Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 23435 116614 116611 2026-06-11T18:50:37Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nikola Tesla''' (s taṣerbit : Никола Тесла), illul ass n [[10 yulyu]] [[1856]] deg Smiljan (deg [[Kruwatya]] n tura), yemmut ass n [[7 yennayer]] [[1943]] deg [[New York]]<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikola-Tesla Nikola Tesla], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>, d ajenyur ed amesnulfu [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|amarikani]] laṣel-is aṣerbi n [[Kruwatya]]<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Nikola_Tesla/146386 Nikola Tesla], deg ''larousse.fr''.</ref>. Deg tallit tis 19 d tazwara n tallit tis 20, tmussni n tamestrisitit tella deg tazwara n ubrid-is, maca tella teḥwaǧ isenfalen iknilanin i wakken ad teffeɣ seg tnaremt ɣer temguri. Nikola Tesla, amussnaw n ufizik d ujenyuṛ n tmikannikt d tamestrisitit, yurar urar ameqqran deg usnulfu n unagraw n '''wuḍru imlelli'''. == Tameddurt-is d usileɣ-is == Ilul Nikola Tesla deg 10 Yulyu 1856 deg Smiljan (deg tmurt n Kruwatya n wass-a, i yellan deg umenkud n Utric-Hungari). Yezrew tamussni n tmikannikt d tamestrisitit deg Graz (Utric) d Prag. Deg useggas n 1884, iguǧǧ ɣer Marikan (USA), anda i yexdem deg tazwara akked Thomas Edison. Xas akken llan d imendiden deg tazwara, bḍen ɣef tmuɣli n usiweḍ n trisiti: Edison yella yebɣa ad yessers anagraw n wuḍru ameɣlal (DC), ma d Tisla yumen s wuḍru imlelli (AC), imi yella yessen belli aḍru ameɣlal ur yessawaḍ ara ad iselḥu taẓwert ɣer umeccaq meqqren war ma yesṛuḥ tassist meqqren. == Ittekkiyen ussnanen akked itiknikanen. == === Anagraw n Wuḍru Imlelli === Tesla yessenfled (développer) anagraw n wuḍru imlelli, i yesɛan asnagar yettbeddilen s useqdec n unagraw akerḍennuf. Anagraw-a yessaweḍ ad iselḥu taẓwert ɣer yibuɣaren meqqren s useqdec n yiselkaten. Iselkaten-a ssalin tassist i usiweḍ, sakin ssidiren-tt i useqdec deg yixxamen d tkebbaniyin. === Amutur n Temseglut === Deg 1887, yessenulfa-d Tisla amutur aryenkud(aramtawan) n temseglut. Amutur-a, i yesseqdacen urti imedker itezzin deg uzeṭṭa akerḍennuf (réseau triphasé), yuɣal d lsas n temguri tatrart. Amutur-a ur yesri ara tisefraḍ neɣ amelqaḍ am yimutuyen n wuḍru ameɣlal, i yessarsen uguren n usedded. === Takurt n Tesla === Takurt n Tesla d aselkat n uẓenẓen i d-yeskarayen tassist tameqqrant maḍi, asnagar meqqren, d wuḍru n wadday. Takurt-a tettuseqdec deg uselmed n tmussni n wurti imedker (électromagnétisme) d trisiti n usnagar ameqqran. S yisekran n uẓenẓen, Takurt n Tesla tezmer ad isirew ifṭiwjen n trisiti meqqren maḍi. == Tizmilin == <references /> nsq78gvreat8wj6g7woe6up9ttl4ly9 0 25489 116616 116613 2026-06-12T10:56:21Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Seated Statue of Hatshepsut MET Hatshepsut2012.