Nikola Kopernik

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'''Nikola Kopernik''' d amussnayyur, aẓar-is d apuluni. Ittwassen s teẓri I d-iqqaren : iṭij d areggag (ur ittmimiḍ ara) di tlemmast n umeɣrad. Amaḍal itezzi ɣef yiman-is abrid i wass, deg usseggwas ɣef iṭij (système hélicocentrique).

Nikola Kopernik (s tlatinit: ''Nicolaus Copernicus'', s tepulunit: ''Mikołaj Kopernik'') d amusnaw n tesnallunt, d amusnak, d ameskar di tdamsa, akked d argaz n usɣan. Yettwassen s umata imi d netta i d-isbedden '''tiẓri n tlemmast n tfukt''' (héliocentrisme), i d-yennan belli d Tafukt(iṭṭij) i yellan di tlemmast n unagraw-nneɣ, mačči d Tagnit.

Kupernik ilul ass n 19 di furar 1473 di temdint n Torun di tmurt n Pulunya, gar twacult n imzenza d yinawuren (fonctionnaires). Xal-is Lukas Watzelrude imended ɣef tɣuri ines. Deg usseggwas n 1491, Kupernik ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Krakubi, syin akkin iruḥ ar tmurt Ṭelyan ad iɣer tussna n tijjit d wezref di Padu (tasdawit anda isɣer, kra n 100 issegwassen d asawen, umussnaw ameqqwran Galili). &lt;br /&gt;
Deg usseggwas n 1497, yuɣ timsirin ɣef wezref di tesdawit n Bologne, din i yezdi taxxamt d usalmad amussnak Dominico Maria Novara (1454-1504). Kupernik, ilha-d s trakalt d tasnallunt.&lt;br /&gt;
Deg usseggwas 1500, ifka isaragen ɣef tussnayyurt di Rome.
Deg usseggwas 1503, Kupernik ikfa Duktura-ines n uzref, di Ferrare.

Seg usseggwas 1503 ar usseggwas 1510, Kupernik illa ɣer xal-is di Plogne. Gar usseggwas 1507 d usseggwas 1515, ikfa adlis ɣef tasnallunt ''De Hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium'' a se ''Commentariolus''.
Deg usseggwas 1512, Kupernik ittekka di tesmilt I teknawt (comission de réforme) n uszemz. Deg usseggwas 1517, yura-d adlis ɣef isurdiyen, ibda lsas n udlis-is ''De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium'' I ikfa deg usseggwas 1530.

Zzat tegrawla takupernikit, imussnawen la d-qqaren: amaḍal ur ittmimiḍ ara. Imtiwgen illan tezzint ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa).&lt;br /&gt;
Anagraw akuperniki ibedd ɣef:
- Yiwet : amaḍal itezzi deg yiwen wass ɣef yiman-is, deg usseggwas ɣef iṭij.
- Tis-snat, imtiwgen. nniḍden zgant tezzint ɣef iṭij.

S waya, Kupernik isebrurez-ed amek illa wass d yiḍ.
Maca, ayen i d-inna, di lqern XVI, d kra kan imussnawen I t)irefden; I t-yumnen; tugett ugin ayen I d-yenna; ayen id- yufa.

== Tameddurt n Nikola Kopernik: Seg Temẓi ɣer Tlallit n Teẓri Tatrart ==
Nikola Kopernik ilul deg wass n 19 furar 1473 deg temdint n Toruń, yellan d yiwet n temdint n tnezzut tameqqrant deg tmurt n Pulunya. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tinesbaɣurt n yimezenza. Baba-s, i yesɛan ula d netta isem n Nikola, d amzenzi ameṛkanti i d-ikecmen ɣer temdint-a, ma d yemma-s, Barbara Watzenrode, tekka-d seg yiwet n twacult n yiqerra d yimwalan n temdint. Tudert n twacult-a tbeddel s lqedd mi yesɛa Kopernik mraw d yiwen n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-is, imi yemmut baba-s. Dɣa d ɛemmi-s seg tama n yemma-s, Lucas Watzenrode, i yuɣalen d asquf n temnaḍt n Varmie, i t-irebban yerna yeṭṭef aselmed-is gar yifassen-is akken ad as-yefk tagnit ad iɣer deg tesdawiyin timeqqranin n tallit-nni.

Deg useggas n 1491, Kopernik yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Krakuf (Cracovie) anda i yebda almud-is deg taɣult n tesnakt d tesnallunt. Ɣas akken ur d-yewwi ara agerdas-is dinna, aḥric-a n tmusni yeldi-as allen ɣef wuguren n umudem n Baṭlimus i yellan d lsas n tesnallunt taqbuṛt. Ɛemmi-s, i yebɣan ad t-yerr d argaz n wesɣan akken ad iṭṭef imukan ɛlayen deg tmezgida, iceggeɛ-it ɣer tmurt n Ṭṭelyan deg useggas n 1496. Dinna, Kopernik iɣra azref asɣanan deg tesdawit n Bologne, anda i d-yemlal d umusnaw n tesnallunt Domenico Maria Novara. Amussnaw-a yefka-as nnefxa tameqqrant akken ad isikked igenni yerna ad yexdem inadiyen-is imezwura ɣef wamek ttembiwilen yitran. Syin akkin, ikemmel almud-is deg tesnijjawt deg tesdawit n Padoue, yerna yewwi-d agerdas n dduktura deg uzref aɣarim d uzref asɣanan seg tesdawit n Ferrare deg useggas n 1503. Tirmit-a i d-yewwi deg Ṭṭelyan teldi-as tiwwura ɣer yidles amaynut n Taleslalit. i d-yebdan yettnerni di tallit-nni, yerna tesaweḍ-it ad yissin amek ad ixeddem s teẓri d uselken.

