Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 39 117042 116871 2026-08-11T12:37:11Z Asefru 17003 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 117042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Kabylie.svg | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. |tamurt=Lezzayer}} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet|Vgayet]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>, [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ|Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]], [[Mila]], d [[Skikda]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, [[At Wasif]]) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, [[At Bu Yusef]], At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad [[Salem Chaker]] yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:&{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] f69oqsgq06d2zsmb99qgwsgeofcfs5p 0 600 117039 109867 2026-08-11T12:02:56Z Rindo HaItani 16708 J'ai utilisé des mots plus téchniques et plus précis en se basant sur la version française 117039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Death Note'' (デスノート, ''Desu Nōto'', s unamek n wawal ''« Tazmamt n Tmettant »'') d manga i yura Tsugumi Ōba, i d-yesuneɣ Takeshi Obata. Yeffeɣ-d di tazwara s wudem n prépublication deg tesɣunt ''Weekly Shōnen Jump'', seg duǧember 2003 ar mayyu 2006. Syin akkin, yeffeɣ-d deg 12 n yidlisen n tankōbon, seg mayyu 2004 ar tuber 2006, sɣur Shūeisha. Tella-d yiwet n adaptation en anime s 37 n yiḥricen (épisodes), i d-yexdem Tetsurō Araki deg studio Madhouse. Anime-agi yettwaɛeṛṛeḍ (diffusé) seg 3 tuber 2006 ar 26 yunyu 2007 ɣef Nippon Television deg Ujapun. Deg Fransa, anime-agi yebda yettwaɛeṛṛeḍ seg 2 furar 2008 ɣef MCM, syin seg duǧember 2008 ɣef Virgin 17, yerna seg yennayer 2022 ɣef Game One. ''Death Note'' yettwasuqel daɣen ɣer kraḍ n yisura live-action (films live), i d-yeffɣen deg Ujapun gar 2006 d 2008. Syin, ffɣen-d srid ɣef DVD deg Fransa sɣur Kazé. Tella-d daɣen yiwet n adaptation en drama, i yettwaɛeṛṛeḍen deg 2015 ɣef Nippon TV deg Ujapun, yerna s simulcast (diffusion simultanée) ɣef Crunchyroll deg tmura ideg ttmeslayen tafransist. Syin akkin, ''Death Note'' yuɣal-d deg film s yisem-agi yakan, i d-yeffɣen ɣef Netflix deg 2017. Deg yebrir 2015, amḍan n yidlisen n ''Death Note'' i d-yettwasuffɣen (tirage) yewweḍ ɣer ugar n 30 n yimelyan n yimedyaten (exemplaires) i yellan deg uzuzer (en circulation), ula d ileqman umḍinen (versions numériques). Aya yessers ''Death Note'' gar tiseriyin n manga i yettwazenzen s waṭas akk seg zik ar ass-a (séries de mangas les plus vendues de tous les temps). == Agzul == '''Light Yagami''' (夜神 月, ''Yagami Raito'') : d '''agejdan n tmacahutt (protagoniste)'''. Light d anelmad n '''tsennawit''' n '''17 n yiseggasen''', yeḥrec nezzeh ('''surdoué'''). Ɣur-s, amaḍal n tura yerka(pourri), d ameggafsu (corrompu), yerna yefsad ('''perverti'''). Mi d-yufa s '''ufares (hasard)''' '''''Death Note''''' i yeǧǧa yiwen n '''illu n tmettant''', '''Ryuk''', yeɣtes ad t-iseqdec iwakken ad '''yessenger (exterminer)''' akk anɣayen (crimes), ddaw n yisem '''Kira'''. Isem-agi d awal ajapuni i d-yekkan seg wawal n teglizit '''''killer''''', i yesɛan anamek n '''« anɣay » (tueur)'''. Iswi n '''Light''' d asnulfu n '''umaḍal utopique''', anda ara yekkes akk '''tinneɣyin (criminalités)''', iwakken ad yili netta d '''illu''' ara iḥekmen fell-as. Maca, simmal tetteddu tmacahutt ɣer zdat, simmal '''addad''' '''n tdawsa n wallaɣ-is (santé mentale)''' akked '''temdanit-is (humanité)''' xettrent cwiṭ cwiṭ. Deg tazwara, Light ur yumin ara s waya (sceptique). Maca, yefren ad yeɛreḍ tazmamt-nni (tester) iwakken ad iwali ma d tidet ayen i d-teqqar. Imir-nni, yufa belli tazmert (pouvoir) n ''Death Note'' d tidet.Syin, yemlal d umli-is aqbur (ancien propriétaire) n ''Death Note'', yiwen n illu n tmettant (dieu de la mort) iwumi qqaren Ryûk. Ryûk yenna-as belli yeǧǧa tazmamt-is ad teɣli s lebɣi-is, iwakken kan ad yesselhu iman-is (se divertir). Light yeɣtes ad iseqdec ''Death Note'' iwakken ad yessenger inɣiyen (criminels), s yiswi n lebni n umaḍal igerrzen anda netta ara yili d illu-ines. Tuget n tmettantin ur nettwafham ara (morts inexpliquées) n yimdanen icekkamen deg tuccḍiwin (criminels) deg umaḍal merra teǧǧa Interpol akked L amaḍlan uffir ad rren lwelha-nsen ɣer wayen iḍerrun. L d amestan (enquêteur ) yesɛan tizemmar meqqren aṭas, maca ulac win yessnen tamagit-is (identité). L yeɣtes ad yebdu tasestant (enquête) ɣef anɣay amazrar (tueur en série), i wumi semman yimdanen « Kira » (キラ). Isem Kira yekka-d seg usesru ajapuni (prononciation japonaise) n wawal n teglizit « killer », i yesɛan anamek n « anɣay » (tueur). == Iwudam == Light Yagami (夜神月, Yagami Raito?) Awadem agejdan n tmacahut, Light d anelmad n tesnawit yesɛan tiḥḥerci yufraren yerna yettwali belli amaḍal n wass-a d win yumsen. Mi ara yaf Death Note ay d-yeǧǧa yiwen n yillu n tmettant (Ryuk), yeqsed ad tt-yesseqdec i lmend n ussehres n wakk imdanen n tmenɣiwt, s yisem n Kira (awal ajapuni ay d-yekkan seg killer, "killer" s teglizit). Iswi-ines d asnulfu n umaḍal utopik ur nesɛi ara ccwal, anda ara yezmer ad yenbaḍ (yeḥkem) am yillu. Tazmzert n wallaɣ-is d tmeddurt-is texsarent akken tettkemmil teqsiḍt. L (エル, Iru?) Acengu agejdan n Light, L, yettwaḥseb d amesniles (detective) ay igerrzen akk