Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 12289 116560 77021 2026-06-01T10:15:10Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''François-Marie Arouet''', iwumi qqaren '''Voltaire''', d amyaru afransis, yella daɣen d afelsafi ; ilul ass n 21/11/1694 di Paris, yemmut ass n 30/05/1778 ; yeǧǧa-d later meqqren deg lqern wis XIV imi d i d agensas n tfelsafit n tifawin, yerna yezga d netta i ḥemmlen iburrjwaten iṛumiyen ama qbel neɣ mi tɛedda tegrawla tafransist. S ubrid-is i d-yewwi mgal tiṭṭurfa tamasɣant (n ddin), amennuɣ-is yeqqen ugar ɣer tissumḥa d tlelli n wawal. Ma d tira-s teṭṭef-d deg umezgun, tamedyazt, amzruy, d tsekla-nniḍen yebḍan ɣef wungalen d tmucuha anda i d-yeggar tikta-s tfelsafiyin. Aɣanib-s seg wid iqewwan, tikwal yeslusuy-as kra usaran ; aya merra yerra-t d yiwen seg imyura icaɛen nezzeh di lqern wis XIV. Yerna ar tura mazal-is seg wid i d-beddren medden s tuget. == Tudert-is == Voltaire yekcem deg tudert n yidles d tsertit zik. Yura aṭas n yidlisen, timucuha, d yimgraden i yessawalen ɣer tilelli. Ɣef ljal n tiktiwin-is timaynutin, yekcem ɣer lḥebs, syin ilaq ad yeǧǧ tamurt-is ad yeddu ɣer tmura nniḍen am Ingiliz. Dinna, yufa tiktiwin n yimusnawen am John Locke d Isaac Newton, i yernan ɣer usikel n tfelsafit-is. Mi d-yuɣal, ikemmel amennuɣ-is mgal tasnareft(tadiktaturt) d temsizzelt n usɣan, yerna yettara taɣdemt i wid yettwakerhen. == Tiktiwin-is Tigejdanin == Tilelli n wawal d usmeslay: Voltaire yumen belli yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yini tiktiwin-is war ma yegged kra. Yettwassen s wawal-is i d-yettwanan: "Ur qebleɣ ara ayen i d-teqqareḍ, maca ad nnaɣeɣ s tezmert-iw akken ad tesɛuḍ tilelli ad t-iniḍ." '''Tasemhuyt n usɣan''': Yenkeṛ tamḥeqranit gar yimdanen ɣef tmentilt n usɣan. Yura aṭas ɣef usentel-a akken ad immel belli asɣan ur ilaq ad yili d sebba n yimenɣi neɣ n temḥeqranit, yerna yal amdan yesɛa tilelli ad yaf aman-is deg usɣan i yextar. '''Tameẓla d Umeɣẓan''': Yettwali belli tameẓla d tafat i yessefk ad taweḍ yal amdan akken ad yefru uguren n tmetti, mačči d asɣan neɣ tarrayin tiqburin i yesderɣlen ɣef wallaɣ n umdan. '''Taɣdemt d Tamsawit''': Yennaɣ mgal taɣdemt ur nelli d tamsawit. Yessaweḍ ad yerr taɣdemt i yiwen umdan yettwakerhen s uzref ur neṣfa, i yessawalen ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n teɣdemt. == Tazrirt n tfelsafit-is deg umaḍal atrar == Tiktiwin n Voltaire sɛant tazrirt tameqqrant deg umaḍal n wass-a: '''Izerfan n Umdan''': Tiktiwin-is ɣef tilelli d tamsawit llant d lsas n uswenni agreɣlan n yizerfan n umdan d uɣerman. '''Tugdut d Talayakit''': Abrid i yeldi ɣer tugdut d talayakit, akken ad yili umdan d ilelli deg tmetti-is, ad yili umgarad gar usɣan d udabu. '''Tagrawla Tafransist''': Imelwiyen d yimussnawen n tagrawla tafransist ssemersen tiktiwin-is akken ad sneflen anagraw aqbur n tgeldit, ad snulfun tagduda. == Ayen yura == [[File:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|''Elémens de la philosophie de Neuton'', 1738]] '''Tifelseft''' ''':''' * Tibratin teflsafiyin (Lettres philosophiques), 1734 * Awal ɣef tissumḥa (Traité sur la tolérance),1763 * Amawal afelsafi (dctionnaire philosophiques), 1764 '''Amezruy''' ''':''' * Tin ugellid Henri (La Henriade), 1728 * Amezruy n Charles XII (L'histoire de Charles XII) ? 