Blaise Pascal

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'''Blaise Pascal (neɣ s teqbaylit: Bliz Paskal)''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis.

Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s &quot;'''Bliz Paskal'''&quot;) d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen.

Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal.

== Tudert-is ==
Ilul '''Bliz Paskal''' ass n 19 yunyu 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, tamdint yellan di Fransa. Bab-as, ''Étienne Pascal'', yella d anezzarfu yerna d amusnak iḥemmlen tusnakt mliḥ. Yemma-s, ''Antoinette Bégon'', temmut mi yella Paskal meẓẓi, ur yewwiḍ ara kraḍ n yiseggasen. Yeqqim d agujil netta d snat n yessetma-s: ''Gilberte'' d ''Jacqueline''.

Bab-as i s-yesselmed tusnakt d yilesalat seg mi yella meẓẓi. Paskal yella d aqcic i d-yettbanen s wallaɣ-is ameqran: deg mraw d sin n yiseggasen, yufa-d s timmad-is belli tiɣemmaṛ n ukerdis ttawḍent ɣer 180 n tfesniwin. Bab-as, mi yeẓra ayagi, yeḥṣa belli mmi-s d yiwen seg yimdanen ur nettili ara aṭas deg umezruy.

Di 1631, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Paris. Din, Paskal yekcem ɣer yigrawen n yimusnaken i d-yettilin dina. Yemlal d yimusnaken am ''Descartes'', ''Fermat'' d wiyaḍ. Di 1640, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Rouen anda bab-as yuɣal d anezzarfu n tgeldit.

Di 1646, Paskal d twacult-is kecmen ɣer umussu n ''Jansenism'', yiwen n umussu asɣanan i d-yekkan seg ''Port-Royal''. Ayagi yella d abeddel ameqran di tudert-is: seg wass-nni, taflest d tasnakuct uɣalent d tiɣawsiwin timeqranin di tudert-is.

Di 1654, Paskal yedder-d yiwet n termit n wayen i wumi qqaren « tirmit n yiḍ n tmes ». Deg yiḍ n 23 wamber 1654, yeḥsa s yiwen n uḥulfu ameqran n Ṛebbi, yeččur ul-is s tumert d tafat. Seg wass-nni, yura awal-agi: « Ul yesɛa tissebganin-is i ur yessin ara wallaɣ. » Ayagi yuɣal d yiwen seg yinzan-is imeqranen.

Paskal yemmut ass n 19 ɣuct 1662 di Paris, ur yewwiḍ ara 39 n yiseggasen. Aṭṭan i t-yenɣan yella d win n iliwi d wallaɣ, yeǧǧa-d idlisen ur kemmlen ara.

== Amahil-is deg Tusnakt ==

=== Tamacint n usiḍen ===
Di 1642, mi yesɛa mraw d tẓa n yiseggasen, Pascal yesnulfa-d tamacint n usiḍen i wumi qqaren « Pascaline ». Tamacint-a tella d tin i izemren ad teg timerniyin d tukksiwin n yemḍanen. Yesnulfa-tt akken ad yɛiwen bab-as deg umahil-is n usiḍen n yidrimen. Tamacint-a d yiwet seg yisnulfuyen imezwura n tselkimt deg umezruy.

=== Taseqqart d tusnakt n ugacur ===
Di 1654, Pascal yura i Fermat tabratin ɣef wugur n « beṭṭu n wurar ». Ugur-a yeqqen ɣef wamek ara yettwabeṭṭu udrim ger sin yemraren ma yella wurar ur yemmid ara. Seg tiririt-agi i d-yekka llsas n tusnakt n tseqqart, i wumi qqaren ass-a « taseqqart ». Pascal d Fermat d nutni i d-ibabaten n tussna-a.

=== Akerdis n Pascal ===
Pascal yura-d daɣen ɣef ukerdis, yessken-d aṭas n yisekkuden deg tanzeggit. Yessnulfa-d « akerdis n Pascal » i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is.

=== Ifeḍ d wayen ur nesɛi taggara ===
Pascal yura-d daɣen ɣef yemḍanen ur nesɛi taggara, ɣef wayen i wumi qqaren « ifeḍ ». Yessken-d belli llan sin lesnaf n yifeḍ: ifeḍ n umḍan d ifeḍ n tsekta. Ayagi yella d asnulfu ameqran deg tusnakt n lawan-nni.

