Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 2256 116603 116510 2026-06-08T07:21:20Z ButterflyOFF 8191 116603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Cemmini''' (s tefransist: ''Chemini'') d taɣiwant tazzayrit tezga-d deg [[Tawilayt n Bgayet|twilayt n Bgayet]], deg Tmurt n Lqbayel. Di tarakalt tafgant, d taɣiwant i d-yezgan deg lɛerc n [[At Weɣlis]], yiwen seg leɛrac imeqqranen deg temnaḍt n wasif n Ṣṣumam. ==Tudrin== Taɣiwant n Cemmini tegber aṭas n tuddar, gar-asent : * [[Agwni|Agwni]] * [[At Cemmini|At Cemmini]] * [[At Sula|At Sula]] * [[At Twati|At Twati]] * [[At Wraɣ|At Wraɣ]] * [[At Ẓadi|At Ẓadi]] * [[bumlal|Bumlal]] * [[Ilmaten|Ilmaten]] * [[Imɛaliwen|Imɛaliwen]] * [[Larbɛa|Larbɛa]] * [[Lejnan|Lejnan]] * [[Luḍa|Luḍa]] * [[Semɛun (Cemmini)|Semɛun]] * [[Sidi Lḥaǧ Ḥsin|Sidi Lḥaǧ Ḥsin]] * [[Sidi yeḥya|Sidi yeḥya]] * [[Taɣrast|Taɣrast]] * [[Taqerrabt|taqerrabt]] * [[Taxlijt|Taxlijt]] * [[Taẓrutt|Taẓrutt]] * [[Tiɣilt|Tiɣilt]] * [[Tiḥuna|Tiḥuna]] * [[Tijunan|Tijunan]] * [[Tisirra|Tissira]] == Muqel Daɣen== * [[Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet]] * [[Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Tizi Uzzu]] {{Tawilayt n Bgayet}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet}} [[taggayt:Tiɣiwanin n Tmurt n Leqbayel|Cemmini]] 78s8encxtjcu7xymxwjvuht2m47gll1 0 12289 116601 116597 2026-06-07T18:19:08Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''François-Marie Arouet''', iwumi qqaren '''Voltaire''', d amyaru afransis, yella daɣen d afelsafi ; ilul ass n 21/11/1694 di Paris, yemmut ass n 30/05/1778 ; yeǧǧa-d later meqqren deg lqern wis XIV imi d i d agensas n tfelsafit n tifawin, yerna yezga d netta i ḥemmlen iburrjwaten iṛumiyen ama qbel neɣ mi tɛedda tegrawla tafransist. S ubrid-is i d-yewwi mgal tiṭṭurfa tamasɣant (n ddin), amennuɣ-is yeqqen ugar ɣer tissumḥa d tlelli n wawal. Ma d tira-s teṭṭef-d deg umezgun, tamedyazt, amzruy, d tsekla-nniḍen yebḍan ɣef wungalen d tmucuha anda i d-yeggar tikta-s tfelsafiyin. Aɣanib-s seg wid iqewwan, tikwal yeslusuy-as kra usaran ; aya merra yerra-t d yiwen seg imyura icaɛen nezzeh di lqern wis XIV. Yerna ar tura mazal-is seg wid i d-beddren medden s tuget. == Tudert-is == Voltaire yekcem deg tudert n yidles d tsertit zik. Yura aṭas n yidlisen, timucuha, d yimgraden i yessawalen ɣer tilelli. Ɣef ljal n tiktiwin-is timaynutin, yekcem ɣer lḥebs, syin ilaq ad yeǧǧ tamurt-is ad yeddu ɣer tmura nniḍen am Ingiliz. Dinna, yufa tiktiwin n yimusnawen am John Locke d Isaac Newton, i yernan ɣer usikel n tfelsafit-is. Mi d-yuɣal, ikemmel amennuɣ-is mgal tasnareft(tadiktaturt) d temsizzelt n usɣan, yerna yettara taɣdemt i wid yettwakerhen. === Talalit d Tmeẓyant === Ilul deg temdint n Paris deg useggas n 1694, deg yiwet n twacult tameẓyant maca ur nelli d igellil. Isem-is aḥeqqi François-Marie Arouet. Yekcem ɣer uɣerbaz n yimassanen anda yelmed tasekla d tfelsafit. Zik i d-yemmel times n yiles-is, yella yesɛa amussu d tektiwin i yessawalen ɣer tmuɣliwin timaynutin, i yessawalen mgal udabu n tgeldit. === Takurmut d Ubeddel n Yisem === Sabab n yimedyazen-is d wawalen-is i yessawalen mgal win ilan adabu, Voltaire yettwawwet ɣer tekurmut(''lḥebs'') n Bastille deg useggas n 1717. Deg takurmut-a, i yexdem isem-is amaynut Voltaire, yerna yura amezgun-is amezwaru i yessawalen Œdipe. Mi d-yeffeɣ, yuɣal d amusnaw yettwassnen deg Paris, maca yella yettnadi ɣef tilelli ur nelli deg tmurt-is. === Aserwel ɣer Ingiliz === Deg useggas n 1726, yekcem deg wemgaru d yiwen n uhaggar i yuran deg udabu. Akken ur itteddu ara ɣer takurmut tikelt nniḍen, yesserwel ɣer tmurt n Ingiliz. Tawella-a tbeddel-as tudert-is s lwudem ummid. Dinna, yufa-d timetti tatrart, tilelli n wawal, d tmuɣliwin n yimusnawen am John Locke d Isaac Newton. Yelmed ɣef tugdut, ɣef uqader n tmuɣliwin n wiyaḍ, d wamek i yezmer udabu ad yili d amsawi. Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Fransa, yura idlisen i yessawalen ɣef wayen i yelmed deg Ingiliz, i yessawalen mgal udabu n Fransa, dɣa idlisen-is ttwakerhen, netta yerwel ɣer tmurt nniḍen. === Tudert deg Cirey akked Émilie du Châtelet === Yufa-d rrefd deg temdint n Cirey akked Émilie du Châtelet, i yellan d tamussnawt tameqqrant deg tusnakt d tfizikt. Ttkemilen anadi deg tussniwin, deg tfelsafit, d wamek i yezmer umdan ad yissin agama s tameẓla. Tuɣalin-a d tallit n uselmed d unadi ameqqran, anda i yura aṭas n yimgraden ɣef tussniwin. === Tagelda n Prusse d Tuɣalin ɣer Fransa === Sakin n lmut n Émilie, Voltaire yedda ɣer tmurt n Prusse akked ugellid Frédéric II, i yellan d ameddukel-is. Maca, ɣef ljal n tmuɣliwin-is tilelliyin d yiles-is i yekkaten, ur qublen ara, ihi yerwel syin ɣer tmurt n Suisse. === Ferney d Umennuɣ ɣef Teɣdemt === Yezdeɣ deg temdint n Ferney, tama n tmurt n Suisse, i wazal n 20 n yiseggasen. Dinna, yuɣal d amerkanti, yerna yella yettara taɣdemt i wid yettwakerhen s yisem n usɣan neɣ udabu. Am temsalt n Jean Calas, anda i yennuɣ s tezmert-is akken ad d-yerr tamsawit i yiwen n urgaz yettwakerhen s uzref ur neṣfa. Yura aṭas n yidlisen am Candide d Umawal afelsafi, anda i yessaweḍ ad yessenɣes ɣef temsizzelt d temḥeqranit. === Taggara d Usmekti === Deg useggas n 1778, yuɣal ɣer Paris anda i t-qublen medden am umsellek, am uzamul n tilelli d tmeẓla. Maca, yemmut cwiṭ n wussan sakin. Ɣef sebba n tiktiwin-is, ur t-anflen ara ad yettwamḍel deg tmeqbert n yimasiḥiyen. Maca, deg tagrawla tafransist, asirem-is yuɣal d tilawt asmi i ttwaqqen iɣsan-is ɣer Panthéon, am uzamul n tilelli d wemdan i yennuɣen ɣef uzref n wawal d tamsawit. == Tiktiwin-is Tigejdanin == === '''Tilelli n wawal d usmeslay''': === Voltaire yumen belli yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yini tiktiwin-is war ma yegged kra. Yettwassen s wawal-is i d-yettwanan: "Ur qebleɣ ara ayen i d-teqqareḍ, maca ad nnaɣeɣ s tezmert-iw akken ad tesɛuḍ tilelli ad t-iniḍ." Tilelli n wawal d umeslay d yiwen seg yimukan igejdayen yakk deg tfelsafit n Voltaire. Yettwali belli tmetti ur tezmir ad tennerni, ur tezmir daɣen ad taweḍ ɣer tidet, war ma yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yini tiktiwin-is war ma yegged kra n wemciwer neɣ n uɛaqeb. ==== Amesten n tiktiwin n wiyaḍ ==== Voltaire yumen belli amennuɣ n tiktiwin s wawal d amennuɣ n talwit, yerna d netta i d abrid awḥid ɣer tidet. Tikti-s tameqqrant tettwagzem deg wawal-is ameqqran i yuɣalen d azamul deg umaḍal: "Ur qebleɣ ara tikti-k neɣ ayen i d-teqqareḍ, maca ad fkeɣ tudert-iw akken ad tesɛuḍ azref ad t-teqqareḍ." S wawal-a, yessaweḍ ad yezzi i yiri n tfelsafit, imi yerra tilelli n wawal d azref amaɣlal i yal amdan, ɣas ma tiktiwin-nni mgal tid-is. ==== Amennuɣ mgal tadrest ==== Deg tallit-is, adabu n tgeldit s wallal n usɣan yella yesseqdac tadrest ɣef yidlisen, yimgraden d yimeslayen. Voltaire yennuɣ mgal tadrest-a s tezmert-is meqqren. Yettwali belli tadrest d amrig n yidiktaturen akken ad ḥekmen timetti s wudm ur nelli d amsawi, ad rren talast ɣef wallaɣ n umdan. I lmend n waya, yura aṭas n yidlisen, timucuha d yimgraden s yismawen uffiren akken ad d-iwet ɣef udabu war ma yeɣli deg ufus n teɣdemt-nsen ur neṣfa, yerna akken ad yaweḍ wawal-is ɣer yimdanen. ==== Awal ilelli d amrig mgal tadankit ==== Deg tmuɣli-s, tilelli n wawal mačči d tanila kan i yimassanen neɣ i yimussnawen, maca d amrig amezwaru i umennuɣ mgal tadankit, temḥeqranit . Yumen belli ma yella wawal ilelli, imdanen ad izmiren ad skeflen tuccḍiwin n udabu, ad sutren taɣdemt, yerna ad snernin tussniwin. Awal ilelli d tafat i yessefk ad ifet tilas n wallaɣ, ad yili d amrig i wid yettwakerhen akken ad hudden asurif n yidiktaturen. ==== Tazrirt-is deg umaḍal atrar ==== Ass-a, tiktiwin n Voltaire ɣef tilelli n wawal llant d lsas n yizerfan n umdan. Timendawin n tugdut deg waṭas n tmura sɛant tanila-a am uzref agejdan. Kra n umdan i yennuɣen ass-a ɣef uzref-is ad yini ray-is, ad yeffeɣ ɣer ubrid ad yessuter azref-is, neɣ ad yaru deg yiẓeṭwan inmettiyen war ma yegged, yessaɣ tafat ɣef tfelsafit n Voltaire. Yettwaggez belli war tilelli n wawal, ulac tugdut, ulac taɣdemt, yerna ulac tanmert n tmetti. === '''Tilleli n usɣan:''' === Yenkeṛ tamḥeqranit gar yimdanen ɣef tmentilt