Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 1272 116504 7873 2026-05-20T19:25:53Z ~2026-30368-99 16693 116504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Manchester Transport Montage.jpg|vignette]] tawilat n usiweḍ. amedya: takerrust, lbabur. 9sg8vv1c3byulrxheecj3wp1zb8b8xe 0 23638 116503 114250 2026-05-20T15:56:59Z Ziv 15014 Copyvio replacement 116503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Joseph Stalin in 1932 (2).png|vignette|Stalin deg Kremlin n Musku]] '''Juzef Visarionovič Stalin''' (s [[Tutlayt tarusit|tarusit]]: Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Ста́лин, s [[tajyurjit]]: იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე სტალინი), illul ass n [[18 duǧember]] [[1878]] deg tamdint n [[Gori]] di [[Tamnekda tarusit]] (di [[Jurjya]] n tura), yemut ass n [[5 meɣres]] [[1953]] deg [[Musku]]<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Stalin Joseph Stalin], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>, d argaz uwanek seg imeqqranen [[Tadukli Tasuvyitit|asuvyati]], d yiwen seg iwudam imdergen n [[Amezruy|umezruy]] n [[lqern wis 20]], d akerwa ameqqran maḍi n [[Tadukli tasuvyitit]], d azamul n umennuɣ n ugdud asuvyati mgal [[Tanaẓit]]<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Iossif_Vissarionovitch_Djougachvili_dit_Joseph_Staline/138847 Iossif Vissarionovitch Djougachvili, dit Joseph Staline], deg ''larousse.fr''.</ref>. Juzef Stalin d yiwen seg yimḍebbren yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef umezruy n Teswatut tis 20. == Timẓi d Ussali ɣer Udabu == Stalin yekcem ɣer tbulčevikt (akabar azduklen) segmi yella d ilemẓi. Yettwaṭṭef, dɣa yettwanfa acḥal d abrid sɣur udabu n Tzar n Rrus. Mi d-tella Tagrawla n Tuber 1917, Stalin yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbren imezwura rrif n ''Vladimir Lenin''. Mi yemmut Lenin di 1924, Stalin yebda yessemɣar '''adabu-'''ines. Yesseɣli akk wid i s-yellan d ixṣimen s daxel n ukabar, am ''Leon Trotsky''. === '''Seg Yilemẓi ɣer Tbulčevikt''' === Ioseb Jughashvili (isem-is n tidet) ilul di Jiyurjiya, mačči di Rrus. Yekker-d di twacult d taweɛrant. Deg yilemẓi-s, yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Usɣan akken ad yuɣal d lqes, maca yeǧǧa leqraya-s. Yewwi-t uɣeǧǧaj n tsertit tagrawlawt. Yekcem ɣer ukabar n Tbulčevikt n ''Linin''. Deg yimir-nni, yebda yettwassen s yisem n "Stalin", anamek-is "Argaz n Wuzzal". Yella yettnadi idrimen i ukabar s tkerḍa n lbankat yerna yettwaṭṭef u yettwanfa acḥal d tikkal ɣer Sibirya. === Assali ɣer Udabu === S deffir Tagrawla n 1917, Stalin yuɣal d Amaru Amatu n Ukabar Azduklan di 1922. Win yellan di tmuɣli n medden d amkan n '''tdeblant''' kan, maca Stalin yessemres-it s '''tigzi'''. Yessebedd imdanen i t-iḍemnen di yimukan n '''taɣtest'''. Mi yemmut Lenin di 1924, yella-d umennuɣ ɣef adabu gar-as d ''Leon Trotsky''. Stalin, s usemres n tdeblant'''-'''is d imsisan-innes, yerbeḥ mgal ''Trotsky''. Yenfa-t seg Ukabar, syin