Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 160 116982 75195 2026-08-03T15:58:12Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox biography}} '''Sextus Aurelius Victor''' (''a.'' 320-''a.'' 390) yella d anmezray akk-d asertay n umenkud Aromani. Aurelius Victor yella ameskar n yewit n tektabt iţusemman Amezruy n Roma seg lweqt n '''Augustus''' (''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'') armi n '''Iulianus''' (''Flavius Claudius Iulianus'') (360), yeţwaktab azal n 361. Iulianus yefkaya-s asehru imi yerat d anebdad (''praefectus'') n ''Pannonia Secunda''. Aurelius Victor izmer ad yelli amdan nni i g-yellan d ''lconsul'' deg 369 lwahid d mmi-s '''Valentinianus I''' (''Flavius Valentinianus''), akk-d d anebdad n temdint n Roma (389). == Tira == Inmezrayen umnen belli Sextus Aurelius Vector yura-d rebɛa n tira ɣef umezruy atrar: * 1 ''Origo Gentis Romanae'' * 2 ''De Viris Illustribus Romae'' * 3 ''De Caesaribus'' * 4 ''De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum excerpta ex Libris Sex. Aur. Victoris'' Tira agi, am akken yura iwsawen, ţwarunt ddaw azwel n Historia Romana (Amezruy n Roma), lameɛna tira tis rebɛa d allus n tira tis tlata i tella. Tira tis sin teţwaru, ɣef tikelt tamezwarut, deg Napoli azal n 1472, ɣef ssifa n rebɛa n isuned, seddaw n lisem n '''Plinius Ilemzi''' (''Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus'') mačči am tira tis rebɛa i teţwaru deg ''Strasbourg'' deg 1505. Tazrigt tamezwarut merra si ger n tira agi tella n '''Andreas Schottus''' (8 n isuned, ''Antwerp'', 1579); mebla ma neţţu daɣen tazrigt tartar n ''De Caesaribus'' n '''Pierre Dufraigne''' (''Collection Budé, 1975''). == Ilaggwen == * 1. Ammianus Marcellinus, xxi.10. == Iseddagen == Adris agi Ikker-ed seg yewin n wedris n l '''“Encyclopædia Britannica” asuned wis tmenya'''; tira i yellan deg ugzum n lbaylek. == Izdayen Iberraniyen == * ''Liber de Caesaribus'' (Adris s Talatinit) [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html] * ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' (Adris s Talatinit) [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/victor_ep.html] * ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' (Tasuqelt s Tanglizit) [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100827/http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm |date=2020-11-08 }} [[Taggayt:Tameddurt]][[Category:Amezruy]] akqtc38to8wertg8vawqfrooih45elc 0 23444 116985 114367 2026-08-04T10:27:30Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tamnekda Tarumanit''', (s [[talatint]] : ''Imperium romanum''), d tallit deffir [[Tagduda Tarumanit]], d tamnekda taqburt (27 s.t.-S-Ɛ – 395 / 476 / 1453), tamanaɣt-ynes tamezwarut d [[Roma]], asmi teǧhed maḍi deg 117, tamnekda-nni tella d tilin tasertant ed tanmettit tameqqrant akk deg taɣerma utaram<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/fr/1-100/empire-romain/ Empire Romain], deg ''worldhistory.org''.</ref>. == Tazwara n Temnekda: Seg Tegduda ar Tgelda (27 Q.A - 14 S.A) == Tamnekda Tarumanit tebda s unecta deg useggas n 27 send n tlalit n Ɛisa, mi yefka ugraw Arumani isem n Augustus i Uctavyanus. Wagi d azmul n taggara n tegduda d tazwara n temnekda. Augustus ur yeqbil ara isem n ugellid neɣ n umenkad deg tazwara, yeṭṭef kan azwel n "Princeps" - anamek-is amezwaru ger yimdanen. Maca tidet, d netta i yeṭṭfen akk tanbaḍt. Abeddel-a seg tegduda ar temnekda ur yeddi ara deg yiwen wass. Augustus yeḥrez udem n yinagrawen n tegduda - agraw yezga yella, ikunsulen ttwafernen yal aseggas - maca tidet akk adabu yella ger ifassen-is. Tagi d taɣawsa i wumi qqaren "Principat", anagraw anda amenkad yettban am umezwaru ger yegduden mačči d agellid. == Tidyanastiyin Timezwura d Unerni n Temnekda == === Tidyanasti Julyu-Cludyan (27 Q.A - 68 S.A) === Ugustus (27 Q.A - 14 S.A) yesbedd talwit n 45 n yiseggasen. Yebna anagraw adblan amaynut, yessemɣer tilisa n temnekda, yerna yeǧǧa-d ayen wumi neqqar "Pax Romana" - talwit n lehna deg akk temnekda. Wid i d-yusan deffir-s: Tibiryus (14-37), Kaligula (37-41), Cludyus (41-54), d Niru (54-68). Cludyus yekcem Britannya deg 43 S.A. Niru, amenkad aneggaru n tidyanasti-a, yenɣa aṭas n yemdanen gar-asen yemma-s Agrippine, arnu daɣen seld tadyant n tmes n uɣrem n Ruma deg 64, d waṭas iɣeblan nniḍen, Niru yenɣa iman-is deg 68. === Tidyanasti Flavyan (69-96 S.A) === Deffir n useggas n kraḍ n yimenkaden deg 69, Vespasyanus yeṭṭef adabu. Yebna Culuzzum ameqqran di Ruma. Mmi-s Titus (79-81) yekcem Urcalim deg 70 S.A, yessenger taqubbet n Yihuden. Dumisyanus (81-96), gma-s n Titus, yenɣa-t deg 96. === Imenkaden Inelfanen (96-180 S.A) === Talwit-a tettwassen d tin n "Imenkaden Imaɣlazen": Nirva (96-98), Trajanus (98-117), [[Hadriyan|Hadriyanus]] (117-138), [[Antuninus Piyus]] (138-161), d Markus Urilyus (161-180). Trajanus yessewḍ tilisa tineggura n temnekda, yekcem Dasya d waṭas n tmura. Hadriyanus yebna aɣrab-is ameqqran di Britannya. Marcus Urilyus, afelzuf-amenkad, yura "Takrebbut", ayen yellan d yiwet seg teɣlafin timeqqranin n tfelsuft [[tastuysit]]. == Ineḍruyen Igejdanen n Temnekda == === Aqheṛ n Tmasiḥit === Deg tallit n Niru (64 S.A) yebda leqheṛ ɣef yimasiiyen. Aṭas n yimenkaden ten-neɣɣen am Dyuklisyanus (284-305). Maca deg 313, Kunstantin yefka azref n ddin s wulɣu n Milan, yerna deg 380, Tyudusyus yerra tamasiḥit d ddin unṣib n temnekda. === Tikriḍt n Useggas n 235 === Seg 235 ar 284, temnekda tekcem deg tikriḍt tameqqrant. 