n usɣan. Yura aṭas ɣef usentel-a akken ad immel belli asɣan ur ilaq ad yili d sebba n yimenɣi neɣ n temḥeqranit, yerna yal amdan yesɛa tilelli ad yaf aman-is deg usɣan i yextar. Voltaire yumen belli asɣan ur ilaq ara ad yili d amrig n temḥeqranit, n tmettant neɣ n temsizzelt. Yura aṭas n yidlisen akken ad yessenqed ɣef temsalt-a, ladɣa tiwen udlis ɣef uqader n tlleli n usɣan, i yura deffir temsalt n Jean Calas. Argaz-a yettwakerhen s uzref ur neṣfa, yettwanɣa ɣef sseba usɣan-is. Dɣa, Voltaire yekker s tezmert-is mgal yisɣanen i yettaɣen adabu akken ad ḥekmen imdanen, ad ten-ssensen, neɣ ad ten-nɣen. Yessuter tilelli n tefrit, akken yal amdan ad yili d ilelli ad yamen s wayen i yextar, ad yefk azal i yisɣanen nniḍen war ma yegged kra n uɛaqeb. Yettwali belli imdanen meṛṛa d atmaten, d irawsanen zdat ugama, ur ilaq ara ad mgaraden neɣ ad mnaɣen ɣef sseba n tmuɣliwin-nsen ɣef Yakuc. ==== Talayakit d Amgarad gar Usɣan d Udabu ==== Tikti-s tameqqrant tella d amgarad ameqqran gar usɣan d udabu n uwanek. Yettwali belli ilugan n tmetti ur ilaq ara ad rsen ɣef yidasilen n usɣan. "Ssefsex tuɣrist" d awal-is ameqqran i yessawel akken ad yekkes tadankit n yimawalen n usɣan i yessawalen ɣer temsizzelt d yimenɣi. I Voltaire, asɣan ilaq ad yili deg wul n umdan d tefrit-is, mačči deg yisuɣan n udabu neɣ deg yilugan n teɣdemt. Awanek ilaq ad yili d amsawit gar yimdanen meṛṛa, acku asɣan-nsen yemgarad. === Aamuɣli-is ar Uẓayer n Usɣan deg Tmetti === Voltaire ur yelli ara d arakucan. Yella yettamen s Yakuc, maca s wudem n "usɣan agamawan". Yettwali Yakuc am umaskar amuqran i yexelqen amaḍal, syin yeǧǧa-t akken ad yeddu s yilugan n ugama d tussna. Ur yumin ara s yisɣanen yettwasanulfan s yimdanen, s yimira-nsen d tkerkas-nsen. Maca, ɣer Voltaire, asɣan ila tanfa tameqqrant deg tmetti i usenqed n imdanen. Yura: "Ma ur yelli ara Yakuc, ilaq ad t-snulfu tmetti". Yumen belli tikti n uɛaqeb n Yakuc deffir lmut d tin i yettḥettimen imdanen ad xedmen ayen yelhan, ad ḥadren ɣef yir tigawin, d tin i yettawin talwit gar medden. Asɣan, deg tmuɣli-s, d allal iwatan i tmetti akken ad teḥkem ɣef yir imdanen i ur nettaɣ ara i yilugan n tmetti. I yimegziyen d yimusnawen, tameẓla d tussna ad ten-yawin ɣer tidet d tumert. Maca i tmetti s umata, i medden ur nelmid ara aṭas, asɣan d amrig iwatan akken ad yili unagraw, taɣdemt d tmsawit. === '''Tameẓla d Umeɣẓan''': === Yettwali belli tameẓla d tafat i yessefk ad taweḍ yal amdan akken ad yefru uguren n tmetti, mačči d asɣan neɣ tarrayin tiqburin i yesderɣlen ɣef wallaɣ n umdan. Deg tfelsafit n Voltaire, tameẓla d umeɣẓan llan d amrig agejdan i yessawalen ɣer usnerni n tmetti. Voltaire yella d amaru d umesnaw i yessqedcen tameẓla akken ad yerr tilas i tawaresnit, i war taɣdemt, d temḥeqranit. Deg "Tallit n Tafat", ameɣẓan yella d tafat i yessefk ad ifet tillas n wallaɣ, ad yili d lsas n yal tanfa deg tmetti. ==== Tameẓla mgal Tawaresnit d Timucuha ==== Voltaire yumen belli aselmed n tawaresnit d timucuha yellan s wudem ''adugmati'' d nutni i d sebba n yimenɣi, n temettant, d temḥeqranit gar yimdanen. Yennaɣ s tezmert-is mgal wid i yessawalen ɣer tmuɣliwin tiderɣalin ur nesɛi ara lsas ameɣẓan. I netta, allaɣ n umdan ilaq ad yili d ilelli, ad yettnadi ɣef tidet s useqdec n umeɣẓan, mačči ad yamen s wayen ur neṣfi ara neɣ s wayen i yessawal kan ɣer tugdi. Tameẓla i Voltaire d amrig i yessefk ad yekkes aɣumu i yimdanen, ad ten-yerr d imassanen n tmeddurt-nsen, mačči d aklan n yimuhal neɣ n yimawalen n usɣan. ==== Tirmit d Tussna ==== Tikti-s ɣef umeɣẓan teffaɣ-d s waṭas seg yimusnawen am John Locke d Isaac Newton. Voltaire ur yumin ara s tiktiwin tuɣrisin i d-yekkan seg igenni neɣ seg wallaɣ war ma llan ɣer-sent inagan deg tilawt. Yettwali belli tamusni tettekk-d seg tirmit d ussan n ugama. Tussna d umeɣẓan llan d yiwen, imi tameẓla ur tezmir ad taweḍ ɣer tidet war ma tessaɣ tafat ɣef wayen i yettwalan s wallen d wayen i yettwarmaten deg tilawt. Yessaweḍ ad yessenɣes ɣef tmuɣliwin n yimusnawen iqburan i yessawalen ɣer tussna ur nesɛi ara inagan, yerna yefka azal ameqqran i ussan amaɣlal d