Blaise Pascal

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'''Blaise Pascal (neɣ s teqbaylit: Bliz Paskal)''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis.

Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s &quot;'''Bliz Paskal'''&quot;) d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen.

Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal.

== Tudert-is ==
Ilul '''Bliz Paskal''' ass n 19 yunyu 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, tamdint yellan di Fransa. Bab-as, ''Étienne Pascal'', yella d anezzarfu yerna d amusnak iḥemmlen tusnakt mliḥ. Yemma-s, ''Antoinette Bégon'', temmut mi yella Paskal meẓẓi, ur yewwiḍ ara kraḍ n yiseggasen. Yeqqim d agujil netta d snat n yessetma-s: ''Gilberte'' d ''Jacqueline''.

Bab-as i s-yesselmed tusnakt d yilesalat seg mi yella meẓẓi. Paskal yella d aqcic i d-yettbanen s wallaɣ-is ameqran: deg mraw d sin n yiseggasen, yufa-d s timmad-is belli tiɣemmaṛ n ukerdis ttawḍent ɣer 180 n tfesniwin. Bab-as, mi yeẓra ayagi, yeḥṣa belli mmi-s d yiwen seg yimdanen ur nettili ara aṭas deg umezruy.

Di 1631, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Paris. Din, Paskal yekcem ɣer yigrawen n yimusnaken i d-yettilin dina. Yemlal d yimusnaken am ''Descartes'', ''Fermat'' d wiyaḍ. Di 1640, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Rouen anda bab-as yuɣal d anezzarfu n tgeldit.

Di 1646, Paskal d twacult-is kecmen ɣer umussu n ''Jansenism'', yiwen n umussu asɣanan i d-yekkan seg ''Port-Royal''. Ayagi yella d abeddel ameqran di tudert-is: seg wass-nni, taflest d tasnakuct uɣalent d tiɣawsiwin timeqranin di tudert-is.

Di 1654, Paskal yedder-d yiwet n termit n wayen i wumi qqaren « tirmit n yiḍ n tmes ». Deg yiḍ n 23 wamber 1654, yeḥsa s yiwen n uḥulfu ameqran n Ṛebbi, yeččur ul-is s tumert d tafat. Seg wass-nni, yura awal-agi: « Ul yesɛa tissebganin-is i ur yessin ara wallaɣ. » Ayagi yuɣal d yiwen seg yinzan-is imeqranen.

Paskal yemmut ass n 19 ɣuct 1662 di Paris, ur yewwiḍ ara 39 n yiseggasen. Aṭṭan i t-yenɣan yella d win n iliwi d wallaɣ, yeǧǧa-d idlisen ur kemmlen ara.

== Amahil-is deg Tusnakt ==

=== Tamacint n usiḍen ===
Di 1642, mi yesɛa mraw d tẓa n yiseggasen, Paskal yesnulfa-d tamacint n usiḍen i wumi qqaren « Pascaline ». Tamacint-a tella d tin i izemren ad teg timerniyin d tukksiwin n yemḍanen. Yesnulfa-tt akken ad yɛiwen bab-as deg umahil-is n usiḍen n yidrimen. Tamacint-a d yiwet seg yisnulfuyen imezwura n tselkimt deg umezruy.

=== Taseqqart d tusnakt n ugacur ===
Di 1654, Paskal yura i Fermat tabratin ɣef wugur n « beṭṭu n wurar ». Ugur-a yeqqen ɣef wamek ara yettwabeṭṭu udrim ger sin yemraren ma yella wurar ur yemmid ara. Seg tiririt-agi i d-yekka llsas n tusnakt n tseqqart, i wumi qqaren ass-a « taseqqart ». Paskal d Fermat d nutni i d-ibabaten n tussna-a.

=== Akerdis n Paskal ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef ukerdis, yessken-d aṭas n yisekkuden deg tanzeggit. Yessnulfa-d « akerdis n Paskal » i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is.

=== Ifeḍ d wayen ur nesɛi taggara ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef yemḍanen ur nesɛi taggara, ɣef wayen i wumi qqaren « ifeḍ ». Yessken-d belli llan sin lesnaf n yifeḍ: ifeḍ n umḍan d ifeḍ n tsekta. Ayagi yella d asnulfu ameqran deg tusnakt n lawan-nni.

== Amahil-is deg Tasengama(Tafizikt) ==

=== Ilem d ṣṣda n tegnewt ===
Di 1647 d 1648, Paskal yexdem tirmitin timeqranin ɣef tilemt d ṣṣda n tegnewt. Yessken-d belli tilemt tezmer ad tili, mgal wayen i d-yenna [[Aristot|Arisṭuṭ]] i yeqqaren belli « agama yekreh ilem ».

Paskal yexdem tirmit s uferdis n zzibaɣ: yeččur aqadus s zzibaɣ, yezzi-t, yessken-d belli zzibaɣ yettṣubbu cwiṭ, yeǧǧa ilem deg tama ufella. Tirmit-a tella d anza dakken ilem yezmer ad yili.

Yessken-d daɣen belli ṣṣda n tegnewt tettnaqas mi ara nali ɣef yidurar. Yessuter i gma-s n tultma-s ad yexdem tirmit ɣef udrar n Puy-de-Dôme. Tirmit-a tesɛa azal ameqran acku tessken-d belli tegnewt tesɛa taẓeyt, d netta i d-ittaken ṣṣda.

