Bill Gates

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    <title>Bill Gates</title>
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'''William Henry''' &quot;'''Bill'''&quot; '''Gates III''' (ilul-d ass n 28 tuber 1955) d amdan n iweẓla ameqran amarikani, imsefti, ameskar d amuhak.{{Sfn |Manes|1994| p =11}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bill Gates (American computer programmer, businessman, and philanthropist)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226865/Bill-Gates|accessdate=20 meɣres 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deg useggas 1975, Gates akked [[Paul Allen]] azdisbedden [[Microsoft]], id yuɣalen d taṛmist n iseɣẓanen i [[aselkim|iselkimen]] tameqqrant ugaren tiyaḍ nniḍen deg umaḍal. Deg umecwaṛ ines ɣer Microsoft, Gates yeṭṭf-d tanarit n uselway, aselway anemhal amatu (CEO) d [[amasdag n iseɣẓanen|aɣella amasdag n iseɣẓanen]], daɣen d netta yesɛan aṭas tafulin ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen armi d mayyu 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN Tech&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bill Gates no longer Microsoft's biggest shareholder |url=http://money.cnn.com/2014/05/02/technology/gates-microsoft-stock-sale/ |publisher=CNN Money |accessdate=22 ɣuct 2014 |last1=Sheridan |first1=Patrick |date=2 mayyu 2014 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402005139/https://money.cnn.com/2014/05/02/technology/gates-microsoft-stock-sale/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Refn | group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; | Gates regularly documents his share ownership through public U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission [[form 4]] filings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = MSFT | url = http://www.nasdaq.com/asp/holdings.asp?symbol=MSFT&amp;selected=MSFT&amp;FormType=form4 | publisher = NASDAQ | type = Holdings | accessdate = 10 yebrir 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = MSFT | publisher = NASDAQ | type = Symbol | url = http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/msft | accessdate = 10 yebrir 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Gates has authored and co-authored several books.

Seg useggas 1987, Bill Gates yekcem deg [[The World's Billionaires|wumuɣ ''Forbes'' n imdanen inesbuɣar ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSN1748882920080917 |title= Bill Gates tops US wealth list 15 years continuously |first= Phil |last= Wahba |date= September 17, 2008 |accessdate= November 6, 2008 |agency= Reuters |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20120916/http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSN1748882920080917 |archivedate= September 16, 2012 |url-status= bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; daɣen d netta yella d amdan anesbaɣur ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen gar 1995 d 2007, daɣen tikkelt nniḍen deg useggwas 2009, daɣen seg 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{Citation | type = profile |  url = http://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates/ | title = William 'Bill' Gates | journal = Forbes | accessdate = December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gar 2009 d 2014, tabaɣurt ines t-ulli seg {{USD}}40&amp;nbsp;imelyaṛen ar ugar n {{USD}}82&amp;nbsp;imelyaṛen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The World's Billionaires|work=Forbes|url=http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/|accessdate=30 wamber 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gar 2013 d 2014, tabaɣurt ines terna s {{USD}}15&amp;nbsp;imelyaṛen.&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=57&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2012&amp;ey=2019&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=176&amp;s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNID_NGDP%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CTM_RPCH%2CTMG_RPCH%2CTX_RPCH%2CTXG_RPCH%2CLUR%2CLE%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGSB%2CGGSB_NPGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDN%2CGGXWDN_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title = Iceland|publisher = International Monetary Fund|accessdate = 1 tuber 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bill Gates ass-agi d anesbaɣur ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen deg umaḍal s tabaɣurt n US$90&amp;nbsp;imelyaṛen ar waggur n ɣuct 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-22/bill-gates-s-net-worth-hits-record-high-of-90-billion-chart|title= Bill Gates's Net Worth Hits $90 Billion: Chart |year=2016 |accessdate= 23 ɣuct 2016|agency=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bill Gates d yiwen aṛemmas n [[aselkim n wuxxam|tagrawla taselkimant]] ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen. Gates yeṭṭef-d aṭas n izaɣanen ɣef tataktit ines n iweẓla, ayen ttwalin medden am mgal anemsazwar, tannayt deg kra n tijṛa sseɣretentt aṭas izrafen n tinefra.{{Sfnm |1a1=Lesinski |1y=2006 |1p=96 |2a1=Manes |2y=1994 |2p=459}}  Ticki deg umecwaṛ ines, Gates yeḍfar aṭas n isenfaren imuhaken, yefka-d tallayt tameqrant n iṣurdiyen i aṭas n tuddsiwin n ṣeddeq akked ahilen ussnanen n unadi seg [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation|Tasbeddit n Bill &amp; Melinda Gates]], ttwassebd-d deg useggas 2000.

Gates ittixer leqdic ines n aselway anemhal amatu n Microsoft deg waggur yennayer 2000. Yeqqim d aselway, dɣa yesnulfa-d amahil n aɣella amasdag n iseɣẓanen i iman-is.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Gates steps down as Microsoft CEO|url = http://www.forbes.com/2000/01/13/mu7.html|website = Forbes|date = January 13, 2000|access-date = January 21, 2016|first = David|last = Einstein}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deg waggur n yunyu 2006, Gates yesseɣret ad iɛeddi seg wakud ummid di Microsoft ar wakud amuran, daɣen ad iɛeddi ar wakud ummid di Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Microsoft Chairman Gates to leave day-to-day role. – Jun. 16, 2006|url = http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/15/technology/microsoft_news/index.htm?iid=EL|website = money.cnn.com|access-date = January 21, 2016|archive-date = January 30, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130104313/http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/15/technology/microsoft_news/index.htm?iid=EL|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yessekki s ufesnan tiwura ines ar [[Ray Ozzie]] (aɣella amasdag n iseɣẓanen) d [[Craig Mundie]] (aɣella n unadi d tasuddest).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title = Bill Gates {{!}} Development of Information and Knowledge Management|url = http://www.tlu.ee/~sirvir/IKM/Development_of_IKM/bill_gates.html|website = www.tlu.ee|access-date = January 21, 2016|archive-date = January 26, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126074023/http://www.tlu.ee/~sirvir/IKM/Development_of_IKM/bill_gates.html|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ozzie later left the company. Gates's last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Yettixer leqdic ines n aselway n Microsoft, deg waggur furar 2014, yeṭṭfed amahil amaynu n asemtar n tisnetwilin iwakken ad yedhel CEO amaynu [[Satya Nadella]].

== Tizmilin ==
{{Reflist | group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;}}

== Tiwelhiwin ==

===Tibdar===
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    <title>Soumâa</title>
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'''Soumâa''' (s [[Tafrensist|tefrensist]] : ''Tala Oufella''), d [[taddart]] ger tudrin n [[Tamurt n Iqbayliyen|Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen]], d tin i d-yezgan 3 n ikilumitren ar usamar n [[Tizi n At Ɛica]] ([[Tawilayt n Bumerdas]]). Angal n tnazzant-ines (''Code Postal'') 35005.&lt;ref&gt;http://wikimapia.org/31120095&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/52694 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124175908/https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/52694 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/291813 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2022-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413150149/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/291813 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/21412 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2022-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413150621/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/21412 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amdan==
* {{ill|Ciria|fr|Cyria}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/366751 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423104046/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/366751 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{ill|Dius|fr|Dius (chef maure)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/118667 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423102555/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/118667 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Firmus]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/468452 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423223853/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/468452 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ǧildun]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/1516999 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424011931/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/1516999 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{ill|Mascezel|en}}&lt;ref&gt;https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/483&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{ill|Mazuca|fr}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/388042 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424010407/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/388042 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Nubil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/383126 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422133622/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/383126 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tageldunt Kirya]]
* {{ill|Zammac|fr}}

