Blaise Pascal

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'''Blaise Pascal (neɣ s teqbaylit: Bliz Paskal)''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis.

Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s &quot;'''Bliz Paskal'''&quot;) d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen.

Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal.

== Tudert-is ==
Ilul '''Bliz Paskal''' ass n 19 yunyu 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, tamdint yellan di Fransa. Bab-as, ''Étienne Pascal'', yella d anezzarfu yerna d amusnak iḥemmlen tusnakt mliḥ. Yemma-s, ''Antoinette Bégon'', temmut mi yella Paskal meẓẓi, ur yewwiḍ ara kraḍ n yiseggasen. Yeqqim d agujil netta d snat n yessetma-s: ''Gilberte'' d ''Jacqueline''.

Bab-as i s-yesselmed tusnakt d yilesalat seg mi yella meẓẓi. Paskal yella d aqcic i d-yettbanen s wallaɣ-is ameqran: deg mraw d sin n yiseggasen, yufa-d s timmad-is belli tiɣemmaṛ n ukerdis ttawḍent ɣer 180 n tfesniwin. Bab-as, mi yeẓra ayagi, yeḥṣa belli mmi-s d yiwen seg yimdanen ur nettili ara aṭas deg umezruy.

Di 1631, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Paris. Din, Paskal yekcem ɣer yigrawen n yimusnaken i d-yettilin dina. Yemlal d yimusnaken am ''Descartes'', ''Fermat'' d wiyaḍ. Di 1640, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Rouen anda bab-as yuɣal d anezzarfu n tgeldit.

Di 1646, Paskal d twacult-is kecmen ɣer umussu n ''Jansenism'', yiwen n umussu asɣanan i d-yekkan seg ''Port-Royal''. Ayagi yella d abeddel ameqran di tudert-is: seg wass-nni, taflest d tasnakuct uɣalent d tiɣawsiwin timeqranin di tudert-is.

Di 1654, Paskal yedder-d yiwet n termit n wayen i wumi qqaren « tirmit n yiḍ n tmes ». Deg yiḍ n 23 wamber 1654, yeḥsa s yiwen n uḥulfu ameqran n Ṛebbi, yeččur ul-is s tumert d tafat. Seg wass-nni, yura awal-agi: « Ul yesɛa tissebganin-is i ur yessin ara wallaɣ. » Ayagi yuɣal d yiwen seg yinzan-is imeqranen.

Paskal yemmut ass n 19 ɣuct 1662 di Paris, ur yewwiḍ ara 39 n yiseggasen. Aṭṭan i t-yenɣan yella d win n iliwi d wallaɣ, yeǧǧa-d idlisen ur kemmlen ara.

== Amahil-is deg Tusnakt ==

=== Tamacint n usiḍen ===
Di 1642, mi yesɛa mraw d tẓa n yiseggasen, Paskal yesnulfa-d tamacint n usiḍen i wumi qqaren « Pascaline ». Tamacint-a tella d tin i izemren ad teg timerniyin d tukksiwin n yemḍanen. Yesnulfa-tt akken ad yɛiwen bab-as deg umahil-is n usiḍen n yidrimen. Tamacint-a d yiwet seg yisnulfuyen imezwura n tselkimt deg umezruy.

=== Taseqqart d tusnakt n ugacur ===
Di 1654, Paskal yura i Fermat tabratin ɣef wugur n « beṭṭu n wurar ». Ugur-a yeqqen ɣef wamek ara yettwabeṭṭu udrim ger sin yemraren ma yella wurar ur yemmid ara. Seg tiririt-agi i d-yekka llsas n tusnakt n tseqqart, i wumi qqaren ass-a « taseqqart ». Paskal d Fermat d nutni i d-ibabaten n tussna-a.

=== Akerdis n Paskal ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef ukerdis, yessken-d aṭas n yisekkuden deg tanzeggit. Yessnulfa-d « akerdis n Paskal » i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is.

=== Ifeḍ d wayen ur nesɛi taggara ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef yemḍanen ur nesɛi taggara, ɣef wayen i wumi qqaren « ifeḍ ». Yessken-d belli llan sin lesnaf n yifeḍ: ifeḍ n umḍan d ifeḍ n tsekta. Ayagi yella d asnulfu ameqran deg tusnakt n lawan-nni.

== Amahil-is deg Tasengama(Tafizikt) ==

=== Ilem d ṣṣda n tegnewt ===
Di 1647 d 1648, Paskal yexdem tirmitin timeqranin ɣef tilemt d ṣṣda n tegnewt. Yessken-d belli tilemt tezmer ad tili, mgal wayen i d-yenna [[Aristot|Arisṭuṭ]] i yeqqaren belli « agama yekreh ilem ».

Paskal yexdem tirmit s uferdis n zzibaɣ: yeččur aqadus s zzibaɣ, yezzi-t, yessken-d belli zzibaɣ yettṣubbu cwiṭ, yeǧǧa ilem deg tama ufella. Tirmit-a tella d anza dakken ilem yezmer ad yili.

Yessken-d daɣen belli ṣṣda n tegnewt tettnaqas mi ara nali ɣef yidurar. Yessuter i gma-s n tultma-s ad yexdem tirmit ɣef udrar n Puy-de-Dôme. Tirmit-a tesɛa azal ameqran acku tessken-d belli tegnewt tesɛa taẓeyt, d netta i d-ittaken ṣṣda.