=== Leqdic Adeblan d Tlallit n Teẓri ===
Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Pulunya, Kopernik yuɣal d akanunik (chanoine) deg teknisa n Frauenburg (ass-a Frombork). Ɣas akken ass-a yettwassen meḥsub kan s tesnallunt, tudert-is takkullast tella teččur d leqdic adeblan d tsertit. Yexdem d amessuj i ɛemmi-s d yimeqqranen-nniḍen n teknisa, yerna yella d amaswaḍ ɣef yigran d wakalen n temnaḍt. Itekki daɣen deg yisquma n tsertit yerna yesbadu-d ilugan imaynuten i tdamsa d uṣerref n tedrimt. D netta i d-yuran aḍris ɣef wazal n tedrimt anda i d-yessegza amek i d-yettili uɣelluy n wazal n yidrimen n wureɣ d lfeṭṭa mi ara sen-rnun asexleḍ n tangiwin n dir, ayen i d-yefkan lsas i wayen yettwassnen ass-a s &quot;Ulugen n Gresham-Copernicus&quot;.

== Leqdic Agejdan: Tiẓri n Tlemmast n Tfukt ==
Send(Uqbel) Kopernik, amdan yella yettamen s teẓri n Baṭlimus (Ptolémée), i d-yennan belli Tagnit ur tettembiwil ara, d nettat i d amas n umeɣraḍ, yerna d yitran d tfukt(iṭṭij) i d-yettezzin fell-as. Tiẓri-ya tebna ɣef lsas asɣanan d uẓeɣẓen aqbur.

Kopernik ibeddel tamuɣli-ya s umudem amaynut, yebnan ɣef tɣawsiwin-a:

# '''Tafukt di Tlemmast:''' Tagnit mačči d talemmast n umeɣraḍ, maca d Tafukt i d-izgan di tlemmast.
# '''Tuzzya ɣef ugellus:''' Tagnit tettezzi ɣef '''ugellus-is''' aratak yal 24 n yisragen, d ayen i d-yettakkan ass d yiḍ.
# '''Tuzzya ɣef Tfukt:''' Tagnit d yimtiwgen-nniḍen tezzin ɣef Tfukt deg yiwet n tuzzya. Arured-nsen yemgarad ɣef leḥsab n wanmeggag yellan gar-asen d Tfukt.
# '''Amussu arudam n yitran:''' Amussu-nni i nettwali deg yigenni n yitran d tfukt, d amussu i d-yekkan seg umussu n Tagnit s timmad-is (marur n tmuɣli).

Aḍris-is agejdan i deg d-yessegza ayagi d adlis-nni ameqqran ''&quot;De revolutionibus orbium coelestium&quot;'' (Ɣef tuzzya n tɣawsiwin n yigenni), i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1543, akken kan yemmut.

== Asileɣ d Tuffut deg Tdamsa ==
Kopernik yella daɣen d amusnaw meqqren deg taɣult n tdamsa. Yefka-d tamuɣli-s ɣef tsiḍent d tedrimt. Yessufeɣ-d yiwen n ulugen i yettwassnen ass-a s '''&quot;Alugen n Gresham-Copernicus&quot;'''. Ulugen-a yeqqar-d: ''&quot;Idrimen n dir ssufuɣen idrimen yelhan seg wulzuzen&quot;'' . Isefhem-d amek i d-yettili uɣelluy n wazal n tedrimt mi ara yili usexleḍ di tanga i s d-ttwaxedmen yidrimen (amedya: asexleḍ n nneḥas deg wureɣ neɣ lfeṭṭa), ayen yettawin ɣer urured n lexlaṣ s tedrimt n dir, ma d tadrimt yelhan ad t-iffren umdan.

== Tigrawla Takupernikit d Wazal-is ==
Tamuɣli n Kopernik ur tbeddel ara kan aselken n tesnakt d tfizikt, maca tessaweḍ ɣer &quot;Tegrawla Takupernikit&quot; i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran di tfalsafit d uẓeɣẓen amdan.

* '''Asemdu ɣef Tussna:''' Lsas i d-yefka yeldi abrid i yimusnawen am Galileo Galilei (i d-yesnernan tisellit s utiliskup), Johannes Kepler (i d-yufan alugen n tuzzya taglawayt/elliptique n yimtiwgen), d Isaac Newton (i d-isbedden tiẓri n teldayt).
* '''Asemdu ɣef Talsa:''' Tikti n Kopernik tekkes amdan seg tlemmast n txelqit, terra-t d amur amecṭuḥ deg tallunt meqqren. Ayagi yesnekna ula d isudaf n tmezgida di lweqt-nni, imi tiẓri-s tella mgal wayen i uɣen tannumi ttamnen yis.

== Taggrayt ==
Nikola Kopernik yegga-d aḥric ameqqran di tussna s tebɣest-is deg ubeddel n uẓeɣẓen amensay. Ayen i d-yewwi yella d asenɛet belli asmuqel n igenni ilaq ad yebnu ɣef tesnakt d uselken, mačči kan ɣef tikta tiqburin. D netta i d asalay amezwaru n tfizikt tatrart i ɣ-d-yessekcamen ɣer tmuɣli tusnant n tallunt d umeɣraḍ.