deg umaḍal, ɣas akken ur yettwassen ara tmagit-nnes. Yettnadi ɣef temsalt n Kira. Yessawal i yiman-is Ryûzaki d Hideki Ryuga. Isem-nnes n tidet ur yettwassen ara deg 12 n yidlisen imezwura n manga-a, maca isem-nnes n tidet, L Lawliet (エル・ローライト, Eru Rōraito?), yettwabder-d deg yidlisen wis 13, Amek ara t-teɣreḍ. Misa Amane (弥海砂, Amane Misa?) Misa d taqcict tameẓyant iḥemmlen Kira d tigawin-is. D tamodelt (modèle) ay ḥemmlen aṭas medden, d Idol (アイドル, aidoru?), s style n isersan ay d-yeddsen (combine) "Gothic lolita" akked punk. Teɣli deg tayri n Light yerna ad as-texdem ayen akk yebɣa. Tesɛa daɣen Death Note yerna iillu-ines n lmut isem-is Rem. Nettat tettwaḥseb d Kira tis snat. Texdem abeddel n wallen akken ad tili d nnfeɛ i Kira, anamek-is tezmer ad twali isem n yal yiwen d wacḥal ara yidir. Ryuk (リューク, Ryuku?) Ryuk d illu n tmettant i d-yesfaydin s lqerb deg umaḍal n yilluyen n tmetant. Yesɛa sin n Death Note, yeǧǧa yiwet deg umaḍal n umdan akken ad yesselhu iman-is. Yetteḍfar Light deg yal adeg (imi d netta ay d bab amaynut n Death Note yerna yessefk ad t-id-yeḍfer Ryuk alamma yemmut Light) maca yeqqim d arawsan (neutre) deg ayen iḍeṛṛun deg tedyant. Soichiro Yagami (夜神 総一郎, Yagami Sōichirō?) Aɣella n temsulta d baba n Light, Sôichirô yesɛa taflest(confiance) tameqrant deg mmi-s d tayri ur nesɛi tilisa i yelli-s d tmeṭṭut-is. Yesɛa leqder ameqran di teɣdemt (justice) yerna ur yettkukru ara ad yemsisi (s'allier) akked L akken ad nnaɣen mgal Kira, i yettwali d aneḍlib (assassin) amihaw. Ula amkken yella deg sbiṭar acku yexdem aḥbas n wul, ur yeziti (hésiter) ara ad d-yawi akamyun akken ad yeḥbes aẓawan (diffusion) n tkasiḍin ay d-tessuffeɣ 2nd Kira (Misa). [[Taggayt:Taẓuri]] [[Taggayt:Animé]] ei5nf0mux3t0errpjjt6x6qd61yddtw 117040 117039 2026-08-11T12:03:20Z Rindo HaItani 16708 J'ai utilisé des mots plus téchniques et plus précis en se basant sur la version française 117040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Death Note'' (デスノート, ''Desu Nōto'', s unamek n wawal ''« Tazmamt n Tmettant »'') d manga i yura Tsugumi Ōba, i d-yesuneɣ Takeshi Obata. Yeffeɣ-d di tazwara s wudem n prépublication deg tesɣunt ''Weekly Shōnen Jump'', seg duǧember 2003 ar mayyu 2006. Syin akkin, yeffeɣ-d deg 12 n yidlisen n tankōbon, seg mayyu 2004 ar tuber 2006, sɣur Shūeisha. Tella-d yiwet n adaptation en anime s 37 n yiḥricen (épisodes), i d-yexdem Tetsurō Araki deg studio Madhouse. Anime-agi yettwaɛeṛṛeḍ (diffusé) seg 3 tuber 2006 ar 26 yunyu 2007 ɣef Nippon Television deg Ujapun. Deg Fransa, anime-agi yebda yettwaɛeṛṛeḍ seg 2 furar 2008 ɣef MCM, syin seg duǧember 2008 ɣef Virgin 17, yerna seg yennayer 2022 ɣef Game One. ''Death Note'' yettwasuqel daɣen ɣer kraḍ n yisura live-action (films live), i d-yeffɣen deg Ujapun gar 2006 d 2008. Syin, ffɣen-d srid ɣef DVD deg Fransa sɣur Kazé. Tella-d daɣen yiwet n adaptation en drama, i yettwaɛeṛṛeḍen deg 2015 ɣef Nippon TV deg Ujapun, yerna s simulcast (diffusion simultanée) ɣef Crunchyroll deg tmura ideg ttmeslayen tafransist. Syin akkin, ''Death Note'' yuɣal-d deg film s yisem-agi yakan, i d-yeffɣen ɣef Netflix deg 2017. Deg yebrir 2015, amḍan n yidlisen n ''Death Note'' i d-yettwasuffɣen (tirage) yewweḍ ɣer ugar n 30 n yimelyan n yimedyaten (exemplaires) i yellan deg uzuzer (en circulation), ula d ileqman umḍinen (versions numériques). Aya yessers ''Death Note'' gar tiseriyin n manga i yettwazenzen s waṭas akk seg zik ar ass-a (séries de mangas les plus vendues de tous les temps). == Agzul == Light Yagami (夜神 月, ''Yagami Raito'') : d agejdan n tmacahutt (protagoniste). Light d anelmad n tsennawit n 17 n yiseggasen, yeḥrec nezzeh (surdoué). Ɣur-s, amaḍal n tura yerka(pourri), d ameggafsu (corrompu), yerna yefsad (perverti). Mi d-yufa s ufares (hasard) ''Death Note'' i yeǧǧa yiwen n illu n tmettant, Ryuk, yeɣtes ad t-iseqdec iwakken ad yessenger (exterminer) akk anɣayen (crimes), ddaw n yisem Kira. Isem-agi d awal ajapuni i d-yekkan seg wawal n teglizit ''killer'', i yesɛan anamek n « anɣay » (tueur). Iswi n Light d asnulfu n umaḍal utopique, anda ara yekkes akk tinneɣyin (criminalités), iwakken ad yili netta d illu ara iḥekmen fell-as. Maca, simmal tetteddu tmacahutt ɣer zdat, simmal addad n tdawsa n wallaɣ-is (santé mentale) akked temdanit-is (humanité) xettrent cwiṭ cwiṭ. Deg tazwara, Light ur yumin ara s waya (sceptique). Maca, yefren ad yeɛreḍ tazmamt-nni (tester) iwakken ad iwali ma d tidet ayen i d-teqqar. Imir-nni, yufa belli tazmert (pouvoir) n ''Death Note'' d tidet.Syin, yemlal d umli-is aqbur (ancien propriétaire) n ''Death Note'', yiwen n illu n tmettant (dieu de la mort) iwumi qqaren Ryûk. Ryûk yenna-as belli yeǧǧa tazmamt-is ad teɣli s lebɣi-is, iwakken kan ad yesselhu iman-is (se divertir). Light yeɣtes ad iseqdec ''Death Note'' iwakken ad yessenger inɣiyen (criminels), s yiswi n lebni n umaḍal igerrzen anda netta ara yili d illu-ines. Tuget n tmettantin ur nettwafham ara (morts inexpliquées) n yimdanen icekkamen deg tuccḍiwin (criminels) deg umaḍal merra teǧǧa Interpol akked L amaḍlan uffir ad rren lwelha-nsen ɣer wayen iḍerrun. L d amestan (enquêteur ) yesɛan tizemmar meqqren aṭas, maca ulac win yessnen tamagit-is (identité). L yeɣtes ad yebdu tasestant (enquête) ɣef anɣay amazrar (tueur en série), i wumi semman yimdanen « Kira » (キラ). Isem Kira yekka-d seg usesru ajapuni (prononciation japonaise) n wawal n