=== '''Asaḍuf n Paskal''' ===
Seg tirmitin-a, Pascal yessnulfa-d asaḍuf i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is: « Asaḍuf n Pascal ». Asaḍuf-a yeqqar-d belli ṣṣda i yettwasersen ɣef imengi yellan deg yiwen n wemkan imedlen am tbuqalt, ṣṣda yettwazuzer s wudem yugdan ɣef yal amkan n yiri n umengi-nni. Asaḍuf-a d llsas n tusnakt n yimengiyen, yerna yettwasxeddem ass-a deg waṭas n yinagrawen imikaniyen.

==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal==

*Essai pour les coniques (1640)
*Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
*Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648)
*Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654)
*Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657)
*Élément de géométrie (1657)
*De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657)
*Histoire de la roulette (1658)
*L’Art de persuader (1660)
*Pensées (1669, posthume)

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'''Blaise Pascal (neɣ s teqbaylit: Bliz Paskal)''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis.

Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s &quot;'''Bliz Paskal'''&quot;) d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen.

Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal.

== Tudert-is ==
Ilul '''Bliz Paskal''' ass n 19 yunyu 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, tamdint yellan di Fransa. Bab-as, ''Étienne Pascal'', yella d anezzarfu yerna d amusnak iḥemmlen tusnakt mliḥ. Yemma-s, ''Antoinette Bégon'', temmut mi yella Paskal meẓẓi, ur yewwiḍ ara kraḍ n yiseggasen. Yeqqim d agujil netta d snat n yessetma-s: ''Gilberte'' d ''Jacqueline''.

Bab-as i s-yesselmed tusnakt d yilesalat seg mi yella meẓẓi. Paskal yella d aqcic i d-yettbanen s wallaɣ-is ameqran: deg mraw d sin n yiseggasen, yufa-d s timmad-is belli tiɣemmaṛ n ukerdis ttawḍent ɣer 180 n tfesniwin. Bab-as, mi yeẓra ayagi, yeḥṣa belli mmi-s d yiwen seg yimdanen ur nettili ara aṭas deg umezruy.

Di 1631, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Paris. Din, Paskal yekcem ɣer yigrawen n yimusnaken i d-yettilin dina. Yemlal d yimusnaken am ''Descartes'', ''Fermat'' d wiyaḍ. Di 1640, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Rouen anda bab-as yuɣal d anezzarfu n tgeldit.

Di 1646, Paskal d twacult-is kecmen ɣer umussu n ''Jansenism'', yiwen n umussu asɣanan i d-yekkan seg ''Port-Royal''. Ayagi yella d abeddel ameqran di tudert-is: seg wass-nni, taflest d tasnakuct uɣalent d tiɣawsiwin timeqranin di tudert-is.

Di 1654, Paskal yedder-d yiwet n termit n wayen i wumi qqaren « tirmit n yiḍ n tmes ». Deg yiḍ n 23 wamber 1654, yeḥsa s yiwen n uḥulfu ameqran n Ṛebbi, yeččur ul-is s tumert d tafat. Seg wass-nni, yura awal-agi: « Ul yesɛa tissebganin-is i ur yessin ara wallaɣ. » Ayagi yuɣal d yiwen seg yinzan-is imeqranen.

Paskal yemmut ass n 19 ɣuct 1662 di Paris, ur yewwiḍ ara 39 n yiseggasen. Aṭṭan i t-yenɣan yella d win n iliwi d wallaɣ, yeǧǧa-d idlisen ur kemmlen ara.

== Amahil-is deg Tusnakt ==

=== Tamacint n usiḍen ===
Di 1642, mi yesɛa mraw d tẓa n yiseggasen, Paskal yesnulfa-d tamacint n usiḍen i wumi qqaren « Pascaline ». Tamacint-a tella d tin i izemren ad teg timerniyin d tukksiwin n yemḍanen. Yesnulfa-tt akken ad yɛiwen bab-as deg umahil-is n usiḍen n yidrimen. Tamacint-a d yiwet seg yisnulfuyen imezwura n tselkimt deg umezruy.

=== Taseqqart d tusnakt n ugacur ===
Di 1654, Paskal yura i Fermat tabratin ɣef wugur n « beṭṭu n wurar ». Ugur-a yeqqen ɣef wamek ara yettwabeṭṭu udrim ger sin yemraren ma yella wurar ur yemmid ara. Seg tiririt-agi i d-yekka llsas n tusnakt n tseqqart, i wumi qqaren ass-a « taseqqart ». Paskal d Fermat d nutni i d-ibabaten n tussna-a.

=== Akerdis n Paskal ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef ukerdis, yessken-d aṭas n yisekkuden deg tanzeggit. Yessnulfa-d « akerdis n Paskal » i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is.

=== Ifeḍ d wayen ur nesɛi taggara ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef yemḍanen ur nesɛi taggara, ɣef wayen i wumi qqaren « ifeḍ ». Yessken-d belli llan sin lesnaf n yifeḍ: ifeḍ n umḍan d ifeḍ n tsekta. Ayagi yella d asnulfu ameqran deg tusnakt n lawan-nni.

== Amahil-is deg Tasengama(Tafizikt) ==

=== Ilem d ṣṣda n tegnewt ===
Di 1647 d 1648, Paskal yexdem tirmitin timeqranin ɣef tilemt d ṣṣda n tegnewt. Yessken-d belli tilemt tezmer ad tili, mgal wayen i d-yenna [[Aristot|Arisṭuṭ]] i yeqqaren belli « agama yekreh ilem ».

Paskal yexdem tirmit s uferdis n zzibaɣ: yeččur aqadus s zzibaɣ, yezzi-t, yessken-d belli zzibaɣ yettṣubbu cwiṭ, yeǧǧa ilem deg tama ufella. Tirmit-a tella d anza dakken ilem yezmer ad yili.

Yessken-d daɣen belli ṣṣda n tegnewt tettnaqas mi ara nali ɣef yidurar. Yessuter i gma-s n tultma-s ad yexdem tirmit ɣef udrar n Puy-de-Dôme. Tirmit-a tesɛa azal ameqran acku tessken-d belli tegnewt tesɛa taẓeyt, d netta i d-ittaken ṣṣda.

=== '''Asaḍuf n Paskal''' ===
Seg tirmitin-a, Pascal yessnulfa-d asaḍuf i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is: « Asaḍuf n Paskal ». Asaḍuf-a yeqqar-d belli ṣṣda i yettwasersen ɣef imengi yellan deg yiwen n wemkan imedlen am tbuqalt, ṣṣda yettwazuzer s wudem yugdan ɣef yal amkan n yiri n umengi-nni. Asaḍuf-a d llsas n tusnakt n yimengiyen, yerna yettwasxeddem ass-a deg waṭas n yinagrawen imikaniyen.

==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal==

*Essai pour les coniques (1640)
*Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
*Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648)
*Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654)
*Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657)
*Élément de géométrie (1657)
*De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657)
*Histoire de la roulette (1658)
*L’Art de persuader (1660)
*Pensées (1669, posthume)

[[Taggayt:Tameddurt]]
[[Taggayt:Amsnuflu]]
[[Taggayt:Afelsuf]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9320" sha1="3fs73n6p9om8gztntvgi5dofwpf67b6" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna aɣrem ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen(ixerban) n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tawinest(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.
[[Tugna:Domus Flavia.png|vignette|Aɣrem yebna Dumisyan.]]
Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
Deg tallit n umenkad Dumisyan, lebni n yiɣsaren n ddin (tasegda tasɣant) ur yelli ara kan d aḥric n ccbaḥa neɣ n liman i yakucen(illuten), maca yella d allal asertan ameqqran. Dumisyan, i yeṭṭalaben ɣer wegdud ad t-yettwali d &quot;Mass akked Yillu&quot; (''Dominus et Deus''), yessexdem ifakanen akken ad isseǧhed adabu-ines, ad yesnekwu tawacult-is (Iflavyanen), yerna ad isbeggen tanezmart-is i d-yekkan seg yilluten n Ṛuma.
[[Tugna:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|vignette|tamakiḍt n ufakan n Yibiter deg Ṛum.]]
Yiwen seg yisenfaren imeqqranen akk i iselkem Dumisyan d aɛiwed n lebni n wafakan n Yubiter (Jupiter), i yellan d amkan uɣris yugaren wiyaḍ akk deg Ṛuma. Afakan-a yerɣa s tmes tameqqrant deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg tallit n gma-s Titu). Mi yeṭṭef Dumisyan adabu, yefka-as azal ameqqran akken ad t-id-yebnu s wudem ifazen fella-s yakan.

Yessexdem ingawen imaynuten d wallalen ɣlayen aṭas. Rrxam i d-yewwi seg tmura n berra, tiwwura yettwaɣemmen s wureɣ, d tesdarit anda yessers aṭas n tɣawsiwin n wureɣ d uẓref. Asexdem n wureɣ d tsreɣta timeqqranin d ayen i d-ijebbden allen, akken ad yefk ssebba i lɣaci ad amnen belli adabu-ines itteddu s ufus n Yubiter s timmad-is. Afakan-a yeqqim d azamul n tezmart taṛumanit mgal tiɣemmar akk n dunnit.

Akken ad iḥrez tittwaflest (crédibilité) n twacult n Yiflavyanen, Dumisyan iwekked ad yesnerni ccan n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]], wid-nni yeṭṭfen adabu uqbel-is. Di Ruma, mi ara yemmet umenkad yelhan, Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yettara-t d illu (''apothéose''). Dumisyan yebna-d afakan iwatan deg wul n temdint (Amnager Aṛumani) akken ad t-yefk d tajmilt i sin-a yimenkaden yuɣalen d illuten.