== Ayen i d-yezzin i Taddart n Soumâa: ==
{{commons|Category:Soumâa}}
{{Tuddar tinaragin
|élision     = n
|Taddart     = Soumâa
|Agafa       = [[Tizi n At Ɛica]]
|Agafa-Agmuḍ = [[Ssi Mesṭafa]]
|Agmuḍ       = [[Yesser (taɣiwant)|Yesser]]
|Anẓul-Agmuḍ = [[Suq Lḥedd]]
|Anẓul       = [[At Ɛemran]]
|Anẓul-Amalu = [[At Ɛemran]]
|Amalu       = [[Tijellabin]]
|Agafa-Amalu = [[Tijellabin]]
}}

== Timselɣa ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Zeṛ daɣen ==

[[Category:Tuddar]]
[[Category:Tizi n At Ɛica]]
[[Taggayt:Tamurt n Iqbayliyen]]
[[Taggayt:Lezzayer]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shahnez Boushaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Shahnez Boushaki''', ilul ass 22 Tuber 1985 di [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|tamanaɣt Lezzayer]], yebda yetturar di basketball uḍar asmi yella 11 iseggasen di imezzyanen n [[Lmuludeyya n Lezzayer]] (MCA), almi yewwi-d 20 iseggasen iruḥ ad iɣar di [[Lezzayer]] Groupement Sportif des Petroliers (GSP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shahnez BOUSHAKI at the Afrobasket Women 2015|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/afrobasketwomen/2015/player/Shahnez-Boushaki|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Fiba.basketball|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shahnez Boushaki|url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/60a075a6-69cd-4eb8-8436-e3fc920b3ae2|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Play.fiba3x3.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q//pid/95216/_//players.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/179295|title=BASKET-BALL : COUPE D'ALGERIE SENIORS DAMES|website=Djazairess.com|access-date=February 20, 2022|archive-date=February 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091721/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/179295|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/109326|title=Le GSP premier qualifié pour les demies|website=Djazairess.com|access-date=February 20, 2022|archive-date=February 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217092258/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/109326|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aslaɣmay==
* [[2002|2002-2010]] : {{ALG-d}} [[Lmuludeyya n Lezzayer]] (MCA)
* [[2010|2010-2018]] : {{ALG-d}} [[Groupement Sportif des Petroliers]] (GSP)

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{refs}}

[[Taggayt:Addal|Shahnez Boushaki]]
[[Taggayt:Anaddal|Shahnez Boushaki]]
[[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Shahnez Boushaki]]</text>
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  <page>
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'''Lqelɛa n At Ɛebbas''' neɣ '''lqelɛa''', d [[taddart]] n tɣiwant n [[Iɣil Ɛli]] ([[Tawilayt n Bgayet]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/56824 Commémoration de la mort de El Mokrani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221161411/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/56824 |date=2022-12-21 }}, deg ''liberte-algerie.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;, d [[tamdint]] taqburt, d tamanaɣt n [[Tagelda n At Ɛebbas]] seg lqern wis 16&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} BOUMOULA NABIL, ''La kalaa des Beni Abbès en Algérie, Un royaume au Cœur de la kabylie (Bejaia)'', enseignant chercheur à l’université de M’sila Algérie, accueilli par le laboratoire IHMC de l’université de paris 1 panthéons Sorbonne, ([https://ihmc.ens.psl.eu/IMG/pdf/la-kalaa-des-beni-abbes-en-algerie.pdf taɣuṛi] '''[pdf]'''), tawṛiqt wis 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. ed tamanaɣt daɣen n lɛerc n [[At Ɛebbas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Fr}} M.O.Mac-Carthey, ''Revue de l'orient et de l'Algerie, recueil consacre a la discussion des interets de tous les etats orientaux et des colonies francaises de l'Afrique, de l'Inde et de l'Occanie'', Volume 1, Just Rouvier, 1847, ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=CtBWAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false taɣuṛi]), tawṛiqt wis 433.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tarakalt ==
Lqelɛa n At Ɛebbas tezga-d deg [[Idurar n Tiggura|yidurar n Tiggura]], i ɣezzif s ahat 1200 n lmitrat&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/03/19/a-kalaa-memoire-vive-de-l-algerie_1669392_3212.html A Kalaa, mémoire vive de l'Algérie], deg ''lemonde.fr''.&lt;/ref&gt;, deg wazal n 66 ikilumitren ɣer anẓul-umalu n [[Bgayet]], 78 ikilumitren ɣer agafa-umalu n [[Sṭif]], ed 140 ikilumitren ɣer anẓul-usamar n [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Ismal imazrayen ==
Deg 2010, izadaɣen n Lqelɛa n At Ɛebbas kecmen ɣer wumuɣ n Tigemmi taɣelnawt n [[Lezzayer]] : lǧameɛ n Sselṭan Ḥmed (Usaḥnun), lǧameɛ ameqqran, Nadi Ḍubaṭ (axxam n lmeqqrani), Aɣerbaz n [[Tiddukla n imassanen inselmen izzayriyen]] ed Luḍa lɛali&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/76163 La Kalaâ des Beni Abbas classée patrimoine national] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221161412/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/76163 |date=2022-12-21 }}, deg ''lexpression.dz''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deg [[27 yulyu]] [[2015]],  Lqelɛa n At Ɛebbas ad d-tuɣal d aḥric aɣelnaw i iḥerzen, akken ad ḥerzen azalen-is [[Amezruy|imazrayen]], idelsanen ed [[Tasegda|yisegdanen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [http://cnra.dz/atlas/secteur-sauvegarde-qalaa-des-beni-abbas/ Secteur Sauvegardé “Qalaa des Beni Abbas”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221161406/http://cnra.dz/atlas/secteur-sauvegarde-qalaa-des-beni-abbas/ |date=2022-12-21 }}, deg ''cnra.dz''.&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100&quot;&gt;
Tugna:1 - Kalâ Beni Abbès Vue générale du mausolée.jpg|Lǧameɛ n Sselṭan Ḥmed.
Tugna:Mausolée du sultan Ahmed, Kalaa des Ath Abbas, Bejaia. 2.jpg|Lǧameɛ n Sselṭan Ḥmed ɣer daxel.
Tugna:6 - Kalâ Beni Abbès Façade principale de la mosquée.jpg|Lǧameɛ ameqqran.
Tugna:8 - Kalâ Beni Abbès Le tombeau de Hadj Mohamed El Mokrani.jpg|Aẓekka n [[Muḥend At-Meqqran|Ccix Lmuqqrani]].
Tugna:7 - Kalâ Beni Abbès Le minaret circulaire.jpg|Tṣumɛa n lǧameɛ ameqqran.
Tugna:11 - Kalâ Beni Abbès Thagurt El Bordj (littéralement « porte de la citadelle »).jpg|Tagurt n Lberǧ.
Tugna:13 - Kalâ Beni Abbès Façade principale.jpg|Aɣerbaz (Madersa) n [[Tiddukla n imassanen inselmen izzayriyen|yimassanen inselmen]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tizmilin ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Tuddar]]
[[Category: Iɣil Aɛli]]
[[Category: Tamdint]]</text>
      <sha1>3co92nh4bmp5cot7ygqxdh07wvylrk1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tigzi Taragmawant</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116484</id>
      <parentid>116425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:13:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
      <origin>116484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18404" sha1="ebdo76hvtznuvjd18wbglof081afcpj" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Neural network.svg|vignette|358x358px|Amedya n uẓeṭṭa n iṛununen yesɛan sin n iṛununen n unekcum (s yini adal), yiwet n tissi « tuffirt » n iṛununen (s uzegzaw) d yiwen n iṛununen n tuffɣa (s uwraɣ).]]
Tigzi taragmawant neɣ Tigzi n tmacint (IA) d aḥric agejdan deg '''tsenselkimt''' i yessegzayen amek ara nefk i tmacinin neɣ i '''yiselkimen''' tazmert akken ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yesran tigzi n umdan. Gar tiwuriwin-a, nezmer ad nebder: almad, asissen n wawal d tutlayin, tuffɣa n tigtiwin (tifrat) i wuguren deg yal aḥric, akked tmuɣli d usekfel n tugniwin.