50 n yimenkaden ɛerḍen ad ḥekmen deg 50 n yiseggasen. Tiserdasin ttnaɣent timeṛṛa, tadamsa teɣli, iberraniyen kecmen seg akk idisan. === Tisemmaskalin n Dyuklisyanus === Dyuklisyanus (284-305) yebḍa tamnekda ɣef kuẓ n teɣmarin, ayen wumi neqqar "Tetrarchie". Yebɣa ad yessejhed tanbaḍt n temnekda tameqqrant, maca abeddel-a yeǧǧa amkan i beḍḍu aneggaru. === Kunstantin d Ubeddel ar Tamasiḥit === Kunstantin Ameqqran (306-337) yuɣal d amenkad awḥid deg 324. Yebna tamdint tamaynut, Cunstantinupl (Istanbul n wassa), yuɣal-itt d tamanaɣt tamaynut deg 330. S webrid n Milan deg 313, yefka tilelli i tmasiḥit, ayen i beddlen amezruy n temnekda. == Tazrirt n Temnekda Tarumanit == === Tanbaḍt d Udbel === Irumaniyen sbedden anagraw adblan yettwassen deg akk umaḍal. Timdinin sɛant timanit-nsent, maca ttawint awal n Ruma. Anagraw n uzref arumani yuɣal d lsas n uṣaduf deg waṭas n tmura n wassa. === Tadamsa d Tanezzut === Tamnekda tesbedd anagraw n tanezzut ameqqran, s yiberdan yesdukklen akk timdinin. ''Denarius'', tafadist tarumanit, tella d tadrimit i yettwassen deg akk ilel agrakal. Ruma tuɣal d ammas n tanezzut amaḍlan. === Idles d Tussna === Deg tallit n temnekda, talatinit d tegrigit llant d tutlayin n yimusnawen. Tasegda tarumanit tban deg yibennayen am ''Pantiyun'', tiberdgin, d yiberdan iɣezfanen. Imyura am ''Vergilius (Aeneid)'', Afulay (Tuttya), d Takitus ǧǧan-d tasekla tameqqrant. === Taserdasit === Taserdasit tarumanit tella d tameqqrant deg umezruy. Iserdasen n Ruma, s umsedday-nsen uḥkik d taktikt-nsen, rnan aṭas n tmura i temnekda. Limes, tilisa n temnekda yettwaḥerzen s tugrint d yiserdassen, tella tettwassen aṭas. == Abeḍḍu n Temnekda d Taggara-s == === Abeḍḍu ɣef Temnekda n Umalu d Tin n Usamer (395 S.A) === Tyudusyus Amezwaru yemmut deg 395, yebḍa tamnekda ger sin warraw-is: Hunuryus deg umalu, Arkadyus deg usamer. Abeḍḍu-a, yellan deg tazwara amzun s "tamment", yuɣal d "arẓagan" deg kra n iseggasen ɣer zdat. === Taɣelaft n Temnekda n Umalu (376-476 S.A) === Seg useggas n 376, iberraniyen bdan ttaɣen tilisa n temnekda. Iwiziguten kecmen Galia d Spanya, Ivandalen wḍen ar Tefriqt Ugafa, Ihunnen n Attila ggzen ɣef Italia. Deg 410, Alaric n Yiwiziguten yeṭṭef Roma, ayen ur yeḍrin ara seg 800 n yiseggasen. === Amenkad Aneggaru (476 S.A) === Deg useggas n 476, ''Uduaker,'' aqerday abaṛbaṛi, yekkes Rumulus Ugustulus, aqcic n 14 n yiseggasen yellan d amenkad aneggaru n temnekda n umalu. Yesiweḍ tiselkin n tgelda i umenkad n Kunstantinupl. Ass-a yettwassen d tagara n temnekda tarumanit n umalu. === Tamnekda n Byzantium === Tamnekda n usamer, i wumi neqqar Tamnekda n Byzantium, tedder armi d 1453, mi tt-yeṭṭfen Iturken Iɛutmaniyen. Justinianus (527-565) yeɛreḍ ad yerr tilisa tiqdimin, maca ur yezmir ara ad yeḥbes aḍar n umezruy. == Ssebba n Uɣelluy == Aṭas n ssebba-t i yeǧǧan tamnekda ad teɣli: * Tikriḍt tadamsant d unɣas n lexlaṣ * Tamsezwert tagensast d ubeḍḍu n tanbaḍt * Abeddel n ummas n tanbaḍt seg Ruma ar Kunstantinupl * Anṭag n yiberraniyen d yimrigen * Abeddel n tidmi seg temnekda ɣer tamasiḥit * Tafellaḥt n tanezrut n tilisa d unqas n yiserdassen == Tagrawt == Tamnekda Tarumanit tedder azal n 500 n yiseggasen deg umalu (27 Q.A - 476 S.A) d 1500 n yiseggasen ma nessekcem Byzantium. Teǧǧa-d azal ameqqran deg umezruy n talsa. Taqanunit-is, tasegda-s, tutlayt-is, d yinsayen-is mazal ttbanen ass-a deg tmura n Turuft, Tefriqt Ugafa, d Asya Talemmast. Talatinit tuɣal d tutlayt n tussna d ddin deg Turuft n tallit talemmast. Anagraw adblan arumani d lsas n tanbaḍt deg aṭas n tmura n tura. Taggara n temnekda n umalu ur d-tusi ara taggara n yidles arumani, maca abeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aɣerbi. == Tizmilin == <references /> d88kbye5adoimd9rutyfq7u0rxuoke7 0 23957 116983 116480 2026-08-03T16:29:18Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:20190406-DSC5193 Panteon.jpg|vignette|Afakan n Panteon, di Ruma, yebna-d deg tallit n tgelda n Hadrianus, yerna mazal-it deg-s afakan ameqran akk deg umaḍal]] Deg umezruy amaynut, '''Ṛuma n zik''', neɣ '''Ṛuma taqburt''', d tamedyazt tarumiyt seg wasmi i d-tbedd temdint n [[Roma|Ṛuma/Roma]] di Ṭṭelyan deg lqern wis 8 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT) alamma d tagrawla n Tgelda Taṛomit n Umalu neɣ Tagelda n Ṛuman n Umalu, deg lqern wis 5 n tallit-nneɣ (T). Tettawi-d tagelda n Ṛuman (753 - 509 UT), tagduda n Ṛuman (509 - 27 UT), d tageldit n Ṛuman (27 UT - 476 UT) alamma d taggara n tageldit n umalu.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome ancient Rome | Facts, Maps, & History]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</ref><ref>a. Ussan-nni n tidett mxallafen, ɣef wakken ma yella yiwen yeṭṭafar anagraw arumi, tasnakt tatrart, neɣ tiktiwin yemgaraden ɣef wacu n tegnatin i d-yesskanen taggara.</ref> Ṛuma n zik tebda s yiwet n tɣiwant, i d-yettwassen s umezruy ɣer 753 UT, tama n wasif Tiber deg Tmenṭawt n Ṭṭelyan. Taɣremt-nni tuɣal d tamdint d tmetti n Ṛuma, dɣa teṭṭef-d lḥekma ɣef lǧiran-is s umennuɣ n tdukliwin d tezmert taserdasit. Deg taggara, teṭṭef-d azref n Ṭṭelyan, tesdukkel-d idles agrik n wenẓul n Ṭṭelyan (''Magna Grecia'') d yidles n Itruskiyen, dɣa tuɣal d tazmert tameqrant deg temnaḍt n [[Ilel Agrakal|Ilel agrakal]] d kra n temnaḍin n Turuft. Deg tallit-is tameqqrant, teṭṭef ɣef teftist n ugafa n Tefriqt, Maṣer, Aẓul n Tuṛuft, akk-d tuget n Tuṛuft n Umalu, Ibalkanen, Krim, akk-d tuget n Timunent Talemmast, gar-asen Anatoliya, temnaḍt n deg usammar n Ilel agrakal, d kra n temnaḍin n Mesupotamiya d Waɛrabya. Tageldit-a tella gar tigelditin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal aqbur, tesɛa azal n 5 n yimelyunen n ikilumitren imkuẓen deg useggas n 117 n tallit-nneɣ,<ref>Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 125. doi:[[doi:10.2307/1170959|10.2307/1170959]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-5532 0145-5532]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959 1170959].</ref> s wazal n 50 ar 90 n yimelyunen n yimezdaɣen, azal n 20% n yimezdaɣen n umaḍal di tallit-nni.<ref>Scheidel, Walter; Saller, Richard P.; Morris, Ian (2007). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-5217-8053-7|978-0-5217-8053-7]]. OL [[openlibrary:works/OL16929915W|16929915W]].</ref> Tamurt n Ṛuman tuɣal si tgelda n tgelda yettwafernen ɣer tegduda taklasikit, syin ɣer yiwet n tdukli taserdasit i d-yettɣimin s waṭas deg tallit n tgelda n Ṛuman. Ṛuma n zik tettwasdukkel s waṭas ɣer tallit n umezruy akk-d tmurt n Legrik, d yidles-nsen d tmetti-nsen i yettwasnen s yisem n umaḍal agrik-rumani. Tamedyezt n Ṛuma n zik, tesɛa azal i tutlayet, ddin, tmetti, tatiknulujit, asaḍuf, tasertit, adabu, amennuɣ, taẓuri, tasekla, tadamsa d tneẓruft tatrart. Ṛuma tesseggem-d taεkemt-is, terna-d taεkemt-is, yiwen n usenfar n unabaḍ iwumi qqaren ''res publica'' "Tamsalt tadelsant", i d yellan d amedya i tegduda tatrart am [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Iwunak Yeddukklen]] d [[Fransa]].<ref>Furet, François; Ozouf, Mona, eds. (1989). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bGxiE6jvzOcC A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution]. Harvard University Press. p. 793. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-6741-7728-4|978-0-6741-7728-4]].; Luckham, Robin; White, Gordon (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDnAAAAIAAJ Democratization in the South: The Jagged Wave]. Manchester University Press. p. 11. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4942-2|978-0-7190-4942-2]].; Sellers, Mortimer N. (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7lgzjettgC American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution]. NYU Press. p. 90. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8147-8005-3</nowiki>.</ref> Yessaweḍ-d i kra n wayen yessewhamen deg tmusni d tneẓṛi, am lebni n waman d yiberdan deg temnaḍt meṛṛa, am wakken daɣen i yessebded isefka d tneqqiḍin yessewhamen ugar. == '''Amezruy''' == '''Ṭṭelyan n zik d usnulfu n Ṛuma''' [[Tugna:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg|alt=Romulus d Remus ; tuccent tefka-asent ayefki-ines|vignette|Romulus d Remus ; tuccent tefka-asent ayefki-ines]] Tiɣri n umezruy n tnezduɣt i d-yezzin ɣer Ruma tebda ad d-tban azal n useggas 1000 UT.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 519.</ref> Tiddukla d tameqqrant tettban-d kan azal 800 UT, s iẓekwan imezwura deg iẓekwan n tewrirt n Esquilinus, d lḥiḍ n yiẓekwan d yiẓekwan deg ufella n tewrirt n Palatine i d-yellan seg tlemmast n lqern wis 8 UT. Seg azal 650 UT, Iṛumaniyen bdan ad ssufuɣen agelmim yellan gar yiɣil n Capitolium d Palatinus, anda i d-yezdeɣ ass-a umkan n Forum Romanum. 5] Deg lqern wis setta UT, Iṛumaniyen bnan Afakan n Jupiter Optimus Maximus deg Capitoline u ssenɛen-t ɣer Forum Boarium i d-yezgan gar tawrirt n Capitolium d tawrirt n Aventinus<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 31.</ref> ''(sin gar sebɛa n tiwririn n Ṛuma: Aventinus, Cælius, Capitolium, Esquilinus, Palatinus, Quirinalis, d Viminalis.)''. [[Irrumanen|Iṛumaniyen]] llan sεan yiwen n usefru i d-yeqqaren belli Romulus d Remus, d tarwa n Mars d yiwet n tgeldunt n tamdint n Albalonga<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], pp. 31–32.</ref>, i d-yesbeddayen tamdint-nsen. Mi llan mazal-iten d llufanat, agellid Amulius, i yumnen belli ad ilin d aɣbel i tgelda-s, yefka lameṛ ad ten-nɣen. Ihi, ǧǧan-ten ad mmten ɣef yiri n wasif n Tiber. Isellek-iten Rebbi Tiberinus, baba-s n wasif, i d-iceggɛen yiwen n tuccent akken ad ten- tsellek; tefka-asent ayefki-ines, deg yimir-nni, d imdanen n tmurt i ten-iεawnen.Ɣer tagara, irebb-iten yiwen umeksa isem-is Faustulus armi meqqṛen. Uɣalen-d ad d-rren agellid n Ibanen, u bnan tamdint. Mi d-yeḍra kra n umennuɣ, Romulus yenɣa Remus dɣa yuɣal d netta kan i d-yesbedden tamdint. Tamnaḍt-nni anda i d-yebda lebni-ines, di tewrirt n Palatinus, tuuɣal tettwassen s yisem n Roma Quadrata ("Ruma taẓeṭṭabt"). Taqsiṭ-a tbeddu-d meqqar seg lqern wis tlata UT. Amyaru arumi Marcus Terentius Varro yura belli tamdint-a tettwabna-d deg useggas n 753 UT<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 32.</ref>. Taqsiṭ-nniḍen, i d-yeḥka umezruy agriki Dionysius n Halicarnassus, tenna-d belli Agellid Aeneas yewwi-d agraw n Trojans ɣer lebḥer akken ad d-sbedden Trojya tamaynut deffir Ṭṭraḍ n Trojya. Usan-d ɣef yiri n wasif n Tiber, dɣa yiwet n tmeṭṭut i d-yeddun yid-sen, i wumi qqaren Roma, tesseṛɣay lbabuṛat-nsen akken ur d-ttεawaden ara ad ruḥen. S yisem-is i semman taɣiwant-nni.<ref>Mellor, Ronald and McGee Marni, ''The Ancient Roman World'' p. 15 (Cited 15 March 2009).</ref> Amedyaz aṛumi Vergilius yessawel-d ɣef tmucuha-yagi deg usefru-ines amesbaṭli ''Aenēĭs''. == '''Tagelda''' == Llan isallen n umezruy ɣef lḥekma n Ṛuma sɣur igelliden, i d-yettwaseknen deg uḍrisen n lqern wis 6 UT.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 35. "Rex, d awal n tlatinit i d-yettakken anamek i ugellid, i d-yettbanen deg sin n yisenfaren n lqern wis setta, yiwen deg-sen d aḍris i d-yekkan seg uẓekwan n Vulcan, wayeḍ d yiwen n uẓekwan n uɣebbaṛ i d-yufan deg Regia".</ref> 10]. Ula mbeɛed n usekkes n tgelda tarumaniyin, a ccɣel aqdim n ''rex sacrorum (agellid n tɣawsiwin timeqranin)—''taseddart n ussenṭur i d-yettwaḥerzen i imḍebbren—yettwaḥrez-ed iwakken ad yeţţexdem ccɣel aqdim n lmuqeddem n ugellid. Iṛumaniyen llan ţţamnen belli tageldit-nsen d tin yeţţwafernen, s sebɛa igelliden n tmuɣliwin ur llin ara d atmaten<ref name=":0">[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 36.</ref>. Asmḍel n Ṛuman iban-d deg lqern wis seṭṭac UT; deg taggara-s, Ṛuma teṭṭef akal n wazal n 780 n yikilumitren imkuẓen s wazal n 35 000 n yimezdaɣ<ref name=":0" />. Aɣrem, Regia, yebna c. 625 UT;<ref name=":0" /> Iṛumaniyen ssawḍen-d asnulfu n tuddsiwin-nsen timezwura n medden d Ussenṭar ɣer tallit n tgelda.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 37.</ref> Ṛuma tebda ula d nettat ad tesnerni taḥkemt-is ɣef lǧiran-is latinen. Timucuha tarumanin am " Aeneid " qqaren dakk Ilatiniyen d arraw n ''Aenēĭs''<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 39.</ref>. Llan-d daɣen izerfan imgaraden n zzwaǧ d tɣiwant gar temdinin tilatiniyin''—Jus Latii'' (Tiḥerkiwin tilatiniyin neɣ taɣdemt tilatiniyin)''—''d tfaskiwin n ddin i yettemcabin, i d-yeskanen daɣen yiwet n yidles i yemcabin. Ɣer taggara n lqern wis 6 UT, tuget n temnaḍt-a tella ddaw n lḥekma n Iṛumaniyen<ref name=":1">[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFBoatwright2012|Boatwright 2012]], p. 42.</ref>. == '''Tagduda''' == [[Tugna:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|vignette]] Deg taggara n lqern wis setta UT, Ṛuma d waṭas n tmura n Ṭṭelyan i d-yezgan ɣer tama-s, kecmen deg yiwet n tallit n ccwal; tiɣri n umezruy d ayen i d-yesbeggnen belli yella kra n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan deg waṭas n imukan<ref name=":1" />. Ɣef akken i d-nnan imeɣnasen d yimyura imeggura am Livius, Tagduda Tarumaniyt tettwabna c. 509 UT<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFCornell1995|Cornell 1995]], pp. 215 et seq.</ref>, asmi i d-yettwakkes ugellid aneggaru seg sebɛa igelliden n Ruma, Tarquin Amqebbar, yerna yettwasbed-d unagraw i yebnan ɣef imḍebbren yettwafernen yal aseggas d waṭas n tdukliwin n yimsefran.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFMatyszak2003|Matyszak 2003]], pp. 43–44.</ref> [[Tugna:Cicero Denounces Catiline in the Roman Senate by Cesare Maccari.png|vignette|Asenṭar n Ṛuma]] Tamezwarut tefka-d kra n yisenfaren d ussemḍel n tezmert. Imḍebbren imeqranen llan d sin n yiqonsulen, i d-yeṭṭafaren tazmert n useḍru am win n imperyum, neɣ amkan aserdasi.