Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 168 116558 116550 2026-05-31T10:16:54Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Francesco Melzi - Portrait of Leonardo.png|vignette|Francesco Melzi - Tarudemt n Leonardo da vinci.]] D anaẓur alsawi, aflurunti (Ṭelyan), d amekla, d asreqqat, d amasdag, d ajenyur u d amassan. '''Leonardo da Vinci''' d Aṭuskani (agafa n Ṭelyan), ilul ass n 15 di yebrir 1452 di temdint [[Vinci]] zdat n [[Flurinsa|Firenze]]. Ar usegg°as 1466 ikcem d anelmad (''garzone'' akken i sen-qqaren di Ṭelyan) ad d-ilmed takult d usreqqet deg tnemselt n Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Seg useggas 1478 Léonard de Vinci yuɣal d [[taẓuri|anaẓur]] ilelli. Deg usegg°as 1482 Leonardo da Vinci ikcem d ajenyur n Ludovic Sforza, amḍebber (duc) n [[Milano]]. Deg useggas 1502 iqdec d ajenyur i César Borgia amḍebber n Romagne. Yuɣal ar Milan deg useggas 1506. Deg useggas 1507 iṭṭef amḍiq d amekla n [[Louis XII]] n [[Fransa]] izedɣen imiren di Milano. Seg usegg°as 1514 ar useggas 1516 idder di [[Rome]] s ddaw ijufar n Ubab (pape) [[Léon X]], izdeɣ di teɣremt Belvedère di "le [[Vatikan|Vatican]]", din iqqdec tussna. Deg useggas 1516 Leonardo da Vinci iwweḍ ar Fransa d aqeddac n [[François I]]. Asegg°as-ines aneggaru idder-it di teɣremt n Clos-Lucé, zdat n Amboise anda immut ass n 2 di magu 1519. Gar tiktulin n Léonard de Vinci llant: * Madone Benois (v. 1478, asalay (musée) n Ermitage, Saint-Pétersbourg). * Tugna n Ginevra Benci (1481, National Gallery, Washington). * Saint Jérôme ur ikfi ara (v. 1481, pinacothèque du Vatican). * La Vierge aux rochers, i deg llant snat n tugnatin (tamenzut, iga-tt deg usegg°as 1483, tella teḥrez di Louvre). * La Joconde (1503-1506, asalay n Louvre). Leonardo da Vinci d yiwen seg yimdanen imeqqranen akk i d-yellan deg umezruy n talsa. D amekla, d amassan, d amasnulfu, d amasnulfu n tmacinin, d amussnaw n tfekka n wemdan, d amussnaw n ugama. Isem-is yeqqen ɣer tallit n tlalit tamaynut n yidles d tussna deg Tuṛuft, andi yessaweḍ ad yesdukel taẓuri d tussna deg yiwen n uxemmem ur nesɛi ara tilisa. == Tameddurt-is s telqayt == === Tallalit d temẓi-s === [[Tugna:Geburtshaus von Leonardo da Vinci in Vinci (Toskana).jpg|vignette|Amkan n tlalit d uxxam n temẓi n leonardo deg "Anchiano, Vinci", Ṭelyan.]] Ilul Leonardo da Vinci deg wass n 15 yebrir n useggas 1452, deg yiwen n tudert meẓẓiyen i wumi qqaren Vinci, i d-yezgan qrib i temdint n Firenze deg tmurt n Iṭaliya. D mmi-s n Ser Piero da Vinci, yiwen n umsiraw, d Caterina, yiwet n tmeṭṭut taḥurrit. Ɣas akken ur d-yekkir ara deg yiwet n twacult tameẓyant s wudem unṣib, baba-s yerra tamawt ɣef tiɣri-s d usileɣ-is. Seg temẓi-s, Leonardo yemmal-d tawnafit tameqqrant ɣef ugama, yessen ad yessuneɣ s ufus-is tugniwin yessewhamen. === Almad d temhelt deg Firenze === Mi yesɛa azal n mraw d sḍis n yiseggasen, Leonardo yudef ɣer uxxam n umahil n Andrea del Verrocchio, yiwen seg yimeskla imeqqranen n tallit-nni deg Firenze. Dinna, yelmed taẓuri n ukla, n useggem n yimɣuzen, d tussna n tusnakt. Yessen ad yexdem s yimassanen yemgaraden, yelmed amek ara yesseqdec tafat d tilli. Tugna tamezwarut i ikkin deg usikel-is n tẓuri d tasemhuyt n waman, andi yessken tamussni-s tameqqrant deg usuneɣ n waman d yigenni. Deg useggas 1472, yuɣal d amekla unṣib, maca yeqqim yettmahal akked uselmad-is. === Tallit n Milan d yimeẓla imeqqranen === Deg useggas 1482, Leonardo yunag ɣer temdint n Milan, yexdem deg uxxam n Ludovico Sforza, agellid n temdint-nni. Deg tallit-a, Leonardo