Niels Bohr

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'''Niels Bohr''' d amussnagamaw (physicien) adanmarki, ittwassen ɣef leqdic-is di tussnagama tanaɛurt (nucléaire) d ubelkim (atome).

Ilul di Copenhague, tamaneɣt n tmurt n [[Danmark]]. Baba-s d afiziulug (physiologue). '''Niels Bohr''', ikcem ɣer yesnidi (laboratoire) n Rutherford (iqdec yid-s) di Manchester.

Deg usseggwas 1911, Bohr ikfa almud ines di tesdawit n Copenhague, yeffeɣ-d s Doctorat.

Deg usseggwas 1922, Bohr yuɣ arraz Nobel ɣef tiẓiri ɣef temṣukt (structure) tabelkamit (La théorie de Bohr sur la structure atomique). Tiẓri d-iffɣen gar usseggwas 1913 d usseggwas 1914.
Bohr, iḍfer leqdic I d-yeǧǧa Rutherford (1871-1937), I d-innan abelkim yebna ɣef yiɣes I ɣef tezzin iliktrunen.

Tiẓri n Bohr, d aseɣwen n tiẓri takantikt d tiẓri n Planck (assaɣ gar lqedd n ukantum (quantum) d usnagar n uzenzar) : abelkim ur yesɛi ara azenzar alikrumagniti, anagar ma illa aliktrun ibeddel aswir akanti. Lebbni-ya idegger ar sdat s waṭas tussnagama n ubelkim s wayen akw is d-ewwi d amaynut.

Deg usseggwas n 1916, Bohr iqdec d asalmad amussnagamaw di tesdawit n Copenhague. Deg usseggwas 1920, yuɣal d anemhal n Institut de physique théorique di tesdawit.

Deg ttrad amaḍal wis-sin, Bohr irwel ar Marikan, ikki di leqdic n lbumba tabelkamit, Projet Manhattan deg Los Alamos di New Mexico.

Mi ikfa ttrad, Bohr yuɣal d azamul mgal ttrad abelkami : Abelkim I Talzit ([[:fr:Atoms for peace award|Atoms for peace]]).

== Tudert-is ==

=== Temẓi d Unekcum ɣer Tussna (1885–1912) ===
Niels Henrik David Bohr ilul deg 7 Tuber 1885 deg Kopenhagen (Danmaṛk). Iddir deg yiwet n twacult tamesbaɣurt yerna d tmusnawt i yefkan azal ameqqran i tmusni:

* '''Baba-s:''' Christian Bohr, yella d aselmad ameqqran n tesenwuri deg Tesdawit n Kopenhagen.
* '''Yemma-s:''' Ellen Adler, tekka-d seg yiwet n twacult n yibankiwen d yikadimiyen udayen yesɛan ccan.
* '''Gma-s:''' Harald Bohr, yuɣal d amusnaw n tusnakt yettwassnen aṭas yerna d amyurar n ddabex uḍar ameqqran (yurar deg teɣlamt taɣelnawt n Danmaṛk).

Niels yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Kopenhagen deg useggas n 1903 akken ad yeɣreɣ tafizikt, tusnakt, tasnallunt d tfelsafit. Yewwi-d agerdas-is n dukṭura deg useggas n 1911 s yiwen n ukatay ɣef tɣara n yiliketṛunen deg yimuzzal.

=== Asnulfu n Tunt(akuntik) d Ccan Ameqqran (1913–1930) ===
Mi d-yewwi dukṭura-ines, Bohr yeffeɣ ɣer tmurt n Lengliz akken ad iqdec d yimusnawen imeqqranen n lweqt-nni. Yebda laqdic akked J.J. Thomson, syin iruḥ ɣer temdint n Manchester akken ad yeqdec akked Ernest Rutherford.

* '''Asmesl n 1913:''' Dinna i d-yessebded asmesl-is abelkami i ibeddlen udem n tussna s lekmal-is.
* '''Tasudut n Kopenhagen:''' Deg 1920, s lemɛawna n unabaḍ adanmaṛki, yessebded ''Tasudut n Tfizikt Tanaẓrit'' deg Kopenhagen. Tasudut-a tuɣal d ammas amaḍlan i yimusnawen imeqqranen am Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, d Paul Dirac.
* '''Arraz n Nobel:''' Yewwi Arraz n Nobel n tfizikt deg 1922 ɣef leqdic-is ɣef tiṣki n yiɣes abelkami d uceɛceɛ n tezmert.

=== Tafelsafit d Tidmi Tuɣẓint ===
Bohr ur yelli ara kan d afizikan yettnadin deg tanaremt, maca d amdan isenneden s waṭas ɣef '''tidmi tuɣẓint''' lqayen i wakken ad issefhem aswir n tunt (niveau quantique).

Yekcem s telqayt deg umjadel afelsafi ɣef tilawt d wusket. Amenzay-ines n ''wusemmed'' ur d-yeqqim ara kan deg tfizikt, maca yessaweḍ-it ad iseqdec tarrayt-a n uẓeɣẓen deg tesnudert d tesnimant, imi yumen belli tidet ur telli ara kan s yiwen n wudem, maca s wudmawen yemxallafen i yettkemmilen wway-gar-asen.

=== Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin, Taɣellit d Tnezwit (1940–1945) ===
Mi i d-tekcem tredsa(lɛesker) n Lalman tanazit ɣer Danmaṛk deg yebrir 1940, Bohr yeqqim deg Kopenhagen i wakken ad iḥader ɣef tsudut-is d yimusnawen izruzaɣ i yellan dinna. Maca deg ctember 1943, tewweḍ-it-id teɣtest belli inaziyen sewjaden ad t-ṭṭfen netta d twacult-is (imi yemma-s d tudayt). Dinna i d-tebda yiwet seg terwliwin timeqqranin n ṭṭrad:

* S tallelt n yimdanen n wzbu adanmaṛki d '''yimeggiyen''' n '''teɣellit''' abriṭani, Bohr d twacult-is rwlen deg yiḍ s yiwen n uɣerrabu amecṭuḥ ɣer tmurt n Sswid i yellan d tamurt tarawsant.
* Seg Sswid, yiwen n '''uɣalli''' abriṭani issewjed tagnit akken Bohr ad yerkeb deg yiwet n tmesrifegt tamecṭuḥt n lɛesker (tamesrifegt ''Mosquito'' yessawaḍen isalan s tuffra) ɣer tmurt n Lengliz. Bohr yeqqim deg wemkan n lqecc n tmesrifegt, yerna drus i yeqqim ur yemmut ara s lqella n uksijin deg yigenni.
* Mi yewweḍ ɣer Lengliz, yedda srid ɣer Marikan akken ad yettekki deg Usenfar n Manhattan i yessewjaden abumb aɣisan, ɣas akken yella yettnadi s wul-is ad issemneɛ amaḍal ɣef umenɣi s yimrigen-a.

=== Taggara n Tudert-is: Imenɣi ɣef Telwit ===
Mi yekfa ṭṭrad, Bohr yuɣal-d ɣer tmurt-is, Danmaṛk, d argaz yettwaqadren aṭas deg wamaḍal. Yefka akk lǧehd-is i yiwet n tɣawsa: aseqdec n tezmert taɣisant i telwit d tussna, mačči i ṭṭrad.

* Deg 1950, yura yiwet n tebrat yeldin i Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen (ONU) anda i d-yessuter ad yili lḥeqq n tuffɣa ɣef yisalan yecbuden tazmert taɣisant i wakken ad rsen leqyud i yimrigen.
* Yettekki s wudem uzzig deg usnulfu n Tsudut Tuṛufiyt i Unadi Aɣisan (CERN) deg temdint n Genève.

Niels Bohr yemmut deg 18 Wamber 1962 deg Kopenhagen. Yejja-d deffir-s adrar n tmusni d ubeddel n tfizikt yezzuznen tiseddarin n tmikanikt n tuntiwin.

== Leqdec-is ussnan ==

=== 1. Asmesl Abelkami n Bohr (1913) ===
Send(Uqbel) Bohr, Ernest Rutherford yessebded-d belli abelkim yesɛa iɣes ameqqran deg tlemmast. Maca '''asmesl-a'''(neɣ '''tamudemt-a''') yella yesɛa ugur: iliketṛunen ttezzin fella-s d wid yettasiren tazmert alamma ɣlin ɣef yiɣes.

Bohr yefra ugur-a mi d-yerna tiktiwin n Max Planck d Albert Einstein, yefka-d asmesl abelkami amaynut:

* Iliketṛunen ttezzin ɣef yiɣes deg yiḥuba yettwaktalen ibedden, war ma sṛuḥen tazmert.
* Iliketṛun yezmer ad ineggez seg uḥbu ɣer wayeḍ. Mi ara yali neɣ ad yader, yettak-d neɣ issumuy tunt n tezmert.
* Tazmert-a tettwasefhem s tegdawt-a:  ΔE=hν  (anda h d timezgit n Planck, ν d asnagar).

=== 2. Amenzay n Wusemmed ===
Deg useggas n 1927, Bohr yessebded-d yiwen seg yimenzayen igejdanen n tmikanikt n tuntiwin: amenzay n wusemmed.

* Tawsa n ugama, am tafat neɣ abelkim, tezmer ad d-tban s snat n tikliwin yemxallafen: tikli n tzelɣa d tikli n tayyugt.
* Ur nezmir ara ad nẓer snat n tikliwin-a deg yiwen n ukayad. D tiwsatin timekmalin i wakken ad nefhem agmaḍ s lekmal-is.

=== 3. Asegzi n Kopenhagen ===
Bohr, akked Werner Heisenberg d yimusnawen nniḍen deg tsudut n Kopenhagen, fkan-d asefhem amatu i tmikanikt n tuntiwin. Asefhem-a yeqqar-d:

* Inagrawen n tunt(akuntik) ur sɛin ara iraten ibedden uqbel ad ttwaskten.
* Asket s timmad-is d netta i d-yettgen talast i waddad n unagraw. Ayagi yella d tamentilt n umjadel ameqqran gar Bohr d Albert Einstein (i d-yennan &quot;Rebbi ur yetturar ara s tseqqart&quot;).

=== 4. Aferket Aɣisan d Usmesl n Tmeqqit (1936-1939) ===
Deg tfizikt taɣisant, Bohr yefka-d asmesl n tmeqqit i wakken ad issefhem tiski n yiɣes.

* Iɣes yettwaḥseb am tmeqqit n waman anda ipṛutunen d inutṛunen ttemcabin ɣer tzelɣiwin n tmeqqit-a.
* Asmesl-a yefka-d tallelt tameqqrant i wakken ad fehmen amek i d-yettili uferket aɣisan, ladɣa aferket n Uṛanyum 235 i d-igellun s waṭas n tezmert taɣisant.

Niels Bohr yella d ajgu n tfizikt n lqern wis 20, yerna yeldi-d tiwwura i waṭas n tmusniwin tatrarin i nesseqdac ass-a.