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFAdkinsAdkins1998|Adkins & Adkins 1998]], pp. 41–42.</ref> Imqonsulen ilaq-asen ad xedmen d Senat, i yellan di tazwara d aɣersiw n useqdec n yiqeddacen, neɣ d imḍebbren. D acu kan, imqonsulen meqqren deg teɣzi d tezmert.<ref>Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514025151/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ROME/REPUBLIC.HTM Rome: The Roman Republic]". Washington State University. Archived from [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ROME/REPUBLIC.HTM the original] on 14 May 2011.</ref> Deg lqern wis 4 UT, Ṛuma ttuɣ-d sɣur liggul, i d-yekkren tura tazmert-nsen deg waṭlas n Ṭṭelyan nnig n Teẓgi n Po akk d Etruria. Deg 16 Yulyu 390 UT, yiwen n lɛeskeṛ n liggul s ddaw n uselway n tɣerma Brennus, yeɣleb Iṛumaniyen deg umennuɣ n Allia, dɣa ddan ɣer Ṛuma. Liggul rẓan-d tamdint, rran-tt ɣer tmes, syin rran-tt-id ɣer tewrirt n Capitolium, anda llan kra n Iṛumaniyen i d-yeqqnen, i sebɛa wagguren. Liggul rnan qeblen ad fken lehna i iṛumaniyen ma rran-asen 454 n kilogramm n ddheb. Ɣef leḥsab n tmucuha n deffir, arumi i d-yettɛassan timẓin iwala belli liggul llan ssexdamen tiɣawsiwin n lekdeb. Imir-nni, irumiyen kksen-d leslaḥ, rebḥen-asen i liggul. Amḍebbar-nsen Camillus yenna-d: "S wuzzal, mačči s ddheb, i d-teɣla Ṛuma tilelli-s".<ref>Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives'', ''Life of Camillus'', XXIX, 2.</ref> Iṛumaniyen s ttawil-nniḍen, ḥekmen ɣef yigduden-nniḍen deg tegzirt n Ṭṭelyan, gar-asen Iṭruskiyen. Amihi aneggaru i tugdut tarumanit deg Ṭṭelyan, yeḍra-d asmi Taranṭum, yiwet n tmazirt tameqqrant n Tegrikt, i d-yessawlen afus n tallelt i Pyrrhus n Epirus deg useggas n 281 UT, maca ula d taɛkemt-a ur tessaweḍ ara. Iṛumaniyen rnan-d sser n tmenɣiwin-nsen s usbeddi n tmenɣiwin tirumiyin deg temnaḍin i d-yeqqimen d tidett, s wakka i d-sbedden azemz d uḥezzeb ɣef temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFHaywood1971|Haywood 1971]], pp. 350–358.</ref> == '''Ṭṭraḍ mgal Qerṭaj''' == [[Tugna:Timgad Ruins Panorama.jpg|vignette|Taddart tarumanit deg Tamezɣa ([[Lezzayer]]).]] Di lqern wis 3 UT, Ṛuma temmug d yiwen wexṣim amaynut ameqqran: Qerṭaj, tazmert nniḍen meqqren deg umalu n Ilel agrakal.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006|Goldsworthy 2006]], pp. 25–26; [[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFMiles2011|Miles 2011]], pp. 175–176.</ref> Ṭṭraḍ amezwaru mgal Qerṭaj yebda-d deg useggas n 264 UT, asmi i d-tessuter temdint n Messana''—''tigzirt n Sicilia mazal ur telli ara seddaw n tezmert n Ṛuma''—''tallelt n Qerṭaj deg umennuɣ-nsen d Hiero II n Syracuse. Mi d-yessawel Qerṭaj, Messana yessuter-as i Ruma ad ssufɣen Qerṭaj. Ṛuma tekcem deg umenɣi-a imi Syracuse d Messana llan qrib aṭas ɣer temdinin tigriqin i d-teṭṭef Ṛuma di tazwara n tmurt n Ṭṭelyan n Wenẓul, dɣa Qerṭaj tessaweḍ tura ad d-teṭṭef taεkemt s wakal n Ṛuma; s ssebba-agi, Ṛuma tufi-d amek ara ad ternu tazmert-is ɣef Sicilia.<ref>"[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/11*.html Cassius Dio – Fragments of Book 11]". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 6 September 2022.</ref> Qerṭaj tella d tazmert n lebḥer, dɣa Iṛumaniyen ur sɛin ara aṭas n lbabuṛat neɣ asurif n lebḥer. Ayagi yeǧǧa abrid n rrbeḥ d ayen yuεren i Tegduda Tarumaniyt. Ɣas akken akka, deffir ugar n 20 iseggasen n ṭṭraḍ, Ruma terbeḥ mgal Qerṭaj; sbedden-d i sin agraw n talwit i d-yeqqaren belli Qerṭaj ilaq ad txelleṣ aṭas i Ṛuma. Gar ssebbat n ṭṭrad wis sin<ref>Labberton, Robert Henlopen. New historical atlas and general history. p. 35.</ref> llan isekkilen imeqqranen i d-tefka Ṛuma i Qerṭaj akken i d-yemsefhamen deg talwit n ṭṭraḍ amezwaru.<ref>Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck (1911). "[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Punic_Wars|Punic Wars § The Interval between the First and Second Wars]]" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 850.</ref> Ṭṭraḍ yebda-d s tuṭṭfa n Ḥanibal ɣer tmurt n Hispania, dɣa yedda-d s yeεsekṛiwen-is d yifilen-is seg tmurt n Hispania armi yewweḍ ɣer idurar n Ṭṭelyan. Tazrawt n Hannibal teṭṭef ugar n 16 n yiseggasen, degs yexreb akal n Ṭṭelyan, maca di taggara, Qerṭaj tettwaɣ deg umennuɣ n Zama deg Tubeṛ n 202 UT. Ugar n wezgen n lqern segmi i d-yellan wannect-a, Qerṭaj teǧǧa-d iman-is teḥqer. Tameẓla n Tegduda tura tettwaḥerrez ɣer tgeldiwin tihelinistiyin n tmurt n Legrik d tegrawliwin n Hispania. Maca, Qerṭaj, mi tekfa ad txelleṣ tiɣriwin n ṭṭraḍ, tenwa belli ur ilaq ara ad teqqim ddaw tezmert n Ṛuma. Tagi d yiwet n tmuɣli ur t-yeqbil ara ussenṭar n Ṛuma. Ṭṭraḍ wis kraḍ gar Ṛuma d Qerṭaj yebda mi tebda Ṛuma lgirra mgal Qerṭaj deg useggas n 149 UT. Qerṭaj tegzem akken ilaq di tazwara, maca ur tezmir ara ad teṭṭef deg umenɣi n Scipio Aemilianus, i yesnegren tamdint akken ma tella, yerra imezdaɣ-is d aklan, yerna yewwi-d tazmert ɣef temnaḍt-nni, i yuɣalen d tawilayt n Tefriqt. Iɣerrawen-a akk d wid i d-yeǧǧan Ruma ad d-teṭṭef tiɣremt-is tamezwarut deg tmura n berra (Sicilia, Hispania d Tefriqt) d usnerni n Ruma d tazmert tameqqrant.<ref>Haywood 1971, pp. 376–393; Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). "Rome: The Punic Wars". Washington State University. Retrieved 22 March 2007.</ref> Iṛumaniyen uɣalen d agdud ameqqran n yilel agrakal.<ref>Bury, John Bagnell (1889). [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/secondary/burlat/home.html History of the Later Roman Empire]. MacMillan and Co.; Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires Archived 1 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Richard </ref> == '''Constantinus d Tamasiḥit''' == Constantinus yeṭṭef tageldit-nni deg useggas n 306 mbeɛed n talalit n Lmasiḥ. Iɛedda deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen mgal imḍebbren-nniḍen. Tazwara yeɣleb Maxentius deg 312 . Deg useggas n 313, yefka-d Aselmed n Milan (''Edictum Mediolanense)'', i d-yefkan tilelli i imasiḥiyen akken ad d-ddmen ddin-nsen. 116] Constantinus yuɣal d amasiḥi, yessekles liman amasiḥi. D neţţa i yebdan usefru n tamasiḥit deg tgelda awkd d Turuft - d ayen i d-tfukk Taglisya Takatulikt deg tallit n tlemmast. Ifrenkiyen d Ilemaniyen ɣelbent deg useggas n 306 d 308. Deg useggas n 324, yerbeḥ-d mgal yiwen n lḥakem nniḍen, Licinius, dɣa iḥkem ɣef tgelda-nni merra, am akken tella uqbel Diocletianus. I wakken ad yesfugel timenɣiwin-is d lmeεna n tamasiḥit, yebna-d Byzantium yerna yessuqel isem-is ɣer Nova Roma (" Ṛuma tamaynut"); akken yebɣu yili, cwiṭ kan mbeɛd aya, medden semman-as Constantinopolis ("Tamdint n Constantinus"; assa isem-is Istanbul di Tturk).