== Tamselyut ==
* [http://www.imyura.net Imyura.net, Mack A.U. d Yusef A.I.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kopernik, Nikola}}
[[Taggayt:Tussna]]
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[[Taggayt:Amesnallun apuluni]]
[[Taggayt:Amesnallun n timiḍi wisXVI]]
[[Taggayt:Tasnallunt tabuḍant]]
[[Taggayt:Tugna n taglizt takaṭulit tapulunit]]
[[Taggayt:Amyaru n tutlayt talatint]]
[[Taggayt:Tugna tapulunit n timiḍi wisXVI]]
[[Taggayt:Tugna n Pruss]]
[[Taggayt:Anelmad n tasdawit n Bulunya]]
[[Taggayt:Anelmad n tasdawit Jagelun n Krakubya]]
[[Taggayt:Talalit n 1473]]
[[Taggayt:Talalit di Toruń]]
[[Taggayt:Lmut n 1543]]
[[Taggayt:Amezruy n unnay n Meɣres]]
[[Taggayt:Wikipedia:Afecku n tuqqla n imeɣriyen]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4819" sha1="ogvaj8qgtx3d8fs9l4gvjjbs325q8ug" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Bull's head from the Mithraeum, Tiddis, Numidia, Algeria - 52573537881.jpg|vignette|Azamul n yakuc Agurzil, yettwaf deg Tiddis.]]
Imaziɣen iqburen sbedden-d anagraw n usɣan d wumyan s lqay, i d-yesskanayen assaɣ-nsen akked ugama, igenni, d wid yemmuten.

== Iɣbula n Tmyit Tamaziɣt (Tasarut n Tmusni) ==
Imi imaziɣen iqburen llan ttwaqqnen ɣer timawit d wansayen, aṭas n tmusniwin i d-newwi ɣef wumyan-nsen kkan-d seg kraḍ n yiɣbula igejdanen:

* '''Iɣbula ibeṛṛaniyen (Igrigiyen d Yirumaniyen):''' Imezrayen d yimusnawen iqburen, ugar-nsen Hirudut (Hérodote), fkan-d igzulen d yimawalen lqayen ɣef yiyakucen d tsedmirin n yimaziɣen iqburen (i llan ttsemmin-asen Ilubiyen).
* '''Taẓuri n yiẓra d tsenzikt (tasnarkulujit):''' Unuɣen n Tassili n Aǧǧer, aẓru n weṭlas, d tuttriwin tisemrasin sskanayen-d tugniwin n yiɣersiwen iqeddsen d yiɣsuran n ddin.
* '''Timawit d Wansayen n wass-a:''' Tisekkiwin n tsekla timawit, timucuha, inzan d tfaskiwin am Yennayer d tnezzut, sɛan iẓuran srid ɣer wumyan iqburen.

== Iyakucen d Tyakucin Igejdanen ==
Am yigrawen iqburin nniḍen, tamyit tamaziɣt tesɛa agraw n yiyakucen i yettmuddun isem i tɣawsiwin n ugama, asirem, d yimenɣi:

=== Anẓar (Akuc n Waman d Ugeffur) ===
D yiwen seg yiyakucen yemnekden yettwassnen aṭas deg Tmazɣa, i yettbanen d amatar n tudert d tmerniwt. Asɣan-is iṭṭef adras ameqqran ar wass-a deg ddeqs n tmura n Tefriqt n Ugafa, s wansay n '''&quot;Tislit n''' '''Wanẓar&quot;'''. Asmi ara teḥbes lehwa, tilawin ssewjayen-d taɣenjat yettwazewqen, ttɣennint tizlatin akken ad ssutrent deg Unẓar ad d-yerr amengi n waman ɣer yisafen u ad yefk tudert i tyerza.

=== Ifri / Tafrikt (Tayakuct n Yifran d Temḥaddit) ===
Tamyit tamaziɣt tefka azal i yifran d tesrafin imi llan d imukan n tɣellist. '''Ifri''' d tayakuct n temḥaddit d uḥraz, i d-yettakken isem-is ula i wegdud &quot;Ifren&quot;. Ruma asmi tewweḍ ɣer Tmazɣa, truḥ teddem isem-nni n tayakuct-a rran-tt d ''Dea Africa'' (Tayakuct n Tefriqt), d nettat i d-yefkan isem i umenẓaw meṛṛa. Tettwassen daɣen s temḥaddit n yiminigen d tnezzut.

=== Gurzil (Akuc n Ṭṭrad d Tezmert) ===
D akuc s talɣa n wezger d yiṭij. Yettwassen s waṭas ɣer teqbilin timensayin n yilewaten (Laguatan) deg Libya, yella d amatar n tebɣest. Deg tneqqisin n yimenɣiyen, llan srusun aqerru n wezger i wakken ad sen-d-yefk Gurzil(neɣ Agurzil) tagzemt u ad kksen tigdi i yigen-nsen mgal irumaniyen d yibizanṭiyen.

=== Amun / Aman (Akuc Ameqqran) ===
D illu (akuc) ameqqran n tanzruft, yettwassen s yikraren-is d tmerkantiwt-ines deg temdint n Siwa (Maṣer). Igrigiyen sduklen-t d Wakuc-nsen &quot;Zeus&quot; (uɣalen s isem n ''Zeus-Ammon''), maca aẓar-is yekka-d seg tesnimant d tkerrist tmaziɣt, d azamul n tkessawt d temnukda taqburt.

==== Aẓar Amenzu: Amun deg Tɣerma n Maṣer ====
Deg umezruy unṣib n maṣer taqburt, '''Amun''' (neɣ Imen) yekka-d seg tɣerma n Maṣer. Awal-a s tmaṣrit taqburt anamek-is '''&quot;Win yeffren&quot;'''.