==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal==

*Essai pour les coniques (1640)
*Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
*Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648)
*Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654)
*Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657)
*Élément de géométrie (1657)
*De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657)
*Histoire de la roulette (1658)
*L’Art de persuader (1660)
*Pensées (1669, posthume)

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'''Blaise Pascal (neɣ s teqbaylit: Bliz Paskal)''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis.

Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s &quot;'''Bliz Paskal'''&quot;) d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen.

Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal.

== Tudert-is ==
Ilul '''Bliz Paskal''' ass n 19 yunyu 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, tamdint yellan di Fransa. Bab-as, ''Étienne Pascal'', yella d anezzarfu yerna d amusnak iḥemmlen tusnakt mliḥ. Yemma-s, ''Antoinette Bégon'', temmut mi yella Paskal meẓẓi, ur yewwiḍ ara kraḍ n yiseggasen. Yeqqim d agujil netta d snat n yessetma-s: ''Gilberte'' d ''Jacqueline''.

Bab-as i s-yesselmed tusnakt d yilesalat seg mi yella meẓẓi. Paskal yella d aqcic i d-yettbanen s wallaɣ-is ameqran: deg mraw d sin n yiseggasen, yufa-d s timmad-is belli tiɣemmaṛ n ukerdis ttawḍent ɣer 180 n tfesniwin. Bab-as, mi yeẓra ayagi, yeḥṣa belli mmi-s d yiwen seg yimdanen ur nettili ara aṭas deg umezruy.

Di 1631, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Paris. Din, Paskal yekcem ɣer yigrawen n yimusnaken i d-yettilin dina. Yemlal d yimusnaken am ''Descartes'', ''Fermat'' d wiyaḍ. Di 1640, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Rouen anda bab-as yuɣal d anezzarfu n tgeldit.

Di 1646, Paskal d twacult-is kecmen ɣer umussu n ''Jansenism'', yiwen n umussu asɣanan i d-yekkan seg ''Port-Royal''. Ayagi yella d abeddel ameqran di tudert-is: seg wass-nni, taflest d tasnakuct uɣalent d tiɣawsiwin timeqranin di tudert-is.

Di 1654, Paskal yedder-d yiwet n termit n wayen i wumi qqaren « tirmit n yiḍ n tmes ». Deg yiḍ n 23 wamber 1654, yeḥsa s yiwen n uḥulfu ameqran n Ṛebbi, yeččur ul-is s tumert d tafat. Seg wass-nni, yura awal-agi: « Ul yesɛa tissebganin-is i ur yessin ara wallaɣ. » Ayagi yuɣal d yiwen seg yinzan-is imeqranen.

Paskal yemmut ass n 19 ɣuct 1662 di Paris, ur yewwiḍ ara 39 n yiseggasen. Aṭṭan i t-yenɣan yella d win n iliwi d wallaɣ, yeǧǧa-d idlisen ur kemmlen ara.

== Amahil-is deg Tusnakt ==

=== Tamacint n usiḍen ===
Di 1642, mi yesɛa mraw d tẓa n yiseggasen, Paskal yesnulfa-d tamacint n usiḍen i wumi qqaren « Pascaline ». Tamacint-a tella d tin i izemren ad teg timerniyin d tukksiwin n yemḍanen. Yesnulfa-tt akken ad yɛiwen bab-as deg umahil-is n usiḍen n yidrimen. Tamacint-a d yiwet seg yisnulfuyen imezwura n tselkimt deg umezruy.

=== Taseqqart d tusnakt n ugacur ===
Di 1654, Paskal yura i Fermat tabratin ɣef wugur n « beṭṭu n wurar ». Ugur-a yeqqen ɣef wamek ara yettwabeṭṭu udrim ger sin yemraren ma yella wurar ur yemmid ara. Seg tiririt-agi i d-yekka llsas n tusnakt n tseqqart, i wumi qqaren ass-a « taseqqart ». Paskal d Fermat d nutni i d-ibabaten n tussna-a.

=== Akerdis n Pascal ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef ukerdis, yessken-d aṭas n yisekkuden deg tanzeggit. Yessnulfa-d « akerdis n Paskal » i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is.

=== Ifeḍ d wayen ur nesɛi taggara ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef yemḍanen ur nesɛi taggara, ɣef wayen i wumi qqaren « ifeḍ ». Yessken-d belli llan sin lesnaf n yifeḍ: ifeḍ n umḍan d ifeḍ n tsekta. Ayagi yella d asnulfu ameqran deg tusnakt n lawan-nni.

