Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 18578 116578 99278 2026-06-04T08:59:54Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amqerqur''' deg [[Taqbaylit|tutlayt Taqbaylit]] d [[assaɣ imezdi|isem imezdi]] i yettunefken i wugar n 500 n [[talmest|telmas]] n [[Tikelmanin|tkelmanin]] igebren seg waṭas n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] am [[amqerqur idetti|umqerqur idetti]] (''Bufonidae''). Aṭas n midden ur ttmeyyizen ara gar n imqerqar d [[agru|yigra]], acku ttemcabin s waṭas deg telɣa. Maca deg tidet, amqerqur yettmil ɣer tudert deg tzagirt (sufel n wakal), acku ila (yesɛa) aglim yeqquren d yini aras i wakken ad yezmer ad yidir s ddaw n tafat n tfukt yakk i wakken ad [[asengel|issengel]] iman-is deg twennaṭ is yezzin. Dɣa iḍarren n umqerqur d wid yemmugen i tikli, mači i unttag am [[agru|wegru]]. Taɣazi deg akal i usrus n imellalin d agaz niḍen yessemgiriden amqerqur ɣef ugru yessrusayen timellalin-is s ddaw n waman. == Iẓuran irakalen d imazrayen == Yakk imqerqar kkand seg [[aẓaṛ amezday|uẓar imezdi]] yeddren deg [[Tamrikt n Wenẓul|Marikan n unẓul]] send n 10 n imelyan n iseggasen maca sin akin s imik imik (cuya cuya) smhersen (steɛmren) yal [[amenẓaw]] anagar [[Antraktika]], ma deg [[Ustralya]] d [[Madagaskar]] sakken kan id ttuskecmen sɣur [[afgan|wemdan]], Akken daɣen i llant kra n tegzirin tisufanin ulac degsen-t imqerqar aladɣa deg [[agaraw Amelwi|ugaraw amelwi]] == Ismawen Iqbayliyen d [[Assaɣ ussnan|ismawen ussnanen]] imezduyen n telmas == * [[Amqerqur n waman]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Bufotes viridis'') * [[Amqerqur aburqes]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Acris gryllus'') * [[Amqerqur amugay]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Kaloula pulchra'') * [[Amqerqur amessiruy]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Alytes obstetricans'') * [[Amqerqur n Marikan]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Anaxyrus americanus'') * [[Amqerqur n iseklan]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Rentapia hosii'') * [[Amqerqur utrim]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Anaxyrus boreas'') * [[Amqerqur iɣunam]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Rhinella marina'') == Tasnudert == Aylalen imatanen n umqerqur zdin d wid yellan ɣer [[agru|wegru]] yakk d kra n imgaraden meẓẓiyen deg yal talmest <br/> [[Tugna:Crapaud commun Bufo bufo.JPG|thumb|270px|[[Amqerqur imezdi]] (''Bufo bufo'')]] Am yakk igra, Ula d imqerqar d [[aɣersiw|iɣersiwen]] n [[tit idammen isemmaṭen]] (''[[tasefliẓɣelt]]'') === tasnasileɣt === * Iṭarren-is meẓẓiy-it, ur inetteg ara akken iwata maca isemyifi tikli. yettidir sufel n wakal * Ur ila ara (ur yesɛa ara) [[tuɣmest|tuɣmas]] * Aglim-is ikkerked (ḥercaw), dges timmisin == Amyaraw == == Amqerqur deg yidles alsan == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Agru]] [[Category:Tikelmanin]] [[Category:iɣersiwen]] gzaqnbi0ae5ffm0b8k7ak0pswgtlrqd 116579 116578 