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Ḥatecpsut.]] '''Ḥatecpsut''' (Hatshepsut) d yiwet gar tgejdanin timeqqranin deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Tella d aferɛun wis semmus n twacult tis mraw d tamt (18), teṭṭef adabu gar yiseggasen n 1478 akked 1458 uqbel n Ɛisa. Tettwassen nezzeh s talwit, taneflit n tdamsa, akked tsagda tameqrant i d-teǧǧa. Tawenza-s d yiwet gar tid yessewhamen maḍi deg umezruy amensay, imi d tameṭṭut i yewwḍen s aẓayeṛ n uferɛun ummid. == Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Uẓayeṛ-is == * '''Tameddurt tamenzut:''' Ḥatecpsut d yelli-s n uferɛun Tutmus Amezwaru (Thoutmôsis I) akked tgellidt Yeɛmes. Ḥatecpsut tlul-d ahat deg useggas n 1507 send n tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yelli-s n uferɛun Tutmus Amezwaru (Thoutmôsis I) akked tgellidt-is tameqqrant Yeɛmes. Imi d yelli-s n uɣbalu ageldan agejdan, tedder deg yiwet n twennaḍt yesɛan lhiba tameqqrant deg tgarda n twacult tis mraw d ṭam. Ɣas akken tesɛa aytma-s imeqqranen seg tama n yemma-s, wid wumi qqaren ''Wadjmose'' akked ''Amenmose'', lmut tewwi-ten d imecṭaḥ, d ayen i d-yeǧǧan Ḥatecpsut d nettat i d tamekkasut tawḥidt n uẓar ameqqran n baba-s. Ttrebga-s tella d tin lqayen nezzeh; deg temẓi-s tessen d acu i d adabu, teẓra amek i tteddun temsal n uwanek d tsertit n Maṣer taqburt, yerna tettusegma akken ad d-teḍfer ijerriden n tgellidin timeqqranin i tt-id-yezwaren. Mi d-tewweḍ tmettant n baba-s Tutmus Amezwaru, tamurt tufa-d iman-is sdat n yiwet n tegnit icudden ɣer tukkest n udabu. Gma-s n Ḥatecpsut, Tutmus Wis Sin, i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut tis snat n baba-s (i wumi qqaren Mutnefret), d netta i d-yewwḍen ɣer umkan n uferɛun. Akken ad sseǧhden aẓayer akked tezmert n lḥekma-s, yerna ad sseḥbibren ɣef yidammen igeldanen izeddganen, ansay n tallit-nni yewwi-d ɣef Ḥatecpsut ad tezweǧ akked gma-s Tutmus Wis Sin. Seg tdukli-a, tuɣal d tagellidt tameqqrant n Maṣer u d tamasist n uferɛun aqerru. Deg lweqt-nni daɣen, tewwi yiwen n uẓayeṛ asɣanan yesɛan azal meqqren maḍi, d aẓayeṛ n "Tmeṭṭut n Yakuc Amun". Tiwuriwin-is timaynutin fkant-as-d lhiba, tazmert, akked udellel deg ufukan ameqqran n Karnak, yerna ssalyent aẓayeṛ-is sdat n yigaggen d ugdud n tmurt. S wakka, tirmit i d-tewwi deg temẓi-s d tnezmart i tesɛa deg tsertit d tsɣanit heggan-tt-id ad teṭṭef adabu gar yifassen-is mi i d-tewweḍ teswiɛt, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tuɣal s yin ɣer sdat d aferɛun s wudem ummid yettwassnen deg umaḍal. * '''Azbu d Tenbaḍt:''' Mi yemmut urgaz-is, Tutmus Wis Sin (i yellan diɣen d gma-s s yiwet n tama), mmi-s n urgaz-is yellan d amekkasu — Tutmus Wis Kraḍ — yella d amecṭuḥ aṭas ur yezmir ara ad yenbaḍ. Ɣef