ur yexdim ara kan deg taẓuri, maca yexdem daɣen deg tesnujya, deg usnulfu n yimrigen n umgaru, d tussna n waman. Yessumer i ugellid-nni asnirem n yimrigen imaynuten n usɣimi d lmdafiɛ n lbarud d yimrigen n waman. Deg temdint n Milan i yessuneɣ yiwet seg tugniwin-is timeqqranen akk: Asihar aneggaru, i yessunɣen ɣef lḥiḍ n uxxam n yemdanen iqedsen. Tugna-a tettwassen s useqdec n usentel n yimdanen d wamek i ten-yessers deg tjumma. === Asikel, Roma, d Fṛansa === Seld n uɣelluy n Milan deg ufus n Iṛumyen deg useggas 1499, Leonardo yunag ɣer temdinin yemgaraden am Mantova d Venezia, sakkin yuɣal ɣer Firenze. Deg tallit-a i yessuneɣ tugna-nni i wumi qqaren Mona Lisa, i yellan d tugna tameẓyant s talɣa maca d tameqqrant s yisem-is d wudem n tmeṭṭut i yellan deg-s. Deg useggas 1513, yunag ɣer Roma andi yexdem deg uxxam n ubabam, maca ur yufi ara aṭas n tallelt. Deg useggas 1516, agellid n Fṛansa François I, yessuter-it ad yili deg uxxam-is deg temdint n Amboise. Leonardo yedda ɣer Fṛansa, yuɣal d amassan amezwaru n ugellid. Dinna, yexdem deg yisenfaren n tesnujya d usuddes n tfaskiwin. === Taggara n tmeddurt-is === Leonardo da Vinci yemmut deg wass n 2 mayu n useggas 1519, deg uxxam n Clos Lucé qrib i Amboise deg Fṛansa. Yemmut mi yesɛa 67 n yiseggasen. Ɣas akken tameddurt-is tfuk, ayen i d-yeǧǧa deg yidlisen-is n tezmilin d tugniwin-is yeqqim d ayen ur nettfaka ara i tussna d taẓuri. == Tussna d Tfelsaft-is: Tigawin-is deg Tussna, Tasnujya d Ugama == === Tafelsaft n Ugama d Tussna === [[Tugna:Paisagem do Arno - Leonardo da Vinci.jpg|vignette|Imeẓri n yiɣzer n "Arno" (1473)]] Deg uxemmem n Leonardo da Vinci, taẓuri, tussna, d tfelsaft llant d yiwen n ubrid. Ur yumin ara belli amdan yezmer ad yefhem tilisa n ugama s useqdec n tussna kan war taẓuri, neɣ s taẓuri war tussna. I netta, kulci deg ugama yeqqen ɣer wayeḍ s wudem ur nettwali ara s wallen n wemdan aḥerfi. Yella yumen belli ilugan i yessedduyen aman deg wasif d nitni daɣen i yessedduyen idammen deg tfekka n wemdan, d wamek i tteddun yiferran n yimɣan deg waḍu. Tafelsaft-is tebna ɣef sin n yiḥricin igejdanen: annay s wudem ussnan d tirmit. Ur yelli ara yettamen s wayen i d-yuran deg yidlisen n zik kan, maca yella yessenqad, yettarem, yessawal i ugama i wakken ad as-d-yefk tiririt s yiman-is. Leonardo da Vinci ur yelli ara kan d amekla neɣ d amesnulfu, maca d afelsaf lqayen i d-yewwin tamuɣli tamaynut ɣer ugama d tussna i ibeddlen udem n txelqit deg tallit n Tleslalit. Tamuɣli-ines tebna ɣef yiwet n tikti tagejdant: agama d yiwen n udem yemmed, d anagraw anda yal taɣawsa teqqen ɣer tayeḍ s lqis d tmeẓla. Ur yeqbil ara ad yeṭṭfer tiktiwin n yimenza s wudem aderɣal d wawal wis-sin, maca yessers-d llsas n tussna tatrart i yebnan ɣef '''tigawt''' lqayen d tirmit tusridt. Ɣur-s, ur nezmir ara ad nefhem ameɣraḍ s wawal neɣ s teẓri kan; ilaq ad nexdem '''tawassna''' s tmuɣli yessan d usenqed amekmil i wayen i aɣ-d-yezzin. S wakka, yezwar-d tallit-ines, imi yessken-d belli tussna ilaq ad tili d tin '''ittcaren''', i yezmren ad teẓr ayen ara d-yeḍrun s tseddi ma negza asrag d unalkam. Deg tfelsaft-is n ugama, Da Vinci yettwali ameɣraḍ amzun d yiwet n tfekka tameqqrant (macrocosme), anda amdan d agzul-is uffir (microcosme). '''Imyerren''' n ugama, am waman, aḍu, d wakal, s wudem-nsen d umussu-nsen, ttemcabin s waṭas ɣer '''yimyerren''' n tfekka n wemdan am yidammen d yiɣsan. Yal amussu deg txelqit yeṭṭafar yiwen n '''waskar''' n usuddes s yilugan n tusnakt n dima. Ayagi yettawi-aɣ-d ɣer tmuɣli tafelsafit i d-yemmalen