teglizit « killer », i yesɛan anamek n « anɣay » (tueur). == Iwudam == Light Yagami (夜神月, Yagami Raito?) Awadem agejdan n tmacahut, Light d anelmad n tesnawit yesɛan tiḥḥerci yufraren yerna yettwali belli amaḍal n wass-a d win yumsen. Mi ara yaf Death Note ay d-yeǧǧa yiwen n yillu n tmettant (Ryuk), yeqsed ad tt-yesseqdec i lmend n ussehres n wakk imdanen n tmenɣiwt, s yisem n Kira (awal ajapuni ay d-yekkan seg killer, "killer" s teglizit). Iswi-ines d asnulfu n umaḍal utopik ur nesɛi ara ccwal, anda ara yezmer ad yenbaḍ (yeḥkem) am yillu. Tazmzert n wallaɣ-is d tmeddurt-is texsarent akken tettkemmil teqsiḍt. L (エル, Iru?) Acengu agejdan n Light, L, yettwaḥseb d amesniles (detective) ay igerrzen akk deg umaḍal, ɣas akken ur yettwassen ara tmagit-nnes. Yettnadi ɣef temsalt n Kira. Yessawal i yiman-is Ryûzaki d Hideki Ryuga. Isem-nnes n tidet ur yettwassen ara deg 12 n yidlisen imezwura n manga-a, maca isem-nnes n tidet, L Lawliet (エル・ローライト, Eru Rōraito?), yettwabder-d deg yidlisen wis 13, Amek ara t-teɣreḍ. Misa Amane (弥海砂, Amane Misa?) Misa d taqcict tameẓyant iḥemmlen Kira d tigawin-is. D tamodelt (modèle) ay ḥemmlen aṭas medden, d Idol (アイドル, aidoru?), s style n isersan ay d-yeddsen (combine) "Gothic lolita" akked punk. Teɣli deg tayri n Light yerna ad as-texdem ayen akk yebɣa. Tesɛa daɣen Death Note yerna iillu-ines n lmut isem-is Rem. Nettat tettwaḥseb d Kira tis snat. Texdem abeddel n wallen akken ad tili d nnfeɛ i Kira, anamek-is tezmer ad twali isem n yal yiwen d wacḥal ara yidir. Ryuk (リューク, Ryuku?) Ryuk d illu n tmettant i d-yesfaydin s lqerb deg umaḍal n yilluyen n tmetant. Yesɛa sin n Death Note, yeǧǧa yiwet deg umaḍal n umdan akken ad yesselhu iman-is. Yetteḍfar Light deg yal adeg (imi d netta ay d bab amaynut n Death Note yerna yessefk ad t-id-yeḍfer Ryuk alamma yemmut Light) maca yeqqim d arawsan (neutre) deg ayen iḍeṛṛun deg tedyant. Soichiro Yagami (夜神 総一郎, Yagami Sōichirō?) Aɣella n temsulta d baba n Light, Sôichirô yesɛa taflest(confiance) tameqrant deg mmi-s d tayri ur nesɛi tilisa i yelli-s d tmeṭṭut-is. Yesɛa leqder ameqran di teɣdemt (justice) yerna ur yettkukru ara ad yemsisi (s'allier) akked L akken ad nnaɣen mgal Kira, i yettwali d aneḍlib (assassin) amihaw. Ula amkken yella deg sbiṭar acku yexdem aḥbas n wul, ur yeziti (hésiter) ara ad d-yawi akamyun akken ad yeḥbes aẓawan (diffusion) n tkasiḍin ay d-tessuffeɣ 2nd Kira (Misa). [[Taggayt:Taẓuri]] [[Taggayt:Animé]] clis0zxrzmlc3a3aqfg11cjdnlts7b7 0 25495 117041 116715 2026-08-11T12:29:54Z Asefru 17003 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 117041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Cyprian von Karthago2.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s wudem usuneɣ n Kupriyan.]] '''Kupriyan'''<ref>Sqedceɣ "k" deg wemkan n "C" deg yisem-agi n "Cyprian" s lmend akken i t-id-qqaren s tlatinit n zik.</ref> (neɣ Kupriyanus) d yiwen seg yimasnakucen imeqqranen n tmasiḥit n zik deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa]]. Ilul-d gar yiseggasen n 200 d 210 S.Ɛ. deg tama n [[Qerṭaj|Kartaj]], yemmut d amaɣras deg useggas n 258. D win yefkan azal ameqqran i umezruy n tsekla d tesnakuca tamasihit n tallit tarumanit, yerna yeǧǧa-d aṭas n yiḍrisen d tebratin i d-isbeggnen amek tella tmetti d wesɣan deg lqern wis kraḍ. == Tudert-is == * '''Talalit d Usinen:''' Kupriyan ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult tamerkantit, d tagetyakuct (païenne). Deg temẓi-s, yeɣra tasnukyest d uzref, yella d amennay yettwassnen aṭas deg Kartaj. Uqbel ad yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit, yella yettziyar ifakanen n Rruman, yettidir tudert n yimarkantiyen. Talalit-is teḍra-d deg temnaḍt n Kartaj, i yellan d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin yerna d tigensasin n Umenkad Aruman deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tawacult-is, imi tesɛa ccan d yisem ameqqran deg tmetti tarumanit, tefka-as tagnit iwatan akken ad yidir tudert n rreḥba d tbaɣur, yerna tewwi-t ɣer wiberdan n tussna d tɣuri lqayen. Deg temẓi-s, Kupriyan(neɣ Cyprian s tfranṣist) yesɛedda asinen-is deg yiɣerbazen ifazen akk n tallit-nni. Yefka lwelha-s s umata ɣer tesnukyest akked uzref, sin n yiḥricen i d-yettaken amkan ɛlayen i wemdan deg tsertit d tmetti. S [[Talatint|tlatinit]], i yellan d tutlayt idelsan d tutlayt n udabu n Kartaj deg lqern wis kraḍ, yelmed amek ara iseddu awal, amek ara yessewjed inawen yelhan, d wamek ara issekcem iman-is deg tlufa n teɣdemt. S usinen-a lqayen, yuɣal d amestan (abugaṭu) d umennay ameqqran i yettqadaren aṭas yemdanen. Yella yettekkay s wudem uzzig deg yisaragen d tzeɣwa n usenqed, yettḥadar ɣef yizerfan n yimarkantiyen d wid yesɛan adabu. Tussna-s deg wawal tessaweḍ-it ad yesɛu amkan d ameqqran gar yimawlan n tsertit n Kartaj, yerna isem-is yeffeɣ-d deg yal amkan n temdint. Send(Uqbel) anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi, Kupriyan yella yettidir akken tebɣa tmetti-s tagetyakuct. Yella yettekkay deg tfaskiwin d wansayen n Rruman, yettzuru ifakanen akken ad issefel i yikucen-nsen. Tudert-is tella tbedd ɣef zzhu, ayla d wazal amettan, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yidir i kra n yiseggasen d amdan yesɛan akk tiɣbula n ddunit, mebla ma yesḥassef ɣef wayen i t-irajan deg yimal s tmasiḥit i ibeddlen udem n tudert-is s lekmal. * '''Anekcum ɣer Tmasiḥit:''' Deg useggas