tussniwin titrarin i yessawalen ɣer usnerni n tmetti. ==== Ameɣẓan deg Unagraw n Teɣdemt ==== I Voltaire, ameɣẓan ur yelli ara d awal kan n tfelsafit i yimassanen, maca d amrig amezwaru i usali n tmetti tatrart d teɣdemt. Yessuter ad yili unagraw n teɣdemt yersen ɣef yilugan imaɣẓanen, mačči ɣef yilugan n usɣan neɣ n udabu aqbur. Mi yennaɣ ɣef temsalt n Jean Calas d waṭas n temsal nniḍen, yessaweḍ ad yesseqdec tameẓla akken ad d-yerr tamsawit, ad yessenɣes ɣef wid i yessawalen ɣer temettant ɣef ljal n tmuɣliwin-nsen ur nesɛi ara lsas. Yettwali belli taɣdemt ur nelli d tamsawit d tin i yessawalen ɣer tadankit, ihi ilaq ad tili tameẓla d tin i yessawalen ɣer yilugan i yessawalen ɣer tmsawit gar yimdanen meṛṛa. ==== Tilelli n Wallaɣ d Tameẓla ==== Tameẓla ur tezmir ad tennerni deg tallit n tadrest. Voltaire yumen belli akken ad yili umeɣẓan d amagnu, ilaq ad yili wawal ilelli. Ma yella udabu yessawal ɣer tadrest n yidlisen d tiktiwin, allaɣ n umdan ad yili d akli. I lmend n waya, amennuɣ-is mgal tadrest d amennuɣ ɣef tilelli n umeɣẓan akken ad yaweḍ yal amdan ɣer tmusni. Tameẓla teḥwaǧ tallunt tilellit akken ad temɣer, ad tennerni, yerna ad taweḍ ɣer tidet. === '''Taɣdemt d Tamsawit''' === Yennaɣ mgal taɣdemt ur nelli d tamsawit. Yessaweḍ ad yerr taɣdemt i yiwen umdan yettwakerhen s uzref ur neṣfa, i yessawalen ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n teɣdemt. Deg tfelsafit n Voltaire, taɣdemt d tamsawit mačči d awalen kan n tzerfant, maca d amennuɣ n yal ass mgal tadankit, d temḥeqranit. Voltaire yettwali belli timetti ur tezmir ad tili deg-s talwit ma ur yelli ara unagraw n teɣdemt i yessawalen ɣer tmsawit gar yimdanen merra, yerna ara yemmestnen ɣef izerfan-nsen igejdanen. ==== Taɣdemt Tamsawit mgal Ttar d Uɛaqeb ==== Deg tallit n Voltaire, taɣdemt tella deg ufus n yimawalen n usɣan d yigelliden. Ilugan llan s wudem n ttar, aɛaqeb d tignawin n temettant llan d ayen yezgan deg yisuɣan n udabu. Voltaire yekker s tezmert-is mgal unagraw-a. Yettwali belli taɣdemt ilaq ad ters ɣef umeɣẓan d talsawit, mačči ɣef tugdi neɣ ɣef urrif n yimḥekmen. Yessuter ad ttwakksent tignawin n uɛaqeb i yellan d tignawin s wudem n tbarbarit, yerna yessuter ad yili umdan d amelsi alamma tettwabeggen-d tuccḍa-s s yinagan d tammunt yeṣfan. I netta, azref ur ilaq ara ad yili d amrig n uɛaqeb, maca d allal i usenqed n tmetti d umesten n yimdanen. ==== Tamsalt n Jean Calas: Amedya n Umennuɣ ɣef Tidet ==== Tamsalt i yessawalen i Voltaire ad yili d azamul n teɣdemt deg umaḍal, d tamsalt n Jean Calas. Argaz-a, i yellan d aprutistani, yettwakerhen s uzref ur neṣfi ara belli yenɣa memmi-s ɣef tmentilt n usɣan-is. Yettwaḥkem ɣef temettant war ma tella kra n tammunt neɣ n inagan neɣ kra n wanza. Mi yesla Voltaire i temsalt-a, yekker ad yennaɣ mgal yinezrafen d yimḥekmen i yexedmen tadankit-a. Yura idlisen, yura tibratin i yigelliden d yimusnawen n tmura nniḍen, alamma yessaweḍ ad yerr tamsawit i twacult n Calas, yerna yessenɣes ɣef yisem-is. Tigawt-a temmel-d belli Voltaire ur yelli ara d amusnaw i yeqqimen kan deg uxxam-is, maca d amennuɣ i yessawalen ɣer tidet, i yettaɣen abrid akken ad yerr azref i wid yettwakerhen. ==== Tamsawit Tugamant d Tazerfant ==== Ɣef tamsawit, Voltaire yesɛa tamuɣli telqay. Yumen belli imdanen merra d irawsanen zdat ugama, yerna sɛan izerfan igejdanen am tilelli n wawal, tilelli n tefrit, d uzref n umesten. Maca, yella yessen belli tmetti tesɛa tisurin yemgaraden, yerna ur yumin ara belli tamsawit tadamsant tezmer ad tili s lekmal-is. I netta, tamsawit i yessutur mačči d tamsawit n tedrimt neɣ n wayla, maca d tamsawit zdat teɣdemt d yilugan. Amerkanti neɣ agellil, amasiḥi neɣ arnaflas, merra ilaq ad sɛun izerfan kifkif zdat unezraf, yerna ilaq ad ttwaggen s yilugan i yessawalen ɣer tmsawit, mačči s yilugan i yessawalen ɣer temḥeqranit. ==== Tazrirt-is deg Unagraw Atraru n Teɣdemt ==== Tiktiwin n Voltaire ɣef teɣdemt d tmsawit sɛant tazrirt tameqqrant deg unagraw azerfan n umaḍal n wass-a: ===== Tamelsa alamma tettwabeggen tuccḍa: Tikti-s belli umdan ilaq ad yettwasenqed d amelsi alamma