1731 * Lqern n l Louis XIV(Le siècle de Louis X1V),1751 * Awal ɣef wansayen (Essai sur les mœurs), 1741 '''Ungalen/Timuchuha''' ''':''' * Zadig, 1747 * Candide, 1759 * Micromégas (1752) * Ameḥruc (lIngénu),1767 ''' '''Tamedyezt'''''' ''':''' * Isefra ifelsafiyi d isefra isatranen (Poèmes philosophiques et poèmes satiriques), * Asefru ɣef twaɣit n Lisbun (Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne), 1756 '''Tibratin''' ''':''' 6000 [[Taggayt:Amaru|Voltaire]] ozugg79ezvp2zigc441j0i1weiyqskt 0 25427 116561 116559 2026-06-01T10:57:09Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Christoph Bernhard Francke - Bildnis des Philosophen Leibniz (ca. 1695).jpg|vignette|Leibniz, aseggas<abbr>.</abbr> 1695]] '''Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz''' ilul deg 1 Yulyu 1646 deg temdint n Leipzig (Lalman), yemmut deg 14 Wember 1716 deg Hanovre. D afelsaf, d amusnaw n tusnakt, d amesnilsan, d anezraf, d amezray, yerna d amesnawal. Yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg "yimusnawen imeɣradiyen" ineggura imi ixeddem deg waṭas n yeḥricen n tmusni, ur yeḥbis ara kan deg yiwet n taɣult. Tafelsafit-is d tussna-ines ǧǧan-d later lqayen deg tidmi n lqern wis 17 d wis 18. == '''Tusnakt: Lsas n Wesiḍen d Unagraw Imisin''' == Deg taɣult n tusnakt, Leibniz yeǧǧa-d ayen i d-yessufɣen ismawen imeqqranen. * '''Asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid :''' Leibniz, s timmad-is yerna s wudem ilelli ɣef Isaac Newton, yesnulfa-d asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid. D netta i d-yeskernen izamulen (notations) i nesseqdac ar ass-a deg tusnakt, am uzamul n weɣred "∫" d uzamul n wezellum "d". Asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid d yiwen seg yiḥricen igejdanen akk deg tesnakt tatrart, yerna d asenfel ameqqran i d-yewwi Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ɣer taɣult-a. Ɣas akken llan yimusnawen uqbel-is i inudan ɣef tɣawsiwin icuban ɣer waya, Leibniz yessaweḍ ad d-yessebded lsas n wesiḍen-a d unagraw ikemlen gar iseggasen 1675 d 1686, s wudem ilelli ɣef wayen i yexdem Isaac Newton deg tmurt n Legliz. Asiḍen-a yebna ɣef sin n yimezgan igejdanen i yettafken tifrat i yisteqsiyen i d-teǧǧa tenzeggit taqburt: amek ara neḥseb arurad n ubeddel n yiwet n tɣawsa deg yal akud, d wamek ara neḥseb tajumma yellan seddaw n wudmawen ur nesɛi ara talɣa isehlen. Iwakken ad yefru uguren-a, Leibniz yessers-d tikti n "tmeẓyanin maḍi" neɣ imneḍriyen(asiḍen amneḍri). Yebda yetxemmim ɣef yimdanen am wakken d tiɣawsiwin timecṭaḥ aṭas, i yebdan ttemlilin wway-gar-asen. Seg tama, asiḍen aneẓlay iwulem i