2026-06-04T09:01:18Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amqerqur''' deg [[Taqbaylit|tutlayt Taqbaylit]] d [[assaɣ imezdi|isem imezdi]] i yettunefken i wugar n 500 n [[talmest|telmas]] n [[Tikelmanin|tkelmanin]] igebren seg waṭas n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] am [[amqerqur idetti|umqerqur idetti]] (''Bufonidae''). Aṭas n midden ur ttmeyyizen ara gar n imqerqar d [[agru|yigra]], acku ttemcabin s waṭas deg telɣa. Maca deg tidet, amqerqur yettmil ɣer tudert deg tzagirt (sufel n wakal), acku ila (yesɛa) aglim yeqquren d yini aras i wakken ad yezmer ad yidir s ddaw n tafat n tfukt yakk i wakken ad [[asengel|issengel]] iman-is deg twennaṭ is yezzin. Dɣa iḍarren n umqerqur d wid yemmugen i tikli, mači i unttag am [[agru|ugru]]. Taɣuzi deg akal i usrus n tmellalin d agaz niḍen yessemgirriden amqerqur ɣef ugru yessrusayen timellalin-is s ddaw n waman. == Iẓuran irakalen d imazrayen == Yakk imqerqar kkand seg [[aẓaṛ amezday|uẓar imezdi]] yeddren deg [[Tamrikt n Wenẓul|Marikan n unẓul]] send n 10 n imelyan n iseggasen maca sin akin s imik imik (cuya cuya) smhersen (steɛmren) yal [[amenẓaw]] anagar [[Antraktika]], ma deg [[Ustralya]] d [[Madagaskar]] sakken kan id ttuskecmen sɣur [[afgan|wemdan]], Akken daɣen i llant kra n tegzirin tisufanin ulac degsen-t imqerqar aladɣa deg [[agaraw Amelwi|ugaraw amelwi]] == Ismawen Iqbayliyen d [[Assaɣ ussnan|ismawen ussnanen]] imezduyen n telmas == * [[Amqerqur n waman]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Bufotes viridis'') * [[Amqerqur aburqes]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Acris gryllus'') * [[Amqerqur amugay]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Kaloula pulchra'') * [[Amqerqur amessiruy]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Alytes obstetricans'') * [[Amqerqur n Marikan]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Anaxyrus americanus'') * [[Amqerqur n iseklan]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Rentapia hosii'') * [[Amqerqur utrim]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Anaxyrus boreas'') * [[Amqerqur iɣunam]] ('''[[assaɣ ussnan|s.u]]''': ''Rhinella marina'') == Tasnudert == Aylalen imatanen n umqerqur zdin d wid yellan ɣer [[agru|wegru]] yakk d kra n imgaraden meẓẓiyen deg yal talmest <br/> [[Tugna:Crapaud commun Bufo bufo.JPG|thumb|270px|[[Amqerqur imezdi]] (''Bufo bufo'')]] Am yakk igra, Ula d imqerqar d [[aɣersiw|iɣersiwen]] n [[tit idammen isemmaṭen]] (''[[tasefliẓɣelt]]'') === tasnasileɣt === * Iṭarren-is meẓẓiy-it, ur inetteg ara akken iwata maca isemyifi tikli. yettidir sufel n wakal * Ur ila ara (ur yesɛa ara) [[tuɣmest|tuɣmas]] * Aglim-is ikkerked (ḥercaw), dges timmisin == Amyaraw == == Amqerqur deg yidles alsan == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Agru]] [[Category:Tikelmanin]] [[Category:iɣersiwen]] am2salhjo8xwahwsnm2goffsvkeb5mh 0 18583 116580 92126 2026-06-04T09:06:41Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Agru''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Anura''') d [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[Tikelmanin|tkelmanin]] [[Timtegzitin|timtegzitin]]. Agru tagrawt tandant [[timseksumin|tamseksumt]] s talɣa tagejdant, akken iga d akelman war [[asallaf]]. Tilmas-is ttidirent deg yal adeg deg umaḍal, seg yideggan [[anezwu asbegsan|isbegsanen]] ɣer yideggan anda yettili usemmiḍ, maca azal ameqran n [[talmest|telmas]]-is ttidirent deg [[tagant tamanẓart|tẓegwa timanẓarin]] anda i d-[[asismel n tesnudert|ttusnemlent]] dinna ugar n 5000 n telmas. Ɣas akken tilmas-is d tid yugten, maca imusnawen deg yiseggasen ineggura ttwalin d akken amḍan n yigmamen n waṭas seg telmas-a tt-drusen (tt-nqasen). <br/> == Tasensartut d usismel == === Tasensartur === Azal n 88% n telmas n [[tikelmanin|tkelmanin]] [[Tasensartut (tasnudert)|ttusisemlent]] deg [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]] n igra, Deg tfesna ayi llant wazal n 4810 n [[talmest|telmas]] ẓẓunin-t (ferqen-t) ɣef 33 n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] gar-asent: [[igranẓulen]] (''Leptodactylidae'') s wazal n 1100 n telmas, [[Timerdedduyin]] (''Hylidae'') s wazal n 800 n telmas, d [[igerdettiyen]] (''Ranidae'') s wazal n 750 n telmas dɣa tiwaculin-a gan-t d tid yakk meqqren. Igra ttawin yakk igra imayniten d telmas n [[Timesɣezt|tmesɣaz]] yemgaraden, Asexdem n wawal ''AGRU'' d ''UMQERQUR'' ur ila ara (ur yesɛa ara) yakk azadur [[tasartut n tesnudert|amessarti]] acku deg tmuɣli n [[asnudran|imusnawen n usismel]] yakk igmanen n tfesna n waradfer d igra u anagar kan tawacult n [[amqerqur idetti|umqerqur idetti]] iy gan d [[amqerqur|imqerqar]] ma d irem imezdi ''Agru'' yesskanay tid yettidiren deg twennaṭ n waman neɣ azunwaman yerna tla aglim d aleqqaq s unemgal n imqerqar yettidiren deg twennaṭ dgi llan drus kan n waman yerna aglim-is ikkerked (ḥercaw) anagar yiwet n telmest n imqerqar isem-is ('''Bombina-Bombina''') tla (tesɛa) aylalen n umqerqur maca yettidir deg waman === Asismel === Igra d imqerqar ttusisemlen deg 3 n [[adu-tfesna|idu-fesniwen]] igan d: [[igramziken|Archaeobatrachia]] anda llant 3 n twaculin n ''igra imenza'', yakk d [[igralmasen|Mesobatrachia]] anda llant 5 n twaculin n igra inamhazen cwi ugar n Archaeobatrachia, yakk d [[igratraren|Neobatrachia]] dɣa adu-tfesna ayi d win yakk dgi llant dges waṭas n twaculin (24 n twaculin n igra itraren) yerna d nettat yakk i d tanamhazt ugar n tiyaṭ akken daɣen i ttidirent deg waṭas n ideggan n umadal == Umuɣ n twaculin == == [[Tasnettit]] (etymology) == == [[Tasnasileɣt]] d [[tasengamt|tsengamt]] == == [[Tareygama]] d tikeli == == Taẓuni tarakalt d ideggan n tudert == == Tamhazt == == Amezruy amhazan == == [[Tasnawsijint]] (Phylogenetics) == == Agru deg yidles alsan == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Amqerqur]] [[Category:tikelmanin]] [[Category:iɣersiwen]] tb5ng6kbi5ofe7i3v5rygjkb4qbd9x5 116581 116580 2026-06-04T09:07:19Z Abillardoo 16203 116581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Agru''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Anura''') d [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[Tikelmanin|tkelmanin]] [[Timtegzitin|timtegzitin]]. Agru tagrawt tandant [[timseksumin|tamseksumt]] s talɣa tagejdant, akken iga d akelman war [[asallaf]]. Tilmas-is ttidirent deg yal adeg deg umaḍal, seg yideggan [[anezwu asbegsan|isbegsanen]] ɣer yideggan anda yettili usemmiḍ, maca azal ameqran n [[talmest|telmas]]-is ttidirent deg [[tagant tamanẓart|tẓegwa timanẓarin]] anda i d-[[asismel n tesnudert|ttusnemlent]] dinna ugar n 5000 n telmas. Ɣas akken tilmas-is d tid yugten, maca imusnawen deg yiseggasen ineggura ttwalin d akken amḍan n yigmamen n waṭas seg telmas-a tt-drusen (tt-nqasen). <br/> == Tasensartut d usismel == === Tasensartur === Azal n 88% n telmas n [[tikelmanin|tkelmanin]] [[Tasensartut (tasnudert)|ttusisemlent]] deg [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]] n igra, Deg tfesna ayi llant wazal n 4810 n [[talmest|telmas]] ẓẓunin-t (ferqen-t) ɣef 33 n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] gar-asent: [[igranẓulen]] (''Leptodactylidae'') s wazal n 1100 n telmas, [[Timerdedduyin]] (''Hylidae'') s wazal n 800 n telmas, d [[igerdettiyen]] (''Ranidae'') s wazal n 750 n telmas dɣa tiwaculin-a gan-t d tid yakk meqqren. Igra ttawin yakk igra imayniten d telmas n [[Timesɣezt|tmesɣaz]] yemgaraden, Asexdem n wawal ''AGRU'' d ''UMQERQUR'' ur ila ara (ur yesɛa ara) yakk azadur [[tasartut n tesnudert|amessarti]] acku deg tmuɣli n [[asnudran|imusnawen n usismel]] yakk igmanen n tfesna n waradfer d igra u anagar kan tawacult n [[amqerqur idetti|umqerqur idetti]] iy gan d [[amqerqur|imqerqar]] ma d irem imezdi ''Agru'' yesskanay tid yettidiren deg twennaṭ n waman neɣ azunwaman yerna tla aglim d aleqqaq s unemgal n imqerqar yettidiren deg twennaṭ dgi llan drus kan n waman yerna aglim-is ikkerked (ḥercaw) anagar yiwet n telmest n imqerqar isem-is ('''Bombina-Bombina''') tla (tesɛa) aylalen n umqerqur maca yettidir deg waman === Asismel === Igra d imqerqar ttusisemlen deg 3 n [[adu-tfesna|idu-fesniwen]] igan d: [[igramziken|Archaeobatrachia]] anda llant 3 n twaculin n ''igra imenza'', yakk d [[igralmasen|Mesobatrachia]] anda llant 5 n twaculin n igra inamhazen cwi ugar n Archaeobatrachia, yakk d [[igratraren|Neobatrachia]] dɣa adu-tfesna ayi d win yakk dgi llant dges waṭas n twaculin (24 n twaculin n igra itraren) yerna d nettat yakk i d tanamhazt ugar n tiyaṭ akken daɣen i ttidirent deg waṭas n ideggan n umadal == Umuɣ n twaculin == == [[Tasnettit]] (etymology) == == [[Tasnasileɣt]] d [[tasengamt|tsengamt]] == == [[Tareygama]] d tikeli == == Taẓuni tarakalt d ideggan n tudert == == Tamhazt == == Amezruy amhazan == == [[Tasnawsijint]] (Phylogenetics) == == Agru deg yidles alsan == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Amqerqur]] [[Taggayt:tifesniwin n iɣersiwen]] [[Category:tikelmanin]] [[Category:iɣersiwen]] 88u2s8gr2gz2s023gtjnigpv69oyye2 0 25487 116584 116577 2026-06-04T10:18:13Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Djoser cropped.