seg Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yerna yesseɣli-t(yenɣa-t) di Mexique di 1940. === Asemguri d Usemazday === Stalin yebɣa ad yerra Tadukli Tasuvyatit d tanezmart tamgurit. Yebda "Iɣawasen n Xemsa n Yiseggasen". Ayagi, s tidet, yesnerna tamguri s tɣawla, maca s uɣmar n udabu deg yall aḥric n tadmsa, anect-a yexleq-d '''tazɣent''' tameqqrant deg tama niḍen ɣer ifellaḥen imi yettwakkes wakal, anect-a yegla-d ɣef umdya s tazɣent n laẓ ameqqran deg ukranya deg yiseggasen n 20 (ayen yettwassnen s "Holodomor"). D imellyan n yifellaḥen i yugin ad d-fken takerrazt-nsen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaɛezlen ɣer yigurar n trusi (Gulag). == Stalin d Amesnabaḍ n Tdukli Tasuvyatit == Seg taggara n yiseggasen n 1920, Stalin yuɣal d netta i d amḍebber amezwaru n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Yebda yessemras tasertit '''taɣrudant''' i yebnan ɣef '''tazdukla'''. * '''Iɣawasen n Xemsa n Yiseggasen:''' Yebda '''iɣawasen''' i wakken ad yesnerni tamguri n tmurt s tɣawla. Ayagi yerra Tadukli Tasuvyatit d yiwet seg '''tnezmarin''' timeqqranin n umḍal, maca s lqeṛḥ d lexsara tameqqrant n yimdanen. * '''Asizdeg Ameqqran:''' Deg yiseggasen n 1930, Stalin yebda "Asizdeg Ameqqran". Imellyunen n yimdanen, gar-asen imḍebbren n ukabar, iserdasen, d yimdanen n uɣref, ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaɛezlen ɣer "yigurar n trusi" (Gulag). Yessers-d tuggdi d '''uɣedlilef''' di tmurt. === Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin === Deg 1939, Stalin istenya '''agatu''' n war-imenɣi d Lalman n ''Hitler''. Maca, di 1941, Hitler yexdaɛ agatu-nni akk d Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Stalin yeḍebber ɣef Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg waddad n ṭṭrad ameqqran. Ɣas akken xesren azal n 27 n melyan n '''tiɣtas''', Iserdasen Isuvyatiyen wwḍen almi d Berlin yerna rebḥen Inaziyen di 1945.<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Barbarossa#cite_ref-126</ref> === Aseqdec n Tmsulta Tasertant === isem "KGB" (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) s yiman-is, ur d-yennulfa ara almi d useggas n 1954, s deffir lmut n Stalin. [[Tugna:NKVD Emblem (Solid Colors).svg|vignette|Azamul n "Axeddam n NKVD asuvyati".]] Maca, d Stalin i yesbedden '''azadur''' i ɣef tebna tuddsa n tuggdi d '''taɣellit''' i yerran Tadukli Tasuvyatit d awanak n tmsulta. Tamsulta tasertant n Stalin tbeddel isem-is acḥal d tikkal, maca tuddsa i yettwassnen akk di tallit-is d '''NKVD''' (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, <small>romanized:</small> ''Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del''). Wa amek i tt-yessexdem deg '''udabu'''-ines: ==== 1. Aseɣli n Yixṣimen ==== Seg wasmi yeṭṭef Stalin adabu, yebda yessexdem tamsulta n tnetla iwakken ad yesseɣli yal acengu n tsertit. * '''S daxel n Ukabar:''' Yessuli "Asizdeg Ameqqran" deg yiseggasen n 1930. NKVD yeṭṭef, yesseḥbes, yerna yenɣa acḥal d imḍebber