n 246, yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit s ufus n yiwen uqessis isem-is ''Caecilianus''. Ibeddel tudert-is s lekmal: yefka ayla-s d tbaɣurin-is i yigellilen, yuɣal yettidir s teqneɛt d tẓallit. Tudert n Kupriyan tebded deg tazwara ɣef zzhu, ayla d ccan, maca deg daxel-is yella iḥuss s kra n lexṣaṣ d uɣurru n ddunit tarumanit i yettidiren deg-s. Ɣas akken yesɛa idrimen d wemkan ɛlayen deg tmetti n Kartaj, ur yufi ara talwit n wul, yerna iwala amek iruḥ wazal n tɣellist d tezdeg deg tsertit d wansayen n Rruman. D tagnit-a n ccekk d usteqsi i t-yeǧǧan ad yemlil d yiwen n uqessis amasiḥi awessar isem-is Caecilianus. Amdan-a yesɛa-d tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tiktiwin n Kupriyan, yessaweḍ ad as-yegzem ccekk, ad t-issekcem ɣer ubrid n liman amaynut. Deg useggas n 246 S.Ɛ., Cyprian yewwi-d taɣtest ara ibeddlen amecwar n tudert-is s lekmal: yeǧǧa asɣan-is agetyakuc (païen) yerna yekcem ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi. Anekcum-is ɣer tmasiḥit ur yelli ara kan d awal yettwanṭeqen, maca d tigawt lqayen i yeswehmen akk imdanen i t-yessnen deg Kartaj. Akken kan yeqbel asirred (aɣḍas deg waman), Kupriyan yexdem ayen ur yebni yiwen fell-as: yezzenz ayla-s meṛṛa, tiferkiwin-is d tbaɣurin-is, yerna yefka idrimen-nni i yigellilen d wid yeḥwaǧen. Ayagi yessenɛet-d liman-is ameqqran d teqneɛt-is, imi yefren ad yidir ddaw n yisuraf n cceḥḥa d tẓallit, mebla zzhu d tmenɣiwt n zik. S leqder i uqessis-nni i t-iwellhen, yerna isem n "Caecilius" ɣer yisem-is anaṣli, yuɣal yettusemma s tlatinit ''Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus''. Seg tama n usinen d tektiwin, Kupriyan yezzi iman-is ɣef yidlisen d tsekla n yifakanen n Rruman i yella yeqqar d iseggasen, yuɣal yerra lwelha-s s lǧehd ɣer tɣuri n Yedlisen Iqedsen d tkatayin n tmasiḥit n tallit-nni. Yeqqel d anelmad wuzzig n Tertullien (Tertullianus), yiwen seg yimasnakucen (théologiens) imezwura n Tefriqt n Ugafa, i wumi yella yeqqar s leqder "Aselmad". Uɣal-a ɣer tɣuri d ubeddel n tikli-s rran-t d amdan yeṣfan, i yettwaqadren aṭas gar yimasiḥiyen n temnaḍt, ayen i as-yelldin abrid akken ad t-fernen d amasay ameqqran n teklizt n Kartaj kra n yiseggasen kan seld anekcum-is. * '''Amasay n Teklizt:''' Kra n yiseggasen kan seld anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amaynut (deg 248), yettwafren d amasay ameqqran n teklizt n Kartaj s yisem n tegmat d yinaflasen. Kra n wakud kan seld anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amaynut, Kupriyan yufa iman-is deg yiwen n wemkan ɛlayen aṭas ur yebni fell-as. Lǧehd n liman-is, tikli-s yeṣfan, d tmusni-s lqayen ssawḍen-t ad isebgen iman-is d amdan i d-yufraren gar yinaflasen. Deg useggas n 248 S.Ɛ., asmi yemmut umasay ameqqran n Kartaj, agdud amasiḥi akked tuget n yiqessisen franen Kupriyan akken ad yeṭṭef asɣim-nni. Ɣas akken ayagi yella d ayen issewhamen imi ur iɛeṭṭel ara deg tmasiḥit (d amaynut deg wesɣan), tayri n wegdud d tzemmar-is deg usegzi n wawal rran-t d amasay ameqqran n teklizt n Kartaj s wudem unsib. Maca, asali-ines ɣer wemkan-a ur yelli ara mebla uguren, imi yegla-d s wawal d nneqma. Yiwet n terbaɛt n yiqessisen iqdimen, i d-yewwin nnig n wul amek ara d-yufrar wemdan i d-ikecmen iḍelli kan ɣer wesɣan akken ad ten-iḥkem, bdan ttmagaren-t-id yerna ugin udabu-s. Ɣas akken yella uɣilif-a daxel n teklizt, Kupriyan yessebgen-d s tazzla lhiba-s d tsertit-is i yebnan ɣef tdukli. S tmusni n uzref i d-yewwi seg temẓi-s d tzemmar-is deg uheggi n yinawen, yessaweḍ ad iseddu lumuṛ n teklizt s tarrayt yelhan. Yefka azal ameqqran i tdukli gar yinaflasen, ḥader ɣef yilugan n tẓallit, yerna yessewseɛ tallalt i yigellilen d wid i d-tewwet lmeḥna, ayen i t-yessawḍen ad yuɣal d aqerru aḥeqqani i yettwaqadren deg Tefriqt n Ugafa meṛṛa. Deg useggas n 250 S.Ɛ., tiwawin rkant fell-as mi d-tekka yiwet n tiḥersi tameqqrant sɣur umenkad aṛumani ''Decius''. Aṭas n yimasiḥiyen i yettwanɣan neɣ i yettwaḥebbsen acku ugin ad sseflen i yikucen n Rruman. Deg tallit-a n ddiq, Kupriyan yewwi-d yiwet n taɣtest mgal-is amzun yessawlen i ccwal: yerwel seg Kartaj, yeffer iman-is akken ur t-tettaṭṭaf ara udabu arumani. Aṭas i t-ilumen ɣef waya, nnan-d iwacu yeffer d netta d amasay, maca netta yessegza-d d akken taɣtest-is d tin i d-yekkan seg yiwen uweḥḥi (tamuɣli seg usugen). Yenna-d yexdem ayagi akken ad ikemmel ad iseddu teknisa s tebratin deg wakud n wuguren, acku lmut-is imiren tella ad tḥaz s teknisa. S tuffra-s, iqqim yettaru-d tibratin i yiqessisen d yinaflasen, yettwellih-iten amek ara ssuksen iman-nsen d wamek ara ṭṭfen deg liman-nsen ɣas akken tuɣ-iten teswiɛt qessiḥet. * '''Tiḥersi d Lmut-is:''' Deg tallit n umenkad arumani Decius (250), tebda-d tiḥersi tameqqrant mgal imasiḥiyen. Kupriyan yerwel seg temdint akken ad iḥader ɣef teklizt d yinaflasen-is s tuffra. Ayagi yegla-d s wugur ameqqran ɣef wid yeǧǧan asɣan-nsen akken ad sseflen i yikucen irumaniyen. Deg useggas n 258, ddaw lḥekma n umenkad Valerian, ḥekmen fell-as s lmut, nɣan-t s tkuba(agestur), yuɣal d amaɣras. Tallit taneggarut n tudert n Kupriyan n Kartaj teččur d lmeḥna d ujeṛṛeb n teflest(liman), imi temyagar d tiḥersi qessiḥet i d-isbedd umenkad aṛumani Valerian. Deg useggas n 257 S.