* '''Tazwara-s:''' Yebda yettwassen deg Tlallit Taqburt n tɣerma tamaṣrit s wudem amecṭuḥ am wakuc n ugeffur d waḍu.
* '''Asimɣer-is:''' Azal-is yuli nezzeh deg tallit n Tlallit Talemmast d Tlallit Tamaynut deg tɣerma tamaṣrit, ladɣa asmi i d-yewwi adabu ɣer temdint n Waset (Tiba / Thèbes). Dinna yeddukel akked wakuc n yiṭij &quot;Ra&quot;, yuɣal d '''Amun-Ra''', agellid n yiyakucen u d amḥaddi n yiferɛunen.

S waya, taṭurduksit n umezruy tessebgan-d belli Amun s tmuɣli tanaṣlit yekka-d seg wasif n Nil, mačči d amaziɣ seg tazwara. Maca, tadyant n Amun ur tfukk ara dagi.

==== Asileɣ d Tmazɣa: Afakan n Siwa ====
Ayen i d-yettaran Amun yesɛa taɣara tamaziɣt d awwaḍ-is ɣer tlemmast n tneẓruft taɣerbayt, ɣer temdint n '''Siwa''' (Isiwan). Siwa d adeg amaziɣ s waṭas n wansayen-is d tutlayt-is (Tasiwit), yezga-d deg rrif n tlisa gar Maṣer d Libya n wass-a.

Deg tegzirt-a tamecṭuḥt (oasis), yebna yiwen wafakan ameqqran i wurakl&lt;ref&gt;Oracle&lt;/ref&gt; n Amun. Afakan-a yewweḍ ɣer yiwet n cciɛa meqqren deg umaḍal agrakal. Imaziɣen imuriyen d yinumidiyen llan ttasen-d ɣur-s i wakken ad d-ssutren tifrat ɣef txidas n tudert-nsen. Cciɛa n w'''afakan'''-a tewweḍ armi ula d aɣella agrigi '''[[Aliksandr Ameqqran|Aleksander Ameqqran]]''' yerza-d ɣur-s deg useggas 331 u.Ɛ (uqbel Ɛisa) srid seg Maṣer, i wakken ad t-yeqbel urakl-nni d mmi-s n Amun, ayen i as-yefkan aẓayer n uferɛun.

=== Antay d Tinjis (Antée d Tingis) ===
'''Antay''' d agellid amaziɣ (neɣ akuc) n wakal. Deg wumyi, yella d mmi-s n Wakal d Yilel, ur yettwut ara deg yimenɣi ma yeqqim tfekka-s tettnal akal. Yettwassen s umenɣi-s ameqqran mgal Hiraklis (Héraclès). Tameṭṭut-is d '''Tinjis''', i yellan d ssebba n usileɣ d usemma n temdint taqerṭant n Ṭanja deg Merruk.</text>
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      <text bytes="5767" sha1="nwt5iys0w30nvd21neyeic1y64o3994" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyprian von Karthago2.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s wudem usuneɣ n Kupriyan.]]
'''Kupriyan'''&lt;ref&gt;Sqedceɣ &quot;k&quot; deg wemkan n &quot;C&quot; deg yisem-agi n &quot;Cyprian&quot; s lmend akken i t-id-qqaren s tlatinit n zik.&lt;/ref&gt; (neɣ Kupriyanus) d yiwen seg yimasnakucen imeqqranen n tmasiḥit n zik deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Ilul-d gar yiseggasen n 200 d 210 S.Ɛ. deg tama n [[Qerṭaj|Kartaj]], yemmut d amaɣras deg useggas n 258. D win yefkan azal ameqqran i umezruy n tsekla d tesnakuca tamasihit n tallit tarumanit, yerna yeǧǧa-d aṭas n yiḍrisen d tebratin i d-isbeggnen amek tella tmetti d wesɣan deg lqern wis kraḍ.

== Tudert-is ==

* '''Talalit d Usinen:''' Kupriyan ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult tamerkantit, d tagetyakuct (païenne). Deg temẓi-s, yeɣra tasnukyest d uzref, yella d amennay yettwassnen aṭas deg Kartaj. Uqbel ad yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit, yella yettziyar ifakanen n Rruman, yettidir tudert n yimarkantiyen.
Talalit-is teḍra-d deg temnaḍt n Kartaj, i yellan d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin yerna d tigensasin n Umenkad Aruman deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tawacult-is, imi tesɛa ccan d yisem ameqqran deg tmetti tarumanit, tefka-as tagnit iwatan akken ad yidir tudert n rreḥba d tbaɣur, yerna tewwi-t ɣer wiberdan n tussna d tɣuri lqayen.

Deg temẓi-s, Cyprian yesɛedda asinen-is deg yiɣerbazen ifazen akk n tallit-nni. Yefka lwelha-s s umata ɣer tesnukyest akked uzref, sin n yiḥricen i d-yettaken amkan ɛlayen i wemdan deg tsertit d tmetti. S tlatinit, i yellan d tutlayt idelsan d tutlayt n udabu n Kartaj deg lqern wis kraḍ, yelmed amek ara iseddu awal, amek ara yessewjed inawen yelhan, d wamek ara issekcem iman-is deg tlufa n teɣdemt.

S usinen-a lqayen, yuɣal d amestan (abugaṭu) d umennay ameqqran i yettqadaren aṭas yemdanen. Yella yettekkay s wudem uzzig deg yisaragen d tzeɣwa n usenqed, yettḥadar ɣef yizerfan n yimarkantiyen d wid yesɛan adabu. Tussna-s deg wawal tessaweḍ-it ad yesɛu amkan d ameqqran gar yimawlan n tsertit n Kartaj, yerna isem-is yeffeɣ-d deg yal amkan n temdint.

