Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 5209 116892 91228 2026-07-24T10:51:27Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blaise Pascal''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis. Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s "'''Bliz Paskal'''") d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen. Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal. ==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal== *Essai pour les coniques (1640) *Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647) *Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648) *Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654) *Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657) *Élément de géométrie (1657) *De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657) *Histoire de la roulette (1658) *L’Art de persuader (1660) *Pensées (1669, posthume) [[Taggayt:Tameddurt]] [[Taggayt:Amsnuflu]] [[Taggayt:Afelsuf]] 16dxh83gxsnsllf73bfld3opirv1eyg 0 25518 116887 116874 2026-07-23T20:37:39Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]][[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n [[Niru]] d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen. Anekcum d usutel n temdint n Uṛcalim deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimukan iqesḥanen akk deg umezruy aserdas aṛumani. Titus isseḥbes yal abrid n taywalt neɣ n tukci n wucci ɣef temdint, ayen i d-yewwin laẓ, tussaft d twuɣa timeqranin ɣef yimezdaɣ-is. Seld aṭas n wayyuren n usutel, d yimenɣiyen qeṣḥanen s daxel n yiberdan, iserdasen irumaniyen ssawḍen ad rẓen iɣerban n temdint. Taggara n temhelt-a teffeɣ-d s tiyita n rreḥba: iserdasen sseɣlin u sseṛɣen '''Afakan wis Sin''', i yellan d amkan ufrir u yettwaqedsen akk deg umaḍal ɣer udayen. Ɣas akken kra n yimnadiyen n umezruy ttinin belli Titus ur yebɣi ara ad isseṛɣ '''afakan'''-a s timmad-is, maca ccwal n yimenɣi d wurfan n yiserdasen ssawḍen ɣer nnger n tmeṣkiwt-a n usɣan ameqran. Taggara n umgaru-ya tefka-d tiɣtas ur nettwaḥsab; aṭas n yimdanen i yemmuten s tmenɣiwt neɣ s laẓ, ma d wid yemenɛen uɣalen d aklan, ttuzenzen deg leswaq n tmenkda taṛumanit. Ɣer yirumaniyen, ayen i d-yewwi Titus yella d tamanegt tasemlalt i d-issebganen tanezmart n tmenkda-nsen mgal yal aɣewwiɣ. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, agdud akked ugraw aṛumani snemmren-t s tfaska n rrbeḥ tameqrant (Allak). Di tfaska-ya, ssekcen-d gar yiberdan tiɣawsiwin d yigerrujen n wureɣ i d-wwin seg '''ufakan''' n Uṛcalim, am tmennart n ṣa n yifuṛka (Menorah). Iwakken ad ǧǧen tigawt-a di tkatut n yimdanen d tsutwin i d-iteddun, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma. Aɣrab-a d azamul yellan ar ass-a, d amatar agejdan ɣef temhelt-a d tezrirt-is lqayen i d-yeǧǧan ccama deg tmeddurt n Titus akked umezruy n talsa s umata. '''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tiwuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, [[Dumisyan]]. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. n1gnyclumzk73dsdfds6qgjk5t2bdw8 0 25520 116886 116884 2026-07-23T20:36:57Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]] '''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]]. Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal. == 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa == Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin. * '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen. * '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin. == 2. Tasegda == Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella: * '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda. * '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is. * '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona). == 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud == Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin. * '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut). * '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu). == 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit == Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is. * '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is. * '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n "txeṣṣart n tmenkda" (maiestas). 8d5k1h5883pfj4djk7q5jvn0y2ezbz1 116890 116886 2026-07-24T10:33:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 116890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]] '''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]]. Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal. == 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa == Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin. * '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen. * '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin. == 2. Tasegda == Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella: * '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda. * '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is. * '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona). == 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud == Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin. * '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut). * '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu). == 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit == Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is. * '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is. * '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n "txeṣṣart n tmenkda" (maiestas). == 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz == Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen. * '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy. * '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-ines. * '''Asfaḍ n ccfaya:''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva). 8b1qylimbpfm8rtaojt3u06fmzct27x 0 25521 116888 116885 2026-07-23T20:50:03Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. == Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut == Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s. * '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni. * '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan. == Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten == Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan. * '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Akayad n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan. * '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan. * '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass. == Tanezmart d Tizrirt-is Tasertant == Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam, maca tella d '''tamendadt''' tunṣibt n urgaz-is deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt. * '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is. * '''Amnekni deg ludabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen. == Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna d Tesreɣta Tameɣraḍit == Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama. * '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''. * '''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman). d6bba4nhhr79gpe49vnjfcrc8w2yn9d 116889 116888 2026-07-23T20:51:30Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. == Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut == Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s. * '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni. * '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan. == Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten == Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan. * '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Akayad n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan. * '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan. * '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass. == Tanezmart d Tizrirt-is Tasertant == Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam, maca tella d '''tamendadt''' tunṣibt n urgaz-is deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt. * '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is. * '''Amnekni deg ludabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen. == Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna d Tesreɣta Tameɣraḍit == Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama. * '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''. * '''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman). 4onil4b8pe2emipha94k1kvgw1o83vk 116891 116889 2026-07-24T10:43:23Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 116891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. == Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut == Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s. * '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni. * '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan. == Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten == Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan. * '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Akayad n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan. * '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan. * '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass. == Tanezmart d Tizrirt-is Tasertant == Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam, maca tella d '''tamendadt''' tunṣibt n urgaz-is deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt. * '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is. * '''Amnekni deg ludabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen. == Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna d Tesreɣta Tameɣraḍit == Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama. * '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''. * '''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman). == Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy == Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt. * '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:''' *# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna. *# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu. *# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt. Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt. idlv5tsx1wq70okfuh7hmxs2ejb2zmg