belli ulac zher neɣ agacuran deg ugama, yerna yal tigawt deg umaḍal d '''tanigawt''' tanzeggant n tfasna gar yiferdisen. S useqdec n yilugan am '''warid imzireg''', yessaweḍ ad yekcem ɣer n tidet i d-yessebganen tillin n tɣawsiwin deg tallunt. === Tussna n Tfekka d Tesnujya === [[Tugna:Leonardo da Vinci - Studies of the foetus in the womb.jpg|vignette|D yiwen usebter i d-yessebganen tazrawt n leonardo ɣef yiwen n umdad deg uɛebbuḍn tmeṭṭut.]] Gar tigawin-is timeqqranin akk deg tussna, nezmer ad nebder tussna n tfekka n wemdan. Leonardo yesleḍ aṭas n tfekkiwin n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen i wakken ad yissin amek i tella tfekka seg daxel, amek i tteddun igmanen-is. Yessuneɣ iɣsan, iẓẓuran, d yigmanen n wemdan s wudem ur nessin ara tilisa n telqayt. Yella d amezwaru i yesskanayen s wudem ussnan amek i yella ul n wemdan, amek i tteddun yigmanen mi ara yili umdan yedder, d wamek i tteddun wallen. Yessaweḍ daɣen ad yessuneɣ amded seg daxel n uɛebbuḍ n tyemmat, d wamek i yettnerni. Tira-s ɣef tfekka n wemdan qiment d asas i tesnajya tatrart, yerna ldint abrid i yimassanen i d-yusan sakin. Da Vinci yezger tilisa n teklut iwakken ad yuɣal d amesnujya i yettnadin ad yegzu "tmacint" tukkiwt n wemdan. Ayen i d-yewwi d amaynut yebda s wemkan d waskar n lxedma-ines. Deg tallit-nni, anadi daxel n tfekka n wemdan yella d ayen ur nettwaqbel ara sɣur tamezgida tamaṣiḥit(Taklizt) s wudem azayez, maca Leonardo yexdem tigawt-is i yiswi n tussna, alammi i yessaweḍ ad isleḍ ugar n kṛaḍt n tmerwin (30) n tfekkiwin n yemdanen immuten. Iswi-ines mačči kan d asnulfu n yisufar n sbitar, maca d tussna lqayen n wamek i d-yettili umussu deg tfekka. Yettwali belli yal aɣes d yal aksum d allal ittcaren s tmezla, yesɛan anamek deg tuzzya d uwzan n tfekka. S wudlifen-is ifazen, yebda yettagem-d tugniwin tis-kṛaḍiyin (en 3D) n yiɣsan d yiksumen s yiwet n tseddi ur d-nelli uqbel-is, yerna yesseqdec iqɛiden n tmuɣli am warid imzireg iwakken ad d-yessken telqayt d wadeg n yal aẓar daxel n tfekka ɣef lkaɣeḍ. [[Tugna:Leonardo da Vinci - RCIN 919000, Verso The bones and muscles of the arm c.1510-11.jpg|vignette|Iɣsan d yifessugen n yiɣil, RCIN 919000.]] Ger wayen i d-yewwi d amaynut yellan d azamul deg umezruy n tesnujya, d anadi-ines ɣef wul d yidammen. Uqbel-is, llan ttwalin ul d ammas n yirwiḥen kan, maca netta d amezwaru i t-id-isegzan s wudem ussnan belli d aksum afessug yesɛan ukkuẓ n tixxamin, yerna yessken-d amek i xeddment texxamin-agi n wul iwakken ad d-ssiwḍent idammen ɣer yiceqfan n tfekka mebla ma uɣalen-d ɣer deffir. Rnu ɣef waya, yexdem tawassna tamezwarut deg umezruy i lehlak n yiẓuran n yidammen (artériosclérose), mi gesleḍ tafekka n yiwen n wemɣar yemmuten. Yella daɣen d amezwaru i d-yessuksen s wudem ussnan amgun deg tɛebbuṭ n yemma-s, yessken-d lxiḍ n tmitteṭ d wamek i yettili daxel n walluy. S umata, Leonardo da Vinci yeǧǧa-d idlisen n ufus iččuren d tiwlafin d yizmulen i d-yesskanen tafekka amzun d anagraw awurman. Yezdi taẓuri akked tussna d yiwet n tɣawsa: tiṭ-is n unazur tɛawen-it ad iwali ayen llan ttnadin yimesnujya s wallaɣ, yerna tussna-s n tenzeggit tefka-as allal iwakken ad d-yessuneɣ tilawt-nni. Ɣas akken axeddim-is deg tesnujya yeqqim d uffir aṭas n yiseggasen deffir tmettant-is yerna ur yeffiɣ ara deg yidlisen n zzman-nni, ass-a yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenza i d-yessersen llsas n tesnujya tatrart. === Timacinin === [[Tugna:Leonardo da vinci, Drawing of a flying machine.jpg|vignette|Leonardo da vinci, Asuneɣ n tmacint yettafgen. ]] Leonardo ur yelli ara kan d amussnaw n ugama, maca d amasnulfu n timacinin i yezwaren tallit-is s waṭas n yiseggasen, neɣ s waṭas n tsuta. Deg yidlisen-is n tezmilin, yessuneɣ timacinin n waddud i yessawḍen ad ilin d amedya i yisafagen n wass-a. Yessenqad igḍaḍ s yelqayt, yelmed amek i tteddub yifer-nsen, yessumer timacinin i yezmren ad awin amdan deg ugenni. Yessuneɣ daɣen amrig i wumi qqaren asafag n waddud, win i yellan d amezwaru deg umezruy, i yesskanayen amek i yezmer ad yili umrig ara yawin amdan ɣer igenni s useqdec n tmawin yettezzin. Deg taɣult n umgaru, yexdem aṭas n yimrigen am ikerrusen imrigen, lmedfeɛ, d timacinin n unṭag i yettuseqdacen i uẓuy n yidɣaɣen ɣer yimukan yembaεden. Yessuneɣ ula d tixutam i wemgaru, i yellan am yimrigen n wass-a, akked yimrigen n waman i yessawḍen ad beddlen amek i ttilin yimenɣiyen deg yilel. === Tafizikt, Tusnakt d Tenzeggit === Deg tfizikt, Leonardo yelmed aṭas n tɣawsiwin ɣef taẓeyt. Yessenqad amek i tteddu tafat d tilli, yura aṭas n tezmilin ɣef wamek i gzunt wallen n wemdan tafat, d wamek i ttwalint initen. Yelmed daɣen tussna n waman, amek i tettekk tezɣelt n wakal, d wamek i ttruḥun isaffen. Yufa iɣersiwen d yimɣan n zik i yuɣalen d aẓru deg yidurar, yefhem belli akal anda llan yidurar-a yella zik d ilel. Tikti-a tella d tamaynut s waṭas deg tallit-nni, yerna tekcem-as azal ameqran deg tussna n wakal. Leonardo yesseqdec tusnakt iwakken ad isegzi ameɣraḍ d ugama. * [[Tugna:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|vignette|Amdan n Vitruv]]'''Amdan n Vitruv:''' D yiwet seg tugniwin-is yettwassnen aṭas, anda i d-yesken amdan yebded deg tlemmast n '''wemkuẓ''' d '''umnenniḍ'''. Tugna-ya tesskan-d assaɣ d lqis amekmil gar yiferdisen n tfekka n umdan akk d tenzeggit. * Yella yeqqar: ''"Ur d-yettader ɣer yidlisen-iw win ur nelli d amusnak (mathématicien)."'' Ɣer Da Vinci, tanzeggit d llsas n yal timusni, alammi i d-yenna wawal-is yettwassnen: "Ur iyi-d-iɣerri ara win ur nelli d amusnak". Ayen i d-yewwi d amaynut mačči d asider n yilugan imaynuten deg tusnakt s timmad-is am wamek xedmen yimusnaken imeqqranen n zzman-is neɣ wid i t-id-iḍefren, maca d asdukkel-is ameqqran gar tusnakt lqayen akked taẓuri, d useqdec-is i tenzeggit iwakken ad yefhem asuddes n txelqit. Yekkes tilisa gar ayen yellan d tussna d wayen yellan d taẓuri, yerra-ten d yiwen n webrid i d-yettawin ɣer tidet. Deg uḥric n teklut, Leonardo yesseqdec tanzeggit akken ad d-yesnulfu arid imzireg s wudem yeflalen i d-yettaken udem n tilawt i tfelwiyin-is. Deg tfelwit n "Imensi Aneggaru", nettaf belli yal izirig yeffɣen yettemlil deg yiwen n wammas, ayen i d-yesseknen belli yesseqdec iqɛiden n tusnakt iwakken ad yekkel allal n tmuɣli n umdan('''ad iɣurr tiṭ''' '''n wumdan deg tmuɣli-s'''). Askar i yesseqdec deg tmuɣli-a yebna ɣef yimyerren inzegganen n tfekka d wemkan, ayen i yeǧǧan iẓri n wemdan ad yekcem deg telqayt n tfelwit amzun akken yella daxel-is. Yenna-d daɣen aṭas ɣef tmeẓla n tfekka n wumdan d wamek tetteddu d tenzeggit. Tugna-ines yettwassnen aṭas, "Amdan n Vitruvius", d agzul n tikti-a. Deg-s, yessebgan-d wamek tafekka n wemdan, mi ara d-teldi ifassen-is d yiḍarren-is, tzemmer ad tekcem s tseddi deg sin n yimkuẓen igejdanen n tenzeggit: amkuẓ d umnenniḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d amṣada gar wemdan akked umeɣraḍ, anda lqis n tfekka yeṭṭafar ilugan n tusnakt. Rnu ɣef waya, amussnaw-a yexdem aṭas d umusnak Luca Pacioli, yerna i netta i d-yexdem tiwlafin tinzegganen i d-yesskanen "Amur Illawi neɣ Amḍan n wureɣ" deg udlis-is. Leonardo d amezwaru i d-yewwten ad d-yessken talɣiwin tinzegganin tis-kṛaḍiyin (3D) s wudem ifazen, ayen i d-yefkan abrid i tsegda tatrart. S yagi, yezmer ad d-yexdem aɣawas iwatan i yal tamacint neɣ allal uqbel ad t-yebnu. Yal tigawt deg tmacinin-is tebna ɣef usiḍen(leḥsab) n tusnakt d tenzeggit iwakken ad tili d tin ittcaren i wayen ara d-yeḍrun deg tilawt, mebla ma yeɣleṭ. Tamuɣli-ines ɣer tenzeggit tefka-as allal akken ad iwali ayen ur ttwalin ara wiyaḍ, d ubrid i yesseqdec iwakken ad iselḥu amussu n waman, tuzzya n yigenni, d usuddes n tfekka n wemdan. === Tizmilin d Tira n Lemri === Akk tussna-a, akk tigemmi-a n uxemmem, Leonardo yura-tt deg waṭas n tzmilin. Tira-s llant s ufus azelmaḍ, seg yeffus ɣer zelmaḍ. Tarrayt-a n tira, i wumi qqaren tira n lemri, tella i wakken ur tent-yettɣar ara win ur nelli d netta s wudem afraray, neɣ i wakken ad yeḥrez tiktiwin-is i yiman-is. Deg tzmamil-a, yella yessuneɣ unuɣen n timacinin, n tfekka n wemdan, n waman, n yigenni, d kra n wawalen i d-yesskanayen tafelsaft-is ɣef tudert, ɣef tmettant, d ɣef wadeg n wemdan deg ugama. == Isegziyen ifelsafiyen i yeffren deffir n tfelwiyin-is tigraɣlanin yettwassnen == === 1. Mona Lisa (La Joconde) – Assaɣ gar Umdan d Ugama === [[Tugna:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|vignette|219x219px|Mona Lisa]] Tafelwit-a ur telli ara kan d tugna n tmeṭṭut tameḥzunt neɣ d acmumeḥ awḥid, maca d tiẓri ɣef wamek yeddukkel umdan akked ugama (macrocosme d microcosme). * '''Tikti tafelsafit:''' Leonardo yesseqdec tarrayt n ''Sfumato'' (asigna) akken ad yekkes tilisa gar tfekka n tmeṭṭut d ugama (aɣawas n deffir) i s-d-yezzin. Ayagi yessebgan-d tikti-s belli tudert d amussu ur nḥebbes, d asuddem am waman. '''Imyerren''' n tfekka n umdan (iẓuran, idammen) d '''yimyerren''' n ugama (isaffen, iɣezran) d yiwen. Ur yelli umgared gar wemdan d twennaṭ-is; d yiwen n uẓeṭṭa yedduklen. === 2. Imensi Aneggaru (La Cène) – Gar Tlelli n Tigawt d Twenza === Deg tfelwit-a, Leonardo yewwi-d yiwet n taswiɛt kan seg umezruy: mi d-yenna Ɛisa belli yiwen seg yinelmaden-is ad t-yexdeɛ. * [[Tugna:The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg|vignette|407x407px|Tafelwit n yimensi aneggaru]]'''Tikti tafelsafit:''' D tasleḍt lqayen n tnefsit n wumdan. Yal anelmad yessebgan-d '''tigawt''' temgarad mi yesla i wawal-nni: yiwen yerfa, wayeḍ yekcem-it ccekk, wayeḍ yewhem. Tafelwit-a d amennuɣ ameqqran gar tilelli n wumdan d '''tawenza''' i d-yettraǧun. Tenzeggit n tfelwit-a tessebgan-d ula d '''askar''' n usuddes yellan deg umaḍal, anda lxiḍ n tmuɣli n yal yiwen yettili-d ɣer yiwen n wammas (aqerruy n Ɛisa), amzun d alugen n wemgaru gar Taɣẓint(lmeɛqul) d usra(ayen yeḥwaǧ). === 3. Taḥbayrit n Yidɣaɣen – Iba, Tidet, d Lqern n Zzman === [[Tugna:Leonardo Da Vinci - Vergine delle Rocce (Louvre).jpg|vignette|230x230px|Taḥbayrit(taɛezrit) n yidɣaɣen]] Tafelwit i d-yessebganen Mariya, Ɛisa ameẓyan, d Yenḥya (Jean) deg yiwen n wemkan yeffren, yeččur d iẓra . * '''Tikti tafelsafit:''' Da Vinci yella yesxeddam aṭas tasnakalt. Iẓra i d-yewwi deg tfelwit-a ssebganen-d lqern n zzman, ayen i d-isebganen temɣer d teɣzi n ugama zdat n tudert tawezlant n wumdan. Tafat i d-itekken gar yidɣaɣen tessebgan-d '''tawassna''' neɣ tussna n tfelsafit-is: tidet d tafat tettwaf-d deg tlemmast n ṭṭlam lqayen. Agama s yiman-is d aḥric seg yidles n yillu. === 4. Yenḥya Aɣeṭṭas (Saint Jean-Baptiste) – Tafat d Ṭṭlam === D tafelwit-is taneggarut. Yenḥya yessken s uḍad-is ɣer dges (asawen), s ucmumeḥ yeffren, yerna yeffeɣ-d seg ṭṭlam iberriken. * [[Tugna:Leonardo da Vinci - Saint John the Baptist C2RMF retouched.jpg|vignette|Yeḥya Aɣeṭṭas]]'''Tikti tafelsafit:''' Aḍad-nni i d-yesskanen ɣer usawen yessebgan-d tidet tunnigt neɣ aẓar n txelqit. '''Askar''' i yesseqdec da, d "Clair-obscur" (Tafat d ṭṭlam), yebɣa ad d-yini belli tidet neɣ tussna ur d-tettbin ara ma yella ulac ayen i tt-yessedlamen. Tudert tebna ɣef snat n tɣawsiwin-a yemgaraden yebnan ɣef tasinit. == Muqel daɣen == * [[Donatello]] === Tamselyut === * [http://www.imyura.net/ Sɣur Mack A.A d Yusef A.Y] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }} [[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Da Vinci, Leonardo]] [[Taggayt:Taẓuri|Da Vinci, Leonardo]] 2ns866r19qs55hkfw0mf2c9o56ks7xp 10 7654 116554 100010 2026-05-30T20:48:18Z ButterflyOFF 8191 116554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Tawilayt n Bgayet | title = {{flagdeco|Algeria}} [[Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet]] | listclass = hlist | list1 = * [[Adekkar]] * [[Akeffadu]] * [[Amalu]] * [[Amiẓur]] * [[Aqbu]] * [[Wad Ɣir]] * [[At Jlil]] * [[At Wemɛuc]] * [[At Mlikec]] * [[At Rzin]] * [[At Smaɛel]] * [[Aweqqas]] * [[Bgayet]] * [[Buḥemza]] * [[Bujlil]] * [[Buxlifa]] * [[Cemmini]] * [[Dergina]] * [[Draɛ Lqayed]] * [[Ferɛun]] * [[Icellaḍen]] * [[Ilmaten]] * [[Imsisen]] * [[Iqsilen]] * [[Iɣil Aɛli]] * [[Iɣrem]] * [[Uzellagen]] * [[Iberbacen]] * [[Kendira]] * [[Leqser|Leqṣer]] * [[Leflay]] * [[Melbu]] * [[Sedduq|Ṣedduq]] * [[Semɛun]] * [[Sidi Ɛic]] * [[Sidi Ɛeyyad]] * [[Suq n Letniyen (Bgayet)|Suq n Letniyen]] * [[Suq Ufella]] * [[Tala Ḥemza]] * [[Tamuqra]] * [[Tamrijt]] * [[Tawrirt n Yiɣil]] * [[Tazmalt]] * [[Taskeryut]] * [[Tici]] * [[Tifra]] * [[Timeẓrit (Bgayet)|Timezrit]] * [[Tiban]] * [[Tinebdar]] * [[Tizi n Berber]] * [[Tuǧa]] * [[Xerraṭa]] }}<noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet}} l3jm3bww2gwgjqhtnhc21og3x61noat 0 25189 116551 114307 2026-05-30T15:24:55Z IvanScrooge98 6433 /* */ pron 116551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zohran Mamdani 05.25.25 (3x4 cropped b).jpg|thumb|Zohran Mamdani (2025)]] '''Zohran Kwame Mamdani''' ({{MSAPI|zəˈ(h)ɹɑːn ˈkwɑːmeɪ məmˈdɑːni}} {{audio|Zohran Mamdani.ogg|taglizit}}), ilul deg 18 Tubeṛ 1991 deg [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], d argaz asertan amarikani. 772lele8oqdv19jxbjhl7e08rgt9hpj 116552 116551 2026-05-30T15:25:45Z IvanScrooge98 6433 IvanScrooge98 yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Zuhran Mamdani]] ar [[Zohran Mamdani]] : spelling 116551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zohran Mamdani 05.25.25 (3x4 cropped b).jpg|thumb|Zohran Mamdani (2025)]] '''Zohran Kwame Mamdani''' ({{MSAPI|zəˈ(h)ɹɑːn ˈkwɑːmeɪ məmˈdɑːni}} {{audio|Zohran Mamdani.ogg|taglizit}}), ilul deg 18 Tubeṛ 1991 deg [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], d argaz asertan amarikani. 772lele8oqdv19jxbjhl7e08rgt9hpj 0 25226 116556 114646 2026-05-30T21:21:55Z ButterflyOFF 8191 116556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox aseɣẓan}} '''Mastodon''' d aseɣẓan u umikṛublug d illelli n uɣbalu yeldin ileḥḥun ɣef uneggaf ActivityPub. == Tamɣiwant == [[Tugna:Mastodon_Mascot.png|alt=|vignette|Tawlaft n uzeṭṭa, Mastodon]] Deg yebrir 2017, azeṭṭa yezger asfari ameqqran. Aṭas n yifṛansisen i yebdan ad d-ttjerriden seld tuffɣa n waṭas n imagraden, gar-asen amagrad amezwaru deg Numerama ass n 3 yebrir ass deg i yessaweḍ uzeṭṭa-a yesɛa 31 000 n yisqdacen. Azeṭṭa-a