waya, Ḥatecpsut teṭṭef adabu deg tazwara am tenbaḍt(tagellidt). Mi yemmut uferɛun Tutmus Wis Sin, adabu n tmurt n Maṣer aqbur yeɣli-d s wudem unṣib gar yifassen n Tutmus Wis Kraḍ, i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut tis snat (Iset). Imi amekkasu n udabu yella d amecṭuḥ aṭas, ur yewwiḍ ara leɛmer ilaqen iwaken ad yeṭṭef adabu, ur yezmir ara ad iseddu timsal n uwanek d tdamsa. Ɣef waya, Ḥatecpsut, i yellan d tagellidt tameqqrant, tewwi-d ɣef tuyat-is taɣtest n tenbaḍt akken ad teḥrez amkan-is. Deg yiseggasen imezwura, tella tetteddu s unect n walugen amensayen n tallit-nni, tettekki deg tsertit akked tedbelt s yisem n mmi-s n urgaz-is, tettak-as udem-is d wazal-is sdat n ugdud. Maca, akken tettuddu tanezagt n udabu-s, tennekni tmuɣli-s ɣer wayen-nniḍen, dɣa tebda tessebgan-d lḥir-is d tnezmart-is i lebɣi n udabu s wudem ummid. Deg yiwen n wezbu srid mgal ilugan d wansayen yessersen tullas deg rrif n udabu afellay, Ḥatecpsut tebda tessekcam aẓayeṛ-is ɣer ugerruj n tgelda s timmad-is. Ur teqqim ara kan d tanbaḍt iwumi kfan wassaɣen, maca tesnerna deg tiwuriwin-is armi terra iman-is d aferɛun ummid. Akken ad tsers taɣtest-a u ad teḥrez iman-is seg tuzzma neɣ anṭag n yicenga-s, tessaram ad tegzu s umata tsertit-is s ujmaɛ n yimendiden isertiyen akked yigaggen yesɛan tazrirt meqqren deg wadeg n udabu, am umazzan d umseddag ameqqran Senenmut, akked Hapuseneb i yellan d amɣar n ufakan n Yakuc Amun. Tesseqdec tasɣanit d tsertit deg yiwet n temhelt iwulmen, tessufeɣ-d yiwet n tenfust ɣef tlallit-is anda d-tenna belli d nettat i d yelli-s tunṣibt n Yakuc Amun, yerna baba-s Tutmus Amezwaru d netta i tt-yextaren s wudem uzzig ad teṭṭef udabu n Maṣer. Ayagi yeǧǧa-tt ad tesbedd yiwen n usatal asɣanan iwulmen akken ad teqqen adabu-s ɣer lebɣi n yikucen. Tenbaḍt n Ḥatecpsut ur tbedd ara ɣef umgaru neɣ ɣef teḥraymit taserdasit, maca tbedd ɣef wallaɣ, tanflit, d tussna. S tsertit n uqenneɛ akked uheggi n twennaḍt n telwit, tezmer ad tsers lsas n ludabu-s s tebɣest, u ad tessizdeg iberdan n tnezzut i yellan ttwaqeflen seg tallit n unekcum n yihiksusen. Tanbaḍt-is tefka azal ameqqran i unegmu n tmurt, asebɣer n tdamsa, akked lebni n yisalayen d ifukan, ayen i d-yewwin tamanegt meqqren i tgelda-s. S wakka, teǧǧa-d isem-is d agrawliw deg tsertit n tallit-nni, tesbeggen-d belli taɣara n uferɛun ur tcudd ara ɣer tewsit n urgaz kan, maca ɣer tezmert n usemdu yelhan akked tehregt i d-yessalwayen lsas n tmurt lqayen. * '''Asenɛet n Tnezmart:''' S kra n wakud, teffeɣ-d Ḥatecpsut akken ad terra iman-is d aferɛun unṣib. Deg tzelɣiwin d yisebdaden-is, tuɣal tettsunnuɣ iman-is s wudem n urgaz, tettlus tamart n yiferɛunen, akken ad tessebded aẓayeṛ-is sdat n ugdud, d yigaggen, akked yigensasen n tmurt. Akken ad tessebded aẓayeṛ-is d uzzig u ad tessekcem