wesiḍen n tsaksart n wudem deg yiwen n wazag(taneqqiḍt), ayen i d-yemmalen amek i tbeddil tesɣunt. Seg tama nniḍen, asiḍen aɣrid ixeddem iwakken ad d-yegmer neɣ ad isemkel tiɣawsiwin-nni timecṭaḥ maḍi akken ad d-yaf tajumma tamatut. Leibniz yefhem daɣen assay lqayen yellan gar sin n yiḥricen-a; yefhem belli azellum d weɣred d snat n temhalin yemgaraden, yiwet d anemgal n tayeḍ, ayen iwumi neqqar ass-a Amenzay Agejdan n Wesiḍen. Ayen i yeǧǧan asiḍen n Leibniz ad yernu ɣef win n Newton yerna ad yettwaseqdec s waṭas ar ass-a, d izamulen (notations) i d-yesnulfa. Leibniz yella d amesnawal yerna d amesnilsan i yefkan azal ameqqran i tmeslayt d yizamulen iwakken ad sifsusen axemmem d uselkem n temhalin. I weɣred, yesnulfa-d azamul ∫, i d-yekkan seg usekkil "S" aɣezzfan n wawal alatini "Summa" (tagrumma neɣ asdukkel), imi aɣred deg llsas-is d asdukkel n yigzumen imecṭaḥ. Ma ɣef wesiḍen aneẓlay, yesnulfa-d azamul d i d-yemmalen "amgired". S wakka, aseqdec n tirẓi dx/dy​ iwakken ad d-yemmal azellum n umutti "y" ɣef umutti "x" yuɣal d allal fessusen aṭas deg uselkem n temhalin n tesnakt s wudem usrid yerna isehlen i tɣuri. Amseḍfer ɣef wazal n usnulfu n wesiḍen-a yeǧǧa-d amennuɣ ameqqran deg umezruy n tussna gar Leibniz d Newton. Newton yesnulfa-d tiktiwin-is uqbel (ayen iwumi isemma "fluxions"), maca yesseqdac izamulen imrayen(uxnizen) am "x" (tinqqiṭ nnig n usekkil), yerna ur d-yessufeɣ ara isemliyen n umahil-is s wudem unṣib ɣef zik. Leibniz, s tmuɣli-ines lqayent ɣer tmeẓla d yizamulen, yessufeɣ-d imagraden-is imezwura ɣef wesiḍen aneẓlay deg useggas n 1684 d wesiḍen aɣrid deg 1686 deg uɣmis n tussna i yettwassnen "Acta Eruditorum". Ɣas akken wid yellan d isemmaden n Newton rran-t d amakar, amezruy yeḥkem-d belli yal yiwen deg-sen yesnulfa-d asiḍen s wudem ilelli. Asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid i d-yesnulfa Leibniz d netta i d lsas n tfizikt tatrart d tmuɣliyin n tejniyuṛit. S war asiḍen-a, tili ur nezmir ara ad nefhem tinezzi n yitran, amussu n waman, neɣ ad d-nesnulfu isemliyen ussnanen d tmacinin titrarin i nessemras ass-a. Izamulen n Leibniz dduklen d idles n tesnakt yerna sskanayen-d amek tikti tafeckawt tzemmer ad tuɣal d allal imsed deg ufus n talsawt iwakken ad tfehem amaḍal. * '''Anagraw Imisin :''' Leibniz d netta i d-yessersen llsas n unagraw amḍin imisin, i yebnan ɣef yizwilen 0 d 1. Anagraw-a d netta i d llsas n tsenselkimt tatrart d wamek i ttmahlen yiselkimen n wass-a. * '''Aljibṛ imzireg :''' Ixeddem daɣen ɣef isirawen d yimguccalen iwakken ad d-yefk tifrat i tegda timzirgin. == Tafelsafit d Tmeẓla == Leibniz yella d yiwen seg yifelsafen irmeɣẓanen imeqqranen n tallit-is. * '''Timunadin (Les Monades) :''' Deg udlis-is "Monadologie", Leibniz yessegza-d belli ameɣraḍ yebna ɣef tayunin tiḥerfiyin ur nettwabḍa ara, i wumi isemma "Timunadin". Yal tamunadt tgemmer daxel-is tugna n umeɣraḍ meṛṛa, yerna txeddem s "amtawa i d-yettwaheggan yakan" i d-yesrus Yakuc. * '''Amenzay