Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 8592 117027 106832 2026-08-10T05:55:04Z Martin Macha 2111 10432 /* */ 117027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tagduda n Kulumbya''' d tamurt tameqqrant ay d-yezgan deg ugafa n [[Tamrikt n Wenẓul|Temrikt n Wenẓul]]. Tajumma-nnes 1,141,748 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 53;399;171 n yimezdaɣen (Ikulumbyanen). ==Tarakalt== Tamurt-a tesɛa ilel n Ikarbien deg ugafa. Seg utaram (lɣerb) tḥudd-itt-id [[Panama]], seg ugafa (nord) akked wegmuḍ (ccerq), tḥudd-itt-id [[Venezuela]] akked [[Brazil]]. Seg wenẓul, tḥudd-itt-id [[Ecuador]] akked [[Peru|Piru]]. Anezwi (climat) n tmurt-a d agrawi (humide) deg wegmuḍ yerna d akiwan deg idurar. ==Tasnaẓɣurt== Isem n tmurt n Kulumbya yekka-d seg isem n wawlal ameqqran [[Kristufuru Kulumbus]] neɣ (Cristóbal Colón) s [[tespanyulit]], Christophorus Columbus s [[tlatinit]]. Yefka isem-agi af akk timura n umaḍal amaynut yellan ddaw leḥkem n [[Spanya]] i tikkelt tamezwarut agrawli n [[Venezuela]] [[Fransisku Miranda]] neɣ (Francisco de Miranda) s [[tespanyulit]]. Yuɣal d isem unṣib n [[Tagduda n Kulumbya]] deg useggas n 1886. [[Category:Timura n Temrikt]] ru4vjxd380056f55ud354ftpg1rvtaw 0 19905 117021 108407 2026-08-09T20:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 117021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Galactic Cntr full cropped.jpg|thumb|330px|right|Ammas n umazellaw akken i d-tt-isseknew umsaddas 2MASS i d-ittaṭṭafen [[azenzar aderzeggaɣ]], ammas n umazellaw yella deg yiɣmer iffawen n ufella (deg tama tazelmaṭ n tugna).]] '''Ammas n umazellaw''' d ammas n tuzzya n [[amazellaw|umazellaw]] n [[aɣaras n walim|uɣaras n walim]] ɣef yiman-is, yaggug s wazal n 27,000±1,000 [[afawatay|yifawatayen]] ɣef [[tagnit|tegnit]]<ref name="distance1">{{cite journal | last = Reid | first = Mark J. | title=The distance to the center of the Galaxy | journal=Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics | year=1993 | volume=31 | pages=345–372 | url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ARA&A..31..345R&amp | accessdate=2007-05-10 | doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002021|akla n ufaylu= https://web.archive.org/web/20191213143513/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ARA&A..31..345R&amp|azemz n ufaylu=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref name="distance2">{{cite journal | author=Eisenhauer, F.; Schödel, R.; Genzel, R.; Ott, T.; Tecza, M.; Abuter, R.; Eckart, A.; Alexander, T. | title=A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2003 | volume=597 | pages=L121–L124 | url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003astro.ph..6220E | accessdate=2007-05-10 | doi=10.1086/380188 |akala n ufaylu= https://web.archive.org/web/20190527082218/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003astro.ph..6220E|azemz n ufaylu=2019-05-27}}</ref><ref name="distance3">{{cite journal | author=Horrobin, M.; Eisenhauer, F.; Tecza, M.; Thatte, N.; Genzel, R.; Abuter, R.; Iserlohe, C.; Schreiber, J.; Schegerer, A.; Lutz, D.; Ott, T.; Schödel, R. | title=First results from SPIFFI. I: The Galactic Center | journal=Astronomische Nachrichten | year=2004 | volume=325 | pages=120–123 | url=http://www.mpe.mpg.de/SPIFFI/preprints/first_result_an1.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-05-10 | doi=10.1002/asna.200310181 | akala n ufaylu=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805053739/http://www2011.mpe.mpg.de/SPIFFI/preprints/first_result_an1.pdf | azemz n ufaylu=5 ɣuct 2019 | archive-date=2007-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621072120/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/SPIFFI/preprints/first_result_an1.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=majaess2009>Majaess D. J., Turner D. G., Lane D. J. (2009). [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009arXiv0903.4206M ''Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids''], MNRAS {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208172649/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009arXiv0903.4206M |date=08 fuṛaṛ 2016}}</ref><ref name=gillessenetal2009>{{cite journal | last=Gillessen |first=S. | coauthors=Eisenhauer; Trippe; Alexander; Genzel; Martins; Ott | title=Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-02-20_692_2/page/1075 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=692 |issue=2 |pages=1075–1109 |year=2009 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 | id={{arxiv|0810.4674}} | accessdate=2010-10-28}}</ref> deg tnila n [[tazdemt|tezdemt]] n [[Aneccab|uneccab]] d [[Ophiuchus]] d [[Takureẓma (tazdemt)|tkureẓma]] deg wadeg yettfeǧǧijen yakk s waṭas deg umazellaw. Akken i ttɣilen imusnawen d akken yella dinna [[amruj aberkan abarar|wemruj aberkan abarar]] deg wammas n umazellaw.