=== '''Asaḍuf n Paskal''' ===
Seg tirmitin-a, Pascal yessnulfa-d asaḍuf i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is: « Asaḍuf n Paskal ». Asaḍuf-a yeqqar-d belli ṣṣda i yettwasersen ɣef imengi yellan deg yiwen n wemkan imedlen am tbuqalt, ṣṣda yettwazuzer s wudem yugdan ɣef yal amkan n yiri n umengi-nni. Asaḍuf-a d llsas n tusnakt n yimengiyen, yerna yettwasxeddem ass-a deg waṭas n yinagrawen imikaniyen.

=== Tirmitin ɣef yilem ===
Tirmitin n Paskal ɣef yilem llant d tignatin timeqranin deg umezruy n tasengama. Ssent-d belli yilem yezmer ad yili, yerna ssent-d belli tegnewt tesɛa taẓeyt. Ayagi ybeddel tamusni n yimdanen ɣef umaḍal.

== Isekkuden-is deg Tfelsafa ==

=== Amdan gar temɣwer d lihana&lt;ref&gt;Lihana d awal seg ungal n Ɛmer Mezdad, anamek-is &quot;misére&quot; s tefṛansist.&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Paskal yeqqar-d belli amdan d amdan n sin n yidisan. Seg yidis, yesɛa allaɣ, yezmer ad yissin, ad yexemmem, ad yaf tidett — ayagi d temɣwer-is. Seg yidis niḍen, d amdan ur nesɛi ara tazmert, yettmettat, yettnaɛtab, ur yessin ara ayen ara d-yilin — ayagi d lihana-s.

Paskal yeqqar-d belli amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili d ameqran kan neɣ d ameẓẓyan kan. Yella gar sin. D ayagi i t-yerran d amdan: d amdan i yessnen belli d amdan.

=== Taflest d Wallaɣ ===
Paskal yeqqar-d belli allaɣ d allal ameqran, yerna ilaq ad yettwasxeddem. Maca yeqqar-d daɣen belli allaɣ yesɛa tilisa-s. Llan yidgan anda allaɣ ur yezmir ara ad yaweḍ: taflest, tayri, Ṛebbi. Deg yidgan-a, d ul i d-ittawin tidett.

==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal==

*Essai pour les coniques (1640)
*Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
*Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648)
*Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654)
*Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657)
*Élément de géométrie (1657)
*De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657)
*Histoire de la roulette (1658)
*L’Art de persuader (1660)
*Pensées (1669, posthume)

[[Taggayt:Tameddurt]]
[[Taggayt:Amsnuflu]]
[[Taggayt:Afelsuf]]</text>
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      <comment>Replacing Carcar.jpg with [[File:Carduelis_carduelis_(2012).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: this is not the Filipino city of Carcar).</comment>
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'''Timerqemt''' d afrux amecṭuḥ. Ur tuwiḍ ara anect n yiziwec. Rric-ines, d urqim, yeččur d initen; taqamumt-is, d taqermaḍt, d tubrint, twulem i usufeɣ n waqqayen yefren deg txeddacin n yimɣan.&lt;br/&gt;

Timerqemt, teshel i tukza, deg laxla. d tazewwaɣt n wudem, tettawi asun awraɣ deg yiferrawen-is. Rric n uqarru-s d aberkan seg unyir ɣer tmelɣiɣt; d amellal ɣef yidisan. Allen-is d timibrikin, ddant akked cwiṭ-nni n tebrek i igezmen tezwaɣ n wudem-is, tama n yimi.&lt;br/&gt;

Taɛrurt n tmerqemt, tdel s yincew aras; win n tedmert d tama n wadda, d amellal imal cwiṭ ɣer uzredxan; iferrawen-is d teqjimt-is d iberkanen, recmen s temlel. Asun awraɣ icerḍen teɣzi n yiffer yettban nezzah deg waffug.&lt;br/&gt;

Tiqejjirin n tmerqemt, d tixuxiyin am uglim n tciṭa n yimɣi yefsan. ([[Timerqemt|'''Kemmel leqraya'''...]])</text>
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    <title>Emma n Saɛid U Muḥemmed</title>
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      <comment>/* */ Addes picture</comment>
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      <text bytes="3224" sha1="tgiug4j63th145e3gymalzzgvbvijaz" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:La Danse mauresque - détail.jpg|vignette|Yezmer d Ɛayca id-yettwasugnen deg unnuɣ-agi n l''a danseuse mauresque ( taceṭṭaḥt tamuriskit'' ) sɣur yimsunneuɣ afransis ''Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec .'']]
'''Emma n Saɛid U Muḥemmed''' s yisem n tmedyazt-ines '''Ɛayca''' , d tamedyazt yernu d tacennayt tafransist , tlul deg wass n 10 duǧember 1876 deg [[Fransa]] , temmut deg wass n 18 yulyu 1930 deg [[Paris]] . D jida-s n tcennayt yettwassnen [[Édith Piaf]] sɣur yemma-s .