iman-is di twenza n yiferɛunen imeqqranen, Ḥatecpsut tefren ad tbeddel udem i s-tefka i dunnit. Deg tazwara, asenɛet n tnezmart-is yebda s useqdec n yimyerren n udabu afaraɛuni, i yellan zik icudd kan ɣer yergazen. Teẓra belli agdud akked yigaggen n tmurt n Maṣer taqburt ttqadaren aṭas ansayen yersen, ɣef waya terra lwelha-s ɣer tẓuri d tsreɣta akken ad d-tessufeɣ tugna tamaynut i timmad-is. Deg yisebdaden-is akked tamiwin n ifukan, tuɣal tettsunnuɣ iman-is s wudem n urgaz: tettlus tamart n yiferɛunen i d-yemmalen lhiba, teṭṭef deg yifassen-is allalen n tezmert (am uqerruy n tqejjurt d ucelliḍ n udabu), yerna tettlus aɣenbur igeldanen. Ayagi ur yelli ara d asuffeɣ n tuntit-is, maca d asenɛet alɣawan belli nettat d aferɛun s wudem ummid, tesɛa azref akked lḥeqq am wid i tt-id-yezwaren ɣer wemkan-nni. Sennig n tugniwin, Ḥatecpsut tesnerna deg usenɛet n tnezmart-is s useqdec n yisemliyen n tsertit akked wesɣan. Tessekcem isem-is deg yal asenfaṛ n lebni ameqqran, tessaweḍ armi tessuddes yiwet n tesreḍt i tt-yerran d yelli-s n Yakuc Amun s timmad-is. S usnulfu n tenfust n tlallit-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ imendiden-is akked yicenga-s belli aẓayeṛ-is yekka-d srid seg yikucen. Imi tessaweḍ ad tesseqdec tasreɣta, tutlayt, akked taywalt i lfayda n ussebded n tgeldit-is, Ḥatecpsut teǧǧa-d amedya ameqqran n wamek i yezmer usesmel asertan ad yesseǧhed llsas n tmurt. Tanezmart-a tefka-as tanzagt deg lḥekma-s, teǧǧa-tt ad tesbedd awanek-is s talwit armi teqqel d azamul n uferɛun imnekdi i yessawḍen ad isebɣer tamurt-is nezzeh. == Tanezzut akked Tdamsa == Tanbaḍt n Ḥatecpsut ur tbedd ara ɣef umgaru d uɣeṣṣab, maca tbedd ɣef usebɣer n tdamsa akked tnezzut. * [[Tugna:Il tempio di Hatshepsut.JPG|vignette|Afakan n "Deir el-Bahari' n Ḥatecpsut]]'''Tizelgi ɣer tmurt n Punt:''' Tessekker yiwet n tzelgi tameqqrant s lbabuṛat ɣer tmurt n Punt (i d-yezgan ahat deg tmurt n Ṣumal n tura). Tizelgi-a d tin i d-yewwin tamanegt d tameqqrant i Maṣer. * '''Isuɣam:''' Tizelgi-a tekcem-d s waṭas n tɣawsiwin ixuṣṣen deg Maṣer, am lebxur, ureɣ, iselman iberkanen, iɣsan n yilew, akked yisekla n lmir (myrrhe). Ayagi yefka-d tazmert d usfari ufrir i tdamsa n tmurt-is. == Tasɣaliyt d Lebni == Ḥatecpsut teǧǧa-d aṭas n yimataren n tnezmart-is deg taɣult n lebni d tsɣaliyt, i yellan d timudmin i lqernat i d-itebɛen: * '''Deir el-Bahari (Djeser-Djeseru):''' D afakan n tẓallit d usemḍel-is i d-yezgan s rrif n yiɣraben n wedrar. Tettuneḥsab d yiwet gar tɣawsiwin yufraren i yessewhamen deg tsɣaliyt n umaḍal aqbur, s tseddarin-is timeqranin akked teɣriwen-is tisemlalin. Afakan asemḍal n Ḥatecpsut, i wumi semman Djeser-Djeseru (Agerram n yigerramen neɣ Imeqddes n yimeqddsen deg tutlayt tamaṣrit taqburt), d yiwen gar yiketturen yufraren maḍi deg umezruy n tsegda