tbeggen-d tuccḍa-is s tammunt zerddigen, d lsas n teɣdemt tatrart. ===== ===== Asefsex n uɛaqeb: Amennuɣ-is mgal tignawin n uɛaqeb yeldi abrid i usefsex n tenfalit n temettant d uɛaqeb deg waṭas n tmura. ===== ===== Izerfan n Wemdan: Tiktiwin-is llant d aɣbalu amezwaru i yimawalen n tagrawla tafransist asmi i snulfan Tasemtelt n Yizerfan n Wemdan d Uɣerman, anda i d-nnan belli imdanen meṛṛa d ilelliyen yerna d imsawiyen zdat teɣdemt. ===== == Tazrirt n tfelsafit-is deg umaḍal atrar == Tiktiwin n Voltaire sɛant tazrirt tameqqrant deg umaḍal n wass-a: '''Izerfan n Umdan''': Tiktiwin-is ɣef tilelli d tamsawit llant d lsas n uswenni agreɣlan n yizerfan n umdan d uɣerman. '''Tugdut d Talayakit''': Abrid i yeldi ɣer tugdut d talayakit, akken ad yili umdan d ilelli deg tmetti-is, ad yili umgarad gar usɣan d udabu. '''Tagrawla Tafransist''': Imelwiyen d yimussnawen n tagrawla tafransist ssemersen tiktiwin-is akken ad sneflen anagraw aqbur n tgeldit, ad snulfun tagduda. == Ayen yura == [[File:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|''Elémens de la philosophie de Neuton'', 1738]] '''Tifelseft''' ''':''' * Tibratin teflsafiyin (Lettres philosophiques), 1734 * Awal ɣef tissumḥa (Traité sur la tolérance),1763 * Amawal afelsafi (dctionnaire philosophiques), 1764 '''Amezruy''' ''':''' * Tin ugellid Henri (La Henriade), 1728 * Amezruy n Charles XII (L'histoire de Charles XII) ? 1731 * Lqern n l Louis XIV(Le siècle de Louis X1V),1751 * Awal ɣef wansayen (Essai sur les mœurs), 1741 '''Ungalen/Timuchuha''' ''':''' * Zadig, 1747 * Candide, 1759 * Micromégas (1752) * Ameḥruc (lIngénu),1767 ''' '''Tamedyezt'''''' ''':''' * Isefra ifelsafiyi d isefra isatranen (Poèmes philosophiques et poèmes satiriques), * Asefru ɣef twaɣit n Lisbun (Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne), 1756 '''Tibratin''' ''':''' 6000 [[Taggayt:Amaru|Voltaire]] hylg8h1pcihlyi4030c12qwggi53nxi 0 23435 116602 107776 2026-06-07T18:27:11Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 116602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nikola Tesla''' (s taṣerbit : Никола Тесла), illul ass n [[10 yulyu]] [[1856]] deg Smiljan (deg [[Kruwatya]] n tura), yemmut ass n [[7 yennayer]] [[1943]] deg [[New York]]<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikola-Tesla Nikola Tesla], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>, d ajenyur ed amesnulfu [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|amarikani]] laṣel-is aṣerbi n [[Kruwatya]]<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Nikola_Tesla/146386 Nikola Tesla], deg ''larousse.fr''.</ref>. Deg tallit tis 19 d tazwara n tallit tis 20, tmussni n tamestrisitit tella deg tazwara n ubrid-is, maca tella teḥwaǧ isenfalen iknilanin i wakken ad teffeɣ seg tnaremt ɣer temguri. Nikola Tesla, amussnaw n ufizik d ujenyuṛ n tmikannikt d tamestrisitit, yurar urar ameqqran deg usnulfu n unagraw n wuḍru imlelli. == Tizmilin == <references /> om8pi64fjrfx7toqbfzxmk8p5oi66vh 0 25489 116604 116599 2026-06-08T10:46:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Seated Statue of Hatshepsut MET Hatshepsut2012.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Ḥatecpsut.]] '''Ḥatecpsut''' (Hatshepsut) d yiwet gar tgejdanin timeqqranin deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Tella d aferɛun wis semmus n twacult tis mraw d tamt (18), teṭṭef adabu gar yiseggasen n 1478 akked 1458 uqbel n Ɛisa. Tettwassen nezzeh s talwit, taneflit n tdamsa, akked tsagda tameqrant i d-teǧǧa. Tawenza-s d yiwet gar tid yessewhamen maḍi deg umezruy amensay, imi d tameṭṭut i yewwḍen s aẓayeṛ n uferɛun ummid. == Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Uẓayeṛ-is == * '''Tameddurt tamenzut:''' Ḥatecpsut d yelli-s n uferɛun Tutmus Amezwaru (Thoutmôsis I) akked tgellidt Yeɛmes. Ḥatecpsut tlul-d ahat deg useggas n 1507 send n tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yelli-s n uferɛun Tutmus Amezwaru (Thoutmôsis I) akked tgellidt-is tameqqrant Yeɛmes. Imi d yelli-s n uɣbalu ageldan agejdan, tedder deg yiwet n twennaḍt yesɛan lhiba