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Zuser deg usalay amaṣri n lqahira.]] '''Zuser'''(neɣ s tefransist: '''''Djoser'''''), i wumi yella yisem unṣib '''Netjerykhet''' (Awin yellan d lmaɛbud s yiman-is), d aferɛun n tɣerma tamaṣrit taqburt. D netta i d agellid amezwaru (neɣ wis sin ɣef leḥsab n kra n yimnadiyen) n twacult tis kraḍ deg Tallit n Tgelda Taqburt. Tallit n lḥekm-is, i d-yellan gar 2667 d 2648 uqbel n Ɛisa, d tin i d-yewwin aṭas n tneflit d tmuɣliwin timaynutin deg tmetti, tadbelt, tadamsa, d tsegda. == Tasegda d Tjenyurt == Aḥric ameqqran anida i d-yessekcem Zuser abeddel d ameqqran d aḥric n tsegda. Uqbel tallit-is, igelliden d yimdanen imeqqranen llan tmeṭṭlen-ten deg yiẓekwan i wumi qqaren "Mastaba", yebnan s wakal, s walluḍ d yigudar n usɣaṛ. S lmendad n umwazir-is d umsegdaw-is '''Imḥutep''' (Imhotep), Zuser yesbedd aẓekka ameqqran n weẓru: '''Tazamugt isuraf n Saqqara''' (''neɣ tazamugt n tseddarin n saqqara''). * '''Asnulfu n weẓru:''' Tazamugt-a tebna s yisuraf, tesɛa azal n 62 n yimetren deg teɣzi. Ayagi d asenfaṛ amezwaru deg umezruy n talsa i yebnan s weẓru aẓayan ur nrekku. * '''Asatal asɣanan:''' Tazamugt-a ur telli ara d aẓekka kan, maca d adeg asɣanan ameqqran yesɛan aṭas n tzeɣwa, tisraf, d temnaḍin n tẓallit daxel-is. == Tadbelt d Tdamsa == Deg tallit n Zuser, tadbelt tamaṣrit tewweḍ ɣer yiwet n tuzzgi d usemlal (''synthèse/centralisation'') ur nettwaẓri yakan. Awank yuɣal d amenzay, isebded lqedd-is s ddemma n yimsudden: * '''Tamanaɣt tamaynut:''' Agellid isebded tamanaɣt-is deg ''Memfis'' (Memphis), akken ad yili d amqerreb ɣer snat n temnaḍin n Maṣer (Maṣer Ufella d Maṣer Wadda) d useḥbiber ɣef umnekni gar-asent. * '''Tadamsa d Tnezzut:''' Ɣef leḥsab n tdamsa, Zuser issewseɛ tilisa n tmurt-is, yesnerna ayen d-itekken seg tnezzut. Yuzen isardasen d tzelgiwin ɣer tezgzirt n Sini (Sinaï) akken ad d-kksen iɣir d teẓruyin ɣlayen am turkwas (''turquoise''). Ayagi yefka-d isugam imeqqranen i uẓayar-is akken ad yebnu isenfaṛen idamsanen imeqqranen. == Asɣan d Tmuɣliwin == Deg uḥric n wasɣan, Zuser yesselḥaq aẓayeṛ n uferɛun ɣer tqacuct. Agellid yuɣal d ammudem n yilluten ɣef tugnit(lqaɛa). * [[Tugna:Zoser Pyramid (2347235367).jpg|vignette|Tazamugt n yisuraf(neɣ n tseddarin) deg saqqara]]'''Tazamugt am umatar:''' Tazamugt n yisuraf tella d amatar n tneflit tasɣanant. Tettwasenɛet am d isuraf (tiseddarin) ara yali uferɛun ɣer yigenni akken ad yelḥeq illuten, ladɣa ilu n yiṭij (''Ra''). * '''Tudert deffir tmettant:''' Abeddel seg tṣakkiwin tiḥerfiyin ɣer yiẓekwan n weẓru isbeggen-d tumnayt tamaṣrit lqayen ɣef tɣellist n ṛṛuḥ d tmanegt deffir tmettant. Aẓekka ameqqran d adeg n taggara i weglid akken ad yelḥeq imezwura-s s wudem uzzig. == Taẓuri d Yidles == Taẓuri deg tallit n Djoser tewweḍ ɣer yiwet n tɣara yemgaraden ɣef zik. * '''Asefris n''' '''Zuser:''' Asebdad n Zuser i d-ufan deg yiwet n texxamt n uẓekka-s (iwumi qqaren ''Serdab'') d amedya amezwaru n usebdad n uferɛun s lqed-is ummid i d-yewwḍen ar ass-a. Asebdad-a isenɛet-d Zuser yeqqim ɣef usɣim n lḥekm, yelsa