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schödel |first=R. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2002 |month= |title=A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way |journal=Nature |volume=419 |issue=6908 |pages=694–696 |doi=10.1038/nature01121 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-10-17_419_6908/page/694|accessdate= |quote= |pmid=12384690}}</ref> == Asentem n tilin n wammas amazallaw d wuggug-is == S usrag n tilin n [[Asignew|ugedṛuṛ agratraw]] ɣef teɣzi n uzlem n yiẓṛi, d ayen yettaǧǧan tazrawt d wannay n wammas n umazellaw d ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen) s [[tafat|uzenzar imeẓri]] neɣ s [[Anegjenjaṛ|unegjenjaṛ]] neɣ s [[azenzar X|uzenzar n X]]. Isalan i d-kksen imusnawen seg wannay n [[azenzar n Gamma|uzenzar n gamma]] d [[Azenzar X|X]] d tid yeflalen s tfasa yakk d wannay n [[azenzar aderzeggaɣ]] ilan [[teɣzi n tayyugt]] ɣezzifen Deg useggas n [[1918]], [[Harlow Shapley]] yukez-d imsidgenn wammas n umazellaw i tikkelt tamezwarut ass mi yella izerrew asedger n [[agazu atraw|iguza itrawen]], dɣa yukez-iten-d akka: [[Aluy aɣɣad]] 17h45m40.04s, [[mil]] -29° 00' 28.1". == Amruj aberkan abarar == == Tineẓẓi tatrawt == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tasnallunt]] bx1f1o6iwg8sk19nqe7opgp31a347ib 0 19993 117020 104018 2026-08-09T20:37:55Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 117020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Sun turn.gif|thumb|Tugna sɣur [[NASA]] temmal-d tuzzya n [[tafukt|tfukt]].]] '''Tuzzya n [[Tafukt|tfukt]]''' d amsekni yettbeddilen s unect n [[tehri|tehri taraklant]] acku tafukt d tin igebren seg [[plasma (tasengama)|plasma]] tagazawt. Isig n tuzzya yettili d afellay deg [[Asebges|usebges]] n tfukt (Tehri n φ=0^o), [[arured|tazzla]] ayi tettedras (tettenqas) yal mi ara ad ternu tehri. Dɣa tuzzya taneẓlayt n tfukt tettwaglam-d s tegda ayi: :<math>\omega=A+B\,\sin^2(\varphi)+C\,\sin^4(\varphi)</math> Anda: ω : d arured uɣmir yettwastgen s tseddart/ass. φ: d tehri tanafukt, tettwasteg s tseddart. A,B,C : d timezgitin tisengamin. Atig n tmezgitin A,B,C mgaraden s unect n tarrayt yettusmersen i wakat d tanzagt takudant yettuzrawen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Beck|first = J.|title = A comparison of differential rotation measurements|journal = Solar Physics|volume = 191|pages = 47–70| year = 2000|doi = 10.1023/A:1005226402796 }}</ref> Imir-a, Atigen (azalen) imnummsanen yettwaddgen i tmezgitin-a ttunefken-d s:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1 = Snodgrass|first1 = H.|last2 = Ulrich|first2 = R.|title = Rotation of Doppler features in the solar photosphere|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1990-03-01_351_1/page/309|journal = Astrophysical Journal|volume = 351|pages = 309–316| year = 1990|doi = 10.1086/168467|bibcode=1990ApJ...351..309S}}</ref> :A= 14.713 deg/day ± 0.0491. :B= –2.396 deg/day ± 0.188. :C= –1.787 deg/day ± 0.253. == Tuzzya tasnallant == == Tuzzya tagensawt n tfukt == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tasnallunt]] [[Taggayt:Tafukt]] [[Taggayt:Tuzzya]] ouipbxf54fq26omycnutxcpciollqol 0 20524 117023 117011 2026-08-09T20:40:23Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 117023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sibbus''' neɣ '''Bufsiw''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Regulus''') d [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[ijqiwen|yijqiwen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tibufsiwin|tbufsiwin]]. Sibbus d agṭiṭ meẓẓiyen, tikwal yettusesmel deg twacult n [[Tisaflawin|tsafliwin]]. == Aglam == == Tasensartut == Sibbus d tagrawt meẓẓiyen n yigṭaṭ, tikwal yettmers deg twacult n [[Tisaflawin|tsafliwin]], maca s tselnin yettunefk-as-d waddad n twacult,<ref name = BB852 >{{cite journal |last= Monroe |first= Burt L. |date=February 1992 |title= The new DNA-DNA avian classification: What's it all about? |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_british-birds_1992-02_85_2/page/n10 |journal= [[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]] |volume=85 |issue= 2|pages=53–61 }}</ref> aladɣa imi tizrawin tineggura mmlent-d aya. Ɣas akken lland imcabiyen ijumnanen, maca sibbus yaggug deg [[asismel n tesnudert|tsensartut]] ɣef [[Asaflaw|usaflaw]].