Afakan-a, i d-yegran s kra n tgejda ass-a, yettwabna s tɣariwin ɛlayen, d tecraḍ n tsreɣta i d-yemmalen isekkinen n udabu d ddin. S lebni-ya, Dumisyan yebɣa ad d-yini i wegdud belli netta d &quot;mmi-s n yillu yerna d gma-s n yillu&quot;, ayen i t-yerran d win tuklal tmenkda s uzref asɣanan.
* '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
      <sha1>3fs73n6p9om8gztntvgi5dofwpf67b6</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>116930</id>
      <parentid>116929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-28T10:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116930</origin>
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      <text bytes="10290" sha1="nbfksdp6wb5014fhrnvq04yvj7pcoi2" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna aɣrem ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen(ixerban) n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tawinest(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.
[[Tugna:Domus Flavia.png|vignette|Aɣrem yebna Dumisyan.]]
Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
Deg tallit n umenkad Dumisyan, lebni n yiɣsaren n ddin (tasegda tasɣant) ur yelli ara kan d aḥric n ccbaḥa neɣ n liman i yakucen(illuten), maca yella d allal asertan ameqqran. Dumisyan, i yeṭṭalaben ɣer wegdud ad t-yettwali d &quot;Mass akked Yillu&quot; (''Dominus et Deus''), yessexdem ifakanen akken ad isseǧhed adabu-ines, ad yesnekwu tawacult-is (Iflavyanen), yerna ad isbeggen tanezmart-is i d-yekkan seg yilluten n Ṛuma.
[[Tugna:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|vignette|tamakiḍt n ufakan n Yibiter deg Ṛum.]]
Yiwen seg yisenfaren imeqqranen akk i iselkem Dumisyan d aɛiwed n lebni n wafakan n Yubiter (Jupiter), i yellan d amkan uɣris yugaren wiyaḍ akk deg Ṛuma. Afakan-a yerɣa s tmes tameqqrant deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg tallit n gma-s Titu). Mi yeṭṭef Dumisyan adabu, yefka-as azal ameqqran akken ad t-id-yebnu s wudem ifazen fella-s yakan.

Yessexdem ingawen imaynuten d wallalen ɣlayen aṭas. Rrxam i d-yewwi seg tmura n berra, tiwwura yettwaɣemmen s wureɣ, d tesdarit anda yessers aṭas n tɣawsiwin n wureɣ d uẓref. Asexdem n wureɣ d tsreɣta timeqqranin d ayen i d-ijebbden allen, akken ad yefk ssebba i lɣaci ad amnen belli adabu-ines itteddu s ufus n Yubiter s timmad-is. Afakan-a yeqqim d azamul n tezmart taṛumanit mgal tiɣemmar akk n dunnit.

Akken ad iḥrez tittwaflest (crédibilité) n twacult n Yiflavyanen, Dumisyan iwekked ad yesnerni ccan n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]], wid-nni yeṭṭfen adabu uqbel-is. Di Ruma, mi ara yemmet umenkad yelhan, Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yettara-t d illu (''apothéose''). Dumisyan yebna-d afakan iwatan deg wul n temdint (Amnager Aṛumani) akken ad t-yefk d tajmilt i sin-a yimenkaden yuɣalen d illuten.

Afakan-a, i d-yegran s kra n tgejda ass-a, yettwabna s tɣariwin ɛlayen, d tecraḍ n tsreɣta i d-yemmalen isekkinen n udabu d ddin. S lebni-ya, Dumisyan yebɣa ad d-yini i wegdud belli netta d &quot;mmi-s n yillu yerna d gma-s n yillu&quot;, ayen i t-yerran d win tuklal tmenkda s uzref asɣanan.
* [[Tugna:Piazza Navona.JPG|vignette|Adeg n &quot;Piazza Navona&quot; yeḥrez talɣa n wannar n Dumisyan.]]'''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).
Dumisyan, i yellan iḥemmel aṭas idles d wansayen n Yigrigiyen, yefka tiɣtest ad yebnu annar-a deg useggas 86 S.Ɛ deg wemkan iwumi qqaṛen ''Aḥriq n Mars'' (neɣ urti n Mars). Iswi-ines agejdan d aseddu n yiwet n tfaska n waddal i d-yesnulfu, iwumi semman ''Agon Capitolinus'' (Turartin n Kabitul). Mgal uraren d yimenɣiwen n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaṭuṛen]] i yettilin deg wannaren imeqqranen am ''[[Akulusyum|Ukulisyum]]'' (Colisée) neɣ timzizlin n yikeryasen deg ''Usirk Ameqqran'' (Circus Maximus), annar n Dumisyan yettwaxdem i waddalen n tfekka d wazzal, tamḥadit, tazzla, d unṭag n tneccabin.

S wannar-a, Dumisyan yebɣa ad yesnerni tittwaflest n Ṛuma s usnerni n yidles n waddal ɣef wudem n tallit tagrigit. Yella yebɣa ad as-yesneflali i wegdud-is belli addal aquran issebɣas tafekka d tezmert, ugar n tmenɣiwt d yidammen n yigladyaṭuṛen.