yuli ihi seg 20 000 n yimḍanen deg taggara n meɣres 2017, ɣer 200 000 ass n 14 yebrir, syen ɣer 350 000 ass n 19 yebrir. Amḍan n tummanin akken iqeddacen yuli syen ɣer 1 000. fnw7qjg7djgqckf80o8tts6zsbysjax 116557 116556 2026-05-30T21:22:41Z ButterflyOFF 8191 /* Tamɣiwant */ 116557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox aseɣẓan}} '''Mastodon''' d aseɣẓan u umikṛublug d illelli n uɣbalu yeldin ileḥḥun ɣef uneggaf ActivityPub. == Tamɣiwant == [[Tugna:Mastodon_Mascot.png|alt=|vignette|Tawlaft n uzeṭṭa, Mastodon]] Deg yebrir 2017, azeṭṭa yezger asfari ameqqran. Aṭas n yifṛansisen i yebdan ad d-ttjerriden seld tuffɣa n waṭas n imagraden, gar-asen amagrad amezwaru deg Numerama ass n 3 yebrir ass deg i yessaweḍ uzeṭṭa-a yesɛa 31 000 n yisqdacen. Azeṭṭa-a yuli ihi seg 20 000 n yimḍanen deg taggara n meɣres 2017, ɣer 200 000 ass n 14 yebrir, syen ɣer 350 000 ass n 19 yebrir. Amḍan n tummanin akked iqeddacen yuli syen ɣer 1 000. h2gdrrd3dm9qkt36275hes3nyhf4rqh 0 25427 116559 116262 2026-05-31T10:36:45Z Gurzil90x 14292 aseɣti 116559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Christoph Bernhard Francke - Bildnis des Philosophen Leibniz (ca. 1695).jpg|vignette|Leibniz, aseggas<abbr>.</abbr> 1695]] '''Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz''' ilul deg 1 Yulyu 1646 deg temdint n Leipzig (Lalman), yemmut deg 14 Wember 1716 deg Hanovre. D afelsaf, d amusnaw n tusnakt, d amesnilsan, d anezraf, d amezray, yerna d amesnawal. Yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg "yimusnawen imeɣradiyen" ineggura imi ixeddem deg waṭas n yeḥricen n tmusni, ur yeḥbis ara kan deg yiwet n taɣult. Tafelsafit-is d tussna-ines ǧǧan-d later lqayen deg tidmi n lqern wis 17 d wis 18. == '''Tusnakt: Lsas n Wesiḍen d Unagraw Imisin''' == Deg taɣult n tusnakt, Leibniz yeǧǧa-d ayen i d-yessufɣen ismawen imeqqranen. * '''Asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid :''' Leibniz, s timmad-is yerna s wudem ilelli ɣef Isaac Newton, yesnulfa-d asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid. D netta i d-yeskernen izamulen (notations) i nesseqdac ar ass-a deg tusnakt, am uzamul n weɣred "∫" d uzamul n wezellum "d". * '''Anagraw Imisin :''' Leibniz d netta i d-yessersen llsas n unagraw amḍin imisin, i yebnan ɣef yizwilen 0 d 1. Anagraw-a d netta i d llsas n tsenselkimt tatrart d wamek i ttmahlen yiselkimen n wass-a. * '''Aljibṛ imzireg :''' Ixeddem daɣen ɣef isirawen d yimguccalen iwakken ad d-yefk tifrat i tegda timzirgin. == Tafelsafit d Tmeẓla == Leibniz yella d yiwen seg yifelsafen irmeɣẓanen imeqqranen n tallit-is. * '''Timunadin (Les Monades) :''' Deg udlis-is "Monadologie", Leibniz yessegza-d belli ameɣraḍ yebna ɣef tayunin tiḥerfiyin ur nettwabḍa ara, i wumi isemma "Timunadin". Yal tamunadt tgemmer daxel-is tugna n umeɣraḍ meṛṛa, yerna txeddem s "amtawa i d-yettwaheggan yakan" i d-yesrus Yakuc. * '''Amenzay n Ssebba Iwatan :''' Yessers-d amenzay-a i d-yeqqaren belli "ulac ayen i d-yettilin mebla ssebba", meḥsub yal taɣawsa neɣ tadyant tesɛa anamek d ssebba ussnan i tt-id-yewwin. * '''Asirem d "Wamaḍal Yifen wiyaḍ":''' Leibniz yettwali belli ɣas yella cceṛ deg ddunit, amaḍal-agi i deg nettidir d netta i yifen akk imaḍalen-nniḍen i yezmer Yakuc ad ten-id-yexleq. * Deg tmeẓla, yebɣa ad yesnulfu "Tameslayt Tameɣradit" s wacu i nezmer ad nefk tifrat i wuguren s wesiḍen n tmeẓla. == '''Tameṭafizikt d Tfelsafit''' == * '''Tiẓri n Tmunadin:''' Ɣer Leibniz, ameɣraḍ ur yebni ara ɣef tenga tamagnut, maca yebna ɣef yiferdisen