talsant. Yezga-d deg tɣalat n Deir el-Bahari, ɣef rrif utrim n wasif n Nil, sdat n temdint n Thebes (Tiba). Ayen yessewhamen deg lebni-a d amek i d-yettwabna srid deg yiɣraben isawnen n wedrar n uẓru awraɣ, am wakken d adrar s timmad-is i t-id-yurwen. Tagrumma n yiṣukken n yiẓekwan-a ur d-tennulfi ara kan akken ad tili d amkan n usmekti, maca d tukkest isersen llsas n tsegda tamaynut i yessawḍen ad tesdukkel gar tcuddi n ugama akked tmanegt n udabu aferɛun. Tasegda n Djeser-Djeseru tbedd ɣef wallaɣ n umseddag ameqqran Senenmut, i yellan d amazzan aqerruy, d argaz n tsertit, yerna d amdan iqeṛben nezzeh ɣer tgellidt. Netta yessufeɣ-d yiwet n talɣa tamaynut i yeffɣen i wansayen n tzamugin i d-yennulfan uqbel-is, d tigi i yettwaɣen s waṭas n tukerḍiwin. Agerram-a yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n tɣerɣrin timeqqranin, yiwet sennig n tayeḍ, mseddukklent s yisawnen imeqqranen i d-yettaken abrid ɣer wammas. Yal taɣerɣert tettdal-itt tɣurfet n tgida (colonnade) i d-yettaken udem n tnezmart akked lqedd imnekdi, ayen i d-yesnulfuyen yiwet n tmella gar tifawawt n yiṭij akked tilit n tgejda-is. Zik-nni, afakan-a yella yezzi-as-d urti ameqqran yeččuṛen d isekla n lebxur d lmir i d-yewwi yimenzi seg tmurt n Punt. Ayen i d-yemmalen ccan n ufakan-a mačči kan d talɣa-s tuzzigt, maca daɣen d tisreɣtin akked wunuɣen igazalen i yeččuṛen iɣraben-is. Dagi i d-tessers Ḥatecpsut udem ameqqran n taywalt tasertant i wakken ad tesseǧhed aẓayeṛ-is. Deg yiwet n tama, tessunneɣ-d tanfust n tlallit-is tasnallawit, anda i d-tesbeggen s wudem alɣawan belli d yelli-s n Yakuc Amun, d ayen i s-yefkan azref unṣib sdat n wuglan n wid yebɣan ad as-kksen adabu. Deg tama nniḍen, yiwen seg yiɣraben imeqqranen yettales-d s telqayt tizelgi tameqqrant i tga ɣer tmurt n Punt, yettban-d deg-s usenɛet n lbabuṛat i d-yeččuṛen s iselman, iɣsan n yilew, idrimen, i d-yemmalen asebɣer akked tsareɣt n tdamsa n tgelda-s. Sennig n usmekti n udabu-ines, Deir el-Bahari yella d asɣim n tẓallit i waṭas n yikucen. Yella deg-s wemkan ameqqran n weɛbad n Amun, maca llan daɣen yigerramen imeẓyanen i yettwafkan i Hathor, takuct n tayri d tiẓeṭ (i yettwasunɣen s wudem n tfunast), akked Anubis, akuc n tmettant. Aseddukkel n yisɣimen-a yerra afakan-nni d ammas asɣanan yettfeǧǧiǧen i yessemlalen asnemmer n yikucen akked tmanegt n Ḥatecpsut d baba-s Tutmus Amezwaru. Ɣas akken llan wid yeɛreḍn ad mḥun isem-is u ad rẓen isebdaden-is s deffir n lmut-is, lebni n Deir el-Bahari yeqqim d inigi ijehhden ɣef tebɣest n tmeṭṭut i yessawḍen ad tesbedd yiwen gar yiketturen imeqqranen maḍi deg umezruy n talsa. * '''Isebdaden n Karnak:''' Tessuli aṭas n yisebdaden isawnen deg Karnak, i yellan d inigan ɣef lǧehd akked lhiba n tgelda-s. == Tagara d Umḥu n Yisem-is == Mi temmut Ḥatecpsut (ahat deg 1458 u.