[[File:Moulin Rouge stereoview of &quot;Aïcha&quot;.jpg|thumb|Stereoscopic promotional French tissue paper card depicting &quot;Aïcha&quot; (as written on the back), branded Le Moulin Rouge]]

== Tameddurt ==
Emma n Saɛid U Muḥemmed tlul deg 1876, tufa-d imawlan-is d ixeddamen di ssirk , baba-s Saɛid U Muḥemmed (1827-1890) yella d akrubati (abahelwan) i yxeddmen deg sirk, ilul deg [[Mugadur]] di tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] (ideg llan ttidiren yiminigen id-yusan seg [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|tmurt n Leqbayel]] deg [[Lezzayer]]). Imussnawen n umezruy ɛewqen deg yiẓuran-is kra qqaren-d belli d amaziɣ n Lmerruk wiyaḍ qqaren-d belli di [[Lmerruk]] kan i ylul maca d [[Iqbayliyen|aqbayli]] (d amaziɣ si [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|tmurt n Leqbayel]] id-yezgan deg [[Lezzayer]]),kra ttnaɣen ɣef talɣent-is tamerrukit wiyaḍ ɣef tezzayrit-is .Yemma-s d  Marguerite Bracco(1830-1898), tlul di [[Ṭṭelyan]], ula d nettat d tabahlewanit .Saɛid U Muḥemmed d Marguerite Bracco zewǧen deg useggas n 1853, Marguerite tesɛa kraḍ n yessetma-s, snat seg-sent uɣen-t ibehlwaniyen imeṛṛukiyen d Anne akked Marie Elisabeth .

Ass mi meqqret Emma, tezweǧ d yiwen qqaren-as Eugène Maillard deg useggas n 1894, mi tella txeddemdi ssirk deg tmurt n [[Ṭṭelyan]], aseggas umbeɛd deg useggas n 1895 sɛan-d taqcict isem-is Annetta Maillard, d tin ara yuɣalen tacennayt yettwassnen s yisem n [[Line Marsa]], d nettat ara d-yesɛun umbeɛd [[Édith Piaf]].

Deg yiseggasen n 1910, tedder Emma deg tmanaɣt n Fransa [[Paris]], teǧǧa-as-d yelli-s Annetta i yellan d tigellilt, txuṣṣ-itt tezmert i usuṭeḍ yernu tḥemmel argaz nniḍen, yelli-s Édith Gassion ara yuɣalen umbeɛd d Piaf akken ad as-tt-id-rebbi, assmi id-yelḥeq wass n [[Abellez|ubellez]]-ines d Emma &quot;i ylulen s uɣara n Saɛid&quot; i yellan d taɛerrabt-ines (d nettat itt-yuwin deg tcariḍt ɣer ubaṣan n ubellez akken id-yeqqar usɣan n tmasiḥit takatulikit) .Zgan qqaren-d ɣef Emma belli tella d tasejranit, leɛmer id-cleɛ akk deg yelli-s n yelli-s, ur tecliɛ ara deg tezdeg-ines tegra-d am netytat am yelli-s n yelli-s d tilexxaxin, tedder Édith deg lmizirya-agi i 18 n wayyuren imezzwura n tudert-is, uqbel ad tettunnefk i jida-s si baba-s i yellan d tanemhalt n uxxam n zzna ideg xeddmen tacmatt deg temnaḍt n Normandie .

Yemmut urgaz n Emma  Eugène Maillard deg 1912. Tɛawed zzwaǧ deg useggas n 1923 akked yiwen n useḍḍal qqaren-as Adolphe Louis Cornu (1867-1837).

Deg tazzwara n yiseggasen n 1920, tufa-d iman-is meqqret ur tezmir ara ad tecnu akken tella zik imi imesli-ines yettuɣal d amɣar, ɣef waya tuɣal d taqeddact i yxeddmen deg useyyeq, d tasekranit yernu d takeyyafit, temmut deg yulyu n useggas n 1930 s waṭan n la Tuberculose.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taganza (tasegda)</title>
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'''Taganza''' neɣ '''Qus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} Jean Baptiste Creusat, ''Essai de dictionnaire français-kabyle (Zouaoua)'', A. Jourdan, 1873, ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=3SY9AAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false taɣuṛi]), tawṛiqt wis 19.&lt;/ref&gt; (asget : tganziwin), d aferdis n [[tasegda]] talɣa-s tekna, bnan-t n yiẓra, tiyajurin, ubiṭun, [[anfed]] neɣ [[Asɣaṛ|usɣaṛ]], sseqdacen akken ad yezger tajumma (tameqqrent neɣ tamecṭuḥt) neɣ ad tsenned lebni εlayen&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/technology/arch-architecture arch], deg ''britannica.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Fr}} Adrien ANTONELLI - Clément DESODT Hélène HORSIN MOLINARO, ''Conception et construction des arcs'', Ecole normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 2016, ([https://eduscol.education.fr/sti/sites/eduscol.education.fr.sti/files/ressources/pedagogiques/8020/8020-conception-et-construction-des-arcs-ensps_0.pdf taɣuṛi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201125146/https://eduscol.education.fr/sti/sites/eduscol.education.fr.sti/files/ressources/pedagogiques/8020/8020-conception-et-construction-des-arcs-ensps_0.pdf |date=2022-12-01 }} '''[pdf]''').&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amezruy ==
Taganza tettwaseqdac seg tallit n Maṣer ed Legrik igelsanen&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Taganza n azgen-tawinest tettwaseqdac yal ass seg tallit tarumanit alamma lqern wis 11. Syin d asawen, taganza-nni temhez ar aṭas n talɣiwin (deg {{Ill|Tallit-Tanammast|fr|Moyen Âge}} d [[taleslalit]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