n Tbulčevikt imezwura i yettwali dakken ur ḍdimnen ara ɣur-s, am ''Zinoviev'' d ''Kamenev''. * '''S berra n Tdukli:''' NKVD yesɛa '''iɣalliyen''' di ddunit merra. Amedya yettwassnen mliḥ d anɣa n ''Leon Trotsky'' di Mexique di 1940. D NKVD i d-iheggan tamhelt n tmenɣiwt-nni. ==== 2. Anagraw n Gulag ==== NKVD ur yelli ara d tamsulta kan, d netta i yeḍebbren ɣef "Gulag". D anagraw ameqqran n yigurar n trusi s '''uɣmar''' di Sibirya d yimukan nniḍen ibeɛden. Melyan n yimdanen (ixṣimen n tsertit, imdanen n ddin, neɣ ula d wid i d-yefkan '''awennit''' ur neɛǧib ara adabu) ttwaɛezlen ɣer yikampun-agi. Ccɣel d lqeṛḥ, laẓ d usemmiḍ nɣan deg-sen melyan. ==== 3. Tuggdi d Uɣmar n Uɣref ==== Iswi ameqqran n NKVD d asseɣli n tuggdi di tmetti. Stalin yebɣa yal '''aɣarman''' ad yettagad adabu. * '''Taɣellit n daxel:''' NKVD yesɛa '''iɣalliyen''' d yimceggimen di yal taddart, di yal axxam, di yal tamguri. Yal yiwen yettagad ad ihdeṛ, yettagad ula d tawacult-is. Awal kan yezmer a k-yawi ɣer Gulag. * [[Tugna:Political prisoners at Intalag, USSR.jpg|vignette|Imeḥbas isertanen ttetten imekli deg lmina n yireǧ n Minlag.]]'''Asseḍru n Tsertit:''' Mi yebɣa Stalin "asemazday" n tkerrazt s uɣmar, ifellaḥen (koulaks) i yugin, d NKVD i ten-yeṭṭfen, i ten-yenɣan, neɣ i ten-yenfan ɣer Sibirya. ==== 4. Taɣellit Taserdasant ==== S deffir Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tamsulta tasertant n Stalin (i yuɣalen MGB, uqbel ad tuɣal KGB) tebda '''taɣellit''' tameqqrant mgal Timura n Utaram, ladɣa Marikan. Ttnaɣen ad awin '''tinetliyin''' n yimrigen nniḍen, am lbumba tabelkamit. S ddaw leɛnaya-s, Stalin yessexdem tamsulta tasertant (NKVD) am d afus-is n wuzzal. Tella d '''allal''' n udabu-ines amesnabaḍ iwakken ad isseɣli yal amennuɣ, ad yeḍmen aɣmar ameqqran ɣef uɣref, yerna ad yessenger yal yiwen i yettwalin d acengu. == Taggara n Tudert-is d Lwert == Seg taggara n ṭṭrad, Juzef Stalin yessebded iduba n '''tazdukla''' di Turuft n Usammer, ayen yebdan ṭṭrad assemmaḍ mgal Timura n Utaram. Yemmut di 5 Meɣres 1953. Stalin yettwaḥsab d yiwen seg yimdanen yesɛan '''tazrirt''' tameqqrant ɣef umezruy, maca daɣen d yiwen seg yimḍebbren i d-yeǧǧan lmut d lexṣara s imellyan. Kra ttwalin-t d '''asaḍ''' i yesnernan Tadukli Tasuvyatit yerbeḥen Inaziyen, ma d wiyaḍ ttwalin-t d amesnabaḍ ameqqran i yenɣan aɣref-is. == Tazmilt == <references /> beclqyx9jsl3gb7aty7wtk5vxr5v9jo 0 25479 116505 116502 2026-05-21T10:07:21Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Bloch Sphere.svg|vignette|<nowiki>Aglam n uqubit ɣef tekkurt n Bloch. Addad $|\psi\rangle = \alpha|0\rangle + \beta|1\rangle$ d agaz ɣef tjumma n tekkurt, yezga-d gar yiɣeṭṭafen, $|0\rangle$ d $|1\rangle$.