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116932</id>
      <parentid>116930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-28T11:05:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116932</origin>
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      <text bytes="10376" sha1="bdq9rzjofvfcvamntwotg3c7vg14f5y" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna aɣrem ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen(ixerban) n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tawinest(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.
[[Tugna:Domus Flavia.png|vignette|Aɣrem yebna Dumisyan.]]
Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
Deg tallit n umenkad Dumisyan, lebni n yiɣsaren n ddin (tasegda tasɣant) ur yelli ara kan d aḥric n ccbaḥa neɣ n liman i yakucen(illuten), maca yella d allal asertan ameqqran. Dumisyan, i yeṭṭalaben ɣer wegdud ad t-yettwali d &quot;Mass akked Yillu&quot; (''Dominus et Deus''), yessexdem ifakanen akken ad isseǧhed adabu-ines, ad yesnekwu tawacult-is (Iflavyanen), yerna ad isbeggen tanezmart-is i d-yekkan seg yilluten n Ṛuma.
[[Tugna:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|vignette|tamakiḍt n ufakan n Yibiter deg Ṛum.]]
Yiwen seg yisenfaren imeqqranen akk i iselkem Dumisyan d aɛiwed n lebni n wafakan n Yubiter (Jupiter), i yellan d amkan uɣris yugaren wiyaḍ akk deg Ṛuma. Afakan-a yerɣa s tmes tameqqrant deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg tallit n gma-s Titu). Mi yeṭṭef Dumisyan adabu, yefka-as azal ameqqran akken ad t-id-yebnu s wudem ifazen fella-s yakan.

Yessexdem ingawen imaynuten d wallalen ɣlayen aṭas. Rrxam i d-yewwi seg tmura n berra, tiwwura yettwaɣemmen s wureɣ, d tesdarit anda yessers aṭas n tɣawsiwin n wureɣ d uẓref. Asexdem n wureɣ d tsreɣta timeqqranin d ayen i d-ijebbden allen, akken ad yefk ssebba i lɣaci ad amnen belli adabu-ines itteddu s ufus n Yubiter s timmad-is. Afakan-a yeqqim d azamul n tezmart taṛumanit mgal tiɣemmar akk n dunnit.

Akken ad iḥrez tittwaflest (crédibilité) n twacult n Yiflavyanen, Dumisyan iwekked ad yesnerni ccan n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]], wid-nni yeṭṭfen adabu uqbel-is. Di Ruma, mi ara yemmet umenkad yelhan, Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yettara-t d illu (''apothéose''). Dumisyan yebna-d afakan iwatan deg wul n temdint (Amnager Aṛumani) akken ad t-yefk d tajmilt i sin-a yimenkaden yuɣalen d illuten.

Afakan-a, i d-yegran s kra n tgejda ass-a, yettwabna s tɣariwin ɛlayen, d tecraḍ n tsreɣta i d-yemmalen isekkinen n udabu d ddin. S lebni-ya, Dumisyan yebɣa ad d-yini i wegdud belli netta d &quot;mmi-s n yillu yerna d gma-s n yillu&quot;, ayen i t-yerran d win tuklal tmenkda s uzref asɣanan.
* [[Tugna:Piazza Navona.JPG|vignette|Adeg n &quot;Piazza Navona&quot; yeḥrez talɣa n wannar n Dumisyan.]]'''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).
Dumisyan, i yellan iḥemmel aṭas idles d wansayen n Yigrigiyen, yefka tiɣtest ad yebnu annar-a deg useggas 86 S.Ɛ deg wemkan iwumi qqaṛen ''Aḥriq n Mars'' (neɣ urti n Mars). Iswi-ines agejdan d aseddu n yiwet n tfaska n waddal i d-yesnulfu, iwumi semman ''Agon Capitolinus'' (Turartin n Kabitul). Mgal uraren d yimenɣiwen n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaṭuṛen]] i yettilin deg wannaren imeqqranen am ''[[Akulusyum|Ukulisyum]]'' (Colisée) neɣ timzizlin n yikeryasen deg ''Usirk Ameqqran'' (Circus Maximus), annar n Dumisyan yettwaxdem i waddalen n tfekka d wazzal, tamḥadit, tazzla, d unṭag n tneccabin.

S wannar-a, Dumisyan yebɣa ad yesnerni tittwaflest n Ṛuma s usnerni n yidles n waddal ɣef wudem n tallit tagrigit. Yella yebɣa ad as-yesneflali i wegdud-is belli addal aquran issebɣas tafekka d tezmert, ugar n tmenɣiwt d yidammen n yigladyaṭuṛen.

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
[[Tugna:Domitian Vaison-la-Romaine.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Dumisyan s wudem aserdas.]]
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, Nirfa (Nerva).</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nefertiti</title>
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    <id>25521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116927</id>
      <parentid>116923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-27T15:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116927</origin>
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      <text bytes="7746" sha1="p4r088ow8xcwhgffgv7rrd7uz9s7n48" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Aḍebsi n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.

Axenaten d Nefertiti rran iman-nsen d nutni kan i d ineggura neɣ d tizemmar timeqqranin i izemren ad mmeslayen srid d Aten. S wakka, ssengren tazmert n yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazrirt meqqren d &quot;ddkir&quot; deg tsertit n Maṣer uqbel. Ɣelqen ifakanen iqdimen n Amun d yilluten nniḍen, wwin-d annaḍ unṣib akken ad kksen ismawen-nsen seg yisekkaren, seg iɣerban n tmurt, ula seg yismawen n yimdanen. Aten yettban-d d amatar n tudert d tezmart, i d-ittaken izenzaren-is i fukken deg taggara-nsen s telɣa '''n yifassen imecṭuḥen''' neɣ iḍudan n tfekkiwin n Axenaten d Nefertiti, ayen i d-yessebganen belli d nutni i d iqeddacen-is d wid i d-yettwaffren ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa). Ayagi yessaweḍ-iten ad gen yiwet n tmnukda tasɣanant anda adabu asertan d win n usɣan dduklen deg yiwen n wemkan, s umnekni yeṣfan gar ferɛun d tmeṭṭut-is.

