Tata Surya]]<!-- (outer solar system) -->, sanajan manéka wong migunakaké istilah iki kanggo laladan kang ana ngluwihi sabuk asteroid. ==== Sabuk Kuiper ==== {{utama|Sabuk Kuiper}} Sabuk Kuiper iku sawijining cincin raseksa mèmper karo sabuk asteroid, nanging komposisi mligi iku ès. Sabuk iki manggon ana ing antarané 30 lan 50 SA, lan kapérang saka [[Bendha Cilik Tata Surya|barang cilik Tata Surya]]. Sanajan mangkono, sapérangan objèk Kuiper kang gedhé dhéwé, kaya déné [[Quaoar]], [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]], lan [[Orcus]], mungkin bakal diklasifikasikaké minangka [[planit cilik]]. Para èlmuwan mrakirakaké ana watara 100.000 objèk Sabuk Kuiper kanthi dhiamèter punjul 50&nbsp;km, nanging diprakirakaké massa total Sabuk Kuiper mung saprasepuluh massa bumi.<ref name="Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets">{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Audrey Delsanti and David Jewitt |title=The Solar System Beyond The Planets |work=Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525051103/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf |archivedate=2006-05-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> Akèh objèk Kuiper duwé satelit gandha lan akèh-akèhé duwé orbit ing njaba babagan èliptika. Sabuk Kuiper kanthi kasar bisa dibagi dadi "sabuk klasik" lan résonansi. Résonansi iku orbit kang agandhèng marang Neptunus (conto: loro orbit kanggo saben telu orbit Neptunus utawa siji kanggo saben loro). Résonansi kang pisanan awalé ing Neptunus dhéwé. Sabuk klasik kapérang saka objèk kang ora duwé résonansi karo Neptunus, lan manggon watara 39,4 SA tekan 47,7 SA.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |author=M. W. Buie, R. L. Millis, L. H. Wasserman, J. L. Elliot, S. D. Kern, K. B. Clancy, E. I. Chiang, A. B. Jordan, K. J. Meech, R. M. Wagner, D. E. Trilling |work=Lowell Observatory, University of Pennsylvania, Large Binocular Telescope Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Hawaii, University of California at Berkeley |title=Procedures, Resources and Selected Results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey |url=http://www.citebase.org/fulltext?format=application%2Fpdf&identifier=oai%3AarXiv.org%3Aastro-ph%2F0309251 |accessdate=2006-09-07 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118131015/http://www.citebase.org/fulltext?format=application%2Fpdf&identifier=oai%3AarXiv.org%3Aastro-ph%2F0309251 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anggota dari sabuk klasik diklasifikasikan sebagai ''cubewanos'', setelah anggota jinis pertamanya ditemukan (15760) 1992QB1 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://sait.oat.ts.astro.it/MSAIS/3/PDF/20.pdf |format=PDF |title=Beyond Neptune, the new frontier of the Solar System |author=E. Dotto1, M.A. Barucci2, and M. Fulchignoni |accessdate=2006-12-26 |date=2006-08-24 |archive-date=2014-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825122005/http://sait.oat.ts.astro.it/MSAIS/3/PDF/20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===== Pluto lan Charon ===== [[Gambar:Pluto system 2006.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pluto]] lan katelu satelité]] [[Pluto]] (rata-rata 39 SA), sawijining planit cilik, iku objèk gedhé dhéwé kang dikawruhi ing Sabuk Kuiper. Nalika tinemu ing taun 1930, barang iki dianggep planit kang kasanga, dhéfinisi iki diganti nalika taun 2006 kanthi diangkaté dhéfinisi formal planit. Pluto duwé kamiringan orbit cukup èksèntrik (17 drajat saka babagan èkliptika) lan leté 29,7 SA saka Srengéngé ing titik perihelion (padha leté karo orbit Neptunus) tekan 49,5 SA ing titik aphelion. Ora cetha apa [[Charon]], satelit Pluto kang gedhé dhéwé, bakal terus diklasifikasikaké minangka satelit utawa dadi sawijining planit cilik uga. Pluto lan Charon, kaloroné ngiteri titik ''barycenter'' gravitasi ing ndhuwur lumahané, kang gawé Pluto-Charon sawijining sistem gandha. Loro satelit kang adoh luwih cilik Nix lan Hydra uga ngiteri Pluto lan Charon. Pluto ana ing sabuk résonan lan duwé 3:2 résonansi karo Neptunus, kang tegesé Pluto ngiteri Srengéngé kaping loro kanggo saben telung ideran Neptunus. Objèk sabuk Kuiper kang orbité duwé résonansi kang padha ingaran [[plutino]].<ref name="Fajans_et_al_2001">{{cite science |last=Fajans |first=J. |author2=L. Frièdland |date=October 2001 |title=Autoresonant (nonstationary) excitation of pendulums, Plutinos, plasmas, and other nonlinear oscillators |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=69 |issue=10 |pages=1096–1102 |doi=10.1119/1.1389278 |url=http://scitation.aip.org/journals/doc/AJPIAS-ft/vol_69/iss_10/1096_1.html |accessdate=2006-12-26 |abstract=http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000069000010001096000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes}}</ref> ===== Haumea lan Makemake ===== [[Haumea]] (rata-rata 43,34 SA) lan [[Makemake]] (rata-rata 45,79 SA) iku loro objèk gedhé dhéwé kang dikawruhi ing njero sabuk Kuiper klasik. Haumea iku sawijining objèk kanthi wangun endhog lan duwé satelit loro. Makemake iku objèk paling kinclong ing sabuk Kuiper sawisé Pluto. Ing awalé dijenengi {{mp|2003 EL|61}} lan {{mp|2005 FY|9}}, nalika taun 2008 dijenengi lan status minangka planit cilik. Orbit kaloroné duwé inklinasi adoh luwih mbujur saka Pluto (28° lan 29°) <ref name=Buie>{{cite web |author=[[Marc W. Buie]] |date=2008-04-05 |title=Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 136472 |publisher=SwRI (Space Science Department) |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/136472.html |accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref> lan béda kaya déné [[Pluto]], kaloroné ora diprabawai déning [[Neptunus]], minangka péranganing golongan Objèk Sabuk Kuiper klasik. ==== Piringan kasebar ==== {{utama|Piringan kasebar}} [[Gambar:TheKuiperBelt Projections 100AU Classical SDO.svg|thumb|left|Ireng: kasebar; biru: klasik; ijo: résonan]] [[Gambar:Eris and dysnomia2.jpg|thumb|right|Eris lan satelité [[Dysnomia (satelit)|Dysnomia]]]] [[Piringan kasebar]] (''scattered disc'') silih potong karo sabuk Kuiper lan nyebar metu adoh luwih wiyar. Laladan iki dinuga wujud sumber komèt mawa périodha cendèk. Objèk piringan kasebar dinuga kaoncataké menyang orbit kang ora tinentu amarga prabawa gravitasi saka obahan migrasi awal Neptunus. Akèh-akèhé [[objèk piringan kasebar]] (''scattered disc objects'', utawa SDO) duwé perihelion ing njero sabuk Kuiper lan aphelion adohé mèh 150 SA saka Srengéngé. Orbit OPT uga duwé inklinasi dhuwur ing babagan èkliptika lan asring mèh kanthi pojok siku-siku. Sapérangan astronom nggolongaké piringan kasebar mung minangka péranganing sabuk Kuiper lan njuluki piringan kasebar minangka "objèk sabuk Kuiper kasebar" (''scattered Kuiper belt objects'').<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |author=David Jewitt |title=The 1000 km Scale KBOs |work=University of Hawaii |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb/big_kbo.html |accessdate=2006-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021215074450/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb/big_kbo.html |archivedate=2002-12-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===== Eris ===== [[Eris]] (rata-rata 68 SA) iku objèk piringan kasebar gedhé dhéwé kang dikawruhi lan njalari wiwitané dhebat babagan dhéfinisi planit, amarga Eris mung 5%luwih gedhé saka Pluto lan duwé prakiran dhiamèter watara 2.400&nbsp;km. Eris iku planit cilik gedhé dhéwé kang dikawruhi lan duwé satelit siji, Dysnomia.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |author=Mike Brown |title=The discovery of <s>2003 UB313</s> Eris, the <s>10th planit</s> largest known dwarf planit. |work=CalTech |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/ |accessdate=2006-09-15}}</ref> Kayadéné Pluto, orbité duwé èksèntrisitas dhuwur, kanthi titik perihelion 38,2 SA (mèmper let Pluto menyang Srengéngé) lan titik aphelion 97,6 SA kanthi babagan èkliptika mbujur banget. === Laladan paling adoh === Titik papan Tata Surya pungkasan lan ruwang antar lintang wiwit ora persis kadhéfinisi. Watesan-watesan njaba iki dumadi saka loro gaya tekan kang kapisah: angin surya lan gravitasi Srengéngé. Watesan paling adoh prabawa angin surya kira-kira leté kaping papat let Pluto lan Srengéngé. ''Heliopause'' iki ingaran minangka titik awal médhium antar lintang. Nanging [[Bal Roche Srengéngé]]<!-- (Sun's Roche sphere) -->, let èfèktif prabawa gravitasi Srengéngé, diprakirakaké nyakup watara kaping sèwu luwih adoh. ==== Heliopause ==== [[Gambar:Voyager 1 entering heliosheath region.jpg|right|thumb|[[Program Voyager|Voyager]] ngleboni ''[[heliosheath]]'']] ''Heliopause'' dibagi dadi rong pérangan kapisah. Méga angin kang obah ing karikatan 400&nbsp;km/dhetik nganti nabrak plasma saka médhium ruwang antarlintang. Tabrakan iki dumadi ing ''benturan'' tèrminasi<!-- (termination shock) --> kang kira kira ana ing 80-100 SA saka Srengéngé ing laladan lawan angin lan watara 200 SA saka Srengéngé ing laladan saarah jurusan angin. Banjur angin saya alon dramatis, saya mampet lan owah dadi kenceng, minangka struktur oval kang ditepungi minangka ''[[heliosheath]]'', kanthi kelakuan mèmper kaya déné buntut komèt, saya ngulur metu adohé 40 SA ing pérangan arah lawan angin lan matikel-tikel luwih adoh ing sisih liyané. Voyager 1 lan Voyager 2 dilapuraké wis nembus benturan terminasi iki lan ngleboni ''heliosheath'', ing let 94 lan 84 SA saka Srengéngé. Watesan njaba saka heliosfer, ''heliopause'', iku titik papan angin surya mandheg lan ruwang antar lintang kawiwitan. Wujud saka pucuk njaba heliosfer kamungkinan diprabawai saka dhinamika fluida saka interaksi médhium antarlintang lan uga médhan magnèt Srengéngé kang ngarah ing sisih kidul (saéngga mènèhi wujud bujel ing hemisfer lor kanthi let 9 SA, lan luwih adoh tinimbang hemisfer kidul. Saluwihé saka ''heliopause'', ing let watara 230 SA, ana benturan busur<!-- (bow shock) -->, jaluran ombak plasma kang ditinggalaké Srengéngé sairing iderané mubeng ing Bimasekti. Tekan saiki durung ana kapal njaba akasa kang ngliwati ''heliopause'', saéngga oraa mungkin ngawruhi kondhisi ruwang antarlintang lokal kanthi mesthi. Diarepaké satelit NASA voyager bakal nembus ''heliopause'' ing watara dhékade ngarep lan ngirim manèh data tingkat radhiasi lan angin surya. Kanggo iku, sawijining tim kang dibiyayani NASA wis ngembangaké konsèp "Vision Mission" kang bakal kusus ngirimaké satelit panjajak menyang heliosfer. ==== Méga Oort ==== {{utama|Méga Oort}} [[Gambar:Kuiper belt oort cloud.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Gambaran sawijining artis ngenani [[Méga Oort]]]] Sacara hipotèsa, [[Méga Oort]] iku sawijining massa mawa ukuran raseksa kang kapérang saka matrilyun-trilyun objèk ès, dipracaya wujud sumber komèt mawa périodha dawa. Méga iki nylubungi [[srengéngé]] ing let watara 50.000 SA (watara 1 taun cahya) tekan adohé 100.000 SA (1,87 taun cahya). Laladan iki dipracaya ngandhut [[komèt]] kang luwar saka pérangan njero Tata Surya amarga interaksi karo planit-planit pérangan njaba. Objèk Méga Oort obah alon banget lan bisa digoncangaké déning kaanan-kaanan langka kaya déné tabrakan, èfèk gravitasi saka liwaté [[lintang]], utawa gaya pasang galaksi, gaya pasang kang disurung [[Bimasekti]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2001 |author=Stern SA, Weissman PR. |title=Rapid collisional evolution of comets during the formation of the Oort cloud. |work=Space Studies Department, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11214311&dopt=Citation |accessdate=2006-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Bill Arnett |title=The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud |work=nineplanets.org |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/kboc.html |accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref> ==== Sedna ==== [[Gambar:Sedna-NASA.JPG|right|thumb|Foto teleskop [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]]]] 90377 Sedna (rata-rata 525,86 SA) iku sawijining barang semu abang mèmper Pluto kanthi orbit raseksa kang èliptis banget, watara 76 SA ing perihelion lan 928 SA ing aphelion lan duwé jangka orbit 12.050 taun. Mike Brown, panemu objèk iki nalika taun 2003, negesaké yèn Sedna ora wujud péranganing [[piringan kasebar]] utawa uga sabuk Kuiper amarga perihelioné adoh banget saka prabawa migrasi Neptunus. Dhèwèké lan sapérangan astronom liyané duwé pendhapat yèn Sedna iku objèk pisanan saka sawijining golongan anyar, kang mungkin uga nyakup 2000 CR105. Sawijining barang mawa titik perihelion ing 45 SA, aphelion ing 415 SA, lan duwé jangka orbit 3.420 taun. Brown njuluki golongan iki "Méga Oort pérangan njero", amarga mungkin dumadi liwat prosès kang mèmper, sanajan adoh luwih cedhak menyang Srengéngé. Kamungkinan gedhé Sedna iku sawijining planit cilik, sanajan wujud kabubunderané isih kudu ditemtokaké kanthi cetha. ==== Watesan-watesan ==== {{Deleng uga|Planit X}} Akèh prakara saka Tata Suryané awaké dhéwé kang isih durung dikawruhi. Médhan gravitasi Srengéngé diprakirakaké ndhominasi gaya gravitasi lintang-lintang saubengé nganti adohé rong taun cahya (125.000 SA). Prakiran ngisor radhius Méga Oort, ing sisih liya, ora luwih gedhé saka 50.000 SA.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Solar System: Third edition |author=T. Encrenaz, JP. Bibring, M. Blanc, MA. Barucci, F. Roques, PH. Zarka |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |pages=1}}</ref> Sanajan Sedna wis tinemu, laladan antarané [[Sabuk Kuiper]] lan [[Méga Oort]], sawijining laladan kang duwé radhius puluhan èwu SA, bisa ditélakaké durung dipetakaké. Saliyané iku, uga ana studi kang lagi lumaku, kang nyinaoni laladan antarané [[Merkurius]] lan [[Srengéngé]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |author=Durda D.D.; Stern S.A.; Colwell W.B.; Parker J.W.; Levison H.F.; Hassler D.M. |title=A New Observational Search for Vulcanoids in SOHO/LASCO Coronagraph Images |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://ap/is/2000/00000148/00000001/art06520&unc=ml |accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> Objèk-objèk anyar mungkin isih bakal tinemu ing laladan kang durung dipetakaké. === Dhimènsi === Pabandhingan sapérangan ukuran wigati planit-planit: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" style="font-size: 90%" |-bgcolor="#FFDEAD" ! Karakteristik ! [[Merkurius]] ! [[Venus]] ! [[Bumi]] ! [[Mars]] ! [[Yupiter]] ! [[Saturnus]] ! [[Uranus]] ! [[Neptunus]] |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Let orbit (yuta km) ([[ékan astronomi|SA]]) | 57,91 (0,39) | 108,21 (0,72) | 149,60 (1,00) | 227,94 (1,52) | 778,41 (5,20) | 1.426,72 (9,54) | 2.870,97 (19,19) | 4.498,25 (30,07) |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Wektu ideran (taun) | 0,24 (88 dina) | 0,62 (224 dina) | 1,00 | 1,88 | 11,86 | 29,45 | 84,02 | 164,79 |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Jangka rotasi | 58,65 dina | 243,02 dina | 23 jam 56 menit | 24 jam 37 menit | 9 jam 55 menit | 10 jam 47 menit | 17 jam 14 menit | 16 jam 7 menit |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Èksèntrisitas ideran | 0,206 | 0,007 | 0,017 | 0,093 | 0,048 | 0,054 | 0,047 | 0,009 |-align="right" | ! align="left" | [[Pojok inklinasi]] [[orbit]] (°) | 7,00 | 3,39 | 0,00 | 1,85 | 1,31 | 2,48 | 0,77 | 1,77 |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Pojok inklinasi [[ékuator]] marang orbit (°) | 0,00 | 177,36 | 23,45 | 25,19 | 3,12 | 26,73 | 97,86 | 29,58 |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Dhiamèter ékuator (km) | 4.879 | 12.104 | 12.756 | 6.805 | 142.984 | 120.536 | 51.118 | 49.528 |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Massa (dibandhingaké Bumi) | 0,06 | 0,81 | 1,00 | 0,15 | 317,8 | 95,2 | 14,5 | 17,1 |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Kapadhetan manengah (g/cm³) | 5,43 | 5,24 | 5,52 | 3,93 | 1,33 | 0,69 | 1,27 | 1,64 |-align="right" | ! align="left" | Suhu lumahan{{br}}min.{{br}}manengah{{br}}maks. | {{br}}-173&nbsp;°C{{br}}+167&nbsp;°C{{br}}+427&nbsp;°C | {{br}}+437&nbsp;°C{{br}}+464&nbsp;°C{{br}}+497&nbsp;°C | {{br}}-89&nbsp;°C{{br}}+15&nbsp;°C{{br}}+58&nbsp;°C | {{br}}-133&nbsp;°C{{br}}-55&nbsp;°C{{br}}+27&nbsp;°C | {{br}}{{br}}-108&nbsp;°C{{br}} | {{br}}{{br}}-139&nbsp;°C{{br}} | {{br}}{{br}}-197&nbsp;°C{{br}} | {{br}}{{br}}-201&nbsp;°C{{br}} |} == Kontèks galaksi == [[Gambar:Milky Way Spiral Arm.svg|thumb|right|Lokasi Tata Surya ing njero galaksi Bimasekti]] [[Gambar:Local bubble.jpg|thumb|right|Lukisan artis saka [[Gelembung Lokal]] <!-- (''Local Bubble'') -->]] Tata Surya ana ing galaksi [[Bimasekti]], sawijining [[Galaksi#Spiral|galaksi spiral]] kang dhiamèteré watara 100.000 taun cahya lan duwé watara 200 milyar [[lintang]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Magnetic fields in cosmology |author=A.D. Dolgov |year=2003 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306443 |accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> Srengéngé manggon ing salah siji lengen spiral galaksi kang ingaran Lengen Orion<!-- utawa 'Local Spur' -->.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Dimensional Structure of the Milky Way Disk |author=R. Drimmel, D. N. Spergel |year=2001 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0101259 |accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> Panggonan [[Srengéngé]] leté watara 25.000 lan 28.000 taun cahya saka punjer galaksi, kanthi karikatan orbit ngupengi punjer galaksi watara 2.200 kilomèter per dhetik. Saben révolusiné duwé jangka 225-250 yuta taun. Wektu révolusi iki ditepungi minangka taun galaksi Tata Surya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year |first=Stacy |last=Leong |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml |year=2002 |work=The Physics Factbook |accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> Apex Srengéngé, arah jalur Srengéngé ing ruwang semesta, cerak panggonané karo [[Herkules (rasi lintang)|rasi lintang Herkules]] kaarah ing posisi akir lintang [[Vega]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2003 |author=C. Barbieri |title=Elementi di Astronomia e Astrofisica per il Corso di Ingegneria Aerospaziale V settimana |work=IdealStars.com |url=http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/planets/barbieri/Lezioni-AstroAstrofIng04_05-Prima-Settimana.ppt |accessdate=2007-02-12 |archive-date=2005-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514103931/http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/planets/barbieri/Lezioni-AstroAstrofIng04_05-Prima-Settimana.ppt |url-status=dead }}</ref> Panggonan Tata Surya ing njero galaksi duwé peran wigati sajeroning évolusi kauripan ing [[Bumi]]. Wangun orbit bumi iku mèmper bunderan kanthi karikatan mèh padha karo lengen spiral galaksi, mula bumi arang banget mbrobos jalur lengen. Lengen spiral galaksi duwé konsèntrasi supernova dhuwur kang duwé potènsi bebaya gedhé banget tumrap kauripan ing Bumi. Kaanan iki mènèhi Bumi jangka stabilitas kang dawa kang mungkinaké évolusi kauripan.<ref name="astrobiology">{{cite web |year=2001 |author=Leslie Mullen |title=Galactic Habitable Zones |work=Astrobiology Magazine |url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=139 |accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref> Tata Surya manggon adoh saka laladan padhet lintang ing punjer galaksi. Ing laladan punjer, tarikan gravitasi lintang-lintang kang silih cerak bisa nggoyang barang-barang ing [[Méga Oort]] lan nembakaké komèt-komèt menyang pérangan njero Tata Surya. Iki bisa ngasilaké potènsi tabrakan kang ngrusak kauripan ing Bumi. Intènsitas radhiasi saka punjer galaksi uga mangaruhi perkembangan wujud urip tingkat dhuwur. Sanajan mangkoko, para èlmuwan duwé hipotèsa yèn ing lokasi Tata Surya saiki iki [[supernova]] wis mangaruhi kauripan ing Bumi ing 35.000 taun pungkasan kanthi nguncalaké pecahan-pecahan inti lintang menyang Srengéngé sajeroning wujud lebu radhiasi utawa bahan kang luwih gedhé liyané, kaya déné manéka barang mèmper [[komèt]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |author=|title=Supernova Explosion May Have Caused Mammoth Extinction |work=Physorg.com |url=http://www.physorg.com/news6734.html |accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref> === Laladan lingkungan saubengé === Lingkungan galaksi paling cedhak saka Tata Suryaiku sawijining papan kang diarani [[Méga Antarlintang Lokal]] (''Local Interstellar Cloud'', utawa ''Local Fluff''), yaiku wewengkon kanthi méga kandel kang ditepungi kanthi aran [[Gelembung Lokal]] (''Local Bubble''), kang ana ing tengah-tengah wewengkon kang arang. Gelembung Lokal iki wanguné gronggongan mèmper jam gesik kang ana ing médhium antarlintang, lan mawa ukuran watara 300 taun cahya. Gelembung iki kebak sebaran [[plasma]] kanthi suhu dhuwur kang mungkin asalé saka sapérangan supernova kang durung suwé dumadi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Near-Earth Supernovas |work=NASA |url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/06jan_bubble.htm |accessdate=2006-07-23 |archive-date=2010-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313214652/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/06jan_bubble.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing sajeroning let sepuluh taun cahya (95 triliun km) saka Srengéngé, gunggung lintang rélatif sithik. Lintang kang paling cerak yaiku sistem kembar telu [[Alpha Centauri]], kang leté 4,4 taun cahya. Alpha Centauri A lan B wujud lintang gandha mèmper karo Srengéngé, éwadéné Centauri C iku cilik abang (ingaran uga [[Proxima Centauri]]) kang ngideri kembaran gandha pisanan ing let 0,2 taun cahya. Lintang-lintang paling cerak sabanjuré yaiku sawijining cilik abang kang dijenengi [[Lintang Barnard]] (5,9 taun cahya), [[Wolf 359]] (7,8 taun cahya) lan [[Lalande 21185]] (8,3 taun cahya). Lintang gedhé dhéwé sajeroning let sepuluh taun cahya yaiku [[Sirius]], sawijining lintang kinclong dikategoriaké 'urutan utama' kira-kira duwé massa kaping loroné massa Srengéngé, lan dikupengi déning sawijining cilik putih kanthi jeneng Sirius B. Kaloroné leté 8,6 taun cahya. Sisa sistem saluwihé kang ana ing njero let 10 taun cahyaiku sistem lintang gandha cilik abang [[Luyten 726-8]] (8,7 taun cahya) lan sawijining cilik abang kanthi jeneng [[Ross 154]] (9,7 taun cahya).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stars within 10 light years |url=http://www.solstation.com/stars/s10ly.htm |work=SolStation |accessdate=2007-04-02 |archive-date=2007-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216125505/http://www.solstation.com/stars/s10ly.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lintang tunggal paling cerak kang mèmper Srengéngé yaiku [[Tau Ceti]], kang ana ing 11,9 taun cahya. Lintang iki kira-kira ukurané 80% bobot Srengéngé, nanging kakinclongané ([[luminositas]]) mung 60%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tau Ceti |url=http://www.solstation.com/stars/tau-ceti.htm |work=SolStation |accessdate=2007-04-02 |archive-date=2007-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103202726/http://www.solstation.com/stars/tau-ceti.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Planit njaba Tata Surya paling cerak saka Srengéngé, kang dikawruhi tekan saiki yaiku ing lintang [[Epsilon Eridani]], sawijining lintang kang luwih pudhar sithik lan luwih abang dibandhingaké Srengéngé. Panggoné watara 10,5 taun cahya. Planit lintang iki kang wis dipesthèkaké, kanthi jeneng [[Epsilon Eridani b]], kurang luwih ukurané kaping 1,5 massa [[Yupiter]] lan ngupengi indhuk lintangé kanthi let 6,9 taun cahya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HUBBLE ZEROES IN ON NEAREST KNOWN EXOPLANET |work=Hubblesite |year=2006 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/32/text/ |accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> == Cathetan == <div class="references-small"> <ol type="a"> <li>{{Note label|A|a|none}}[[Kapitalisasi]] istilah iki manéka. [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional]], badan kang ngurusi masalah panengeran astronomis, nyebutaké yèn [http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/ kabèh objèk astronomi dikapitalisasi jenengé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922205638/http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/ |date=2009-09-22 }} ('''Tata Surya'''). Nanging, istilah iki uga asring ditemoni sajeroning wangun huruf cilik ('''tata surya''')<!-- including in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/solar%20system ''Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary''], and [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110143 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']. --></li> <li>{{Note label|B|b|none}}Delengen [[Pratélan satelit]] kanggo kabèh satelit alami saka wolu planit lan lima planit cilik.</li> <li>{{Note label|C|c|none}}Massa Tata Surya ora kalebu Srengéngé, Yupiter, lan Saturnus, bisa diétung kanthi nambahaké kabèh massa objèk gedhé dhéwé kang diétung lan migunakaké pangétungan kasar kanggo massa méga Oort (watara kaping 3 massa Bumi),,<ref>{{cite web|title=Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs|author=Alessandro Morbidelli|work=CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur|year=2006|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512256v1|accessdate=2007-08-03}}</ref> sabuk Kuiper (watara kaping 0,1 massa Bumi)<ref name="Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets"/> lan sabuk asteroid (watara kaping 0,0005 massa Bumi)<ref name="Krasinsky2002" /> kanthi total massa kaping ~37 massa Bumi, utawa 8,1 persèn massa ing orbit ing saubengé Srengéngé. Yèn dikurangi nganggo massa Uranus lan Neptunus (kaloroné kaping ~31 massa Bumi), sisané kaping ~6 massa Bumi wujud 1,3 persèn saka massa sakabèhané.</li> <li>{{note label|D|d|none}}Astronom ngukur let ing njero Tata Surya kanthi [[ékan astronomi]] (SA). Siji SA leté watara let rata-rata Srengéngé lan Bumi, utawa 149.598.000&nbsp;km. Pluto leté watara 38&nbsp;SA saka Srengéngé, Yupiter 5,2&nbsp;SA. Siji [[taun cahya]] iku 63.240&nbsp;SA..</li></ol></div> == Réferènsi == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Deleng uga == * [[Asteroid]] * [[Satelit]] * [[Pluto]] * [[Planit cilik]] * [[Sabuk kuiper]] * [[Awan oort]] * [[Kronologi èksplorasi Tata Surya]] * [[Galaksi]] * [[Alam semesta]] * [[Alam semesta kaamati]] * [[Kosmologi]] == Pranala jaba == {{wikiportal|Astronomi}} * [http://orinetz.com/planit/viewsysblog.php?lang=2 Animasi interaktif Tata Surya jroning basa Indonésia] * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/planetfinder/id/ Sawijining applet sing nuduhaké lokasi saiki lintang-lintang lan planèt-planèt ing langit wengi.