</nowiki>]] Aselkim n tunt neɣ taselkimt n tunt d anagraw asenselkam amaynut i yesseqdacen ilugan n '''tmikanikt n tunt'''. Mgal aselkim amensay i seqdacen medden yal ass akken ad xedmen tiwuriwin-nsen, aselkim n tunt yessexdam iferdisen n yisallen imaynuten i wumi neqqar Abit n Tunt '''"Qubit"'''. * '''Deg uselkim amensay:''' Isallen ttwarun s yibiten (Bits), anda yal abit yezmer ad yili d '''0''' neɣ d '''1'''. * '''Deg uselkim n tunt:''' Qubit yezmer ad yili d '''0''', d '''1''', neɣ '''d 0 d 1 deg yiwen n wakud'''. == Iferdisen Igejdanen n Tunt == === Asembbibi n Tunt: === Asembbibi n tunt d yiwen seg yiferdisen igejdanen i yettaken tizemmar timeqqranin i uselkim n tunt. Akken i d-nebder yakan, abit amensay yeṭṭafar yiwen n waddad kan deg yiwen n wakud: ama d 0, ama d 1. Maca, s tmuɣli ɣer yilugan n tmikanikt n tunt, "Qubit" yezmer ad yili deg waddad n 0 akked waddad n 1 s yiwet n tikelt. D addad-agi i wumi neqqar "Asembbibi". Iwakken ad negzu ayagi s telqayt, nezmer ad nefk amedya n tceqquft n tedrimt. Deg tsenselkimt tamensayt, ma nḍegger taceqquft-nni, ad d-teɣli ama ɣef wudem n zdat(0) ama ɣef wudem n deffir (1). Maca, deg tsenselkimt n tunt, asembbibi yettemcabi ɣer tceqquft-nni mi ara tettezzi deg yigenni: ur telli ɣef wudem n zdat, ur telli ɣef wudem n deffir, maca tella deg sin n waddaden-a deg yiwen n wakud, armi d taswiɛt i deg ara teḥbes neɣ mi ara tt-nesket. S tallelt n usembbibi-ya, aselkim n tunt yesɛa tazmert ad yexdem aṭas n tsiḍen deg yiwen n wakud. Yal mi ara nrennu amḍan n yiqubiten deg unagraw, tizemmar n uselkim ttnernint s wudem Asuzmir, ayen i as-yettaken lǧehd ad yefru uguren isenselkamen imrayen ay iweɛṛen ɣef yiselkimen i neqdec yis-sen ass-a. === Amcubbek n Tunt: === [[Amcubbek Anectan|Amcubbek n tunt]] d iferdis agejdan wis sin i ɣef tebna tsenselkimt n tunt. Ayagi yemmal-d yiwen n wassay awḥid i d-yettnulfun gar sin n yiqubiten neɣ ugar. Mi ara mcubbeken yiqubiten-a, addad n yiwen deg-sen yeqqen s wudem usrid ɣer waddad n wayeḍ, ɣas akken yezmer ad yili wemgarad ameqqran n wemkan gar-asen. Iwakken ad negzu ayagi: ma yella nesket addad n yiwen n uqubit amcubbek (amedya, nufa-t d 0), addad n uqubit wis sin ad d-yettwassen imir kan deg yiwet n taswiɛt, mebla ma nettraǧu akud akken ad tewweḍ telɣut gar-asen. Ɣas ad yili yiwen n uqubit deg tegnit (lqaɛa) wayeḍ yezga-d deg wayyur, tigawt ɣef yiwen ad tessekcem tazrirt-is ɣef wayeḍ s wudem war akud. Deg uselkim n tunt, ma yella asembbibi yettak-d tizemmar i wexdam n waṭas n waddaden deg yiwen n wakud, amcubbek d netta i d aseɣwen i yessemlalayen iqubiten-a akken ad xedmen s tdukli am yiwen n unagraw ameqqran, deg wemkan ad yexdem yal qubit i yiman-is. S tdukli n usembbibi akked umcubbek, inagrawen n tunt sɛan tazmert ad frun uguren yeɛṛen n usiḍen s urured yifen s waṭas iselkimen imensayen, ladɣa deg taɣulin n uwgelhen n yisallen d utellel(neɣ aserwes) n yibelkimen. == Iḥricen n Useqdec (Tiwuriwin) == Aselkim n tunt ur yelli ara kan d tikti n teẓri, maca d allal atikniki i d-yusan n iwakken ad d-yawi abeddel aẓuran deg waṭas n tiɣula n tudert. S tezmert-is ɣef ufray n wuguren yeɛṛen n usiḍen s urured agaman, yezmer ad yeldi tiwwura i tmusniwin timaynutin. === 1. Tujjya d Tekrura === Deg unnar n tekrura d tujjya, tigin