<ref name=":2">Gibbon, Edward (1906). "[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm#Blink182HCH0001 Chapter XVII]" (Online version). In Bury, J.B. (ed.). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Fred de Fau and Co.; [http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm Constantine I (306–337 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929190410/http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm |date=2017-09-29 }} by Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2007.</ref> == '''Aɣelluy n Tgelda Taṛumaniyt n Utaram''' == Deg tagara n lqern wis 4 d lqern wis 5, Tagelda Taṛumaniyt n Utaram tekcem deg yiwet n teswiεt tameqrant i ifukk s tuɣalin n Tagelda Taṛumaniyt n Utaram. Ṛuma texṣer deg yimenɣiyen imqeddsen mgal Tgelda n Sasanniyen d Igermaniyen iweḥciyen: deg useggas n 363, imesbaṭli Julianus Amxallaf yettwanɣa deg umenɣi n Samarra, mgal Ipersiyen, amenɣi n Adrianopolis mgal Igothiyen yesɛedda tudert n umesbaṭli Valens (364 – 378)<ref name=":2" />. Agellid-nni i d-yusan, Theodosius I (379 - 395), yefka-d ugar n tezmert i liman amasiḥi, dɣa deffir lmut-is, tagelda tebḍa ɣef Tagelda taṛumaniyt n usammar, i iḥekmen Arcadius d Tagelda n Ṛuman n Umalu, i iḥekmen Honorius, is sin d arraw n Theodosius.<ref>"[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/un-dittico-imperiale-oriente-e-occidente-dopo-il-395_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ Un dittico imperiale: Oriente e Occidente dopo il 395]" (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.</ref> Talɣa tuɣal tewɛer deg useggas n 408, deffir lmut n Stilicho, d amalway deg userdun iεerḍen ad yesdukkel tageldit yerna ad yeεreḍ ad yeḥbes aẓdam n iweḥciyen deg iseggasen imezwura n lqern wis 5. Maca userdun n tageldit yeɣli mgal aẓdam n iweḥciyen. Deg useggas n 410, tageldit teẓra Ivisiguten kkaten tamdint Ṛuma akken ad hudden tagelda.<ref>Lapham, Lewis (1997). ''The End of the World.'' New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-3122-5264-1|0-3122-5264-1]]. pp. 47–50.</ref> Deg lqern wis 5, Tagelda n Utaram tesεedda texser meqqren n wakal-is. Ivandalen rebḥen Tafriqt n Ugafa, Ivisiguten ṭṭfen aḥric n wenẓul n Lggul, Gallaecia wwin-tt isuebiyen, anabaḍ n Ṛuma uma yeǧǧa-d Briṭanya, dɣa Attila, anelmad n Ihunen, ihud tageldit.<ref>Bury, J.B.: History of the Later Roman Empire, 8, §2.; [29] Bury, J.B.: History of the Later Roman Empire, 6, §4.; [30] Bury, J.B.: History of the Later Roman Empire, 6, §3.; [31] Bury, J.B.: History of the Later Roman Empire, 9.; "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130812103150/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/invas.html The Germanic Invasions of Western Europe]". University of Calgary. August 1996. Archived from [https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/invas.html the original] on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2007.; [[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2001|Duiker & Spielvogel 2001]], p. [[iarchive:worldhistoryto1500duik/page/157|157]]</ref> Iɣil Orestes ur yeqbil ara ad yeqbel tiɣawsiwin n "imdukkal" ibarbariyen, tura d nutni i d aḥric ameqran n lɛesker, dɣa yeɛreḍ ad ten-yessufeɣ si Ṭṭelyan. Ur yefreḥ ara deg waya uselway n lbarbar, Odoacer; yenɣ Orestes, yenɣa-t, yeṭṭef Ravenna, yerna yekkes ɣef ukersi n tgeldit Romulus Augustus, mmi-s n Orestes. Tadyant-a n 476 tettwaḥsab d taggara n Taɣawsa taqburt d tazwara n Tallit-Tanammast.<ref>"[http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiero.htm Roman Emperors – DIR Romulus Augustulu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103085011/http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiero.htm |date=2022-01-03 }}s". www.roman-emperors.org. 23 July 2022.; [http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiero.htm Romulus Augustulus (475–476 AD) – Two Views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103085011/http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiero.htm |date=2022-01-03 }} by Ralph W. Mathisen and Geoffrey S. Nathan. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 26 August 1997. Retrieved 22 March 2007.</ref> Aɣlal arumi d uselway n zik Julius Nepos ikemmel ad iḥkem d aselway seg Dalmatia ula deffir n usekcem n Romulus Augustus alamma d lmut-is deg 480. Kra n imseḍrayen ttwalin-t d agellid aneggaru n Tgelda n Umalu deg umkan n Romulus Augustus.<ref>Mathisen, Ralph A. (8 February 1998). "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/nepos.htm Roman Emperors – DIR Nepos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129225717/http://www.roman-emperors.org/nepos.htm |date=2023-01-29 }}".</ref> Seld 1200 iseggasen n tlelli d wazal n 700 iseggasen d tazmert tameqqrant, tageldit n Ṛuma deg umalu tekfa.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFDurantDurant1944|Durant & Durant 1944]], p. 670.</ref> Tagelda n usammar teqqim azal n 1000 n yiseggasen deffir n tuɣalin n tdukli-ines n umalu, dɣa tuɣal d tagelda tamasiḥit tameqrant deg tallit n tlemmast. Deg lqern wis 6, Justinianus yerbeḥ-d tamnaṭ n Ṭṭelyan seg Ostrogoths, Tafriqt n Ugafa seg Ivandalen, d wenẓul n Hispania seg Ivisiguten. Maca deg kra n yiseggasen kan segmi yemmut Justinianus, imukan n Ṛuma n usammar (Byzantin) deg Ṭṭelyan, rẓan s waṭas sɣur Ilembardiyen i d-yeqqimen ɣer temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2001|Duiker & Spielvogel 2001]], p. 347.</ref> Deg usammar, ɣef lǧal n waṭṭan d yimenɣiyen mgal Tgelda n Sassaniyen n Fars, Iṛumaniyen n Byzantin llan ttwaggzen s usnerni n iɛraben. Iɛraben s lemɣawla ṭṭfen-ed Surya, rnan Armenya d Maṣer deg yimenɣiyen mgal i ibyzantiyen, dɣa s lemɣawla-nni kan, ssawḍen-d ad sbedden azaglu-nsen ɣer Constantinopolis.<ref name=":3">Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/19990224072609/http://www.wsu.edu/%7Edee/MA/BYZ.HTM The Byzantine Empire]". Washington State University. Yettwasekles-d seg [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM umezwaru] deg 24 fuṛar 1999.</ref><ref>Bray, R.S. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=djPWGnvBm08C&pg=PA26 Armies of Pestilence]. James Clarke & Co. p. 26. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-2271-7240-7</nowiki>.</ref> Deg lqern-nni i d-yusan, Iɛraben ṭṭfen anẓul n Ṭṭelyan d Sicilia.<ref>Kreutz, Barbara M. (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qamIQbPLMqgC Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries]. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1587-8|978-0-8122-1587-8]].</ref> Deg umalu, imezdaɣ islawiyen kecmen ɣer wakal n ibalkanen. Maca, Iṛumaniyen n Byzantin, ssawḍen ad ḥebsen taεkemt n iɛraben ɣer wakal-nsen deg lqern wis 8 yerna, seg lqern wis 9, rran-d kra n wakal-nni i ṭṭfen.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[[:en:Ancient_Rome#CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2001|Duiker & Spielvogel 2001]], p. 349.</ref> Deg useggas n 1000, tagelda n usammar, s ddaw n Basil II, teṭṭef-d tamurt n Bulgarya d tmurt n Armenya.<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/basilii.htm Basil II (AD 976–1025)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313115140/http://www.roman-emperors.org/basilii.htm |date=2015-03-13 }} by Catherine Holmes. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2007.</ref> 20 n yiseggasen n umennuɣ n daxel d tnezzutin tiṭurkiyin i d-yessawḍen tageldit Alexios I Komnenos ad d-yessuter tallelt i tgeldiwin n Turuft n umalu deg useggas n 1095. Tigeldiwin n Turuft n umalu rran-d awal s yimenɣiyen imqeddsen. Ayagi yewwi-d ɣer Lqerḥ n Constantinopolis deg 1204 sɣur wid akk i yettekkan deg yimenɣiyen imqeddsen tis ṛebεa. Tageldit taṛumaniyt n usammar (Byzantin) teɣli asmi i d-yeṭṭef Meḥmed Amesbaṭli Constantinopolis deg 29 Mayu 1453.<ref>[http://www.theottomans.org/english/family/mehmet2.asp Mehmet II] by Korkut Ozgen. Theottomans.org. Retrieved 3 April 2007.</ref>. == '''Umuɣ n tezrawt n unadi ɣef temsalt-a''' == {{Reflist}} icyk3hbdn24jo5y194g7qk606hy7yzi 0 25525 116980 116979 2026-08-03T12:23:09Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Hadriyan.]] '''Hadriyan''', isem-is ummid '''Publius Aelius Hadrianus''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n tmnekda Taṛumanit. Yeṭṭef adabu seg 117 armi d 138 deffir Ɛisa, yerna yettwaḥseb gar « Semmus n Yimenkaden Yelhan » i yesɛan azal d ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṛuma. D netta i d amenkad amezwaru i yeṭṭfen tamart-is s timmad, yerna d netta i yessnulfan tarrayt tamaynut n usefrek n tmnekda s usikel d usenqed n yal tamnaḍt. == Talalit d Tmeddurt-is Tamezwarut == Hadriyan ilul-d ass n 24 Yennayer 76 Send Ɛisa, deg temdint n ''Italika'', i d-yezgan tama n ''Sevilla'' n wass-a, deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Imawlan-is llan d Iṛumaniyen i d-yusan seg Ṛuma, maca nutni zedɣen deg tmurt n Spanya i d-yuɣalen d tamnaḍt taṛumanit. Baba-s, ''Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer'', yemmut mi yella Hadriyan meẓẓi, dɣa [[Trajan]], i yellan d ameddakel n twacult-is, yuɣal d bab-s s usmemmi. Deg tallit n temẓi-s, Hadriyan yelmed aṭas n tussniwin: tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit, tanzeggit, tasegda, d tsertit. Yella yettḥemmel idles Agrigi s waṭas, yerna yella yettusemma « Graeculus », anamek-is « Agrigi ameẓyan », acku yella yeɣṛa u iḥemmel idles n Grig. == Alluy-is ɣer Ukesi n Tmnekda == [[Tugna:Hadrian RIC II 3.jpg|vignette|Tadrimt n "Aureus" deg tallit n Hadriyan.]] Mi yemmut [[Trajan]] deg 117, Hadriyan yuɣal d amenkad. Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d belli Trajan yeṭṭef-it d mmi-s n usmemmi deg wussan-is ineggura, maca llan wid i d-yennan belli tameṭṭut n Trajan, ''Plotina'', i d-yefkan afus i Hadriyan akken ad yawi akersi n udabu. Deg tazwara n udabu-s, Hadriyan yemmagar uguren imeqqranen. Kra n yiserdasen i yellan deg tmnaḍin n usamar llan bɣan ad kemmlen amgaru mgal n ''Partiyen'', maca Hadriyan yefren ad yeḥbes amgaru yerna ad yerr tilisa n tmnekda ɣer waddad-nsent n zik. Yefren talwit ɣef umgaru, yerna yefka-as i tmnekda tarrayt tamaynut n tsertit: ur d-ternu ara tamurt, maca ḥrez tid i yellan. == Asuddes d Ufrek n Tmnekda == Hadriyan yella d amsefrek ameqqran. Yessenfel anagraw n tsertit n tmnekda s waṭas n tarrayin: '''Asuddes n tserdast''': Yessenfel tuddsa n yiserdasen, yefka-asen asluɣmu amaynut, yerna yebna iɣeṛban d yisunen n tɣellist deg yal tamnaḍt. '''Asuddes n yisuḍaf''': Yefka-d « Aṣaḍuf imezgi », d agraw n yisuḍaf i d-yessuddes ''Salvius Julianus''. Aṣaḍuf-agi yuɣal d azadur n usaḍuf Aṛumani i d-yusan deffir-s. '''Asuddes n tnedbelt''': Yebḍa tamnekda ɣer tmnaḍin yettusefraken s wudem yelhan. Yefka-as i yimḍebbren n tmnaḍin tizemmar timeqqranin, maca yerna yessenqed-iten s tuɣalin-is yal tikkelt. '''Asuddes n tedrimt''': Yefka-as i tedrimt n tmnekda anagraw yelhan, yefren ad yesseɣli tiwsiwin ɣef yegduden, yerna yefka-as i yegduden n tmnaḍin tizemmar n tnezzut d umesni. == Isiklen-is deg Tmnekda == Hadriyan d amenkad i yessiklen aṭas deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Yekka azal n wazgen n wudabu-s, anamek-is azal n mraw n yiseggasen, deg usikel deg tmnaḍin n tmnekda. Ur yelli ara wamenkad nniḍen i yessiklen am netta. Yerza ɣer ''Britanya'', ɣer ''Galya'', ɣer ''Spanya'', ɣer ''Grig'', ɣer ''Asya tameẓyant'', ɣer ''Maṣer'', ɣer ''Surya'', ɣer tmnaḍin n usamar, yerna ɣer Tefriqt n ugafa. Deg yal tamnaḍt, yessenqed asuddes n tserdast, yefka-d isefka i yegduden, yerna yebna iṣenfaṛen n ifakanen. Deg Grig, yefka-as i temdint n Atina azal d ameqqran: yebna din aṭas n yisaliyen, yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg Ṛuma, yerna yefka-as i tmurt-nsen tilelli deg kra n temsalin. == Iṣenfaṛen n Usali == Hadriyan yella d amesnulfu ameqqran deg taɣult n tsegda. Yebna aṭas n yisaliyen i d-yeqqimen armi d ass-a: === Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya === Deg 122, mi yerza ɣer Britanya, yefka-d anaḍ i usali n uɣrab ameqqran i yebḍan tamurt n Britanya ɣer sin. Aɣrab-agi yezga-d seg ilel ɣer wayeḍ, teɣzi-s tuweḍ ɣer 117 n yikilumitren. Yebna-t usridas Aṛumani, yerna yella yesɛa iɣeṛban, tiɣeṛmin, d yisunen n tɣellist yal azal n mil. Iswi-s d aḥraz n tmnaḍt n Britanya mgal n yegduden n ugafa i yellan berra n tmnekda. === Taddart n Hadriyan deg ''Tivoli'' === Ger 118 d 130, Hadriyan yebna taddart-is tameqqrant tama n Tivoli, tama n Ṛuma. Taddart-agi