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212103228/http://www.lightandmatter.com/planetfinder/id/ |date=2009-12-12 }} * [http://www.michaelschultz.de/index_en.html Animasi interaktif planèt-planèt (145 tingkat zoom lan sapérangan èfèk wektu)] * [http://www.solarviews.com solarviews.com], tampilan multimedia Tata Surya. {{tata_surya}} <br /> {{Artikel Dhasar}} {{artikel pilihan}} [[Kategori:Tata Surya|*]] [[Kategori:Astronomi]] 4cjj2w33dl4upmdb5peks24w56i8u9j Hop 0 3548 1758988 1446455 2026-10-20T17:02:19Z JackyM59 69900 Photograh updated 1758988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Inflorescences femelles de houblon (Humulus lupulus) 01.jpg|jmpl|Hop.]] '''Hop''' (''Humulus lupulus'') saka [[basa Inggris]] utawa [[basa Walanda]], iku sawijining [[tetuwuhan]] sing dienggo nggawé [[bir]]. Hop iku pait rasané lan mbiyèn-biyèné dienggo ngawètaké bir supaya tahan suwé. Tetuwuhan hop iku ana sing lanang lan ana sing wadon. [[Kategori:Artikel Dhasar]] [[Kategori:Tetuwuhan]] {{stub}} qahab0vbegoemnfgm8ia45envdakf79 Tjan Tjoe Siem 0 3938 1758994 1309506 2026-10-20T19:05:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758994 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. Dr. '''Tjan Tjoe Siem''' ([[Hanzi]]: 曾祖沁), ([[Surakarta]], [[1909]] - [[Jakarta]], [[1978]]) iku sawijining nimpuna [[Sastra Jawa]] lan mahaguru [[Universitas Indonesia]]. Panjenengané promosi ing [[Universiteit Leiden|Universitas Leiden]], [[Walanda]] taun [[1938]]. Judhul dhisertasiné ya iku "''Hoe Koeroepati zich zijn vrouw verwerft''" ("Lakon sang Kurupati rabi"). Dhisertasiné iki prakara [[wayang]] [[Suyodana]] sing dijupuk saka [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabharata]]. Salah sijiné dasanama Suyodana ya iku ''Kurupati'' (''Koeroepati'') sing tegesé "raja para [[Korawa]]". Sawisé bali ing Tanah Jawa, Tjan Tjoe Siem dadi asisten [[Poerbatjaraka|R. Ng. M. Prof. Dr. Poerbatjaraka]]. Tjan Tjoe Siem iku warga Tionghoa sing [[agama]]né [[Islam]]. ==Bibliografi== * [[1938]], ''[[Hoe Koeroepati zich zijn vrouw verwerft]]''. [[Leiden]]: Luctor et Emergo. Disertasi Universitas Leiden. * [[1941]], ''[[Javaansche kaartspelen: bijdrage tot de beschrijving van land en volk]]''. [[Bandung|Bandoeng]]: Nix. * [[1960]], ''Masques javanais''. * [[1963]], ''Azas-azas hukum Islam: dikuliahkan untuk tingkat Sardjana Muda pada Fakultas Hukum dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Kemasjarakatan, Universitas Indonesia''. Bersama [[Amir Hamzah (penulis)]]. [[Jakarta|Djakarta]]: t.n. * [[1965]], ''Kumpulan kuliah-kuliah: Studies of Islam pada Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Jogjakarta, taun adjaran 1955/1956''. Bersama Zaini Muchtarom. == Uga delengen == * [[Tjan Tjoe Som]], seduluré. == Pranala njaba == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060922042553/http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1106969442 Prakara Islam lan warga Tionghoa (makalah awujud berkas pdf).] [[Kategori:Sastrawan lan budayawan Jawa]] {{stub}} b7duuk1gtfe39l6ch6k5j7him6694cz Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Cempaka Putih 0 34851 1758983 1705846 2026-10-20T13:03:25Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta''', madeg ing taun [[1971]]. Manggènipun wonten ing wewengkon [[Cempaka Putih, Jakarta Pusat]]. Sinaosa nganggé nama Rumah Sakit Islam, nanging boten ambédakaken pasèn ingkang dipunrawat, dados boten namung tiyang ingkang agami Islam kémawon ingkang saged pados usada utawi dipunrawat ing mriku, ugi ingkang [[agama|agami]] sanès, kados ta kristen, katulik, budha lan sanèsipun. RS Islam saktunggalipun [[griya sakit]] ingkang boten mundhut béya panjer utawi ''uang muka'' perawatan kados griya sakit sanèsipun. Sedaya tiyang sakit ingkang betah rawat inap, saged dipunrawat boten kedah mbayar panjer langkung rumiyin. RS Islam Jakarta, salah satunggalipun griya sakit gadhah PP [[Muhammadiyah]], pramila kalebet dados amal usaha Muhammadiyah lan kathah mbiyantu tiyang ingkang kalebet kaum dhuafa utawi tiyang ingkang kakirangan. ==Sajarah== Gagasan madegipun Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta punika kawiwitan déning wontenipun kabetahan pelayanan Rumah Sakit kanthi nafas [[Islam]]i. Dr.H.Kusnadi ingkang ugi dados salah satunggiling tokoh Muhammadiyah lajeng gadhah krenteg ngersakaken satunggiling rumah sakit wau. Sasampunipun nglangkungi warni-warni tetimbangan lan usul-usul ngéngingi madegipun rumah sakit kasebat sarta wewaton perundangan ingkang lumampah, prmila tanggal 18 April 1967 miturut akte nomer 36 taun 1967, madeg Yayasan Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta (RSIJ) ingkang dipunpimpin déning Dr.Kusnadi. Tanggal 7 Maret 1968, kadadosan MOU (Memorandum Of Understanding) antawis pihak Yayasan Rumah sakit Islam Jakarta kaliyan SCCFA (State Committe for Coordinating Foreign Aid) saking [[Walanda|Walandi]]. Isi prejanjèn kasebat SCCFA badhé maringi bantuan 75% saking biaya ingkang dipunbetahaken kanggé yasa Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta. Tahun 1972 Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta pikantuk bantuan saking Présidhèn [[Soeharto]] kanggé yasa kamar operasi. Tahun 1973 dipunyasa ruang perawatan kelas I kanthi kapasitas 16 papan tidur. Tahun 1979 kanthi bantuan saking Présidhèn Soeharto dibangun malih sekawan gedung perawatan. Ing taun punika istilah Zaal dipunéwahi dados Paviliun. ==Pranala njawi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090216073141/http://rsi.co.id/ Situs web RSI] * [http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/en/Address/hospitals.aspx Berita Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208063313/http://beritajakarta.com/2008/en/Address/hospitals.aspx |date=2009-02-08 }} [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] [[Kategori:Kaséhatan]] [[Kategori:Rumah sakit]] 9ur02nwfg5x1jnzd36qts3lszmo8xzo Tan Malaka 0 76173 1758992 1754713 2026-10-20T17:55:49Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:TanMalaka DariPendjara ed3.jpg|jmpl|Tan Malaka]] '''Tan Malaka''' utawa '''Ibrahim gelar Datuk Tan Malaka''' (lair ing Nagari Pandan Gadang, Suliki, [[Sumatra Kulon]], [[2 Juni]] [[1897]] – kapundhut ing Désa Selopanggung, [[Kediri]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[16 April]] [[1949]] nalika yuswa 53 taun) iku aktivis pejuwang nasionalis Indonésia, kang ngadegaké Parté Murba. Dhèwèké duwé sipat ''militan'', ''radikal'' lan ''revolusioner''. Saka sipaté iku dhèwèké dikenal kanthi ''pahlawan revolusioner''. == Bibliografi == [[File:DariPendjaraKePendjara 3ed titlepage.jpg|ka|jmpl|''Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara'']] * ''Parlemen atau Soviet'' (1920) * ''SI Semarang dan Onderwijs'' (1921) * ''Dasar Pendidikan'' (1921) * ''Tunduk Pada Kekuasaan Tapi Tidak Tunduk Pada Kebenaran'' (1922) * ''Naar de Republiek Indonesia (Menuju Republik Indonesia)'' (1924) * ''Semangat Muda'' (1925) * ''Massa Actie'' (1926) * ''Local Actie dan National Actie'' (1926) * ''Pari dan Nasionalisten'' (1927) * ''Pari dan PKI'' (1927) * ''Pari International'' (1927) * ''Manifesto Bangkok''(1927) * ''Aslia Bergabung'' (1943) * ''Muslihat'' (1945) * ''Rencana Ekonomi Berjuang'' (1945) * ''Politik'' (1945) * ''Manifesto Jakarta'' (1945) * ''Thesis'' (1946) * ''Pidato Purwokerto'' (1946) * ''Pidato Solo'' (1946) * ''Madilog'' (1948) * ''Islam dalam Tinjauan Madilog'' (1948) * ''Gerpolek'' (1948) * ''Pidato Kediri'' (1948) * ''Pandangan Hidup'' (1948) * ''Kuhandel di Kaliurang'' (1948) * ''Proklamasi 17-8-45 Isi dan Pelaksanaanya'' (1948) * ''Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara'' (1970) ==Referensi== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal | last = Jarvis | first = Helen | year = 1987 | title = Tan Malaka: Revolutionary or Renegade? | journal = Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–55 | issn = 0007-4810 | url = http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v19n01.pdf | doi = 10.1080/14672715.1987.10409868 | access-date = 2021-03-12 | archive-date = 2011-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811043214/http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v19n01.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book | title = Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia | url = https://archive.org/details/nationalismrevol0000geor_y8o4 | last = Kahin | first = George McT. | year = 1952 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-87727-734-7 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kusno | first = Abidin | date = November 2003 | title = From City to City: Tan Malaka, Shanghai, and the Politics of Geographical Imagining | journal = Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–339 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | doi = 10.1111/1467-9493.00162 }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 1 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 1}} }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 2}} }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 3 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 3}} }} * {{cite journal | last = McInerney | first = Andy | date = 1 January 2007 | title = Tan Malaka and Indonesia's Freedom Struggle | magazine = Socialism and Liberation | url = http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/07-01-01-tan-malaka-indonesias-freedom-s.html | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120820095802/http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/07-01-01-tan-malaka-indonesias-freedom-s.html | archive-date = 20 August 2012 }} * {{cite book | last = McVey | first = Ruth T. | title = The Rise of Indonesian Communism | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofindonesian00mcve | url-access = registration | year = 1965 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press }} * {{cite journal | last = Mrázek | first = Rudolf | date = October 1972 | url = http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107127733 | title = Tan Malaka: A Political Personality's Structure of Experience | journal = Indonesia | volume = 14 | pages = 1–48 | publisher = Cornell University's Southeast Asia Program | location = Ithaca, New York | doi = 10.2307/3350731 | hdl = 1813/53543 | hdl-access = free | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195123/http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107127733 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | access-date = 2021-03-12 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book | last = Poeze | first = Harry A. | title = Verguisd en vergeten: Tan Malaka, de linkse beweging en de Indonesische Revolutie, 1945–1949 | year = 2007 | publisher = KITLV | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-6718-258-4 }} * {{cite book | title = Tan Malaka, Gerakan Kiri, dan Revolusi Indonesia | last = Poeze | first = Harry A. | year = 2008 | publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonesia | location = Jakarta | isbn = 978-979-461-697-0 | volume = 1 | others = translated by Hersri Setiawan }} * {{cite book | title = Mewarisi Gagasan Tan Malaka | last = Suwarto | first = Wasid | year = 2006 | publisher = LPPM Tan Malaka | location = Jakarta | isbn = 978-979-99038-2-2 }} * {{cite book | title = Tan Malaka: Merajut Masyarakat dan Pendidikan Indonesia yang Sosialistis | author = Syaifudin | year = 2012 | publisher = Ar-Ruzz Media | location = Yogyakarta | isbn = 978-979-25-4911-9 }} * {{cite book | title = Kematian Tan Malaka | last = Tamin | first = Djamaludin | year = 1965 | publisher = No publisher }} * {{cite book | title = Of Self and Nation: Autobiography and the Representation of Modern Indonesia | url = https://archive.org/details/ofselfnationauto0000wats | last = Watson | first = C.W. | year = 2000 | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawaii Press. | isbn = 978-0-8248-2281-1 }} {{Refend}} {{Pahlawan Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan]] [[Kategori:Lair 1897]] [[Kategori:Pati 1949]] {{stub}} 5i087l4nm4iov8ht9pb7j0l37prvgij Ruwahan 0 77641 1758984 1668676 2026-10-20T13:11:24Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Apem.jpg|thumb|180px]|Salah satunggale makanan kang wonten ing Ruwahan]] '''Ruwahan''' menika saking tembung [[Ruwah]] kang ateges wulan kaping pitu lan bareng kaliyan wulan [[Sya’ban]]. Tembung ''Ruwah'' piyambak menika saking tembung [[arwah]]utawi ruh nenek moyang. Tembung arwah menika miturut kabar dipundadosaken wulan kanggé mengeti para leluhur. Ruwahan limrahipun ditindakaké 10 dinten sadèrèngipun wulan [[Ramelan]] <ref>[http://wonojoyo.com/tradisi-ruwahan-jawa/ http://wonojoyo.com](dipuntingali tanggal 1 Agustus 2011)</ref>. Ruwahan utawi sedekah inggih menika upacara utawi [[tradisi]] kangge nyambut wulan suci [[Ramelan]]. Ruwahan dipunwontenaken ing pertengahan wulan [[Sya’ban]] kang biase ingaran [[Nisfu Sya’ban]]. Ing wulan menika limrahipun masarakat nindakaken acara [[besik kubur]] lan [[ziarah]] wonten kuburan kulawarganipun piyambak. Wonten pertengahan wulan Sya’ban masarakat limrahipun nindakaken sedekah ruwah kanthi nyayogyakaken dhaharan, inggih punika [[gule Ayam]] utawi daging [[Sapi]] kanggé kulawarga utawi tangga tepalih. Tradisi punika minangka pakurmatan marang [[arwah]] para leluhur kang sampun séda.<ref>[http://www.visitbangkabelitung.com/tradisi-ruwahan www.visitbangkabelitung.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916100044/http://www.visitbangkabelitung.com/tradisi-ruwahan |date=2011-09-16 }}(dipuntingali tanggal 1 Agustus 2011)</ref> Ritual Ruwahan piyambak boten dipuntepang ing ajaran [[Islam]]. Nanging Ruwahan identik kaliyan [[Islam]] amargi Ruwahan punika gadhah gegayutan nyambut wulan [[Ramelan]]. Tradisi Ruwahan inggih punika salah satunggale panilaran tradisi [[Hindhu]]. [[Hindhu]] punika agama kang ingkang kathah piyambak dianut masarakat Jawa sadèrèngipun [[Islam]] wonten. Dados Ruwahan punika asil saking akulturasi kabudayan agama lan dados kearifan lokal. Tradisi kang sampun lawas kang taksih dipuntindakaken nanging surasa saking tradisi sampun dipunewahi lan dipunlarasaken kaliyan kabudayan sapunika. Sanajan Ruwahan punika boten wonten ing ajaran Islam, nanging masarakat Jawi nganggep Ruwahan minangka adat Jawi. Kang utamanipun inggih punika donga kanggé para leluhur.<ref>[http://www.anneahira.com/adat-jawa.htm www.anneahira.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816183155/http://www.anneahira.com/adat-jawa.htm |date=2011-08-16 }}(dipuntingali tanggal 1 Agustus 2011)</ref> Ruwahan punika limrahipun dipunwiwiti nganggé [[kenduri]], donga sesarengan, [[besik kubur]], ditutup kaliyan[[nyadran]]. Ing pertengahan [[Sya’ban]] limrahipun masarakat sedekah kanthi damel jajanan kusus, inggih punika [[kolak pisang]], [[apem]], lan [[ketan]] kanggé tangga teparo kados 40 griya. Dhaharan punika wonten tegesipun nanging saben tiyang gadhah teges ingkang bènten-bènten. == Arti Panganan Ruwahan == * Kolak [[Kolak]] pinika dipercaya gadhah teges ''[[kholaqo]]'' inggih punika dadosake, kang ditafsirake dados [[Khaliq]], [[Kholiq]], Maha Pencipta. Artinipun inggih punika yèn wulan Sya’ban langkung-langkung émut kaliyan Sang Pencipta, amargi ing wulan punika Allah mandhapake kodrat-iradat-Nya setahun ngajeng. Salah satunggale inggih punika pratélan asma manungsa kang séda sasampunipun tanggal 15 Sya’ban ngantos 14 Sya’ban taun ngajeng. Pangangajabipun inggih punika takdir kang apik ing taun ngajeng. * Apem [[Apem]] punika saking tembung ''apuan'' utawi ampunan, ngapura. Tegesipun manungsa supados mangertos wulan [[Sya’ban]] lan langkung-langkung nyuwun ngapura dateng Allah kanthi maos istigfar * Ketan [[Ketan]] saking khoto’an kang gadhah arti suci, putih, lan resik. Saking tiga punika saged dipunmangertosi bilih manungsa kedah ngertos maring Allah, nyuwun pangapura, saèngga manungsa gadhah jiwa kang suci, putih lan, resik saking dosa amargi badhé nyambut wulan [[Ramelan]] == Urutanipun Tradisi Ruwahan == Ruwahan punika gadhah urut-urutan acara kang mèmper kaliyan [[kendhuri]] arwah utawi [[tahlilan]]. Inggih punika dipunwiwiti kanthi waosan surat [[Yasin]] kanthi sesarengan, salajengipun maosa kalimah [[thayyabah]] utawi [[tahlil]]. Lan dipunpungkasi kanthi donga kanggé leluhur. Sakderenge, tokoh masarakat punika [[medharsabda]] critanipun para leluhur dhusun, para wali lan aulia, sarta para malaékat. Sadèrèngipun donga, wonten sholawat kanggé [[Muhammad Saw]], [[tumpeng]] (ambeng) kaliyan [[uba-rampe]]. Dipunaturaken marang para undangan, dikiasaken dados berkat (berkah) kanggé di dhahar kulawarga piyambak. Saking urutan punika saged dipunpundut teges utawi dados bukti '''birrul walidain''' (tangat maring wong tuwa) kang dados amal jariyah, lan dados [[ukhuwah]] antarwarga. Ancas ingkang pungkasan punika kang bèntenaken Ruwahan kaliyan [[kendhuri]] utawi tahlilan biyasa. Tradisi ruwahan mbuktiake aji-aji kabajikan kang dipunbekta ajaran agama-agama kang boten nilaraken kabudayan [[Jawi]].<ref>[http://langsungenak.com/baca/2010/07/25/ketan-kolak-apem-ruwahan.html langsungenak.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130054758/http://langsungenak.com/baca/2010/07/25/ketan-kolak-apem-ruwahan.html |date=2012-01-30 }}(dipuntingali tanggal 1 Agustus 2011)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Adat]] [[Kategori:Tradisi]] rjfel9ftwjaubghvx02xqex4qscsvra Who Wants to be a Millionaire? 0 85300 1759000 1744731 2026-10-20T22:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1759000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Television| | show_name = Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? | image = [[Berkas:Wwtbam-uk-2010.png|250px]] | caption = Logo anyar dhéwé ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire'' vèrsi Karajan Manunggal. | format = [[Kuis]] | runtime = 30–90 menit | creator = [[David Briggs]]<br />Mike Whitehill<br />[[Steve Knight]] | presenter = [[Chris Tarrant]] | country = {{flag|Karajan Manunggal}} | network = [[ITV]] | composer = [[Keith Strachan]]<br />[[Matthew Strachan]] | first_aired = 4 September 1998 | last_aired = sekarang | website = http://www.itv.com/millionaire }} '''''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?''''' iku [[kuis]] ing [[télévisi]] kang nawakaké bebungah [[dhuwit]] sajeroning gunggung kang akèh marang peserta kang bisa njawab [[15 (angka)|15]] soal pilihan gandha. Acara iki sepisanan ditayangaké ing [[Britania Raya]] tanggal [[4 September]] [[1998]]. Formaté wis dilisensi ing akèh [[stasiun télévisi]] ing punjul satus [[nagara]]. == Versi Britania Raya == Acara dolanan iki duwé kamèmperan karo acara [[dekade]] [[1950-an]], yaiku ''[[The $64,000 Question]]''. Peraturan acara mau uga bakal maringi bebungah dhuwit kanthi tikel tekuk ing saben pitakonan, lan yèn jawaban salah dhuwit bakal dikurangi. Kontèstan bakal menangaké bebungah montor anyar minangka bebungah hiburan yèn wis ngancik pitakonan [[US$]]8.000.<br /> Ing [[dekade]] [[1990-an]], èksekutif prodhuser [[Michael Davies]] nyoba tayangulang ''The $640,000 Question'' ing stasiun TV ABC, nanging dibatalaké wiwit anané acara télévisi mau.<br /> Judhul acara mau asal saka judhul [[lagu]] [[Cole Porter]] kanthi [[Who Wants to be a Millionare? (lagu téma)|jeneng kang padha]]. === Cara main === Sadurungé main ing ''kursi panas'', [[10 (angka)|10]] kontèstan kudu ngliwati babak ''fastest finger first''. Ing babak iki, angka 10 kontèstan kudu nyusun [[4 (angka)|4]] [[tembung]] kang urutané salah dadi bener. Wektu kang diduwèni kontèstan mung [[30 (angka)|30]] [[dhetik]]. Sawisé 30 detik iku rampung, [[pranata cara]] bakal macakaké urutan jawaban kang bener lan mbiwara kontèstan kang njawab kanthi bener, ing wektu paling sithik yaiku wong kang olèh kalodhangan kanggo lungguh ing ''kursi panas''.<br /> Saben kontèstan mung duwé kasempatan sapisan saumur uripé bisa lungguh ing ''kursi panas''. Mula, tumrap kontèstan kang wis tau lungguh ing ''kursi panas'', ora olèh lungguh ing ''kursi panas'' manèh. === Kontroversi === Pemenang £1.000.000 kang jenengé Mayor [[Charles Ingram]] dituding curang sajeroning dolanan iki amarga dibantu [[bojo]] lan sadulur ipéné. Bab iki diweruhi saka swara [[watuk]] kang kaprungu mawa pola sadurungé milih jawaban. === Biji === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Pitakonan !! Format 15<br />Pitakonan !! Format 12<br />Pitakonan |- | align="center"|1 || align="right"|£100 || align="right"|£500 |- | align="center"|2 || align="right"|£200 || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">£1.000</span> |- | align="center"|3 || align="right"|£300 || align="right"|£2.000 |- | align="center"|4 || align="right"|£500 || align="right"|£5.000 |- | align="center"|5 || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">£1.000</span> || align="right"|£10.000 |- | align="center"|6 || align="right"|£2.000 || align="right"|£20.000 |- | align="center"|7 || align="right"|£4.000 || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">£50.000</span> |- | align="center"|8 || align="right"|£8.000 || align="right"|£75.000 |- | align="center"|9 || align="right"|£16.000 || align="right"|£150.000 |- | align="center"|10 || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">£32.000</span> || align="right"|£250.000 |- | align="center"|11 || align="right"|£64.000 || align="right"|£500.000 |- | align="center"|12 || align="right"|£125.000 || align="right"|'''<span style="color:red;">£1.000.000</span>''' |- | align="center"|13 || align="right"|£250.000 || rowspan="3"|TIDAK ADA |- | align="center"|14 || align="right"|£500.000 |- | align="center"|15 || align="right"|'''<span style="color:red;">£1.000.000</span>''' |} KATRANGAN: angka aman dituduhaké kanthi warna '''<span style="color:green;">ijo</span>''', déné angka milyarder dituduhaké kanthi warna '''<span style="color:red;">abang</span>'''. == Pilihan bantuan == * ''Phone a Friend'', nilpon wong liya lan takon ing sajeroning wektu 30 [[detik]]. * ''Ask the Audience'', njaluk penonton njawab lan asilé disajikan sajeroning wangun grafik. * ''50:50'' (''Fifty-fifty''), komputer bakal ngilangaké rong pilihan kang salah. Ing [[taun]] [[2004]]-[[2008]] ana [[3 (angka)|3]] bantuan anyar: * ''Switch the question'', ngganti pitakonan amarga tidha-tidha. * ''Ask the expert'', nilpon wong liya kanthi ndeleng rupané (racaké artis utawa wong liya). * ''Three wise man'', ngundang penonton telu kanggo ditakoni. == Versi Indonésia == {{see also|Super Milyarder 3 Milyar|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Hot Seat|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart}} {{Infobox Television| | show_name = ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'' Indonésia | image = | caption = Logo ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'' Indonésia | format = Kuis | runtime = 60 menit (dengan iklan) | creator = | company = Celador Internasional. Ltd | distributor = PT Becker Entertainment Asia | presenter = Tantowi Yahya | country = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} Indonésia | network = RCTI | first_aired = 4 Agustus 2001 | last_aired = 30 Juli 2006 | num_episodes = 267 | followed_by = ''Super Milyarder 3 Milyar'' (ANTV, 2006-2007)<br />''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Hot Seat'' (RCTI, 2010)<br />''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart'' (GTV, 2020-Sekarang) | website = http://www.rcti.tv/ }} Ing [[Indonésia]], wiwit [[4 Agustus]] [[2001]] nganti [[30 Juli]] [[2006]], acara iki ditayangaké kanthi judhul padha déning [[RCTI]], dipandhu déning [[Tantowi Yahya]], lan tau olèh penghargaan [[Panasonic Awards]] VII/2003, [[Panasonic Awards 2004|VIII/2004]], lan [[Panasonic Awards 2005|IX/2005]] kategori acara kuis lan ''game show'' paling favorit.<br /> Ing tanggal [[24 September]] 2006 nganti [[21 Januari]] [[2007]], acara iki owah judhul dadi ''Super Milyarder 3 Milyar'' lan ditayangaké ing [[ANTV]] dipandhu déning [[Dian Sastrowardoyo]] minangka pranata cara.<br /> Acara iki uga tampil jhroning wangun parodi ing acara ''Big Show'' [[MNCTV|TPI]] kanthi judhul '''Wanna Be A Keblinger''' lan '''Wanna Be A Miliember''', kang dipandhu déning [[Wendy Cagur]].<br /> Ing tanggal [[13 September]] [[2010]] nganti [[31 Oktober]] 2010, ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire'' ditayangaké manèh ing RCTI kanthi judhul ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Hot Seat'' dipandhu déning [[Ferdy Hassan]]. Ana 6 kontèstan, saben kontèstan duwé fasilitas ''PASS'', yaiku ngliwati pitakonan, mung sapisan. Yèn 1 kontèstan njawab salah, bebungah paling dhuwur diudhunaké satingkat. 2020 nganti sekarang, kanthi judhu '''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart''' lan ditayangaké ing GTV dipandhu déning [[Sieena Ameerah Kasyafani]]. Ana 10 kontèstan, saben kontèstan duwé fasilitas 50:50, Telepon teman, Tanya penonton, lan Celupkan Ganda {| class="wikitable" |- ! Judhul !! Stasiun TV !! Awal !! Akhir !! Jadwal !! Durasi |- | rowspan="4"|''WWtBaM?'' || rowspan="4"|RCTI || 4 Agustus 2001 || [[29 Januari]] [[2005]] || [[Sabtu]], 19:00-20:00 [[WIB]] || rowspan="6"|60 menit |- | [[5 Fèbruari]] 2005 || [[31 Dhésèmber]] 2005 || Sabtu, 20:00-21:00 WIB |- | [[7 Januari]] 2006 || [[20 Mèi]] 2006 || Sabtu, 20:30-21:30 WIB |- | [[4 Juli]] 2006 || 30 [[Juli 2006]] || [[Selasa]],[[Kamis]], Sabtu, [[Minggu]], 22:00-23:00 WIB |- | rowspan="2"|''SM3M'' || rowspan="2"|ANTV || 24 [[September 2006]] || [[29 Oktober]] 2006 || [[Jumat]]-Minggu, 19:00-20:00 WIB |- | [[5 November]] 2006 || 21 [[Januari 2007]] || Minggu, 19:00-20:00 WIB |- | ''WWtBaM? Hot Seat'' || RCTI || 13 [[September 2010]] || 31 [[Oktober 2010]] || [[Senin]]-Minggu, 17:30 WIB || 30-45 menit |- |WWtBaM? Decha Kraisart |GTV |[[2020]] |Sekarang |Sabtu, 19:00-20:00 WIB |60 menit |} === Tingkatan bebungah === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Pitakonan !! Aji bebungah<br />''WWtBaM?'' !! Aji bebungah<br />''SM3M'' !! Aji bebungah<br />''WWtBaM Hot Seat'' !Aji bebungah WWtBaM Decha Kraisart |- | align="center"|1 || align="right"|Rp50.000,00 || align="right"|Rp100.000,00 || align="right"|Rp1.000.000,00 |Rp1.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|2 || align="right"|Rp125.000,00 || align="right"|Rp500.000,00 || align="right"|Rp2.000.000,00 |Rp2.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|3 || align="right"|Rp250.000,00 || align="right"|Rp1.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp3.000.000,00 |Rp3.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|4 || align="right"|Rp500.000,00 || align="right"|Rp1.500.000,00 || align="right"|Rp4.000.000,00 |Rp5.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|<span style="color:green;">5</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">Rp1.000.000,00</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">Rp3.000.000,00</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">Rp5.000.000,00</span> |Rp10.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|6 || align="right"|Rp2.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp5.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp7.000.000,00 |Rp20.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|7 || align="right"|Rp4.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp10.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp9.000.000,00 |Rp30.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|8 || align="right"|Rp8.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp20.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp12.000.000,00 |Rp40.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|9 || align="right"|Rp16.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp50.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp15.000.000,00 |Rp50.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|<span style="color:green;">10</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">Rp32.000.000,00</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:green;">Rp100.000.000,00</span> || align="right"|Rp20.000.000,00 |Rp100.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|11 || align="right"|Rp64.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp200.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp30.000.000,00 |Rp200.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|12 || align="right"|Rp125.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp500.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp50.000.000,00 |Rp300.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|13 || align="right"|Rp250.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp1.000.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp100.000.000,00 |Rp500.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|14 || align="right"|Rp500.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp2.000.000.000,00 || align="right"|Rp250.000.000,00 |Rp1.000.000.000,00 |- | align="center"|<span style="color:red;">'''15'''</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:red;">'''Rp1.000.000.000,00'''</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:red;">'''Rp3.000.000.000,00'''</span> || align="right"|<span style="color:red;">'''Rp500.000.000,00'''</span> |'''[[Rp2.000.000.000.00|Rp2.000.000.000,00]]''' |} '''Cathetan''': Makna ''millionaire'' sajeroning [[basa Inggris]] yaiku yutawan. Déné ing [[basa Indonésia]] tegesé milyarder. Milyarder sdhéwé sajeroning basa Inggris karan ''billionaire''. <!-- == Trivia == * Tidak pernah ada kontèstan sing berhasil menjuarai kuis ''WWtBaM?''. Bebungah tertinggi sing pernah dimenangkan adalah Rp500.000.000,00 sebanyak 2 kali, yaitu pada episode [[5 April]] [[2003]] lan [[9 April]] [[2005]]. * Ada 6 orang kontèstan sing mengalami kekalahan (meninggalkan kursi panas dengan tangan hampa) sepanjang penayangan ''WWtBaM?''. * Episode spesial bintang-bintang pertama ''WWtBaM?'' ditayangkan pada [[18 Agustus]] 2001 (episode ke-3) dalam rangka peringatan [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonésia|HUT RI]] ke-[[56 (angka)|56]]. * Episode spesial 1 tahun ''WWtBaM?'' ditayangkan pada [[3 Agustus]] [[2002]] (episode ke-[[53 (angka)|53]]) sing diikuti 10 mantan kontèstan ''WWtBaM?'' tahun pertama sing menangaké bebungah minimal Rp32.000.000,00. == Babak Permainan == === Babak Faster finger (adu tepat lan cepat) === Kontèstan nduwèni pengacakan A-B-C-D (4 buah kata/frasa) untuk memberi kesempatan ada beberapa kontèstan, 1 kontèstan bakal maju ke ''KURSI PANAS'' lan sing paling cepat bakal diberi kepercayaan lan membicara kontèstan disuruh duduk ing kursi panas lan sambil berbicara kepada pembawa acaranya lan ditanya tanpa pitakonan === Babak Kursi panas === Jadi, sawisé duduk ing kursi panas kontestsn diberi penjelasan tentang sbb: Ada 15 Pitakonan sing kudu dijawab anda dengan benar semuanya agar kontèstan menangaké dhuwit tunai sebesar Rp 1.000.000.000,-. 