Deg usatal-a amaynut, Nefertiti turar-d tamlilt tameqqrant; ur tli ara kan d tagellidt neɣ d tameṭṭut n ferɛun, maca tuɣal d tacerrikt tasɣanant tagejdant. Bnan ifakanen imaynuten i Aten, ladɣa deg tmanaɣt-nsen tamaynut Axetaten (Amarna). Ifakanen-a mgaraden aṭas ɣef wid n zik: ur llin ara d imukan iḍelmen, imedlen, anda yettili kan umrabeḍ ameqqran yeffren ɣef wallen n lɣaci. Ihi, ifakanen n Aten llan d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt akken tafukt ad d-tekcem srid ɣer wammas-nsen, zdat n yal amdan. Ayagi yessken-d leqsed n usɣan-a i d-yettnadin ad issemlil amdan d yillu-ines deg tafat, s wudem n tidet d ugama, dɣa aya yettban-d ula deg tẓuri n tallit-nni i yerran lwelha-s ɣef tidet n tfekka d tudert n yal ass, beɛden ɣef tecbaḥt n usnulfu n zik, ɣef waya asenɛet n twacult tagellidant yuɣal d amesrar s telqayt.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
[[Tugna:Amarna centre3.jpg|vignette|inestimen(ixerban) n wayen i d-yeggran seg temdint taqburt n Axetaten.]]
Akken ad issebaɛed iman-is ɣef yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazmert meqqren yerna uɣen aẓar deg tsertit n temdint n Tiba (Thebes), Axenaten yewwi-d yiwet n teɣtest yessewhamen deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt: asali n tmanaɣt tamaynut i d-yettunefken s lekmal-is i yillu-ines yiwen, Aten. Tamdint-a, i wumi yefka isem n Axetaten (Akhetaten, i d-yemmalen &quot;Ixf n yigenni n Aten&quot; neɣ &quot;Aɣerab n Aten&quot;), tbna-d deg yiwen n wemkan yellan d ilem deg tlemmast n Maṣer, ayen yettwassnen ass-a s yisem n Tell el-Amarna. Amkan-a ur yelli yettwazdeɣ yakan, ur yesɛi ansayen isɣananen iqdimen neɣ ifakanen n yilluten nniḍen, d ayen i t-yerran d akal yeṣfan i usali n tɣerma tamaynut. Deg tmanaɣt-a, Axenaten d Nefertiti bnan aɣrem-nsen, tinezduɣin n yiqeddacen-nsen, d wammud n yifakanen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran d unekcum n tmuɣli tamaynut deg tsegda tameṣrit, anda lebni yettuɣal d lemri i d-yessebganen lsas n usɣan-a amaynut.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tzrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam neɣ n uɣrem, maca tella ɣer yidis n wurgaz-is s wudem unṣib deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
* '''Amnekni deg udabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
* '''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
      <sha1>p4r088ow8xcwhgffgv7rrd7uz9s7n48</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116928</id>
      <parentid>116927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-27T20:12:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8863" sha1="gg3leq3aalx5ptbcz5k2f7pguudrv89" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Aḍebsi n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.

Axenaten d Nefertiti rran iman-nsen d nutni kan i d ineggura neɣ d tizemmar timeqqranin i izemren ad mmeslayen srid d Aten. S wakka, ssengren tazmert n yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazrirt meqqren d &quot;ddkir&quot; deg tsertit n Maṣer uqbel. Ɣelqen ifakanen iqdimen n Amun d yilluten nniḍen, wwin-d annaḍ unṣib akken ad kksen ismawen-nsen seg yisekkaren, seg iɣerban n tmurt, ula seg yismawen n yimdanen. Aten yettban-d d amatar n tudert d tezmart, i d-ittaken izenzaren-is i fukken deg taggara-nsen s telɣa '''n yifassen imecṭuḥen''' neɣ iḍudan n tfekkiwin n Axenaten d Nefertiti, ayen i d-yessebganen belli d nutni i d iqeddacen-is d wid i d-yettwaffren ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa). Ayagi yessaweḍ-iten ad gen yiwet n tmnukda tasɣanant anda adabu asertan d win n usɣan dduklen deg yiwen n wemkan, s umnekni yeṣfan gar ferɛun d tmeṭṭut-is.