== Tamselyut ==
* [http://www.imyura.net M.A.U d Y.A.Y] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}&lt;/div&gt;

[[Taggayt:Tussna|Bohr]]
[[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Bohr]]</text>
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    <title>Blaise Pascal</title>
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'''Blaise Pascal (neɣ s teqbaylit: Bliz Paskal)''' ilul deg 19 yunyu 1623 deg Clairmont (Clermont-Ferrand n wass-a) deg Fransa, immut deg 19 ɣuct 1662 deg Paris. Yella d afelsuf, amsnulfu, d amaru afṛensis.

Blaise pascal( neɣ nezmer a t-naru s teqbaylit s &quot;'''Bliz Paskal'''&quot;) d yiwen seg yimusnaken, yifelsafen d yimasnakucen imeqranen i d-tefka franṣa i umaḍal deg tasut n 17, Yella d amdan i yessnen ad yesdukkel gar tusnakt, tasengama(tafizikt), tafelsafit d tesnakuct deg yiwen n wallaɣ ifazen.

Isem-is yeqqim yettwaru s yisekkilen n wureɣ deg umezruy n tussna d tfelsafit n umaḍal.

== Tudert-is ==
Ilul '''Bliz Paskal''' ass n 19 yunyu 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, tamdint yellan di Fransa. Bab-as, ''Étienne Pascal'', yella d anezzarfu yerna d amusnak iḥemmlen tusnakt mliḥ. Yemma-s, ''Antoinette Bégon'', temmut mi yella Paskal meẓẓi, ur yewwiḍ ara kraḍ n yiseggasen. Yeqqim d agujil netta d snat n yessetma-s: ''Gilberte'' d ''Jacqueline''.

Bab-as i s-yesselmed tusnakt d yilesalat seg mi yella meẓẓi. Paskal yella d aqcic i d-yettbanen s wallaɣ-is ameqran: deg mraw d sin n yiseggasen, yufa-d s timmad-is belli tiɣemmaṛ n ukerdis ttawḍent ɣer 180 n tfesniwin. Bab-as, mi yeẓra ayagi, yeḥṣa belli mmi-s d yiwen seg yimdanen ur nettili ara aṭas deg umezruy.

Di 1631, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Paris. Din, Paskal yekcem ɣer yigrawen n yimusnaken i d-yettilin dina. Yemlal d yimusnaken am ''Descartes'', ''Fermat'' d wiyaḍ. Di 1640, twacult tguǧǧ ɣer Rouen anda bab-as yuɣal d anezzarfu n tgeldit.

Di 1646, Paskal d twacult-is kecmen ɣer umussu n ''Jansenism'', yiwen n umussu asɣanan i d-yekkan seg ''Port-Royal''. Ayagi yella d abeddel ameqran di tudert-is: seg wass-nni, taflest d tasnakuct uɣalent d tiɣawsiwin timeqranin di tudert-is.

Di 1654, Paskal yedder-d yiwet n termit n wayen i wumi qqaren « tirmit n yiḍ n tmes ». Deg yiḍ n 23 wamber 1654, yeḥsa s yiwen n uḥulfu ameqran n Ṛebbi, yeččur ul-is s tumert d tafat. Seg wass-nni, yura awal-agi: « Ul yesɛa tissebganin-is i ur yessin ara wallaɣ. » Ayagi yuɣal d yiwen seg yinzan-is imeqranen.

Paskal yemmut ass n 19 ɣuct 1662 di Paris, ur yewwiḍ ara 39 n yiseggasen. Aṭṭan i t-yenɣan yella d win n iliwi d wallaɣ, yeǧǧa-d idlisen ur kemmlen ara.

== Amahil-is deg Tusnakt ==

=== Tamacint n usiḍen ===
Di 1642, mi yesɛa mraw d tẓa n yiseggasen, Paskal yesnulfa-d tamacint n usiḍen i wumi qqaren « Pascaline ». Tamacint-a tella d tin i izemren ad teg timerniyin d tukksiwin n yemḍanen. Yesnulfa-tt akken ad yɛiwen bab-as deg umahil-is n usiḍen n yidrimen. Tamacint-a d yiwet seg yisnulfuyen imezwura n tselkimt deg umezruy.

=== Taseqqart d tusnakt n ugacur ===
Di 1654, Paskal yura i Fermat tabratin ɣef wugur n « beṭṭu n wurar ». Ugur-a yeqqen ɣef wamek ara yettwabeṭṭu udrim ger sin yemraren ma yella wurar ur yemmid ara. Seg tiririt-agi i d-yekka llsas n tusnakt n tseqqart, i wumi qqaren ass-a « taseqqart ». Paskal d Fermat d nutni i d-ibabaten n tussna-a.

=== Akerdis n Paskal ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef ukerdis, yessken-d aṭas n yisekkuden deg tanzeggit. Yessnulfa-d « akerdis n Paskal » i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is.

=== Ifeḍ d wayen ur nesɛi taggara ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef yemḍanen ur nesɛi taggara, ɣef wayen i wumi qqaren « ifeḍ ». Yessken-d belli llan sin lesnaf n yifeḍ: ifeḍ n umḍan d ifeḍ n tsekta. Ayagi yella d asnulfu ameqran deg tusnakt n lawan-nni.

== Amahil-is deg Tasengama(Tafizikt) ==

=== Ilem d ṣṣda n tegnewt ===
Di 1647 d 1648, Paskal yexdem tirmitin timeqranin ɣef tilemt d ṣṣda n tegnewt. Yessken-d belli tilemt tezmer ad tili, mgal wayen i d-yenna [[Aristot|Arisṭuṭ]] i yeqqaren belli « agama yekreh ilem ».