== Talɣiwin n tganziwin ==
Llan aṭas n talɣiwin n tganziwin, deg-sen yella&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; :&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Tugna:Rundbåge.png|Azgen-[[tawinest]].
Tugna:Segmentbåge.png|Amecṭuḥ ɣef uzgen-[[tawinest]].
Tugna:Spetsbåge.png|Taganza taguṭit.
Tugna:Skulderbåge.png|Tuyat sebḍent.
Tugna:Trepassbåge.png|Lkeffis ([[Ikeffis]]).
Tugna:Hästskobåge.png|Tasmirt.
Tugna:Ellipsbåge.png|Taglayant ([[Aglay (tusnakt)|aglay]]).
Tugna:Tudorbåge.png|Taganza n ''Tudor''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tugniwin ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Tugna:Arc de triomphe frontsimple.jpg|Tganza n Wallak deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]].
Tugna:ArcoDoTriunfoLisboa1.JPG|Tganza n Wallak deg [[Lisbun|Lisbuna]].
Tugna:Ota Pt1aJPG.jpg|Tganza n [[tasukka]] deg [[Kursika]].
Tugna:Arc de triomphe de Trajan.jpg|Tganza n [[Trajan]] deg [[Timgad]].
Tugna:Porte Caracalla - Tébessa باب كركلا - تبسة 2.jpg|Tabburt n Karakalla deg [[Tbessa]].
Tugna:Porte sarazzine -bab el bahr iD06-011.jpg|Tabburt n lbḥar (yilel) deg [[Bgayet]].
Tugna:Monument aux morts. Constantine. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|Lawan n [[Qsenṭina]].
Tugna:Djemila جميلة - panoramio (6).jpg|Tganza n Karakalla deg [[Ǧmila]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tizmilin ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3pqgxkq50e4us4bz67mp0q0bz96q338</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nefertiti</title>
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      <text bytes="11075" sha1="ercb476pf9rzp2ih7svup9vl49ea2pi" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Aḍebsi n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.

Axenaten d Nefertiti rran iman-nsen d nutni kan i d ineggura neɣ d tizemmar timeqqranin i izemren ad mmeslayen srid d Aten. S wakka, ssengren tazmert n yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazrirt meqqren d &quot;ddkir&quot; deg tsertit n Maṣer uqbel. Ɣelqen ifakanen iqdimen n Amun d yilluten nniḍen, wwin-d annaḍ unṣib akken ad kksen ismawen-nsen seg yisekkaren, seg iɣerban n tmurt, ula seg yismawen n yimdanen. Aten yettban-d d amatar n tudert d tezmart, i d-ittaken izenzaren-is i fukken deg taggara-nsen s telɣa '''n yifassen imecṭuḥen''' neɣ iḍudan n tfekkiwin n Axenaten d Nefertiti, ayen i d-yessebganen belli d nutni i d iqeddacen-is d wid i d-yettwaffren ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa). Ayagi yessaweḍ-iten ad gen yiwet n tmnukda tasɣanant anda adabu asertan d win n usɣan dduklen deg yiwen n wemkan, s umnekni yeṣfan gar ferɛun d tmeṭṭut-is.

Deg usatal-a amaynut, Nefertiti turar-d tamlilt tameqqrant; ur tli ara kan d tagellidt neɣ d tameṭṭut n ferɛun, maca tuɣal d tacerrikt tasɣanant tagejdant. Bnan ifakanen imaynuten i Aten, ladɣa deg tmanaɣt-nsen tamaynut Axetaten (Amarna). Ifakanen-a mgaraden aṭas ɣef wid n zik: ur llin ara d imukan iḍelmen, imedlen, anda yettili kan umrabeḍ ameqqran yeffren ɣef wallen n lɣaci. Ihi, ifakanen n Aten llan d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt akken tafukt ad d-tekcem srid ɣer wammas-nsen, zdat n yal amdan. Ayagi yessken-d leqsed n usɣan-a i d-yettnadin ad issemlil amdan d yillu-ines deg tafat, s wudem n tidet d ugama, dɣa aya yettban-d ula deg tẓuri n tallit-nni i yerran lwelha-s ɣef tidet n tfekka d tudert n yal ass, beɛden ɣef tecbaḥt n usnulfu n zik, ɣef waya asenɛet n twacult tagellidant yuɣal d amesrar s telqayt.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
[[Tugna:Amarna centre3.jpg|vignette|inestimen(ixerban) n wayen i d-yeggran seg temdint taqburt n Axetaten.]]
Akken ad issebaɛed iman-is ɣef yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazmert meqqren yerna uɣen aẓar deg tsertit n temdint n Tiba (Thebes), Axenaten yewwi-d yiwet n teɣtest yessewhamen deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt: asali n tmanaɣt tamaynut i d-yettunefken s lekmal-is i yillu-ines yiwen, Aten. Tamdint-a, i wumi yefka isem n Axetaten (Akhetaten, i d-yemmalen &quot;Ixf n yigenni n Aten&quot; neɣ &quot;Aɣerab n Aten&quot;), tbna-d deg yiwen n wemkan yellan d ilem deg tlemmast n Maṣer, ayen yettwassnen ass-a s yisem n Tell el-Amarna. Amkan-a ur yelli yettwazdeɣ yakan, ur yesɛi ansayen isɣananen iqdimen neɣ ifakanen n yilluten nniḍen, d ayen i t-yerran d akal yeṣfan i usali n tɣerma tamaynut. Deg tmanaɣt-a, Axenaten d Nefertiti bnan aɣrem-nsen, tinezduɣin n yiqeddacen-nsen, d wammud n yifakanen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran d unekcum n tmuɣli tamaynut deg tsegda tameṣrit, anda lebni yettuɣal d lemri i d-yessebganen lsas n usɣan-a amaynut.