aɣenbur unṣib d ucekkuḥ n lḥekm, d ayen i d-yemmalen tamanegt d tnezmart n uferɛun. * '''Tira d Isekkilen:''' Tasekkirt n tira s yisekkilen iqedsanen (Hiéroglyphes) tebda tettaṭṭaf talɣa-s tankemmalt, tewweḍ ɣer uswir n tẓuri tusnawt yettwarun ɣef yigudar n yiẓekwan akken ad d-ḥkun tijmilin n ugellid. == Taggara == S umata, Zuser ur yelli ara kan d agellid i yebnan tazamugt tamezwarut, maca d netta i d-isbedden isuraf imezwura n tɣerma tamaṣrit tatrart. Tazamugt-is, tadbelt-is iqedcen, d tẓuri-s yeṣfan, d ayen i d-yessufɣen Maṣer taqburt seg tallit n wakal ɣer tallit n weẓru, tussna, d tmanegt i d-yeqqimen d azamul n tɣerma-a i yifḍen n yiseggasen. D tallit-is i d asatal lqayen i d-yefkan ifadden i yiferɛunen i d-itebɛen akken ad bnun tizamugin timeqqranin n Giza. 9pkmn9gljcmfprw6ffws6ubck2m29qm 0 25488 116582 2026-06-04T09:29:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 116582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Joseph Siffrein Duplessis - Benjamin Franklin - Google Art Project.jpg|vignette|Tarudemnt n Benjamin Franklin]] '''Benjamin Franklin''' (17 Yennayer 1706 – 17 Yebrir 1790) d yiwen n '''wugagg''' ameqqran n tallit n Tafat. D amassan, d amesnulfu, d amyaru, d '''agensas''', yerna d yiwen gar Yimawlan Imezwura n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan. S tmusni-s lqayen d ccɣel-is, yeǧǧa-d '''tukkest''' meqqren ama deg taɣult n tussna ama deg tsertit, ayen i d-yefkan '''tazrirt''' ɣef umezruy n umaḍal. ffaw783hc8ef4iuyqsjwz338s7sjq0p 116583 116582 2026-06-04T10:15:38Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116583 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Joseph Siffrein Duplessis - Benjamin Franklin - Google Art Project.jpg|vignette|Tarudemnt n Benjamin Franklin]] '''Benjamin Franklin''' (17 Yennayer 1706 – 17 Yebrir 1790) d yiwen n '''wugagg''' ameqqran n tallit n Tafat. D amassan, d amesnulfu, d amyaru, d '''agensas''', yerna d yiwen gar Yimawlan Imezwura n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan. S tmusni-s lqayen d ccɣel-is, yeǧǧa-d '''tukkest''' meqqren ama deg taɣult n tussna ama deg tsertit, ayen i d-yefkan '''tazrirt''' ɣef umezruy n umaḍal. == 1. Temẓi d Tnezzut n Usiẓreg == Ilul-d Benjamin Franklin deg temdint n Boston, d mmi-s n uzeffaf, d wis mraw d sin (12) gar mraw sd sa (17) n warrac deg twacult-is. Imi ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel leqraya-s deg uɣerbaz ugar n sin yiseggasen, yebda iselmad iman-is s tɣuri n yidlisen. * '''Amahil amenzu:''' Deg temẓi-s, yexdem d anelmad ɣer gma-s James i yellan d amsiẓreg. Dinna i yelmed taɣara n tira d usiẓreg. * '''Taɣellist di Philadelphia:''' Mi yeffeɣ ɣer Philadelphia, yesbedd axxam n usiẓreg ines. Yessaweḍ ad yali di tnezzut n tɣamsa, yerna yura-d '''awitay''' yettwassnen aṭas: ''Poor Richard's Almanack'' (Aswitay n Richard Iɣellil), i deg d-yefka aṭas n yinzan d tmiḍranin n tmusni tamatut. == 2. Tussna, Tasareɣt d Yisnulfuyen == Franklin yefka lwelha-s s wudem uzzig ɣer tussna. Inadiyen-is fkan-d abrid i tneflit