Ɛ), Tutmus Wis Kraḍ yeṭṭef adabu s wudem unṣib. * '''Tukkest n Yisem-is:''' Kra n yiseggasen s deffir n lmut-is, Tutmus yebda yiwet n temhelt akken ad yemḥu isem-is seg yisebtar n umezruy. Ismawen-is ttwekksen seg yiɣraben, isebdaden-is ttwarẓen, dɣa isem-is yettwakkes seg tsiḍent n yiferɛunen. Iswi yella d usfari n tmezwarut i uḥric n yergazen deg tewsit. * '''Asnirem d Tuɣalin:''' Ɣas akken llan wid yebɣan ad tt-rren ɣer tatut, imnadiyen n tesenzikt tatrart ufan-d aṭas n yimataren d isemliyen i d-yemmalen tilin-is. Ass-a, tuɣal d azamul n tebɣest, tettwassen d yiwet gar tigellidin timeqranin maḍi n umezruy alsan. dtaqyrxt06905k663lml39iphzb84nc 0 25490 116615 116612 2026-06-12T10:35:10Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Neanderthal at AMNH.jpg|vignette|Taɣessa yiɣes n wamek yella umdan n niyundirṭal]] '''Amdan n Niyundirṭal''' (''Homo neanderthalensis'' neɣ ''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis'') d yiwet n telmest n yemdanen i inegren i yeddren deg Uruppa, Asya Talemmast, akked Usamar Alemmas. Tallit-nsen tebda-d wazal n 400 000 iseggasen aya, yerna ngran wazal n 40 000 iseggasen aya. Isem-a yekka-d seg rreḥba n Neanderthal deg tmurt n Lalman, anda i d-ufan iɣsan-is imezwura deg useggas n 1856. Zik-nni, llan ttwalin-t d amdan aqbur ur nesɛi allaɣ yuẓan ɣer zdat, maca tussniwin n tallit-a tatrart sbeggrent-d belli d amdan yettaṭṭafen amkan yelhan deg tmetti, yesɛa idles, yerna yezmer ad d-yesnulfu allalen yelhan. == Aẓar d Umezruy n Temhezt == Amhaz n Umdan n Niyundirṭal icudd ɣer temhezt n tewsit ''Homo''. * '''Aẓar amezday:''' Imusnawen n umezruy n wemdan qqaren-d belli Amdan n Niyundirṭal akked Umdan atrar (''Homo sapiens'') sɛan yiwen n uẓar amezday i yeddren wazal n 600 000 ar 800 000 iseggasen aya (ahat d ''Homo heidelbergensis''). Aẓar amezday ger Umdan n Niyundirṭal (''Homo neanderthalensis'') akked Umdan atrar (''Homo sapiens'') d yiwet n temsalt tigejdant i d-yewwin aṭas n unadi deg taɣult n umezruy akked iǧiniten. Imusnawen n umhaz n wemdan mtafaqen, s umata, belli snat-a n telmas kkant-d seg yiwen n uẓar neɣ jeddi-tsent amezday, i yeddren wazal n 600 000 ar 800 000 iseggasen aya. Tigti n yimsnulfuyen qqaren-d belli aẓar-a d amdan yettwassnen s yisem ussnan ''Homo heidelbergensis'', neɣ ahat d talmest i s-yeqerben aṭas am ''Homo antecessor''. Amdan-a amezwuy yedder deg tignatin yemgaraden, yerna tizemmar-is fkant-as abrid ad yenfufed seg Tfriqt ɣer Uruppa akked Asya. Asebḍu neɣ ufraq amhazyan ger snat-a n tewsitin yella-d s wudem n usebḍu arakal. Yiwen n uḥric seg yezriyen n ''Homo heidelbergensis'' yeṭṭef abrid-is ɣer Uruppa d Asya Talemmast, anda i mlalen d tignewt tasmmaḍt aṭas n tallit n wegris. Imezdaɣ-a imezwura n Uruppa uɣalen mhezen s kra s kra akken ad d-fken Amdan n Niyundirṭal. S