Send(Uqbel) anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi, Cyprian yella yettidir akken tebɣa tmetti-s tagetyakuct. Yella yettekkay deg tfaskiwin d wansayen n Rruman, yettzuru ifakanen akken ad issefel i yikucen-nsen. Tudert-is tella tbedd ɣef zzhu, ayla d wazal amettan, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yidir i kra n yiseggasen d amdan yesɛan akk tiɣbula n ddunit, mebla ma yesḥassef ɣef wayen i t-irajan deg yimal s tmasiḥit i ibeddlen udem n tudert-is s lekmal.
* '''Anekcum ɣer Tmasiḥit:''' Deg useggas n 246, yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit s ufus n yiwen uqessis isem-is ''Caecilianus''. Ibeddel tudert-is s lekmal: yefka ayla-s d tbaɣurin-is i yigellilen, yuɣal yettidir s teqneɛt d tẓallit.
* '''Amasay n Teknisa:''' Kra n yiseggasen kan seld anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amaynut (deg 248), yettwafren d amasay ameqqran n teknisa n Kartaj s yisem n tegmat d yinaflasen.
* '''Tiḥersi d Lmut-is:''' Deg tallit n umenkad arumani Decius (250), tebda-d tiḥersi tameqqrant mgal imasiḥiyen. Kupriyan yerwel seg temdint akken ad iḥader ɣef teknisa d yinaflasen-is s tuffra. Ayagi yegla-d s wugur ameqqran ɣef wid yeǧǧan asɣan-nsen akken ad sseflen i yikucen irumaniyen. Deg useggas n 258, ddaw lḥekma n umenkad Valerian, ḥekmen fell-as s lmut, nɣan-t s tkuba(agestur), yuɣal d amaɣras.

== Tiktiwin-is d Tesnakuca (Théologie) ==
Tiktiwin n Kupriyan rẓant aṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy n wesɣan, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan asuddes n teknisa d wassaɣen gar yinaflasen:

* '''Tadukli n Teknisa:''' Tikti-s tagejdant tella ɣef tdukli n wesɣan. Iwala d akken taknisa tewwi-d ad tili d yiwet, ur tebḍi ara. Yenna-d awal-is yettwassnen aṭas deg umezruy: ''&quot;Ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu Yakuc d ababat, win ur nesɛi ara taknisa d tayemmat.&quot;''
* '''Ugur n wid yeɣlin (Lapsi):''' Deg tallit n tiḥersi, aṭas n yimasiḥiyen i yexdmen asfel deg yifakanen n Rruman akken ad menɛen ɣef tudert-nsen. Mi tɛedda ccda, bɣan ad d-uɣalen ɣer teknisa. Cyprian yufa-d yiwen wugur ameqqran: amek ara teg taknisa yid-sen? Yessebded-d tarrayt talemmast: wid yeɣlin deg ubekkaḍ tewwi-d ad stutben (ad ndmen), ad sɛeddin akud n tatubt uqbel ad d-uɣalen ɣer tdukli tamesɣant, war amdel fell-asen tiwwura s lekmal.
* '''Aɣrudan mgal Tilelli Taglizant:''' Kupriyan yella yettḥadar ɣef tilelli n yimasayen n teknisa deg temnaḍin-nsen. Yella mgal usnas n udabu aɣrudan n Ruma ɣef teknisiwin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, ladɣa deg temsalt n ucehhed d wusirred n wid d-yekkan seg tɣerfiwin(sectes) tyettwaɛzlen. Iwala d akken imasayen n tkanisa sɛan tagada gar-asen.
* '''Asfel n Tẓallit:''' Iwala d akken taẓallit n temlilit (Eucharistie) d amedya n usfel n Ɛisa, d aḥric agejdan deg tezmart taruḥanit n yinaflasen.

== Leqdec-is d Yidlisen-is ==
Cyprian yura aṭas n yiḍrisen s tlatinit, d tutlayt idelsan n tallit-nni deg Kartaj. Leqdec-is yebna ɣef uḥader n wesɣan d uwellih n yinaflasen:

* '''De unitate ecclesiae (Ɣef tdukli n teknisa):''' D aḍris-is axatar akk. Deg-s i d-yessegza amek ara d-tili tdukli gar yimasnakucen d yimasiḥiyen, d wamek ara ḥadren ɣef tdukli n wesɣan mgal beṭṭu.
* '''De lapsis (Ɣef wid yeɣlin):''' D aḍris anda i d-yefka tifrat i wugur n wid yeffɣen i wesɣan deg tallit n tiḥersi, d wamek ara d-uɣalen s tgerẓawt (repentir).
* '''De dominica oratione (Ɣef tẓallit n Massi-nneɣ):''' D aḍris i d-yessegzayen azal n tẓallit n &quot;Babat-nneɣ&quot; d wamek i d-tettak tazmert i wanaflas deg talliyin n lmeḥna.
* '''Tibratin (Épîtres):''' Yeǧǧa-d ammud n wugar n 80 n tebratin. Tibratin-a d agerruj i wid yettnadin ɣef umezruy n tsekla d tmetti n Tefriqt n Ugafa n lqern wis 3, imi skanayent-d s telqayt amek llan ttidiren, amek ttemsefhamen, d wuguren i d-ttmagaren.</text>
      <sha1>nwt5iys0w30nvd21neyeic1y64o3994</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116679</id>
      <parentid>116678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T09:53:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
      <origin>116679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5796" sha1="h6gwoy5manx07vyv0j5a5uifv5d44y8" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyprian von Karthago2.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s wudem usuneɣ n Kupriyan.]]
'''Kupriyan'''&lt;ref&gt;Sqedceɣ &quot;k&quot; deg wemkan n &quot;C&quot; deg yisem-agi n &quot;Cyprian&quot; s lmend akken i t-id-qqaren s tlatinit n zik.&lt;/ref&gt; (neɣ Kupriyanus) d yiwen seg yimasnakucen imeqqranen n tmasiḥit n zik deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Ilul-d gar yiseggasen n 200 d 210 S.Ɛ. deg tama n [[Qerṭaj|Kartaj]], yemmut d amaɣras deg useggas n 258. D win yefkan azal ameqqran i umezruy n tsekla d tesnakuca tamasihit n tallit tarumanit, yerna yeǧǧa-d aṭas n yiḍrisen d tebratin i d-isbeggnen amek tella tmetti d wesɣan deg lqern wis kraḍ.