Abeddel agejdan i d-tewwi tegrawla-a tasɣanant yettban-d s telqayt deg uɣanib n lebni n yifakanen imaynuten n Aten, i yemgaraden s waṭas ɣef wansayen n yifakanen n yilluten iqdimen am Amun deg temdint n Karnak. Deg zik, afakan yettili d amkan imsed, d ubrik seg daxel s lexṣaṣ n tafat, yebḍa ɣef waṭas n tzeqwa timdillin anda amkan uffiɣ (amkan iqedsen) yettili deg tecbaḥt n ṭṭlam, yerna d imrabḍen imeqqranen neɣ ferɛun kan i yezmer ad kecmen ɣur-s. Maca ifakanen n Aten, ladɣa Afakan Ameqqran (Per-Aten) akked Wafakan Ameẓẓyan, uɣen abrid nniḍen akk i yeddlen leqsed n usɣan-a. Bnan-ten d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt, ur sɛin ara tasedarit, akken izenzaren n tafukt ad d-wwten srid ɣef yimraḥen d yidekkanen n tmezliwt (autels) i yellan s wadda n yigenni. Imi Aten d aḍebsi n yiṭij, afakan-is yessefk ad yili d amkan lqayen anda tafat-is tkeččem-d bla akukru, yal ass, akken ad d-tefk tudert d lbaṛaka i tefkiwin n usɣan, u ad tsemlil illu d wegdud-is s wudem n ugama.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tzrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam neɣ n uɣrem, maca tella ɣer yidis n wurgaz-is s wudem unṣib deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
Deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut tameqqrant n uferɛun Axenaten, maca tuɣal d yiwet n temsalt yessewhamen deg tsertit n tallit-nni (tallit n Amarna). Tazrirt d uqader i tesɛa fkan-as amkan i yugaren akk kra yellan yakan n tgellidt nniḍen i tt-id-yezwaren. Axenaten ur tt-yurrij ara kan ɣer tama-s am tmeṭṭut tacebḥant, maca yerra-tt d tacerrikt-is tagejdant deg udabu. Ayagi yettban-d s telqayt deg tẓuri n Amarna, anda Nefertiti tettwaṣewwer s lqedd yegdlen win n urgaz-is, yerna yefka-as udem n tezmart tagellidant: tettlusu aqacuc n tgelda n udabu ɣef uqerruy-ines, tettudu ɣef akerus-is (char) s yiman-is zdat n lɣaci, u ayen yugaren aya, deg kra n tɣessa, tettbin-d tewwet icenga n Maṣer, d tigawt i gellan zik d azref azedgan n uferɛun kan.

Deg tallit-nni yeččuren d ibeddilen imeqqranen yessagaden iduba iqdimen, Nefertiti tella d aɣrab n tidet zdat n yal '''anguz''' d-ttheggin yimrabḍen iqdimen n Amun neɣ wid yugin abeddel asɣanan. Tella tessefrak ɣef temsal timeqqranin n tmurt, teṭṭafar lḥala neɣ addad n beṛṛa d daxel, u tetturar dduṛ deg wassaɣen idiblumasiyen d tmura tiberraniyin. Ɣas akken isem-is ur yettwader ara aṭas deg tebratin tunṣibin n Amarna, inembaḍen n berra llan ẓran s wazal-is d udabu-ines uffir deg uselḥu n lewṣayat tiɣelnawin. Tella d nettat i d allal i yessemsawen gar tsertit n ferɛun d wayen yeḍerrun deg wegdud.

Ɣer taggara n udabu n Axenaten, aqader d tnezmart n Nefertiti yewweḍ ɣer tqacuct, armi kra n yimusnawen n umezruy ttxemmimen belli tuɣal d tamnekniwt (co-régente) i yeṭṭfen adabu s lqedd n ferɛun, neɣ izerri-d belli d nettat i yeṭṭfen adabu s timmad-is deffir tmettant n urgaz-is s yisem n ''Neferneferuaten''. Ɣas akken aṭas n tɣawsiwin cḍent neɣ ttwattunt ɣef umezruy-is aneggaru sɣur yiferɛunen i d-itebɛen (am Horemheb i yebɣan ad isfeḍ akk ayen icudden ɣer tallit n Amarna), Tahuski, tittwaflest, d tezrirt i teǧǧa Nefertiti deg tsertit d usɣan n Maṣer taqburt mmalen-d yiwet n tmeṭṭut i yebdan amezruy s sser d tebɣest, d tin i d-yeǧǧan isem-is armi d ass-a d lemtel n tnezmart n tmeṭṭut deg umaḍal aqbur.
* '''Amnekni deg udabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
* [[Tugna:Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children.jpg|vignette|Axnaṭun, Nefertiti akked warraw-is]]'''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-29T11:07:08Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="12649" sha1="2lqi43315kl5wdj8lcxw6xix9m7zpmi" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]]
'''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;Tamesrart tusa-d&quot; neɣ &quot;Tucbiḥt tusa-d&quot;. Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal.

== Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut ==
Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s.

* '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni.
* '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan.

== Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten ==
Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan.

* '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Aḍebsi n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan.
Asɣan amaynut i d-yewwi [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] d Nefertiti yella d yiwet n tegrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, imi yebddel s telqayt iẓuran n tmetti, n tsertit, akked tɣerma n tallit-nni. Uqbel ad d-taweḍ twacult-a tagellidant ɣer udabu, imaṣriyen llan ttɛebbiden aṭas n yilluten, amek yella wansay n tmurt, gar-asen Amun i gellan d illu ameqqran n temdint n Tiba (Thebes) d wudem n tsertit tagejdant. Maca, s tifin n ubeddel-a asɣanan, Axenaten d Nefertiti bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten-a meṛṛa, sbedden-d yiwen kan n yillu amyiwen: Aten. Illu-ya ur yettwaṣewwer ara s tfekka n wemdan neɣ n uɣersiw am yilluten iqdimen, maca yettbin-d kan d uḍebsi n yiṭij i d-ittaken izenzaren n tafat d tudert i wemeɣraḍ s lekmal-is. Asɣan-a ur yelli ara d beddel kan n yisem, maca d tamiḍrant tamaynut n tudert, n ugama d wassaɣ gar wemdan d yillu-ines.

Axenaten d Nefertiti rran iman-nsen d nutni kan i d ineggura neɣ d tizemmar timeqqranin i izemren ad mmeslayen srid d Aten. S wakka, ssengren tazmert n yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazrirt meqqren d &quot;ddkir&quot; deg tsertit n Maṣer uqbel. Ɣelqen ifakanen iqdimen n Amun d yilluten nniḍen, wwin-d annaḍ unṣib akken ad kksen ismawen-nsen seg yisekkaren, seg iɣerban n tmurt, ula seg yismawen n yimdanen. Aten yettban-d d amatar n tudert d tezmart, i d-ittaken izenzaren-is i fukken deg taggara-nsen s telɣa '''n yifassen imecṭuḥen''' neɣ iḍudan n tfekkiwin n Axenaten d Nefertiti, ayen i d-yessebganen belli d nutni i d iqeddacen-is d wid i d-yettwaffren ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa). Ayagi yessaweḍ-iten ad gen yiwet n tmnukda tasɣanant anda adabu asertan d win n usɣan dduklen deg yiwen n wemkan, s umnekni yeṣfan gar ferɛun d tmeṭṭut-is.

Deg usatal-a amaynut, Nefertiti turar-d tamlilt tameqqrant; ur tli ara kan d tagellidt neɣ d tameṭṭut n ferɛun, maca tuɣal d tacerrikt tasɣanant tagejdant. Bnan ifakanen imaynuten i Aten, ladɣa deg tmanaɣt-nsen tamaynut Axetaten (Amarna). Ifakanen-a mgaraden aṭas ɣef wid n zik: ur llin ara d imukan iḍelmen, imedlen, anda yettili kan umrabeḍ ameqqran yeffren ɣef wallen n lɣaci. Ihi, ifakanen n Aten llan d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt akken tafukt ad d-tekcem srid ɣer wammas-nsen, zdat n yal amdan. Ayagi yessken-d leqsed n usɣan-a i d-yettnadin ad issemlil amdan d yillu-ines deg tafat, s wudem n tidet d ugama, dɣa aya yettban-d ula deg tẓuri n tallit-nni i yerran lwelha-s ɣef tidet n tfekka d tudert n yal ass, beɛden ɣef tecbaḥt n usnulfu n zik, ɣef waya asenɛet n twacult tagellidant yuɣal d amesrar s telqayt.
* '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan.
[[Tugna:Amarna centre3.jpg|vignette|inestimen(ixerban) n wayen i d-yeggran seg temdint taqburt n Axetaten.]]
Akken ad issebaɛed iman-is ɣef yimrabḍen n Amun i yesɛan tazmert meqqren yerna uɣen aẓar deg tsertit n temdint n Tiba (Thebes), Axenaten yewwi-d yiwet n teɣtest yessewhamen deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt: asali n tmanaɣt tamaynut i d-yettunefken s lekmal-is i yillu-ines yiwen, Aten. Tamdint-a, i wumi yefka isem n Axetaten (Akhetaten, i d-yemmalen &quot;Ixf n yigenni n Aten&quot; neɣ &quot;Aɣerab n Aten&quot;), tbna-d deg yiwen n wemkan yellan d ilem deg tlemmast n Maṣer, ayen yettwassnen ass-a s yisem n Tell el-Amarna. Amkan-a ur yelli yettwazdeɣ yakan, ur yesɛi ansayen isɣananen iqdimen neɣ ifakanen n yilluten nniḍen, d ayen i t-yerran d akal yeṣfan i usali n tɣerma tamaynut. Deg tmanaɣt-a, Axenaten d Nefertiti bnan aɣrem-nsen, tinezduɣin n yiqeddacen-nsen, d wammud n yifakanen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran d unekcum n tmuɣli tamaynut deg tsegda tameṣrit, anda lebni yettuɣal d lemri i d-yessebganen lsas n usɣan-a amaynut.