n tsengama, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan '''tasareɣt''' d tẓaṛuṛt (trisiti). * '''Tirmit n tmesrifegt n lkaɣeḍ:''' Deg useggas n 1752, yemhel tirmit-is yettwassnen s tmesrifegt n lkaɣeḍ deg wass n ugeffur, i wakken ad d-isken belli siɛqa d yiwet n talɣa n ttrisiti. * '''Isnulfuyen:''' Ayen i d-yufa yeldi abrid i usnulfu n usellek mgal ssiɛqa, ayen i isellken aṭas n yixxamen seg tmes. Yesnulfad daɣen tismaqalin n sin yibniqin (bifocals), ageṭṭum n Franklin i usezɣel, d wallal amesnawan uẓawan. Inadiyen-is d tiẓrawin-is fkan llsas i yimusnawen i d-iḍefren i wakken ad d-snulfun allalen nniḍen am '''usaraw''' n ttrisiti. == 3. Tasertit, Tagensast d Uzarug == '''Tawenza''' (destin) n Benjamin Franklin tcudd s waṭas ɣer twenza n tmurt-is. Yurar amur ameqqran deg unaḍaḥ ɣef uzarug n Marikan mgal aheggi aṭerki n Briṭanya. * '''Aswenni n Uzarug:''' Yettekka deg wegrraw i d-iheggan '''Aswenni''' n Uzarug n Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg useggas n 1776, yerna yella gar wid i t-yesmelsen. * '''Tagensast di Fṛansa:''' Franklin yettwaceyyaɛ d '''agensas''' ɣer tmurt n Fṛansa (1776-1785). S tmusni-s d ṣṣwab-is, yessaweḍ ad d-yawi tallalt n Fṛansa, ayen i yellan d '''taḍullit''' i tmerna n tegrawla tamarikant. * '''Tamenḍawt:''' Deg useggas n 1787, yettekka deg usuddes n Tmenḍawt n Yiwunak Yeddukklen. == 4. Tafelsuft d Tudert n Tmetti == Tafelsuft n Franklin tbedd ɣef '''yimyerren''' n tuɣẓint, ayen yelhan i tmetti, d telɣa s wudem umager(tamagart) n umdan. Yefka azal ameqqran i uqader n tneggazt(initiative) d usebɣer n wiyad. * '''Timetti d Usebɣer:''' Yesbedd-d aṭas n tuddsiwin i usebɣer n tmetti, am temkerḍit tazayezt tamezwarut di Marikan, asuddes n yimeḥbas n tmes (pompiers), d tsuddut n tussna. * '''Tazrirt Tafelsufant:''' Yella mgal '''miḥyaf''' deg taggara n tudert-is, u yuɣal d aselway n tjemɛit mgal asekli (esclavage). Tamiḍrant-is ɣef tugdut tella s wudem amezyan d win yebnan ɣef tdukli n tɣiwanin. == 5. Tukkest d Tagrayt == S '''ugzul''', Benjamin Franklin d amedya ameqqran n umdan yessawḍen ad yessuddes gar tektiwin tiẓrayanen d usnas-nsent di tilawt. '''Tukkest-is''' tella-d d isemli ameqqran i umezruy n talsa. Ur yelli ara kan d ameskar neɣ d asertay, maca d tiṭ n Marikan tatrart. sukcm92tnqhle56l46rtow4jvffhi2w 0 25489 116585 2026-06-04T10:24:10Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 116585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Seated Statue of Hatshepsut MET Hatshepsut2012.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Ḥatecpsut.]] '''Ḥatecpsut''' (Hatshepsut) d yiwet gar tgejdanin timeqqranin deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Tella d aferɛun wis semmus n twacult tis mraw d tamt (18), teṭṭef adabu gar yiseggasen n 1478 akked 1458 uqbel n Ɛisa. Tettwassen nezzeh s talwit, taneflit n tdamsa, akked tsagda tameqrant i d-teǧǧa. Tawenza-s d yiwet gar tid yessewhamen maḍi deg umezruy amensay, imi d tameṭṭut i yewwḍen s aẓayeṛ n uferɛun ummid. hvrgh9jg6bv88ck4rkqkicm0v8934ar