n Ssebba Iwatan :''' Yessers-d amenzay-a i d-yeqqaren belli "ulac ayen i d-yettilin mebla ssebba", meḥsub yal taɣawsa neɣ tadyant tesɛa anamek d ssebba ussnan i tt-id-yewwin. * '''Asirem d "Wamaḍal Yifen wiyaḍ":''' Leibniz yettwali belli ɣas yella cceṛ deg ddunit, amaḍal-agi i deg nettidir d netta i yifen akk imaḍalen-nniḍen i yezmer Yakuc ad ten-id-yexleq. * Deg tmeẓla, yebɣa ad yesnulfu "Tameslayt Tameɣradit" s wacu i nezmer ad nefk tifrat i wuguren s wesiḍen n tmeẓla. == '''Tameṭafizikt d Tfelsafit''' == * '''Tiẓri n Tmunadin:''' Ɣer Leibniz, ameɣraḍ ur yebni ara ɣef tenga tamagnut, maca yebna ɣef yiferdisen imenza, i d-yemmalen ur d-nettban ara s tiṭ, ur nettubḍu ara, iwumi isemma "Timunadin". Yal tamunadt d tayunt tasnimant yerna d lemri n umaḍal s timmad-is. * '''Amtawa yezwaren yakan:''' Ɣer Leibniz, timunadin ur sɛint ara assaɣ gar-asent, ur ttemyagant ara. Maca, d Rebbi i tent-id-yessuddsen yakan seg tazwara akken ad ddunt ɣef yiwen n wasurif. D anect-a i d-yettgen amtawa ummid, am sin n temrilin i yettuseggmen ɣef yiwen n wakud. * '''Ameɣraḍ yufraren:''' Deg tẓri n "Theodicée", Leibniz yettwali d akken Rebbi yeffer ameɣraḍ yufraren gar yimeɣraḍen akk i yezmer ad yexleq. Ameɣraḍ-a d win yesɛan ugar n tneflit, cbaḥa d uslugen, ɣas akken yella wayen n dir deg-s. Ayen dir-nni yella kan iwakken ad d-yili wayen yelhan d ameqqran. == '''Tasengama d Ttiknulujit''' == * '''Tazmert tamuddirit (Vis viva neɣ Force vive) :''' Mgal René Descartes i yellan yeqqar belli d amussu (quantité de mouvement) i d lsas, Leibniz yenna-d belli d "tazmert" i d sser n tɣawsiwin, d ayen i d-yessersen lsas n tfizikt n dinamik d uḥader n tezmert. * '''Allalen d tmacinin :''' Leibniz ur yelli ara kan d amusnaw n teẓri (théoricien), maca d amesnulfu. Yesnulfa-d yiwet n tmacint n wesiḍen i izemren ad tger tkuzt (4) n temhalin n leḥsab. Daɣen, ixeddem ɣef waṭas n tmacinin-nniḍen am yimuturen d wallalen n unadi deg lminat. == '''Iḥricen nniḍen n Tussna''' == * '''Tasnakalt d Tesnudert :''' Yella d amezwaru i ixemmem ɣef umezruy n tegnit, yerna yenna-d belli tagnit(lqaɛa) tella deg waddad n wuẓɣal yefsin deg tazwara. Yella daɣen iseqdac mikṛuskup akken ad inadi ɣef tudert tafrarayt d yibzizen. * '''Amezruy d Tsnilest :''' Yexdem daɣen am umezray n twacult n Brunswick, yerna inadi deg uẓar n wawalen d temhazt n tutlayin n wamaḍal. * '''Taɣdemt d Uzref :''' S tɣuri-ines tamezwarut deg uzref, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut i uslugn d usegzi n yisuḍaf, yerna yeqdec am umazraf d unmahal asertan. == '''Taggrayt''' == S umata, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz d aɣbalu ur nfennu n tmusni. Tiktiwin-is, ama deg tusnakt (asiḍen, anagraw imisin), ama deg tfelsafit d tmeẓla, ssewseɛent ibriden n tussna tatrart. Ɣas yella yettidir deg lqern wis 17, tamuɣli-ines teffeɣ-d ɣer yimal, yerna inalkamen n umahil-is mazal ttidiren yid-nneɣ ar ass-a ladɣa deg tsenselkimt. 255y6l22tl9ahfvherp7xg7d9b6x8cc