Paskal yexdem tirmit s uferdis n zzibaɣ: yeččur aqadus s zzibaɣ, yezzi-t, yessken-d belli zzibaɣ yettṣubbu cwiṭ, yeǧǧa ilem deg tama ufella. Tirmit-a tella d anza dakken ilem yezmer ad yili.

Yessken-d daɣen belli ṣṣda n tegnewt tettnaqas mi ara nali ɣef yidurar. Yessuter i gma-s n tultma-s ad yexdem tirmit ɣef udrar n Puy-de-Dôme. Tirmit-a tesɛa azal ameqran acku tessken-d belli tegnewt tesɛa taẓeyt, d netta i d-ittaken ṣṣda.

=== '''Asaḍuf n Paskal''' ===
Seg tirmitin-a, Pascal yessnulfa-d asaḍuf i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem-is: « Asaḍuf n Paskal ». Asaḍuf-a yeqqar-d belli ṣṣda i yettwasersen ɣef imengi yellan deg yiwen n wemkan imedlen am tbuqalt, ṣṣda yettwazuzer s wudem yugdan ɣef yal amkan n yiri n umengi-nni. Asaḍuf-a d llsas n tusnakt n yimengiyen, yerna yettwasxeddem ass-a deg waṭas n yinagrawen imikaniyen.

=== Tirmitin ɣef yilem ===
Tirmitin n Paskal ɣef yilem llant d tignatin timeqranin deg umezruy n tasengama. Ssent-d belli yilem yezmer ad yili, yerna ssent-d belli tegnewt tesɛa taẓeyt. Ayagi ybeddel tamusni n yimdanen ɣef umaḍal.

== Isekkuden-is(Tiẓṛiyin-is) deg Tfelsafit ==

=== Amdan gar temɣwer d lihana&lt;ref&gt;Lihana d awal seg ungal n Ɛmer Mezdad, anamek-is &quot;misére&quot; s tefṛansist.&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Paskal yeqqar-d belli amdan d amdan n sin n yidisan. Seg yidis, yesɛa allaɣ, yezmer ad yissin, ad yexemmem, ad yaf tidett — ayagi d temɣwer-is. Seg yidis niḍen, d amdan ur nesɛi ara tazmert, yettmettat, yettnaɛtab, ur yessin ara ayen ara d-yilin — ayagi d lihana-s.

Paskal yeqqar-d belli amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili d ameqran kan neɣ d ameẓẓyan kan. Yella gar sin. D ayagi i t-yerran d amdan: d amdan i yessnen belli d amdan.

=== Taflest d Wallaɣ ===
Paskal yeqqar-d belli allaɣ d allal ameqran, yerna ilaq ad yettwasxeddem. Maca yeqqar-d daɣen belli allaɣ yesɛa tilisa-s. Llan yidgan anda allaɣ ur yezmir ara ad yaweḍ: taflest, tayri, Ṛebbi. Deg yidgan-a, d ul i d-ittawin tidett.

=== Tamusni s wudem n umassaɣ ===
Paskal yeqqar-d belli tamusni n wemdan tella kan s wudem umassaɣ mačči s wudem umagdez. Amdan yessen cwiṭ, maca ur yessin ara kullec. Yezmer ad yissin kra n tiẓṛiyin deg tusnakt, maca ur yezmir ara ad yissin ayen akk yellan. Yezmer ad yissin kra n yisuḍaf deg tasengama, maca ur yezmir ara ad yissin ayen akk i d-yettilin.

== Tiẓṛiyin-is deg Tmetti ==

=== Tamdint d Tmetti ===
Paskal yura-d daɣen ɣef tmetti, ɣef wamek i tteddun yimdanen gar-asen. Yeqqar-d belli tmetti tebna ɣef waṭas n yisuḍaf ur nesɛi ara llsas deg tidett, maca i yelhan akken ad tili talwit.

==Ayen yura Blaise Pascal==

*Essai pour les coniques (1640)
*Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
*Récit de la grande expérience de l’équilibre des liqueurs (1648)
*Traité du triangle arithmétique (1654)
*Les Provinciales (Correspondances 1656-1657)
*Élément de géométrie (1657)
*De l’Esprit géométrique et de l’Art de persuader (1657)
*Histoire de la roulette (1658)
*L’Art de persuader (1660)
*Pensées (1669, posthume)

[[Taggayt:Tameddurt]]
[[Taggayt:Amsnuflu]]
[[Taggayt:Afelsuf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dumisyan</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="10372" sha1="7vm1nht0t6rvmrkaiohsmz74psdnmq1" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]]
'''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]].

Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i iṣegmen tadamsa n Ṛuma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, akukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal.

== 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa ==
Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin.

* '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen.

* '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin.