<ref name= Barker>{{cite journal | last= Barker | first= F Keith | author2= Barrowclough, George F | author3= Groth, Jeff G | year= 2002 | title= A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data | journal= [[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B]] | volume= 269 | pages= 295&ndash;308 | url= http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/269/1488/295.full.pdf | doi= 10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 | pmid= 11839199 | pmc= 1690884 | issue= 1488 }}{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name= Spicer>{{cite journal | last= Spicer | first= Greg S | author2= Dunipace, Leslie | year= 2004 | title= Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Passerifor-mes) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences | pmid= 14715224 | doi= 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00193-3 | journal= [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 325&ndash;335 | url= http://online.sfsu.edu/~gs/spicer/pages/spicerpdf/spicerdunipace04.pdf | format= | access-date= 2020-11-09 | archive-date= 2012-03-04 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120304150636/http://online.sfsu.edu/~gs/spicer/pages/spicerpdf/spicerdunipace04.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref>. Addad n waṭas n talɣiwin ttwasefrant-d taggara ayi kan, dɣa [[sibbus n Madeira]] yella tettumeggz d [[Adu-telmest]] (''R. i. madeirensis'') yeṭṭafaren [[sibbus imzerreg]] (''Regulus ignicapilla''). ===Tilmas=== {| width = 800px class="wikitable" ! align="center" style="background-color: #D3D3A4" colspan ="4" |'''Tilmas deg [[Alkam amessarti|welkam amessarti]]''' |- ! width = "22%" align="center" | Assaɣ imezdi d wussnan ! align="center" | Image ! width = "40%" align="center" | Aglam ! width = "22%" align="center" | Taɣult |- |[[Sibbus bucentuf]]<br />''Regulus regulus'' |<center>[[File:Regulus regulus 1.jpg|500x150px]]</center> |Imuren n ufella d izegza am uzemmur, ma d imuren n wadda d iwraɣen mellulen. Udem d amnummsan d [[mummu]] berriken, isni n uqerru degs idisen berriken d tcenčuft werriɣen d tačinayt deg tlemmast ɣer [[awtem|uwtem]] ma ɣer [[tawtemt|tewtemt]] d tawraɣt yakk.<ref name=BWP1342>{{cite book | editor-last = Snow | editor-first = David |editor2-last = Perrins | editor2-first = Christopher M. | title = The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes) | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |year = 1998| location = Oxford | pages = 1342–1346 | isbn = 978-0-19-850188-6 | title-link = The Birds of the Western Palearctic }}</ref> | Amur meqqren n Asya d Uruppa |- |[[Sibbus imzerreg]]<br />''Regulus ignicapilla'' |<center>[[File:Regulus ignicapilla Arundel.jpg|500x150px]]</center> |Imuren n ufella d izegzawen yecrurqen yakk d icamiṭen izrurɣanen. Ma d imuren n wadda d imellalen yakk d izunɣiden, deg yidmaren d wafriwen d tarast, deg uqerru tella tesfift d tazegzawt zdat n wallen[[timiwt|timiwt]] d tamellalt d taɣezfant. Ma d ixef n uqerru d awraɣ ɣer tewtemt, d ačinay ɣer uwtem.<ref name= Baker383>{{cite book | last = Baker | first = Kevin |title = Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Helm Identification Guides) | year = 1997 | publisher = Helm| isbn =978-0-7136-3971-1 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/warblersofeurope0000bake/page/383 383]–384 | location = London| title-link = Helm Identification Guides }}</ref> | Anaẓul n Uruppa d Tferka n ugafa |- |[[Sibbus n Madeira]]<br />''Regulus madeirensis'' |<center>[[File:Madeiran-Firecrest1-B.jpg|500x150px]]</center> |S umerwes ɣer sibbus bucentuf, talmest-a d tin ilan aqamum d yiṭarren ɣezzifen, timiwt d tamellalt d tameẓyant, afriwen-is berrik-it ma d tuyat-is werriɣ-it. Ixef n uqerru-is d ačinay.<ref name= Mullarney336>{{cite book | last = Mullarney | first = Killian |author2=Svensson, Lars |author3=Zetterstrom, Dan |author4=Grant, Peter |title = Collins Bird Guide | url = https://archive.org/details/collinsbirdguide0000sven | year = 1999 | publisher = London: Collins | page = [https://archive.org/details/collinsbirdguide0000sven/page/336 336]| isbn = 978-0-00-219728-1}}</ref> |[[Madeira]] |- |[[Sibbus n Taywan]]<br />''Regulus goodfellowi'' |<center>[[File:RegulusGoodfellowiLodge.jpg|500x150px]]</center> |imuren n ufella d izegzawen, Adfar d wafriwen d iwraɣen ma d imuren n wadda d ičinayen. Tella tesfift d tamellalt deg wafriw. Ma d isni (tamrest) degs izerrigen d iberkanen. Idisan n tuyat d ukaẓuẓ d izunɣiden.