Abeddel agejdan i d-tewwi tegrawla-a tasɣanant yettban-d s telqayt deg uɣanib n lebni n yifakanen imaynuten n Aten, i yemgaraden s waṭas ɣef wansayen n yifakanen n yilluten iqdimen am Amun deg temdint n Karnak. Deg zik, afakan yettili d amkan imsed, d ubrik seg daxel s lexṣaṣ n tafat, yebḍa ɣef waṭas n tzeqwa timdillin anda amkan uffiɣ (amkan iqedsen) yettili deg tecbaḥt n ṭṭlam, yerna d imrabḍen imeqqranen neɣ ferɛun kan i yezmer ad kecmen ɣur-s. Maca ifakanen n Aten, ladɣa Afakan Ameqqran (Per-Aten) akked Wafakan Ameẓẓyan, uɣen abrid nniḍen akk i yeddlen leqsed n usɣan-a. Bnan-ten d imukan ldin ɣer tallunt, ur sɛin ara tasedarit, akken izenzaren n tafukt ad d-wwten srid ɣef yimraḥen d yidekkanen n tmezliwt (autels) i yellan s wadda n yigenni. Imi Aten d aḍebsi n yiṭij, afakan-is yessefk ad yili d amkan lqayen anda tafat-is tkeččem-d bla akukru, yal ass, akken ad d-tefk tudert d lbaṛaka i tefkiwin n usɣan, u ad tsemlil illu d wegdud-is s wudem n ugama.
* '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

== Tanezmart d Tzrirt-is Tasertant ==
Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut n uxxam neɣ n uɣrem, maca tella ɣer yidis n wurgaz-is s wudem unṣib deg teɣtasin meqqren n tmurt.

* '''Tazrirt d uqader:''' Tettbin-d deg aṭas n yiḍrisen d tẓuriwin am nettat am ferɛun s timmad-is. Tella tesɛa '''tanezmart''' ad d-tessiweḍ taɣtest-is.
Deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt, Nefertiti ur tli ara kan d tameṭṭut tameqqrant n uferɛun Axenaten, maca tuɣal d yiwet n temsalt yessewhamen deg tsertit n tallit-nni (tallit n Amarna). Tazrirt d uqader i tesɛa fkan-as amkan i yugaren akk kra yellan yakan n tgellidt nniḍen i tt-id-yezwaren. Axenaten ur tt-yurrij ara kan ɣer tama-s am tmeṭṭut tacebḥant, maca yerra-tt d tacerrikt-is tagejdant deg udabu. Ayagi yettban-d s telqayt deg tẓuri n Amarna, anda Nefertiti tettwaṣewwer s lqedd yegdlen win n urgaz-is, yerna yefka-as udem n tezmart tagellidant: tettlusu aqacuc n tgelda n udabu ɣef uqerruy-ines, tettudu ɣef akerus-is (char) s yiman-is zdat n lɣaci, u ayen yugaren aya, deg kra n tɣessa, tettbin-d tewwet icenga n Maṣer, d tigawt i gellan zik d azref azedgan n uferɛun kan.

Deg tallit-nni yeččuren d ibeddilen imeqqranen yessagaden iduba iqdimen, Nefertiti tella d aɣrab n tidet zdat n yal '''anguz''' d-ttheggin yimrabḍen iqdimen n Amun neɣ wid yugin abeddel asɣanan. Tella tessefrak ɣef temsal timeqqranin n tmurt, teṭṭafar lḥala neɣ addad n beṛṛa d daxel, u tetturar dduṛ deg wassaɣen idiblumasiyen d tmura tiberraniyin. Ɣas akken isem-is ur yettwader ara aṭas deg tebratin tunṣibin n Amarna, inembaḍen n berra llan ẓran s wazal-is d udabu-ines uffir deg uselḥu n lewṣayat tiɣelnawin. Tella d nettat i d allal i yessemsawen gar tsertit n ferɛun d wayen yeḍerrun deg wegdud.

Ɣer taggara n udabu n Axenaten, aqader d tnezmart n Nefertiti yewweḍ ɣer tqacuct, armi kra n yimusnawen n umezruy ttxemmimen belli tuɣal d tamnekniwt (co-régente) i yeṭṭfen adabu s lqedd n ferɛun, neɣ izerri-d belli d nettat i yeṭṭfen adabu s timmad-is deffir tmettant n urgaz-is s yisem n ''Neferneferuaten''. Ɣas akken aṭas n tɣawsiwin cḍent neɣ ttwattunt ɣef umezruy-is aneggaru sɣur yiferɛunen i d-itebɛen (am Horemheb i yebɣan ad isfeḍ akk ayen icudden ɣer tallit n Amarna), Tahuski, tittwaflest, d tezrirt i teǧǧa Nefertiti deg tsertit d usɣan n Maṣer taqburt mmalen-d yiwet n tmeṭṭut i yebdan amezruy s sser d tebɣest, d tin i d-yeǧǧan isem-is armi d ass-a d lemtel n tnezmart n tmeṭṭut deg umaḍal aqbur.
* '''Amnekni deg udabu:''' Deg kra n tẓuriwin, tettbin-d tewwet iɛdawen n Maṣer neɣ tettekka deg tmezgiyin n tfaskiwin. Zik-nni, anect-a yeɛna kan irgazen (Iferɛunen). Nefertit akked [[Axnaṭun]] uɣalen Sɛan '''amnekni''' deg tewwurt n udabu gar-asen.