d usnulfu n yisafaren (ddwawi) imaynuten d leqdic yettaṭṭafen aṭas n wakud d tedrimt. Ugur agejdan i d-ttmagaren yimassanen d '''utellel''' (neɣ aserwes) n yibelkimen d tzelɣiwin timeqqranen, am yiprutinen. Iselkimen imensayen n tura, ɣas ǧehden, ur sɛin ara tazmert ad xedmen aserwes i lqaleb d tikli n yibelkimen-a neɣ i tzelɣiwin s telqayt, acku yal mi ara yimɣur umḍn an n belkimen neɣ tzelɣiwin, amḍan n waddaden yettnerni s wudem asuzmir. Maca, aselkim n tunt, s tallelt n "usembbibi" d "umcubbek n tunt", yezmer ad yegzu yerna ad yexdem utellel i tsedmirin tikruranin akken llant swaswa deg tilawt n ugama. S waya, aselkim n tunt ad yeǧǧ imassanen ad: * '''Snulfun isafaren imaynuten s urured:''' Deg wemkan n ukeyyed n yal abelkim deg unnar n tnaremt, aselkim n tunt yezmer ad isiḍen anwa abelkim i iwulmen i weḥbas n kra n waṭṭan di kra kan n teswaɛin. * '''Gzun aḍfas n yiprutinen:''' Asegzi n wamek i tteḍfasen yiprutinen ad d-yefk isafaren i waṭṭanen yeɛṛen am waṭṭan n Alzheimer neɣ aṭṭan n kunṣir. * '''Snernin tujjya tudmawant:''' Asileɣ n ddwawi imaynuten i yettwaxedmen swaswa ɣef lqaleb d unagraw n ujenṭed n ADN n yal amdan s timmad-is, ayen ara yesnaɣsen aṭas isemdiyen inidisanen. === 2. Annar n Uwgelhen === Awgelhen amensay n tura (am win yettmestin ɣef isallen n tbankiwin, d yiẓeḍwa n usiweḍ) yebna ɣef wuguren imrayen(uxnizen) n usiḍen(am wid icudden ɣer imḍanen imezwura). Amedya, yettak aṭas n wakud – ahat ugar n waṭas n yiseggasen i uselkim amensay – iwakken ad yejber yerna ad ifrez imḍanen imeqqranen aṭas. Maca, s useqdec n uselkim n tunt, ayen yellan d ugur i wexdam s yiseggasen, yezmer ad yettwafru di kra n tesdidin. Ayagi yettban-d amzun d amihi ameqqran ɣef taɣellist n yisallen deg umaḍal. Iwakken ad d-naf tifrat i umihi-ya, imassanen snulfan-d ayen umi neqqar '''Awgelhen n Tunt'''. Aḥric-a yesseqdac ilugan lqayen n tmikanikt n tunt, ladɣa amcubbek akked usembbibi, iwakken ad ibnu inagrawen n tuffra d uwgelhen n yisallen ur nezmir ara ad ttwareẓen: * '''Azuzer n Tsura n Tunt (QKD):''' S tarrayt-a, tasarut n uwgelhen i nseqdac iwakken ad nsekcem isallen, tettwaceggaɛ s tzelɣiwin n tafat (ifuṭunen) yellan deg waddad n usembbibi. Ma yella walbeɛḍ yeɛreḍ ad iẓer neɣ ad yaker tasaruṭ-nni deg webrid, addad n tunt ad ibeddel imir kan (acku asked yessengaray asembbibi). S waya, imceggɛen ad ɛeqlen d akken tella-d teɛdawit, yerna ad sbedden asikel n yisallen uqbel ad ttawakren. * '''Taɣellist yebnan ɣef ugama:''' Mgal awgelhen amensay i yebnan ɣef wuguren n tusnakt (i yezmer uselkim ad ten-yefru ma iǧhed), awgelhen n tunt yebna ɣef yilugan n tfizikt. D ayen ur nezmir ad yettwareẓ s wudem taẓrayant, ɣas ma yella wemdan-nni yesɛa aselkim iǧehden akk deg umaḍal. * '''Ammesten n Yiẓedwa i d-iteddun:''' Aselkim n tunt d uwgelhen n tunt ad ldint abrid i ubennu n yiẓedwa internet n tunt, wagi d azeṭṭa ara d-yefken taɣellist tamagdazt i telɣut d yisallen usligen, izerfanen neɣ wid n unabaḍ. fggg73eumwy4667lsjyu7wnhd0k236r