3 pilihan bantuan (titik aman) dilewati nilai hadiahnya dalam dhuwit tunai (Rp 1.000.000,00, Rp 32.000.000 lan Rp 1.000.000.000,00), 3 Pilihan bantuan sing anda gunakan sebanyak 1x saja yaitu (''50:50, Phone a Friends lan Ask the Audience'') lan nanging tidak menyediakan titik aman tambahan yaitu (''Switch the Question'') * Kontèstan menjawab salah nilai tertinggi bakal berkurang, Gugur lan Kalah serta diturunkan 1 tingkat * Menyerah dalam fasilitas ''PASS'' mung pertanyaannya dilewati sebanyak 1x saja * Kontèstan nduwèni waktu mung 30 detik saja. Sawisé waktu 30 detik habis/rampung pembawa acaranya bakal menyentuh jawaban dengan benar ing layar monitor Jadi, saben kontèstan nduwèni kesempatan 1x saja selama main ing ''KURSI PANAS''. Jadi, tidak diperkenakan lagi untuk duduk ing kursi panas sawisé selesainya pada kesempatan berikut iki == Pilihan bantuan == === 50:50 (Fifty-Fifty) === [[Komputer]] bakal menghilangkan 2 opsi jawaban salahPilihan bantuan iki bakal menghilangkan 2 opsi jawaban sing salah, sehingga tersisa 1 opsi benar lan 1 opsi salah. === ''Phone a friend'' === Komputer bakal memberikan/menelpon kesempatan kepada kontèstan untuk bertanya kepada seorang rekan kontèstan untuk memberikan jawaban sing benar atas sebuah pitakonan dalam waktu 30 detik. === ''Ask the audience'' === Kontèstan bakal memberikan/menanyakan kesempatan kepada kontèstan untuk bertanya kepada [[100 (angka)|100]] penonton ing dalam [[studio]] lan jawaban akhir tetap hak mutlak kontèstan dalam berbentuk grafik == Perbedaan ''WWtBaM?'', ''SM3M'', lan ''WWtBaM? Hot Seat'' == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Parameter !! ''WWtBaM?'' !! ''SM3M'' !! ''WWtBaM? Hot Seat'' |- | Pembawa acara || align="center"|[[Tantowi Yahya|Tantowi Jahja]] || align="center"|[[Dian Sastrowardoyo|Dian Sastrowardojo]] || align="center"|[[Ferdy Hassan|Ferdi Hassan]] |- | Pilihan bantuan || align="center"|50:50, ''phone a friend'', ''ask the audience'' || align="center"|50:50, ''phone a friend'', ''ask the audience'', ''switch question'' || align="center"|TIDAK ADA |- | Babak permainan || colspan="2" align="center"|Babak faster finger, Babak kursi panas || align="center"|Babak kursi panas |- | Durasi tayang || colspan="2" align="center"|60 menit || align="center"|30-45 menit |- | Jam mulai tayang || align="center"|19:00, 20:00, 20:30, 22:00 WIB || align="center"|19:00 WIB || align="center"|17:30 WIB |- | Hari tayang || align="center"|Selasa, Kamis, Sabtu, Minggu || align="center"|Jumat-Minggu || align="center"|Senin-Minggu |} == Format khusus wewengkon internasional == {|class="wikitable" |- !Format!!Disediakan ing nagara |- |Babak ''Fastest Finger'' dieliminasi||{{USA}}<br />{{flagcountry|Australia}}<br />{{flagcountry|New Zealand}}<br />{{flagcountry|Italy}}<br />{{flagcountry|Hungary}} (2009)<br />{{flagcountry|Denmark}}<br />{{flagcountry|Russia}}<br />{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br />{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}<br />{{flagcountry|France}}<br />{{GBR}} |- |Format 12 pitakonan||{{GBR}}<br />{{flagcountry|Arab League}} <br />{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}<br />{{flagcountry|France}}<br />{{flagcountry|Poland}}<br />{{flagcountry|Spain}} |- |Pitakonan bonus||{{flagcountry|Australia}} |- |Format ''risk''||{{flagcountry|Germany}}<br />{{flagcountry|Austria}}<br />{{flagcountry|Hungary}}<br />{{flagcountry|Poland}} |- |Format waktu mundur||{{USA}} (2008-10)<br />{{flagcountry|Japan}}<br />{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}<br />{{flagcountry|Australia}} |- |Format Hot Seat||{{flagcountry|Norway}}<br />{{flagcountry|Italy}}<br />{{flagcountry|Australia}}<br />{{flagcountry|Hungary}}<br />{{flagcountry|Denmark}}<br />{{flagcountry|Portugal}}<br />{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}<br />{{flagcountry|Indonésia}} |- |Format ''shuffle''||{{USA}} |} == Kata utama == Acara iki menggunakan kata utama (''catchphrase'') sing berbunyi: "Apakah iku jawaban terakhir?" ([[bahasa Inggris|Inggris:]] ''"Is that your final answer?"''). Pitakonan iki asal saka persyaratan aturan sing jelas pemain kudu menunjukkan pilihan mereka sadurungé diresmikan (karena sifat permainan iki memungkinkan pemain untuk berpikir keras mengenai pilihan sadurungé melakukan untuk menjawab). Minangka efek samping, jawaban terakhir wis diberikan, tidak dapat diubah. Banyak parodi permainan menunjukkan memanfaatkan frasa iki. Pemain dapat mengajukan kepada pembawa acara tentang pitakonan iku sendiri terhadap "jawaban akhir" atau varian tertentu, lan iki adalah pitakonan umum selama awal saben putaran. Ciri lain acara iki menggunakan dramatis berhenti sejenak sadurungé tuan rumah atau tidak mengakui apakah jawabannya benar. Kadang-kadang, yèn sudah waktunya untuk pergi untuk istirahat komersial, tuan rumah bakal mengambil jawaban akhir tapi tidak mengumumkan yèn sudah benar sampai sawisé istirahat. Karena format jam ing Amerika Serikat, iki tidak biasanya dilakukan ketika ada jeda iklan. --> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%; line-height:16px; background:#F8F8FF; width:100%;" |- ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Countries/regions ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Title ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Host ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Network ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Top prize ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Premiere ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Ended ! scope="col" style="background-color:#cccfcf;" | Current/last used format |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" | '''{{flag|Afghanistan}}&nbsp;{{ps icon}}''' | '''[[Suok Ghwari Chi Shi Millonar?|څوك غواري چې شي میلیونر؟]]'''<br><small>Sok Ghwari Chi Shi Millonar?</small> | [[Aryan Khan]]<br>Najeeba Faiz | [[Shamshad TV]]<br>[[Ariana Television Network|ATN]] | [[Afghan afghani|Af.]]1,000,000 | October 17, 2008 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" | '''{{flag|Afghanistan}}&nbsp; {{fa icon}}''' | '''[[Suok Ghwari Chi Shi Millonar?|کی ميخواهد میلیونر شود؟]]'''<br><small>Ke Mekhowahad Milyoner Shawad?</small> | [[Walid Soroor]]<br>Khatera Yusufi | [[Ariana Television Network|ATN]] | [[Afghan afghani|Af.]]1,000,000 | June 25, 2010 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"| '''{{flagicon|Albania}} {{flagicon|Kosovo}}<br> [[Albania]] & [[Kosovo]]''' | '''[[Kush do të bëhet milioner?]]''' | Veton Ibrahimi<br>Fehmi Ferati<br>Agron Llakaj | [[TV Klan]] | [[€]]50,000 | December 15, 2008 | July 30, 2012 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"| '''{{flag|Angola}}''' | '''[[Quem Quer Ser Milionário? (Angolan TV show)|Quem quer ser milionário?]]''' | [[Jorge Antunes (actor)|Jorge Antunes]] | [[TV Zimbo]] | 3,000,000[[Angolan kwanza|Kz]] | 2009 |Unknown | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"| '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Maghreb.svg}} [[Maghreb|Arab Maghreb]]''' | '''[[Man sa yarbah al malyoon|من سيربح المليون؟]]'''<br><small>Man Sayarbah Al-malyoon</small> | Rachid El Ouali | [[Nessma TV]] | [[€]]500,000 | August 22, 2009 | September 3, 2010 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan="4" style="background-color: #FF7777" | '''{{Flagicon|Arab League}} [[Arab world]]''' | '''[[Man sa yarbah al malyoon|من سيربح المليون؟]]'''<br><small>Man Sayarbah Al-malyoon</small> | rowspan=2 |[[George Kurdahi]] | rowspan=2 |[[MBC 1 (Middle East)|MBC 1]] | [[Saudi riyal|SR]]1,000,000 | November 27, 2000<br>January 12, 2010 | May 2004<br>August 3, 2010 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- | '''[[Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon|من سيربح 2 مليون؟]]'''<br><small>Man Sayarbah 2 Malyoon</small> | [[Saudi riyal|SR]]2,000,000 | November 15, 2005 | June 2007 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- | '''المليونير-الحلقة الأقوى'''<br><small>El milyoner-Elhalka elaqwa</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dmi.ae/dubaitv/program_detail.asp?PTID=1&PID=16285&CM=PM |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-09-21 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035046/http://www.dmi.ae/dubaitv/program_detail.asp?PTID=1&PID=16285&CM=PM |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Maysa Maghrebi | [[Dubai TV]] | [[Emirati dirham|AED]]1,000,000 | April 17, 2013 | January 12, 2014 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |'''[[Man sa yarbah al malyoon|من سيربح المليون؟ Decha Kraisart]]''' <small>Man Sayarbah Al Malyoon Decha Kraisart</small> | |[[MBC 2]] |[[Emirati dirham|AED]]2,000,000 |November 2020 | |[[Decha Kraisart format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Argentina}}''' | '''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Argentina)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' | Julián Weich | [[Canal 13 (Argentina)|El Trece]] | [[Argentine peso|AR$]]1,000,000 | May 2001 | December 2001 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=4 |'''{{flag|Armenia}}''' | rowspan=4 |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Armenian game show)|Ո՞վէ ուզում դառնալ միլիոնատեր]]'''<br><small>Ov e uzum darnal milionater</small> | Ashot Adamyan<br>Mark Saghatelyan<br>Arman Saghatelyan<br>Avet Barseghyan | rowspan=4 |Shant TV | rowspan=4 |[[Armenian dram|դր.]]5,000,000 | rowspan=2 | 2003 | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=4 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- | Egor Glumov |- | rowspan=2 |Avet Barseghyan | May 1, 2011 | November 19, 2011 |- | November 20, 2011 | |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=2 |'''{{flag|Australia}}''' | '''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show)|Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?]]''' | rowspan=2 |[[Eddie McGuire]] | rowspan=2 |[[Nine Network]] | [[Australian dollar|A$]]1,000,000<br>[[Australian dollar|A$]]5,000,000 (2007) | April 18, 1999 | March 6, 2010 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] & [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#16-question format|16-question format]] (2007) |- | '''[[Millionaire Hot Seat]]''' | [[Australian dollar|A$]]1,000,000 | April 20, 2009 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Ostenrik}}''' | '''[[Die Millionenshow#Broadcast history|Alles ist möglich — Die 10-Millionen Show]]''' | [[Rainhard Fendrich]] | rowspan=2|[[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] | [[Ostenrikn Schilling|öS]]10,000,000 | January 24, 2000 | December 31, 2001 | rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Risk format|Risk format]] |- | '''[[Die Millionenshow]]''' | Barbara Stöckl<br>[[Armin Assinger]] | [[€]]1,000,000 | January 1, 2002 | |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}''' | '''Milyonçu-Dövlətli olmaq istərdinmi ''' | Azar "Axsam" Sabanov | [[Lider TV]] | 100,000,000 [[Azerbaijani manat|man.]] | 2002 | 2007 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Banggaladésa}}''' | '''[[Ke Hotey Chay Kotipoti|কে হতে চায় কোটিপতি]]'''<br><small>Ke Hotey Chay Kotipoti</small> | Asaduzzaman Noor | [[Desh TV]] | [[Bangladeshi taka|৳]]10,000,000 | July 10, 2011 | November 2, 2011 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Belgium}}&nbsp; {{fr icon}} ''' | '''[[Qui sera millionnaire?]]''' | Alain Simons | [[RTL Television|RTL]] | 10,000,000[[Bèlgin franc|BFr.]]<br>[[€]]1,000,000 | 1999<br>2002<br>2009 | 2001<br>2008 Unknown | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Belgium}}&nbsp; {{nl icon}} ''' | '''[[Wie wordt euromiljonair?|Wie wordt multimiljonair?]]''' | rowspan=2|Walter Grootaers | rowspan=2| [[vtm|VTM]] | 20,000,000[[Bèlgin franc|BEF]] | 1999 | 2002 | rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | '''[[Wie wordt euromiljonair?]]''' | [[€]]1,000,000 | 2002 | 2006 |- | style="background-color:#DCDCDC"|'''{{flag|Brazil}}''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://br.tv.yahoo.com/blogs/notas-tv/luiz-bacci-pode-comandar-game-show-na-band-132920802.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-09-21 |archive-date=2014-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201452/https://br.tv.yahoo.com/blogs/notas-tv/luiz-bacci-pode-comandar-game-show-na-band-132920802.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | '''Quem quer ser milionário?''' | Luiz Bacci | [[Rede Bandeirantes|Band]] | [[Brazilian real|R$]]1,000,000 | October 2014 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''' | '''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Bulgarian game show)|Стани богат]]'''<br><small>Stani bogat</small> | [[Niki Kunchev]] | [[Nova Television (Bulgaria)|Nova]] | 100,000[[Bulgarian lev|лв]] | May 12, 2001 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Canada}}''' {{en icon}} | '''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: Canadian Edition]]''' | [[Pamela Wallin]] | [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] | [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]1,000,000 | September 2000 | September 2000 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|Cambodia}}''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ctn.com.kh/WWTBAM.php |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-09-21 |archive-date=2014-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705055546/http://www.ctn.com.kh/WWTBAM.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | '''អ្នកនឹងក្លាយជាសេដ្ឋី'''<br><small>Neak Ing Klay Chea Sethey</small> | Market Setha | [[Cambodian Television Network|CTN]] | [[Cambodian riel|៛]]100,000,000 | June 29, 2013 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=4|'''{{flag|Chile}}''' | '''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Chile)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' | [[Don Francisco (television host)|Don Francisco]]<br>Sergio Lagos | rowspan=4|[[Canal 13 (Chile)|Canal 13]] | [[Chilean peso|CL$]]100,000,000<br>[[Chilean peso|CL$]]65,000,000 | April 2001 | 2003 | rowspan=1|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan=2|'''[[¿Quién merece ser millonario?]]''' | [[Don Francisco (television host)|Don Francisco]] | rowspan=3|[[Chilean peso|CL$]]120,000,000 | 2006 | 2008 | rowspam=1|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- | Sergio Lagos | September 2, 2010 | December 30, 2010 | rowspam=3|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- | '''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario?: Alta tensión]]''' | [[Diana Bolocco]]<br>Sergio Lagos | January 6, 2011 | 2012 | rowspan=1|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- | rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FF7777" |'''{{flag|Cina}}''' | '''[[Bǎi Wàn Zhì Duō Xīng|百万智多星]]'''<br><small>Bai Wan Zhi Duo Xing</small> | [[Li Fan (actor)|Li Fan]] | GuiZhou TV | [[Chinese yuan|CN¥]]1,000,000 | September 27, 2007 | 2008 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | | | | | | | |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=2 |'''{{flag|Colombia}}''' | rowspan=2 | '''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Colombia)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' | rowspan=2 | [[Paulo Laserna Phillips]] | [[Canal Caracol]] | rowspan=2 | [[Colombian peso|CO$]]200,000,000 [[Colombian peso|CO$]]300,000,000 | September 2, 2000 | 2011 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- | [[RCN TV|RCN]] | March 10, 2013 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''' | '''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Costa Rica)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' | Ignacio Santos Pasamontes | [[Teletica Canal 7|Teletica]] | [[Costa Rican colón|₡]]25,000,000 [[Costa Rican colón|₡]]30,000,000 | February 3, 2009 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifeline since the first guaranteed sum) |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Croatia}}''' | '''[[Tko želi biti milijunaš?]]''' | [[Tarik Filipović]] | [[HRT 1]] | 1,000,000[[Croatian kuna|Kn]] | March 24, 2002 | June 3, 2010 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''' | '''[[Chcete být milionářem?]]''' | Vladimir Čech<br>Ondřej Hejma<br>Martin Preiss | [[Nova (Czech TV)|Nova TV]] | 10,000,000[[Czech koruna|Kč]] | 2000 | 2005 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | '''[[Milionář]]''' | Roman Šmucler | [[TV Prima]] | 2,000,000[[Czech koruna|Kč]] | 2008 | 2008 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4th lifeline since the second guaranteed sum) |- | style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|Dhènemarken}}''' | '''[[Hvem vil være millionær?]]''' | Peter Kjær<br>Jes Dorph Petersen<br>Hans Pilgaard | [[TV 2 (Dhènemarken)|TV2]] | 1,000,000[[Danish krone|Kr]] | 1999 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|El Salvador}}''' |'''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (El Salvador)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' |[[Willie Maldonado]] |[[Telecorporación Salvadoreña]] |[[United States dollar|US$]]200,000 |March 3, 2010 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Ecuador}}''' | '''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Ecuador)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' | Alfonso Espinosa de los Monteros | rowspan=2| [[Ecuavisa]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]25,000<br>[[United States dollar|US$]]50,000 | 2001<br>August 23, 2009 | 2004<br>November 28, 2010 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | '''¿Quién quiere ser millonario? Alta tensión''' | Estéfani Espín | [[United States dollar|US$]]100,000 | July 1, 2012 | December 23, 2012 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Egypt}}''' | '''المليونير'''<br><small>El Milyoner</small> | [[George Kurdahi]] | Hayat 2<br>Hayat 1 | 1,000,000 [[Egyptian pound|ج.م]] | July 20, 2012<br>April 24, 2013 | October 29, 2012 Unknown | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|clock format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Éstlan}}''' | '''[[Kes tahab saada miljonäriks?]]''' | Hannes Võrno | [[TV3 (Éstlan)|TV3]] | 1,000,000[[Éstlann kroon|Kr]] | 2002 | 2008 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2 |'''{{flag|Finland}}''' |rowspan=2 |'''[[Haluatko miljonääriksi?]]''' |[[Lasse Lehtinen]] |[[Nelonen]] |1,000,000[[Finnish markka|mk]]<br>[[€]]200,000 |November 21, 1999 |2005 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |[[Ville Klinga]] |[[MTV3]] |[[€]]1,000,000 |2005 |March 4, 2007 |- |style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|France}}''' |'''[[Qui veut gagner des millions ?]]''' |[[Jean-Pierre Foucault]] |[[TF1]] |3,000,000[[French franc|₣]]<br>4,000,000[[French franc|₣]]<br>1,000,000[[€]] |July 3, 2000 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] |- |style="background-color:#FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Georgia}}''' |rowspan=2|'''[[Vis Unda 20000?|ვის უნდა ოცი ათასი?]]'''<br><small>Vis Unda 20000</small> |Dimitry Skhirtlazde |rowspan=2|[[Rustavi 2]] |rowspan=2|20,000[[Georgian lari|ლ]] |2001 |2005 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- |Mamuka Gamkrelidze |September 23, 2009 |2011 |- |style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|Germany}}''' |'''[[Wer wird Millionär? (Germany)|Wer wird Millionär?]]''' |[[Günther Jauch]] |[[RTL Television|RTL]] |[[Deutsche Mark|DM]]1,000,000<br>[[€]]1,000,000<br>[[€]]2,000,000 (Gamblers Special-Autumn 2013) |September 3, 1999 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Risk format|Risk format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Ghana}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be Rich?]]''' |Kafui Dey |[[GTV (Ghana)|GTV]] |[[Ghanaian cedi|₵]]50,000 |October 2009 |Unknown |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=5|'''{{flag|Greece}} and <br>{{flag|Cyprus}}''' |rowspan=5|'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Greek game show)|Ποιος Θέλει Να Γίνει Εκατομμυριούχος?]]'''<br><small>Poios thelei na ginei Ekatommyriouchos</small> |rowspan=3|Spiros Papadopoulos |rowspan=2|[[Mega Channel|Mega]] |[[Greek drachma|₯]]50,000,000 |rowspan=2|October 4, 1999 |rowspan=2|2002 |rowspan=5|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |rowspan=3|[[€]]150,000 |- |rowspan=2|[[New Hellenic Television|NET]] |rowspan=2|2002 |rowspan=2|2005 |- | rowspan="2" |Theodoris Atheridis |- |[[Alpha TV]] |[[€]]200,000 |2005 |2006 |- |style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|Honduras}}''' |'''¿Quién quiere ser millonario?''' | Juan Carlos Pineda | Televicentro |[[Honduran lempira|L]]1,000,000 | July 2, 2012 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan="3" style="background-color: #DCDCDC" |'''{{flag|Hong Kong}}''' | rowspan="2"|'''[[Baak Maan Fu Yung|百萬富翁]]'''<br><small>Baak Maan Fu Yung</small> |[[Kenneth Chan (actor)|Kenneth Chan]] | rowspan="2"|[[Asia Television Limited|ATV]] |[[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]1,000,000 |2001<br /> |2005 ||[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |Tsoi Chi-Ming |colspan="4" align="center"|''(New season no earlier than May 2014)'' |- |'''[[Baak Maan Fu Yung|百萬富翁 Decha Kraisart]]''' Baak Maan Fu Yung Decha Kraisart |Raven Wu | |[[HK$]]1,000,000 |2021 | |[[Decha Kraisart Format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=6|'''{{flag|Hungary}}''' |rowspan=5|'''[[Legyen Ön is milliomos!]]''' |rowspan=2|[[István Vágó]] |rowspan=4|[[RTL Klub]] |25,000,000[[Hungarian forint|Ft]] |rowspan=2|February 29, 2000 |rowspan=2|February 29, 2008 |rowspan=5|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |rowspan=5|40,000,000[[Hungarian forint|Ft]] |- |[[Sándor Fábry]] |September 17, 2009 |February 18, 2010 |- |rowspan=2|Sándor Friderikusz |February 29, 2012 |May 30, 2012 |- |[[RTL II (Hungary)|RTL II]] |October 1, 2012 | |- |'''[[Legyen Ön is milliomos!-felpörgetve]]''' |[[Sándor Fábry]] |[[RTL Klub]] |March 18, 2010 |May 27, 2010 ||[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Iceland}}''' | rowspan=2|'''[[Viltu vinna milljón?]]''' | [[Þorsteinn J]] | rowspan=2 |[[Stöð 2]] | 1,000,000[[Icelandic króna|Kr]] | rowspan=2|December 26, 2000 | rowspan=2|2005 | rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | Jónas R, Jónsson | 5,000,000[[Icelandic króna|Kr]] |- | rowspan="6" style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|India}}''' {{hin}} | rowspan=5|'''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''' | rowspan=2|[[Amitabh Bachchan]] | rowspan=3|[[STAR Plus]] | {{Indian Rupee}}10,000,000 | rowspan=2|June 3, 2000 (Season 1)<br>2005 (Season 2) | rowspan=2|2001 (Season 1)<br>2006 (Season 2) | rowspan=4|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|13-question format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]]<br>[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] </small>(Hot seat only with celebrity contestants) |- | rowspan=2|{{Indian Rupee}}20,000,000 |- | [[Shahrukh Khan]] | 22 January 2007 (Season 3) | 19 April 2007 (Season 3) |- | rowspan=2| [[Amitabh Bachchan]] | rowspan=2| [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] | {{Indian Rupee}}50,000,000 | 11 October 2010 (Season 4)<br>15 August 2011 (Season 5)<br>7 September 2012 (Season 6) | 9 December 2010 (Season 4)<br>17 November 2011 (Season 5)<br>26 January 2013 (Season 6) |- | {{Indian Rupee}}70,000,000 | 6 September 2013 (Season 7) |1 December 2013 (Season 7) | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]] (with 5th lifeline) |- | | | | | | | |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|India}}''' {{ml icon}} | '''[[Kōṭīṣvaraṉ|Kodeeshwaran]]''' | [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]] | rowspan=1|[[Sun TV (India)|Surya TV]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | 2000 | 2004 ||[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | '''[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran|നിങ്ങൾക്കും ആകാം കോടീശ്വരൻ]]'''<br><small>Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran</small> | [[Suresh Gopi]] | [[Asianet]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | April 9, 2012 (Season 1)<br>March 4, 2013 (Season 2) | August 23, 2012 (Season 1)<br>July 18, 2013 (Season 2) | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|clock format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|India}}''' {{ta icon}} | '''[[Kōṭīṣvaraṉ|Kodeeshwaran]]''' | [[Sarath Kumar]] | rowspan=1|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | 2000 | 2004 ||[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | '''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi|நீங்களும் வெல்லலாம் ஒரு கோடி]]'''<br><small>Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi</small> | [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] (Season 1)<br>[[Prakash Raj]] (Season 2) | rowspan=1|[[STAR Vijay]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | February 27, 2012 (Season 1)<br>March 11, 2013 (Season 2) |July 12, 2012 (Season 1)<br> ? | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|clock format]] |- | style="background-color: #DCDCDC"|'''{{flag|India}}''' {{te icon}} | '''Meelo Yevaru Koteeswarudu|మీలో ఎవరు కోటీశ్వరుడు'''<br><small>Meelo Yevaru Koteeswarudu</small> | [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] | [[Maa TV]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | TBA | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|clock format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|India}}''' {{kn icon}} | '''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati|ಕನ್ನಡದ ಕೋಟ್ಯಾಧಿಪತಿ]]'''<br><small>Kannadada Kotyadhipati</small> | [[Puneet Rajkumar]] | [[Suvarna TV]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | March 12, 2012 | July 28, 2012 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|clock format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|India}}''' {{mr icon}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etvkhmc.com/khmc-Episode-Videos/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-09-21 |archive-date=2013-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810081430/http://www.etvkhmc.com/khmc-Episode-Videos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | '''Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati|कोण होईल मराठी करोडपती '''<br><small>Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati</small> | [[Sachin Khedekar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=KBC to air on ETV Marathi|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/mar/mar65.php}}</ref> | [[ETV Marathi]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | May 8, 2013 | ? | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|clock format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|India}}''' {{Bn icon}} | '''কে হবে বাংলার কোটিপতি'''<br><small>Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti</small> | [[Saurav Ganguly]] | [[Mahuaa Bangla]] | {{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 | June 4, 2011 |? |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|India}}''' <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555555">'''(Bhojpuri)'''</span> |'''के बनी क्रोरेपती'''<br><small>Ke Bani Crorepati</small> |[[Shatrughan Sinha]] |[[Mahuaa TV]] |{{Indian Rupee}} 10,000,000 |June 6, 2011 |August 12, 2011 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan="4" style="background-color: #FF7777" |'''{{flag|Indonésia}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Indonésian game show)|Who wants to be a millionaire?]]''' |[[Tantowi Yahya]] |[[RCTI]] |[[Indonésian rupiah|Rp.]]1,000,000,000 |August 4, 2001 |2005 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4th lifeline since the first guaranteed sum) |- |'''[[Super Milyarder 3 Milyar]]''' |[[Dian Sastrowardoyo]] |[[ANTV]] |[[Indonésian rupiah|Rp.]]3,000,000,000 |September 24, 2006 |January 21, 2007 |- |'''[[Who Wants To Be a Millionaire Hot Seat]]''' |[[Ferdi Hasan]] |[[RCTI]] |[[Indonésian rupiah|Rp.]]500,000,000 |September 13, 2010 |October 31, 2010 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |[[W|'''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart''']] |[[Sieena Ameerah Kasyafani]] |[[GTV]] |[[R|Rp.]]2,000,000,000 |2020 | |[[Decha Kraisart format|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Ireland}}''' |rowspan=2|'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Ireland)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |rowspan=2 |[[Gay Byrne]] |rowspan=2 |[[RTÉ]] |[[Irish pound|IR£]]1,000,000 |rowspan=2|2000 |rowspan=2|2002 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |[[€]]1,000,000 |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Israèl}}''' | '''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Israèli game show)|?מי רוצה להיות מיליונר]]'''<br><small>Mi rotseh lehiyot milyoner</small> | Yoram Arbel | [[Channel 2 (Israèl)|Channel 2]]<br>[[Channel 10 (Israèl)|Channel 10]] | [[Israèli new shekel|₪]]1,000,000 | November 18, 1999<br>2005 | 2003<br>2006 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=3 |'''{{flag|Italy}}''' | '''[[Chi vuol essere miliardario?]]''' | rowspan=3 |[[Gerry Scotti]] | rowspan=3 |[[Canale 5]] | 1,000,000,000[[Italian lira|₤]] | May 18, 2000 | November 4, 2001 | rowspan=3|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with one guaranteed sum) |- | '''[[Chi vuol essere milionario?]]''' | rowspan=2 |[[€]]1,000,000 | March 11, 2002 | July 29, 2011 |- | '''[[Chi vuol essere milionario? – Edizione Straordinaria]]''' | December 15, 2008 |March 29, 2009 |- | style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}''' | '''[[Qui veut gagner des millions? (Ivory Coast)|Qui veut gagner des millions?]]''' | Bamba Bakary<br>Yves Zogbo | [[Radio Télévision Ivoirienne|RTI]] | [[West African CFA franc|CFA]]30,000,000 | October 8, 2010 | Unknown | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan="2" style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|Japan}}''' | '''[[Quiz $ Millionaire|クイズ＄ミリオネア]]'''<br><small>kuizu$mirionea</small> | [[Monta Mino]] | [[Fuji TV]] | [[Japanese yèn|¥]]10,000,000 | April 20, 2000 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]] |- |'''[[Quiz $ Millionaire|クイズ＄ミリオネア Decha Kraisart]]''' Kuizu$mirionea Decha Kraisart |[[Jewelie Aoi Ishihara]] |TV Tokyo |[[¥]]20,000 000 |April 20, 2020 | |[[Decha Kraisart format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}''' |'''[[Кто возьмет миллион?|Кто возьмёт миллион?]]'''<br><small>Kto vozmyot million</small> |Evgeny Jumanov<br>Serik Akishev<br>Iskindir Sergibaev |[[KTK (Kazakhstan)|KTK]]<br>[[Khabar]]<br>El-Arna |[[Kazakhstani tenge|₸]]5,000,000 |2002 |2006 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Kenya}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Kenyan game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |Fayaz Qureishi |[[Kenya Television Network|KTN]] |5,000,000[[Kenyan shilling|Ksh]] |October 13, 2000 |''unknown'' |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Kurdistan}} |'''[[Miliyoner|Milyoner]]''' |Shwuan Haco |[[Kanal4]] |100,000,000[[Iraqi dinar|IQD]] |November 2009 |Unknown |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 guaranteed sums, each after 3 questions) |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Lètlan}}''' |'''[[Gribi būt miljonārs?]]''' |[[Martinš Kibilds]]<br>[[Girts Licis]] |[[TV3 Lètlan|TV3]] |50,000[[Lètlann lats|Ls.]] |2002 |2008 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Litowen}}''' |'''[[Kas laimės milijoną?]]''' |Henrikas Vaitiekūnas<br>[[Vytautas Kernagis]] |[[TV3 Litowen|TV3]] |1,000,000[[Litowenn litas|Lt.]] |May 16, 2002 |August 18, 2005 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Macedonia}}''' |'''[[Кој сака да биде милионер?]]'''