tameqqrant deg tgarda n twacult tis mraw d ṭam. Ɣas akken tesɛa aytma-s imeqqranen seg tama n yemma-s, wid wumi qqaren ''Wadjmose'' akked ''Amenmose'', lmut tewwi-ten d imecṭaḥ, d ayen i d-yeǧǧan Ḥatecpsut d nettat i d tamekkasut tawḥidt n uẓar ameqqran n baba-s. Ttrebga-s tella d tin lqayen nezzeh; deg temẓi-s tessen d acu i d adabu, teẓra amek i tteddun temsal n uwanek d tsertit n Maṣer taqburt, yerna tettusegma akken ad d-teḍfer ijerriden n tgellidin timeqqranin i tt-id-yezwaren. Mi d-tewweḍ tmettant n baba-s Tutmus Amezwaru, tamurt tufa-d iman-is sdat n yiwet n tegnit icudden ɣer tukkest n udabu. Gma-s n Ḥatecpsut, Tutmus Wis Sin, i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut tis snat n baba-s (i wumi qqaren Mutnefret), d netta i d-yewwḍen ɣer umkan n uferɛun. Akken ad sseǧhden aẓayer akked tezmert n lḥekma-s, yerna ad sseḥbibren ɣef yidammen igeldanen izeddganen, ansay n tallit-nni yewwi-d ɣef Ḥatecpsut ad tezweǧ akked gma-s Tutmus Wis Sin. Seg tdukli-a, tuɣal d tagellidt tameqqrant n Maṣer u d tamasist n uferɛun aqerru. Deg lweqt-nni daɣen, tewwi yiwen n uẓayeṛ asɣanan yesɛan azal meqqren maḍi, d aẓayeṛ n "Tmeṭṭut n Yakuc Amun". Tiwuriwin-is timaynutin fkant-as-d lhiba, tazmert, akked udellel deg ufukan ameqqran n Karnak, yerna ssalyent aẓayeṛ-is sdat n yigaggen d ugdud n tmurt. S wakka, tirmit i d-tewwi deg temẓi-s d tnezmart i tesɛa deg tsertit d tsɣanit heggan-tt-id ad teṭṭef adabu gar yifassen-is mi i d-tewweḍ teswiɛt, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tuɣal s yin ɣer sdat d aferɛun s wudem ummid yettwassnen deg umaḍal. * '''Azbu d Tenbaḍt:''' Mi yemmut urgaz-is, Tutmus Wis Sin (i yellan diɣen d gma-s s yiwet n tama), mmi-s n urgaz-is yellan d amekkasu — Tutmus Wis Kraḍ — yella d amecṭuḥ aṭas ur yezmir ara ad yenbaḍ. Ɣef waya, Ḥatecpsut teṭṭef adabu deg tazwara am tenbaḍt(tagellidt). Mi yemmut uferɛun Tutmus Wis Sin, adabu n tmurt n Maṣer aqbur yeɣli-d s wudem unṣib gar yifassen n Tutmus Wis Kraḍ, i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut tis snat (Iset). Imi amekkasu n udabu yella d amecṭuḥ aṭas, ur yewwiḍ ara leɛmer ilaqen iwaken ad yeṭṭef adabu, ur yezmir ara ad iseddu timsal n uwanek d tdamsa. Ɣef waya, Ḥatecpsut, i yellan d tagellidt tameqqrant, tewwi-d ɣef tuyat-is taɣtest n tenbaḍt akken ad teḥrez amkan-is. Deg yiseggasen imezwura, tella tetteddu s unect n walugen amensayen n tallit-nni, tettekki deg tsertit akked tedbelt s yisem n mmi-s n urgaz-is, tettak-as udem-is d wazal-is sdat n ugdud. Maca, akken tettuddu tanezagt n udabu-s, tennekni tmuɣli-s ɣer wayen-nniḍen, dɣa tebda tessebgan-d lḥir-is d tnezmart-is i lebɣi n udabu s wudem ummid. Deg yiwen n wezbu srid mgal ilugan d wansayen yessersen tullas deg rrif n udabu afellay, Ḥatecpsut tebda tessekcam aẓayeṛ-is ɣer ugerruj n tgelda s timmad-is. Ur teqqim ara kan d tanbaḍt iwumi kfan wassaɣen, maca tesnerna deg tiwuriwin-is armi terra iman-is d aferɛun ummid. Akken ad tsers taɣtest-a u ad teḥrez iman-is seg tuzzma neɣ anṭag n yicenga-s, tessaram ad tegzu s umata tsertit-is s ujmaɛ n yimendiden isertiyen akked yigaggen yesɛan tazrirt meqqren deg wadeg n udabu, am umazzan d umseddag ameqqran Senenmut, akked Hapuseneb i yellan d amɣar n ufakan n Yakuc Amun. Tesseqdec tasɣanit d tsertit deg yiwet n temhelt iwulmen, tessufeɣ-d yiwet n tenfust ɣef tlallit-is anda d-tenna belli d nettat i d yelli-s tunṣibt n Yakuc Amun, yerna baba-s Tutmus Amezwaru d netta i tt-yextaren s wudem uzzig ad teṭṭef udabu n Maṣer. Ayagi yeǧǧa-tt ad tesbedd yiwen n usatal asɣanan iwulmen akken ad teqqen adabu-s ɣer lebɣi n yikucen. Tenbaḍt n Ḥatecpsut ur tbedd ara ɣef umgaru neɣ ɣef teḥraymit taserdasit, maca tbedd ɣef wallaɣ, tanflit, d tussna. S tsertit n uqenneɛ akked uheggi n twennaḍt n telwit, tezmer ad tsers lsas n ludabu-s s tebɣest, u ad tessizdeg iberdan n tnezzut i yellan ttwaqeflen seg tallit n unekcum n yihiksusen. Tanbaḍt-is tefka azal ameqqran i unegmu n tmurt, asebɣer n tdamsa, akked lebni n yisalayen d ifukan, ayen i d-yewwin tamanegt meqqren i tgelda-s. S wakka, teǧǧa-d isem-is d agrawliw deg tsertit