== Tigzi Taragmawant (IA): Amezruy, Tiwuriwin d Yinalkamen deg Yimal ==

=== Amezruy d Temhazt ===
Xas akken asugen n tmacinin i yesɛan tazmert n tidmi yella-d zik deg tsekla, aḥric-a n tussna ibedd s wudem unṣib deg yiseggasen n 1950. S tmuɣli ɣer umezruy n tiktut-a, nezmer ad t-nebḍu ɣef kraḍ(tlata) talliyin:

* '''Tallit n usugen:''' Deg yiseggasen imenza, imusnawen llan ssexdamen iwarzimen isehlen iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n usegzi(ufeham). Tallit-a tebda-d mi d-yebda wemdan yettxemmim amek ara yessers tiḥerci d tegzi-ines deg tmacint. Nezmer ad nebḍu tallit-a ɣef kra n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin: 

# '''Alan Turing d Ukayad-is (1950):''' Send ad d-iban yisem n &quot;Tigzi Taragmawant&quot;, amusnaw n tusnakt d tsenselkimt Alan Turing yessers-d yiwen n usteqsi agejdan: ''&quot;Tzemmer tmacint ad txemmem?&quot;''. Iwakken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi-a, yesnulfa-d ayen umi ssawalen &quot;Akayad n Turing&quot; (Test de Turing). Iswi n ukayad-a d asekfel ma yezmer uselkim ad yurar d umdan s wudem ara yeǧǧen amdan ur yefhim ara ma yettmeslay d tmacint neɣ d amdan nniḍen.
# '''Agraw n Dartmouth (1956) - Anekcum unṣib:''' D agraw-a i d-yessentun aḥric-a s wudem unṣib. Imusnawen imeqqranen am John McCarthy d Marvin Minsky jemɛen-d akken ad sbedden tasekniremt (terminologie) n tussna-ya tamaynut. D John McCarthy i d-yesnulfan irem-a n '''&quot;Tigzi Taragmawant&quot;''' i tikkelt tamezwarut.
# '''Iwarzimen imenza d usegzi:''' Deg yiseggasen-a imenza, imusnawen llan sxeddamen '''iwarzimen''' imenza, yeshel usenked-nsen, iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n '''usegzi'''. Ssexdamen-ten iwakken ad ferun tigda tifelsafiyin, ad uraren ccetranǧ, neɣ ad d-suddmen taywalt taḥerfit, am wahil &quot;ELIZA&quot; i d-yettarran awal i yimdanen am wakken d amsujji asnafsan.
# '''Tilisa d &quot;Tagrest n Tegzi&quot;:''' Asugen n yimusnawen n tallit-nni yella meqqer aṭas; llan ttɣilen s ssehala ara d-snulfun timacinin i yesɛan tigzi yettcabin ɣer tin n umdan. Maca, mmlalen-d d tlisa n yimir-nni: iselkimen ur sɛin ara '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan, yernu ulac isefka isemmaden iwakken ad yili wemhaz. Ayagi yewwi-d ɣer tnaqṣit n wallalen d tedrimt i usnerni n unadi-a, d ayen i d-yeglan s tallit n tnezzut i wumi ssawalen &quot;Anegres n Tegzi Taragmawant&quot;.

S umata, tallit-a n usugen d akud n wuguren lqayen d iswa imeqqranen. Xas akken tella-d deqs n tmuɣli i wuguren n tegzi, d tallit-a i d-yeṣṣawen abrid i tneflit i d-itebɛen mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen deg yiseggasen i d-idefren.
* '''Tallit n Tezmert n Usiḍen (Iseggasen n 1980 - 2000): Asaki d Tneflit n Yiselkimen:''' Mi banen iselkimen yelhan d '''teẓwert''' n usiḍen tameqqrant, tennerna tegzi taragmawant s waṭas.
Deffir tallit-nni n tegrest n tegzi, ibda-d usirem amaynut deg yiseggasen n 80. Ayen i d-yewwin abeddel-a mačči kan d tiktiwin timaynutin deg tsenselkimt, maca d '''angaw''' s timmad-is i yenneflan yernu yeffeɣ-d seg tlisa-ines timezwura.

Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a:

# '''Asnerni n Teẓwert n Usiḍen:''' Iselkimen uɣalen ǧehden yernu rxeṣen (ṣṣawḍen ɣer yixxamen d tkebbaniyin). Itebɛ-d ayagi &quot;Asaḍuf n Moore&quot;, i d-yeqqaren d akken tazmert n yiselkimen tettnerni s waṭas yal sdis d mraw (18) n wayyuren. Ayagi yefka-d afud ameqqran i yimussnawen iwakken ad sseddun '''iwarzimen''' ixnazen i wumi ur zmiren ara zik.
# '''Inagrawen Imussnawen :''' Deg umkan ad nexdem timacinin yesɛan tigzi tamatut am wemdan, imusnawen bdan xeddmen ihallen uzzigen deg yiwen kan n uḥric. Amedya: aḥric n tujjya neɣ n takrura. Fkan-as i tmacint isuḍaf d tmussni lqayen n yimsujjiyen d yimussnawen, dɣa tuɣal tezmer ad d-tefk tifrat i waṭṭanen neɣ i wuguren icudden ɣer taɣult-nni.
# '''Tuɣalin n Yiẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tikti n yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen tella-d zik (deg tallit n usugen), maca llan ḥebsen imi ulac '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan iwakken ad ten-sseddun. Deg yiseggasen n 80 d 90, mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen, bdan ssexdamen tarrayin timaynutin n walmad, dɣa bdan yiẓeḍwa-ya ttarran-d igemmaḍ yelhan, ladɣa deg usekfel n yisekkilen (OCR) am usenqed n tebṛatin n lbusṭa.
# '''Anekcum s Annar n Turart (Deep Blue - 1997):''' Yiwen seg yineḍruyen imeqqranen d imezruyanen n tallit-a d mi tezmer tmacint n IBM umi ssawalen &quot;Deep Blue&quot; ad ternu alɣuɣ n umaḍal deg turart n ccetranǧ, Garry Kasparov. Tamsudemt-a ur telmid ara weḥd-s, maca tesseqdec '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tameqqrant iwakken ad tessenqad d imelyan n tuddsa deg yiwet n tasint. Ayagi yessebgen-d d akken tmacint tezmer ad teɣleb amdan deg tsertit n uswir aɛlayan.

'''S umata:''' Tallit-a mačči d tin i d-yewwin almad aselkiman s wudem-is atrar, maca d tin i d-yessersen azadur(llsas) n wangaw d wuzzal i tallit i d-itebɛen. Imi tesnerna tmacint deg '''tezmert n usiḍen''', teẓẓel abrid iwakken tigzi taragmawant ad tessemres ayen i d-yusan deffir-s: ''Isefka Imeqqranen (Big Data).''
* '''Tallit Tatrart (Seg 2010 ar ass-a): Isefka Imeqqranen d Walmad Lqayen:''' Deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, s tilin n yisefka imeqqranen (données massive / Big Data) akked wesnulfu n iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen, tuɣal tegzi taragmawant tezmer ad telmed weḥd-s ('''Almad Aselkiman''' neɣ ''Machine Learning'').
Tallit-a tbedd ɣef sin n yigejdan imeqqranen i d-yemlalen deg yiwen n wakud: asnerni ageɛmir n yisefka akked tezmert n usiḍen n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU) i d-yefkan afud meqqren i yiselkimen.

Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a:

# '''Aṭuqqet n Yisefka (Big Data):''' S tneflit n internet, isilkimen n ufus, d yiẓeḍwa inmettiyen, imdanen bdan ssefrakawen isefka s wamḍan ur nesɛi tilisa yal ass. Isefka-ya imeqqranen uɣalen d aseṛɣu i tmacinin iwakken ad lemden s wudem ifazen.
# '''Almad Lqayen (Deep Learning):''' Imi tura tella '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' akked yisefka imeqqranen, imusnawen rran-d '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' s wudem lqayen (s waṭas n tissiwin). Tarrayt-a n walmad aselkiman tewwi-d igemmaḍ igerrzen aṭas, ladɣa deg usekfel n tugniwin d usegzi n tutlayt tagamant.
# '''Tigzi Taragmawant Tasarawt:''' D aḥric amaynut i d-yufraren s waṭas deg yiseggasen-a ineggura. S useqdec n tmudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt (LLM), tigzi taragmawant tuɣal d '''asaraw''' n uḍris, n tugniwin, d tengalt. Tezmer ula ad '''tserwes''' taywalt akked wemdan s wudem yessewhamen.
# '''Uguren n Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Tmililɣi:''' S usemres ameqqran n yisefka udmawanen i walmad n tmudmin-a, yekker-d wugur ameqqran ɣef wamek ara nḥader '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' n yimdanen, akked wamek ara nessileɣ '''iwarzimen''' war miḥyaf neɣ asɣel.

'''S umata:''' Tallit tatrart d asurif ameqqran anda tigzi taragmawant teffeɣ-d seg yinadiyen n tesdawiyin ɣer tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. Tebna ɣef '''uzadur''' n wangaw ǧehden d tuddsa n yisefka imeqqranen, yernu la tessewjaday abrid ɣer yimal anda tmacint ad tezmer ad txeddem tiwuriwin ugar.

=== Amek i tteddu Tegzi Taragmawant? ===
Akken ad telḥu tamsudemt n tegzi taragmawant, tesra kraḍ n tgejditin:

==== &lt;u&gt;Isefka: Aseṛɣu n Tegzi Taragmawant&lt;/u&gt; ====
Akken tkerrust tesra i '''useṛɣu''' iwakken ad telḥu, Tigzi Taragmawant tesra i yisefka iwakken ad telmed yernu ad tmahel. S war isefka, '''iwarzimen''' d tmacinin ur zmiren ad xedmen acemma. Nezmer ad nebḍu tamiḍrant n yisefka ɣef kṛaḍ n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin:

* '''Tiwsitin n Yisefka:''' Isefka ur llin ara d yiwet n tewsit. Zemren ad ilin d iḍrisen, tugniwin, imesla, inawen n tvidyut, neɣ Tifelwiyin ččurent d izwilen. D isefka-ya i d aselmad amezwaru i '''yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen'''.
* '''Taɣara Uqbel''' '''Ddeqs:''' Xas akken tigzi taragmawant tebna ɣef yisefka imeqqranen (Big Data), maca taɣara n yisefka-ya d nettat i d '''azadur'''. Ma nsečč i tmacint isefka ixuṣṣen, yesɛan tuccḍiwin neɣ igebren yiwen wudem n usɣel kan, igemmaḍ-is ad ilin ur gerrzen ara. Yella yiwen n wawal agejdan deg tsenselkimt yeqqaren: &quot;Ayen n dir i tessekcmeḍ, d ayen n dir ara d-yeffɣen&quot; (Garbage in, Garbage out).
* '''Asizdeg d Uceṛṛeḍ:''' Uqbel ad nessiweḍ isefka ɣer tmacint, yessefk ad ttwasizdgen. Imassanen n yisefka ssufuɣen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad kksen tucḍiwin yernu ad ssegmen tuddsa. Tikkwal, isefka sran ad ttwačerḍen. Amedya, ma nebɣa ad neslmed tmacint ad tɛeqqel &quot;aɣyul&quot; deg tugniwin, ilaq ad as-nefk aṭas n tugniwin yettwačerḍen s yisem n uɣyul akken ad tizmirt ad d-tefk '''asaraw''' iwatan neɣ ad '''tserwes''' ayen i d-twala.
* '''Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Wamdan:''' Imi amur ameqqran n yisefka-ya ttusdukkulen-d seg yimdanen (internet, inagrawen inmettiyen...), amesten n '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' yettuɣal d asurif agejdan. Tura, tuɣal-d d taḍullit iwakken ad nessileɣ iwarzimen s yisefka war ma nessedra lbaḍna neɣ izarfen n wemdan.

==== &lt;u&gt;Iwarzimen: Amutur n Tegzi Taragmawant&lt;/u&gt; ====
Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu i d-yettfakkan fad i tmacint, '''iwarzimen''' d amutur neɣ d allaɣ iselkiman i iseddayen aseṛɣu-nni. War iwarzimen ifazen, isefka d aṭemmu kan ur nesɛi anamek. Nezmer ad nebḍu amahil n yiwarzimen-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin:

* '''Iẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tasegda n yiwarzimen-a tewwi-d asugen-is seg wallaɣ n wemdan. Tcuddu iṛununen iragmawanen deg waṭas n tissiwin. Ayen i d-ikeccmen (isefka) ad iɛeddi seg tissi ɣer tayeḍ, yal yiwet tessalay aswir n tegzi akken ad d-yeffeɣ d '''asaraw''' yeddzen yernu yeffeɣ-d akken iwulam.
* '''Almad d Uṣeggem:''' Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant ur ttwasettfen ara s yisuḍaf udmisen. Ttalmaden s uɛiwed d termit. Yal tikelt mi ara ɛerḍen ad d-fken agmuḍ, ssemsawayen taẓayt/iɣewwaṛen-nsen akken ad sneqsen tuccḍiwin zdat n yisefka n walmad. D anect-a i ten-yettarran d imassanen s wakud.
* '''Timudmin Timeqqranin n Tutlayt (LLM):''' Iwarzimen-a uzzigen ttwaxedmen s tseddi iwakken ad gzun yernu ad d-fken '''isemliyen''' d yiḍrisen. Ssexdamen aṭas n tmusniwin icudden ɣer tsenselkimt d tseqqart iwakken ad d-ẓren d acu n wawal i yessefk ad d-itebɛen wayeḍ s wudem amseɣtu yernu iwulman.
* '''Asaraw n Umaynut:''' Ayen i d-yessufɣen iwarzimen imaynuten n tegzi taragmawant ɣer tafat, d tizemert-nsen ad d-snulfun ayen ur nelli ara yakan. Mgal iwarzimen iqburen i d-yettaran ɣef tseqsiyin s wayen yellan kan, wigi ssexdamen ayen lemden iwakken ad d-fken tugniwin timaynutin, iḍrisen isnulfuyen, neɣ ula d '''isemliyen''' n tengalt tamaynut.

==== &lt;u&gt;Taẓwert n Usiḍen: Azadur Afekkan n Tegzi Taragmawant&lt;/u&gt; ====
Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu, iwarzimen d amutur, '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' d tazmert tafekkant neɣ d lǧehd n tkerrust ara iseddun anect-a akk s urured. War iselkimen iǧehden, almad n tmacint ɣef yisefka imeqqranen ad yaṭṭaf iseggasen deg umkan n kra n wussan. Nezmer ad nsegzi azadur-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a:

* '''Tikaṛdiwin n Udlif (GPU) d''' '''Aferdisen Usefser Uzzigen:''' Zik, iselkimen llan ssexdamen kan iferdisen igejdanen (CPU) i leḥsab. Maca, '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' sran aṭas n leḥsab(asiḍen) fessusen deg yiwet n tasint. D ɣef aya i d-yennulfa useqdec n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU), imi zemrent ad xedment '''asiḍen amsadaɣ''' s wudem ifazen. Tura, llant ula d tikarḍiwin i yettwaxedmen i useḍen n tferkiwin tusnakin i tegzi taragmawant (am TPUs).
* '''Asiḍen deg Usigna :''' Mačči yal amdan neɣ takebbanit ay izemren ad d-sɣen iselkimen-a imeqqranen iɣlayen aṭas. S tsenselkimt n usigna, imusnawen zmiren ad krun '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' sɣur tkebbaniyin timeqqranin s wudem anmeggag. Ayagi yerra almad n tmudmin timeqqranin yezmer ad yili sɣur wakk inadiyen war ma sran ad bnun ammas n yisefka-nsen.
* '''Arured d Tmellilt:''' Taẓwert-a tatrart tessider akud n walmad s waṭas. Ayen yellan yettakk-d agguren zik, tura yezmer ad yettwaxdem deg kra n isragen neɣ wussan. D arured-a i yeǧǧan tigzi taragmawant ad d-teffeɣ seg tezrawin n tesdawiyin ɣer usnas amatu deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass.
* '''Ugur n Tezmert d Tewnaḍt:''' Tisnulfa-ya sɛant azal ɣlayen mačči kan deg yidrimen, maca ula deg twennaḍt. Aseddu n wammasen n yisefka yettett aṭas n trisiti yernu yessufuɣ-d aṭas n teẓɣelt. Imi '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tettnerni, ugur n wamek ara nḥader tawnaḍt yettuɣal d asurif ameqqran i yimal n tsenselkimt.