== 2. Tasegda ==
Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella:

* '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna aɣrem ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda.
[[Tugna:Palatin-panorama.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli tamatut(Panurama) n yinestimen(ixerban) n Balatin akken i d-ttbanen seg Wafentin. Ɣef zelmaḍ, d igulaz n uzgen-tawinest(''IKSIDRA)'' ameqqran [N 1] n ''Domus Augustana'', deg tlemmast d udem n Wunnar, ma ɣef yefus, d igulaz n temṣukt n usenned n ''Domus Severiana.'']]
Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yufa-d tamanaɣt Ṛuma tebges ad d-tebnu iman-is s deffir n tmes tameqqrant i tt-yewten. Maca, netta ur yebɣi ara kan ad yebnu i lɣaci, yebɣa ad d-yessebded asɣim ameqqran n udabu ara d-isbeggnen tanezmart-is d tmanegt-is. Ɣef waya, yeṭṭef taɣtest ad yebnu &quot;Axxam n Umenkad&quot; ɣef udrar n Balatin (Palatin), i wumi semman ''Domus Augustana'' akked ''Domus Flavia''. Abennu-ya ur yelli ara d axxam kan am yixxamen n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, maca d taseddart taùaynut deg tsegda taṛumanit. Iger-d amasgad-is yesɛan tirmit tameqqrant, isem-is Rabiryus (Rabirius), ad ibeddel akk udem n udrar-nni akken ad yissin ad isers lsas n yiwet n tzeɣwa timzuxant ur nettwaẓri ara yakan deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Rabiryus yessexdem ingawen imaynuten deg uṣuk, isebded leḥyuḍ d iɣraben ɛlayen s ssiman d rrxam akken ad ibedd wexxam-a mgal akud.
[[Tugna:Domus Flavia.png|vignette|Aɣrem yebna Dumisyan.]]
Axxam-a n umenkad yebḍa ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen, yal aḥric yesɛa tawuri-ines tuzzigt. Aḥric amezwaru d win iwumi qqaṛen ''Domus Flavia'', d aḥric azayez i deg d-yettmager umenkad inebgawen-is, igensasen am yinmuhal, d yimeṛkantiyen n ṛuma. Deg uḥric-a i d-tezga tzeqqa n usɣim (''Aula Regia'') anda Dumisyan yettɣimi ɣef wukersi n udabu akken ad d-yefk innaḍen-is d tiɣtasin-is, akked tzeqqa tameqqrant n tgella (''Triclinium'') yezzin i kra n imdunen n waman swayes i d-ssekcamen tasareɣt n tezmert d cbaḥa i wemkan. Yal tiɣmert deg uḥric-a tettwazewweq s tsreɣta d tduliwin n wureɣ i d-yemmalen d akken amenkad-a d &quot;Illu&quot; gar yemdanen.

Aḥric wis sin, d ''Domus Augustana'', d srid d axxam uslig anda yettidir Dumisyan d twacult-is. Amkan-a yebna s yiwet n wazal yessewhamen, yedleg s rrxam icemxen, anda amenkad yezmer ad yekkes aɣbel, yerna ad yeḥrez iman-is seg tuffra d ukukru-nni (paranoïa) i t-iḥuzan, imi yella yettaggad ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɣrab d yinguzen. Iɣraben n uḥric-a llan ttarran-d tafat am lemri akken amenkad ad yezmer ad iẓer ma yella win i d-iteddun deffir-s ad t-yenɣ. S rrif n uxxam-is, Dumisyan yerna-d yiwen n wunnar uzzig i yiman-is, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Hippodrome n Dumisyan''. Annar-a yella d urti ameqqran yecban annar n tazzla n yisardasen, i deg yettḥewwis umenkad yerna issexdam-it i wuraren usligen d usgunfu.

Ayen issewhamen ugar deg ubennu n wexxam-a, d akken tasegda-ines tettwaqdem s wudem iwatan almi i d-yegra d lqaleb i ḍefren yimenkaden i d-yernan deffir-s alamma d taggara n tmenkda taṛumanit. Aɣrem n Balatin yuɣal d asɣim unṣib n udabu aṛumani ayen yezrin 300 n yiseggasen. Dɣa, awal-nni n udrar n Balatin yuɣal yekcem deg tutlayin n dunnit meṛṛa s unamek n &quot;Uxxam n Umenkad&quot; neɣ &quot;Palais&quot; (Palatium), d ccfaya ur nengir i d-yeǧǧa Dumisyan i tsutwin i d-iteddun s tsegda-ines.
* '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is.
Deg tallit n umenkad Dumisyan, lebni n yiɣsaren n ddin (tasegda tasɣant) ur yelli ara kan d aḥric n ccbaḥa neɣ n liman i yakucen(illuten), maca yella d allal asertan ameqqran. Dumisyan, i yeṭṭalaben ɣer wegdud ad t-yettwali d &quot;Mass akked Yillu&quot; (''Dominus et Deus''), yessexdem ifakanen akken ad isseǧhed adabu-ines, ad yesnekwu tawacult-is (Iflavyanen), yerna ad isbeggen tanezmart-is i d-yekkan seg yilluten n Ṛuma.
[[Tugna:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|vignette|tamakiḍt n ufakan n Yibiter deg Ṛum.]]
Yiwen seg yisenfaren imeqqranen akk i iselkem Dumisyan d aɛiwed n lebni n wafakan n Yubiter (Jupiter), i yellan d amkan uɣris yugaren wiyaḍ akk deg Ṛuma. Afakan-a yerɣa s tmes tameqqrant deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg tallit n gma-s Titu). Mi yeṭṭef Dumisyan adabu, yefka-as azal ameqqran akken ad t-id-yebnu s wudem ifazen fella-s yakan.

Yessexdem ingawen imaynuten d wallalen ɣlayen aṭas. Rrxam i d-yewwi seg tmura n berra, tiwwura yettwaɣemmen s wureɣ, d tesdarit anda yessers aṭas n tɣawsiwin n wureɣ d uẓref. Asexdem n wureɣ d tsreɣta timeqqranin d ayen i d-ijebbden allen, akken ad yefk ssebba i lɣaci ad amnen belli adabu-ines itteddu s ufus n Yubiter s timmad-is. Afakan-a yeqqim d azamul n tezmart taṛumanit mgal tiɣemmar akk n dunnit.