n tallit-nni, tesbeggen-d belli taɣara n uferɛun ur tcudd ara ɣer tewsit n urgaz kan, maca ɣer tezmert n usemdu yelhan akked tehregt i d-yessalwayen lsas n tmurt lqayen. * '''Asenɛet n Tnezmart:''' S kra n wakud, teffeɣ-d Ḥatecpsut akken ad terra iman-is d aferɛun unṣib. Deg tzelɣiwin d yisebdaden-is, tuɣal tettsunnuɣ iman-is s wudem n urgaz, tettlus tamart n yiferɛunen, akken ad tessebded aẓayeṛ-is sdat n ugdud, d yigaggen, akked yigensasen n tmurt. Akken ad tessebded aẓayeṛ-is d uzzig u ad tessekcem iman-is di twenza n yiferɛunen imeqqranen, Ḥatecpsut tefren ad tbeddel udem i s-tefka i dunnit. Deg tazwara, asenɛet n tnezmart-is yebda s useqdec n yimyerren n udabu afaraɛuni, i yellan zik icudd kan ɣer yergazen. Teẓra belli agdud akked yigaggen n tmurt n Maṣer taqburt ttqadaren aṭas ansayen yersen, ɣef waya terra lwelha-s ɣer tẓuri d tsreɣta akken ad d-tessufeɣ tugna tamaynut i timmad-is. Deg yisebdaden-is akked tamiwin n ifukan, tuɣal tettsunnuɣ iman-is s wudem n urgaz: tettlus tamart n yiferɛunen i d-yemmalen lhiba, teṭṭef deg yifassen-is allalen n tezmert (am uqerruy n tqejjurt d ucelliḍ n udabu), yerna tettlus aɣenbur igeldanen. Ayagi ur yelli ara d asuffeɣ n tuntit-is, maca d asenɛet alɣawan belli nettat d aferɛun s wudem ummid, tesɛa azref akked lḥeqq am wid i tt-id-yezwaren ɣer wemkan-nni. Sennig n tugniwin, Ḥatecpsut tesnerna deg usenɛet n tnezmart-is s useqdec n yisemliyen n tsertit akked wesɣan. Tessekcem isem-is deg yal asenfaṛ n lebni ameqqran, tessaweḍ armi tessuddes yiwet n tesreḍt i tt-yerran d yelli-s n Yakuc Amun s timmad-is. S usnulfu n tenfust n tlallit-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ imendiden-is akked yicenga-s belli aẓayeṛ-is yekka-d srid seg yikucen. Imi tessaweḍ ad tesseqdec tasreɣta, tutlayt, akked taywalt i lfayda n ussebded n tgeldit-is, Ḥatecpsut teǧǧa-d amedya ameqqran n wamek i yezmer usesmel asertan ad yesseǧhed llsas n tmurt. Tanezmart-a tefka-as tanzagt deg lḥekma-s, teǧǧa-tt ad tesbedd awanek-is s talwit armi teqqel d azamul n uferɛun imnekdi i yessawḍen ad isebɣer tamurt-is nezzeh. == Tanezzut akked Tdamsa == Tanbaḍt n Ḥatecpsut ur tbedd ara ɣef umgaru d uɣeṣṣab, maca tbedd ɣef usebɣer n tdamsa akked tnezzut. * [[Tugna:Il tempio di Hatshepsut.JPG|vignette|Afakan n "Deir el-Bahari' n Ḥatecpsut]]'''Tizelgi ɣer tmurt n Punt:''' Tessekker yiwet n tzelgi tameqqrant s lbabuṛat ɣer tmurt n Punt (i d-yezgan ahat deg tmurt n Ṣumal n tura). Tizelgi-a d tin i d-yewwin tamanegt d tameqqrant i Maṣer. * '''Isuɣam:''' Tizelgi-a tekcem-d s waṭas n tɣawsiwin ixuṣṣen deg Maṣer, am lebxur, ureɣ, iselman iberkanen, iɣsan n yilew, akked yisekla n lmir (myrrhe). Ayagi yefka-d tazmert d usfari ufrir i tdamsa n tmurt-is. == Tasɣaliyt d Lebni == Ḥatecpsut teǧǧa-d aṭas n yimataren n tnezmart-is deg taɣult n lebni d tsɣaliyt, i yellan d timudmin i lqernat i d-itebɛen: * '''Deir el-Bahari (Djeser-Djeseru):''' D afakan n tẓallit d usemḍel-is i d-yezgan s rrif n yiɣraben n wedrar. Tettuneḥsab d yiwet gar tɣawsiwin yufraren i yessewhamen deg tsɣaliyt n umaḍal aqbur, s tseddarin-is timeqranin akked teɣriwen-is tisemlalin. * '''Isebdaden n Karnak:''' Tessuli aṭas n yisebdaden (obélisques) isawnen deg Karnak, i yellan d inigan ɣef lǧehd akked lhiba n tgelda-s. == Tagara d Umḥu n Yisem-is == Mi temmut Ḥatecpsut (ahat deg 1458 u.Ɛ), Tutmus Wis Kraḍ yeṭṭef adabu s wudem unṣib. * '''Tukkest n Yisem-is:''' Kra n yiseggasen s deffir n lmut-is, Tutmus yebda yiwet n temhelt akken ad yemḥu isem-is seg yisebtar n umezruy. Ismawen-is ttwekksen seg yiɣraben, isebdaden-is ttwarẓen, dɣa isem-is yettwakkes seg tsiḍent n yiferɛunen. Iswi yella d usfari n tmezwarut i uḥric n yergazen deg tewsit. * '''Asnirem d Tuɣalin:''' Ɣas akken llan wid yebɣan ad tt-rren ɣer tatut, imnadiyen n tesenzikt tatrart ufan-d aṭas n yimataren d isemliyen i d-yemmalen tilin-is. Ass-a, tuɣal d azamul n tebɣest, tettwassen d yiwet gar tigellidin timeqranin maḍi n umezruy alsan. 