<br><small>Koj saka da bide milioner?</small> |Sašo Macanovski-Trendo |[[A1 (Macedonian TV channel)|A1]] |4,000,000[[Macedonian denar|ден]] |2004 |2009 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan="3" style="background-color: #FF7777" |'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Malaysian game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |[[Jalaluddin Hassan]] |[[NTV7]] |[[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]1,000,000 |June 5, 2000<ref>{{cite web|last=Mok|first=Sew Kuen (2003)|title=Populariti program games show: suatu fenomena baru dalam kajian audiens TV Di Malaysia|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/698/3/CHAP2.pdf|work=Dept of Media Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences|publisher=Universiti Malaya|accessdate=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070022/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/698/3/CHAP2.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |2002 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |'''[[Bai Wan Fu Weng|百万富翁]]'''<br><small>Bai Wan Fu Weng</small> |Victor Gu |[[NTV7]] |[[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]1,000,000 |2001 |2003 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |[[W|'''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart''']] |Yahaira Leanne |[[TV9]] |[[RM]]2,000,000 |June 5 2020 | |[[Decha Kraisart format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Mexico}}''' |'''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Mexico)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' |Pablo Latapí |[[Azteca (multimedia company)|Azteca]] |[[Mexican peso|MX$]]3,000,000<br>|[[Mexican peso|MX$]]1,500,000 |March 23, 2010 2012 |2010 2012 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Moldova}}''' |'''[[Vrei să fii milionar? (Moldova)|Vrei să fii milionar?]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://prime.md/ro/emisiuni/vrei-sa-fii-milionar/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2014-09-21 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816095708/http://www.prime.md/ro/emisiuni/vrei-sa-fii-milionar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Dan Negru |[[Prime TV]] |[[Moldovan leu|MDL]]1,000,000 |December 4, 2011 |Unknown |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Netherlands}}''' |'''[[Lotto Weekend Miljonairs|Weekend Miljonairs]]''' |rowspan=2|[[Robert ten Brink]]<br>[[Jeroen van der Boom]] |rowspan=2 |[[SBS 6]]<br>[[RTL 4]] |rowspan=2|[[Dutch gulden|ƒ]]1,000,000<br>[[€]]1,000,000 |February 6, 1999 |February 6, 2006 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]] (with 4th lifeline since the second guaranteed sum) |- |'''[[Lotto Weekend Miljonairs]]''' |March 4, 2006<br>March 12, 2011 |May 24, 2008<br>Unknown |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|New Zealand}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand]]''' |[[Mike Hosking]] |[[TV One (New Zealand)|TV ONE]] |[[New Zealand dollar|NZ$]]1,000,000 |2008 |Unknown |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4th lifeline since the second guaranteed sum) |- | rowspan="2" style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|Nigeria}}''' | '''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Nigerian game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' | Frank Edoho | NTA |[[Nigerian naira|₦]]10,000,000 | 2004 | | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart]]''' |Angelica Aboderin | |[[₦]]20,000,000 |2024 | |[[Decha Kraisart format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2| '''{{flag|Norway}}''' | '''[[Vil du bli millionær?]]''' | [[Arve Juritzen]]<br>[[Frithjof Wilborn]]<br>[[Sarah Natasha Melbye]] | rowspan=2| [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV2]] | rowspan=2| 2,000,000[[Nurwègenn krone|Kr]] | January 10, 2000 | 2008 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | '''[[Vil du bli millionær?|Vil du bli millionær? Hotseat]]''' | [[Sarah Natasha Melbye]] | 2009 | 2011 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Pakistan}}''' |'''[[Kya Aap Banaingay Crorepati?]]''' |[[Moin Akhtar]] |[[ARY Digital]] |[[Pakistani rupee|₨]]10,000,000 |2003 |2004 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Panama}}''' |'''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Panama)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' |Atenógenes Rodríguez |Telemetro |[[Panamanian balboa|B/.]]100,000 |July 9, 2009 |December 29, 2011 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Peru}}''' |'''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Peru)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' |[[Guido Lombardi]] |[[Red Global]] |1,000,000[[Peruvian nuevo sol|S/.]] |2001 |2002 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan="3" style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|Philippines}}''' |rowspan=2|'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Philippine game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |[[Christopher de Leon]] |[[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC]] |rowspan=2 |[[Philippine peso|₱]]2,000,000 |November 20, 2000 |December 14, 2002 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | [[Vic Sotto]] | [[TV5 (Philippines)|TV5]] | May 23, 2009<br>May 15, 2011<br>July 1, 2012<br>September 15, 2013 | October 2, 2010<br>February 26, 2012 <br> October 7, 2012<br>present | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Risk format|Risk format]] (with 4th lifeline) |- |[[W|'''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart''']] |Ondrea Bliss Sotto |TV5 |[[Philippine peso|₱]]10,000,000 |November 20, 2020 | |[[Decha Kraisart format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Poland}}''' |'''[[Milionerzy]]''' |[[Hubert Urbański]] |[[TVN (Poland)|TVN]] |1,000,000[[Polish złoty|zł]] |September 3, 1999<br>January 19, 2008 |January 26, 2003<br>December 19, 2010 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Risk format|Risk format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=6|'''{{flag|Portugal}}''' | rowspan=5|'''[[Quem quer ser milionário?]]''' | [[Carlos Cruz (television presenter)|Carlos Cruz]] | rowspan=6|[[RTP 1]] | rowspan=3| 50,000,000[[Portuguese escudo|$]]00 | January 2000 | May 2000 | rowspan=5| [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | [[Maria Elisa|Maria Elisa Domingues]] | September 2000 | January 2001 |- | [[Diogo Infante]] | January 2001 | April 2001 |- | Jorge Gabriel | [[€]]250,000 | September 2003<br>January 2008 | January 2005<br>June 2008 |- | Manuela Moura Guedes | [[€]]100,000 | September 23, 2013 | |- | '''[[Quem quer ser milionário? Alta Pressão]]''' | [[José Carlos Malato]] | [[€]]100,000 | July 5, 2010 | September 16, 2011 | [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=3|'''{{flag|Romania}}''' |'''[[Vrei să fii miliardar?]]''' |rowspan=3|Virgil Ianțu |[[Prima TV]] |1,000,000,000 [[Romanian leu#Third leu (ROL): 1952-2005|lei]] |2000 |2003 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |rowspan="2"|'''[[Vrei să fii milionar?]]''' |[[Kanal D]] |rowspan="2"|1,000,000 [[Romanian leu|lei]] |August 24, 2011 |November 29, 2012 |rowspan="2"|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4th lifeline after the second guaranteed sum) |- |[[Prima TV]] |March 22, 2014 | |- |style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Russia}}''' |'''[[О, счастливчик!]]'''<br><small>O, schastlivchik!</small> |Dmitry Dibrov |[[NTV Russia|NTV]] |1,000,000[[Russian ruble|руб]] |October 1, 1999 |January 28, 2001 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Risk format|Risk format]] |- |'''[[Кто хочет стать миллионером?]]'''<br><small>Kto khochet stat' millionerom?</small> |[[Maksim Galkin]]<br>Dmitry Dibrov |[[Channel One (Russia)|ORT]] |1,000,000[[Russian ruble|руб]]<br>3,000,000[[Russian ruble|руб]] |February 19, 2001 | |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Serbia}}''' |rowspan=2|'''[[Želite li da postanete milioner?]]''' |rowspan=2|Ivan Zeljković |[[BKTV]] |3,000,000[[Serbian dinar|din.]] |2002 |2006 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4th lifeline after the first guaranteed sum) |- |[[B92]]<br>[[Prva]] (ex [[Fox televizija|Fox]]) |5,000,000[[Serbian dinar|din]] |2007<br>2010 |2009<br>2011 |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Singapore}}&nbsp; {{cmn icon}}''' |'''[[Bai wan da ying jia|百万大赢家]]'''<br><small>Bai wan da ying jia</small> |Chao Chi-Tai |[[MediaCorp TV Channel 8]] |rowspan=2|[[Singaporean dollar|S$]]1,000,000 |Aug 15 2001 |2004 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Singapore}}&nbsp; {{en icon}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Singaporean game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |Mark Van Cuylenberg |[[MediaCorp TV Channel 5]] |Apr 18 2001 |2002 |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Slowak}}''' |rowspan=2|'''[[Milionár]]''' |Martin Nikodým |[[TV Markíza|Markíza]] |1,000,000[[Slovak koruna|Sk]]<br>5,000,000[[Slovak koruna|Sk]] |2000 |2006 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] (with 4 lifelines) |- |Iveta Malachovská |[[Jednotka]] |10,000,000[[Slovak koruna|Sk]] |2007 |March 26, 2008 |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=3|'''{{flag|Slowén}}''' |'''[[Lepo je biti milijonar-Kviz z Jonasom]]''' |[[Jonas Znidarsic|Jonas Žnidaršič]] |[[POP TV]] |10,000,000[[Slowénn tolar|SIT]] |2000 |2003 |rowspan=3|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |'''[[Lepo je biti milijonar]]''' |Boštjan Romih |[[POP TV]] |15,000,000[[Slowénn tolar|SIT]] |2003 |2005 |- |'''[[Milijonar]]''' |[[Jonas Znidarsic|Jonas Žnidaršič]] |[[Radiotelevizija Slovenija|RTV Slowén]] |[[€]]100,000 |2007 |2008 |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|South Africa}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (South African game show)|Who wants to be a millionaire?]]''' |[[Jeremy Maggs]] |[[M-NET]] |[[South African rand|R]]1,000,000 |2000 |2005 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|South Koréa}}''' |'''퀴즈쇼 밀리어네어''' <br><small>Kwijeusyo Millieoneeo |[[Kim Kap-soo]] |[[TVN (South Koréa)|tvN]] |[[South Korean won|₩]]500,000,000 |May 26, 2013 |June 2, 2013 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]] |- | style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=3|'''{{flag|Spain}}''' | '''[[¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15]]''' | Carlos Sobera | [[Telecinco]] | 50,000,000[[₧]] | April 19, 1999 | 2001 | rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] |- | '''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Spain)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' | Carlos Sobera<br>Antonio Garrido | [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]] | [[€]]1,000,000 | July 25, 2005<br>May 18, 2009 | May, 2008<br>July, 2009 |- | '''¿Quién quiere ser El millonario?''' | Núria Roca | [[laSexta]] | [[€]]100,000 | February 15, 2012 | July 31, 2012 (are emitted repetitions) |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}} &nbsp;{{si icon}}''' |'''[[Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi|ඔබ ද ලක්ෂපති මම ද ලක්ෂපති]]'''<br><small>Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi</small> |Chandana Sooriyapapan anggegana (Previously [[Lucky Dias]]) |[[Sirasa TV]] |[[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]].2,000,000 |September 18, 2010 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}} &nbsp;{{ta icon}}''' |'''[[Maha Lakshadhipathi|உங்களில் யார் மகா இலட்சாதிபதி]]'''<br><small>Ungali Yaar Maha Latchathipathi</small> | Balendran Kandeeban |[[Shakthi TV]] |[[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]].2,000,000 | May 2011 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00"|'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}} |'''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?''' | Riyaz (Shaq) Shah Jahan |[[MTV Sports (Sri Lanka)|MTV Sports]] |[[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]].2,000,000 | May 12, 2012 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Sweden}}''' |'''[[Vem vill bli miljonär?]]''' |Bengt Magnusson |rowspan=2|[[TV4 (Sweden)|TV4]] |10,000,000[[Swedish krona|Kr]] |January 21, 2000 |2003 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Risk format|Risk format]] |- |'''[[Postkodmiljonären]]''' |Rickard Sjöberg |1,000,000[[Swedish krona|kr]] |2005 | |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''' | rowspan=2|'''[[Wer wird Millionär? (Switzerland)|Wer wird Millionär?]]''' |René Rindlisbacher |TV3 |rowspan=2|[[Switserlan franc|SFr]]1,000,000 |March 27, 2000 |2001 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Risk format]] |- | Claudio Zuccolini | 3+ | November 29, 2011 | December 13, 2011 |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Taiwan}}''' |'''[[Chao ji da fu weng|超級大富翁]]'''<br><small>Chao ji da fu weng</small> |[[Xie Zhen Wu]] |[[Taiwan Television|TTV]] |[[New Taiwan dollar|NT$]]1,000,000 |2000 |2006 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Thailand}}''' |'''[[เกมเศรษฐี]]''' |Traipop Limprapat |[[Channel 3 (Thailand)|ThaiTV 3]]<br>[[iTV (Thailand)|ITV]]<br>[[iTV (Thailand)|TITV]] |1,000,000[[Thailand baht|฿]] |March 4, 2000 |January 14, 2008 ||[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] |- | rowspan="5" style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|Turkey}}''' |'''[[Kim 500 Milyar İster?]]''' |[[Kenan Işık]] |[[Show TV]]<br>[[Kanal D]] |500,000,000,000[[Turkish lira|TL]] |March 7, 2000 |2004 | rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |'''[[Kim 500 Bin İster?]]''' |[[Kenan Işık]]<br>[[Haluk Bilginer]] |[[Show TV]] |500,000[[Turkish new lira|YTL]] |2005 |2007 |- |'''Kim bir Milyon İster?''' |[[Kenan Işık]] |[[Star TV (Turkey)|Star TV]] |1,000,000[[Turkish new lira|YTL]] |February 1, 2008 |2009 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#16-question format|16-question format]] (with 4th lifeline since the second guaranteed sum) |- |'''[[Kim Milyoner Olmak İster]]''' |[[Kenan Işık]]<br>[[Zafer Ergin]] |[[atv (Turkey)|aTV]] |1,000,000[[Turkish new lira|₺]] |August 2, 2011 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] and [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]] (with 4th lifeline since the second guaranteed sum) |- |'''[[Kim Milyoner Olmak İster|Kim Milyoner Olmak İster Decha Kraisart]]''' |[[Toprak Saylak]] | | | | | |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Uganda}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Ugandan game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |Alan Kasujja |NTV |25,000,000[[Ugandan shilling|USh]] |January 31, 2011 |Unknown |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Ukrainian game show)|Хто хоче стати мільйонером? Перший мільйон]]'''<br><small>Khto khoche staty milyonerom? Pershy milyon</small> |Danylo Yanevs'kyi<br>Anatoli Borsiuk<br>Ostap Stupka |[[1+1]] |rowspan=2|1,000,000[[Ukrainian hryvnia|₴]] |November 10, 2000 |2005 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |'''[[Milyoner-Garyache Krislo|Мільйонер-Гаряче крісло]]'''<br><small>Milyoner-Garyache Krislo</small> |Vladimir Zelenski |[[Inter (TV channel)|Inter]] |February 15, 2011 |August 13, 2011 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''' |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |[[Chris Tarrant]] |[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |[[British pounds|£]]1,000,000 |4 September 1998 |11 February 2014 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#12-question format|12-question format]] & [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]] & [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- | rowspan="7" style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|United States}}''' |rowspan=6 |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''' |rowspan=3 |[[Regis Philbin]] |rowspan=3 |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |rowspan=6 |[[United States dollar|US$]]1,000,000 |rowspan=2 |August 16, 1999 |rowspan=2 |June 27, 2002 |- |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |November 30, 2009 |December 4, 2009 |rowspan=3 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] & [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Clock format|Clock format]] |- |rowspan=3 |[[Meredith Vieira]] (2002–13)<BR>[[Cedric the Entertainer]] (2013-14)<br>[[Terry Crews]] (2014-present) |rowspan=3 |[[Television syndication]] |- |September 16, 2002 |November 27, 2009 |- |December 7, 2009 | |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Shuffle format|Shuffle format]] |- |'''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Decha Kraisart]]''' |Monroe Cannon |GSN |[[$|US$]]2,000,000 |August 16, 2019 | |[[Decha Kraisart format]] |- |style="background-color: #FF7777"|'''{{flag|Uruguay}}''' |'''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Uruguay)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' |Andrés Tulipano |Teledoce |[[United States dollar|US$]]40,000 |2001 |Early 2002 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |style="background-color: #92FF00" rowspan=2|'''{{flag|Venezuela}}''' |rowspan=2|'''[[¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Venezuela)|¿Quién quiere ser millonario?]]''' |rowspan=2|[[Eladio Lárez]] |[[Radio Caracas Televisión|RCTV]] |[[Venezuelan bolívar|Bs.]]100,000,000<br>[[Venezuelan bolívar|Bs.]]200,000,000<br>[[Venezuelan bolívar|Bs.F]]200,000 |August 23, 2000 |January 20, 2010 |rowspan=2|[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Risk scheme of game|Risk format]] |- |[[Televen]] |[[Venezuelan bolívar|Bs.F]]250,000<br>[[Venezuelan bolívar|Bs.F]]300,000<br>[[Venezuelan bolívar|Bs.F]]400,000 |May 8, 2011<br>March 4, 2012 |November 27, 2011 |- | rowspan="3" style="background-color: #92FF00" |'''{{flag|Vietnam}}''' |'''[[Ai Là Triệu Phú]]''' |rowspan=2|[[Lại Văn Sâm]] |rowspan=2|[[Vietnam Television|VTV3]] |[[Vietnamese dong|₫]]150,000,000 |January 4, 2005<br> July 5, 2011 |August 31, 2010<br> |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Original scheme of game|Original format]] |- |'''[[Ai Là Triệu Phú|Ai Là Triệu Phú-Ghế nóng]]''' |₫120,000,000 |September 7, 2010 | June 28, 2011 |[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?#Hot Seat format|Hot Seat format]] |- |'''[[Ai Là Triệu Phú|Ai Là Triệu Phú Decha Kraisart]]''' | | |₫100,000,000 |2020 | |Decha Kraisart format |- |} == Acara sampingan == Acara iki duwé acara sampingan, yakni ''50:50'' lan ditayangkan ing nagara [[Makedonia]], [[Spanyol]], [[Italia]], [[Swèdhen]], [[Yunani]] lan [[Jepang]]. == Deleng uga == * [[Pratélan acara permainan]] * [[Pratélan game shows ing Amérika]] * [[Slumdog Millionaire]] == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.itv.com/millionaire Situs web resmi versi Britania Raya] * [http://www.an.tv/s/?programid=922&sid=5 Informasi program ''Super Milyarder 3 Milyar'' ing situs web antv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625234202/http://www.an.tv/s/?programid=922&sid=5 |date=2009-06-25 }} [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]] [[Kategori:Acara kuis Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Acara kuis berlisensi internasional]] [[Kategori:Pamenang Panasonic (Gobel) Awards kategori acara kuis/game show favorit dhéwé]] [[Kategori:Acara télévisi Britania Raya]] [[Kategori:ITV]] 3jh5bus25uu9liur9dm1n5qnspms5ip Sutomo 0 88312 1758989 1660398 2026-10-20T17:22:10Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Untuk|tokoh pendiri Budi Utomo|Soetomo| Kanggo kelompok sekolah ing Kutha Medan, deleng [[Perguruan Sutomo]].}} {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = |name = {{PAGENAME}} |image = Bung Tomo.jpg |imagesize = |caption = |office = Mantri Tenaga Kerja lan Transmigrasi Republik Indonesia|Mantri Tenaga Kerja |order = 10 |term_start = [[27 Agustus]] [[1964]] |term_end = [[26 Maret]] [[1966]] |president = [[Soekarno]] |predecessor = [[Ahem Erningpradja]] |successor = [[Awaluddin Djamin]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1920|10|3}} |birth_place = {{Flagicon|Nèderlan}} [[Surabaya]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Hindia Nèderlan]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1981|10|7|1920|10|3}} |death_place = {{Flagicon|Arab Saudi}} [[Padang Arafah]], [[Arab Saudi]] |nationality = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Indonésia]] |party = |spouse = Sulistina Sutomo |children = Bambang Sulistomo |residence = |alma_mater = |occupation = |religion = [[Islam]] }} '''Sutomo''' ({{lahirmati|[[Surabaya]], [[Jawa Wétan]]|3|10|1920|[[Padang Arafah]], [[Arab Saudi]]|7|10|1981}})<ref name="sutomo">{{cite journal | last =Frederick | first =William H. | authorlink = | title =In Memoriam: Sutomo | journal =Indonésia | volume =33 | issue = | pages =127–128 | publisher =Cornell University outheast Asia Program | date =April 1982 | url =http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1107016901 | doi = | id =seap.indo/1107016901 | accessdate = | format = | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20061017042307/http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1107016901 | archive-date =2006-10-17 | url-status =dead }}</ref> luwih misuwur kanthi sebutan '''Bung Tomo''', ya iku pahlawan kang misuwur amarga peranané mbangkitaké semangat rakyat kanggo nglawan [[Walanda]] liwat bala [[NICA]]. Sutomo lair ing [[Kampung Blauran]], kutha [[Surabaya]]. Bapaké kang asma [[Kartawan Tjiptowidjojo]], wis tau nyambut gawé dadi punggawa papréntahan minangka staf pribadi ing siji perusahaan swasta, dadi asisten ing siji kantor pajek lan punggawa cilik ing perusahaan ékspor-impor Walanda<ref name="satu">{{Cite web |url=http://syadiashare.com/sejarah-bung-tomo.html |title=Sejarah Bung Tomo |access-date=2012-06-21 |archive-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501103002/http://syadiashare.com/sejarah-bung-tomo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Rikala enom == Sutomo gedhé ing lingkungan kang seneng marang pendhidhikan. Dhèwèké seneng nyambut gawé kang rekasa kanggo ngowahi nasib. Nalika umuré 12 taun, dhèwèké dipeksa metu saka [[MULO]], Sutomo banjur kerja cilik-cilikan kanggo ngisi wektu. Banjur dhèwèké sêkolah ing [[HBS]] nanging ora tau resmi lulus. Sutomo banjur mèlu KBI (Kepanduan Bangsa Indonésia). Saka KBI Sutomo olèh filsafat kepanduan lan kesadaran nasionalis. Nalika umur 17 taun, dhèwèké dadi misuwur amarga kasil dadi wong kang kapindho ing Hindia Walanda kang éntuk peringkat Pandu Garuda<ref name="satu" />. == Pamimpin Pêrjuangan Pêrtempuran Surabaya 10 November 1945== Sutomo tau dadi [[jurnalis]] kang suksès. Banjur dhèwèké mèlu golongan-golongan sosial lan pulitik. Nalika dhèwèké kapilih dadi anggota [[Gerakan Rakyat Baru]] (1994) kang disponsori [[Jepang]], ora ana kang tepung karo dhèwèké. Nanging kabèh mau kanggo persiapan Sutomo kanggo perané kang wigati ing Oktober lan November 1945, dhèwèké dadi salah siji pamimpin kang ngopyaki lan mbangkitaké semangat rakyat [[Surabaya]], kang nalika iku Surabaya diserang karo bala-bala [[NICA]]. Sutomo dikenang déning [[masarakat]] amarga seroan-seroané ing giyaran-giyaran radioné<ref name="satu" />. == Sawisé kamardikan == Sawisé kamardikan Indonésia, Sutomo nyemplung ana ing pulitik ya iku taun 1950-an, nanging dhèwèké ora krasa bungah lan banjur ngilang saka kancah pulitik. Ing akir kapemimpinané Soekarno lan kawitan pamerintahané [[Suharto]] kang awitané dijurung, Sutomo dadi tokoh nasional manèh<ref name="satu" />. Manéka warna kalungguhan wigati kanagaran wis tau disandhang Bung Tomo. Dhèwèké wis tau njabat dadi Mantri Nagara Urusan Bekas Pejuang Bersenjata/Vèteran lan Mantri Sosial Ad Interim taun 1955-1956 ing jamane Kabinèt Nayakotama [[Burhanuddin Harahap]]. Bung Tomo uga dadi anggota DPR taun 1956-1959 kang makili [[Parté Rakyat Indonésia]]<ref name="satu" />. Nanging nalika awal taun 1970-an, dhèwèké nentang [[Orde Baru]]. Dhèwèké ora sarujuk karo program-program Soeharto saéngga dhèwèké ditahan pamaréntah ([[11 April]] [[1978]]) amarga kuatir marang kritik-kritiké. Setahun ditahan, dhèwèké banjur dibebasaké déning [[Soeharto]]<ref name="satu" />. Dhèwèké isih seneng marang prakara-prakara pulitik nanging wis ora tau ngaton manèh ing kancah pulitik. Sutomo iku wong kang tangat marang agama nanging dhèwèké ora tau nganggêp dhèwèké Muslim Salèh, utawa calon pamuka agama. Tanggal [[7 Oktober]] [[1981]] dhèwèké séda ing [[Padang Arafah]], nalika lagi munggah kaji. Nanging dhèwèké ora dikubur ing Arab, jinazahé digawa menyang [[Indonésia]] lan disarèkaké ing Tempat Pemakaman Umum Ngagel ing Surabaya<ref name="satu" />. == Gêlar Pahlawan Nasional == Sawisé pamaréntah didhesek karo [[Gerakan Pemuda]] (GP) Ansor lan Fraksi Parté Golkar (FPG) karebèn mènèhi gelar pahlawan marang Bung Tomo tanggal [[9 Novémber]] 2007.<ref>http://news.okezone.com/index.php/ReadStory/2007/11/09/1/59809/pamaréntah-didésak-beri-gelar-pahlawan-pada-bung-tomo{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wasanané gelar pahlawan nasional diwènèhaké Bung Tomo ngepasi pèngetan dina Pahlawan tanggal [[10 November]] [[2008]]. Kaputusan iki diumumaké karo [[Mantri Komunikasi dan Informatika]] [[Kabinet Indonésia Bersatu]], [[Muhammad Nuh]] pada tanggal [[2 November]] 2008 ing Jakarta<ref>http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/view/9676/39/{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Kanggo ngenang Bung Tomo uga, ing taun [[2010]] stadion anyar ing Surabaya dijenengi [[Stadion Gelora Bung Tomo]]. {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sutomo, Sutomo}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Mantri Bau lan Transmigrasi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Lair 1920]] di0f5du946rpb12rix9lmu1xbdxkvt5 Trisandya 0 91977 1758996 1723761 2026-10-20T19:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} {{Hindu sastra}} [[Gambar:Simbol Hindu.jpg|thumb|Simbol Hindhu]] '''Trisandya''' utawi ingkang dipunsebut ugi '''Puja Trisandya''' inggih punika mantram wonten ing [[agama]] [[Hindhu]] kanggé umat [[Hindhu]] wonten ing [[Bali]] kaliyan umat [[Hindhu]] wonten ing [[Indonesia]]. Mantram '''Trisandya''' punika kanggé sembahyang inggih punika ing wekdal enjing, siyang, kaliyan sonten.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stitidharma.org/puja-trisandya-kramaning-sembah-dan-me-saiban/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2012-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920032505/http://stitidharma.org/puja-trisandya-kramaning-sembah-dan-me-saiban/ |archive-date=2012-09-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pada ingkang angka kapisan wonten trisandya kapendhet saking [[Gayatri Mantram]] ingkang wonten ing [[Weda]].<ref>[http://www.parisada.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=376&Itemid=81]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mantram Puja Trisandya == === Bait I === {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Om bhùr bhvah svah{{br}} tat savitur varenyam{{br}} bhargo devasya dhimahi{{br}} dhiyo yo nah pracodayàt {{col-3}} Tuhan inggih punika bhùr bhvah svah. Kita musataken pikiran dhumateng kecemerlangan saha kamulyan Hyang Widhi, mugi-mugi Piyambakipun kersa maringi greget pikiran kita. {{col-3}} {{col-end}} === Bait II === {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Om nàràyana evedam sarvam{{br}} yad bhùtam yac ca bhavyam{{br}} niskalanko nirañjano nirvikalpo{{br}} niràkhyàtah suddo deva eko{{br}} Nàràyano na dvitìyo'sti kascit {{col-3}} Ya Tuhan, [[Narayana|Nàràyana]] inggih sadaya punika punapa ingkang sampun wonten saha punapa ingkang badhé wonten, bébas saking reregedan, bébas saking éwah-éwahan boten saged dipungambaraken, sucilah [[déwa]] Nàràyana, Piyambakipun namung satunggal boten wonten ingkang angka kalih. {{col-3}} {{col-end}} === Bait III === {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Om tvam sivah tvam mahàdevah{{br}} ìsvarah paramesvarah{{br}} brahmà visnusca rudrasca{{br}} purusah parikìrtitah {{col-3}} Ya Tuhan, Panjenengan dipuja kanthi nama [[Siwa]], [[Mahadewa|Mahàdewa]], [[Iswara]], [[Parameswara]], [[Brahma|Brahmà]], [[Wisnu]], [[Rudra]], sarta [[Purusa]]. {{col-3}} {{col-end}} === Bait IV === {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Om pàpo’ham pàpakarmàham{{br}} pàpàtmà pàpasambhavah{{br}} tràhi màm pundarikàksa{{br}} sabàhyàbhyàntarah sucih {{col-3}} Ya Tuhan, hamba punika papa, pawiyatan hamba papa, dhiri hamba punika papa, kelairan hamba papa, lindungi hamba Hyang Widhi, sucikaken jiwa saha raga hamba. {{col-3}} {{col-end}} === Bait V === {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Om ksamasva màm mahàdeva{{br}} sarvapràni hitankara{{br}} màm moca sarva pàpebyah{{br}} pàlayasva sadà siva{{br}} {{col-3}} Ya Tuhan, ampuni hamba Hyang Widhi, ingkang maringi kaslametan dhumateng sadaya makluk, bebasaken hamba saking sadaya dosa, lindungi hamba oh Hyang Widhi. {{col-3}} {{col-end}} === Bait VI === {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Om ksàntavyah kàyiko dosah{{br}} ksàntavyo vàciko mama{{br}} ksàntavyo mànaso dosah{{br}} tat pramàdàt ksamasva màm{{br}} {{col-3}} Ya Tuhan, ampuni dosa anggota badan hamba, ampuni dosa hamba, ampuni dosa pikiran hamba, ampunilah hamba saking kelairan hamba. {{col-3}} {{col-end}} === Bait VII === {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Om.. Shantih, Shantih, Shantih.. Om... {{col-3}} Ya Tuhan, Mugi-mugi Damai wonten ing bating sadaya mahluk, damai wonten ing alam samesta sarta damai wonten ing akhirat. {{col-3}} {{col-end}}<ref>[http://www.babadbali.com/canangsari/trisandhya-utuh.