Deg usatal-a amaynut, Nefertiti turar-d tamlilt tameqqrant; ur tli ara kan d tagellidt neɣ d tameṭṭut n ferɛun, maca tuɣal d tacerrikt tasɣanant tagejdant. Bnan ifakanen imaynuten i Aten, ladɣa deg tmanaɣt-nsen tamaynut Axetaten (Amarna). Ifakanen-a mgaraden aṭas ɣef wid n zik: ur llin ara d imukan iḍelmen, imedlen, anda yettili kan umrabeḍ ameqqran yeffren ɣef wallen n lɣaci. Ihi, ifakanen n Aten llan d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt akken tafukt ad d-tekcem srid ɣer wammas-nsen, zdat n yal amdan. Ayagi yessken-d leqsed n usɣan-a i d-yettnadin ad issemlil amdan d yillu-ines deg tafat, s wudem n tidet d ugama, dɣa aya yettban-d ula deg tẓuri n tallit-nni i yerran lwelha-s ɣef tidet n tfekka d tudert n yal ass, beɛden ɣef tecbaḥt n usnulfu n zik, ɣef waya asenɛet n twacult tagellidant yuɣal d amesrar s telqayt.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
[[Tugna:Amarna centre3.jpg|vignette|inestimen(ixerban) n wayen i d-yeggran seg temdint taqburt n Axetaten.]]
Akken ad issebaɛed iman-is ɣef yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazmert meqqren yerna uɣen aẓar deg tsertit n temdint n Tiba (Thebes), Axenaten yewwi-d yiwet n teɣtest yessewhamen deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt: asali n tmanaɣt tamaynut i d-yettunefken s lekmal-is i yillu-ines yiwen, Aten. Tamdint-a, i wumi yefka isem n Axetaten (Akhetaten, i d-yemmalen &quot;Ixf n yigenni n Aten&quot; neɣ &quot;Aɣerab n Aten&quot;), tbna-d deg yiwen n wemkan yellan d ilem deg tlemmast n Maṣer, ayen yettwassnen ass-a s yisem n Tell el-Amarna. Amkan-a ur yelli yettwazdeɣ yakan, ur yesɛi ansayen isɣananen iqdimen neɣ ifakanen n yilluten nniḍen, d ayen i t-yerran d akal yeṣfan i usali n tɣerma tamaynut. Deg tmanaɣt-a, Axenaten d Nefertiti bnan aɣrem-nsen, tinezduɣin n yiqeddacen-nsen, d wammud n yifakanen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran d unekcum n tmuɣli tamaynut deg tsegda tameṣrit, anda lebni yettuɣal d lemri i d-yessebganen lsas n usɣan-a amaynut.

Abeddel agejdan i d-tewwi tegrawla-a tasɣanant yettban-d s telqayt deg uɣanib n lebni n yifakanen imaynuten n Aten, i yemgaraden s waṭas ɣef wansayen n yifakanen n yilluten iqdimen am Amun deg temdint n Karnak. Deg zik, afakan yettili d amkan imsed, d ubrik seg daxel s lexṣaṣ n tafat, yebḍa ɣef waṭas n tzeqwa timdillin anda amkan uffiɣ (amkan iqedsen) yettili deg tecbaḥt n ṭṭlam, yerna d imrabḍen imeqqranen neɣ ferɛun kan i yezmer ad kecmen ɣur-s. Maca ifakanen n Aten, ladɣa Afakan Ameqqran (Per-Aten) akked Wafakan Ameẓẓyan, uɣen abrid nniḍen akk i yeddlen leqsed n usɣan-a. Bnan-ten d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt, ur sɛin ara tasedarit, akken izenzaren n tafukt ad d-wwten srid ɣef yimraḥen d yidekkanen n tmezliwt (autels) i yellan s wadda n yigenni. Imi Aten d aḍebsi n yiṭij, afakan-is yessefk ad yili d amkan lqayen anda tafat-is tkeččem-d bla akukru, yal ass, akken ad d-tefk tudert d lbaṛaka i tefkiwin n usɣan, u ad tsemlil illu d wegdud-is s wudem n ugama.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tzrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam neɣ n uɣrem, maca tella ɣer yidis n wurgaz-is s wudem unṣib deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
* '''Amnekni deg udabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
* [[Tugna:Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children.jpg|vignette|Axnaṭun, Nefertiti akked warraw-is]]'''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
      <sha1>gg3leq3aalx5ptbcz5k2f7pguudrv89</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>116931</id>
      <parentid>116928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-28T11:02:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9670" sha1="div683zu1un8va3pqloprvp8pj2765o" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Aḍebsi n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.

Axenaten d Nefertiti rran iman-nsen d nutni kan i d ineggura neɣ d tizemmar timeqqranin i izemren ad mmeslayen srid d Aten. S wakka, ssengren tazmert n yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazrirt meqqren d &quot;ddkir&quot; deg tsertit n Maṣer uqbel. Ɣelqen ifakanen iqdimen n Amun d yilluten nniḍen, wwin-d annaḍ unṣib akken ad kksen ismawen-nsen seg yisekkaren, seg iɣerban n tmurt, ula seg yismawen n yimdanen. Aten yettban-d d amatar n tudert d tezmart, i d-ittaken izenzaren-is i fukken deg taggara-nsen s telɣa '''n yifassen imecṭuḥen''' neɣ iḍudan n tfekkiwin n Axenaten d Nefertiti, ayen i d-yessebganen belli d nutni i d iqeddacen-is d wid i d-yettwaffren ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa). Ayagi yessaweḍ-iten ad gen yiwet n tmnukda tasɣanant anda adabu asertan d win n usɣan dduklen deg yiwen n wemkan, s umnekni yeṣfan gar ferɛun d tmeṭṭut-is.