=== Tadawsa d Tujjya: Tigzi Taragmawant deg Uḥader n Tudert ===
Asnas n tegzi taragmawant deg yiger n tujjya yettak-d asirem ameqqran iwakken ad nsellek tudert n yimdanen, ad nsider lehlakat, yernu ad nesnerni taɣara n usejji. Nezmer ad nebḍu iseqdacen-a tigejdanin ɣef tneqqiḍin-a:

* '''Asnulfu n Yisafaren Imaynuten:''' Zik, asufeɣ n usafar (ddwa) amaynut yettaṭṭaf iseggasen d yimelyaren n dulaṛ. Tura, iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant zmiren ad srewsen yernu ad d-snulfun timsuka n tmulekulin timaynutin deg kra n wussan kan. Ayagi yessifsus abrid iwakken ad d-afen isafaren i waṭṭanen iweɛṛen, am kra n twsitin n lkunsir neɣ aṭṭanen imnugaren.
* '''Tasleḍt n Tugniwin n Tujjya:''' Tigzi taragmawant tessaweḍ ɣer yiwen n uswir aɛlayan deg tɣuri n tugniwin am usanew (X-ray) akked (IRM). Tezmer ad d-tefk tallalt i yimejjayen iwakken ad d-afen tucḍiwin neɣ ticnufin n waṭṭanen deg tseddarin timenza uqbel ad ibin ɣef wemdan, s tseddi ur nezmir ad nessiweḍ s tiṭ n wemdan kan.
* '''Tujjya s Wudem Udmawan:''' S tesleḍt n yisefka idawsanen akked uzray n waṭṭan n yal amuḍin, timudmin n tegzi taragmawant zmirent ad d-sumrent asafar d usejji iwulmen i yal amdan weḥd-s. Imi yal tafekka temxallaf ɣef tayeḍ, tarrayt-a tettkkes amur ameqqran n wuguren i d-yettasen mi ara fken yiwen n ddwa i medden akk.
* '''Aseddu n Tedbelt d Yisemliyen n Yimuḍan:''' Allalen-a ssefsusen taɛkumt ɣef yimejjayen d yinfirmiyen. Zmiren ad kksen agzul n wammuden imeqqranen n '''yisemliyen''' idawsanen, ad d-arun ineqqisen s wudem awurman, d usegzi n twassna s tɣawla, ayen yeǧǧan amejjay ad iserf akud-is ugar ɣef uqabel n wamuḍin deg umkan n tira.

=== Tadamsa d Usefti: Tigzi Taragmawant deg Unnar n Tedrimt ===
Asnas n tegzi taragmawant deg yiger n tdamsa yessaweḍ ad ibeddel wamek i tteddun wulzuzen d wamek i sseftayen yimdanen idrimen-nsen. S tesleḍt n wammuden imeqqranen n yisefka idamsanen, tmacinin tura ttixḍirent, sseddawent asiḍen(leḥsabata), yernu ttɛawanent timetti ad tawi rray iseggmen. Nezmer ad nebḍu amahil-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin:

* '''Tasleḍt n Wulzuz d Usefti Awurman:''' Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant zmiren ad ssiḍnen inembaḍen d wayen i d-yettḍerrun deg wulzuz n tedrimt s urured ur nezmir ad nettwassen sɣur wemdan. Ttmuqulen ɣer yisefka n zik d wid n tura iwakken ad d-fken rray ɣef tiɣin neɣ azenzi n tigawin deg kra n tasinin, ayen i d-yettarran aṭas n lfayda i tkebbaniyin.
* '''Tawassna n Yimihiten Idamsanen:''' S useqdec n '''tawassna''' talqayant ɣef waddad n tedrimt n tkebbaniyin neɣ n yimdanen, tigzi taragmawant tettɛawan lbankat ad ẓrent ma yella umihi deg uzzuzer n ureṭṭal. Tettwali akk '''isemliyen''' icudden ɣer umdan neɣ takebbanit akken ad d-tefk agmuḍ yeddzen ɣef tezmert-is n tririt n udrim.
* '''Amesten mgal Tuffra d Tukerḍa:''' Inagrawen iragmawanen ttafaren yal tanigawt i d-yettilin deg usigna neɣ deg yiẓeḍwa n lbankat. Ma walan kra n umussu ur nelli ara d amagnu neɣ yeffeɣ i lɛadda, d nutni i d-yettceggiɛen alɣu s tɣawla iwakken ad ḥebsen tuffra uqbel ad teḍru. Ayagi isider aṭas n lexṣara i yimsedduyen.
* '''Asewjed n Tsertit''' '''ittcaren:''' S tesleḍt s wudem ittcaren, timudmin timeqqranin llant d wallal agejdan i tkebbaniyin iwakken ad sɣiwesent imal-nsent. Zmirent ad d-ɣrent amek ara tili tnezzut, ad d-heggint ayen ara yeḥwiǧ wulzuz, yernu ad sneqsent seg yiseɣwan ur nesɛi azal.

=== Asegmi d Tutlayt: Tigzi Taragmawant i Usnerni n Tmusni d Yidles ===
Asnas n tegzi taragmawant deg yiger n usegmi d tutlayt yettbeddil s wudem lqayen amek i nesselmad, amek i nlemmed, d wamek i nettḥadar ɣef tgemmi-nneɣ tamutlayt d yedles. Nezmer ad nebḍu iseqdacen-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin:

* '''Almad udmawan d tallelt i yinelmaden:''' Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant zmiren ad srewsen addad d tikli n yal anelmad iwakken ad as-d-fken '''isemliyen''' aselmadanen d temsirin iwulmen aswir-is. Tettɛawan diɣ deg usisef n yiseqsiyen d usegzi n tmiḍranin tiweɛṛanin s tallelt n yimsawalen imusnawen (chatbots) i yettilin gar yifassen n unelmad amzun d aselmad yellan yid-s yal taswiɛt.
* '''Tasuqilt n tutlayin d usideg atiknuluji:''' Tigzi taragmawant tessaweḍ ɣer yiswiren ɛlayen deg tsuqilt tawurmant gar tutlayin. Uggar n waya, tuɣal d allal agejdan i uḥader d usnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin am teqbaylit. S yisenfaren am usnulfu n yifecka n uɛeqqel n yisekkilen (OCR) iwakken ad nessiweḍ ad nsekcem iḍrisen iqburen ɣer tmacint, d usemsasa n tamiwin n yiseɣzanen, tutlayt tkeččem s telqayt deg wamaḍal atrar yernu tessekcam awalen d yirman imaynuten deg tsenselkimt.
* '''Asaraw n ugbur d tmusni tilellit:''' Timudmin Timeqqranin n Tutlayt (LLM) ttɛawanent aṭas deg tira n yimagraden n tmusni deg tɣeṛɣaṛ yimagraden am Wikipedia, ayen yesnernayen s urured amḍan n yisemliyen yettwarun s tutlayt tayemmatt. Tigzi-ya tezmer ad d-tesnulfu iḍrisen, irimawen n ukayad, d yigzulan iwakken ad tifsus tɣuri ɣef yimdanen.
* '''Anekcum ɣer tmusni i wakk imdanen:''' S wallalen n tririt n uḍris d imesli (text-to-speech) d tririt n wayen yettwanṭaqen d tira (speech-to-text), tigzi taragmawant tettelli tiwwura n usegmi i yimdanen yesɛan aɛewwiq deg tẓiri neɣ deg tmeẓẓuɣt, neɣ wid ur nessin ara ad ɣren d wamek ara arun, s wakka talmudt ad tili i yal amdan war ma nḥeggar yiwen.</text>
      <sha1>ebdo76hvtznuvjd18wbglof081afcpj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atiliskup James Webb</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116488</id>
      <parentid>116483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T20:38:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116488</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6071" sha1="fqkgsua5csk63y809yr8fr36jfipvbs" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:JWST spacecraft model 3.png|vignette|Tugna tumḍint tummidt n utiliskup James Webb yettwaḍleq deg tallunt.]]
Atiliskup James Webb (s teglizit: James Webb Space Telescope - JWST) d yiwen n wallal n tussna ameqqran akk i d-yettwaxedmen i tmuɣli d unadi deg tallunt. Yettwaḍleq deg 25 Dujember 2021. D asenfar i d-xedmen lwaḥid Tuddsa Tamirikanit n Tallunt (NASA), Tuddsa n Tallunt n Turuft (ESA), akked Tuddsa n Tallunt n Kanada (CSA).