Ɛ., amenkad-a yefka-d anaḍ amaynut i d-yessuturen deg yimasayen meṛṛa n teglizt tamesiḥit ad qadren ansayen n udabu aṛumani, ad ẓuren ifakanen n Rruman akken ad sseflen i yikucen-nsen. Kupriyan, imi d amasay ameqqran yerna s liman-is ur nettembibbi, yugi s wudem n teflest ad ixdem ayagi neɣ ad issefel i wayen iwala d isanamen. Ɣef ugin-is, aduba yessufeɣ-it seg temdint n Kartaj s lɣerba ɣer yiwet n temnaḍt isem-is Curubis (Qurba n tura, ɣer yiri n yilel). Ɣas akken yella d abeṛṛani deg wemkan-nni, ikemmel ad iḥader ɣef teɣri n teklizit-is; yeqqim yettaru-d tibratin i yinaflasen d wid yettwaḥebbsen, isseǧhad wulawen-nsen akken ad qablen taswiɛt s sṣbeṛ d tdukli. Maca, taswiɛt terwi ugar deg useggas n 258 S.Ɛ., asmi d-yefka Valerian anaḍ wis sin, i yellan yewɛeṛ ugar n umezwaru. Yenna-d d akken imasayen, iqessisen d yiqerrazen (diacres) i yugin ifakanen n Rruman tewwi-d ad ttwanɣen ɣef ddemma, am wakken i d-iḥettem ɣef yimasiḥiyen yesɛan ccan ad ttwekksen seg udabu yerna ad ttwakksent tbaɣurin-nsen. Kupriyan rran-t-id s lḥif ɣer Kartaj akken ad isɛeddi asenqed neɣ azmeẓ sdat n umasay ameqqran (proconsul) Galerius Maximus. Azmeẓ-a amezrayan yeqqim-d deg ccfawat n umezruy: lḥakem isuter-as s nneqma ad ixdem ansayen n teglest tarumanit neɣ ad iqbel lmut, Kupriyan yerra-as-d s tewzel d lḥeqq: "Ur xeddmeɣ ara." S wawal-a, ladabu yefka taɣtest n lmut mgal-is s usawen n tkuba (agestur). Iṭij n teqneɛt yeflali-d deg wudem n Kupriyan i d-yerren kan s yiwet n tefyirt: "Ad yettubarek Yakuc" (Deo gratias). Ass n 14 deg ctember 258, wwin Kupriyan ɣer wemkan n tmenɣiwt deg yiwet n tẓegwa n Kartaj. Agdud ameqqran n yimasiḥiyen d yinaflasen-is nnejmaɛen-d akken ad walin amasay-nsen i tikkelt taneggarut yerna ad t-qadren. S tegmat d iḥulfan lqayen, iweṣṣa akken ad fken 25 n twiztin n wureɣ(ddheb) i win ara s-igezmen aqerru, d aselmed aneggaru n wul yessnen tajmilt ɣas i weɛdaw-is. Zdat n tkuba, inaflasen-is sersen-d isebniyen d lkettan ɣer lqaɛa akken ad d-jemɛen idammen-is d asfel iqedsen i umezruy. S wegzam n uqerruy-is, Kupriyan yuɣal d amaɣras ameqqran amezwaru deg tekliza n Tefriqt n Ugafa, yerna teqqim-d tmeddurt-is, s uḥader-is ɣef tdukli n wesɣan d tebɣest-is sdat n lmut, d tafat d tneɣruft i tsutwin i d-itebɛen. == Tiktiwin-is d Tesnakuca (Tussna deg uḥric n usɣan) == Tiktiwin n Kupriyan rẓant aṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy n wesɣan, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan asuddes n teklizt d wassaɣen gar yinaflasen: * '''Tadukli n Teknisa:''' Tikti-s tagejdant tella ɣef tdukli n wesɣan. Iwala d akken taknisa tewwi-d ad tili d yiwet, ur tebḍi ara. Yenna-d awal-is yettwassnen aṭas deg umezruy: ''"Ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu Yakuc d ababat, win ur nesɛi ara taknisa d tayemmat."'' * '''Ugur n wid yeɣlin (Lapsi):''' Deg tallit n tiḥersi, aṭas n yimasiḥiyen i yexdmen asfel deg yifakanen n Rruman akken ad menɛen ɣef tudert-nsen. Mi tɛedda ccda, bɣan ad d-uɣalen ɣer teklizt. Cyprian yufa-d yiwen wugur ameqqran: amek ara teg taknisa yid-sen? Yessebded-d tarrayt talemmast: wid yeɣlin deg ubekkaḍ tewwi-d ad stutben (ad ndmen), ad sɛeddin akud n tatubt uqbel ad d-uɣalen ɣer tdukli tamesɣant, war amdel fell-asen tiwwura s lekmal. * '''Aɣrudan mgal Tilelli Taglizant:''' Kupriyan yella yettḥadar ɣef tilelli n yimasayen n teklizt deg temnaḍin-nsen. Yella mgal usnas n udabu aɣrudan n Ruma ɣef tekliziwin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, ladɣa deg temsalt n ucehhed d wusirred n wid d-yekkan seg tɣerfiwin(sectes) tyettwaɛzlen. Iwala d akken imasayen n teklizt sɛan tagada gar-asen. * '''Asfel n Tẓallit:''' Iwala d akken taẓallit n temlilit (Eucharistie) d amedya n usfel n Ɛisa, d aḥric agejdan deg tezmart taruḥanit n yinaflasen. == Leqdec-is d Yidlisen-is == Cyprian yura aṭas n yiḍrisen s tlatinit, d tutlayt idelsan n tallit-nni deg Kartaj. Leqdec-is yebna ɣef uḥader n wesɣan d uwellih n yinaflasen: * '''De unitate ecclesiae (Ɣef tdukli n teklizt):''' D aḍris-is axatar akk. Deg-s i d-yessegza amek ara d-tili tdukli gar yimasnakucen d yimasiḥiyen, d wamek ara ḥadren ɣef tdukli n wesɣan mgal beṭṭu. * '''De lapsis (Ɣef wid yeɣlin):''' D aḍris anda i d-yefka tifrat i wugur n wid yeffɣen i wesɣan deg tallit n tiḥersi, d wamek ara d-uɣalen s tgerẓawt (repentir). * '''De dominica oratione (Ɣef tẓallit n Massi-nneɣ):''' D aḍris i d-yessegzayen azal n tẓallit n "Babat-nneɣ" d wamek i d-tettak tazmert i wanaflas deg talliyin n lmeḥna. * '''Tibratin (Épîtres):''' Yeǧǧa-d ammud n wugar n 80 n tebratin. Tibratin-a d agerruj i wid yettnadin ɣef umezruy n tsekla d tmetti n Tefriqt n Ugafa n lqern wis 3, imi skanayent-d s telqayt amek llan ttidiren, amek ttemsefhamen, d wuguren i d-ttmagaren. d4he9corscu0spfdkndi8p31tj31kfd 0 25529 117043 117038 2026-08-11T22:36:47Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]] '''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfar) n tefsert n wemdan i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti. == I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach == === 1.1. Talalit d twacult === Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass. === 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen === Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen. === 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi === Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''. == II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel == === 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan === Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « iziɣer » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ». === 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) === Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan: « Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli iziɣer neɣ tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. » Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem. === 2.3. Abddel n uselmed === Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit: Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein). Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan. Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. » == III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » == === 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » === Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan. Feuerbach yenna: « Yakuc d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ». Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma "Tumast n Tmasiḥit", i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is. === 3.2. Asenfar n tumast n wemdan === Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan: '''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefrenr-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart. '''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast. '''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan. '''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan. Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. » === 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa === Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? === Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is. == IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant == === 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach === Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach: '''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as. '''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz. '''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa === Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfar n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is. « Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. » === 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marks === [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. == V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan == === 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » === Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen. === 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti === Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna: « Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. » Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet. === 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » === Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna: « Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. ». == VI. Tenga d Yiḥulfan: Tefelsafit n Tilawt == === 6.1. Tanga d tumast === Feuerbach yenna belli tanga d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Ur telli ara « Tidmi » ur nesɛi tenga, ur telli ara tumast ur nesɛi udem. Tenga ur telli ara d ayen n dir, d ayen ur nesɛi anamek — d ayen yettɛicin, i d-yettaken tudert, d ayen i nessawal s yiḥulfan-nneɣ. « Tanga ur telli ara d ayen n dir. D ayen i d-yettaken tumast i yal ayen. Mebla tanga, ur telli ara tidmi, ur telli ara tikti, ur telli ara tmeddurt. ». Uqbel ad d-isbedd tafelsafit-is timziregt, Feuerbach yella d anelmad n Hegel, yettiki deg tarbaɛt n yimhegaliyen iẓelmaḍen (hégéliens de gauche). Maca, s tmuɣli-s tamaynut, yeffeɣ i webrid n tiktiwt i yebnan ɣef tikti n "Iziɣer amagdaz" i d-ixelqen tilawt d umaḍal angawan. Feuerbach yeqleb tamuɣli-ya s lǧedra-s; ɣur-s, tilawt tangawant d ugama d nutenti i d aẓar n kullec, ma d tiktiwin, timuɣliwin, d yisɣanen d ayen i d-yekkan seg umdan yettidiren deg tilawt-a. Ihi, tangeẓṛi n Feuerbach tebna ɣef wayen yettwaḥulfan s wallalen n tnefsit, ɣef tfekka d wemdan amuddir, win yettidiren deg tmetti d ugama. Ɣer uflusuf-a, amdan ur yelli ara kan d asugen neɣ d tikti tamadwant, maca d tafekka i yesɛan iḥulfan, tayri, d israyen yeqqnen ɣer tudert-a. === 6.2. Iḥulfan d abrid n tmusni === Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tefelsafit seg « tidmi iḥekkun ɣef yiman-is » ɣer « yiḥulfan i d-yettakan tilawt ». Yenna: « Iḥulfan ur ttekksen ara. D nitni i d-yettakan tilawt i wallaɣ. Mi ara waliɣ, mi ara sleɣ, mi ara ḥulfuɣ — din i yettili tilawt n tidet. » Aya d azɣan n « tefelsafit tamagdezt » i yettwalin tilawt s tikti kan. Feuerbach yebɣa tafelsafit i d-yebdan seg tfekka, seg yiḥulfan, seg tegnatin n wemdan. === 6.3. Agama d tumast === Feuerbach yettwali agama d ayen yezwaren i wemdan. Amdan yekka-d seg ugama, yettidir deg ugama, yettɛic s ugama. Agama ur yelli ara d « asenẓer n Tidmi », d ayen yellan s timmad-is, ur yeḥwaǧ ara ḥedd i t-id-ixellqen. == VII. Tafelsafit n Uzekka: Abrid n Feuerbach == === 7.1. Tafelsafit ilaq ad tili s wudem n talsawit === Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesbedd tafelsafit tamaynut: tafelsafit ur nettwali ara « Tidmi tamagdezt », maca tafelsafit i yettwalin amdan n tidet, s tfekka-s, s yiḥulfan-is, s tayri-s, s lmeḥna-s. Yura: « Tifelsafit n uzekka ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan, mačči