Akken ad iḥrez tittwaflest (crédibilité) n twacult n Yiflavyanen, Dumisyan iwekked ad yesnerni ccan n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]], wid-nni yeṭṭfen adabu uqbel-is. Di Ruma, mi ara yemmet umenkad yelhan, Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yettara-t d illu (''apothéose''). Dumisyan yebna-d afakan iwatan deg wul n temdint (Amnager Aṛumani) akken ad t-yefk d tajmilt i sin-a yimenkaden yuɣalen d illuten.

Afakan-a, i d-yegran s kra n tgejda ass-a, yettwabna s tɣariwin ɛlayen, d tecraḍ n tsreɣta i d-yemmalen isekkinen n udabu d ddin. S lebni-ya, Dumisyan yebɣa ad d-yini i wegdud belli netta d &quot;mmi-s n yillu yerna d gma-s n yillu&quot;, ayen i t-yerran d win tuklal tmenkda s uzref asɣanan.
* [[Tugna:Piazza Navona.JPG|vignette|Adeg n &quot;Piazza Navona&quot; yeḥrez talɣa n wannar n Dumisyan.]]'''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona).
Dumisyan, i yellan iḥemmel aṭas idles d wansayen n Yigrigiyen, yefka tiɣtest ad yebnu annar-a deg useggas 86 S.Ɛ deg wemkan iwumi qqaṛen ''Aḥriq n Mars'' (neɣ urti n Mars). Iswi-ines agejdan d aseddu n yiwet n tfaska n waddal i d-yesnulfu, iwumi semman ''Agon Capitolinus'' (Turartin n Kabitul). Mgal uraren d yimenɣiwen n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaṭuṛen]] i yettilin deg wannaren imeqqranen am ''[[Akulusyum|Ukulisyum]]'' (Colisée) neɣ timzizlin n yikeryasen deg ''Usirk Ameqqran'' (Circus Maximus), annar n Dumisyan yettwaxdem i waddalen n tfekka d wazzal, tamḥadit, tazzla, d unṭag n tneccabin.

S wannar-a, Dumisyan yebɣa ad yesnerni tittwaflest n Ṛuma s usnerni n yidles n waddal ɣef wudem n tallit tagrigit. Yella yebɣa ad as-yesneflali i wegdud-is belli addal aquran issebɣas tafekka d tezmert, ugar n tmenɣiwt d yidammen n yigladyaṭuṛen.

== 3. Timetti: Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud ==
Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin.

* '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n [[Agladyatur|yigladyaturen]] akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut).
* '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu).

== 4. Tasertit, Akukru akked Tɣellit ==
[[Tugna:Domitian Vaison-la-Romaine.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Dumisyan s wudem aserdas.]]
Dumisyan yella yekreh Asqamu n Sina (Sénat) yerna ur yettamen ula d yiwen. Aseggas s deffir useggas, akukru-ines yerna yimɣur, ladɣa mi d-yufa kra n yisenfaṛ n yimenɣiwen mgal-is.

* '''Anagraw n uɛassi:''' Yessers-d yiwen n unagraw azuran n '''teɣellit''' akken ad yeẓr ayen yettwaqaren deffir uɛrur-is.
* '''Iqeddacen n tuffra:''' Yuzen yal '''aɣalli''' deg tzeɣwa n Ruma, yerna yessexdem yal '''ameggi''' akken ad iḍfer iberdan n yiɛeggalen n Sina d ''yimɣaren n tmurt''. Win yettwacekken kan belli ixulef amenkad, ad t-nɣen s yisem n &quot;txeṣṣart n tmenkda&quot; (maiestas).

== 5. Taggara : Taflest d Wanguz ==
Imi yerna deg lbaṭel, teffeɣ-as tezmart seg ufus. Asqamu n Sina, inesbuɣar, d kra n yiqerra n yisardasen uɣalen uggaden ɣef tudert-nsen.

* '''Aseḥbiber mgal takriḍt:''' Deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, takriḍt-ines tewweḍ ɣer ssqef. Imi yesruḥ '''taflest''' deg wallen n wid i as-yezzin, imcawren-is ufan-d d akken ur zmiren ara ad '''sneflalin''' lbaṭel-is i wegdud neɣ i umezruy.
* '''Timenɣiwt:''' Deg useggas 96 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n '''wanguz''' ameqqran gar yiqeddacen n wexxam-is (gar-asen aɛessas-is Stifanus akked tmeṭṭut-is Dumisya Lunjina). Nɣan-t s tyita n ujenwi deg uɛebbuḍ-is akked tyitwin-nniḍen ɣef tfekka-s.
* '''Asfaḍ n uktay(ccfayat):''' Mi yemmut, Asqamu n Sina yeṭṭef taɣtest n ''Damnatio memoriae'' (Asfaḍ n ccfaya). Hudden iselman-is, mḥan isem-is seg yisekkilen, yerna rran-t d amedya n tmacahut n wamenkad yettwattun, akken ad d-gren tikli i wamenkad i t-id-iḍefren, [[Nerva]].</text>
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    <title>Trajan</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="5610" sha1="ox5b3kebcl198xnt7ogz46mhzcs4tri" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna Nerva yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, Nerva yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usuddem, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:

'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-29T16:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6596" sha1="36p20m7jgnpmwgzj96ajm11zpdu3j66" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna Nerva yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, Nerva yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usuddem, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:

'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.

== Tasertit-is ==
Trajan yella d amenkad i yefkan azal ameqqran i ugdud. Yesseɣzef asuddes n wučči baṭel i yigellilen n Ṛuma, yerna yesnerni asuddes n «alimenta», i d-yettaken idrimen i yigerdan igellilen deg tmura n Ṭelyan.