== Tudert-is ==

* '''Talalit d Usinen:''' Kupriyan ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult tamerkantit, d tagetyakuct (païenne). Deg temẓi-s, yeɣra tasnukyest d uzref, yella d amennay yettwassnen aṭas deg Kartaj. Uqbel ad yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit, yella yettziyar ifakanen n Rruman, yettidir tudert n yimarkantiyen.
Talalit-is teḍra-d deg temnaḍt n Kartaj, i yellan d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin yerna d tigensasin n Umenkad Aruman deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tawacult-is, imi tesɛa ccan d yisem ameqqran deg tmetti tarumanit, tefka-as tagnit iwatan akken ad yidir tudert n rreḥba d tbaɣur, yerna tewwi-t ɣer wiberdan n tussna d tɣuri lqayen.

Deg temẓi-s, Kupriyan(neɣ Cyprian s tfranṣist) yesɛedda asinen-is deg yiɣerbazen ifazen akk n tallit-nni. Yefka lwelha-s s umata ɣer tesnukyest akked uzref, sin n yiḥricen i d-yettaken amkan ɛlayen i wemdan deg tsertit d tmetti. S tlatinit, i yellan d tutlayt idelsan d tutlayt n udabu n Kartaj deg lqern wis kraḍ, yelmed amek ara iseddu awal, amek ara yessewjed inawen yelhan, d wamek ara issekcem iman-is deg tlufa n teɣdemt.

S usinen-a lqayen, yuɣal d amestan (abugaṭu) d umennay ameqqran i yettqadaren aṭas yemdanen. Yella yettekkay s wudem uzzig deg yisaragen d tzeɣwa n usenqed, yettḥadar ɣef yizerfan n yimarkantiyen d wid yesɛan adabu. Tussna-s deg wawal tessaweḍ-it ad yesɛu amkan d ameqqran gar yimawlan n tsertit n Kartaj, yerna isem-is yeffeɣ-d deg yal amkan n temdint.

Send(Uqbel) anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi, Cyprian yella yettidir akken tebɣa tmetti-s tagetyakuct. Yella yettekkay deg tfaskiwin d wansayen n Rruman, yettzuru ifakanen akken ad issefel i yikucen-nsen. Tudert-is tella tbedd ɣef zzhu, ayla d wazal amettan, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yidir i kra n yiseggasen d amdan yesɛan akk tiɣbula n ddunit, mebla ma yesḥassef ɣef wayen i t-irajan deg yimal s tmasiḥit i ibeddlen udem n tudert-is s lekmal.
* '''Anekcum ɣer Tmasiḥit:''' Deg useggas n 246, yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit s ufus n yiwen uqessis isem-is ''Caecilianus''. Ibeddel tudert-is s lekmal: yefka ayla-s d tbaɣurin-is i yigellilen, yuɣal yettidir s teqneɛt d tẓallit.
* '''Amasay n Teknisa:''' Kra n yiseggasen kan seld anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amaynut (deg 248), yettwafren d amasay ameqqran n teknisa n Kartaj s yisem n tegmat d yinaflasen.
* '''Tiḥersi d Lmut-is:''' Deg tallit n umenkad arumani Decius (250), tebda-d tiḥersi tameqqrant mgal imasiḥiyen. Kupriyan yerwel seg temdint akken ad iḥader ɣef teknisa d yinaflasen-is s tuffra. Ayagi yegla-d s wugur ameqqran ɣef wid yeǧǧan asɣan-nsen akken ad sseflen i yikucen irumaniyen. Deg useggas n 258, ddaw lḥekma n umenkad Valerian, ḥekmen fell-as s lmut, nɣan-t s tkuba(agestur), yuɣal d amaɣras.