<ref>{{cite book|page=388 | title=Birds of East Asia | author= Brazil, Mark | publisher=Christopher Helm| location = London | year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofb1620190507brit#page/n147/mode/1up|author=Ogilvie-Grant, W R| year =1906 | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=16 |page= 122|title= 125th meeting, 20 June 1906}}</ref> |[[Taywan]] |- |[[Sibbus imisni]]<br />''Regulus satrapa'' |<center>[[File:Regulus satrapa 0624 (cropped).jpg|500x150px]]</center> |imuren n ufella ini-nsen d azegza am uzemmur ma d imuren n wadda d imellalen. Lan izerrigen mellulen deg wafriwen yakk d tesfift berriken zzint-d i wallen yakk d temrest d tawtaɣ-d yezzi-y-as-d uberkan. [[Awtem]] amawaṭ deg acamiṭ d ačinay deg tlemmast n temrest tawraɣt.<ref name=Sibley>{{cite book | last = Sibley | first = David Allen | title = The Sibley Guide to Birds | year = 2000 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | page = [https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/394 394] | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-45122-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/394 }}</ref> | Tamrikt n Ugafa |- |[[Sibbus bu tganza tazeggaɣt]]<br />''Regulus calendula'' |<center>[[File:Regulus calendula1.jpg|500x150px]]</center> | Imuren n ufella d izunɣiden yezzegzun. Ma d imuren n ufella d iwraɣen. | Tamrikt n Ugafa |} == Addad d taggaẓt == == Tiwlafin == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n yigṭaṭ]] [[Taggayt:iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:Igṭaṭ]] [[Taggayt:ibufsiwen]] [[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:iylalen iminigen]] kp95ijiivvtmw0hf70qgdv63hnmmo5g 0 22293 117022 103301 2026-08-09T20:39:40Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 117022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Iweggiren_n_waffar_awraɣ_(miscanthus).jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Iweggiren n [[Affar awraɣ|waffar awraɣ]].]] '''Aweggir''' (Asget: '''iweggiren''') d [[ageṭṭum n yimɣi|ageṭṭum]] igemmun d tinegnit s ddaw n wakal, issemras-it [[imɣan|yimɣi]] i wakken ad yenfufed w ad yesnulfu imɣan imaynuten i d-iggaren [[Aẓaṛ (imɣi|iẓuran]] neɣ timekrasin deg [[taberrut|tberrutin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rayirath|first=Usha P|title=Role of ethylene and jasmonic acid on rhizome induction and growth in rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L.) |journal=Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture|year=2011|volume=105|pages=253–263|doi=10.1007/s11240-010-9861-y|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jang|first=Cheol Seong|title=Functional classification, genomic organization, putatively cis-acting regulatory elements, and relationship to quantitative trait loci, of sorghum genes with rhizome-enriched expression.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2006-11_142_3/page/1148|journal=Plant Physiology|year=2006|volume=142|issue=3|pages=1148–1159|doi=10.1104/pp.106.082891|display-authors=etal|pmid=16998090|pmc=1630734}}</ref><ref>[http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82914 "Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum"], GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013132151/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82914 |date=13 tuber 2012}}</ref>Aweggir d allal agejdan n unfufed i waṭas n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tumedt]] am [[Agezmir|ukezmir]] d [[tafsut wegṭiṭ|tefsut yigḍaḍ]] (''Panicum''). [[Tugna:Rice rhizome.JPG|vignette|redresse|Aweggir b [[aṛuz|waṛuz]].]] == Asemres (aseqdec) == Aweggir yettusemres i [[asgat n yimɣi|usgat]]. == Tiwlafin == == Imniren == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Tiyeggert]] * [[Akebbib]] * [[Abruru]] * [[Akeffu]] * [[Taberrut]] * [[Tiginit]] * [[Tiflest|Tayyawt]] * [[Taseknut]] * [[Ajeǧǧig|Ajeǧǧig n yimɣi]] * [[Amɣus]] * [[Ileɣ (imɣi)|Iriferr]] * [[Aẓaṛ (imɣi)|Aẓaṛ]] * [[Amagzam]] [[Taggayt:Imuren n yimɣi]] [[Taggayt:Asemmili amɣaw]] [[Taggayt:Amyaraw n yimɣan]] [[Taggayt:Tasenwurit tamɣawt]] 1jqmdcti3caadhvidhyjxixnuhrpyyr 0 25528 117024 117017 2026-08-09T21:49:44Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Mark Urel.]] '''Mark Urel''' d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yettwassnen nezzeh deg umezruy n Tamenkda Taṛumant. Ilul deg useggas 121, yettuneḥsab d aneggaru gar wid iwumi qqaren "Semmus n Imenkaden Igerrzen", yerna d yiwen gar yimusnawen d yiflusufen imeqqranen n tfelsafit n [[Tastuysit|Testuysit]], yemmut deg useggas 180. Yella d amnekad seg 161 ar 180. Tallit-is tella gar talwit taṛumant d tazɣent n tilisa, gar tfelsafit d umgaru, gar tadbelt d tmettant n waṭas n yemdanen. == Tudert-is tamezwarut == Mark Urel ilul deg Ṛuma. Isem-is ummid Mark Urel Anṭunin( neɣ s tlatinit: '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus'''). Yekka-d seg tawacult tameqqrant yesɛan lḥeṛma deg tmetti taṛumant. Amenkad Hadriyan yextar-t-id zik, yefka-yas amkan deg usbeddi n tmenkda. [[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]] yewwi-t-id ɣer twacult-is s usmemmi, yesselmed-as tadbelt, yessuddes-as abrid ɣer ukersii n tmenkda. Mark Urel yelmed ɣer yiselmaden yesɛan tussna d wazal n tallit-nni. Yelmed tasekla, tutlayin, tasertit, akked tfelsafit. Tafelsafit [[Tastuysit|tasṭuwit]] tekcem ɣer wallaɣ-is, tesselmed-as belli amdan ilaq ad yidir s wudem umeẓɣan, s tuẓulin, s ṣṣber, akked s uqbal n wayen ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel. == Tanbaḍt-is d usbeddi n tmenkda == Deg useggas 161, mi yemmut [[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]], Mark Urel yuɣal d amnekad. Ur yebɣi ara ad yeḥkem i yiman-is kan, yessbedd Lusius Virus d amnekad akked-s. Sin-nni ḥekmen ɣef Tamenkda Taṛumant, maca Mark Urel yella d win yesɛan ṛṛay ameqqran akked tmussni n tsertit. Tallit n tnbaḍt n umenkad Mark Urel (161–180 S.Ɛ.) tella d tin yeddren amedya ameqqran n wussisan deg tudsa d usnerni n tedamsa d teɣdemt deg agensu n Umenkud Aṛumani. Ɣas akken ccwal n beṛṛa am umgaru mgal Yiparṭiyen d Yiǧermaniyen wwin adras ameqqran deg umezruy-is, amenkad yessefti aṭas n tzemmar deg uḥraz n wurkad n daxel, aselḥi n isaḍufen, d ufus n tallalt i yiɣermanen deg lawan n twaɣiyin. Deg tazwara n tnbaḍt-is deg useggas n 161 S.Ɛ., Mark Urel yexdem takti tamaynut deg umezruy aṛumani: yefren gma-s s usmemmi, Lusyus Virus (Lucius Verus), akken ad ilin d imenkaden i sin s tzemmar yellan s wudem n tagada. D tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy i deg yebḍa udabu unṣib gar sin n yemdanen iwumi fkan azwel n ''Augustus''. Ɣas akken Mark Urel yella yesɛa adabu amezwaru d usrid deg tlufa timeqqranin, tasertit-a tessaweḍ ad tqeṛṛeɛ tawaɣit n umennuɣ n daxel yerzan lweṛt n udabu. Sin-a n yimenkaden xedmen s umtawa d tdukli alamma d tamettant n Lusyus Virus deg useggas n 169 S.Ɛ., mi d-yufa Mark Urel iman-is d anebbaḍ awḥid n tmenkda. Mi yemmut Lusyus Virus, Mark Urel yeqqim d amnekad i yiman-is. Yella yettnadi ad yili d amdan n teɣdemt, mačči d amnakad n ṭṭrad. Yefka azal i usenqed n tadbelt, i uqader n iṣuḍaf, akked umesten n tilisa n tmenkda. == Tterka Tanṭunint == Yiwet gar tedyanin tixatarin i iḥuzen agensu n tmenkda d tterka i d-yewwin iserdasen imedranen iṛumaniyen seg umgaru n Ugmuḍ deg useggas n 165 S.Ɛ. Tterka-a, iwumi qqaren ''Tterka TanṬunint'', tessenggar aṭas n yiɣermanen d iserdasen deg yal tamnaḍt, ayen i d-yeglan s uɣelluy ameqqran deg tedamsa d ufaras (gar 5 ar 10 i yettwanɣan seg waṭṭan-agi). Iwakken ad yefru tazɣent-a n tadrimt war ma yerna tiwsiwin ɣef uɣref, Mark Urel yexdem tigawt iweɛṛen: yesseqdec agerruj n tmenkda yerna yezzenz-iten deg ulzuzen (leswaq) n Ṛuma akk ayla d tɣawsiwin tunṣiben n tmenkda, tisenslin n wareɣ(dheb), d yisebdaden n wareɣ d lfeṭṭa n tgemmi taṛumanit. S waya, yessaweḍ ad d-yerr tadrimt i tenbaḍt d usiref n yigellilen war ma i nnal tadamsa n uɣerman. == Imgura d tilisa n tmenkda == Tallit n Mark Urel ur telli ara d tallit n talwit kan. Deg usammer, yella umgaru mgal Iparṭiyen. Deg ugafa, llan imenɣiyen mgal Iǧermaniyen, Imarkumanen, akked Ikwaḍiyen, ɣer yiri n wasif n Danub. Mark Urel yedda s timmad-is ɣer yiri n tilisa, yesselḥa iserdasen, u yeḥrez imukan yellan ɣer yiri n tlisa. Imgaru-agi ssaɣlayen aṭas n yemdanen, ssalayen tiwsi, ssnernayen aɣilif n tmetti. Maca Mark Urel yella yettnadi ad yesbedd talwit, ad yeḥrez tilisa, u ad yeḥrez tamenkda seg inṭagen n yimenzaɣen. Deg tmuɣli n tsertit, yella yefhem belli Tamenkda Taṛumant teḥwaǧ aserdas iǧehden, maca daɣen tadbelt ifazen. 5s1lgzznezzgqdbmjlz9l8h6knxfmno 117028 117024 2026-08-10T09:27:38Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Mark Urel.]] '''Mark Urel''' d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yettwassnen nezzeh deg umezruy n Tamenkda Taṛumant. Ilul deg useggas 121, yettuneḥsab d aneggaru gar wid iwumi qqaren "Semmus n Imenkaden Igerrzen", yerna d yiwen gar yimusnawen d yiflusufen imeqqranen n tfelsafit n [[Tastuysit|Testuysit]], yemmut deg useggas 180. Yella d amnekad seg 161 ar 180. Tallit-is tella gar talwit taṛumant d tazɣent n tilisa, gar tfelsafit d umgaru, gar tadbelt d tmettant n waṭas n yemdanen. == Tudert-is tamezwarut == Mark Urel ilul deg Ṛuma. Isem-is ummid Mark Urel Anṭunin( neɣ s tlatinit: '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus'''). Yekka-d seg tawacult tameqqrant yesɛan lḥeṛma deg tmetti taṛumant. Amenkad Hadriyan yextar-t-id zik, yefka-yas amkan