d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda Taṛumanit. Tezga-d ɣef tjumma i yugaren tin n ''Pompei'', yerna deg-s llan aṭas n yisaliyen: imezguten, tibḥirin, ifakanen, d yisunen n waman. Deg-s yella « Kanopus », d asif n waman i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Maṣer, yerna yella « Pécile », d afakan ameqqran i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Atina. === Afakan n ''Panteon'' === Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n ''Panteon'' n Ṛuma deg talɣa-s n wass-a. Asali-agi yesɛa taqacuct tameqqrant n ubeṭon, i d-yeqqimen d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda n umaḍal. == Tayri-s d ''Antinus'' == Deg 127, Hadriyan yemlal d yiwen n umluzuf Agrigi isem-is ''Antinus'', i yellan d ameẓyan n ''Bitinya'', deg Asya tameẓyant. Assaɣ-nsen yeddem azal n kraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 127 armi d 130. Assaɣ-agi yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen yettwassnen n tayri deg umezruy n Ṛuma s wudem n tluzuft. Deg tuber 130, ''Antinus'' yeɣli deg wasif n Nil deg Maṣer yerna yemmut. Tamettant-is tḥuza Hadriyan s waṭas. Yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint isem-is Antinupulis deg wadeg ideg yemmut, yerna yefka-as i ''Antinus'' addad n ayuc(illu). Aṭas n yisaliyen d yizmulen n Antinus i d-yettwaskren deg tmnekda meṛṛa, yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yettwaskren aṭas deg tsegda n Ṛuma. == Tagrawla n Bar Kuxba == Deg 132, teḍra-d yiwet seg tdyantin timeqqranen n udabu n Hadriyan: tagrawla n Bar Kuxba deg tmurt n Yahudiya. Ssebba n tagrawla-agi d aṭas: Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint tamaynut isem-is ''Aelia Capitolina'' deg wadeg n Urcalim, yerna yefka-d anaḍ i ugdel n lextana. Bar Kuxba, i yellan d amnukal n Yahudiyen, yekker-d mgal Ṛuma yerna yefka-d anaḍ i yegduden-is ad nnukren. Tagrawla-agi teddem azal n tkraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 132 armi d 135. Deg tazwara, Iyahudiyen ṭṭfen aṭas n tmnaḍin, ṭṭfen 985 n tuddar d 50 n yisunen n tɣellist. Maca Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usirdes ameqqran, yerna yefka-as i yiserdasen-is anaḍ n usefsex n tagrawla. Deg taggara, Ṛuma terbeḥ, maca s tmettant n waṭas n yegduden: azal n 580 000 n Yahudiyen mmuten, yerna aṭas n tuddar ttwahuddent. Tagrawla-agi d tin i d-yefkan taggara n tmurt n Yahudiya d tamurt tilellit, yerna aṭas n Yahudiyen ttwanfan seg tmurt-nsen. == Tameddurt-is Tussnant d Taseklanit == Hadriyan yella d amdan i yeḥemmlen tussna d tsekla. Yella yettaru isefra d yiḍrisen, yerna yella iḥemmel tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit. Yefka-d afus i yimassanen d yimyura n tallit-is, yerna yebna aṭas n tidumṣukin n tussna deg tmnekda meṛṛa. Yella iḥemmel tamurt n Grig s waṭas, yerna yefka-as i yidles-is azal d ameqqran. Yefka-d afus i usali n tidumṣukin timaynuten deg Atina, yerna yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg tsertit n Ṛuma. == Tamettant d Wakud-is Aneggaru == Deg yiseggasen ineggura n tmeddurt-is, Hadriyan yella yuḍen. Yella yettqellib win ara t-id-yeṭṭfen deffir-s. Deg tazwara, yefren ''Lucius Verus'', maca yemmut uqbel Hadriyan. Dɣa yefren ''Antoninus Pius'', yerna yefka-as anaḍ i ''Antoninus'' ad yeṭṭef ''Marku Aureliyu'' d ''Lucius Verus'' deffir-s. Hadriyan yemmut ass n 10 Yulyu 138 deg ''Baiae'', tama n ''Napoli.'' Yella yesɛa 62 n yiseggasen. ''Antoninus Pius'' yeṭṭef-it deffir-s, yerna yefka-as addad n ayuc(ṛebbi), ɣas ma llan kra n yimḍebbren n Ṛuma i yugin. 0prbwlubyts6t0cmvo9qwnsdcmanzgl 116981 116980 2026-08-03T12:51:17Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Hadriyan.]] '''Hadriyan''', isem-is ummid '''Publius Aelius Hadrianus''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n tmnekda Taṛumanit. Yeṭṭef adabu seg 117 armi d 138 deffir Ɛisa, yerna yettwaḥseb gar « Semmus n Yimenkaden Yelhan » i yesɛan azal d ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṛuma. D netta i d amenkad amezwaru i yeṭṭfen tamart-is s timmad, yerna d netta i yessnulfan tarrayt tamaynut n usefrek n tmnekda s usikel d usenqed n yal tamnaḍt. == Talalit d Tmeddurt-is Tamezwarut == Hadriyan ilul-d ass n 24 Yennayer 76 Send Ɛisa, deg temdint n ''Italika'', i d-yezgan tama n ''Sevilla'' n wass-a, deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Imawlan-is llan d Iṛumaniyen i d-yusan seg Ṛuma, maca nutni zedɣen deg tmurt n Spanya i d-yuɣalen d tamnaḍt taṛumanit. Baba-s, ''Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer'', yemmut mi yella Hadriyan meẓẓi, dɣa [[Trajan]], i yellan d ameddakel n twacult-is, yuɣal d bab-s s usmemmi. Deg tallit n temẓi-s, Hadriyan yelmed aṭas n tussniwin: tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit, tanzeggit, tasegda, d tsertit. Yella yettḥemmel idles Agrigi s waṭas, yerna yella yettusemma « Graeculus », anamek-is « Agrigi ameẓyan », acku yella yeɣṛa u iḥemmel idles n Grig. == Alluy-is ɣer Ukesi n Tmnekda == [[Tugna:Hadrian RIC II 3.jpg|vignette|Tadrimt n "Aureus" deg tallit n Hadriyan.]] Mi yemmut [[Trajan]] deg 117, Hadriyan yuɣal d amenkad. Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d belli Trajan yeṭṭef-it d mmi-s n usmemmi deg wussan-is ineggura, maca llan wid i d-yennan belli tameṭṭut n Trajan, ''Plotina'', i d-yefkan afus i Hadriyan akken ad yawi akersi n udabu. Deg tazwara n udabu-s, Hadriyan yemmagar uguren imeqqranen. Kra n yiserdasen i yellan deg tmnaḍin n usamar llan bɣan ad kemmlen amgaru mgal n ''Partiyen'', maca Hadriyan yefren ad yeḥbes amgaru yerna ad yerr tilisa n tmnekda ɣer waddad-nsent n zik. Yefren talwit ɣef umgaru, yerna yefka-as i tmnekda tarrayt tamaynut n tsertit: ur d-ternu ara tamurt, maca ḥrez tid i yellan. == Asuddes d Ufrek n Tmnekda == Hadriyan yella d amsefrek ameqqran. Yessenfel anagraw n tsertit n tmnekda s waṭas n tarrayin: '''Asuddes n tserdast''': Yessenfel tuddsa n yiserdasen, yefka-asen asluɣmu amaynut, yerna yebna iɣeṛban d yisunen n tɣellist deg yal tamnaḍt. '''Asuddes n yisuḍaf''': Yefka-d « Aṣaḍuf imezgi », d agraw n yisuḍaf i d-yessuddes ''Salvius Julianus''. Aṣaḍuf-agi yuɣal d azadur n usaḍuf Aṛumani i d-yusan deffir-s. '''Asuddes n tnedbelt''': Yebḍa tamnekda ɣer tmnaḍin yettusefraken s wudem yelhan. Yefka-as i yimḍebbren n tmnaḍin tizemmar timeqqranin, maca yerna yessenqed-iten s tuɣalin-is yal tikkelt. '''Asuddes n tedrimt''': Yefka-as i tedrimt n tmnekda anagraw yelhan, yefren ad yesseɣli tiwsiwin ɣef yegduden, yerna yefka-as i yegduden n tmnaḍin tizemmar n tnezzut d umesni. == Isiklen-is deg Tmnekda == [[Tugna:Emperor Hadrian Louvre Ma3131.jpg|vignette|Hadriyan s tsemregt, yettwaxdem s rxam, taẓuri taṛumanit deg 127 ar 128 S.