==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal==

*Essai pour les coniques (1640)
*Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
*Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648)
*Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654)
*Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657)
*Élément de géométrie (1657)
*De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657)
*Histoire de la roulette (1658)
*L’Art de persuader (1660)
*Pensées (1669, posthume)

[[Taggayt:Tameddurt]]
[[Taggayt:Amsnuflu]]
[[Taggayt:Afelsuf]]</text>
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'''Blaise Pascal (neɣ s teqbaylit: Bliz Paskal)''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis.

Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s &quot;'''Bliz Paskal'''&quot;) d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen.

Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal.

== Tudert-is ==
Ilul '''Bliz Paskal''' ass n 19 yunyu 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, tamdint yellan di Fransa. Bab-as, ''Étienne Pascal'', yella d anezzarfu yerna d amusnak iḥemmlen tusnakt mliḥ. Yemma-s, ''Antoinette Bégon'', temmut mi yella Paskal meẓẓi, ur yewwiḍ ara kraḍ n yiseggasen. Yeqqim d agujil netta d snat n yessetma-s: ''Gilberte'' d ''Jacqueline''.

Bab-as i s-yesselmed tusnakt d yilesalat seg mi yella meẓẓi. Paskal yella d aqcic i d-yettbanen s wallaɣ-is ameqran: deg mraw d sin n yiseggasen, yufa-d s timmad-is belli tiɣemmaṛ n ukerdis ttawḍent ɣer 180 n tfesniwin. Bab-as, mi yeẓra ayagi, yeḥṣa belli mmi-s d yiwen seg yimdanen ur nettili ara aṭas deg umezruy.

Di 1631, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Paris. Din, Paskal yekcem ɣer yigrawen n yimusnaken i d-yettilin dina. Yemlal d yimusnaken am ''Descartes'', ''Fermat'' d wiyaḍ. Di 1640, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Rouen anda bab-as yuɣal d anezzarfu n tgeldit.

Di 1646, Paskal d twacult-is kecmen ɣer umussu n ''Jansenism'', yiwen n umussu asɣanan i d-yekkan seg ''Port-Royal''. Ayagi yella d abeddel ameqran di tudert-is: seg wass-nni, taflest d tasnakuct uɣalent d tiɣawsiwin timeqranin di tudert-is.

Di 1654, Paskal yedder-d yiwet n termit n wayen i wumi qqaren « tirmit n yiḍ n tmes ». Deg yiḍ n 23 wamber 1654, yeḥsa s yiwen n uḥulfu ameqran n Ṛebbi, yeččur ul-is s tumert d tafat. Seg wass-nni, yura awal-agi: « Ul yesɛa tissebganin-is i ur yessin ara wallaɣ. » Ayagi yuɣal d yiwen seg yinzan-is imeqranen.

Paskal yemmut ass n 19 ɣuct 1662 di Paris, ur yewwiḍ ara 39 n yiseggasen. Aṭṭan i t-yenɣan yella d win n iliwi d wallaɣ, yeǧǧa-d idlisen ur kemmlen ara.

== Amahil-is deg Tusnakt ==

=== Tamacint n usiḍen ===
Di 1642, mi yesɛa mraw d tẓa n yiseggasen, Paskal yesnulfa-d tamacint n usiḍen i wumi qqaren « Pascaline ». Tamacint-a tella d tin i izemren ad teg timerniyin d tukksiwin n yemḍanen. Yesnulfa-tt akken ad yɛiwen bab-as deg umahil-is n usiḍen n yidrimen. Tamacint-a d yiwet seg yisnulfuyen imezwura n tselkimt deg umezruy.

=== Taseqqart d tusnakt n ugacur ===
Di 1654, Paskal yura i Fermat tabratin ɣef wugur n « beṭṭu n wurar ». Ugur-a yeqqen ɣef wamek ara yettwabeṭṭu udrim ger sin yemraren ma yella wurar ur yemmid ara. Seg tiririt-agi i d-yekka llsas n tusnakt n tseqqart, i wumi qqaren ass-a « taseqqart ». Paskal d Fermat d nutni i d-ibabaten n tussna-a.

=== Akerdis n Paskal ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef ukerdis, yessken-d aṭas n yisekkuden deg tanzeggit. Yessnulfa-d « akerdis n Paskal » i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is.