deg usbeddi n tmenkda. [[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]] yewwi-t-id ɣer twacult-is s usmemmi, yesselmed-as tadbelt, yessuddes-as abrid ɣer ukersii n tmenkda. Mark Urel yelmed ɣer yiselmaden yesɛan tussna d wazal n tallit-nni. Yelmed tasekla, tutlayin, tasertit, akked tfelsafit. Tafelsafit [[Tastuysit|tasṭuwit]] tekcem ɣer wallaɣ-is, tesselmed-as belli amdan ilaq ad yidir s wudem umeẓɣan, s tuẓulin, s ṣṣber, akked s uqbal n wayen ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel. == Tanbaḍt-is d usbeddi n tmenkda == Deg useggas 161, mi yemmut [[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]], Mark Urel yuɣal d amnekad. Ur yebɣi ara ad yeḥkem i yiman-is kan, yessbedd Lusius Virus d amnekad akked-s. Sin-nni ḥekmen ɣef Tamenkda Taṛumant, maca Mark Urel yella d win yesɛan ṛṛay ameqqran akked tmussni n tsertit. Tallit n tnbaḍt n umenkad Mark Urel (161–180 S.Ɛ.) tella d tin yeddren amedya ameqqran n wussisan deg tudsa d usnerni n tedamsa d teɣdemt deg agensu n Umenkud Aṛumani. Ɣas akken ccwal n beṛṛa am umgaru mgal Yiparṭiyen d Yiǧermaniyen wwin adras ameqqran deg umezruy-is, amenkad yessefti aṭas n tzemmar deg uḥraz n wurkad n daxel, aselḥi n isaḍufen, d ufus n tallalt i yiɣermanen deg lawan n twaɣiyin. Deg tazwara n tnbaḍt-is deg useggas n 161 S.Ɛ., Mark Urel yexdem takti tamaynut deg umezruy aṛumani: yefren gma-s s usmemmi, Lusyus Virus (Lucius Verus), akken ad ilin d imenkaden i sin s tzemmar yellan s wudem n tagada. D tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy i deg yebḍa udabu unṣib gar sin n yemdanen iwumi fkan azwel n ''Augustus''. Ɣas akken Mark Urel yella yesɛa adabu amezwaru d usrid deg tlufa timeqqranin, tasertit-a tessaweḍ ad tqeṛṛeɛ tawaɣit n umennuɣ n daxel yerzan lweṛt n udabu. Sin-a n yimenkaden xedmen s umtawa d tdukli alamma d tamettant n Lusyus Virus deg useggas n 169 S.Ɛ., mi d-yufa Mark Urel iman-is d anebbaḍ awḥid n tmenkda. Mi yemmut Lusyus Virus, Mark Urel yeqqim d amnekad i yiman-is. Yella yettnadi ad yili d amdan n teɣdemt, mačči d amnakad n ṭṭrad. Yefka azal i usenqed n tadbelt, i uqader n iṣuḍaf, akked umesten n tilisa n tmenkda. === Tterka Tanṭunint === Yiwet gar tedyanin tixatarin i iḥuzen agensu n tmenkda d tterka i d-yewwin iserdasen imedranen iṛumaniyen seg umgaru n Ugmuḍ deg useggas n 165 S.Ɛ. Tterka-a, iwumi qqaren ''Tterka TanṬunint'', tessenggar aṭas n yiɣermanen d iserdasen deg yal tamnaḍt, ayen i d-yeglan s uɣelluy ameqqran deg tedamsa d ufaras (gar 5 ar 10 i yettwanɣan seg waṭṭan-agi). Iwakken ad yefru tazɣent-a n tadrimt war ma yerna tiwsiwin ɣef uɣref, Mark Urel yexdem tigawt iweɛṛen: yesseqdec agerruj n tmenkda yerna yezzenz-iten deg ulzuzen (leswaq) n Ṛuma akk ayla d tɣawsiwin tunṣiben n tmenkda, tisenslin n wareɣ(dheb), d yisebdaden n wareɣ d lfeṭṭa n tgemmi taṛumanit. S waya, yessaweḍ ad d-yerr tadrimt i tenbaḍt d usiref n yigellilen war ma i nnal tadamsa n uɣerman. == Imgura d tilisa n tmenkda == Tallit n Mark Urel ur telli ara d tallit n talwit kan. Deg usammer, yella umgaru mgal Iparṭiyen. Deg ugafa, llan imenɣiyen mgal Iǧermaniyen, Imarkumanen, akked Ikwaḍiyen, ɣer yiri n wasif n Danub. Mark Urel yedda s timmad-is ɣer yiri n tilisa, yesselḥa iserdasen, u yeḥrez imukan yellan ɣer yiri n tlisa. Imgura-agi ssaɣlayen aṭas n yemdanen, ssalayen tiwsi, ssnernayen aɣilif n tmetti. Maca Mark Urel yella yettnadi ad yesbedd talwit, ad yeḥrez tilisa, u ad yeḥrez tamenkda seg inṭagen n yimenzaɣen. Deg tmuɣli n tsertit, yella yefhem belli Tamenkda Taṛumant teḥwaǧ aserdas iǧehden, maca daɣen tadbelt ifazen. Deg useggas n 175 S.Ɛ., tella-d yiwet n tnekra taxatart deg ugmuḍ, mi d-yefleɣ uselway n yiserdasen n dina Avidiyus Kasyus (Avidius Cassius) i yebɣan ad yeṭṭefɣ adabu acku tewweḍ-d talɣut dakken Mark Urel yemmut. Ɣas akken tanbaḍt n Mark Urel tella d tin iǧehden, tanekra-a ur d-tegli ara s umgaru aɣarim n daxel deg uɣlan. Mi yemmut Kasyus s ɣur iserdasen-is, Mark Urel ur yeddim ara ttar. S tmust-is tastuysit d usuref, yegdel akk aḥbas neɣ anɣa n wid ittekkin deg tnekra-nni, yerna yesserɣ akk tibratin d isemlan n Kasyus war ma yeɣra-ten, akken ur d-yettili ara awehhi neɣ ttar mgal yisennaturen d yinelmaden-is deg Ṛuma. pyhsjhgsgt6ap1lckjw9ykdkgwbzcnj 0 25529 117025 117018 2026-08-09T22:26:30Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]] '''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfar) n tefsert n wemdan i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti. == I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach == === 1.1. Talalit d twacult === Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass. === 