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003163458/http://babadbali.com/canangsari/trisandhya-utuh.htm |date=2012-10-03 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 29 September 2012)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pelukis.com/bali%20religion.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2012-11-24 |archive-date=2012-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116095234/http://www.pelukis.com/bali%20religion.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.agnihoma.org/content/section/14/51/ Kramaning Muspa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224191104/http://www.agnihoma.org/content/section/14/51/ |date=2007-02-24 }} * [http://www.babadbali.com/canangsari/trisandhya-utuh.htm Puja Trisandya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003163458/http://babadbali.com/canangsari/trisandhya-utuh.htm |date=2012-10-03 }} == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} {{topik Hindhu}} [[Kategori:Hindhu]] sez6ss161elnerweqd7rp51vpjmx897 Sérum getih 0 95883 1758991 1758650 2026-10-20T17:31:47Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[Gambar:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|thumb|300px|Struktur 3D [[hemoglobin]], salah siji [[protéin]] globular.]] '''Sérum getih''' yaiku serum ing jero [[getih]], ({{lang-en|blood serum}}) minangka komponèn kang dudu arupa [[sèl darah]], uga dudu[[faktor koagulasi]]; serum iku [[plasma darah]] tanpa [[fibrinogen]], ({{lang-la|serum}}) <ref name="ffd sg">{{cite web | url = http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/serum+globulin | title = Serum globulin | work = Farlex free dictionary }}(Kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> ateges pérangan èncèr saka susu kang mbeku nalika prosès nggawé kèju. Serum kasusun saka kabèh [[protéin]] (kang ora kanggo pembekuan getih) kalebu [[cuwèran elektrolit]], [[antibodi]], [[antigen]], [[hormon]], lan kabèh substansi ''exogenous''. <!--(e.g., [[drug]]s and [[microorganism]]s).--> Rumusan umum serum yaiku: = plasma - fibrinogen - [[protéin]] faktor koagulasi. Studi kang nyonaoni serum ingaran [[serologi]]. Serum digunakaké sajeroning pirang-pirang [[uji diagnostik]] kalebu kanggo nentokaké [[golongan getih]]. == Sérum protéin == '''Serum protéin''' ({{lang-en|globular protéin, spheroprotein}}) wujud salah siji saka telu jinis [[protéin]] jero [[awak]] kang kadhapur saka [[asem amino]] wujud [[larutan koloidal]] ing jero [[plasma darah]]. Protein ({{lang-el|p??te??? - proteios}}) berarti utama ({{lang-en|first rank}}). Serum protéin ora ngandung [[fibrin]] (ora wujud ''fibrous protéin'') saéngga bisa larut. Total serum protéin ing jero getih sakiwa-tengené 7,2 - 8 g/dl<ref name="jek sp">{{cite web | url = http://www.drkaslow.com/html/proteins_-_albumin__globulins_.html | title = Serum protéin | work = Jeremy E. Kaslow | access-date = 2013-01-12 | archive-date = 2013-10-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131031221942/http://www.drkaslow.com/html/proteins_-_albumin__globulins_.html | url-status = dead }}(Kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> utawa sakiwa-tengené 7% dari volume getih sekabehane kanti pira-pira kegunan: * Sirkulasi molekul [[lipida]], [[hormon]], [[vitamin]] lan [[zat besi]] * [[Enzim]], [[komponèn komplemen]], ''protease inhibitor'' lan ''kinin precursor'' * Regulasi aktivitas, fungsional non sèlulèr ing jero [[sistem kekebalan]]. Total serum protéin bisa tambah akèh amarga: :[[infeksi kronis]] (kalebu [[tuberkolosis]], ''Adrenal cortical hypofunction '', disfungsi ati, ''Collagen Vascular Disease (Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus, Scleroderma)'', tandha-tandha hipersensitivitas, ''Sarcoidosis'', [[dehidrasi]] (''diabetic acidosis'', ''chronic diarrhea'', dll.), ''Respiratory distress'', [[Hemolisis]],''Cryoglobulinemia'', ''Alcoholism'', [[Leukemia]] lan mudun antarané disebapake déning: :''Malnutrition'' dan ''malabsorption'' (''insufficient intake and/or digestion of proteins''), ''Liver disease'' (''insufficient production of proteins''), [[Diare]] (''loss of protéin through the GI tract''), ''Severe burns'' (''loss of protéin through the skin''), ''Hormone Imbalances that favor breakdown of tissue'', ''Loss through the urine in severe kidney disease (proteinuria)'', [[Kehamilan]] (''dilution of protéin due to extra fluid held in the vascular system'') {|class="wikitable" |- ! Protein darah !! Kadar normal level !! % !! Kegunaan |- ! Serum albumin | 3.5-5.0 g/dl || 60% || memelihara [[tekanan osmosis]] dan pengusung [[molekul]] lain |- ! Immunoglobulin | 1.0-1.5 g/dl || 18% || membentuk [[sistem kekebalan]] tubuh |- ! Fibrinogen | 0.2-0.45 g/dl || 4% || [[koagulasi|koagulasi darah]] |- ! alfa-1 fetoprotein | || || |- ! Protein wewenang | || <1% || mengatur [[èksprèsi genetik]] |} Ana 2 jinis [[protéin]] kang utama ing jero serum, yaiku [[albumin]] lan [[globulin]]. [[Albumin]] digawé ing jero ati, wujud protéin kang paling menonjol lan bermuatan négatif kang paling kuwat kanggo ngikat [[molekul]] cilik supaya diedarake liwat getih. Albumin uga berguna kanggo njaga [[tekanan osmosis]] getih.<ref name="jwk blood">{{cite web | url = http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html | title = Blood - Biology page | work = John W. Kimball | access-date = 2013-01-12 | archive-date = 2009-10-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091008113901/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html | url-status = dead }}(Kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> pira-pira jinis globulin diprodhuksi ing jero [[hati]], sawentara kang liya diprodhuksi ing jero [[sistem kekebalan]]. Kabèh jinis serum protéin kang lliya diprodhuksi ing jero ati. Ateges globulin nuduhaké sekelompok protéin heterogen kanti [[berat molekul]] tertentu kang cukup dhuwur, kanti [[kecepetan terlarut]] ([[basa Inggris|en]]:''solubility rate'') lan [[laju migrasi elektroforetik]] ([[basa Inggris|en]]:''electrophoretic migration rate'') kang luwih endek ketimbang [[albumin]]. Rasio normal ing jero [[getih]] sakiwa-tengené 2 nganti 3,5 g/dl.[[Gambar:Serum protein electrophoresis densitogram.svg|thumb|Ilustrasi skema gel protéin hasil elektroforesis, deleng uga [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambar:Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png]]] [[Elektroforesis protéin serum]] ([[basa Inggris|en]]:''serum protéin electrophoresis'', ''SPEP'') yaiku [[uji laboratorium]] kanggo nentokake jinis globulin (alfa-1, alfa-2, beta lan gamma) lan albumin. Cara kang digunakaké yaiku jipuke serum getih saka bekuan getih, banjur digletakake ing dhuwur medium kang dibubuhi ''agarose gel'', banjur dipaparake marang [[arus listrik]]. ''Protein serum total'' utawa ''protéin plasma total'' utawa ''protéin total'' yaiku hasil uji laboratorium kang ngukur jumlah protéin ing [[plasma getih]] utawa serum getih.<ref name="urlTotal Serum Protein">{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/total-serum-protéin | title = Total Serum Protein | work = WebMD}}(kaunduh 12/1/13) </ref> === [[Serum albumin]] === '''Serum albumin''', kerep ingaran '''albumin''' yaiku [[protéin]] kanti jumlah paling akèh ing jero [[awak]]. Albumin wigati banget kanggo ngingu [[tekanan osmosis]] kanggo distribusi fluida awak antara ''intravascular compartment'' an [[jaringan awak]]. Albumin uga berfungsi minangka [[pengusung plasma]] kanti kanthi ora langsung mengikat pira-pira hormon ''steroid hydrophobic'' lan protéin pengusung kanggo [[hemin]] lan [[asem lemak]] sajrone sirkulasine. BSA, fraksi V saka serum albumin berguna kanggo ngluruhake pira-pira substansi saka sirkulasi getih nglewati jaringan [[ati]], antarané [[bilirubin]], [[tiroksin]], ''taurolithocholic acid'', ''chenodeoxycholic acid'', [[digitoksin]] dan juga [[heme peptida]] saka ''cytochrome C''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/a3790pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/a3790pis.pdf | title = Albumin bovine, Agarose, Affinity matrix | accessdate = 2010-02-26 | work = Sigma-Aldrich | format = pdf }}</ref> 60% saka protéin ing jero plasma getih, jumlah serum kang ngluwihi batas normal bisa bebayani manungsa. Prealbumin ({{lang-en|transthyretin}}) ditengarai minangka pangusung hormon [[tiroksin]] saka jero getih tumuju ke [[utek]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Datasheet/1/gw22993dat.Par.0001.File.tmp/gw22993dat.pdf | title = Anti-Transthyretin | work = Sigma-Aldrich | format = pdf }}(kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> <!-- [[Image:Hemoglobin.jpg|thumb|100px|Structure of hemoglobin]] --> === [[Serum globulin]] === '''Serum globulin''' yaiku istilah umum kang kanggo [[protéin]] kang ora larut, baik ing jero banyu utawa ing jero larutan uyah konsèntrasi dhuwur, nanging larut sajrone larutan uyah konsèntrasi sedeng.<ref name="ffd sg" /> '''Globulin''' ({{lang-la|globulus, bal cilik ({{lang-en|small globe}})}}) duwé rasio 35% saka protéin plasma, berguna kanggo sirkulasi [[ion]], hormon lan asem lemak sajrone [[sistem kekebalan]]. pira-pira jinis globulin ngikat [[hemoglobin]], pira-pira kang liya ngusung [[zat besi]], berfungsi kanggo nglawan [[infeksi]]<ref name="urlTotal Serum Protein" />, dan bertindak minangka [[faktor koagulasi]].<ref name="ffd sg" /> Globulin terdiri saka:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Globulins | title = Medical Subject Headings | work = National Library of Medicine }}(kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> * lakto globulin * [[tiroglobulin]] * serum globulin, terbagi terbagi menurut [[laju migrasi elektroforesik]] menjadi:<ref name="jwk blood"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/chem/globulin.htm | title = Globulins | work = Cornell University | access-date = 2013-01-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200530081244/https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/chem/globulin.htm | archive-date = 2020-05-30 | url-status = dead }}(kaunduh 12/1/13)</ref> ** alfa globulin (protéin kang mengusung [[tiroksin]] dan [[retinol]]/[[vitamin A]]). *** alfa-1 globulin **** alfa-1 antitripsin ({{lang-en|Transcortin, corticosteroid-binding globulin, CBG}}) ingaran juga ''acute phase reactant''<ref name="ffd sg" /> utawa ''serpin peptidase inhibitor'', ''clade A'' (''alpha-1 antiproteinase''), member 6. **** alfa-1 antisimotripsin **** orosomukoid (asem glikoprotein) **** serum amiloid A **** alfa-1 lipoprotein (HDL) *** alfa-2 globulin **** alfa-2 makro globulin (''protease inhibitor'') **** [[haptoglobin]] **** protéin C (''inhibitor of activated coagulation factors FVIII and FV'') **** seruloplasmin (pengusung zat tembaga) **** alfa-2 lipoprotein (VLDL) ** beta globulin *** beta-1 globulin **** [[transferin]] **** hemopeksin **** plasminogen **** properdin **** [[faktor komplemen H]] *** beta-2 globulin **** faktor komplemen C3 dan C4 **** ''C-reactive protéin'' **** beta-2 lipoprotein alias [[Lipoprotein densitas cendhèk|LDL]] **** beta-2 mikro globulin **** beberap jinis IgA dan IgM <!-- Fibrinogen also migrates in this region. --> ** gamma globulin (protéin kanti momotan négatif kang terlemah kang berfungsi minangka [[antibodi]]) *** IgM, IgA, IgG ** makro globulin ** transkobalamin <!-- The term [[globin]] can refer more specifically to proteins including the [[globin fold]].<ref>{{MeshName|Globins}}</ref> --> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Darah}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] {{biologi-stub}} t2myhafv7lgtbd470lrdsa11op4a23e Seoul Munmyo 0 96058 1758985 1649557 2026-10-20T14:47:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} {{Infobox Korean name| image=| hangul=서울 문묘| hanja=서울 文廟| rr=Seoul Munmyo| mr=Sŏul Munmyo| }} '''Seoul Munmyo''' punika satunggaling [[kuil]] ingkang mapan wonten ing [[Seoul]], [[Koréa Kidul]] <ref name="parandeul.co.kr">[http://www.parandeul.co.kr/munmyo.htm Munmyo Shrine], ''Parandeul.co.kr''</ref>. Seoul Munmyo punika jumeneng nalika jaman [[Dinasti Joseon]] ing taun 1398 lan kalebet [[kuil Konfusius]] tuwa dhéwé ing [[Koréa]]. Kuil ingkang mapan wonten ing kompleks [[Universitas Sungkyunkwan]] ugi kalebet akademi [[Konfusius]] tuwa dhéwé ing Koréa punika dipunlestantunaken déning Pamaréntah Koréa Kidul minangka ''Situs Bersejarah nomer 143'' <ref name="Joongangdaily">[http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2897973 Sacred places in Korea - The enduring spirit of Confucianism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123094616/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2897973 |date=2011-01-23 }}, ''Joongang Daily''.</ref><ref name="Sungkyunkwan University">[http://eng.skku.edu/about/A2c.html The foundation of the first national education institute in Korea : Sungkyunkwan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210055052/http://eng.skku.edu/about/A2c.html |date=2010-02-10 }}, ''Sungkyunkwan University''.</ref>. == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Seonggyungwan quad2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Universitas Sungkyunkwan minangka kompleks Seoul Munmyo]] Seoul Munmyo punika ''Munmyo'' kapisan ingkang jumeneng nalika masa [[Dinasti Joseon]]. ''Munmyo'' utawi ''Kongmyo'' (Hanzi:文廟/孔廟 Wen Miao utawi Kong Miao ing [[Basa Cina]]) kalebet kuil ingkang dipunyasa déning para penganut Konfusianisme minangka pakurmatan dhateng Konfusius lan para pendhèrèkipun.<ref>[http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=557&lang=en&page_type=list What Is the Significance of Jongga in Korea’s Modern-day Society?], ''Koreana''.</ref>. Sasampunipun madegipun Seoul Munmyo, kathah Munmyo sanèsipun ingkang dipunyasa ing Koréa kanggé miyaraken piwulangan lan pendidikan babagan Konfusianisme. Pembangunan kuil Seoul Munmyo wiwit dipunrencanakaken nalika [[taun]] 1304 awit saking prakarsanipun ilmuwan [[An Hyang]] (1243-1306) lan kapungkasan ing taun 1398 ing taun kaping 7 masa papréntahan [[Raja Taejo]]. Sasampunipun pérangan yasan utama sanèsipun kapungkasan anggènipun damel konstruksi kados [[Astana Gyeongbok]], [[Kuil Jongmyo]], lan [[Altar Sajik]]. Kuil Seoul Munmyo naté kobongan boten dangu sasampunipun pungkasan anggènipun yasa inggih punika ing taun kaping 2 masa papréntahan [[Raja Jeongjong]] ing taun 1402. bibar punika dipunyasa malih ing taun 1407, taun kaping 7 [[Raja Taejong]]. Nalika masa papréntahan [[Raja Yeonsangun]], kuil punika dados kandhang [[kéwan]] lan papan hiburan. Ing masa papréntahan salajengipun inggih punika [[Raja Jungjong]] ngonduraken malih fungsi kuil punika kados purwanipun. Nanging risak malih amargi prastwa [[Perang Imjin]] ing taun 1592. Kala punika, boten namung kuil Seoul Munmyo kemawon ingkang risak sanget, nanging kathah yasan utama ing kutha krajankados [[Astana Gyeongbok]] lan [[Kuil Jongmyo]]. Nembe wonten ing taun 1606, ing taun kaping 39 masa papréntahan [[Raja Seonjo]], Munmyo lan yasan utama sanèsipun dipunrestorasi malih. Restorasi ageng dhateng arsitèktur Kuil Seoul Munmyo dipunlajengaken malih ing taun 1869, taun kaping 6 papréntahan [[Raja Gojong]]. == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kuil]] [[Kategori:Koréa]] e6n1hhmhsek4u8kmay7mbgyhv6h5x81 Ètnografi 0 100021 1759003 1729673 2026-10-20T23:14:33Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1759003 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Izmir Ethnography Museum.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=text|A picture of the Izmir Ethnography Musiyum (İzmir Etnografya Müzesi).]] [[Gambar:Ethnography Museum Budapest architecture.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=text|Ethnography musiyum]] '''Etnografi''' ([[basa Yunani|Yunani]] ''{{polytonic|ἔθνος}}'' ''ethnos'' = rakyat , ''{{polytonic|γραφία}}'' ''graphia'' = tulisan, seratan) inggih punika strategi panelitian èlmiah ingkang sok diginakaken ing èlmu sosial, kaya ta [[antropologi]] sarta èlmu [[sosiologi]]<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ethnology "Ethnology" at ''dictionary.com''].</ref>, uga dikenal kondhang dadi péranganing èlmu sajarah ingkang nyinaoni babagab masarakat, kelompok ètnis lan formasi ètnis sanèsipun, [[etnogenesis]], komposisi, perpindahan papan tinggal, karakteristik kesejahteraan sosial, uga budaya material kaliyan spiritual<ref>{{cite book |last= Сергей Александрович |first= Токарев |title= Истоки этнографической науки |publisher= Наука |year= 1978 |url= http://historia-site.narod.ru/library/ethnology/tokarev_main.htm |isbn= |language= Russian |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20030519225912/http://historia-site.narod.ru/library/ethnology/tokarev_main.htm |archivedate= 2003-05-19 |access-date= 2013-04-24 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Etnografi kèrép diterapaké kanggo ngumpulna data empiris kang temané masarakat lan budaya manungsa. Pangumpulan data racaké di jupuk saka pangamatan ''partisipan'', wawancara, kuesioner, dll. Ilmu iki duwé tujuan kanggo njelasake kaanan masarakat ingkang disinau (kaya ta kanggo njelasake sawijining manungsa, sijining ''ethnos'') sangka karya tulisan.<ref>Maynard, M. & Purvis, J. (1994). Researching women's loves from a feminist perspective. London: Taylor & Frances. p. 76</ref> ing ngèlmu biologi, jinis studi iki diarani "studi lapangan" utawa "laporan kasus", kerone minangka sinonim umum kanggo "étnografi".<ref>Boaz. N.T. & Wolfe, L.D. (1997). Biological anthropology. Published by International Institute for Human Evolutionary Research. Page 150.</ref> == Etnograf kondhang == * [[Franz Boas]] * [[Raymond Firth]] * [[Bronislaw Malinowski]] * [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] * [[Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay]] * [[Mary Douglas]] * [[Gregory Bateson]] * [[Zalpa Bersanova]] * [[Napoleon Chagnon]] * [[Diamond Jenness]] * [[Ruth Landes]] * [[Edmund Leach]] * [[José Leite de Vasconcelos]] * [[David Maybury-Lewis]] * [[Margaret Mead]] * [[Nikolai Nadezhdin]] * [[Lubor Niederle]] * [[Dositej Obradovic]] * [[Alexey Okladnikov]] * [[Sergey Oldenburg]] * [[Richard Price (sejarawan Amérika Sarékat)|Richard Price]] * [[Edward Sapir]] * [[August Ludwig von Schlözer]] * [[Evander Sno]] * [[Marilyn Strathern]] * [[Ronald Takaki]] * [[Lila Abu-Lughod]] * [[Sudhir Venkatesh]] * [[Ian Collins]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Paul Willis]] == Ugi pirsani == * [[Studi babagan]] * [[Etnografi kritis]] * [[Etnografi komunikasi]] * [[Etnografi realis]] * [[Etnografi daring]] * [[Observasi partisipan]] * [[Etnografi video]] * [[Laboratorium hidup]] == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} * Agar, Michael (1996) ''The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography''. Academic Press. * Douglas, Mary and Baron Isherwood (1996) ''The World of Goods: Toward and Anthropology of Consumption''. Routledge, London. * Erickson, Ken C. and Donald D. Stull (1997) ''Doing Team Ethnography: Warnings and Advice''. Sage, Beverly Hills. * Fine, G. A. (1993). Ten lies of ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22(3), p.&nbsp;267-294. * Hymes, Dell. (1974). ''Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. * Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2005) ''Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology'', (pages 2–3, 16-17, 34-44). McGraw Hill, New York. * Miller, Daniel (1987) ''Material Culture and Mass Consumption''. Blackwell, London. * Spradley, James P. (1979) ''The Ethnographic Interview''. Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning. * Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) ''Design Ethnography.'' Design Management Journal. == Bahan pustaka == * "On Ethnography" by Shirley Brice Heath & Brian Street, with Molly Mills. * ''The Interpretation of Cultures'' by Clifford Geertz. == Pranala njawi == {{Commons category}} * [http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research.html Genzuk, Michael (2003) A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213022235/http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research.html |date=2007-02-13 }} * [http://anthro.amnh.org/anthro.html Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History] - Over 160,000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online. * [http://www.karalahana.com/fotograflar/thumbnails.php?album=9 Ethnographic material collection from Northern Anatolia and Caucasus -Photo Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123170540/http://www.karalahana.com/fotograflar/thumbnails.php?album=9 |date=2010-11-23 }} * [http://www.ethnography.com Ethnography.com] A community based Ethnography website for academic and professional ethnographers and interested parties * [http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/ New Zealand Museum] Images of objects from Pacific cultures. * [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/anthro/anthro/whatisethnography University of Pennsylvania's "What is Ethnography?"] Penn's Public Interest Anthropology Web Site * [http://www.americanethnography.com/ethnography.php American Ethnography -- Definitions: What is Ethnography?] A collection of quotes about ethnography (Malinowski, Lévi-Strauss, Geertz,...) * [http://www.qmrg.org.uk/files/2008/12/58-doing-ethnographies.pdf Doing ethnographies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916160033/http://www.qmrg.org.uk/files/2008/12/58-doing-ethnographies.pdf |date=2011-09-16 }} (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110221053452/http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/index.php Cornell University Library Southeast Asia Visions] * [http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/muséum/catalogue/armc/ Scott Polar Research Institute]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Arctic Material Culture Collection * {{Wikisource-inline|list= ** {{Cite NIE|Ethnography|year=1905|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite EB1911|Ethnology and ethnography|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite Americana|Ethnography|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite Collier's|Ethnography|noicon=x}} }} [[Kategori:Etnografi| ]] [[Kategori:Antropologi]] [[Kategori:Métodhe evaluasi]] [[Kategori:Sosiologi]] mrbtj5m6wnur4p8ugbvsmusb037pc8v Yap Thiam Hien 0 100476 1759002 1652087 2026-10-20T22:47:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1759002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Yap thiam hien 2.jpg|thumb|[http://tokohindonesia.com tokohindonesia.com]]] '''Yap Thiam Hien''' ({{lahirmati|[[Banda Acèh|Koeta Radja]], [[Acèh]]|25|5|1913|[[Brusel]], [[Bèlgi]]|25|4|1989}}) iku sawijining pengacara [[Indonésia]] katurunan [[Tionghoa]]. Dhèwèké ngabdikaké kabèh uripé berjuwang kanggo ngadegaké kaadilan lan [[hak asasi manungsa]] (HAM). Jenengé dilestarèkaké minangka jeneng sawijining [[Bebungah Yap Thiam Hien|bebungah]] sing diwènèhaké marang wong-wong sing duwé jasa gedhé kanggo pangadegan [[hak asasi manungsa]] ing [[Indonésia]]. == Biografi == Yap Thiam Hien, sing biyasa diundang "John" déning kanca-kanca raketé, iku anak mbarep saka telung sadulur saka Yap Sin Eng lan Hwan Tjing Nio. Simbah buyuté iku sawijining ''Luitenant'' sing migrasi saka provinsi [[Guangdong]] ing [[Tiongkok]] menyang [[Bangka]], nanging banjur pindhah menyang Acèh. Nalika monopoli [[opium]] ing [[Hindhia Walanda]] dibusak, kauripan kulawarga Yap lan akèh tokoh masarakat Tionghoa wektu iku mrosot. Ditambah manèh déning kaklèruan invèstasi ing Acèh wujud kebon klapa sing kasunyatané ora mènèhi asil sing nguntungaké. Nalika taun 1920 kalungguhan kulawarga Yap digantèkaké déning kulawarga Han, sing teka saka [[Jawa Wétan]]. Thiam Hien digedhèkaké sajeroning lingkungan pakebunan sing [[feodal]]istik banget. Kaanan lingkungan feodalistik iki wis nempa pribadi putuné Kapitan Yap Hun Han iki wiwit cilik asipat ngraman lan sengit marang kabèh wangun penindhesan lan kasewenang-wenangan. Nalika umur 9 taun, ibu Thiam Hien séda. Dhèwèké lan kaloro adhiné banjur digedhèkaké déning Sato Nakashima, sawijining pawèstri [[Jepang]] sing arupakan [[gundhik]]é simbahé. Sato kasunyatané duwé peran sing gedhé sajeroning kauripan Thiam Hien, mènèhi kamesran kulawarga sing lumrahé ora tinemu sajeroning kulawarga Tionghoa sarta rasa ètis sing kuwat sing ing tembémburi njiwani kauripan Thiam Hien ing mangsa diwasa. Yap Sin Eng, bapané Thiam Hien, kasunyatané iku figur sing lemah. Nanging Sin Eng mèlu mbentuk kauripan anak-anaké, amarga dhèwèké mutusaké kanggo njaluk status ukum ''dipadhakaké'' (''gelijkstelling'') karo bangsa Éropah. Iki mungkinaké anak-anaké éntuk pendhidhikan Éropah, sanajan wis kélangan status minangka tokoh masarakat. == Uga delengen == * [[Bebungah Yap Thiam Hien]] == Pranala njaba == {{wikisource|In Memoriam: Yap Thiam Hien (1913-1989)}} * [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/biografi/article/285-ensiklopedi/1787-obor-pejuang-keadilan-dan-ham Biografi Yap Thiam Hien di tokohindonesia.com]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120617001641/http://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=seap.indo/1107011777 In Memoriam: Yap Thiam Hien, oleh Daniel S. Lev] * [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3351257 Becoming an Orang Indonésia Sejati: The Political Journey of Yap Thiam Hien, oleh Daniel S. Lev] [[Kategori:Tionghoa-Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pejuwang HAM]] [[Kategori:Tokoh saka Banda Acèh]] [[Kategori:Marga Ye]] [[Kategori:Pratélan tokoh ukum Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Lair 1913]] pl4zkld6irdjuok32p6hl7tevdd397q Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard 0 147878 1758986 1748788 2026-10-20T15:02:43Z CommonsDelinker 319 Removing [[:c:File:Evans_Pritchard_(1902–1973).jpg|Evans_Pritchard_(1902–1973).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Lymantria|Lymantria]] because: Recreation of content deleted per community consensus ([[:c:COM:CSD#G4|G4]]): [[:c:Commons:D 1758986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Sir E. E. Evans-Pritchard | image = | imagesize = | caption = E. E. Evans-Pritchard | birthname = Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard | birth_date = {{Birth date|1902|09|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Crowborough]], [[East Sussex]], Inggris | death_date = {{death date and age|1973|09|11|1902|09|21|df=y}} | death_place = [[Oxford]], Inggris | field = [[Antropologi]] | nationality = [[Karajan Manunggal]] | influences = [[Robert Ranulph Marett|R. R. Marett]]<br>[[Bronisław Malinowski]]<ref name=Pocock>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=David F. |title=Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard 1902–1973: An appreciation |journal=Africa |date=July 1975 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=327-330 |doi=10.1017/S0001972000025456 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=7883195&jid=AFR&volumeId=45&issueId=03&aid=7883194}}</ref><br>[[Charles Gabriel Seligman]]<ref name=Pocock/><br>[[Émile Durkheim]]<br>[[Alfred Radcliffe-Brown]] | influenced = | notable_students = [[M. N. Srinivas]]<br>[[Talal Asad]]<br>[[Mary Douglas]]<br>[[Audrey Colson]]<br>[[John Francis Marchment Middleton]] | footnotes = }} '''Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard''' ya iku ahli [[antropologi]] saka Sussex, [[Karajan Manunggal]], kalairan taun 1902<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436848672|title=Biographical Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology|last=Amit|first=Vered|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=020364459X|location=London|pages=203|oclc=436848672}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56606384|title=The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists|last=Gérald.|first=Gaillard,|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=020349900X|location=London|pages=144-145|oclc=56606384}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=E. E. Evans-Pritchard - oi|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095802267|language=en|doi=10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095802267|access-date=2018-01-05|archive-date=2018-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117134526/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095802267|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Edward olèh pandhidhikan saka ing University of Oxford (MA) taun 1924 lan University of London, London School of Economics (Ph.D.) taun 1927<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/E-E-Evans-Pritchard|title=E.E. Evans-Pritchard {{!}} British anthropologist|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-01-05|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/sir-edward-evan-evans-pritchard|title=Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard Facts|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-05}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Dhéwéké nglakoni panlitian antropologis ing British-Mesir, [[Sudan]] (taun 1926), [[Ethiopia]], [[Libya]], [[Suriah]], lan wewengkon Wètan Tengah (1940 nganti 1944)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />. Karya-karya akademis kang tinulis déning dhèwèké ya iku antarané ''Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande'' (1937), ''The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People'' (1940), ''The Sanusi of Cyrenaica'' (1949), lan ''Nuer Religion'' (1956)<ref name=":0" />. Edward iki misuwur amarga nggabungké kerangka téoritis Radcliffe-Brown lan [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]] karo ètnografis empiris saka [[Bronislaw Malinowski]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. Dhéwéké uga dadi salah siji antropolog kang ngedhasarké lan ngembangké antropologi sosial modèrn<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. Edward séda taun 1973 ana ing Oxford<ref name=":0" />. ==Rujukan== [[Kategori:Antropolog]] p45k204yyw4o6aasei7vqw65wzb6mlz Woh bèri 0 161950 1759001 1758184 2026-10-20T22:18:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1759001 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width: 300px; height: 300px; float:right; text-align: center;" |<gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="100px" heights="100px"> Gambar:Berberis thunbergii berries.