Agladyatur

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    <title>Agladyatur</title>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="5247" sha1="0p334fjushh2m36vbnod9awgfpsljnf" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]]
'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wukulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is lqay di tmetti taṛumanit yettamnen s umyi n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). Mi ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d imenɣi gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S wakud, mi ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).

== Azref d Tmetti ==
Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas s wudem usaḍuf.

=== Anwa i d agladyatur ? ===

* '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen.
* '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen.
* '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d wid n tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen.

=== Aẓayeṛ-nsen ===
Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, agladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant'''  n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud.

== Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen ==
Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen :

# '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur,''' yernu ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla.
# '''Asekutur (Secutor) :''' D '''axṣim''' asudan n uretiyari. Yesɛa aɣenbur alewwaɣ yesselsen akk aqerru-s am teqbuct, i wakken ur t-yeṭṭafar ara uzeṭṭa. Yetturar s ugestur awezlan d uɣaṛ.
# '''Amurmilu (Murmillo) :''' Aɣenbur-is yebna ɣef talɣa n tɣerdayt n yilel. Yesɛa aɣaṛ ameqqran (Scutum) d ugestur aṛumani (Gladius).
# '''Atraki (Thraex) :''' Yesɛa agestur ameknay neɣ akaraf (''Sica'') d uɣaṛ amecṭuḥ amkuẓ. Yettlusu aɣenbur yesɛan talɣa n yigider iwakken ad imel '''tamanegt'''.

== Tudert deg Yiɣerbazen d Tilawt n Wennar ==

=== Aɣerbaz (Ludus) ===
Igladyaturen ttidiren deg yiɣerbazen lqayen yettusemman ''Ludi''. D bab n uɣerbaz (Lanista) i yettkellfen s usileɣ-nsen. Sɛan imejjayen igerrzen nezzeh deg tallit-nni (am ɣalinyus / Galien) iwakken ad d-lhun s tezmert-nsen, acku igladyatur d idrimen. Aselmed ibedd ɣef tfekka d usenqes n '''umihi'''.

=== Deg Wennar ===
Mgal ayen d-ttawin yisura n wass-a, amgaru n yigladyaturen mačči d ayen yessufuɣen ɣer tmettant yal ass. D sṣenf n yimenɣi i yesɛan '''ilugan''' d usaḍuf, yerna yella unefray ara iḥebsen urar ma yewweḍ yiwen ɣer lḥedd-is.

* Ma yewweḍ-d ugladyatur ad yexṣer s tezɣent, yezmer ad isuter tamella.
* D amenkad (ma yella din) neɣ d agdud i d-yefkkan '''taɣtest''' taneggarut ɣef tagara n uɣelluy s useqdec n uḍad (''Pollice verso'' - aḍad ɣer tqaɛet, neɣ ɣer daxel n ufus).

== Tagara n Wurar d Tukkest ==
Urar n yigladyaturen iṭṭef aṭas n leqrun di '''tanzagt''' n Tmenkda Taṛumanit, maca yebda yessenqas seg lqern wis kraḍ d wis kuẓ :

# '''Tazɣent tadamsant :''' Asexdem d usileɣ n yigladyaturen yeffeɣ-d s wazal ɣlayen aṭas, ayen ur tessaweḍ ara tmenkda ad t-txelleṣ gar tezeɣnin tidamsanin.
# '''Tazrirt n Usɣan :''' S unekcum n usɣan amasiḥi ɣer ugerram n tmenkda, bdan-d yinaḍen mgal urar yettazzalen s yidammen.

Deg useggas 404, amenkad ''Unuryus'' (Honorius) yeḥrem s wudem unṣib akk uraren n yigladyaturen. Xas akken teḥbes &quot;tmeɣra&quot; n yidammen, ayen d-ǧǧan d '''tukkest''' tasertant ur yettwattu ara : uɣalen d amatar n useqdec n tdamsa s wudem n usmurer i tkufḍa d usedhu n wegdud.</text>
      <sha1>0p334fjushh2m36vbnod9awgfpsljnf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>116896</id>
      <parentid>116895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-24T19:07:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116896</origin>
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      <text bytes="5245" sha1="65ya0hq4lu1be2d2dyu638474qpvy78" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]]
'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ ajenwi) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Ukulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is lqay di tmetti taṛumanit yettamnen s umyi n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). Mi ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d imenɣi gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S wakud, mi ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).

== Azref d Tmetti ==
Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas s wudem usaḍuf.

=== Anwa i d agladyatur ? ===

* '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen.
* '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen.
* '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d wid n tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen.

=== Aẓayeṛ-nsen ===
Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, agladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant'''  n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud.

== Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen ==
Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen :

# '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur,''' yernu ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla.
# '''Asekutur (Secutor) :''' D '''axṣim''' asudan n uretiyari. Yesɛa aɣenbur alewwaɣ yesselsen akk aqerru-s am teqbuct, i wakken ur t-yeṭṭafar ara uzeṭṭa. Yetturar s ugestur awezlan d uɣaṛ.
# '''Amurmilu (Murmillo) :''' Aɣenbur-is yebna ɣef talɣa n tɣerdayt n yilel. Yesɛa aɣaṛ ameqqran (Scutum) d ugestur aṛumani (Gladius).
# '''Atraki (Thraex) :''' Yesɛa agestur ameknay neɣ akaraf (''Sica'') d uɣaṛ amecṭuḥ amkuẓ. Yettlusu aɣenbur yesɛan talɣa n yigider iwakken ad imel '''tamanegt'''.

== Tudert deg Yiɣerbazen d Tilawt n Wennar ==

=== Aɣerbaz (Ludus) ===
Igladyaturen ttidiren deg yiɣerbazen lqayen yettusemman ''Ludi''. D bab n uɣerbaz (Lanista) i yettkellfen s usileɣ-nsen. Sɛan imejjayen igerrzen nezzeh deg tallit-nni (am ɣalinyus / Galien) iwakken ad d-lhun s tezmert-nsen, acku igladyatur d idrimen. Aselmed ibedd ɣef tfekka d usenqes n '''umihi'''.

=== Deg Wennar ===
Mgal ayen d-ttawin yisura n wass-a, amgaru n yigladyaturen mačči d ayen yessufuɣen ɣer tmettant yal ass. D sṣenf n yimenɣi i yesɛan '''ilugan''' d usaḍuf, yerna yella unefray ara iḥebsen urar ma yewweḍ yiwen ɣer lḥedd-is.

* Ma yewweḍ-d ugladyatur ad yexṣer s tezɣent, yezmer ad isuter tamella.
* D amenkad (ma yella din) neɣ d agdud i d-yefkkan '''taɣtest''' taneggarut ɣef tagara n uɣelluy s useqdec n uḍad (''Pollice verso'' - aḍad ɣer tqaɛet, neɣ ɣer daxel n ufus).

== Tagara n Wurar d Tukkest ==
Urar n yigladyaturen iṭṭef aṭas n leqrun di '''tanzagt''' n Tmenkda Taṛumanit, maca yebda yessenqas seg lqern wis kraḍ d wis kuẓ :

# '''Tazɣent tadamsant :''' Asexdem d usileɣ n yigladyaturen yeffeɣ-d s wazal ɣlayen aṭas, ayen ur tessaweḍ ara tmenkda ad t-txelleṣ gar tezeɣnin tidamsanin.
# '''Tazrirt n Usɣan :''' S unekcum n usɣan amasiḥi ɣer ugerram n tmenkda, bdan-d yinaḍen mgal urar yettazzalen s yidammen.

Deg useggas 404, amenkad ''Unuryus'' (Honorius) yeḥrem s wudem unṣib akk uraren n yigladyaturen. Xas akken teḥbes &quot;tmeɣra&quot; n yidammen, ayen d-ǧǧan d '''tukkest''' tasertant ur yettwattu ara : uɣalen d amatar n useqdec n tdamsa s wudem n usmurer i tkufḍa d usedhu n wegdud.</text>
      <sha1>65ya0hq4lu1be2d2dyu638474qpvy78</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116897</id>
      <parentid>116896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-24T19:08:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5246" sha1="g5ewf1eb2a5cpfvg2xyzrg16612xp16" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Magna(Libya).]]
'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ ajenwi) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Ukulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is lqay di tmetti taṛumanit yettamnen s umyi n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). Mi ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d imenɣi gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S wakud, mi ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).

== Azref d Tmetti ==
Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas s wudem usaḍuf.

=== Anwa i d agladyatur ? ===

* '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen.
* '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen.
* '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d wid n tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen.

=== Aẓayeṛ-nsen ===
Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, agladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant'''  n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud.

== Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen ==
Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen :

# '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur,''' yernu ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla.
# '''Asekutur (Secutor) :''' D '''axṣim''' asudan n uretiyari. Yesɛa aɣenbur alewwaɣ yesselsen akk aqerru-s am teqbuct, i wakken ur t-yeṭṭafar ara uzeṭṭa. Yetturar s ugestur awezlan d uɣaṛ.
# '''Amurmilu (Murmillo) :''' Aɣenbur-is yebna ɣef talɣa n tɣerdayt n yilel. Yesɛa aɣaṛ ameqqran (Scutum) d ugestur aṛumani (Gladius).
# '''Atraki (Thraex) :''' Yesɛa agestur ameknay neɣ akaraf (''Sica'') d uɣaṛ amecṭuḥ amkuẓ. Yettlusu aɣenbur yesɛan talɣa n yigider iwakken ad imel '''tamanegt'''.