waya, tasnalɣa-ines d tfekka-ines bnant ɣef uḥraz n tezɣelt n daxel akked usidder mgal tignatin tiqesḥanin n usemmiḍ, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu tafekka tekwaẓ yerna teǧhed. Ma d aḥric nniḍen n waẓar-a amezday i d-yegran deg Tfriqt, yeqqim seddaw n temzizzelt n twennaṭ nniḍen, yemgaraden ɣef tin n Uruppa. D nutni i d-yefkan, s temhezt n lqem ɣer wayeḍ, Amdan atrar (''Homo sapiens'') wazal n 300 000 iseggasen aya. S waya, aẓar amezday yezga-d d tasekkirt tameqqrant deg umhaz n tewsit ''Homo'', imi d netta i d-ixelqen snat n talyiwin timxallafin n yemdanen i d-yebnan idelsan-nsen d tudert-nsen mkul yiwen deg uḥric-is n dunnit, uqbel ad d-tuɣal temlilit-nsen taɣzefnant deg Urasya igiman n iseggasen umbaɛd. * '''Asebḍu:''' Amdan n Niyundirṭal yebḍa ɣef ''Homo sapiens''. Netta yemhez deg Uruppa(Turuft) akked Asya, ma d Amdan atrar yemhez deg Tfriqt. Asebḍu amhazyan neɣ ufraq ger Umdan n Niyundirṭal akked Umdan amassan (''Homo sapiens'') d yiwet n temsalt yeṭṭfen amkan meqqren deg tezrawin n tusna n ugama aqbur d yiǧiniten. Ufraq-a ur d-yelli ara deg yiwen n wass neɣ s wudem uzzig, maca d ayen i d-yellan cwiṭ cwiṭ ɣef teɣzi n yigiman n yiseggasen. Ssebba tagejdant n usebḍu-a d ugur arakal akked umgarad n tignewt anda i bdan ttidiren lejdud-nneɣ imezwura, ayen i d-yewwin ɣer wayen umi neqqar '''asileɣ n telmas s usinef arakal'''. Mi d-ffɣen kra seg yimedyaten n waẓar amezday — i yettwamegzen s umata d ''Homo heidelbergensis'' — seg uẓaɣar n Tfriqt, uɣen abrid-nsen ɣer Uruppa akked utaram n Asya wazal n 600 000 iseggasen aya. Deg temnaḍin-a, imezdaɣ-a imezwura mlalen d twennaṭ iqesḥen, d tignewt tasmmaḍt aṭas akked talliyin n wegris i d-yettuɣalen seg wakud ɣer wayeḍ. Akken ad idiren i usemmiḍ-nni d tignatin tiweɛranin, tafekka n yimdanen-a tebda tettbeddil s wudem asnalɣan d usnallan. Mhezen s tarrayt ara ten-yeǧǧen ad ḥerzen taẓɣelt n tfekka-nsen yerna ad sɛun ifessugan iǧehden. S temhezt-a i d-yeflali cwiṭ cwiṭ Umdan n Niyundirṭal i isebdeden iman-is d agellid n Turaft (Eurasie) i ddeqs n leqrun. Ɣef tama nniḍen, aḥric-nni n waẓar amezday i yeqqimen deg Tfriqt, i d-yeggran seddaw n tignewt yeḥman d twennaṭ yemgaraden aṭas ɣef tin n Uruppa, ikemmel abrid-is n temhezt s wudem nniḍen. Imi tignewt n Tfriqt tebna ɣef uɣuṛaṛ d yigenwan yeldin, amhaz n ugraw-a yebna ɣef tnezzmarin-nniḍen (timariwin-nniḍen). Yewwi-d fell-asen ad selḥun allalen n tikli i ɣef teɣzi n yikilumitren, ad ssiwḍen ad sifsusen tafekka-nsen, yerna ad snernin tigzi d useqdec n wallaɣ akken ad d-afen tifrat i wuguren n twennaṭ-nsen. S deffir n lqem ɣer wayeḍ, s tsuddest n yibeddilen-a iǧinitiyen (génétiques), aẓar-a afriqi yefka-d s wudem unṣib Amdan atrar wazal n 300 000 iseggasen aya. * '''Anezwu:''' Tamhezt-is tella-d ddaw n tignewt neɣ n unezwu