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Berberis thunbergii|Barberry Jepang]] Gambar:Norwegian blueberry.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Bilberry]] Gambar:Ribes rubrum2005-07-17.JPG|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ribes rubrum|Currants abang]] Gambar:Lonicera coerulea a3.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Lonicera caerulea|Honeysuckle]] Gambar:Stachelbeere (Ribes uva-crispa).jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Gooseberries]] Gambar:Rubus chamaemorus close-up.JPG|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Rubus chamaemorus|Cloudberry]] Gambar:Vaccinium corymbosum a2.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Vaccinium corymbosum|Blueberries Highbush]] Gambar:Black Butte blackberry.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Blackberries]] </gallery> <small>Various berries</small> |} '''Tetuwuhan Bèri''' yaiku [[woh]] kang bisa dipangan, cilik lan ana seraté. Biasane, woh-wohan beri bisa digawé jus, bunder, werna cerah, manis semu kecut utawa nguntungké, lan ora duwe wiji utawa ganggang, sanajan akeh ganggang utawa wiji uga ana.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">[http://www.britannica.com/science/berry-plant-reproductive-body "Berry (Plant reproductive body)"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Conto umum yaiku [[Strobèri kebon|stroberi]], [[raspberries]], [[Blueberries|Bluberi]], [[Blackberries|Blekberis]], [[Ribes rubrum|currants abang, currants]] [[putih]] lan [[blackcurrant]]s .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/inter?dest=/dictionary/berry|title=Berry|website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Ing Inggris, '''woh alus''' minangka istilah [[Horticultural|hortikultura]] kanggo woh-wohan kasebut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soft%20fruit?s=ts|title=soft fruit|website=Collins English Dictionary&nbsp;– Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition|publisher=HarperCollins|access-date=11 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/gardens/pdf/wisley/Soft-Fruit-List-2014-2015-final|title=Soft Fruit List: 2014–15|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811080039/https://www.rhs.org.uk/gardens/pdf/wisley/Soft-Fruit-List-2014-2015-final|archive-date=11 Agustus 2015|access-date=11 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Berry|title=Berry|website=The Free Dictionary|access-date=10 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Pangguna ilmiah saka tembung "berry" beda karo pangguna umum. Ana ing terminologi saintifik, semono uga [[woh wuni]] ing kembang [[Ovary (botany)|ovary,]] ing kono lapisan njaba tembok ovarium ngembang dadi bageyan daging ( [[pericarp]] ). Definisi iku kalebu akeh woh-wohan kang ora umum dimangerteni minangka woh wohan, kaya ta [[Anggur (woh)|anggur]], [[tomat]], [[timun]], [[Térong|terong]], [[gedhang]], lan [[lombok]] . Woh-wohan tanpa diklompokaké miturut pangertenan botani kalebu strawberi, raspberi, lan [[Blackberry|blackberri]], yaiku [[Aggregate fruit|woh-wohan agregat]] ; lan [[Murbei|mulberries]], kang akeh [[Multiple fruit|woh-wohan]] . ana tanduran woh berry ngandika ''bacciferous'' utawa ''baccate'' . Nalika akeh woh beri bisa dipangan, sawetara iku ana [[racun]] kanggo manungsa, kaya ta [[Atropa belladonna|nightshade]] karo [[Phytolacca americana|pokeweed]] . Liyane, kaya déné [[Morus alba|mulberry putih, mulberry]] [[abang]], lan [[Sambucus|elderberry]], duweni racun nalika durung di masak, nanging bisa dipangan menawa dimasak wis mateng.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://novascotia.ca/museum/poison/?section=species&id=117|title=Elderberry (''Sambucus'' Species)|website=The Poison Plant Patch|publisher=Nova Scotia Museum|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Woh-wohan iki bisadipangan ing saindenging donya lan asring dipigunakaké ing [[Jam|sele]], [[manisan]], [[Bolu]], utawa pie . Sawetara woh-wohan beri penting. Industri berry kasebut beda-beda gumantung ana ing negara-negara kaya jenis woh-wohan beri utawa ditandur ing alam bebas. Sawetara berri kaya ta raspberries lan stroberi wis dikembangke nganti atus-atusan taun lan béda karo negara liya, déné woh beri liyané, kaya ta lingonberries lan cloudberries, tuwuh meh kanthi cara eksklusif ana ing alam bebas. == Sejarah == [[Gambar:Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG|jmpl|Blackthorn, ''Prunus spinosa'']] Woh wohan beri iki dadi sumber panganan kanggo manungsa wiwit tetanèn, lan tetep dadi sumber pangan utama kewan primata liyane. Iku minangka pokok mangsa kanggo pamburu-pemburu wiwitan kanggo sewu taun, lan kumpul kebon tetep aktif ana ing [[Éropa|Eropah]] lan [[Amérikah Lor|Amerika Lor]] saiki. Wayah iki manungsa sinau kanggo nyimpen woh beri supaya bisa digunakake ing mangsa salju. Padha uga digawé kanggo [[Fruit preserves|ngreksa woh]], lan ing antawise wong Amerika Asli, dicampur karo daging lan lemak minangka [[pemmican]] .<ref name="cambridge">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr2qnK_QOuAC&pg=PA1732#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0521402156|editor-last=Kenneth F. Kiple|pages=1731–1732}}</ref> Woh Berry uga wiwit diolah ana ing Eropah lan negara liyane. Sawetara spesies Blekberis lan raspberries saka genus ''[[Rubus]]'' wis diulah wiwit abad kaping 17, nalika Bluberi lan Kranberiy alus saka genus ''[[Vaccinium]]'' wis dibudidayakake ing [[Amerika Serikat]] luwih saka pirang-pirang abad.<ref name="cambridge"/> Ing negara Jepang, antawis abad kaping 10 lan 18 Masehi, istilah {{Lang|ja-Latn|ichibigo}} {{Lang|ja-Latn|ichigo}} diarani akeh panen. Semono uga kue sing paling wiyar dipanen, yaiku stroberi, sing diprodhuksi sacara global kanthi kaping pindho gunggunge kabèh panen saben pindho.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aaron Liston, Richard Cronn and Tia-Lynn Ashman|year=2014|title=Fragaria: A genus with deep historical roots and ripe for evolutionary and ecological insights|url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/101/10/1686.full|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=101|issue=10|pages=1686–99|doi=10.3732/ajb.1400140|pmid=25326614|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2018-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208184051/http://www.amjbot.org/content/101/10/1686.full|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stroberi kasebut disebutake dening wong-wong Roma kuna, kang nganggep nduweni sifat obat,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NTKoIy2TcYC&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden|last=Jack Staub|date=2008|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=9781423608813|page=213|asin=B001PGX05K}}</ref> nanging banjur ora dadi wit pokok tetanèn.<ref name="wild crop" /> [[Fragaria vesca|Stroberi Woodland]] wiwit ditandur ana ing taman Prancis ing abad kaping-14 Masehi. Strawberry musky-flavored ( ''F. moschata'' ) wiwit ditandur ing kebon Eropa ana ing pungkasan abad ke-16 Masehi. Mengko, [[Virginia strawberry|stroberi Virginia]] ditandur ing Eropah lan Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/factsheets/strawberryhistory.html|title=History of the Strawberry|last=Vern Grubinger|publisher=University of Vermont}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Strawberry sing paling kerep dipangan, stroberi [[Strobèri kebon|kebon]] ( ''F. ananassa'' ), yaiku stroberi sengaja strawberry Virginia lan macem-macem Chili ''[[Fragaria chiloensis]]'' . Bab iki pisanan dicathet dening tukang kebun Prancis watara pertengahan abad kaping 18 sing, nalika ''F. moschata'' lan ''F. virginiana ditabuh'' ing ''antaranane larangan F. chiloensis'', stroberi Chili bakal ngetokake woh-wohan sing akeh banget lan luar biasa. Ora suwé sawisé, [[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne]] wiwit sinau babagan [[Breeding of strawberries|stroberi]] lan nggawe pirang-pirang panemuan sing penting kanggo ngenani tetanduran tanduran, kaya ta reproduksi seksual stroberi.<ref name="duchesne">{{Cite book|url=http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/collectionsguide/darrow/Darrow_TheStrawberry.pdf|title=The strawberry; history, breeding, and physiology|last=George M. Darrow|publisher=New York Holt Rinehart and Winston|year=1966|pages=38–43|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2013-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707160406/https://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/collectionsguide/darrow/Darrow_TheStrawberry.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mengko, ing wiwit taun 1800-an, peternak saka Inggris gawe stroberi ngasilake varietas ''F. ananassa'' sing wigati banget ing pangembangan stroberi ing Eropa,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/collectionsguide/darrow/Darrow_TheStrawberry.pdf|title=The strawberry; history, breeding, and physiology|last=George M. Darrow|publisher=New York Holt Rinehart and Winston|year=1966|pages=73–83|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2013-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707160406/https://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/collectionsguide/darrow/Darrow_TheStrawberry.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> lan atusan wit wis wiwit diprodhuksi liwat pemupukan stroberi.<ref name="wild crop">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAJ_mUrdpWMC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Temperate Fruits|publisher=Springer|year=2011|isbn=9783642160578|editor-last=Chittaranjan Kole|pages=22–23|asin=B008CN2MQC}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2017)">nalika?</span></nowiki>''</sup> === Etymologi === Wangun tembung "berry" ditemokake ing kabèh basa Jerman ; tuladhane, [[Basa Inggris Kuna|Old English]] ''berie'' bandingke karo Old Saxon lan Old Jerman Dhuwur ''Beri,'' lan Old Norse ''ber.'' Wangun iki nuduhaké proto Germanic ''* bazją'' . Ing Inggris Kuno, tembung iki utamané digunakake kanggo anggur, nanging wis wiwit thukul definisi saiki. == Definisi botani == Ana ing terminologi [[botani]], ana woh yaiku woh sing prasaja kanthi [[wiji]] lan serat sing diasilake saka [[Ovary (plants)|ovarium]] kembang siji. Wiji iki ana ing saubengé, kajaba kanggo wiji. Ora duwe "garis kelemahan" sing spesial sing bebarengan dipisahake kanggo ngeculake wiji yen wis mateng (yaiku ora wigati ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/FNA/findrecords.php|title=Find term 'berry'|last=Kiger|first=Robert W.|last2=Porter|first2=Duncan M.|date=2001|website=Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project|access-date=14 Agustus 2015|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=2019-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520101251/http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/FNA/findrecords.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> woh berry uga bisa ngrembaka saka ovary karo siji utawa luwih carpels (struktur reproduktif wadon kembang). Wiji kasebut biasane ditemokake ing jero bagian jero ovarium, nanging ana sawetara tuladha sing ora semu kaya [[merica]], kanthi hawa tinimbang pulp ing wiji. Bedane antarane piguna saben dinten lan botani "berry" nyebabake telung kategori: woh-wohan sing beri ing loro definisi; woh-wohan kasebut minangka woh-wohan botani nanging ora umum dikenal minangka woh wohan beri; lan tanduran sing umum dikenal minangka woh wohan sing ora beri botani, lan uga ora dadi woh-wohan. {{multiple image|align=center|direction=|width=|header=Different kinds of fruits and their botanical definitions|caption_align=center|header_align=center|image1=Tyttebær.jpg|width1=1280|alt1=|caption1=Lingonberries – berries under both definitions|image2=Bananavarieties.jpg|width2=387|alt2=|caption2=Bananas – botanically berries, but not commonly described as such|image3=Ripe, ripening, and green blackberries.jpg|width3=3394|alt3=|caption3=Blackberries – botanically aggregate fruits|total_width=900|height1=960|height2=221|height3=2418|image4=Closeup of blackthorn aka sloe aka prunus spinosa sweden 20050924.jpg|width4=2592|height4=1944|alt4=|caption4=Sloe berries – botanically stone fruits or drupes|image5=Taxus baccata MHNT.jpg|width5=4480|height5=3906|alt5=|caption5=Yew berry – botanically a modified seed-bearing conifer cone}} Woh-wohan beri kaya déné [[Blueberry|Bluberi]], [[Cranberry|Kranberiies]], [[Lingonberry|lingon berries]], lan woh-wohan akeh kulawarga [[Ericaceae|kulawarga heather]], uga [[Gooseberry|gooseberries]], [[Goji|goji berries]] lan [[Sambucus|elderberries]] . Woh-wohan sawetara "currants" ( ''[[Ribes]]'' spesies), kaya ta [[blackcurrant]]s, [[Red currant|currants abang]] uga [[Red currant|currants]] [[putih]], sing woh beri botani, lan dianggep minangka woh wohan beri (utawa minangka woh alus ing UK), sanajan jeneng sing paling umum digunakake ora kalebu ing tembung "berry". Woh beri botani sing ora umum dikenal minangka berry kalebu [[gedhang]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html|title=Banana from ''Fruits of Warm Climates'' by Julia Morton|publisher=Purdue University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160027/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html|archive-date=15 April 2009|access-date=16 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid1.htm|title=Identification of Major Fruit Types|last=Armstrong, Wayne P.|publisher=Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120221956/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid1.htm|archive-date=20 Novèmber 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=17 Agustus 2013}}{{unreliable source?|date=August 2015}}</ref> [[tomat]],<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> [[Anggur (woh)|anggur]], [[Térong|terong]] (aubergines), [[persimmon]], [[semangka]], lan [[waluh]] . Ana sawetara jinis woh-wohan sing biasane diarani berry, nanging ora woh botani. [[Blackberry|Blekberis]], [[Raspberry|raspberries]], lan [[Strobèri kebon|stroberi]] ana jinis [[Aggregate fruit|woh agregat]] ;<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> padha duwe bibit saka akeh ovarium kembang siji. Ing woh-wohan sing akehe kaya wiji ireng, individu "woh-wohan" sing nggawe woh bisa katon kanthi jelas. Woh-wohan saka [[Prunus spinosa|blackthorn]] bisa kasebut "woh wohan beri",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2729455/Why-bitter-berries-summer-s-sweetest-fruit-Mixed-bag-weather-results-early-burst-sloe.html|title=Why these bitter berries are summer’s sweetest fruit: Mixed bag of weather results in an early burst of the sloe|last=Shilling|first=Jane|date=20 Agustus 2014|work=MailOnline|access-date=15 Agustus 2015}}</ref> ananging para botani minangka [[Drupe|woh-wohan cilik]] utawa drupes, kaya déné [[plum]] utawa [[apricot]] . [[Juniper]]s uga [[Taxus|yews]] biasane bisa diarani duwe gegayutan karo woh-wohan beri, nanging iki beda-beda arane saka woh wohan beri botani lan tinimbang dipunéwahi wiji prewangan [[Conifer cone|cones]] . Ing [[Juniper berry|woh berry juniper]], dipigunakake kanggo rasa [[gin]], timbangane ing kerucut, sing atos lan kayu ing pirang-pirang lan maneka warna wujude, tinimbang alus lan daging woh nalika mateng. Woh-wohan beri terang sing kandel kalebu woh-wohan ( [[aril]] ) woh-wohan sing meh lumebu wiji kang beracun. == Budidaya == stroberi wis ditandur ana ing kebon ing Eropa wiwit abad kaping-14 Masehi.<ref name="wild crop"/> [[Blueberries|Bluberi]] dipanen diwiwiti ing taun 1911, kanthi panen komersial pisanan ing taun 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blueberrycouncil.org/about-blueberries/history-of-blueberries/|title=Blueberries&nbsp;– Celebrating 100 Years|website=Blueberry Council|access-date=11 Agustus 2015}}</ref> [[Huckleberries]] kabèh varieties ora kebak domestik, nanging domestikasi iki nyoba saka 1994-2010 kanggo huckleberry kulon signifikan wujud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idahoptv.org/Outdoors/shows/tasteofidaho/russellarticle.cfm|title=Wild huckleberry nearly tamed|last=Russell|first=Betsy Z.|website=idahoptv|access-date=11 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2018-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803071930/http://idahoptv.org/outdoors/shows/tasteofidaho/russellarticle.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wildhuckleberry.com/2014/04/10/dr-barney-western-huckleberry/|title=Dr Barney Interview on the Western Huckleberry|last=Pittaway|first=Jenna|website=wildhuckleberry|access-date=11 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Kathah varietas ''[[Vaccinium|sanès Vaccinium]]'' ingkang boten dipunparingaken, amargi wonten ingkang gadahi kepentingan komersial. === Cara pertanian === Kaya panganan liyane sing paling akeh, woh beri didol kanthi komersial, kanthi manéka manéka konservasi dhaérah hama lan praktik konservasi manéka (IPM). Woh beri organik sing disertifikasi luwih akeh sing kasedhiya.<ref name="Zhao2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTw9oDAYgNgC|title=Berry Fruit: Value-Added Products for Health Promotion|last=Yanyun Zhao|date=6 Juni 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0614-8}}</ref> <sup>: 5</sup> Akeh woh-woh sing ora atos mbutuhake gunggung adhem antawis 0 &nbsp; °C lan 10 &nbsp; °C kanggo mbungkus kulit. Biasané, stroberi mbutuhake 200-300 jam, Bluberi 650-850 jam, Blekberis 700 jam, raspberries 800-1700 jam, currants lan gooseberries 800-1500 jam, lan Kranberi 2000 jam.<ref name="SiteBerry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/sitesoireqsmfru.rev.pdf|title=Site and Soil requirements for small fruit crops|last=Pritts|first=Dr. Marvin|website=Cornell Fruit|access-date=11 Agustus 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328141135/http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/sitesoireqsmfru.rev.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nanging, suhu sing kurang banget bakal mateni panen: Bluberi ora ngidini temperatur ing ngisor -29 &nbsp; °C, raspberries, gumantung ing macem-macem, bisa ngetutake minangka kurang -31 &nbsp; °C, lan Blekberis sing tatu ing ngisor -20 &nbsp; °C.<ref name="SiteBerry" /> Nanging, pambekunan musim semi luwih akeh bakal ngeculake taneman berry amarga temperatur mangsa kurang. Tlatah kanthi lereng moderat (3-5%), madhep lor utawa wetan, ing tlatah lor lor, cedhak tuberkewarna banyu, sing ngatur suhu musim semi, dianggep becik kanggo nyegah cedera beku musim semi menyang godhong lan kembang anyar.<ref name="SiteBerry" /> Kabeh panen berry duwe sistem ROOT cethek.<ref name="SiteBerry" /> Akeh - akehe kantor extension [[Land-grant university|universitas menehi]] saran menawa woh stroberi ora kudu ditandur luwih saka limang taun ing situs kang padha karo sadurunge, amarga ana bebaya rontokan [[Thielaviopsis|ireng ireng]] (sanadyan akeh penyakit liyané lunga kanthi jeneng sing padha), sing dikendalèkaké ing produksi komersial utama kanthi fumigation methyl bromide taunan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://umaine.edu/publications/2067e/|title=Growing Strawberries|last=Handley|first=David T.|website=University of Maine Extension|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://extension.illinois.edu/strawberries/growing.cfm|title=Growing Strawberries|website=University of Illinois Extension|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/763.html|title=Growing Strawberries in Colorado Gardens|last=Whiting|first=David|website=Colorado State University Extension|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821083825/http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/763.html|archive-date=21 Agustus 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1424.html|title=Strawberries are an Excellent Fruit for the Home Garden|last=Gao|first=Gary|website=Ohio State University Extension|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/vegetables/small_fruits/hgic1405.html|title=Growing Strawberries|last=Kluepfel|first=Marjan|last2=Polomski|first2=Bob|website=Clemson Cooperative Extension|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofga.org/Publications/MaineOrganicFarmerGardener/Spring2012/Strawberries/tabid/2136/Default.aspx|title=Strawberry Production Systems|website=Maine Organic Farmers and Gardners Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906013154/http://www.mofga.org/Publications/MaineOrganicFarmerGardener/Spring2012/Strawberries/tabid/2136/Default.aspx|archive-date=6 Sèptèmber 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/plant-strawberries-and-boost-your-health|title=Plant strawberries and boost your health|last=Ruttan|first=Denise|website=Oregon State University Extension Service|access-date=13 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2015-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928001154/http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/plant-strawberries-and-boost-your-health|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="OrganicBerry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/Keyfeatorgberrycropprod.pdf|title=Key Features of Organic Berry Crop Production|last=Pritts|first=Dr. Marvin|website=Cornell Fruit|access-date=11 Agustus 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015711/http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/Keyfeatorgberrycropprod.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kejaba taun ing produksi, sansaya suda, frekuensi pengasapan, lan usus herbisida ningkatake tampilan ireng sing ireng ing stroberi.<ref name="OrganicBerry" /> Raspberries, Blekberis, stroberi, lan akeh woh beri liyane sing rentan tumuju verticillium . Bluberi lan Kranberi tuwuh kurang yen lemah utawa lemah silt isi luwih saka 20%, nalika akeh woh-wohan liyane ngidinke jinis sudhut jinis.<ref name="SiteBerry" /> Kanggo tlatah sing paling berry, lemah becik uga digosok sandy loam, kanthi pH 6.2-6.8 lan kandungan organik sing moderat nganti dhuwur; Nanging, Bluberi duwe pH sing becik ing 4.2-4.8 lan bisa ditandur ing lemah, lan Bluberi lan Kranberi seneng lemah sing luwih setitik karo ijol-ijolan kation sing luwih setitik, kalsium setithik, lan fosfor sing luwih setitik.<ref name="SiteBerry" /> Tuwuhan iki akeh woh wohan kang berisiko sing mbutuhake pamindhahan panen sing bener, campuran tengen tutupane, lan budidaya mikroorganisme sing bermanfaat ing lemah.<ref name="OrganicBerry"/> Minangka Bluberi lan Kranberi ngrembaka ing lemah sing ora seneng karo tetanduran liyane, lan pupuk konvensional minangka racun kanggo wong-wong mau, kekuwatan utama nalika ngembangake organisme kasebut yaiku manajemen manuk.<ref name="OrganicBerry" /> Woh cilik woh-wohan sakwise panen biasane kasimpen ing suhu 90-95% lan suhu 0 &nbsp; °C.<ref name="StoreBerry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/storage_berries.htm|title=Postharvest Handling and Storage of Berries|last=DeEll|first=Dr. Jennifer|website=omafra|access-date=12 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Kranberi, nanging nalia beku, lan kudu disimpen ing 3 C.<ref name="StoreBerry" /> Bluberi yaiku woh-wohan mung sing ngandhut etilen, ananging rasane ora apik sawise panen, saéngga bisa uga ditrapake minangka woh beri liyane. Pembuangan etilena bisa nyuda penyakit lan lelara ing kabèh woh wohan beri.<ref name="StoreBerry" /> Prekara ing sajam rong jam sawise panen kanggo suhu panyimpenan, umume 0 &nbsp; °C, liwat pangadhem angin dipeksa mundhakake urip panyimpenan saka woh-wohan beri kurang luwih katelu minggu.<ref name="StoreBerry" /> Ing kondisi panyimpenan paling apik, raspberries lan Blekberis mung rong dina nganti limang dina, stroberi 7-10 dina, Bluberi loro mingu nganti patang minggu, lan Kranberi loro nganti patang sasi.<ref name="StoreBerry" /> Woh-wohan beri bisa diangkut ing dhuwur karbon dioksida utawa atmosfer sing diowahi saka 10-15% karbon dioksida kanggo karbon dioksida sing dhuwur utawa 15-20% karbon dioksida lan oksigen 5-10% kanggo wadah sing dimodifikasi supaya bisa ningkatake urip lan nyegah bosok.<ref name="StoreBerry" /> === Ngembangake === [[Gambar:Brambleberries.svg|ka|jmpl| Brambles wis ditanem kanggo ewu taun lan wis nyabrang maneh kanggo nggawé macem-macem woh-wohan ''Rubus'' sing saiki wis ana.]] Sawetara panemuan ing ilmu pangembangbiakan saka woh wohan beri digawé ing abad ka-18 déning [[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne]] ing karyané ing stroberi.<ref name="duchesne"/> Ing teknik tradhisional [[Plant breeding|pemuliaan tanduran]], woh-wohan beri karo spesies kang dikarepake tartamtu dipilih lan diijini kanggo ngasilake kanthi indukan karo woh-wohan beri liyane, lan turunane kanthi titikan sing luwih becik banjur bisa dipilih lan digunakake kanggo panalithen luwih lanjut. Tanduran bisa [[Hybrid (biology)|dikonstribut]] karo spesies sing beda ing genus sing padha; Hibrida antarane macem-macem genus uga bisa uga, nanging luwih angel. Pengembangbiakan uga ngupaya nambah ukuran lan ngasilake woh, nambah rasa lan kuwalitas isi gizi, kaya déné antioksidan, ngembangake mangsa panen, lan ngasilake wit kanthi tahan kanggo penyakit, toleransi kahanan panas utawa kadhemen, lan liya-liyane. sipat.<ref name="folta">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|last=Kevin M. Folta|last2=Chittaranjan Kole|date=16 Mèi 2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-5660-4|pages=|author-link=Kevin Folta}}</ref> Perkembangan ing [[biologi molekular]] lan [[Genetic engineering|rekayasa genetika]] ngidini pendekatan sing luwih efisien lan luwih apik ing pilihan kanggo [[Genotipe|genotipe sing]] dikarepake, liwat [[Marker-assisted selection|pilihan sing diewangi marker]], umpamane.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eda Karaagac, Alba M. Vargas, María Teresa de Andrés, Iván Carreño, Javier Ibáñez, Juan Carreño, José Miguel Martínez-Zapater, José Antonio Cabeza|date=October 2012|title=Marker assisted selection for seedlessness in table grape breeding|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11295-012-0480-0|journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes|volume=8|issue=5|pages=1003–1015|doi=10.1007/s11295-012-0480-0}}</ref> [[Genetically modified organism|Teknik modifikasi genetika]] uga bisa digunakake kanggo pangembang berries.<ref name="folta" /> === Hortikultural lunak woh woh wohan beri === Sapérangan woh sing ora umum diarani woh wohan beri lan ora mesthi woh-wohan kasedhiya ing kantor panarima universitas sing menehi panuntun ana ing budidaya berry, utawa minangka panuntun kanggo ngenali woh-wohan sing becik didheleng lan bisa dituku. tuladhane kalebu [[Prunus maritima|plum pantai]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beachplum.cornell.edu/|title=Beach Plum|last=Whitlow|first=Dr. Thomas|website=Cornell|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Persimon [[Amérika]], [[Asimina triloba|pawpaws]], [[Malus fusca|Pasific crabapples]], lan [[Opuntia]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://northernbushcraft.com/guide.php?ctgy=edible_berries&region=pnw|title=Edible Berries of the Pacific Northwest|website=Northern Bushcraft|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> == Prodhuksi komersial == Salah siji sumber nuduhaké menawa, ana ing taun 2005, ana 1,8 yuta hektar ing lahan budi daya berry ing donya iki, kanthi 6,3 yuta ton diprodhuksi.<ref name="Zhao2007"/> <sup>: 4</sup> === Ekonomi === Ing nagara tartamtu, pamethik berry bisa dadi bagean gedhe saka ekonomi sawijining nagara , lan dadi tambah akeh umum kanggo negara-negara Eropah kulon kaya ta [[Swèdhen|Nagara Swèdhen]] lan [[Finlan|Nagara Finlan]] kanggo ngimpor buruh setitik saka [[Tanah Thai|Nagara Thailand]] utawa [[Bulgari|Nagara Bulgaria]] kanggo nindakake buruh pemetik berry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21559956|title=Berrypickers, unite!|work=The Economist|access-date=12 Agustus 2015|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/13418-record-number-of-thai-berry-pickers-to-arrive-in-finland.html|title=Record number of Thai berry pickers to arrive in Finland|last=Teivainen|first=Aleksi|website=helsinkitimes.fi|access-date=12 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Praktek iki wis ditliti ing taun-taun kepungkur amarga upah sing kurang apik lan urip sing mlarat kanggo "pemetik berry", uga kekurangan buruh kang aman.<ref name=":0" /> == Mupangat warna lan potensial kasarasan == [[Gambar:Berries_Contrast.JPG|ka|jmpl| Conto werna kontras ing (biasane ora bisa dipangan) woh wohan beri liar]] Sawise ripened, woh wohan beri biasane saka werna mbedakake kanggo latar mburi sing (asring saka godhong ijo), nggawe wong katon lan atraktif kanggo frugivorous kéwan lan manuk.<ref name="lee">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=M3e5wyFJY-8C&q=pigments#v=snippet&q=pigments&f=false|title=Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color|last=Lee, David|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0226471051|pages=58–9}}</ref> Iki mbantu panyebaran wiji-wiji tetanduran.