imenza, i d-yemmalen ur d-nettban ara s tiṭ, ur nettubḍu ara, iwumi isemma "Timunadin". Yal tamunadt d tayunt tasnimant yerna d lemri n umaḍal s timmad-is. * '''Amtawa yezwaren yakan:''' Ɣer Leibniz, timunadin ur sɛint ara assaɣ gar-asent, ur ttemyagant ara. Maca, d Rebbi i tent-id-yessuddsen yakan seg tazwara akken ad ddunt ɣef yiwen n wasurif. D anect-a i d-yettgen amtawa ummid, am sin n temrilin i yettuseggmen ɣef yiwen n wakud. * '''Ameɣraḍ yufraren:''' Deg tẓri n "Theodicée", Leibniz yettwali d akken Rebbi yeffer ameɣraḍ yufraren gar yimeɣraḍen akk i yezmer ad yexleq. Ameɣraḍ-a d win yesɛan ugar n tneflit, cbaḥa d uslugen, ɣas akken yella wayen n dir deg-s. Ayen dir-nni yella kan iwakken ad d-yili wayen yelhan d ameqqran. == '''Tasengama d Ttiknulujit''' == * '''Tazmert tamuddirit (Vis viva neɣ Force vive) :''' Mgal René Descartes i yellan yeqqar belli d amussu (quantité de mouvement) i d lsas, Leibniz yenna-d belli d "tazmert" i d sser n tɣawsiwin, d ayen i d-yessersen lsas n tfizikt n dinamik d uḥader n tezmert. * '''Allalen d tmacinin :''' Leibniz ur yelli ara kan d amusnaw n teẓri (théoricien), maca d amesnulfu. Yesnulfa-d yiwet n tmacint n wesiḍen i izemren ad tger tkuzt (4) n temhalin n leḥsab. Daɣen, ixeddem ɣef waṭas n tmacinin-nniḍen am yimuturen d wallalen n unadi deg lminat. == '''Iḥricen nniḍen n Tussna''' == * '''Tasnakalt d Tesnudert :''' Yella d amezwaru i ixemmem ɣef umezruy n tegnit, yerna yenna-d belli tagnit(lqaɛa) tella deg waddad n wuẓɣal yefsin deg tazwara. Yella daɣen iseqdac mikṛuskup akken ad inadi ɣef tudert tafrarayt d yibzizen. * '''Amezruy d Tsnilest :''' Yexdem daɣen am umezray n twacult n Brunswick, yerna inadi deg uẓar n wawalen d temhazt n tutlayin n wamaḍal. * '''Taɣdemt d Uzref :''' S tɣuri-ines tamezwarut deg uzref, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut i uslugn d usegzi n yisuḍaf, yerna yeqdec am umazraf d unmahal asertan. == '''Taggrayt''' == S umata, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz d aɣbalu ur nfennu n tmusni. Tiktiwin-is, ama deg tusnakt (asiḍen, anagraw imisin), ama deg tfelsafit d tmeẓla, ssewseɛent ibriden n tussna tatrart. Ɣas yella yettidir deg lqern wis 17, tamuɣli-ines teffeɣ-d ɣer yimal, yerna inalkamen n umahil-is mazal ttidiren yid-nneɣ ar ass-a ladɣa deg tsenselkimt. 4ka1z3zg615nj1lho7gilrh3wpxnm7d 0 25483 116553 2026-05-30T15:25:45Z IvanScrooge98 6433 IvanScrooge98 yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Zuhran Mamdani]] ar [[Zohran Mamdani]] : spelling 116553 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Zohran Mamdani]] 612vwthnpazbo9lasy5vlmstz1iz3l1 2 25484 116555 2026-05-30T21:13:38Z ButterflyOFF 8191 Créé en traduisant la section « Communauté » de la page « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/236614035|Mastodon (logiciel)]] » 116555 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tamɣiwant == {{Infobox software}} '''Mastodon''' d aselkim n usebtar n tmeslayt d uselkim i d-yedduklen ɣef usebtar ActivityPub. [[Tugna:Mastodon_Mascot.png|alt=|vignette|Tawlaft n uzeṭṭa, Mastodon]] Deg yebrir 2017, azeṭṭa yezger asfari ameqqran. Aṭas n yifṛansisen i yebdan ad d-ttjerriden seld tuffɣa n waṭas n imagraden, gar-asen amagrad amezwaru deg Numerama ass n 3 yebrir ass deg i yessaweḍ uzeṭṭa-a yesɛa 31 000 n yisqdacen. Azeṭṭa-a yuli ihi seg 20 000 n yimḍanen deg taggara n meɣres 2017, ɣer 200 000 ass n 14 yebrir, syen ɣer 350 000 ass n 19 yebrir. Amḍan n tummanin akken iqeddacen yuli syen ɣer 1 000. mylfc6vhshjp9njt0cmm8tfb9za5pyd