=== Ifeḍ d wayen ur nesɛi taggara ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef yemḍanen ur nesɛi taggara, ɣef wayen i wumi qqaren « ifeḍ ». Yessken-d belli llan sin lesnaf n yifeḍ: ifeḍ n umḍan d ifeḍ n tsekta. Ayagi yella d asnulfu ameqran deg tusnakt n lawan-nni.

== Amahil-is deg Tasengama(Tafizikt) ==

=== Ilem d ṣṣda n tegnewt ===
Di 1647 d 1648, Paskal yexdem tirmitin timeqranin ɣef tilemt d ṣṣda n tegnewt. Yessken-d belli tilemt tezmer ad tili, mgal wayen i d-yenna [[Aristot|Arisṭuṭ]] i yeqqaren belli « agama yekreh ilem ».

Paskal yexdem tirmit s uferdis n zzibaɣ: yeččur aqadus s zzibaɣ, yezzi-t, yessken-d belli zzibaɣ yettṣubbu cwiṭ, yeǧǧa ilem deg tama ufella. Tirmit-a tella d anza dakken ilem yezmer ad yili.

Yessken-d daɣen belli ṣṣda n tegnewt tettnaqas mi ara nali ɣef yidurar. Yessuter i gma-s n tultma-s ad yexdem tirmit ɣef udrar n Puy-de-Dôme. Tirmit-a tesɛa azal ameqran acku tessken-d belli tegnewt tesɛa taẓeyt, d netta i d-ittaken ṣṣda.

==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal==

*Essai pour les coniques (1640)
*Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
*Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648)
*Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654)
*Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657)
*Élément de géométrie (1657)
*De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657)
*Histoire de la roulette (1658)
*L’Art de persuader (1660)
*Pensées (1669, posthume)