<ref name="lee" /> Woh warna warni amarga pigmen tanduran alam, kaya ta [[antosianin]], bebarengan karo [[flavonoid]] liya sing [[Flavonoid|disedhiyakake]] utamane ing kulit berry, wiji lan godhong.<ref name="lee"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/ss01/anthocyanin.html|title=The Possible Health Benefits of Anthocyanin Pigments and Polyphenolics|last=Wrolstad|first=Ronald E.|year=2001|publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707173920/http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/ss01/anthocyanin.html|archive-date=7 Juli 2014|access-date=7 Juli 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mattivi F, Guzzon R, Vrhovsek U, Stefanini M, Velasco R|year=2006|title=Metabolite profiling of grape: Flavonols and anthocyanins|journal=J Agric Food Chem|volume=54|issue=20|pages=7692–702|doi=10.1021/jf061538c|pmid=17002441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Fruit-localized photoreceptors increase phenolic compounds in berry skins of field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=110|pages=46–57|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.018|pmid=25514818}}</ref> Senadyan pigmen-pigura berry duwe sifat [[antioksidan]] ''ing vitro'',<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2004|title=Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=52|issue=12|pages=4026–37|doi=10.1021/jf049696w|pmid=15186133}}</ref> ana bukti [[Fisiologi|fisiologis sing ora]] ana cukup nganti saiki yen pigmen-pigura berry duwe antioksidan sing nyata utawa fungsi liya ing awak manungsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids|title=Flavonoids|date=2016|website=Micronutrient Information Center|publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis|access-date=2 Novèmber 2016}}</ref> Akibaté, ora diijini ngakoni yen panganan sing ngandung polifenol nduweni nilai kesehatan antioksidan ing label produk ing Amerika Serikat utawa Eropa.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/FDA-1995-N-0400-GDL.pdf Guidance for Industry, Food Labeling; Nutrient Content Claims; Definition for "High Potency" and Definition for "Antioxidant" for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional Foods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302044706/http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/FDA-1995-N-0400-GDL.pdf |date=2017-03-02 }} U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, June 2008</ref><ref name="efsa">{{Cite journal|last=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3|year=2010|title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006|url=https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1752|format=PDF|journal=EFSA Journal|location=Parma, Italy|volume=8|issue=10|page=1752|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1752}}</ref> == Piguna kuliner == === Gunakake ing panganan sing dipanggang === [[Gambar:Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg|jmpl|A irisan Bluberi pie]] Woh beri biasane dianggo ing pai utawa tarts, kaya déné Bluberi pie, pie, pie strawberry . Woh Berry asring digunakake ing manggang panganan, kaya ta roti muffin Bluberi, blackberry muffins, berry cobblers, crisps berry, roti berry, buckles berry, roti berry, roti berry, lan cookie berry.<ref name="DesBerry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marthastewart.com/274895/60-berry-desserts|title=60 Berry desserts|website=Martha Stewart|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Woh wohan beri asring digabungake ana ing adonan kanggo manggang, lan asring digawa supaya ora njedhul woh wohan beri. Beku utawa woh wohan beri uga disenengi kanggo sawetara olah-olahan berry bakar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blueberrycouncil.org/blueberry-cooking-tips/baking-blueberries/|title=Baking with Blueberries|website=U.S Highbush Blueberry Council|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thekitchn.com/bakers-tip-how-to-best-use-frozen-berries-for-offseason-baking-177519|title=Frozen Berries In Off-Season Baking: Should You Thaw Before Using?|last=Gordon|first=Megan|website=The Kitchn|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bakingbites.com/2012/07/fresh-vs-frozen-fruit-in-baking-recipes/|title=Fresh Fruit vs Frozen Fruit in baking recipes|website=Baking Bites|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Woh wohan beri kerep uga asring digabungake menyang panganan cuci mulut panggang sing dipanggang, kadhang kala nganggo disandhingake karo krim, kaya hiasan menyang panganan cuci mulut utawa minangka topping.<ref name="DesBerry" /> === Ombenan === Woh wohan beri kerep dicampurake karo banyu lan utawa jus, minangka ing [[Cranberry juice|jus Kranberi]], kang dadi sumber 95% irisan Kranberi seger,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/fruits/cranberries-profile/|title=Cranberries Profile|last=Geisler|first=Malinda|website=AgMRC|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Bluberi jus, [[Raspberry juice|jus raspberry]], jus Semono uga Beri goji, jus Acai, jus aronia Beri, lan Stroberi jus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/07/12/aronia-berry-gaining-market-foothold-in-us/12571761/|title=Aronia berry gaining market foothold in U.S.|last=Beck|first=Margery A.|website=USA Today|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-region/united-states/fruit-juices/?id=1410083148489|title=Fruit Juices|website=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> [[Anggur (ombèn-ombèn)|Anggur]] minangka ombe-ombenen fermentasi utama sing digawé saka woh-wohan (anggur). [[Fruit wine|Anggur woh]] biasane digawé saka woh-wohan liyane. Paling akeh, gula kudu ditambahake ing jus beri ing proses [[Chaptalization|Chaptalisation]] kanggo nambah isi alkohol saka anggur. [[Fruit wine#List of fruits and plants used to make fruit wine|Conto woh anggur sing digawé saka woh beri]] antara liya: anggur elderberry, anggur stroberi, anggur Bluberi, anggur ireng, anggur redcurrant, anggur huckleberry, anggur goji lan anggur Kranberi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2011/aug/31/how-make-blackberry-wine-whisky|title=How to make Blackberry Wine and Whisky|last=Wright|first=John|website=The Guardian|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/enologyvalueadded/evapdfs/strawberrywine.pdf|title=Strawberry Wine|last=Kime|first=Robert|website=Berry Resources Cornell|access-date=13 Agustus 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015709/http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/enologyvalueadded/evapdfs/strawberrywine.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.winemag.com/Web-2012/Bring-on-the-Blueberry-Wine/|title=Bring on the Blueberry Wine|website=Wine Mag|access-date=13 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2015-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128172037/http://www.winemag.com/Web-2012/Bring-on-the-Blueberry-Wine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/a-berry-nice-vintage-its-time-to-rediscover-the-ancient-art-of-fermenting-fruit-wines-1784404.html|title=A berry nice vintage: It's time to rediscover the ancient art of fermenting fruit wines|last=Rudebeck|first=Clare|website=.independent.co.uk|access-date=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Woh wohan beri digunakake ing sawetara [[Beer style|gaya bir]], utamané [[framboise]] (digawé karo raspberry) lan woh [[lambic]]s . === Garingan === [[Gambar:Dried_berries.jpg|jmpl|Macem -macem woh wohan beri garing]] Currants, [[Kismis]], lan [[Sultana (grape)|sultana]] tuladha woh woh garing, lan akeh woh wohan beri komersial sing kasedhiya ing bentuk garing. === Woh direksa === [[Gambar:Elderberry-jam.JPG|jmpl|Elderberry ing roti]] Woh-wohan kang bisa ngrusak kanthi urip sing cendhak, lan asring ditangani kanthi [[Dried fruit|pangatusan]], [[Frozen food|pembekuan]], [[pickling]] utawa nggawé [[Fruit preserves|woh]] . Woh wohan beri kaya ta blackberry, Bluberi, boysenberi, [[Lingonberry jam|lingonberry]], loganberry <ref name="Taylor & Francis 2014 p. 121">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyGsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|title=The Jam Book|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-84605-5|page=121}}</ref>, raspberry, lan Stroberi asring digunakake ing sele lan jeli. Ing Amerika Serikat, wong [[Native Americans in the United States|asli Amerika minangka]] "sing pisanan ngreksa saka Bluberi".<ref name="Grotto 2007 p. 53"><cite class="citation book">Grotto, D. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=l4NIwOljrxYC&pg=PA53 ''101 Foods That Could Save Your Life'']. Random House Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;53. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-553-90451-2|<bdi>978-0-553-90451-2</bdi>]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> === Piguna liyane === Koki bisa nggawe cepet woh pickled alus, kaya ta Blekberis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodandwine.com/recipes/spiced-and-pickled-blackberries|title=Spiced and Pickled Blackberries|last=Satterfield|first=Steven|website=Food and Wine|access-date=11 Agustus 2015}}</ref> stroberi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davidlebovitz.com/2015/06/pickled-strawberry-preserves-recipe/|title=Pickled Strawberry Preserves|last=O'Brady|first=Tara|website=david lebovitz|access-date=11 Agustus 2015}}</ref> lan Bluberi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Pickled-Blueberries|title=Pickled Blueberries|last=Kord|first=Tyler|website=[[Saveur]]|access-date=11 Agustus 2015}}</ref> stroberi bisa digodhog lan bisa digoreng ing wajan sing jero.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.driscolls.com/recipes/view/7474/Deep-Fried-Strawberries|title=Deep Fried Strawberries|website=Driscolls|access-date=31 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220707/http://www.driscolls.com/recipes/view/7474/Deep-Fried-Strawberries|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forkable.net/2013/07/02/deep-fried-cheesecake-stuffed-strawberries/|title=Deep-Fried Cheesecake-Stuffed Strawberries|last=Fortune|first=Fia|website=Forkable|access-date=31 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2015-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821135616/http://forkable.net/2013/07/02/deep-fried-cheesecake-stuffed-strawberries/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saos digawé saka woh beri, kaya ta saos Kranberi, di beku nganti sithik, digodhog, lan jero gorengan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/paula-deen/deep-fried-cranberry-sauce-fritters-recipe.html|title=Cranberry Sauce fritters recipe|last=Deen|first=Paula|website=Foodnetwork.com|access-date=31 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042646/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/paula-deen/deep-fried-cranberry-sauce-fritters-recipe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saos Kranberi minangka barang pangan tradisional kanggo [[Dinten Pamuji Sukur|Dinten Lebaran]], lan saos padha bisa digawé saka akeh woh wohan beri kaya ta Bluberi, raspberries, Blekberis, lan huckleberries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/paula-deen/leopolds-huckleberry-sauce-recipe.html|title=Leopold's Huckleberry Sauce|last=Deen|first=Paula|website=Food Network.com|access-date=31 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/kitchenexplorers/2013/08/15/simple-homemade-blackberry-sauce/|title=Simple Homemade Blackberry Sauce|last=Currah|first=Allice|website=PBS.org|access-date=31 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2015-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911180232/http://www.pbs.org/parents/kitchenexplorers/2013/08/15/simple-homemade-blackberry-sauce/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/emeril-lagasse/raspberry-sauce-recipe.html|title=Raspberry Sauce|last=Lagasse|first=Emeril|website=Food Network.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820072015/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/emeril-lagasse/raspberry-sauce-recipe.html|archive-date=20 Agustus 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=31 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/food-network-kitchens/perfect-cranberry-sauce-recipe.html|title=Perfect Cranberry Sauce|website=Food Network.com|access-date=31 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/ina-garten/baked-blintzes-with-fresh-blueberry-sauce-recipe.html|title=Baked Blintzes with Fresh Blueberry Sauce|last=Garten|first=Ina|website=Food Network.com|access-date=31 Agustus 2015}}</ref> == Pinunjul budaya == === Pawarna === Berry wis suwe digunakake ing sawetara budaya ing donya iki kanggo [[Dyeing|pawarna]] . Akeh woh beri kang ngandhut jus sing bisa kanthi gampang menehi warna, menehi gunane minangka dadi [[Dye|pewarna alami]] . Tuladhane yaiku, Blekberi migunani kanggo nggawe pewarna, utamane menawa woh wohan beri iku gampang bisa ngeculake jus warna kanggo ngasilake efek [[Colour fastness|colorfast]] .<ref name="brambleberriesintherain">{{Cite web|url=http://brambleberriesintherain.com/2011/09/dyeing-with-blackberries/|title=Dyeing with blackberries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803121035/http://brambleberriesintherain.com/2011/09/dyeing-with-blackberries/|archive-date=3 Agustus 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=12 Agustus 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/special_products/maine_ntfp/plants/blueberry/|title=Culturally and Economically Important Nontimber Forest Products of Northern Maine: Blueberry|website=US Forest Service|access-date=12 Agustus 2015|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121033759/http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/special_products/maine_ntfp/plants/blueberry/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FSDyeBerry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/dyes.shtml|title=Native Plant Dyes|website=US Forest Service|access-date=12 Agustus 2015}}</ref> ''Rubus'' woh wohan, kaya ta BlackBerry, raspberry, [[Black raspberry|ireng raspberry]], [[dewberry]], [[loganberry]], lan [[thimbleberry]] kabèh werna pewarna. Iki wis tau digunakake dening warga America.<ref name="FSDyeBerry" /><ref name="Mahady Fong Farnsworth 2001 p. 47"><cite class="citation book">Mahady, G.B.; Fong, H.H.S.; Farnsworth, N.R. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TiU-Dz2wxyAC&pg=PA47 ''Botanical Dietary Supplements:'']. Taylor & Francis. p.&nbsp;47. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-265-1855-3|<bdi>978-90-265-1855-3</bdi>]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Ing Hawaii, raspberry asli sing diarani 'akala' dipigunakaké kanggo [[Tapa cloth|nggawé kain tapa]] karo lavender lan hues warna abang, déné woh beri saka [[Dianella (plant)|lili dianella]] digunakake kanggo pewarnaan biru, lan woh berry saka [[Dianella (plant)|nighthade]] [[Solanum americanum|ireng]] dipigunakaké kanggo gawé warna ijo.<ref name="Krohn-Ching 1980 p. 13"><cite class="citation book">Krohn-Ching, V. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zO7Gv4OqA2oC&pg=PA13 ''Hawaii Dye Plants and Dye Recipes'']. University Press of Hawaii. p.&nbsp;13. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0698-9|<bdi>978-0-8248-0698-9</bdi>]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Ing Swaziland, sawetara spesies berry digunakake minangka pewarna.<ref name="Shujaa Shujaa 2015 p. 382"><cite class="citation book">Shujaa, M.J.; Shujaa, K.J. (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ooVNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382 ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America'']. SAGE Publications. p.&nbsp;382. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-4638-0|<bdi>978-1-4833-4638-0</bdi>]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Deleng uga == * Daftar woh kuliner * Dhaftar woh-wohan sing ora bisa dipangan == Referensi == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Mahady Fong Farnsworth 2001 p. 47">{{cite book | last=Mahady | first=G.B. | last2=Fong | first2=H.H.S. | last3=Farnsworth | first3=N.R. | title=Botanical Dietary Supplements: | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2001 | isbn=978-90-265-1855-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiU-Dz2wxyAC&pg=PA47 | page=47}}</ref> <ref name="Grotto 2007 p. 53">{{cite book | last=Grotto | first=D. | title=101 Foods That Could Save Your Life | publisher=Random House Publishing Group | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-553-90451-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4NIwOljrxYC&pg=PA53 | page=53}}</ref> <ref name="Krohn-Ching 1980 p. 13">{{cite book | last=Krohn-Ching | first=V. | title=Hawaii Dye Plants and Dye Recipes | publisher=University Press of Hawaii | year=1980 | isbn=978-0-8248-0698-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zO7Gv4OqA2oC&pg=PA13 | page=13}}</ref> <ref name="Shujaa Shujaa 2015 p. 382">{{cite book | last=Shujaa | first=M.J. | last2=Shujaa | first2=K.J. | title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4833-4638-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooVNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382 | page=382}}</ref> <ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.britannica.com/science/berry-plant-reproductive-body | title=Berry (Plant reproductive body) | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | access-date=16 Agustus 2015}}</ref>}} == Wacan liyane == * Bowling, BL (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7G8cAQAACAAJ ''Companion Berry Grower's''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=7G8cAQAACAAJ] . Timber Press. {{ISBN|978-0-88192-726-9}} [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] &nbsp; [[Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-726-9|978-0-88192-726-9]] == Pranala njaba == * [http://nationalberrycrops.org Inisiatif Tanaman Berry Nasional Amerika Serikat] <nowiki> [[Kategori:Bèri]] [[Kategori:Tetuwuhan jamu lan bumbu]] [[Kategori:Wit-witan]] [[Kategori:Kaca mawa pertalan kang durung kapriksa]]</nowiki> [[Kategori:Wit]] rwk00098n0m2ux1h7ba7b84x5rtcnru Rayola 0 169812 1758998 1758666 2026-10-20T21:15:23Z Afdhal Sy 68131 1758998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wong}} '''Yola Aurelia Laksmi''' utawi '''Rayola''' ({{lahirmati|[[Padang]], [[Sumatra Kulon]]|31|03|1996}}) inggih punika salah satunggalipun [[penyanyi]] lan [[aktris]] [[Indonésia]]. == Diskografi == ===== Album ===== * ''Hanyo Punyo Cinto'' (2012) * ''Takana Kasiah Di Pakanbaru'' (2013) * ''Cinto Tak Sampai'' (2013) * ''Rindukan Ayah'' (2014) * ''Manikam Jajak'' (2014) * ''Basandiang Bukan Jo Cinto'' (2016) * ''Luko Batahan Surang'' (2016) * ''Cinto Hanyo Di Denai'' (2017) * ''Singgalang Jaya'' (2018) * ''Tadayo Gurauan Sayang'' (2019) ===== Single ===== * "Aku Masih Tegar" (2017) * "Nirwana" (2017) * "Purcaya Do Au" (2019) * "Manyapai Ho" (2019) * "Korban Harapan" (2019) * "Cinto Paubek Luko" (2021) * "Usah Dikana Kana" (2021) * "Bansaik Parintang Sayang" (2022) * "Cincin Cinto" (2022) * "Dalam Harok Batinggakan" (2022) * "Duo Hati Satu Cinto" (2022) * "Harato Bukan Ukuran Cinto" (2022) * "Baharok Cahayo Bintang" (2022) * "Layia Takambang Suruik Bapantang" (2022) * "Aku Tak Seindah Rembulan" (2022) * "Cinto Lain Pilihan" (2022) * "Cinto Sapasukuan" (2022) * "Cinto Sataguah Karang" (2022) * "Luko" (2022) * "Medley Padiah Ditusuak Cinto, Pakasiah Tak Baramuan, Malam Panantian, Bariangnyo Luko" (2022) * "Medley Pulanglah Uda & Rindu Disayang Uda" (2022) * "Indak Ado Nan Lain" (2022) * "Luko Baukia Jo Sambilu" (2022) * "Rindu Semakin Dalam" (2022) * "Doa Restu" (2022) * "Galau Hati Ibo" (2022) * "Lah Manyuruak Tampak Juo" (2022) * "Luko Indak Dibaok Pulang" (2022) * "Sio Sio Harok Mananti" (2022) * "Denai Teseso" (2022) * "Cinto Manyeso Badan" (2022) * "Tuneh Lah Patah" (2022) * "Haram Babaliak Sayang" (2022) * "Kandak Rang Tuo" (2022) * "Jodoh Indak Di Tangan Kito" (2022) * "Lupo Diri Dalam Ganggaman" (2022) * "Kawan Sairiang Urang Katigo" (2022) * "Cinto Untuak Salamonyo" (2022) * "Mauik Pamisah Cinto" (2022) * "Rinai Pun Jadi Juo" (2022) * "Batahun Di Rantau" (2022) * "Rilakan Denai" (2023) * "Pergilah Kenangan" (2023) * "Lah Sayang Mangko Tabuang" (2023) * "Cinto Satangah Hati" (2023) * "Gamang Manaruah Sayang" (2023) * "Janji Ka Janji Nanti Ka Nanti" (2023) * "Hadirmu Membuat Terlukan" (2023) * "Urang Minang" (2023) * "Sio Sio Manaruah Sayang" (2023) * "Barayo Di Kampuang" (2023) * "Uda Salah Urang" (2023) * "Salah Bataruah Cinto" (2023) * "Indak Mungkin Kasiah Baulang" (2023) * "Salah Aku Percaya" (2023) * "Usah Dikana Kana 2" (2023) * "Hati Bamintak Jantuang Bapulangkan" (2023) * "Taraso Lai Takato Tido" (2023) * "Berakhir Sampai Disini" (2023) * "Merak Bakahueni" (2023) * "Pai Jo Rang Barado" (2023) * "Anggan Barupo Talak" (2023) * "Racun Den Sangko Madu" (2023) * "Katonyo Kawan Nyatonyo Sayang" (2023) * "Ubek Panawa Luko" (2023) * "Sapayuang Rindu" (2023) * "Sasalan Tibo Di Ujuang Luko (2023) * "Cimburu Tandonyo Sayang" (2023) * "Talarai" (2023) * "Hilang Baganti Buruak Batuka" (2023) * "Kahilangan" (2023) * "Si Malang Jo SI Mujua" (2023) * "Kandak Dapek Jaso Talupo" (2023) * "Mungkin Indak Kasalamonyo" (2023) * "Kasiah Dibateh Seso" (2023) * "Kalah Cinto Dek Harato" (2023) * "Adiak Urang Nan Den Cinto" (2023) * "Batapuak Sabalah Tangan" (2023) * "Harok Cinto Taulang" (2024) * "Usah Bajambo Tangan" (2024) * "Bareh Solok" (2024) * "Mande Nan Denai Sayang" (2024) * "Cinto Indak Sapadan" (2024) * "Rintangan Pasti Kito Hadang" (2024) * "Mananti Janji Ka Janji" (2024) * "Raso Sayang Babaleh Jo Padiah" (2024) * "Sakik Janjian Mungkia" (2024) * "Padiah Taluko" (2024) * "Salah Malabuahkan Cinto" (2024) * "Manyasa" (2024) * "Mandandam Hati" (2024) * "Isak Marindu" (2024) * "Latiah Manjago Hati" (2024) * "Simalakamo Cinto" (2024) * "Sahujan Indak Sarinai" (2024) * "Rindu Indak Babaleh" (2024) * "Bajodoh Tapi Tak Cinto" (2024) * "Dilua Galak Didalam Manangih" (2024) * "Cangguang" (2024) * "Buruak Parangai" (2024) * "Manikam Dalam Galak" (2024) * "Taguriah Mambari Tangih" (2024) * "Malu Nan Uda Bari" (2024) * "Lupo Paneh Dek Hujan Sadarok" (2024) * "Harok Bulan Nan Tarang" (2024) * "Talambek Pulang" (2024) * "Mandeh Ka Ganti Ayah" (2024) * "Sumpah Mainan Bibia" (2024) * "Indak Ka Diganti Ganti" (2024) * "Luko Ditingga Kawin" (2024) * "Tadayo Tipuan Manjo" (2024) * "Pai Indak Ka Babaliak" (2024) * "Sayang Di Urang" (2024) * "Cinto Sairiang Jalan" (2024) * "Biakan Denai Sanang" (2025) * "Cinto Suci Badutoi" (2025) * "Malapeh Hao" (2025) * "Salah Manimbang" (2025) * "Usah Denai Uda Salahkan" (2025) * "Angok Dimato Uda" (2025) * "Kito Indak Sabilang" (2025) * "Tingga Jo Tangih" (2025) * "Rindu Sabateh Anggan" (2025) * "Takuik Taluko" (2025) * "Bagaluik Jo Parasaian" (2025) * "Aia Raso Baduri" (2025) * "Biakan Denai Surang" (2025) * "Maulang Sayang" (2025) * "Barek Malapeh Cinto" (2025) * "Saba Dalam Panantian" (2025) * "Hinggo Rambuik Mamutiah" (2025) * "Bialah Maurak Janji" (2025) * "Kaco Indak Kajadi Mutiara" (2025) * "Darah Taraso Baku" (2025) * "Manikam Dari Balakang" (2025) * "Kasiah Habih Sayang Tak Hilang" (2025) * "Usah Dipasalahkan" (2025) * "Tampek Jatuah Ka Dikana" (2026) * "Habih Tiado Basiso" (2026) * "Usah Dibandiang Bandiangkan" (2026) * "Tanti Batanti" (2026) * "Manutuik Hati" (2026) * "Dagiang Tak Basiso" (2026) * "Batamu Darah Tasirok" (2026) * "Adaik Mamak (2026) * "Kaba Angin" (2026) * "Hilang Baru Taraso" (2026) * "Cando Tiado Paguno" (2026) * "Batin Nan Taluko" (2026) * "Janji Hanyo Manisan" (2026) * "Lupo Pitaruah Hiduik" (2026) {{end-col}} == Penghargaan lan nominasi == {|Class="wikitable" |- ! Taun ! Penghargaan ! Kategori ! Nominasi ! Asil |- |2026 |AMI Awards |Karya Produksi Lagu Berbahasa Daerah Terbaik |Habih Tiado Basiso |{{nom}} |- |} == Pranala njaba == {{penyanyi-stub}} {{bio-stub}} [[Kategori:Penyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Aktris Indonésia]] pnwd3itke2i3x91r2lunw36zjtlxfkh Roti isi seladha 0 173641 1758981 1648887 2026-10-20T12:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Shanghai_lettuce_wraps_from_Auburn_Alehouse.JPG|jmpl| Selada ala Shanghai nganggo bungkus saos ing Auburn Alehouse]] '''Sandwich apu''' yaiku [[Wungkus|bungkus]] karo apu sing diganti roti, <ref name="hip hot wrap2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/10/22/Taste/The_hip__hot_wrap.shtml|title=The hip, hot wrap|last=Keeler|first=Janet K.|date=October 22, 2003|publisher=St. Petersburg Times|access-date=2009-01-25}}</ref> utawa sandwich kanthi isi sing kalebu utamane apu. Sampeyan ora kudu bingung karo sandwich liyane sing nggunakake salad minangka salah sawijining bahan, kayata sandwich [[BLT]] utawa sandwich tomat lan salad. Sandwich salad nduweni sejarah sing dawa ing [[Amérika Sarékat|Amerika Serikat]] lan [[Karajan Manunggal|Inggris]] . Iki digunakake minangka kiasan kanggo makili prekara perkara mundanitas, kekurangan lan kemlaratan. <ref name="Century Illustrated Monthly Mag2">{{Cite web|url=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0049%2F&tif=00378.TIF|title=An Errant Wooing|year=1895|publisher=The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine|access-date=2009-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614032530/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0049%2F&tif=00378.TIF|archive-date=2012-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sandwich salad diucapake nalika dicithak nalika taun 1894 ing ''Majalah Bulanan The Century Illustrated'' . <ref name="Century Illustrated Monthly Mag">{{Cite web|url=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0049%2F&tif=00378.TIF|title=An Errant Wooing|year=1895|publisher=The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine|access-date=2009-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614032530/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0049%2F&tif=00378.TIF|archive-date=2012-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sandwich salad (roti kanthi isi selada) minangka panganan umum ing [[Amérika Sarékat|Amerika Serikat]] lan [[Inggris]] sajrone paruh pertama abad kaping 20. <ref name="lettuce sandwich obsession">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FMALAAAAIBAJ&pg=5946,2285213&dq=lettuce-sandwich|title=Lord Drafts a Good Chef|last=Boyle|first=Hal|date=Jun 15, 1948|publisher=The Evening Independent|access-date=2009-01-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sandwich salad wis disajikake ing nedha [[Mangan awan|awan sing apik]], <ref name="Mrs. Ennis Entertains">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5IwLAAAAIBAJ&pg=4799,1157112&dq=lettuce-sandwich|title=Mrs. Ennis Entertains|last=Pyatt|first=Edith Lincoln|date=Dec 24, 1912|publisher=The Evening Independent|access-date=2009-01-24}}</ref> Sandwich salad (roti karo isi apu) uga panganan Inggris kuno. <ref name="old english lettuce sandwich">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/jun/10/foodanddrink.recipes2|title=This month|last=Slater|first=Nigel|date=10 June 2001|publisher=The Observer|access-date=2009-01-24}}</ref> Sandwich salad isih dipangan ing AS lan ing papan liya. <ref name="Food for Thought Los Angeles Times">{{Cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/64567150.html?dids=64567150:64567150&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+03%2C+1985&author=MIV+SCHAAF&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Food+for+Thought+Whatever+Happened+to+the+Plain+Bread-and-Butter+Sandwich%3F&pqatl=google|title=Food for Thought Whatever Happened to the Plain Bread-and-Butter Sandwich?|last=Schaaf|first=Miv|date=Nov 3, 1985|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2009-01-24|archive-date=2009-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804081709/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/64567150.html?dids=64567150:64567150&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+03%2C+1985&author=MIV+SCHAAF&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Food+for+Thought+Whatever+Happened+to+the+Plain+Bread-and-Butter+Sandwich%3F&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="ecoli-scotland">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1400277.stm|title=E.coli fears after death|date=21 June 2001|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2009-01-25}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph lettuce sandwich">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2741198/Business-Profile-If-at-Furse-you-dont-succeed.html|title=Business Profile: If at Furse you don't succeed|date=10 Nov 2001|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=2009-01-25}}</ref> == Referensi == 6uhlewq3ayyoqrqpmpk3uuagxnsiv7p Stovies 0 174523 1758987 1751565 2026-10-20T16:48:04Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Stovies|image=Stovies containing beef.jpg|caption=|alternate_name=|country=[[Scotland]]|region=|creator=|course=|type=|served=|main_ingredient=[[Potato]]es, often [[onion]]s, [[meat]]|variations=|calories=|other=}}'''Stovies''' (uga '''stovy tatti''', '''kentang''' '''kompor''', '''kompor''' utawa '''stovock''' ) <ref name="archive.org">https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234510/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8753&startset=40575673&dtext=snd&query=STOVE</ref> minangka panganan [[Sekotlan|Skotlandia]] adhedhasar kentang. Resep lan bahan-bahan kasebut beda-beda beda-beda nanging sajian kasebut ngemot [[Kenthang|kentang]], lemak, biasane (nanging ora mesthi) <ref name="McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian (1929). ''The Scots Kitchen''.