== Iswiyen-is igejdanen: ==

=== '''Amezruy n umeɣraḍ:''' ===
Atiliskup James Webb yettwaqeddec iwakken ad yili am tmacint n wakud i yettarran imassanen ɣer yizri lqayen n umeɣraḍ-nneɣ. Imi tafat tettawi akud iwakken ad d-taweḍ ɣur-nneɣ seg yimukan ibeɛden, ayen i nettwali ass-a deg tallunt d ayen yeḍran zik. Ɣef waya, ma nmuqel ɣer yimukan yebɛeden ugar, nettwali tugniwin tiqburin n umeɣraḍ, ayen yettaǧǧan atiliskup-a ad iẓer tikkelt tamenzut i d-nnulfan yitran d yimazellawen kra n lweqt kan deffir n &quot;Big Bang&quot;.

Ayen i t-yettajjan ad yessewti iswi-ya d tamusni-ines deg tmuɣli s teẓririyt n uzeggaɣ-adda. Imi ameɣraḍ-nneɣ yettimɣur yerna yettkemmil deg uwsay-is, tafat i d-yeffɣen seg yimazellawen imenza akk deg umezruy tetteɣzif teɣzi n temdeswalin-is am &quot;kawiču&quot; akken tettaweḍ-d ɣur-nneɣ, almi tkeččem srid deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda. Atiliskup James Webb yewjed s wallalen ussnanen ilqayen iwakken ad d-yeṭṭef tafat-a tabadut i ur yezmir ara ad tt-iwali wallen n wemdan neɣ yitiliskupen n tmuɣli tagnawt (am uqbur-nni Hubble).

S usnirem-a, atiliskup James Webb yettnadi ad yefhem tamhazt n umeɣraḍ seg wussan-is imezwura. Yebɣa ad d-iwali amek i d-yennulfa uɣebbar d lgaz deg tallunt i d-yefkan iferdisen imenza, d wamek i ttnejmaɛen yiferdisen-a s tezmert n '''Taẓeyt'''(neɣ n teldayt) iwakken ad d-fken imazellawen yemgaraden i nettwali ass-a. Akka, allal-a isewseɛ tamusni-nneɣ, yettarra-d ɣef yisteqsiyen lqayen i yesseɣbalen talsawt ɣef dduḥ n wamaḍal, yerna yettak-aɣ-d tagnit ad negzu amek i d-bennun yimtiwgen i izemren ad awin tudert.

=== Asnirem n yimtiwgen: ===
Atiliskup-a ur yettnadi ara kan ɣef yimazellawen i d-yennulfan zik yebɛeden aṭas, maca yerra daɣen lwelha-s s telqayt ɣer yimtiwgen imaynuten i itezzin ɣef yitran beṛṛa n unagraw-nneɣ afukan. Iswi-is ameqqran deg uḥric-a d taɣuri n tegnawt i d-yezzin i yimtiwgen-a iwakken ad yefhem d acu n yiferdisen i ten-id-yesbedden. S useqdec n tmuɣli-ines tameqrant deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda, atiliskup yezmer ad d-yeṭṭef tafat n yitran mi ara d-tɛeddi seg tegnawt n yimtiwgen-nsen. Aya yettaǧǧa imassanen ad farsen tafat-nni iwakken ad d-afen ticraḍ n lgazat am waman, uksid n ukaṛbun, neɣ lmiṭan, ayen i d-yemmalen addad n yimtiwgen-a d wayen i izemren ad d-yefk isallen lqayen ma yella wemtiweg-nni yesɛa tiwtilin i izemren ad seddunt tudert neɣ ala.

Rnu ɣef waya, asnirem-a yettεawan-aɣ ad negzu ula d amek i d-ttnulfun unagrawen n yimtiwgen s timmad-nsen. Atiliskup yezmer ad ixezzer srid ɣer wadiren n uɣebbar d lgaz i d-yezzin i yitran imecṭuḥen i d-ilulen d imaynuten, anda i d-ttnejmaɛen yiferdisen iwakken ad xedmen imtiwgen imenza. Tamuɣli-ya tettekkes aɣummu ɣef tisuraf timezwura n tlalit n wakalen n tigennawin, yerna tessebgan-d amek i d-yettili wemhaz-nsent si tazwara. Xas akken allal-a yettnadi s waṭas deg lɣemq n umeɣraḍ, yezmer daɣen ad d-yerr tamuɣli-s ɣer unagraw-nneɣ afukan iwakken ad iwali s tseddi imtiwgen am Mezweɣ, Adanbala, neɣ ula d ayyuren-nsen. S webrid-a amserreḥ, tasnallunt tettali ɣer uswir amaynut, anda imdanen zeḍḍen assaɣen gar wamek i d-ttnulfun yimtiwgen d wamek i tezmer ad tili tudert deg yimukan nniḍen beṛṛa n wakal-nneɣ.

=== Tlalit n yitran: ===
Atiliskup James Webb yeldi tiwwura timaynutin iwakken ad negzu amek i d-ttlalalen yitran deg lɣemq n umeɣraḍ. Zik, imassanen llan ttafen ugur d ameqqran imi itran ttnekmalen-d daxel n yisignawen imeqqranen i d-yecsan s uɣebbar d lgaz, ayen i yeṭṭfen tafat tamagnut ur tt-yeṭṭaǧǧa ara ad d-teffeɣ iwakken ad tt-nwali. Maca tura, s tmuɣli-ines lqayen deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda, atiliskup-a yezmer ad iwexxer aɣummu-nni n uɣebbar swaswa am wakken yettwali deffir n srid. Aya yettaǧǧa allal-a ad d-yeṭṭef tugniwin n yitran imecṭuḥen deg tseddarin-nsen timezwura n tlalit, mi ara llan d isignawen i d-yettejmaɛen cwiya cwiya s lǧehd n teẓeyt. S usnirem-a s telqayt, tasnallunt tezmer ad tzar s tseddi amek agraw-nni n lgaz yettqaraṣ yerna yettaẓay almi d-yefka itri amaynut i d-yettfeǧǧiǧen. Taɣuri-ya ur tettak ara kan isallen ɣef yitran ibeɛden, maca tessefham-aɣ-d ula d amek i d-tlul tfukt-nneɣ zik-nni d wamek tebda tudert n unagraw afukan. S webrid-a, atiliskup yettak-d inagan imaynuten ɣef umezruy awessar n tallunt d wamek yal itri yesɛa tamacahut tuzzigt n tlalit-is.