Ɛ.]] Hadriyan d amenkad i yessiklen aṭas deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Yekka azal n wazgen n wudabu-s, anamek-is azal n mraw n yiseggasen, deg usikel deg tmnaḍin n tmnekda. Ur yelli ara wamenkad nniḍen i yessiklen am netta. Yerza ɣer ''Britanya'', ɣer ''Galya'', ɣer ''Spanya'', ɣer ''Grig'', ɣer ''Asya tameẓyant'', ɣer ''Maṣer'', ɣer ''Surya'', ɣer tmnaḍin n usamar, yerna ɣer Tefriqt n ugafa. Deg yal tamnaḍt, yessenqed asuddes n tserdast, yefka-d isefka i yegduden, yerna yebna iṣenfaṛen n ifakanen. Deg Grig, yefka-as i temdint n Atina azal d ameqqran: yebna din aṭas n yisaliyen, yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg Ṛuma, yerna yefka-as i tmurt-nsen tilelli deg kra n temsalin. == Iṣenfaṛen n Usali == Hadriyan yella d amesnulfu ameqqran deg taɣult n tsegda. Yebna aṭas n yisaliyen i d-yeqqimen armi d ass-a: === Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya === [[Tugna:Milecastle 39 on Hadrian's Wall.jpg|vignette|Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya.]] Deg 122, mi yerza ɣer Britanya, yefka-d anaḍ i usali n uɣrab ameqqran i yebḍan tamurt n Britanya ɣer sin. Aɣrab-agi yezga-d seg ilel ɣer wayeḍ, teɣzi-s tuweḍ ɣer 117 n yikilumitren. Yebna-t usridas Aṛumani, yerna yella yesɛa iɣeṛban, tiɣeṛmin, d yisunen n tɣellist yal azal n mil. Iswi-s d aḥraz n tmnaḍt n Britanya mgal n yegduden n ugafa i yellan berra n tmnekda. === Taddart n Hadriyan deg ''Tivoli'' === Ger 118 d 130, Hadriyan yebna taddart-is tameqqrant tama n Tivoli, tama n Ṛuma. Taddart-agi d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda Taṛumanit. Tezga-d ɣef tjumma i yugaren tin n ''Pompei'', yerna deg-s llan aṭas n yisaliyen: imezguten, tibḥirin, ifakanen, d yisunen n waman. Deg-s yella « Kanopus », d asif n waman i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Maṣer, yerna yella « Pécile », d afakan ameqqran i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Atina. === Afakan n ''Panteon'' === Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n ''Panteon'' n Ṛuma deg talɣa-s n wass-a. Asali-agi yesɛa taqacuct tameqqrant n ubeṭon, i d-yeqqimen d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda n umaḍal. == Tayri-s d ''Antinus'' == Deg 127, Hadriyan yemlal d yiwen n umluzuf Agrigi isem-is ''Antinus'', i yellan d ameẓyan n ''Bitinya'', deg Asya tameẓyant. [[Tugna:Bust of Antinous (2). 2nd cent. A.D (cropped).jpg|vignette|278x278px|Asebdad n uqerru n Antinus.]] Assaɣ-nsen yeddem azal n kraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 127 armi d 130. Assaɣ-agi yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen yettwassnen n tayri deg umezruy n Ṛuma s wudem n tluzuft. Deg tuber 130, ''Antinus'' yeɣli deg wasif n Nil deg Maṣer yerna yemmut. Tamettant-is tḥuza Hadriyan s waṭas. Yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint isem-is Antinupulis deg wadeg ideg yemmut, yerna yefka-as i ''Antinus'' addad n ayuc(illu). Aṭas n yisaliyen d yizmulen n Antinus i d-yettwaskren deg tmnekda meṛṛa, yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yettwaskren aṭas deg tsegda n Ṛuma. == Tagrawla n Bar Kuxba == Deg 132, teḍra-d yiwet seg tdyantin timeqqranen n udabu n Hadriyan: tagrawla n Bar Kuxba deg tmurt n Yahudiya. Ssebba n tagrawla-agi d aṭas: Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint tamaynut isem-is ''Aelia Capitolina'' deg wadeg n Urcalim, yerna yefka-d anaḍ i ugdel n lextana. Bar Kuxba, i yellan d amnukal n Yahudiyen, yekker-d mgal Ṛuma yerna yefka-d anaḍ i yegduden-is ad nnukren. Tagrawla-agi teddem azal n tkraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 132 armi d 135. Deg tazwara, Iyahudiyen ṭṭfen aṭas n tmnaḍin, ṭṭfen 985 n tuddar d 50 n yisunen n tɣellist. Maca Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usirdes ameqqran, yerna yefka-as i yiserdasen-is anaḍ n usefsex n tagrawla. Deg taggara, Ṛuma terbeḥ, maca s tmettant n waṭas n yegduden: azal n 580 000 n Yahudiyen mmuten, yerna aṭas n tuddar ttwahuddent. Tagrawla-agi d tin i d-yefkan taggara n tmurt n Yahudiya d tamurt tilellit, yerna aṭas n Yahudiyen ttwanfan seg tmurt-nsen. == Tameddurt-is Tussnant d Taseklanit == [[Tugna:Attica 06-13 Athens 24 Arch of Hadrian.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n Hadriyan deg Atina.]] Hadriyan yella d amdan i yeḥemmlen tussna d tsekla. Yella yettaru isefra d yiḍrisen, yerna yella iḥemmel tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit. Yefka-d afus i yimassanen d yimyura n tallit-is, yerna yebna aṭas n tidumṣukin n tussna deg tmnekda meṛṛa. Yella iḥemmel tamurt n Grig s waṭas, yerna yefka-as i yidles-is azal d ameqqran. Yefka-d afus i usali n tidumṣukin timaynuten deg Atina, yerna yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg tsertit n Ṛuma. == Tamettant d Wakud-is Aneggaru == Deg yiseggasen ineggura n tmeddurt-is, Hadriyan yella yuḍen. Yella yettqellib win ara t-id-yeṭṭfen deffir-s. Deg tazwara, yefren ''Lucius Verus'', maca yemmut uqbel Hadriyan. Dɣa yefren ''Antoninus Pius'', yerna yefka-as anaḍ i ''Antoninus'' ad yeṭṭef ''Marku Aureliyu'' d ''Lucius Verus'' deffir-s. Hadriyan yemmut ass n 10 Yulyu 138 deg ''Baiae'', tama n ''Napoli.'' Yella yesɛa 62 n yiseggasen. ''Antoninus Pius'' yeṭṭef-it deffir-s, yerna yefka-as addad n ayuc(ṛebbi), ɣas ma llan kra n yimḍebbren n Ṛuma i yugin. ep0w92ordllnkmu2qf20qnbx1mr96o1 0 25527 116984 2026-08-04T09:11:39Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 116984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Antoninus Pius bust S2436 ancient agora museum Athens.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Uqerru n Antuninus Piyus.]] '''Antuninus Piyus''' (s tlatinit: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius''), illul deg useggas 86, yemmut deg 161. D amenkad n Temnekda Taṛumanit i yeḥkmen gar yiseggasen 138 d 161 S.Ɛ. Yella d yiwen gar "Semmus n Yimenkaden Igerrzen" n umezruy n Ruma. Tallit-is d tin i d-yefkan aṭas n telwit (Pax Romana), '''arkad''' akked wugar n tdamsa, war ma yella-d ccwal ameqqran neɣ '''azɣen''' di temnaḍin n temnekda-s. ffyzp7ixo3j02jmy8q14ma167ti1wlo