</ref> [[Bawang bombay|bawang]] lan asring (nanging maneh ora mesthi) <ref name="CSD">''The Concise Scots Dictionary'', p675, Mairi Robinson (editor) (1985)</ref> potongan daging. Ing sawetara versi, sayuran liyane uga bisa ditambahake. <ref name="Broon">Maw Broon (2007). ''Maw Broon's Cookbook''. Waverley Books; (18 Oct 2007) {{ISBN|1-902407-45-8}}, p18, 19</ref> Kentang dimasak kanthi mateng [[Pot panggang|alon ing pot sing ditutup]] kanthi lemak (lemak [[Lemak babi|babi]], [[Netes|netes daging sapi]] utawa mentega bisa digunakake) <ref name="McNeill2">McNeill, F. Marian (1929). ''The Scots Kitchen''.</ref> <ref name="SWRI2">S.W.R.I. (1977). ''S.W.R.I. Jubilee Cookery Book''. Edinburgh: Scottish Women's Rural Institutes; Reprint of 8th Edition (1968), p60</ref> lan asring banyu sithik utawa kadang cairan liyane, kayata susu, stok utawa sele daging. <ref name="Broon">Maw Broon (2007). ''Maw Broon's Cookbook''. Waverley Books; (18 Oct 2007) {{ISBN|1-902407-45-8}}, p18, 19</ref> Stovies bisa disajikake kanthi daging adhem utawa [[Kuwé oat|roti gandum]] <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liQ6NSbvomwC&q=stovies+oatcakes&pg=PA524|title=The Rough Guide to Scottish Highlands & Islands|last=Humphreys|first=Rob|last2=Reid|first2=Donald|date=February 7, 2004|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=9781843532699|via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOmjCwAAQBAJ&q=stovies+oatcakes&pg=PT97|title=Willie Gavin, Crofter Man: A Portrait of a Vanished Lifestyle|last=Cameron|first=David Kerr|date=March 3, 2016|publisher=Birlinn|isbn=9780857903297|via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/moray/1862577/forres-academy-welcomes-all-to-celebrate-with-special-50th-anniversay-ceilidh/|title=Forres Academy welcomes all to celebrate with special 50th anniversary ceilidh|last=Lee|first=Rachel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2018/07/watch-glen-morays-graham-coull-take-on-a-box-of-oatcakes/|title=Watch Glen Moray's Graham Coull take on a box of oatcakes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2016/10/10/scots-chef-becomes-internet-sensation-hilarious-recipe-videos/|title=Scots chef becomes internet sensation with hilarious recipe videos|last=Mason|first=Callum|date=October 10, 2016|access-date=December 29, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124039/https://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2016/10/10/scots-chef-becomes-internet-sensation-hilarious-recipe-videos/|url-status=dead}}</ref> lan, kadhang kala, nganggo bit beetroot. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=si6AAAAAMAAJ&q=stovies+beetroot|title=In Search of Heritage: As Pilgrim Or Tourist?|last=Fladmark|first=J. M.|date=February 7, 1998|publisher=Donhead|isbn=9781873394243|via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/food-reviews/restaurants/treasure-trove-of-tasty-treats/|title=Restaurant Review: Treasure trove of tasty treats at Howies, Aberdeen|last=Silva|first=Ana Da|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323170947/https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/food-reviews/restaurants/treasure-trove-of-tasty-treats/|archive-date=2018-03-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Kanggo kompor" tegese "rebus" ing Skotlandia . <ref name="CSD">''The Concise Scots Dictionary'', p675, Mairi Robinson (editor) (1985)</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/stove_v|title=Dictionary of the Scots Language :: DOST :: Stove v.|website=www.dsl.ac.uk}}</ref> <ref name="archive.org"/> Tembung kasebut saka tembung adjektiva [[Basa Prancis|Prancis]] ''étuvé'' <ref name="McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian (1929). ''The Scots Kitchen''.</ref> sing ''jarwané'' [[Nggodhog|direbus]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/french-english/etuvee|title=étuvée - translate French to English: Cambridge Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/%C3%A9tuv%C3%A9e|title=English Translation of "étuvée" - Collins French-English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com}}</ref> Versi tanpa daging bisa diarani barfit lan sing duwe daging minangka tumit tinggi . [[Barkas:Stovies2.jpg|jmpl| Stovies digawe ing omah, kanthi tambahan kacang polong]] [[Barkas:Stovies_with_beef_leftovers_&_oatcakes.jpg|jmpl| Stovies karo turahan daging sapi lan gandum]] == Referensi == {{Reflist}} k7ckmagimtrg14wqzkqpeh4q9vhajn9 Switchel 0 178481 1758990 1562508 2026-10-20T17:25:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drink|name=Switchel|introduced=17th century|related=|variants=|ingredients=|flavour=|colour=|discontinued=|origin=[[British America]]|image=File:The-Switchel close-up(2).jpg|distributor=|manufacturer=|proof=|abv=|type=|caption=Switchel-based cocktail, with garnishes|website=}} '''Switchel,''' '''switzel,''' '''swizzle,''' '''switchy,''' '''jahe-banyu''' utawa '''doyo haymaker iku salah sawijining jinis''' [[Ombèn-ombèn|ombe]] digawe saka [[banyu]], [[cuka]], lan asring akeh pengalamane karo [[Jaé|jahe]] . Biasane digawe legi karo [[Tètès|molase]], sanajan [[madu]], gula, [[Gula soklat|gula coklat]], utawa [[Sirup mapel|sirup maple]] asring digunakake. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2011/page/2/|title=2011 &#124; Cornell Small Farms Program &#124; Page 2|date=2011-03-31|publisher=Smallfarms.cornell.edu|access-date=2016-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326102745/http://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2011/page/2/|archive-date=2016-03-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing negara bagian [[Vermont]], [[Oatmeal|AS, jus oat]] lan jus lemon kadhang-kadhang ditambahake ing ombenan kasebut. Switchel bisa diduga diwiwiti ing [[Karibia]], nanging New England uga duwe kredit minangka sumber switch, lan dadi minuman panas populer ing Koloni Amerika ing pungkasan abad kaping 17. Ing abad kaping 19, wis dadi omben-omben tradhisional kanggo petani sing ngelak nalika panen hay, mula diarani julukan haymaker. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungrybrowser.com/phaedrus/m093002.htm#1|title=Uncle Phaedrus, Finder of Lost Recipes|date=|publisher=Hungrybrowser.com|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> [[Herman Melville]] nulis ing ''I and My Chimney'', "Aku bakal menehi cangkir saklar kanggo wong sing lelungan, yen dheweke pengin; nanging apa aku kudu menehi rasa sing legi?" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.online-literature.com/melville/160/|title=I and My Chimney by Herman Melville|date=|publisher=Online-literature.com|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> Ing ''Suwene Musim Dingin,'' Laura Ingalls Wilder nggambarake omben-omben kaya switchchel sing dikongkon ibune supaya dikongkon Laura lan bapake ngombe nalika ngombe: "Ma wis ngirimi banyu jahe. Dheweke wis ngombe banyu adhem sing adhem karo gula, dibumbui karo cuka, lan dicawisake jahe kanggo anget weteng supaya bisa ngombe nganti ora ngelak. Banyu jahe ora bakal lara, kaya banyu adhem biasa yen panas banget. "Switchel ngalami minat anyar lan wis dadi kategori sing saya tuwuh ing industri minuman sing wis siyap. Ing taun 2015, ana sawetara perusahaan sing ngasilake lan nyalurake omben-omben switch ing saindenging AS. Kanada duwe loro produsen switch komersial. Iki uga digunakake ing taun-taun pungkasan minangka basis ing koktail alkohol, utawa minangka mixer. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodandwine.com/blogs/2014/07/24/switchel-the-best-summer-drink-youve-never-heard-of|title=Switchel: The Best Summer Drink You've Never Heard Of &#124; Food & Wine|last=Sterling|first=Justine|date=2014-07-24|publisher=Foodandwine.com|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> == Referensi == 2nz1bebxu0mwffwcidxsj8qpllaams4 Roti lapis warigaluh 0 182407 1758982 1666835 2026-10-20T13:00:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:2015 0629 Sailor at NYD.jpg|jmpl]] '''Sandwich sailor minangka roti isi''' daging lan keju panas sing populer ing delis Yahudi ing Richmond, Virginia, restoran area. <ref name="Imajo">{{Cite news|url=http://www.richmond.com/entertainment/article_9d476505-ada6-56e1-85da-c10c00cbf560.html|title=Richmond's Very Own Sandwich|last=Imajo|first=Anika|date=September 15, 2010|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|access-date=July 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923214640/http://www.richmond.com/entertainment/article_9d476505-ada6-56e1-85da-c10c00cbf560.html|archive-date=September 23, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="The_Fixer">{{Cite web|url=http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/the-fixer/Content?oid=2049485|title=The Fixer|last=Timberlake|first=Deveron|website=Style Weekly|location=Richmond, Virginia|quote=Richmond aspires to be a much bigger town than it is, and food and drink culture has a lot to do with what a city is known for. I am hoping we can move away from having shrimp and grits, crab cakes and a sailor sandwich on every menu.|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027125244/https://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/the-fixer/Content?oid=2049485|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Richmond_Mag">{{Cite web|url=http://richmondmagazine.com/restaurants-in-richmond/best-restaurants/most-iconic-dishes/|title=Most Iconic Dishes - Must-Have Richmond Food|last=Paul Karns|date=February 2, 2015|access-date=July 2, 2015|quote=The Sailor Sandwich at Chiocca’s. People may argue over which establishment serves the best sailor sandwich in Richmond, but Chiocca’s and its dive-y atmosphere has to win. The Sailor, a pile of pastrami topped with grilled knackwurst, melted Swiss and deli mustard on rye, is a carnivore’s dream.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-10C33E4F50B8FD98.html|title=Consumers turn the heat up on cooking|last=Foss|first=Brad|date=August 7, 2005|access-date=July 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171654/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-10C33E4F50B8FD98.html|archive-date=September 24, 2015|publisher=Post-Tribune/AP (subscription required)}}</ref> Bahan inti yaiku [[pastrami]] panas, [[knackwurst]] panggang, [[Kèju Swis|keju Swiss]] leleh lan [[Mustar|mustard panas]] ing [[roti rye]] . <ref name="Imajo" /> == Asal-Usul == Deli New York, sawijining deli Yahudi sing didegaké ing taun 1929, ngaku minangka panyusun sandwich pelaut. <ref name="VCU">{{Cite web|url=https://insight.vcu.edu/2010/10/19/a-sandwich-richmond-can-call-its-own/|title=A Sandwich Richmond Can Call Its Own|last=Danielle Davidson|date=October 19, 2010|access-date=July 2, 2015|archive-date=February 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201194126/https://insight.vcu.edu/2010/10/19/a-sandwich-richmond-can-call-its-own/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Imajo"/> Miturut legenda lokal, nalika [[Perang Donya II]], pelaut Angkatan Laut saka program V-12 Angkatan Laut Universitas Richmond bakal kerep ngunjungi New York Deli lan mrentahake roti isi sing ora ana jeneng iki. Iki pungkasane dikenal minangka sandwich pelaut, sanajan ora mesthi sing resmi menehi jeneng sandwich kasebut. <ref name="Imajo" /> <ref name="VCU" /> ''Sandwich laut'' misuwur ing sawetara pangkalan [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat|Marine]] kaya [[Pangkalan Korps Marinir Quantico|MCB Quantico]] . Biasane disajikake ing [[roti Italia]] karo knackwurst, pastrami utawa [[salami]] lan nggunakake [[mustar]] gaya Yahudi lan dilengkapi mrico . Versi [[Masakan saka Amerika Serikat Kulon|West Coast]] asring kalebu irisan tomat ing sisih. == Referensi == 5luadmss0nghj3fuumezqwar2c5yyda Roman von Ungern-Sternberg 0 184120 1758980 1755130 2026-10-20T12:52:28Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = '''[[Freiherr|Baron]]''' | name = Roman Fyodorovich von Ungern-Sternberg | image = Baron ungern.ruem.jpg | image_size = | caption = Roman von Ungern-Sternberg di Mongolia | nickname = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1886|01|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Graz]], [[Kadipaten Styria]], [[Ostenrik-Honggari]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1921|09|15|1885|12|29|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Novosibirsk]], [[SFSR Ruslan]] | placeofburial = | spouse = {{marriage|Elena Pavlovna "Ji"|Juli 1919|Agustus 1920|reason=bercerai}} | allegiance = {{flag|Kekaisaran Ruslan}}<br />[[Berkas:Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg|23px|tepi]] [[Mongolia (1911–24)|Kekhanan Bogd Mongolia]] | branch = [[Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Ruslan]]<br />[[Tentara Putih]] | serviceyears = 1906–1921 | rank = [[Letnan jenderal]] | unit = | commands = Divisi Kavaleri Asiatik | battles = [[Perang Donya I]]<br />[[Perang Saudara Ruslan]]<br />[[Revolusi Mongolia 1921]] | awards = [[Ordo Santo Gregorius]] Kelas 4<br />[[Ordo Santo Vladimir]] Kelas 4 }} [[Freiherr|Baron]] '''Roman Fyodorovich Ungern-Sternberg''' (jeneng lair '''Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr<ref>{{German title Freiherr}}</ref> von Ungern-Sternberg'''; {{lang-ru|Рома́н Фёдорович У́нгерн-Ште́рнберг}}, [[Romanisasi Ruslan|tr.]] {{transl|ru|Román Fyodorovich Úngern-Shtérnberg}}; {{sfn|Kuzmin|2011}}; {{lahirmati||10|1|1886||15|9|1921}}), sing luwih dikenal minangka '''Roman von Ungern-Sternberg''', yaiku [[letnan jenderal]] anti-[[Bolshevik]] Ruslan kelairan Ostenrik ing [[Perang Saudara Ruslan]] lan [[panglima perang]] independen Divisi Kavaleri Asiatik sing berebut kekuasaan [[Mongolia (1911–24)|Mongolia]] karo [[Republik Tiongkok (1912–1949)|Republik Tiongkok]] ing 1921 sawise [[pendudukan Mongolia|pendudukane]]. Ia asring diarani '''Baron Ungern''', utawa dicekak '''Ungern'''. == Wacaan tambahan == * Bodisco Th. von, Dugin A., Evola J., Fernbach M., Freitag Y., Greiner A.W., Mutti C., Nesmelow A. 2007. ''Baron Ungern von Sternberg – der letzte Kriegsgott''. Straelen: Regin-Verlag. * [[Hopkirk, Peter]] (1986) ''Setting the East Ablaze: on Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia''. Don Mills, Ont. * [[Kamil Giżycki]] (1929). Przez Urjanchaj i Mongolje. Lwow – Warszawa: wyd. Zakladu Nar. im. Ossolinskich. * Kuzmin, S.L. 2016. Theocratic Statehood and the Buddhist Church in Mongolia in the Beginning of the 20th Century. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, {{ISBN|978-5-9907838-0-5}}. * Maclean, Fitzroy (1974). ''To the Back of Beyond''. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. * Michalowski W.St. (1977). ''Testament Barona''. Warszawa: Ludowa Spoldzielnia Wyd. * [[Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski|Ossendowski, Ferdynand]] (1922) ''Beasts, Men and Gods''. New York. * [[Vladimir Pozner|Pozner, Vladimir]] (1938) ''Bloody Baron: the Story of Ungern–Sternberg''. New York. * du Quenoy, Paul. “Perfecting the Show Trial: The Case of Baron von Ungern-Sternberg,” ''Revolutionary Russia'', 19: 1, June 2006. * du Quenoy, Paul. “Warlordism à la russe: Baron von Ungern-Sternberg’s Anti-Bolshevik Crusade, 1917–1921,” ''Revolutionary Russia'', 16: 2, December 2003 * [[Yuzefovich, Leonid]]. ''Le baron Ungern, khan des steppes'' * Znamenski, Andrei (2011) ''Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia''. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0891-6}} * Paratico, Angelo ''The Dew of Heaven'' Cactus Moon, 2016. * Ribo, N.M. [Ryabukhin, N.M.] n.d. ''The Story of Baron Ungern Told by His Staff Physician.'' Hoover Institution, Stanford University, CSUZXX697-A. == Referensi == === Kutipan === {{reflist|2}} === Sumber === * {{cite book | editor-last=Kuzmin | editor-first=Sergei L. | year=2004a | title=Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny | language=ru | location=Moscow | publisher=KMK Sci. Press | isbn=978-5-87317-175-0}} ** {{harvc | last=Tornovsky | first=M. G. | c=Events in Mongolia-Khalkha in 1920–1921 | in=Kuzmin | year=2004a}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Kuzmin | editor-first=Sergei L. | year=2004b | title=Baron Ungern v Dokumentakh i Memuarakh | language=ru | location=Moscow | publisher=KMK Sci. Press | isbn=978-5-87317-164-4}} * {{cite book | last=Kuzmin | first=Sergei L. | year=2011 | title=The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction | location=Moscow | publisher=KMK Sci. Press | isbn=978-5-87317-692-2}} * {{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/7730010 | last=Kuzmin | first=Sergei L. | title=How bloody was the White Baron? |journal=Inner Asia | year=2013 |volume=15 | issue=1}} * {{cite book |last=Palmer | first=James | title=The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodywhitebaron0000palm_s4z1 | location=New York | publisher=[[Basic Books]] | year=2008 |isbn=9780571230242}} * {{cite book | last=Pershin | first=D. P. | year=1999 | title=Baron Ungern, Urga i Altanbulak | language=ru | location=Samara | publisher=Agni | isbn=978-5898500030}} * {{cite journal | last=Smith | first=Canfield | title=The Ungernovščina – How and Why? | pages=590–595 | journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas | volume=28 | issue=4 | year=1980}} * {{cite book | last=Sunderland | first=Willard | url=http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100805580 | title=The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-8014-5270-3 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120012331/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100805580 | archive-date=2014-01-20 | access-date=2022-03-12 | url-status=dead}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons category|Roman Ungern}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160528070608/http://andrewstuttaford.com/2009/07/06/heart-of-darkness/ The Heart of Darkness] * Hughes, Kathryn. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/14/saturdayreviewsfeatres.guardianreview29 Review: The Bloody White Baron by James Palmer], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 14 June 2008. * Goodwin, Jason. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/22/books/review/Goodwin-t.html Book Review 'The Bloody White Baron,' by James Palmer] * [http://newbooksincentralasianstudies.com/crossposts/willard-sunderland-the-barons-cloak-a-history-of-the-russian-empire-in-war-and-revolution-cornell-up-2014/ Willard Sunderland on New Books Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170148/http://newbooksincentralasianstudies.com/crossposts/willard-sunderland-the-barons-cloak-a-history-of-the-russian-empire-in-war-and-revolution-cornell-up-2014/ |date=2017-02-04 }} (audio [http://files.newbooksnetwork.com/russia/037russiasunderland.mp3 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225182449/https://files.newbooksnetwork.com/russia/037russiasunderland.mp3 |date=2021-02-25 }}) discussing his book, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140120012331/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100805580 The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution]'' ([[Cornell University Press]], 2014, {{ISBN|978-0-8014-5270-3}}) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ungern Von Sternberg, Roman}} [[Kategori:Tokoh saka Graz]] rvpvnex4mkthkwzu4h066n65oeqr0hb Vercetti Regular 0 195356 1758999 1723781 2026-10-20T21:20:46Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Vercetti Regular font specimen.svg|jmpl|Conto saka font [[Vercetti Regular]]]] [[Barkas:Lorem ipsum Vercetti Regular.svg|jmpl|[[Lorem ipsum]] ditulis ing [[Vercetti Regular]]]] '''Vercetti Regular''' ([[Abjad Fonètik Internasional|AFI]] /vərˈʧɛti ˈrɛɡjʊlər/), uga dikenal minangka '''Vercetti''', yaiku [[huruf]] sans serif gratis (freeware). Dapat digunakake kanggo proyek komersial lan pribadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://page-online.de/typografie/freefont-vercetti/|title=Freefont Vercetti|last=Dohmann|first=von Antje|date=2022-09-19|website=PAGE online|language=de-DE|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> Font iki dipunaken ing 2022 miturut lisensi ''Licence Amicale'', sing ngijini wong kanggo ngandhani berkas font karo kanca lan kolega.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://velvetyne.fr/news/amicale-li/|title=Licence Amicale, A license for your fellows!|website=Velvetyne|language=en|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202105133/https://velvetyne.fr/news/amicale-li/|archive-date=2024-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vercetti Regular kasil terinspirasi saka elemen [[desain]] humanistik lan geometris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.core77.com//projects/118003/Vercetti-Regular|title=Vercetti Regular|website=Core77|language=en|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://desircle.com/vercetti-font/|title=Vercetti Font: A Free Sans Serif For Humanistic Design (+ 326 Glyphs)|date=2023-12-07|website=Desircle|language=en|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-date=2023-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208123700/https://desircle.com/vercetti-font|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saat nggawe Vercetti, para [[Desain Grapis|desainer]] nggunakake prinsip saka huruf open source sing kalebu ''MgOpen Moderna''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peopleofprint.com/graphic-design/filippos-fragkogiannis-vercetti-regular-free-sans-serif-font/|title=Vercetti Regular Free Sans-Serif Font|last=|first=|date=2024-01-24|website=People of Print|language=en|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peopleofprint.com/typography/free-font-vercetti-regular-a-year-in-review-and-future-plans/|title=Free Font Vercetti Regular: A Year in Review and Future Plans|last=|first=|date=2024-01-24|website=People of Print|language=en|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> Huruf iki duwe 326 glif, kalebu angka, simbol, tanda baca, lan tanda aksen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://typography-daily.com/blog/2022/09/23/vercetti-regular-a-free-sans-serif-with-a-geometric-touch/|title=Vercetti Regular: A Free Sans Serif With A Geometric Touch|date=2022-09-24|website=Typography Daily|language=en|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> Kasebutan iki ngandhani bisa digunakake kanggo kabeh [[basa]] ing [[Éropa|Eropa]] sing nganggo [[Aksara Latin|abjad Latin]]. Download kasedhiya ing format berkas ing ngisor iki: [[OpenType|OTF]], [[TrueType|TTF]], [[Web Open Font Format|WOFF]], WOFF2. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Uga delengen == * [[Arial]] * [[Helvetica]] * [[Desain Grapis]] * [[Huruf Latin]] * [[Tipografi]] == Pranala njaba == * [https://filipposfragkogiannis.com/fonts/vercetti-regular Situs web resmi] (ing basa Inggris) * [http://amicale.li/en.html Licence Amicale] (ing basa Inggris) * [https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/210877/vercetti Fonts In Use (Vercetti)] (ing basa Inggris) * {{Commons category-inline|Vercetti Regular (typeface)|Vercetti Regular}} {{stub}} 3i2b778ybsrf9n3e9x09jqwcn2xb10k Tradhisi Lamporan Suron 0 200343 1758995 1749964 2026-10-20T19:36:30Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1758995 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pangerten Tradhisi Lamporan Suro == '''Tradhisi Laporan Suronan''' yaiku tradisi tola bala lan salah sawijining warisan budaya leluhur sing nganti saiki isih dijaga lan dilestarekake dening masyarakat [[Kabupatèn Blora|Kabupaten]] [[Blora, Blora|Blora]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkn.unisnu.ac.id/gelar-tradisi-tahunan-tolak-bala-kelurahan-kunduran-lamporan|title=Gelar Tradisi Tahunan Tolak Bala Kelurahan Kunduran : Lamporan|date=2023-03-01|access-date=2026-06-02|website=kkn.unisnu.ac.id}}</ref> Tradisi iki wis ana wiwit jaman biyen lan diwarisake kanthi turun temurun dening para leluhur marang generasi sakbanjure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muria.tribunnews.com/2022/08/13/mengenal-lamporan-tradisi-tolak-bala-yang-masih-lestari-di-kunduran-blora-ada-obor-dan-barongan|title=Mengenal Lamporan, Tradisi Tolak Bala yang Masih Lestari di Kunduran Blora, Ada Obor dan Barongan|last=Mustakim|first=Ahmad|date=2022-08-13|access-date=2026-06-02|website=https://kkn.unisnu.ac.id/}}</ref> == Tujuan lan Makna tradhisi == Tradhisi iki lumrahe dianakake saben sasi Suro minangka wujud panyuwunan lan donga supaya masyarakat tansah diparingi kaslametan lan diadohake saka bebaya, pageblug, lan sakabehe balak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.uksw.edu/items/2d79c4cc-863d-4e25-bef0-4650b3cbfa50|title=Makna Tradisi Lamporan Bagi Masyarakat Desa Kunden di Kabupaten Blora|first=1. Mayasari, 2. Winda|date=2013|access-date=2026-06-02|website=repository.uksw.edu}}</ref> Lamporan dikenal minangka [[tradhisi]] arak-arakan ing wayah wengi kanthi nggawa obor utawa oncor. Cahya obor kasebut dadi pralambang pepadhang urip lan pangarep-arep supaya warga tansah pinaringan katentreman lan karaharjan. Suasana tradhisi iki katon luwih sakral lan mistis amarga dilaksanakake ing wayah wengi kanthi iringan tetabuhan tradhisional lan donga adat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pertapakendeng.com/2025/07/kecamatan-todanan-menggelar-tradisi.html|title=Kecamatan Todanan Menggelar Tradisi Lamporan Bulan Suro|date=2025-07-24|access-date=2026-06-02|website=www.pertapakendeng.com}}</ref> Salah sawijining paugeran sing isih dijaga nganti saiki yaiku kabeh lampu ing desa kudu dipateni nalika prosesi Lamporan lumaku. Tujuwane supaya cahya obor bisa sumunar kanthi cetha lan nambah rasa khidmat sajrone acara. Nalika kahanan desa peteng lan mung katerangan cahya obor, swasana Lamporan katon luwih magis lan nduweni makna kang jero. Cahya obor dipercaya minangka pralambang pepadhang kang bisa ngusir energi ala lan mara bebaya saka desa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/semarang/regional/1691861/lamporan-tradisi-rakyat-terus-menyala-di-tengah-zaman|title=Lamporan, Tradisi Rakyat Terus Menyala di Tengah Zaman|last=Purnamasari|first=Henny Rachmawati|date=2025-07-12|access-date=2026-06-02|website=rri.co.id}}</ref> == Mula Bukané == Miturut crita masyarakat setempat, tradhisi Lamporan Suran biyen tau suwé ora dianakake nganti meh ilang lan punah. Nanging amarga anane kepedulian para pegiat seni budaya lan para sesepuh desa, tradhisi iki bisa diuripake maneh kanthi tata cara sing luwih tertib tanpa ngilangake nilai sakral lan ciri khas tradhisine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloranews.com/pungkasan-suro-di-blora-tradisi-lamporan-kunden/|title=https://www.bloranews.com/pungkasan-suro-di-blora-tradisi-lamporan-kunden/|date=2016-10-28|access-date=2026-06-02|website=www.bloranews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808100652/https://www.bloranews.com/pungkasan-suro-di-blora-tradisi-lamporan-kunden/|archive-date=2024-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prosesi Lamporan biasane diawali kanthi donga bebarengan. Sawisé kuwi, para peserta miwiti nyunyuk lampor, yaiku mlaku ngubengi desa kanthi nggawa obor nganti tekan tengah wengi. Sajrone ngubengi desa, rombongan bakal mampir menyang omah-omah warga kanggo njupuk sesaji utawa persembahan sing wis disiapake, kayata jajanan tradhisional lan asil bumi. == Tokoh Kemamang == Ing jaman biyen, tradhisi iki uga dimeriahake kanthi anane tokoh Kemamang, yaiku wong sing awake dibuntel nganggo pelepah gedhang lan dipasangi mancung kang banjur disulut nganti metu bara geni. Tokoh Kemamang dipercaya nduweni makna minangka simbol tolak bala. Nanging kanggo dadi Kemamang ora kena sembarangan. Sajrone prosesi, Kemamang biasane dioyak bocah angon minangka pralambang ngusir bebaya saka [[Désa|desa.]] Saliyane minangka tradhisi spiritual, Lamporan uga dadi sarana ngukuhake kerukunan masyarakat. Tradhisi iki melu nglibatake kabeh lapisan masyarakat, wiwit bocah-bocah nganti wong tuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blorakab.com/budaya-blora-mengenal-tradisi-dan-kearifan-lokal-yang-masih-terjaga-hingga-kini/|title=Budaya Blora: Mengenal Tradisi dan Kearifan Lokal yang Masih Terjaga Hingga Kini|date=2025-11-10|access-date=2026-06-02|website=blorakab.com}}</ref> Kanthi lestarine tradhisi Lamporan, [[masyarakat]] ngarep-arep supaya warisan budaya leluhur iki bisa terus dijaga lan dikenal dening generasi mudha supaya ora ilang katelan perkembangan jaman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloranews.com/pungkasan-suro-di-blora-tradisi-lamporan-kunden/|title=PUNGKASAN SURO DI BLORA : TRADISI LAMPORAN KUNDEN {{!}} BLORANEWS|last=bloranews|date=2016-10-28|language=id|access-date=2026-05-13|website=www.bloranews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808100652/https://www.bloranews.com/pungkasan-suro-di-blora-tradisi-lamporan-kunden/|archive-date=2024-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujukan == 4kc13s1o1ubn6a4ppjutz2lq50v2n71 Dee Bradley Baker 0 200985 1759004 1758977 2026-10-20T23:54:47Z Meursault2004 3 + foto 1759004 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dee Bradley Baker by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|Dee Bradley Baker (2026)]] '''Dee Bradley Baker''' (lair 31 Agustus 1962) iku sawijining aktoe Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == gnn9smhlxdxa3yxo3ps9v5jjwapak7d 1759005 1759004 2026-10-20T23:55:46Z Meursault2004 3 typo 1759005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dee Bradley Baker by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|Dee Bradley Baker (2024)]] '''Dee Bradley Baker''' (lair 31 Agustus 1962) iku sawijining aktoe Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == qlde5mw4xewrwl6zmtau2e6sjwtt9kx