[[Taggayt:Tameddurt]]
[[Taggayt:Amsnuflu]]
[[Taggayt:Afelsuf]]</text>
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'''Qaem Shahr''' tella d tamdint tamuqrant tezga-d g [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran &gt; Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001082439/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://travital.com/city/qaem-shahr/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.itto.org/iran/city/Qaem-Shahr/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.rai.ir/page-rai/fa/0/form/pId9820 |access-date=2022-03-27 |archive-date=2021-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629045312/https://www.rai.ir/page-rai/fa/0/form/pId9820 |url-status=dead }}{{Mirin girêdan|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Taggayt:Iran]][[Category:Timdinin]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coding bootcamp</title>
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      <text bytes="9734" sha1="2kpekwvk97lelx4p60cipalt81o6i9a" xml:space="preserve">[https://codelabsacademy.com/blog/what-is-a-coding-bootcamp-a-comprehensive-guide-updated-for-2024?source=wikipedia Bootcamps n usekles]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} d ahilen n usnerni n tesnatwilt. Banen-d tikkelt tamezwarut deg 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/11/08/coding-bootcamps-are-replacing-computer-science-degrees/|title=Coding bootcamps are replacing computer science degrees|last=Choxi|first=Roshan|date=2015|work=VentureBeat|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319222015/https://venturebeat.com/2015/11/08/coding-bootcamps-are-replacing-computer-science-degrees/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amezruy ==
Bootcamps imezwura n usekles ldin deg 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://andrewcallahan.com/a-brief-history-of-coding-bootcamps/|title=A Brief History of Coding Bootcamps |date=18 August 2014 | accessdate = 6 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://careerkarma.com/blog/bootcamp-market-report-2020/?msID=9c9daf39-891a-4cb8-91d1-a6a1d0e8dbb3#online-bootcamps | first=James | last=Gallagher | title=State of the Coding Bootcamp Market Report | date=2020 | publisher=Career Karma | accessdate=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seg Yulyu 2017, llan 95 n yikayaden n bootcamp n tesnilest s lxedma n tmeddit deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/01/in-2016-the-coding-bootcamp-bubble-is-bound-to-burst/|title=In 2016, The Coding Bootcamp Bubble Is Bound to Burst|last=Lapowsky|first=Issie|date=2016|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiɣzi n tesnawit s umata tella gar 8 d 36 n dduṛt, yerna amur ameqran seg-sent tella gar 10 d 12 (talemmast n 12,9) n dduṛt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coursereport.com/reports/coding-bootcamp-job-placement-2017|title=2017 Coding Bootcamp Market Size Study|website=www.coursereport.com|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amyager d uɣerbaz unnig ==
Ɣef leḥsab n tmerniwt n tɣawsiwin n tɣuri n tɣuri n tɣuri, kra n tesdawiyin bdant ahil-nsent n tɣuri n tɣuri s tɣawla neɣ ttekkant deg ticcurka d tɣuriwin n tɣuri tusligin yellan yakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coursereport.com/blog/collaboration-in-higher-education-universities-coding-bootcamps|title=Collaboration in Higher Education: Universities + Coding Bootcamps|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bootcamps n usekles deg lantirnat ==
Llan waṭas n yiberdan n tmuɣliwin n bootcamps deg Internet. Wid-a s umata xeddmen s usdukkel n yinelmaden ed yiwen n uselmad yerna daɣen s umata rxisen yerna ttqadaren ugar lḥeṛs n yal yiwen seg yinelmaden. Llan aṭas n yibootcamps n usekles deg Internet i d-yettaken aṭas n tɣawsiwin, amedya, s lxedma n tlemmast, s lxedma n tlemmast, d lxedma n tlemmast. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/articles/2016-08-11/4-things-to-know-about-online-coding-boot-camps|title=4 Things to Know About Online Coding Boot Camps|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bootcamps n Tussna n Isefka d Tdukliwin ==
Bootcamps i d-yettawin cwiṭ n lbal ɣef usnefli n tmeẓdit s lekmal-is yerna ugar ɣef ufares n yimusnawen n yisefka d yimeẓla n yisefka ttwassen s yisem n [https://codelabsacademy.com/blog/what-is-a-data-science-bootcamp-a-comprehensive-guide?source=wikipedia bootcamps n tussna n yisefka]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Data Scientist&quot; and &quot;Data Engineer&quot; Job Trends |url=http://www.indeed.com/jobtrends/q-%22Data-Scientist%22-q-%22Data-Engineer%22.html |access-date=2016-10-02 |website=Indeed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahilen yettemcabin ==
Bootcamps n usekles zemren ad ilin d iferdisen yerna ḥwaǧen tazmert tamecṭuḥt; kra n tkebbaniyin sɛant iswi n uɛiwen n wid yebdan ad lemden tizemmar n uswir n ukeccum yerna ad ssutren deg bootcamps. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-04 |title=How A Podcast-Turned-Startup Is Trying to Get More Non-Traditional Students Into Tech – EdSurge News |url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2018-09-04-how-a-podcast-turned-startup-is-trying-to-get-more-non-traditional-students-into-tech |access-date=2019-04-18 |website=EdSurge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== tiɣri ==
Bootcamps n usekles zemren ad ilin s lxedma n tlemmast neɣ s Internet, zemren ad ten-id-sfaydin yixeddamen neɣ ad ttwaɛeqlen s lmizan n yinelmaden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/29/edtechs-next-big-disruption-is-the-college-degree/|title=Edtech's Next Big Disruption Is The College Degree|last=Skonnard|first=Aaron|work=TechCrunch|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɣef leḥsab n yiwen n ulɣu n unadi n ssuq n 2017, lmizan n leqraya yella gar tilelli arma d 21.000 n yidulaṛen i yiwen n uswir, yerna lmizan n leqraya n tlemmast n 11.874 n yidulaṛen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coursereport.com/reports/coding-bootcamp-job-placement-2017|title=2017 Coding Bootcamp Market Size Study|website=www.coursereport.com|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&quot;Aselmed yettwaɛeṭṭlen&quot; d amkan n uxelleṣ aydeg inelmaden ttxellisen i uɣerbaz s lqidar (18%–22,5%) seg lmizan-nsen i 1–3 n yiseggasen deffir ma ffɣen seg uɣerbaz, deg wemkan n uxelleṣ uqbel. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coursereport.com/blog/coding-bootcamp-deferred-tuition-income-share-agreements|title=Deferred Tuition|website=www.coursereport.com|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Urupa, bootcamps n usekles zemren ad [https://codelabsacademy.com/bildungsgutschein?source=wikipedia ilin]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} d ilelliyen neɣ d snat n tmerwin n yimelyunen n yidinaren i yal ahil. Ma d ayen icudden ɣer tesdawit tunṣibt, tiwsiwin tusligin i ussileɣ ttbanent-d ɣlayet.