Yefka azal ameqqran i tsertit n yimukan. Yura aṭas n tebratin i yinemhalen n tmnaḍin, am ''Pliny Ameẓyan'', i yellan d anemhal n tmurt n ''Bithynia''. Tibratin-agi, yettwassnen s yisem n «Epistulae», d tiɣbula timeqqranin i uselmed n tsertit tarumanit.

Trajan yella daɣen d amenkad i yefkan azal i tlelli n usqamu n Sina. Ur yella ara d amenkad aɣrudan am [[Dumisyan]]; yella yettqadar isqamuyen, yerna yefka-asen tazmert akken ad xedmen axeddim-nsen.

Deg wayen yeɛnan imasiḥiyen, Trajan yura tabrat i ''Pliny Ameẓyan'' ideg as-d-yenna belli ur ilaq ara ad yettnadi ɣef yimasiḥiyen s timmad-is, maca ma yella yiwen yettwaḥkem fell-as, ilaq ad yettwaɛaqeb. Tabrat-agi tella d tazwart i tsertit n Ṛuma mgal n yimasiḥiyen.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116948</id>
      <parentid>116947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-29T23:36:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8547" sha1="n2f6q1jj2tkojkbfkywgf1mz8vaq89d" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
[[Tugna:Perge - Trajan.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Trajan s wudem aserdas.]]
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna Nerva yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, Nerva yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usuddem, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:
[[Tugna:Trajan's Column HD.jpg|vignette|299x299px|Tigejdit n Trajan]]
'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.

== Tasertit-is ==
Trajan yella d amenkad i yefkan azal ameqqran i ugdud. Yesseɣzef asuddes n wučči baṭel i yigellilen n Ṛuma, yerna yesnerni asuddes n «alimenta», i d-yettaken idrimen i yigerdan igellilen deg tmura n Ṭelyan.

Yefka azal ameqqran i tsertit n yimukan. Yura aṭas n tebratin i yinemhalen n tmnaḍin, am ''Pliny Ameẓyan'', i yellan d anemhal n tmurt n ''Bithynia''. Tibratin-agi, yettwassnen s yisem n «Epistulae», d tiɣbula timeqqranin i uselmed n tsertit tarumanit.

Trajan yella daɣen d amenkad i yefkan azal i tlelli n usqamu n Sina. Ur yella ara d amenkad aɣrudan am [[Dumisyan]]; yella yettqadar isqamuyen, yerna yefka-asen tazmert akken ad xedmen axeddim-nsen.

Deg wayen yeɛnan imasiḥiyen, Trajan yura tabrat i ''Pliny Ameẓyan'' ideg as-d-yenna belli ur ilaq ara ad yettnadi ɣef yimasiḥiyen s timmad-is, maca ma yella yiwen yettwaḥkem fell-as, ilaq ad yettwaɛaqeb. Tabrat-agi tella d tazwart i tsertit n Ṛuma mgal n yimasiḥiyen.

== Tameddurt-is Tusligt ==
Trajan yezweǧ d ''Pompeia Plotina'', tameṭṭut yettwassnen s tegzi-s d tmusni-s. Ur sɛin ara arraw, d ayen i d-yerran Trajan ad yefren Hadriyan d mmi-s n usuddem.

Trajan yettwassen daɣen s leḥmala-ines i waddal d yimenɣiyen. Yella iḥemmel ad yegmer, yerna yella iḥemmel ad yeddu d yiserdasen-is deg yimenɣiyen. Ur yelli ara d amenkad i yeqqimen deg usalay-is; yella yetteddu d yiserdasen, yettečč yid-sen, yettidir tudert-nsen.

== Tamettant-is d Wayen i d-Yeǧǧa ==
[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan.]]
Trajan yemmut deg useggas n 117 deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia''. Yella yuḍen, yerna yemmut mi yella yettuɣal seg umennuɣ n ''Parthia''. Deffir-s, Hadriyan yuɣal d amenkad.

Hadriyan yerra-as tajmilt tameqqrant i Trajan. Yerra-t d «Optimus Princeps», lmeɛna-s «Amenkad Amellay Akk». Asqamu n Ṛuma yerra-t d ayuc(illu), yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden yettwaɛebden deffir tmettant-nsen.

=== Ayen i d-yeǧǧa Trajan deg umezruy d ameqqran: ===
Yesseɣzef Tmurt n Ṛuma ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk.

Yebna aṭas n yibennayen i mazal-iten ar ass-a.

Yefka amedya n umenkad amellay, i yeqqaren s leḥmala d teɣdemt.

Yesnerni tadamsa n Tmurt n Ṛuma s wayen i d-yewwi seg yimenɣiyen.

Yefka azal i tsertit n yimukan(timnaḍin) d tlelli n ugdud.

== Tagrayt ==
Trajan yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen akk deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Tameddurt-is d amedya n umenkad i yexedmen i ugdud-is, i yebnan, i yemnuɣen, yerna i yefkan azal i teɣdemt d tlelli. Deg tallit-is, Tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant, yerna ibennayen-is mazal-iten d inagan n tmeqqranit n tallit-nni. Isem-is yeqqim deg umezruy d azamul n udabu amellay d yimenɣiyen imeqqranen.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116951</id>
      <parentid>116948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-30T11:56:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116951</origin>
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      <text bytes="8555" sha1="noozb781cobcyap30jm8talpf5280rs" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
[[Tugna:Perge - Trajan.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Trajan s wudem aserdas.]]
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna [[Nerva]] yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, [[Nerva]] yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usuddem, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:
[[Tugna:Trajan's Column HD.jpg|vignette|299x299px|Tigejdit n Trajan]]
'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.