== '''Ameɣraḍ amenzu d tlalit n yimazellawen imenza:''' ==
Atiliskup James Webb yettarra-aɣ ɣer deffir deg wakud swaswa am tmacint n lweqt, iwakken ad nwali tagnit ideg yella umeɣraḍ kra n yimelyan n yiseggasen kan deffir Uṭerḍeq Ameqqran (Big Bang). Imi tafat tettaṭṭaf akud iwakken ad d-taweḍ ɣur-nneɣ, ayen akken i d-nwala ibeɛd aṭas deg tallunt, d ayen yellan zik-nni deg umezruy. Iswi ameqqran n utiliskup-a d asikad n yimazellawen imenza i d-ilulen, wid i d-yefkan tafat-nsen tamezwarut. '''Tafat n yimazellawen-a teqdim aṭas yerna teɣzif ugar s tsebba n usihrew n umeɣraḍ, d ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tekcem srid deg tiddi n uzeggaɣ-adda, ayen umi neqqar asekḥer ɣer uzeggaɣ'''. Imi atiliskup Hubble ur yezmir ara ad d-yeṭṭef tafat-a i d-yewwḍen ɣer ṭṭerf, '''James Webb yusa-d s wallalen-is lqayen iwakken ad yekkes aɣummu ɣef tallit-a taqburt aṭas n umeɣraḍ'''. S waya, imassanen zemren ad farsen amek i d-nejmaɛen yitran imenza s lǧehd n teẓeyt iwakken ad d-xedmen imazellawen, d wamek i d-yemhaz umeɣraḍ seg yiwet n tignewt yeḥman almi d-yefka anagraw-a ameqqran i nessin ass-a, yeččuran d tuddesnin yemgaraden.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116489</id>
      <parentid>116488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T20:59:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6705" sha1="5a0p8xfz4i1tl1b8wa55xy4dkbsnl3f" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:JWST spacecraft model 3.png|vignette|Tugna tumḍint tummidt n utiliskup James Webb yettwaḍleq deg tallunt.]]
Atiliskup James Webb (s teglizit: James Webb Space Telescope - JWST) d yiwen n wallal n tussna ameqqran akk i d-yettwaxedmen i tmuɣli d unadi deg tallunt. Yettwaḍleq deg 25 Dujember 2021. D asenfar i d-xedmen lwaḥid Tuddsa Tamirikanit n Tallunt (NASA), Tuddsa n Tallunt n Turuft (ESA), akked Tuddsa n Tallunt n Kanada (CSA).

== Iswiyen-is igejdanen: ==

=== '''Amezruy n umeɣraḍ:''' ===
Atiliskup James Webb yettwaqeddec iwakken ad yili am tmacint n wakud i yettarran imassanen ɣer yizri lqayen n umeɣraḍ-nneɣ. Imi tafat tettawi akud iwakken ad d-taweḍ ɣur-nneɣ seg yimukan ibeɛden, ayen i nettwali ass-a deg tallunt d ayen yeḍran zik. Ɣef waya, ma nmuqel ɣer yimukan yebɛeden ugar, nettwali tugniwin tiqburin n umeɣraḍ, ayen yettaǧǧan atiliskup-a ad iẓer tikkelt tamenzut i d-nnulfan yitran d yimazellawen kra n lweqt kan deffir n &quot;Big Bang&quot;.

Ayen i t-yettajjan ad yessewti iswi-ya d tamusni-ines deg tmuɣli s teẓririyt n uzeggaɣ-adda. Imi ameɣraḍ-nneɣ yettimɣur yerna yettkemmil deg uwsay-is, tafat i d-yeffɣen seg yimazellawen imenza akk deg umezruy tetteɣzif teɣzi n temdeswalin-is am &quot;kawiču&quot; akken tettaweḍ-d ɣur-nneɣ, almi tkeččem srid deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda. Atiliskup James Webb yewjed s wallalen ussnanen ilqayen iwakken ad d-yeṭṭef tafat-a tabadut i ur yezmir ara ad tt-iwali wallen n wemdan neɣ yitiliskupen n tmuɣli tagnawt (am uqbur-nni Hubble).

S usnirem-a, atiliskup James Webb yettnadi ad yefhem tamhazt n umeɣraḍ seg wussan-is imezwura. Yebɣa ad d-iwali amek i d-yennulfa uɣebbar d lgaz deg tallunt i d-yefkan iferdisen imenza, d wamek i ttnejmaɛen yiferdisen-a s tezmert n '''Taẓeyt'''(neɣ n teldayt) iwakken ad d-fken imazellawen yemgaraden i nettwali ass-a. Akka, allal-a isewseɛ tamusni-nneɣ, yettarra-d ɣef yisteqsiyen lqayen i yesseɣbalen talsawt ɣef dduḥ n wamaḍal, yerna yettak-aɣ-d tagnit ad negzu amek i d-bennun yimtiwgen i izemren ad awin tudert.

=== Asnirem n yimtiwgen: ===
Atiliskup-a ur yettnadi ara kan ɣef yimazellawen i d-yennulfan zik yebɛeden aṭas, maca yerra daɣen lwelha-s s telqayt ɣer yimtiwgen imaynuten i itezzin ɣef yitran beṛṛa n unagraw-nneɣ afukan. Iswi-is ameqqran deg uḥric-a d taɣuri n tegnawt i d-yezzin i yimtiwgen-a iwakken ad yefhem d acu n yiferdisen i ten-id-yesbedden. S useqdec n tmuɣli-ines tameqrant deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda, atiliskup yezmer ad d-yeṭṭef tafat n yitran mi ara d-tɛeddi seg tegnawt n yimtiwgen-nsen. Aya yettaǧǧa imassanen ad farsen tafat-nni iwakken ad d-afen ticraḍ n lgazat am waman, uksid n ukaṛbun, neɣ lmiṭan, ayen i d-yemmalen addad n yimtiwgen-a d wayen i izemren ad d-yefk isallen lqayen ma yella wemtiweg-nni yesɛa tiwtilin i izemren ad seddunt tudert neɣ ala.

Rnu ɣef waya, asnirem-a yettεawan-aɣ ad negzu ula d amek i d-ttnulfun unagrawen n yimtiwgen s timmad-nsen. Atiliskup yezmer ad ixezzer srid ɣer wadiren n uɣebbar d lgaz i d-yezzin i yitran imecṭuḥen i d-ilulen d imaynuten, anda i d-ttnejmaɛen yiferdisen iwakken ad xedmen imtiwgen imenza. Tamuɣli-ya tettekkes aɣummu ɣef tisuraf timezwura n tlalit n wakalen n tigennawin, yerna tessebgan-d amek i d-yettili wemhaz-nsent si tazwara. Xas akken allal-a yettnadi s waṭas deg lɣemq n umeɣraḍ, yezmer daɣen ad d-yerr tamuɣli-s ɣer unagraw-nneɣ afukan iwakken ad iwali s tseddi imtiwgen am Mezweɣ, Adanbala, neɣ ula d ayyuren-nsen. S webrid-a amserreḥ, tasnallunt tettali ɣer uswir amaynut, anda imdanen zeḍḍen assaɣen gar wamek i d-ttnulfun yimtiwgen d wamek i tezmer ad tili tudert deg yimukan nniḍen beṛṛa n wakal-nneɣ.

=== Tlalit n yitran: ===
Atiliskup James Webb yeldi tiwwura timaynutin iwakken ad negzu amek i d-ttlalalen yitran deg lɣemq n umeɣraḍ. Zik, imassanen llan ttafen ugur d ameqqran imi itran ttnekmalen-d daxel n yisignawen imeqqranen i d-yecsan s uɣebbar d lgaz, ayen i yeṭṭfen tafat tamagnut ur tt-yeṭṭaǧǧa ara ad d-teffeɣ iwakken ad tt-nwali. Maca tura, s tmuɣli-ines lqayen deg wannar n uzeggaɣ-adda, atiliskup-a yezmer ad iwexxer aɣummu-nni n uɣebbar swaswa am wakken yettwali deffir n srid. Aya yettaǧǧa allal-a ad d-yeṭṭef tugniwin n yitran imecṭuḥen deg tseddarin-nsen timezwura n tlalit, mi ara llan d isignawen i d-yettejmaɛen cwiya cwiya s lǧehd n teẓeyt. S usnirem-a s telqayt, tasnallunt tezmer ad tzar s tseddi amek agraw-nni n lgaz yettqaraṣ yerna yettaẓay almi d-yefka itri amaynut i d-yettfeǧǧiǧen. Taɣuri-ya ur tettak ara kan isallen ɣef yitran ibeɛden, maca tessefham-aɣ-d ula d amek i d-tlul tfukt-nneɣ zik-nni d wamek tebda tudert n unagraw afukan. S webrid-a, atiliskup yettak-d inagan imaynuten ɣef umezruy awessar n tallunt d wamek yal itri yesɛa tamacahut tuzzigt n tlalit-is.