Ass n 16 Ɣuct 2016, Aɣlif n Usselmed n Yiwunak Yeddukklen iɛeyyen-d s 17 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen n tedrimt neɣ n tedrimt i yinelmaden akken ad ḥedṛen i yiweẓla n ussileɣ ur nelli d iqburen, gar-asen coding bootcamps bootcamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-administration-to-fund-nontraditional-training-for-students-1471341782|title=Obama Administration to Fund Nontraditional Training for Students|last=Mitchell|first=Josh|date=2016-08-16|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiwsiwin-a neɣ idrimen-a ad ttwaḍefren s wahil n tgermant, EQUIP ay d-yeqqaren Taɣawsa n Usselmed s Ticcurka n Usnulfu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2016-08-16-the-equip-eight-dept-of-ed-selects-partners-for-higher-education-experiment|title=The EQUIP Eight: Dept. of Ed Selects Partners for Higher Education Experiment (EdSurge News)|date=2016-08-16|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-16|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918191742/https://www.edsurge.com/news/2016-08-16-the-equip-eight-dept-of-ed-selects-partners-for-higher-education-experiment|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahilen yessefk ad msefhamen d yiwen n uɣerbaz alemmas yettwasnen d tmehla n usnefli n tɣara (QAE) n terbaɛt tis kraḍt akken ad sfaydin seg lemɛawna tadrimant tafidiṛalit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/03/18/groups-seek-become-quality-reviewers-boot-camps-online-courses-and-other-noncollege|title=Groups seek to become quality reviewers of boot camps, online courses and other noncollege offerings|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amjadel ==
Deg 2016, llant ccekkat dakken ticcurka gar yimukan n usselmed uslig (privé) s lemɛawna tadrimant tafidiṛalit tezmer ad d-tejbed tuddsiwin ur nesɛi ara aṭas n tmussni akken ad d-snulfunt ahilen n usselmed n usmel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/prestoncooper2/2016/08/22/keep-coding-bootcamps-great-dont-give-them-taxpayer-money/#7821bb1350a0|title=Keep Coding Bootcamps Great: Don't Give Them Taxpayer Money|last=Cooper|first=Preston|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iḥezziben n ukcem ed tuffɣa ttgen-d dakken iɣerbazen yettwasleḍyen ttqabalen-d cwiṭ n tmeɣra n tmeɣra n ssuq ilelli, yerna aya yezmer ad d-yeglu s tɣawsiwin n tɣawsiwin n tɣawsiwin, ed ssuma n tɣawsiwin. Daɣen, uguren yellan daxel n tmiḍrant n tesdawit taqburt zemren ad ttwaɛezlen s tɣawla ɣer ticcurkiwin n tesdawit/bootcamp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/08/16/colleges-partner-with-training-bootcamps-and-online-course-providers-for-federal-experiment/|title=Colleges partner with training boot camps and online course providers for federal experiment|website=Washington Post|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seg tama niḍen, wiyaḍ ttwalin dakken asnerni n tsertit ay d-yezzin i lemɛawna tadrimant ad yeɛiwen inelmaden ay d-yetteddun ad ḥedṛen s tedrimt d tamecṭuḥt. Llan waṭas n yiḥulfan n bootcamps n usekles (coding bootcamps) ay d-yettwasqedcen kan i yimerkantiyen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/06/are-coding-bootcamps-only-for-the-rich/|title=Are coding bootcamps only for the rich?|last=Pathak|first=Prasid|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tikebbaniyin n usekles ==
Kra n tkebbaniyin am [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Ninjas|Code Ninjas]] ed [https://northcoders.com/ Northcoders] ttmahalent ed yigerdan deg bootcamps ed wahilen niḍen n ussefrek (coding) akken ad ten-ssiwḍen ɣer sdat s yiswiren ed yiḥricen yemgerraden n wenrar n ussefrek. Ma d wiyaḍ, am [https://codelabsacademy.com/?source=wikipedia Code Labs Academy], xeddmen d yimdanen akken yebɣu yili lḥal-nsen axeddam neɣ akadimi, akken ad asen-fken tagnit ad beddlen ccɣel-nsen neɣ ad sselɣun deg unnar n usseḍru war ma sɛan lḥeqq n usseḍru.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dumisyan</title>
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      <text bytes="7258" sha1="9rkc3xrdmvtupy5itylmki6hz28lfnw" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tuzzya(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.

Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
      <sha1>9rkc3xrdmvtupy5itylmki6hz28lfnw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116918</id>
      <parentid>116917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T19:09:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7260" sha1="n4m194pioh4abytpzo0cqotsuvx7lz6" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna tiɣremt tameqqrant ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tawinest(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.

Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116922</id>
      <parentid>116918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-27T09:46:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin, syin arniɣ aḍris amaynut</comment>
      <origin>116922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8602" sha1="o71nt6q2kpe3z1gohp1iwe2z3c1pcmo" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna aɣrem ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tawinest(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.
[[Tugna:Domus Flavia.png|vignette|Aɣrem yebna Dumisyan.]]
Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
Deg tallit n umenkad Dumisyan, lebni n yiɣsaren n ddin (tasegda tasɣant) ur yelli ara kan d aḥric n ccbaḥa neɣ n liman i yakucen(illuten), maca yella d allal asertan ameqqran. Dumisyan, i yeṭṭalaben ɣer wegdud ad t-yettwali d &quot;Mass akked Yillu&quot; (''Dominus et Deus''), yessexdem ifakanen akken ad isseǧhed adabu-ines, ad yesnekwu tawacult-is (Iflavyanen), yerna ad isbeggen tanezmart-is i d-yekkan seg yilluten n Ṛuma.
[[Tugna:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|vignette|tamakiḍt n ufakan n Yibiter deg Ṛum.]]
Yiwen seg yisenfaren imeqqranen akk i iselkem Dumisyan d aɛiwed n lebni n wafakan n Yubiter (Jupiter), i yellan d amkan uɣris yugaren wiyaḍ akk deg Ṛuma. Afakan-a yerɣa s tmes tameqqrant deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg tallit n gma-s Titu). Mi yeṭṭef Dumisyan adabu, yefka-as azal ameqqran akken ad t-id-yebnu s wudem ifazen fella-s yakan.

Yessexdem ingawen imaynuten d wallalen ɣlayen aṭas. Rrxam i d-yewwi seg tmura n berra, tiwwura yettwaɣemmen s wureɣ, d tesdarit anda yessers aṭas n tɣawsiwin n wureɣ d uẓref. Asexdem n wureɣ d tsreɣta timeqqranin d ayen i d-ijebbden allen, akken ad yefk ssebba i lɣaci ad amnen belli adabu-ines itteddu s ufus n Yubiter s timmad-is. Afakan-a yeqqim d azamul n tezmart taṛumanit mgal tiɣemmar akk n dunnit.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116924</id>
      <parentid>116922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-27T09:56:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116924</origin>
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      <text bytes="8611" sha1="nwai9onhapl5szp1fhzs6mltfsfolh9" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna aɣrem ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen(ixerban) n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tawinest(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.
[[Tugna:Domus Flavia.png|vignette|Aɣrem yebna Dumisyan.]]
Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
Deg tallit n umenkad Dumisyan, lebni n yiɣsaren n ddin (tasegda tasɣant) ur yelli ara kan d aḥric n ccbaḥa neɣ n liman i yakucen(illuten), maca yella d allal asertan ameqqran. Dumisyan, i yeṭṭalaben ɣer wegdud ad t-yettwali d &quot;Mass akked Yillu&quot; (''Dominus et Deus''), yessexdem ifakanen akken ad isseǧhed adabu-ines, ad yesnekwu tawacult-is (Iflavyanen), yerna ad isbeggen tanezmart-is i d-yekkan seg yilluten n Ṛuma.
[[Tugna:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|vignette|tamakiḍt n ufakan n Yibiter deg Ṛum.]]
Yiwen seg yisenfaren imeqqranen akk i iselkem Dumisyan d aɛiwed n lebni n wafakan n Yubiter (Jupiter), i yellan d amkan uɣris yugaren wiyaḍ akk deg Ṛuma. Afakan-a yerɣa s tmes tameqqrant deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg tallit n gma-s Titu). Mi yeṭṭef Dumisyan adabu, yefka-as azal ameqqran akken ad t-id-yebnu s wudem ifazen fella-s yakan.

Yessexdem ingawen imaynuten d wallalen ɣlayen aṭas. Rrxam i d-yewwi seg tmura n berra, tiwwura yettwaɣemmen s wureɣ, d tesdarit anda yessers aṭas n tɣawsiwin n wureɣ d uẓref. Asexdem n wureɣ d tsreɣta timeqqranin d ayen i d-ijebbden allen, akken ad yefk ssebba i lɣaci ad amnen belli adabu-ines itteddu s ufus n Yubiter s timmad-is. Afakan-a yeqqim d azamul n tezmart taṛumanit mgal tiɣemmar akk n dunnit.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nefertiti</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>116923</id>
      <parentid>116914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-27T09:54:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116923</origin>
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      <text bytes="7746" sha1="dp8tjhxta7xyflaw7iu0o3r2qltqljx" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Aḍebsi n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.