== Tiktiwin-is d Tesnakuca (Théologie) ==
Tiktiwin n Kupriyan rẓant aṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy n wesɣan, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan asuddes n teknisa d wassaɣen gar yinaflasen:

* '''Tadukli n Teknisa:''' Tikti-s tagejdant tella ɣef tdukli n wesɣan. Iwala d akken taknisa tewwi-d ad tili d yiwet, ur tebḍi ara. Yenna-d awal-is yettwassnen aṭas deg umezruy: ''&quot;Ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu Yakuc d ababat, win ur nesɛi ara taknisa d tayemmat.&quot;''
* '''Ugur n wid yeɣlin (Lapsi):''' Deg tallit n tiḥersi, aṭas n yimasiḥiyen i yexdmen asfel deg yifakanen n Rruman akken ad menɛen ɣef tudert-nsen. Mi tɛedda ccda, bɣan ad d-uɣalen ɣer teknisa. Cyprian yufa-d yiwen wugur ameqqran: amek ara teg taknisa yid-sen? Yessebded-d tarrayt talemmast: wid yeɣlin deg ubekkaḍ tewwi-d ad stutben (ad ndmen), ad sɛeddin akud n tatubt uqbel ad d-uɣalen ɣer tdukli tamesɣant, war amdel fell-asen tiwwura s lekmal.
* '''Aɣrudan mgal Tilelli Taglizant:''' Kupriyan yella yettḥadar ɣef tilelli n yimasayen n teknisa deg temnaḍin-nsen. Yella mgal usnas n udabu aɣrudan n Ruma ɣef teknisiwin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, ladɣa deg temsalt n ucehhed d wusirred n wid d-yekkan seg tɣerfiwin(sectes) tyettwaɛzlen. Iwala d akken imasayen n tkanisa sɛan tagada gar-asen.
* '''Asfel n Tẓallit:''' Iwala d akken taẓallit n temlilit (Eucharistie) d amedya n usfel n Ɛisa, d aḥric agejdan deg tezmart taruḥanit n yinaflasen.

== Leqdec-is d Yidlisen-is ==
Cyprian yura aṭas n yiḍrisen s tlatinit, d tutlayt idelsan n tallit-nni deg Kartaj. Leqdec-is yebna ɣef uḥader n wesɣan d uwellih n yinaflasen:

* '''De unitate ecclesiae (Ɣef tdukli n teknisa):''' D aḍris-is axatar akk. Deg-s i d-yessegza amek ara d-tili tdukli gar yimasnakucen d yimasiḥiyen, d wamek ara ḥadren ɣef tdukli n wesɣan mgal beṭṭu.
* '''De lapsis (Ɣef wid yeɣlin):''' D aḍris anda i d-yefka tifrat i wugur n wid yeffɣen i wesɣan deg tallit n tiḥersi, d wamek ara d-uɣalen s tgerẓawt (repentir).
* '''De dominica oratione (Ɣef tẓallit n Massi-nneɣ):''' D aḍris i d-yessegzayen azal n tẓallit n &quot;Babat-nneɣ&quot; d wamek i d-tettak tazmert i wanaflas deg talliyin n lmeḥna.
* '''Tibratin (Épîtres):''' Yeǧǧa-d ammud n wugar n 80 n tebratin. Tibratin-a d agerruj i wid yettnadin ɣef umezruy n tsekla d tmetti n Tefriqt n Ugafa n lqern wis 3, imi skanayent-d s telqayt amek llan ttidiren, amek ttemsefhamen, d wuguren i d-ttmagaren.</text>
      <sha1>h6gwoy5manx07vyv0j5a5uifv5d44y8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116680</id>
      <parentid>116679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T09:53:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
      <origin>116680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5797" sha1="0ubzjtwv3fpw2ysx4n4f6hd2zi7vqje" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyprian von Karthago2.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s wudem usuneɣ n Kupriyan.]]
'''Kupriyan'''&lt;ref&gt;Sqedceɣ &quot;k&quot; deg wemkan n &quot;C&quot; deg yisem-agi n &quot;Cyprian&quot; s lmend akken i t-id-qqaren s tlatinit n zik.&lt;/ref&gt; (neɣ Kupriyanus) d yiwen seg yimasnakucen imeqqranen n tmasiḥit n zik deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Ilul-d gar yiseggasen n 200 d 210 S.Ɛ. deg tama n [[Qerṭaj|Kartaj]], yemmut d amaɣras deg useggas n 258. D win yefkan azal ameqqran i umezruy n tsekla d tesnakuca tamasihit n tallit tarumanit, yerna yeǧǧa-d aṭas n yiḍrisen d tebratin i d-isbeggnen amek tella tmetti d wesɣan deg lqern wis kraḍ.

== Tudert-is ==

* '''Talalit d Usinen:''' Kupriyan ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult tamerkantit, d tagetyakuct (païenne). Deg temẓi-s, yeɣra tasnukyest d uzref, yella d amennay yettwassnen aṭas deg Kartaj. Uqbel ad yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit, yella yettziyar ifakanen n Rruman, yettidir tudert n yimarkantiyen.
Talalit-is teḍra-d deg temnaḍt n Kartaj, i yellan d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin yerna d tigensasin n Umenkad Aruman deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tawacult-is, imi tesɛa ccan d yisem ameqqran deg tmetti tarumanit, tefka-as tagnit iwatan akken ad yidir tudert n rreḥba d tbaɣur, yerna tewwi-t ɣer wiberdan n tussna d tɣuri lqayen.

Deg temẓi-s, Kupriyan(neɣ Cyprian s tfranṣist) yesɛedda asinen-is deg yiɣerbazen ifazen akk n tallit-nni. Yefka lwelha-s s umata ɣer tesnukyest akked uzref, sin n yiḥricen i d-yettaken amkan ɛlayen i wemdan deg tsertit d tmetti. S tlatinit, i yellan d tutlayt idelsan d tutlayt n udabu n Kartaj deg lqern wis kraḍ, yelmed amek ara iseddu awal, amek ara yessewjed inawen yelhan, d wamek ara issekcem iman-is deg tlufa n teɣdemt.