Deg usatal-a amaynut, Nefertiti turar-d tamlilt tameqqrant; ur tli ara kan d tagellidt neɣ d tameṭṭut n ferɛun, maca tuɣal d tacerrikt tasɣanant tagejdant. Bnan ifakanen imaynuten i Aten, ladɣa deg tmanaɣt-nsen tamaynut Axetaten (Amarna). Ifakanen-a mgaraden aṭas ɣef wid n zik: ur llin ara d imukan iḍelmen, imedlen, anda yettili kan umrabeḍ ameqqran yeffren ɣef wallen n lɣaci. Ihi, ifakanen n Aten llan d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt akken tafukt ad d-tekcem srid ɣer wammas-nsen, zdat n yal amdan. Ayagi yessken-d leqsed n usɣan-a i d-yettnadin ad issemlil amdan d yillu-ines deg tafat, s wudem n tidet d ugama, dɣa aya yettban-d ula deg tẓuri n tallit-nni i yerran lwelha-s ɣef tidet n tfekka d tudert n yal ass, beɛden ɣef tecbaḥt n usnulfu n zik, ɣef waya asenɛet n twacult tagellidant yuɣal d amesrar s telqayt.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
[[Tugna:Amarna centre3.jpg|vignette|inestimen(ixerban) n wayen i d-yeggran seg temdint taqburt n Axetaten.]]
Akken ad issebaɛed iman-is ɣef yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazmert meqqren yerna uɣen aẓar deg tsertit n temdint n Tiba (Thebes), Axenaten yewwi-d yiwet n teɣtest yessewhamen deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt: asali n tmanaɣt tamaynut i d-yettunefken s lekmal-is i yillu-ines yiwen, Aten. Tamdint-a, i wumi yefka isem n Axetaten (Akhetaten, i d-yemmalen &quot;Ixf n yigenni n Aten&quot; neɣ &quot;Aɣerab n Aten&quot;), tbna-d deg yiwen n wemkan yellan d ilem deg tlemmast n Maṣer, ayen yettwassnen ass-a s yisem n Tell el-Amarna. Amkan-a ur yelli yettwazdeɣ yakan, ur yesɛi ansayen isɣananen iqdimen neɣ ifakanen n yilluten nniḍen, d ayen i t-yerran d akal yeṣfan i usali n tɣerma tamaynut. Deg tmanaɣt-a, Axenaten d Nefertiti bnan aɣrem-nsen, tinezduɣin n yiqeddacen-nsen, d wammud n yifakanen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran d unekcum n tmuɣli tamaynut deg tsegda tameṣrit, anda lebni yettuɣal d lemri i d-yessebganen lsas n usɣan-a amaynut.

Abeddel agejdan i d-tewwi tegrawla-a tasɣanant yettban-d s telqayt deg uɣanib n lebni n yifakanen imaynuten n Aten, i yemgaraden s waṭas ɣef wansayen n yifakanen n yilluten iqdimen am Amun deg temdint n Karnak. Deg zik, afakan yettili d amkan imsed, d ubrik seg daxel s lexṣaṣ n tafat, yebḍa ɣef waṭas n tzeqwa timdillin anda amkan uffiɣ (amkan iqedsen) yettili deg tecbaḥt n ṭṭlam, yerna d imrabḍen imeqqranen neɣ ferɛun kan i yezmer ad kecmen ɣur-s. Maca ifakanen n Aten, ladɣa Afakan Ameqqran (Per-Aten) akked Wafakan Ameẓẓyan, uɣen abrid nniḍen akk i yeddlen leqsed n usɣan-a. Bnan-ten d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt, ur sɛin ara tasedarit, akken izenzaren n tafukt ad d-wwten srid ɣef yimraḥen d yidekkanen n tmezliwt (autels) i yellan s wadda n yigenni. Imi Aten d aḍebsi n yiṭij, afakan-is yessefk ad yili d amkan lqayen anda tafat-is tkeččem-d bla akukru, yal ass, akken ad d-tefk tudert d lbaṛaka i tefkiwin n usɣan, u ad tsemlil illu d wegdud-is s wudem n ugama.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tzrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam neɣ n uɣrem, maca tella ɣer yidis n wurgaz-is s wudem unṣib deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
Deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut tameqqrant n uferɛun Axenaten, maca tuɣal d yiwet n temsalt yessewhamen deg tsertit n tallit-nni (tallit n Amarna). Tazrirt d uqader i tesɛa fkan-as amkan i yugaren akk kra yellan yakan n tgellidt nniḍen i tt-id-yezwaren. Axenaten ur tt-yurrij ara kan ɣer tama-s am tmeṭṭut tacebḥant, maca yerra-tt d tacerrikt-is tagejdant deg udabu. Ayagi yettban-d s telqayt deg tẓuri n Amarna, anda Nefertiti tettwaṣewwer s lqedd yegdlen win n urgaz-is, yerna yefka-as udem n tezmart tagellidant: tettlusu aqacuc n tgelda n udabu ɣef uqerruy-ines, tettudu ɣef akerus-is (char) s yiman-is zdat n lɣaci, u ayen yugaren aya, deg kra n tɣessa, tettbin-d tewwet icenga n Maṣer, d tigawt i gellan zik d azref azedgan n uferɛun kan.
* '''Amnekni deg udabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
* [[Tugna:Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children.jpg|vignette|Axnaṭun, Nefertiti akked warraw-is]]'''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
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