== Tasertit-is ==
Trajan yella d amenkad i yefkan azal ameqqran i ugdud. Yesseɣzef asuddes n wučči baṭel i yigellilen n Ṛuma, yerna yesnerni asuddes n «alimenta», i d-yettaken idrimen i yigerdan igellilen deg tmura n Ṭelyan.

Yefka azal ameqqran i tsertit n yimukan. Yura aṭas n tebratin i yinemhalen n tmnaḍin, am ''Pliny Ameẓyan'', i yellan d anemhal n tmurt n ''Bithynia''. Tibratin-agi, yettwassnen s yisem n «Epistulae», d tiɣbula timeqqranin i uselmed n tsertit tarumanit.

Trajan yella daɣen d amenkad i yefkan azal i tlelli n usqamu n Sina. Ur yella ara d amenkad aɣrudan am [[Dumisyan]]; yella yettqadar isqamuyen, yerna yefka-asen tazmert akken ad xedmen axeddim-nsen.

Deg wayen yeɛnan imasiḥiyen, Trajan yura tabrat i ''Pliny Ameẓyan'' ideg as-d-yenna belli ur ilaq ara ad yettnadi ɣef yimasiḥiyen s timmad-is, maca ma yella yiwen yettwaḥkem fell-as, ilaq ad yettwaɛaqeb. Tabrat-agi tella d tazwart i tsertit n Ṛuma mgal n yimasiḥiyen.

== Tameddurt-is Tusligt ==
Trajan yezweǧ d ''Pompeia Plotina'', tameṭṭut yettwassnen s tegzi-s d tmusni-s. Ur sɛin ara arraw, d ayen i d-yerran Trajan ad yefren Hadriyan d mmi-s n usuddem.

Trajan yettwassen daɣen s leḥmala-ines i waddal d yimenɣiyen. Yella iḥemmel ad yegmer, yerna yella iḥemmel ad yeddu d yiserdasen-is deg yimenɣiyen. Ur yelli ara d amenkad i yeqqimen deg usalay-is; yella yetteddu d yiserdasen, yettečč yid-sen, yettidir tudert-nsen.

== Tamettant-is d Wayen i d-Yeǧǧa ==
[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan.]]
Trajan yemmut deg useggas n 117 deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia''. Yella yuḍen, yerna yemmut mi yella yettuɣal seg umennuɣ n ''Parthia''. Deffir-s, Hadriyan yuɣal d amenkad.

Hadriyan yerra-as tajmilt tameqqrant i Trajan. Yerra-t d «Optimus Princeps», lmeɛna-s «Amenkad Amellay Akk». Asqamu n Ṛuma yerra-t d ayuc(illu), yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden yettwaɛebden deffir tmettant-nsen.

=== Ayen i d-yeǧǧa Trajan deg umezruy d ameqqran: ===
Yesseɣzef Tmurt n Ṛuma ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk.

Yebna aṭas n yibennayen i mazal-iten ar ass-a.

Yefka amedya n umenkad amellay, i yeqqaren s leḥmala d teɣdemt.

Yesnerni tadamsa n Tmurt n Ṛuma s wayen i d-yewwi seg yimenɣiyen.

Yefka azal i tsertit n yimukan(timnaḍin) d tlelli n ugdud.

== Tagrayt ==
Trajan yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen akk deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Tameddurt-is d amedya n umenkad i yexedmen i ugdud-is, i yebnan, i yemnuɣen, yerna i yefkan azal i teɣdemt d tlelli. Deg tallit-is, Tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant, yerna ibennayen-is mazal-iten d inagan n tmeqqranit n tallit-nni. Isem-is yeqqim deg umezruy d azamul n udabu amellay d yimenɣiyen imeqqranen.</text>
      <sha1>noozb781cobcyap30jm8talpf5280rs</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nerva</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>116949</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-30T11:53:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>116949</origin>
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      <text bytes="546" sha1="bvgfew8bzls51shuxogzo414kn54ogg" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Togato, I sec dc. con testa di restauro da un ritratto di nerva, inv. 2286.JPG|vignette|Asebdad n umenkad aṛumani Nerva.]]
'''Nerva''' neɣ '''Marcus Cocceius Nerva''' d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. Yeṭṭef adabu gar iseggasen 96 d 98 S.L.Ɛ (Seld Lalit n Ɛisa). Ɣas akken '''tanzagt''' n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant aṭas, tallit-is tella d tigejdit deg umezruy aṛumani. D netta i d amenzu deg n wayen umi neqqar &quot;Semmus n Yimenkaden Igerrzen&quot;, wid i d-yewwin talwit, '''amnekni''' d tezmert i tmurt.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116950</id>
      <parentid>116949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-30T11:54:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>116950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="536" sha1="bik75dfmsirbmq1exshfcfh9bym3q82" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Togato, I sec dc. con testa di restauro da un ritratto di nerva, inv. 2286.JPG|vignette|Asebdad n umenkad aṛumani Nerva.]]
'''Nerva''' neɣ '''Marcus Cocceius Nerva''' d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. Yeṭṭef adabu gar iseggasen 96 d 98 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). Ɣas akken '''tanzagt''' n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant aṭas, tallit-is tella d tigejdit deg umezruy aṛumani. D netta i d amenzu deg n wayen umi neqqar &quot;Semmus n Yimenkaden Igerrzen&quot;, wid i d-yewwin talwit, '''amnekni''' d tezmert i tmurt.</text>
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