S usinen-a lqayen, yuɣal d amestan (abugaṭu) d umennay ameqqran i yettqadaren aṭas yemdanen. Yella yettekkay s wudem uzzig deg yisaragen d tzeɣwa n usenqed, yettḥadar ɣef yizerfan n yimarkantiyen d wid yesɛan adabu. Tussna-s deg wawal tessaweḍ-it ad yesɛu amkan d ameqqran gar yimawlan n tsertit n Kartaj, yerna isem-is yeffeɣ-d deg yal amkan n temdint.

Send(Uqbel) anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi, Kupriyan yella yettidir akken tebɣa tmetti-s tagetyakuct. Yella yettekkay deg tfaskiwin d wansayen n Rruman, yettzuru ifakanen akken ad issefel i yikucen-nsen. Tudert-is tella tbedd ɣef zzhu, ayla d wazal amettan, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yidir i kra n yiseggasen d amdan yesɛan akk tiɣbula n ddunit, mebla ma yesḥassef ɣef wayen i t-irajan deg yimal s tmasiḥit i ibeddlen udem n tudert-is s lekmal.
* '''Anekcum ɣer Tmasiḥit:''' Deg useggas n 246, yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit s ufus n yiwen uqessis isem-is ''Caecilianus''. Ibeddel tudert-is s lekmal: yefka ayla-s d tbaɣurin-is i yigellilen, yuɣal yettidir s teqneɛt d tẓallit.
* '''Amasay n Teknisa:''' Kra n yiseggasen kan seld anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amaynut (deg 248), yettwafren d amasay ameqqran n teknisa n Kartaj s yisem n tegmat d yinaflasen.
* '''Tiḥersi d Lmut-is:''' Deg tallit n umenkad arumani Decius (250), tebda-d tiḥersi tameqqrant mgal imasiḥiyen. Kupriyan yerwel seg temdint akken ad iḥader ɣef teknisa d yinaflasen-is s tuffra. Ayagi yegla-d s wugur ameqqran ɣef wid yeǧǧan asɣan-nsen akken ad sseflen i yikucen irumaniyen. Deg useggas n 258, ddaw lḥekma n umenkad Valerian, ḥekmen fell-as s lmut, nɣan-t s tkuba(agestur), yuɣal d amaɣras.

== Tiktiwin-is d Tesnakuca (Théologie) ==
Tiktiwin n Kupriyan rẓant aṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy n wesɣan, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan asuddes n teknisa d wassaɣen gar yinaflasen:

* '''Tadukli n Teknisa:''' Tikti-s tagejdant tella ɣef tdukli n wesɣan. Iwala d akken taknisa tewwi-d ad tili d yiwet, ur tebḍi ara. Yenna-d awal-is yettwassnen aṭas deg umezruy: ''&quot;Ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu Yakuc d ababat, win ur nesɛi ara taknisa d tayemmat.&quot;''
* '''Ugur n wid yeɣlin (Lapsi):''' Deg tallit n tiḥersi, aṭas n yimasiḥiyen i yexdmen asfel deg yifakanen n Rruman akken ad menɛen ɣef tudert-nsen. Mi tɛedda ccda, bɣan ad d-uɣalen ɣer teknisa. Cyprian yufa-d yiwen wugur ameqqran: amek ara teg taknisa yid-sen? Yessebded-d tarrayt talemmast: wid yeɣlin deg ubekkaḍ tewwi-d ad stutben (ad ndmen), ad sɛeddin akud n tatubt uqbel ad d-uɣalen ɣer tdukli tamesɣant, war amdel fell-asen tiwwura s lekmal.
* '''Aɣrudan mgal Tilelli Taglizant:''' Kupriyan yella yettḥadar ɣef tilelli n yimasayen n teknisa deg temnaḍin-nsen. Yella mgal usnas n udabu aɣrudan n Ruma ɣef teknisiwin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, ladɣa deg temsalt n ucehhed d wusirred n wid d-yekkan seg tɣerfiwin(sectes) tyettwaɛzlen. Iwala d akken imasayen n tkanisa sɛan tagada gar-asen.
* '''Asfel n Tẓallit:''' Iwala d akken taẓallit n temlilit (Eucharistie) d amedya n usfel n Ɛisa, d aḥric agejdan deg tezmart taruḥanit n yinaflasen.

== Leqdec-is d Yidlisen-is ==
Cyprian yura aṭas n yiḍrisen s tlatinit, d tutlayt idelsan n tallit-nni deg Kartaj. Leqdec-is yebna ɣef uḥader n wesɣan d uwellih n yinaflasen:

* '''De unitate ecclesiae (Ɣef tdukli n teknisa):''' D aḍris-is axatar akk. Deg-s i d-yessegza amek ara d-tili tdukli gar yimasnakucen d yimasiḥiyen, d wamek ara ḥadren ɣef tdukli n wesɣan mgal beṭṭu.
* '''De lapsis (Ɣef wid yeɣlin):''' D aḍris anda i d-yefka tifrat i wugur n wid yeffɣen i wesɣan deg tallit n tiḥersi, d wamek ara d-uɣalen s tgerẓawt (repentir).
* '''De dominica oratione (Ɣef tẓallit n Massi-nneɣ):''' D aḍris i d-yessegzayen azal n tẓallit n &quot;Babat-nneɣ&quot; d wamek i d-tettak tazmert i wanaflas deg talliyin n lmeḥna.
* '''Tibratin (Épîtres):''' Yeǧǧa-d ammud n wugar n 80 n tebratin. Tibratin-a d agerruj i wid yettnadin ɣef umezruy n tsekla d tmetti n Tefriqt n Ugafa n lqern wis 3, imi skanayent-d s telqayt amek llan ttidiren, amek ttemsefhamen, d wuguren i d-ttmagaren.</text>
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