asemmaḍ n tallit n wegris, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu tasnalɣa (morphologie) iwulmen i usemmiḍ. == Aglam Asnalɣan d Tsekkiwt == Tafekka n Niyundirṭal temgarad ɣef tin n Umdan atrar, acku tettawi-d ɣer waddad n twennaṭ isemmaḍen: * '''Aqerru d Wudem:''' * Yesɛa aqerru meqqren (tajumma n wallaɣ-is tugar tin n ''Homo sapiens'', tettaweḍ ar 1500-1600 cm³). ** Anyir-is yader, iɣsan sennig wallen-is d imeqqranen. ** Ur yesɛi ara tamart (menton fuyant), yerna tinzert-is d tameqqrant aṭas akken ad isseḥmu aḍu isemmaḍen uqbel ad yekcem ɣer turin. * '''Tafekka d Iɣsan:''' ** Lqedd-is d awezlan maca yekwaẓ, iɣsan-is zẓayiten yerna d imeqqranen. ** Imedrawen-is(iḥricen n tfekka-s) d iwezlanen ɣef yiri n tfekka (Ayen i d-issenɛatayen alugen n Allen d Bergmann i uḥraz n teẓɣelt n tfekka). ** Tiyita n yifassen-is d taẓayant aṭas, yesɛa ifessugan iǧehden. == Idles d Tmetti == Amdan n Niyundirṭal ur yelli ara d "aɣersiw", meɛna d amdan yesɛan idles d wansayen: * '''Allalen:''' Snulfan-d idles yettwassnen s yisem n '''"Idles Amustiri"'''. Sseqdacen aẓru akken ad d-xedmen ticuftin, isafaren n wegzem, d ijenwiyen i ṣṣyada. * '''Ṣṣyada d Wutci:''' Llan d inegmaren imeɣranen. Tteṣṭaden iɣersiwen imeqqranen am yilef n wegris, amamut, d yizgaren n tagant. Lqut-nsen yebna aṭas ɣef weksum. * '''Timḍelt d Wansayen:''' D nutni i d imezwura i yeṭṭlen lmegtin-nsen. Ufan-d tisekkrin anda i d-ssan ijeǧǧigen neɣ iɣsan n yiɣersiwen akk d lmegget, ayen i d-yemmalen belli sɛan tikta ɣef laxert neɣ taneffawt. * '''Aselhu n Tmes d Tkuffit:''' Sneqdacen times s wudem inelkem, sseḥmuyen ifran, ttsewwan aksum, yerna llan ttdawin imuḍan-nsen (ufan-d iɣsan n yemdanen imɣaren neɣ igerdan i yeḥlan acku wiyyaḍ lhan-d yid-sen). == Timlilit d "Homo sapiens" d Yiǧiniten == Mi d-ffɣen Yemdanen atraren (''Homo sapiens'') seg Tfriqt wazal n 60 000 iseggasen aya, mlalen d Niyundirṭal deg Asya d Uruppa. Tasleḍt n "ADN" tatrart tufa-d belli: * Tella-d usregna (hybridation) ger snat-a n tewsitin. * Imezdaɣ n umaḍal n tura (ur nelli ara seg Tfriqt n wadda n Tneẓruft) sɛan ger '''1% d 2% n yiǧiniten (gènes) n Niyundirṭal'''. * Iǧeniten-a fkan-aɣ-d tizemmar mgal kra n waṭṭanen d telqa n weglim i wemgarad n tignewt, maca glan-d daɣen s kra n waṭṭanen yerzan anagraw n leɛṣem. == Angar d Taggara == Amdan n Niyundirṭal yenger wazal n 40 000 iseggasen aya. Ussnanen ur mtafaqen ara ɣef yiwen n ssebba n ungar-is, maca bder-n-d ddeqs n tmental: # '''Abeddel n tignewt:''' Tignewt takked unezwu uɣalen d iḥmayanen aṭas, ayen i iserɣen tawennaṭ-is d wayen itett. # '''Amqelleɛ (Timsizzelt):''' Timlilit d ''Homo sapiens'' i d-yewwin allalen yugaren wid n Niyundirṭal, d tmettiyin imeqqranen yettemɛawanen ugar. Amqelleɛ ɣef tɣbula yella-d mgal Niyundirṭal. f82sw9kvd4x6p5fyjy0y3w889aj1x1a