== '''Ameɣraḍ amenzu d tlalit n yimazellawen imenza:''' ==
Atiliskup James Webb yettarra-aɣ ɣer deffir deg wakud swaswa am tmacint n lweqt, iwakken ad nwali tagnit ideg yella umeɣraḍ kra n yimelyan n yiseggasen kan deffir Uṭerḍeq Ameqqran (Big Bang). Imi tafat tettaṭṭaf akud iwakken ad d-taweḍ ɣur-nneɣ, ayen akken i d-nwala ibeɛd aṭas deg tallunt, d ayen yellan zik-nni deg umezruy. Iswi ameqqran n utiliskup-a d asikad n yimazellawen imenza i d-ilulen, wid i d-yefkan tafat-nsen tamezwarut. '''Tafat n yimazellawen-a teqdim aṭas yerna teɣzif ugar s tsebba n usihrew n umeɣraḍ, d ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tekcem srid deg tiddi n uzeggaɣ-adda, ayen umi neqqar asekḥer ɣer uzeggaɣ'''. Imi atiliskup Hubble ur yezmir ara ad d-yeṭṭef tafat-a i d-yewwḍen ɣer ṭṭerf, '''James Webb yusa-d s wallalen-is lqayen iwakken ad yekkes aɣummu ɣef tallit-a taqburt aṭas n umeɣraḍ'''. S waya, imassanen zemren ad farsen amek i d-nejmaɛen yitran imenza s lǧehd n teẓeyt iwakken ad d-xedmen imazellawen, d wamek i d-yemhaz umeɣraḍ seg yiwet n tignewt yeḥman almi d-yefka anagraw-a ameqqran i nessin ass-a, yeččuran d tuddesnin yemgaraden.

== '''Amkan-is d tewtilin n umahil-is:''' ==
Atiliskup-agi ur yezzi ara ɣef tegnit am yigensawen-nniḍen, maca yezga-d deg yiwen n wemkan yebɛeden aṭas ɣef lqaɛa s wazal n 1,5 n yimelyan n yikilumitren (amkan-a yettusemma Lagrange L2). Amkan-a yettaǧǧa-t ad yeqqim d asemmiḍ aṭas (yesɛa yiwen n uɣummu ameqqran i t-iḥeddren ɣef yiṭij), ayen i as-yettaken tagnit ad yeṭṭef tugniwin s tewtilin d telqayt timeqqranin.

Segmi i d-yebda tawuri-is, James Webb yessewhem imusnawen s tugniwin yelhan i d-yessufeɣ, yerna yeldi-d tiwwura timaynutin i tussna iwakken ad negzu ugar amek i d-yennulfa umaḍal d tallunt.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikerri n yilel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116485</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abillardoo</username>
        <id>16203</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: {{Automatic}}  '''Ikerri n yilel''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Trichechus''') d [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[tisuḍaḍ n waman|tsuḍaḍ n waman]] [[timestuga |imestuganen]] yettidiren deg deg teftisin ur lqayen ara d [[tamdilt|temdilin]] d [[Talmant|telmanin]] deg waman [[tisebgest|isbegsanen]] n [[agaraw anaṭlas|Ugaraw Anaṭlas]]. Tawsit n ikerri n yilel tegber seg 3 n [[talmest|telmas]].  == Tiskanin ==  == Tasnazdaɣt d tkelli ==  == Ideggan n tudert ==  == Asism...</comment>
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      <text bytes="609" sha1="1xk9p21z69hontnkf1i9kro43d058jd" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic}} 
'''Ikerri n yilel''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Trichechus''') d [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[tisuḍaḍ n waman|tsuḍaḍ n waman]] [[timestuga |imestuganen]] yettidiren deg deg teftisin ur lqayen ara d [[tamdilt|temdilin]] d [[Talmant|telmanin]] deg waman [[tisebgest|isbegsanen]] n [[agaraw anaṭlas|Ugaraw Anaṭlas]]. Tawsit n ikerri n yilel tegber seg 3 n [[talmest|telmas]].

== Tiskanin ==

== Tasnazdaɣt d tkelli ==

== Ideggan n tudert ==

== [[Asismel n tesnudert|Asismel]] ==

== Imniren ==
[[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n iɣersiwen]]
[[Taggayt:iɣersiwen]]
[[Taggayt:tisuḍaḍ n waman]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116486</id>
      <parentid>116485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:50:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abillardoo</username>
        <id>16203</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>116486</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="617" sha1="dfwnfpkqtkjwxoi01qgri1p7ht5sm25" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox}} 
'''Ikerri n yilel''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Trichechus''') d [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[tisuḍaḍ n waman|tsuḍaḍ n waman]] [[timestuga |imestuganen]] yettidiren deg deg teftisin ur lqayen ara d [[tamdilt|temdilin]] d [[Talmant|telmanin]] deg waman [[tisebgest|isbegsanen]] n [[agaraw anaṭlas|Ugaraw Anaṭlas]]. Tawsit n ikerri n yilel tegber seg 3 n [[talmest|telmas]].

== Tiskanin ==

== Tasnazdaɣt d tkelli ==

== Ideggan n tudert ==

== [[Asismel n tesnudert|Asismel]] ==

== Imniren ==
[[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n iɣersiwen]]
[[Taggayt:iɣersiwen]]
[[Taggayt:tisuḍaḍ n waman]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tamdilt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116487</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:55:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abillardoo</username>
        <id>16203</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: [[Tugna:Kara-Bogaz Gol from space, September 1995.jpg|thumb|Tamdilt n Garabogazköl di [[Turkmanistan]].]]  '''Tamdilt''' (asget: '''Timdilin''') d anaw n [[agelmim|igelmimen]] ur lqayen ara i d-ittilin ɣef yiri n [[ilel|yilel]].  == Imniren ==</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="245" sha1="exbpxxsf00n396g54vrtvt7ebi2eqae" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Kara-Bogaz Gol from space, September 1995.jpg|thumb|Tamdilt n Garabogazköl di [[Turkmanistan]].]]

'''Tamdilt''' (asget: '''Timdilin''') d anaw n [[agelmim|igelmimen]] ur lqayen ara i d-ittilin ɣef yiri n [[ilel|yilel]].

== Imniren ==</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aselkim n Tunt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116494</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T11:34:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>116494</origin>
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      <text bytes="748" sha1="bw1j8endsbx83fs8ll3vbss88a9k6a7" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Bloch Sphere.svg|vignette|&lt;nowiki&gt;Aglam n uqubit ɣef tekkurt n Bloch. Addad $|\psi\rangle = \alpha|0\rangle + \beta|1\rangle$ d agaz ɣef tjumma n tekkurt, yezga-d gar yiɣeṭṭafen, $|0\rangle$ d $|1\rangle$.&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
Aselkim n tunt neɣ taselkimt n tunt d anagraw asenselkam amaynut i yesseqdacen ilugan n '''tmikanikt n tunt'''. Mgal aselkim amensay i seqdacen medden yal ass akken ad xedmen tiwuriwin-nsen, aselkim n tunt yessexdam iferdisen n yisallen imaynuten i wumi neqqar Abit n Tunt '''&quot;Qubit&quot;'''.

* '''Deg uselkim amensay:''' Isallen ttwarun s yibiten (Bits), anda yal abit yezmer ad yili d '''0''' neɣ d '''1'''.
* '''Deg uselkim n tunt:''' Qubit yezmer ad yili d '''0''', d '''1''', neɣ '''d 0 d 1 deg yiwen n wakud'''.</text>
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