seg tikta. Ilaq ad tessers amdan deg tlemmast, ad t-twali s yiḥulfan, s tayri, s temetti. » === 7.2. Asenfal n wesɣan s talsawit === Feuerbach ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes asɣan s ufus. Yebɣa ad yessker asenfal: ad nessker tifsar i yettɛebbid wemdan deg Yakuc (tayri, leḥnana, tazmert, tamusni) ad tent-nessers deg wemdan s timmad-is. Aya d asenfal seg « tasnakuct » ɣer « talsawit », seg « tefelsafit n yigenni » ɣer « tefelsafit n tmurt ». === 7.3. Tumast n tmusni tatrart === Tafelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmusni tatrart: '''Deg tesnilsit''': Tefham belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. '''Deg tefelsafit n tmetti''': Tesbedd amdan d tumastt, mačči udabu. '''Deg tedamsa''': Teldi abrid i uzɣan n tedrimt d uxeddim. '''Deg tussna n tnefsit''': Tesken belli asɣan d aḥulfu, d asirem, mačči d tidet n berra. == VIII. Asemdu ɣef Marks d Engels == === 8.1. Marks d Feuerbach === [[Karl Marks]] yebda s tfelsafit n Feuerbach. Deg 1843–1844, yura « Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel » d « agemmir ɣef Feuerbach » (Thesen über Feuerbach). [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti n tkufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣer tmetti d tedamsa: Feuerbach yenna: Takufḍa tella deg wesɣan. Marks yenna: Takufḍa tella deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan ixeddem-it syin ittuɣal d ayen yettḥekkimen fell-as. === 8.2. Azɣan n Marks ɣef Feuerbach === Deg ugemmir wis 11, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yura: « Imeflasufen ḥekkan-d kan ɣef ddunit s talɣa yemxalafen; ayen yesɛan azal d abeddel-is. » Marks yenna belli Feuerbach yeḥbes deg uselmed, ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer ubeddel n tmetti. Feuerbach yettwali amdan s tmuɣli tamagdezt, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti, n tedamsa, n udabu i yettbeddilen amdan. === 8.3. Engels d Feuerbach === Friedrich Engels yura deg « Ludwig Feuerbach d Tagara n Tefelsafit Talmanit Tamagdezt(taklasikit) » (1886) belli Feuerbach yeldi abrid, maca ur yekfi ara. Yenna: « Feuerbach yesseɣli tefelsafit seg yigenni ɣer tmurt. Maca yettḥebes din: yettwali amdan s tmuɣli, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti i yettbeddilen amdan. » 2jjge6hwvv5fr79cgb7mwwonqgt091w 117044 117043 2026-08-12T09:34:46Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]] '''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfar) n tefsert n wemdan i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti. == I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach == === 1.1. Talalit d twacult === Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass. === 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen === Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen. === 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi === Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''. == II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel == === 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan === Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « iziɣer » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ». === 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) === Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan: « Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli iziɣer neɣ tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. » Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem. === 2.3. Abddel n uselmed === Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit: Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein). Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan. Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. » == III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » == === 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » === Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan. Feuerbach yenna: « Yakuc d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ». Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma "Tumast n Tmasiḥit", i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is. === 3.2. Asenfar n tumast n wemdan === Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan: '''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefrenr-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart. '''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast. '''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan. '''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan. Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. » === 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa === Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? === Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is. == IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant == === 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach === Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach: '''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as. '''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz. '''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as. === 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa === Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfar n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is. « Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. » === 