== Tudert deg Yiɣerbazen d Tilawt n Wennar ==

=== Aɣerbaz (Ludus) ===
Igladyaturen ttidiren deg yiɣerbazen lqayen yettusemman ''Ludi''. D bab n uɣerbaz (Lanista) i yettkellfen s usileɣ-nsen. Sɛan imejjayen igerrzen nezzeh deg tallit-nni (am ɣalinyus / Galien) iwakken ad d-lhun s tezmert-nsen, acku igladyatur d idrimen. Aselmed ibedd ɣef tfekka d usenqes n '''umihi'''.

=== Deg Wennar ===
Mgal ayen d-ttawin yisura n wass-a, amgaru n yigladyaturen mačči d ayen yessufuɣen ɣer tmettant yal ass. D sṣenf n yimenɣi i yesɛan '''ilugan''' d usaḍuf, yerna yella unefray ara iḥebsen urar ma yewweḍ yiwen ɣer lḥedd-is.

* Ma yewweḍ-d ugladyatur ad yexṣer s tezɣent, yezmer ad isuter tamella.
* D amenkad (ma yella din) neɣ d agdud i d-yefkkan '''taɣtest''' taneggarut ɣef tagara n uɣelluy s useqdec n uḍad (''Pollice verso'' - aḍad ɣer tqaɛet, neɣ ɣer daxel n ufus).

== Tagara n Wurar d Tukkest ==
Urar n yigladyaturen iṭṭef aṭas n leqrun di '''tanzagt''' n Tmenkda Taṛumanit, maca yebda yessenqas seg lqern wis kraḍ d wis kuẓ :

# '''Tazɣent tadamsant :''' Asexdem d usileɣ n yigladyaturen yeffeɣ-d s wazal ɣlayen aṭas, ayen ur tessaweḍ ara tmenkda ad t-txelleṣ gar tezeɣnin tidamsanin.
# '''Tazrirt n Usɣan :''' S unekcum n usɣan amasiḥi ɣer ugerram n tmenkda, bdan-d yinaḍen mgal urar yettazzalen s yidammen.

Deg useggas 404, amenkad ''Unuryus'' (Honorius) yeḥrem s wudem unṣib akk uraren n yigladyaturen. Xas akken teḥbes &quot;tmeɣra&quot; n yidammen, ayen d-ǧǧan d '''tukkest''' tasertant ur yettwattu ara : uɣalen d amatar n useqdec n tdamsa s wudem n usmurer i tkufḍa d usedhu n wegdud.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dumisyan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116894</id>
      <parentid>116890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-24T14:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4139" sha1="ody96zxy431tciv3kr4x7uwrp7uiyb6" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.
* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n ccfaya:''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116898</id>
      <parentid>116894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T10:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5031" sha1="k6u6vxauvgsjn5iw7vs98z3svo2vq41" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal n wakud.
* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n ccfaya:''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
      <sha1>k6u6vxauvgsjn5iw7vs98z3svo2vq41</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116899</id>
      <parentid>116898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T10:03:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin, syin arniɣ aḍris amaynut</comment>
      <origin>116899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5032" sha1="fgqqusmqyqrckf6dkvdjrlaqdjheivu" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal n wakud.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n ccfaya:''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
      <sha1>fgqqusmqyqrckf6dkvdjrlaqdjheivu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116900</id>
      <parentid>116899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T10:22:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5329" sha1="ikozg4eopj943aehvud003001cexv4a" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Parunama) n yinestimen n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n ''IKSIDRA'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n tmaṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal n wakud.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n ccfaya:''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116901</id>
      <parentid>116900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T10:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5329" sha1="jyxnkk7zomf7wgwias211nkgqehh2vl" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Parunama) n yinestimen n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n ''IKSIDRA'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal n wakud.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n ccfaya:''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
      <sha1>jyxnkk7zomf7wgwias211nkgqehh2vl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116904</id>
      <parentid>116901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T10:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5329" sha1="p4ms6k8zkqgsb7bx369ujsico3dzyfu" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n ''IKSIDRA'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal n wakud.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n ccfaya:''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nefertiti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116902</id>
      <parentid>116891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T10:27:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4999" sha1="19k8mzi06l8igt3r6qk5xmtdsmhih1q" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Akayad n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tizrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam, maca tella d '''tamendadt''' tunṣibt n urgaz-is deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
* '''Amnekni deg ludabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna d Tesreɣta Tameɣraḍit ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
* '''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116903</id>
      <parentid>116902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T10:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5001" sha1="egeh3bwvtanh9vzse7cvod9khdbqcx2" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Aḍebsi n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tizrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam, maca tella d '''tamendadt''' tunṣibt n urgaz-is deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
* '''Amnekni deg ludabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna d Tesreɣta Tameɣraḍit ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
* '''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Tajmaɛt/Yulyu 2026</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>25522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116893</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-24T12:24:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>4167</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) */ tigezmi tamaynut</comment>
      <origin>116893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="689" sha1="enzuydjtfgsnp4txn5rm9ghapcrrjzv" xml:space="preserve">== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

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Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  24 Yulyu 2026 à 12:24 (UTC)
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