2e4sctmzp6yt06lrc2z4dyss3mcip0s 0 25490 116605 116598 2026-06-08T10:53:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Neanderthal at AMNH.jpg|vignette|Taɣessa yiɣes n wamek yella umdan n niyundirṭal]] '''Amdan n Niyundirṭal''' (''Homo neanderthalensis'' neɣ ''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis'') d yiwet n telmest n yemdanen i inegren i yeddren deg Uruppa, Asya Talemmast, akked Usamar Alemmas. Tallit-nsen tebda-d wazal n 400 000 iseggasen aya, yerna ngran wazal n 40 000 iseggasen aya. Isem-a yekka-d seg rreḥba n Neanderthal deg tmurt n Lalman, anda i d-ufan iɣsan-is imezwura deg useggas n 1856. Zik-nni, llan ttwalin-t d amdan aqbur ur nesɛi allaɣ yuẓan ɣer zdat, maca tussniwin n tallit-a tatrart sbeggrent-d belli d amdan yettaṭṭafen amkan yelhan deg tmetti, yesɛa idles, yerna yezmer ad d-yesnulfu allalen yelhan. == Aẓar d Umezruy n Temhezt == Amhaz n Umdan n Niyundirṭal icudd ɣer temhezt n tewsit ''Homo''. * '''Aẓar amezday:''' Imusnawen n umezruy n wemdan qqaren-d belli Amdan n Niyundirṭal akked Umdan atrar (''Homo sapiens'') sɛan yiwen n uẓar amezday i yeddren wazal n 600 000 ar 800 000 iseggasen aya (ahat d ''Homo heidelbergensis''). * '''Asebḍu:''' Amdan n Niyundirṭal yebḍa ɣef ''Homo sapiens''. Netta yemhez deg Uruppa(Turuft) akked Asya, ma d Amdan atrar yemhez deg Tfriqt. * '''Anezwu:''' Tamhezt-is tella-d ddaw n tignewt neɣ n unezwu asemmaḍ n tallit n wegris, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu tasnalɣa (morphologie) iwulmen i usemmiḍ. == Aglam Asnalɣan d Tsekkiwt (Morphologie et Anatomie) == Tafekka n Niyundirṭal temgarad ɣef tin n Umdan atrar, acku tettawi-d ɣer waddad n twennaṭ isemmaḍen: * '''Aqerru d Wudem:''' * Yesɛa aqerru meqqren (tajumma n wallaɣ-is tugar tin n ''Homo sapiens'', tettaweḍ ar 1500-1600 cm³). ** Anyir-is yader, iɣsan sennig wallen-is d imeqqranen. ** Ur yesɛi ara tamart (menton fuyant), yerna tinzert-is d tameqqrant aṭas akken ad isseḥmu aḍu isemmaḍen uqbel ad yekcem ɣer turin. * '''Tafekka d Iɣsan:''' ** Lqedd-is d awezlan maca yekwaẓ, iɣsan-is zẓayiten yerna d imeqqranen. ** Imedrawen-is(iḥricen n tfekka-s) d iwezlanen ɣef yiri n tfekka (Ayen i d-issenɛatayen alugen n Allen d Bergmann i uḥraz n teẓɣelt n tfekka). ** Tiyita n yifassen-is d taẓayant aṭas, yesɛa ifessugan iǧehden. == Idles d Tmetti == Amdan n Niyundirṭal ur yelli ara d "aɣersiw", meɛna d amdan yesɛan idles d wansayen: * '''Allalen:''' Snulfan-d idles yettwassnen s yisem n '''"Idles Amustiri"'''. Sseqdacen aẓru akken ad d-xedmen ticuftin, isafaren n wegzem, d ijenwiyen i ṣṣyada. * '''Ṣṣyada d Wutci:''' Llan d inegmaren imeɣranen. Tteṣṭaden iɣersiwen imeqqranen am yilef n wegris, amamut, d yizgaren n tagant. Lqut-nsen yebna aṭas ɣef weksum. * '''Timḍelt d Wansayen:''' D nutni i d imezwura i yeṭṭlen lmegtin-nsen. Ufan-d tisekkrin anda i d-ssan ijeǧǧigen neɣ iɣsan n yiɣersiwen akk d lmegget, ayen i d-yemmalen belli sɛan tikta ɣef laxert neɣ taneffawt. * '''Aselhu n Tmes d Tkuffit:''' Sneqdacen times s wudem inelkem, sseḥmuyen ifran, ttsewwan aksum, yerna llan ttdawin imuḍan-nsen (ufan-d iɣsan n yemdanen imɣaren neɣ igerdan i yeḥlan acku wiyyaḍ lhan-d yid-sen). == Timlilit d "Homo sapiens" d Yiǧiniten == Mi d-ffɣen Yemdanen atraren (''Homo sapiens'') seg Tfriqt wazal n 60 000 iseggasen aya, mlalen d Niyundirṭal deg Asya d Uruppa. Tasleḍt n "ADN" tatrart tufa-d belli: * Tella-d usregna (hybridation) ger snat-a n tewsitin. * Imezdaɣ n umaḍal n tura (ur nelli ara seg Tfriqt n wadda n Tneẓruft) sɛan ger '''1% d 2% n yiǧiniten (gènes) n Niyundirṭal'''. * Iǧeniten-a fkan-aɣ-d tizemmar mgal kra n waṭṭanen d telqa n weglim i wemgarad n tignewt, maca glan-d daɣen s kra n waṭṭanen yerzan anagraw n leɛṣem. == Angar d Taggara == Amdan n Niyundirṭal yenger wazal n 40 000 iseggasen aya. Ussnanen ur mtafaqen ara ɣef yiwen n ssebba n ungar-is, maca bder-n-d ddeqs n tmental: # '''Abeddel n tignewt:''' Tignewt takked unezwu uɣalen d iḥmayanen aṭas, ayen i iserɣen tawennaṭ-is d wayen itett. # '''Amqelleɛ (Timsizzelt):''' Timlilit d ''Homo sapiens'' i d-yewwin allalen yugaren wid n Niyundirṭal, d tmettiyin imeqqranen yettemɛawanen ugar. Amqelleɛ ɣef tɣbula yella-d mgal Niyundirṭal. bp7188zhvmd8iypp1edfvsir4upo65w