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen === Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen. === 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi === Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''. == II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel == === 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan === Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « Tidmi » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ». === 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) === Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan: « Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. » Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem. === 2.3. Abddel n uselmed === Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit: Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein). Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan. Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. » == III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » == === 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » === Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan. Feuerbach yenna: « Yakuc d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ». Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma "Tumast n Tmasiḥit", i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is. === 3.2. Asenfar n tumast n wemdan === Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan: '''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefrenr-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart. '''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast. '''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan. '''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan. Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. » === 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa === Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? === Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is. == IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant == === 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach === Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach: '''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as. '''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz. '''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg takufḍa === Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfar n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is. « Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. » fj8ks2d5nmyrrzdj3vexoxfzsenzhv4 117026 117025 2026-08-09T22:27:29Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]] '''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfar) n tefsert n wemdan i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti. == I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach == === 1.1. Talalit d twacult === Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass. === 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen === Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen. === 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi === Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''. == II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel == === 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan === Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « Tidmi » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ». === 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) === Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan: « Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. » Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem. === 2.3. Abddel n uselmed === Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit: Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein). Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan. Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. » == III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » == === 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » === Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan. Feuerbach yenna: « Yakuc d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ». Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma "Tumast n Tmasiḥit", i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is. === 3.2. Asenfar n tumast n wemdan === Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan: '''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefrenr-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart. '''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast. '''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan. '''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan. Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. » === 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa === Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? === Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is. == IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant == === 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach === Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach: '''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as. '''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz. '''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa === Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfar n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is. « Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. » gvg798pgpmfp80qm8qjnr6hvnk4a4y2 117029 117026 2026-08-10T09:44:07Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117029 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]] '''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfar) n tefsert n wemdan i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti. == I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach == === 1.1. Talalit d twacult === Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass. === 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen === Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen. === 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi === Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''. == II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel == === 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan === Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « Tidmi » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ». === 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) === Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan: « Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. » Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem. === 2.3. Abddel n uselmed === Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit: Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein). Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan. Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. » == III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » == === 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » === Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan. Feuerbach yenna: « Yakuc d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ». Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma "Tumast n Tmasiḥit", i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is. === 3.2. Asenfar n tumast n wemdan === Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan: '''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefrenr-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart. '''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast. '''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan. '''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan. Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. » === 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa === Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? === Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is. == IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant == === 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach === Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach: '''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as. '''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz. '''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa === Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfar n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is. « Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. » === 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marx === Marx yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. == V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan == === 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » === Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen. === 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti === Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna: « Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. » Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet. === 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » === Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna: « Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. » 8w8iuusvisi7iupxvd0bsi19mt20352