Axenaten d Nefertiti rran iman-nsen d nutni kan i d ineggura neɣ d tizemmar timeqqranin i izemren ad mmeslayen srid d Aten. S wakka, ssengren tazmert n yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazrirt meqqren d &quot;ddkir&quot; deg tsertit n Maṣer uqbel. Ɣelqen ifakanen iqdimen n Amun d yilluten nniḍen, wwin-d annaḍ unṣib akken ad kksen ismawen-nsen seg yisekkaren, seg iɣerban n tmurt, ula seg yismawen n yimdanen. Aten yettban-d d amatar n tudert d tezmart, i d-ittaken izenzaren-is i fukken deg taggara-nsen s telɣa '''n yifassen imecṭuḥen''' neɣ iḍudan n tfekkiwin n Axenaten d Nefertiti, ayen i d-yessebganen belli d nutni i d iqeddacen-is d wid i d-yettwaffren ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa). Ayagi yessaweḍ-iten ad gen yiwet n tmnukda tasɣanant anda adabu asertan d win n usɣan dduklen deg yiwen n wemkan, s umnekni yeṣfan gar ferɛun d tmeṭṭut-is.

Deg usatal-a amaynut, Nefertiti turar-d tamlilt tameqqrant; ur tli ara kan d tagellidt neɣ d tameṭṭut n ferɛun, maca tuɣal d tacerrikt tasɣanant tagejdant. Bnan ifakanen imaynuten i Aten, ladɣa deg tmanaɣt-nsen tamaynut Axetaten (Amarna). Ifakanen-a mgaraden aṭas ɣef wid n zik: ur llin ara d imukan iḍelmen, imedlen, anda yettili kan umrabeḍ ameqqran yeffren ɣef wallen n lɣaci. Ihi, ifakanen n Aten llan d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt akken tafukt ad d-tekcem srid ɣer wammas-nsen, zdat n yal amdan. Ayagi yessken-d leqsed n usɣan-a i d-yettnadin ad issemlil amdan d yillu-ines deg tafat, s wudem n tidet d ugama, dɣa aya yettban-d ula deg tẓuri n tallit-nni i yerran lwelha-s ɣef tidet n tfekka d tudert n yal ass, beɛden ɣef tecbaḥt n usnulfu n zik, ɣef waya asenɛet n twacult tagellidant yuɣal d amesrar s telqayt.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
[[Tugna:Amarna centre3.jpg|vignette|inestimen(ixerban) n wayen i d-yeggran seg tamdint taqburt n Axetaten.]]
Akken ad issebaɛed iman-is ɣef yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazmert meqqren yerna uɣen aẓar deg tsertit n temdint n Tiba (Thebes), Axenaten yewwi-d yiwet n teɣtest yessewhamen deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt: asali n tmanaɣt tamaynut i d-yettunefken s lekmal-is i yillu-ines yiwen, Aten. Tamdint-a, i wumi yefka isem n Axetaten (Akhetaten, i d-yemmalen &quot;Ixf n yigenni n Aten&quot; neɣ &quot;Aɣerab n Aten&quot;), tbna-d deg yiwen n wemkan yellan d ilem deg tlemmast n Maṣer, ayen yettwassnen ass-a s yisem n Tell el-Amarna. Amkan-a ur yelli yettwazdeɣ yakan, ur yesɛi ansayen isɣananen iqdimen neɣ ifakanen n yilluten nniḍen, d ayen i t-yerran d akal yeṣfan i usali n tɣerma tamaynut. Deg tmanaɣt-a, Axenaten d Nefertiti bnan aɣrem-nsen, tinezduɣin n yiqeddacen-nsen, d wammud n yifakanen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran d unekcum n tmuɣli tamaynut deg tsegda tameṣrit, anda lebni yettuɣal d lemri i d-yessebganen lsas n usɣan-a amaynut.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tzrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam neɣ n uɣrem, maca tella ɣer yidis n wurgaz-is s wudem unṣib deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
* '''Amnekni deg udabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
* '''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
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