== Talɣa n Tẓuri n Amarna ==
Tallit n Amarna tewwi-d abeddel meqqren deg '''talɣa''' n tẓuri tamaṣrit, tuɣal tẓuri d tin i d-yettmuddun isalen n tidet ɣef tfekka n wemdan, s uqader n '''tmiḍrant''' n ugama.

* '''Tasreɣta n Thutmose:''' '''Tasreɣta''' n Nefertiti, i yexdem umeskaṛ Thutmose ɣef wazal n 1345 uqbel tlallit n Ɛisa, tella d yiwet gar tẓuriwin '''tifririn''' yettwasnen aṭas deg '''umaḍal'''.
Deg uḥric n tẓuri n Amarna, isem n unaẓur Thutmose (Tutmes) yettban-d d amatar ameqqran i d-yesskanen abeddel aẓuran i d-yewwi uferɛun [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]]. Thutmose yella d amesraɣ (sculpteur) agellidan unṣib deg tmanaɣt tamaynut Axetaten (Amarna). Ayen i t-yerran d awadem axatar deg umezruy n tẓuri, mačči kan d isem-is i d-yeqqimen, maca d ayen i d-ufan yimnadiyen n tamsenzikt deg useggas n 1912 deg tzeqqa-ines n umahil: ammud ameqqran n tsreɣtatin n tejbirt i d-yessebganen udem asertan d wuslig n twacult tagellidant. Gar-asen, tugar-iten meṛṛa yiwet n temsalt: '''Tasreɣta n''' '''uqerru n Nefertiti'''.[[Tugna:Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children.jpg|vignette|Axnaṭun, Nefertiti akked warraw-is]]Tasreɣta-a (Aqerru n Nefertiti) i d-yexdem Thutmose d aɣanib afellay i d-ijemɛen gar tulmisin n tẓuri n Amarna: tilawt yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n cbaḥa timseɣtit. Tasreɣta-a tebna s uẓru n lkils (calcaire), yerna tettwaḍla s yiwet n tqaɛet n stuku (stuc) iwumi yefka initen yemgaraden i d-yettmuddun tudert i wudem n tegellidt.

Thutmose yessebgen-d s telqayt tamuɣli tamaynut n lebni n tfekka; yefka-as i Nefertiti amgerḍ aɣezfan yecbeḥ, anyir lqayen, d wudem amnekdi i d-yessuddmen taɣara d tnezmart. Ayen issewhamen diɣen deg umahil-a d tacacit-nni tazegzawt i tesburr ɣef uqerru-s, i d-yemmalen amkan-is asertan ameqqran, akked tiṭ-is taẓelmaḍt i d-yeqqimen d tilemt (ur s-yessers ara taqellact n ubluṛ am tiṭ tayeffust). Ayagi yefka-d abrid i waṭas n tezrawin ɣef ssebba n wemxix-a, ma yella d tasreɣta ur nekfil ara s tsebba n uɣawel, neɣ d afran n unaẓur akken ad tt-yerr d taneɣruft kan.

'''Taɣara d ccbaḥa:''' Tessebgen-d udem-is '''amesrar''' s telqayt tameqqrant, s tewniɣt ɣef wudem d tqerruyt-is. Asebdad-a n uqerru-ines yettwakcem ass-a ɣer '''usalay''' n Neues deg Berlin (Lalman).

== Tuzzya d Uɛraq : Yiwet n Tuttra n Umezruy ==
Ɣef wazal n useggas wis 12 n tgeldit n Axenaten, isem n Nefertiti yeɣab u yeɛreq deg '''yisemliyen''' unṣiben n teɣremt. Ayagi yeqqim d '''tuttra''' meqqren deg umezruy n tsenzikt.

* '''Turdiwin ɣef taggara-s:'''
*# Temmut s kra n waṭṭan deg temdint n Amarna.
*# Tbeddel isem-is tuɣal d Ferɛun i yegelden deffir urgaz-is s yisem n ''Smenxkarɛ'' (Smenkhkare), akken ad teḥrez '''tagdazalt''' n udabu.
*# Teɣli seg wemkan-is asertan, d ayen yellan d '''ubrir''' mgal icenga-s deg teɣremt.

Nefertiti tqqim-d ar ass-a d amedya n '''tehregt''' i tsekla d tẓuri. D agerruj n umezruy yessemlalen ccbaḥa, '''tanezmart''', d '''temhelt''' n ubeddel asɣanan d usertan n Maṣer taqburt.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Trajan</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>116934</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-28T12:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="662" sha1="4qmmeyrbgw7rsym8fh67wnvuismj8rk" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116936</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-28T13:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="1761" sha1="gj80s62d9078dw2sj5qdkrgos17nkxd" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116938</id>
      <parentid>116936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-28T18:20:11Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="2550" sha1="dgg6enyp700qgnpto1c2uaehqnkkw6v" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna Nerva yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, Nerva yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usuddem, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.</text>
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      <parentid>116938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-28T21:09:09Z</timestamp>
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        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="4450" sha1="11j71v6tfcba5366iq4yimnriysjrry" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna Nerva yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, Nerva yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usuddem, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116943</id>
      <parentid>116940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-29T11:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116943</origin>
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      <text bytes="5609" sha1="3cevbwbmczr3gmcu9lbg7aky9p4xexb" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna Nerva yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, Nerva yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usuddem, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:

'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tleggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.</text>
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