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marks === [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. == V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan == === 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » === Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen. === 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti === Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna: « Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. » Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet. === 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » === Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna: « Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. ». == VI. Tenga d Yiḥulfan: Tefelsafit n Tilawt == === 6.1. Tanga d tumast === Feuerbach yenna belli tanga d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Ur telli ara « Tidmi » ur nesɛi tenga, ur telli ara tumast ur nesɛi udem. Tenga ur telli ara d ayen n dir, d ayen ur nesɛi anamek — d ayen yettɛicin, i d-yettaken tudert, d ayen i nessawal s yiḥulfan-nneɣ. « Tanga ur telli ara d ayen n dir. D ayen i d-yettaken tumast i yal ayen. Mebla tanga, ur telli ara tidmi, ur telli ara tikti, ur telli ara tmeddurt. ». Uqbel ad d-isbedd tafelsafit-is timziregt, Feuerbach yella d anelmad n Hegel, yettiki deg tarbaɛt n yimhegaliyen iẓelmaḍen (hégéliens de gauche). Maca, s tmuɣli-s tamaynut, yeffeɣ i webrid n tiktiwt i yebnan ɣef tikti n "Iziɣer amagdaz" i d-ixelqen tilawt d umaḍal angawan. Feuerbach yeqleb tamuɣli-ya s lǧedra-s; ɣur-s, tilawt tangawant d ugama d nutenti i d aẓar n kullec, ma d tiktiwin, timuɣliwin, d yisɣanen d ayen i d-yekkan seg umdan yettidiren deg tilawt-a. Ihi, tangeẓṛi n Feuerbach tebna ɣef wayen yettwaḥulfan s wallalen n tnefsit, ɣef tfekka d wemdan amuddir, win yettidiren deg tmetti d ugama. Ɣer uflusuf-a, amdan ur yelli ara kan d asugen neɣ d tikti tamadwant, maca d tafekka i yesɛan iḥulfan, tayri, d israyen yeqqnen ɣer tudert-a. === 6.2. Iḥulfan d abrid n tmusni === Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tefelsafit seg « tidmi iḥekkun ɣef yiman-is » ɣer « yiḥulfan i d-yettakan tilawt ». Yenna: « Iḥulfan ur ttekksen ara. D nitni i d-yettakan tilawt i wallaɣ. Mi ara waliɣ, mi ara sleɣ, mi ara ḥulfuɣ — din i yettili tilawt n tidet. » Aya d azɣan n « tefelsafit tamagdezt » i yettwalin tilawt s tikti kan. Feuerbach yebɣa tafelsafit i d-yebdan seg tfekka, seg yiḥulfan, seg tegnatin n wemdan. === 6.3. Agama d tumast === Feuerbach yettwali agama d ayen yezwaren i wemdan. Amdan yekka-d seg ugama, yettidir deg ugama, yettɛic s ugama. Agama ur yelli ara d « asenẓer n Tidmi », d ayen yellan s timmad-is, ur yeḥwaǧ ara ḥedd i t-id-ixellqen. == VII. Tafelsafit n Uzekka: Abrid n Feuerbach == === 7.1. Tafelsafit ilaq ad tili s wudem n talsawit === Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesbedd tafelsafit tamaynut: tafelsafit ur nettwali ara « Tidmi tamagdezt », maca tafelsafit i yettwalin amdan n tidet, s tfekka-s, s yiḥulfan-is, s tayri-s, s lmeḥna-s. Yura: « Tifelsafit n uzekka ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan, mačči seg tikta. Ilaq ad tessers amdan deg tlemmast, ad t-twali s yiḥulfan, s tayri, s temetti. » === 7.2. Asenfal n wesɣan s talsawit === Feuerbach ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes asɣan s ufus. Yebɣa ad yessker asenfal: ad nessker tifsar i yettɛebbid wemdan deg Yakuc (tayri, leḥnana, tazmert, tamusni) ad tent-nessers deg wemdan s timmad-is. Aya d asenfal seg « tasnakuct » ɣer « talsawit », seg « tefelsafit n yigenni » ɣer « tefelsafit n tmurt ». === 7.3. Tumast n tmusni tatrart === Tafelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmusni tatrart: '''Deg tesnilsit''': Tefham belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. '''Deg tefelsafit n tmetti''': Tesbedd amdan d tumastt, mačči udabu. '''Deg tedamsa''': Teldi abrid i uzɣan n tedrimt d uxeddim. '''Deg tussna n tnefsit''': Tesken belli asɣan d aḥulfu, d asirem, mačči d tidet n berra. == VIII. Asemdu ɣef Marks d Engels == === 8.1. Marks d Feuerbach === [[Karl Marks]] yebda s tfelsafit n Feuerbach. Deg 1843–1844, yura « Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel » d « agemmir ɣef Feuerbach » (Thesen über Feuerbach). [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti n tkufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣer tmetti d tedamsa: Feuerbach yenna: Takufḍa tella deg wesɣan. Marks yenna: Takufḍa tella deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan ixeddem-it syin ittuɣal d ayen yettḥekkimen fell-as. === 8.2. Azɣan n Marks ɣef Feuerbach === Deg ugemmir wis 11, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yura: « Imeflasufen ḥekkan-d kan ɣef ddunit s talɣa yemxalafen; ayen yesɛan azal d abeddel-is. » Marks yenna belli Feuerbach yeḥbes deg uselmed, ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer ubeddel n tmetti. Feuerbach yettwali amdan s tmuɣli tamagdezt, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti, n tedamsa, n udabu i yettbeddilen amdan. === 8.3. Engels d Feuerbach === Friedrich Engels yura deg « Ludwig Feuerbach d Tagara n Tefelsafit Talmanit Tamagdezt(taklasikit) » (1886) belli Feuerbach yeldi abrid, maca ur yekfi ara. Yenna: « Feuerbach yesseɣli tefelsafit seg yigenni ɣer tmurt. Maca yettḥebes din: yettwali amdan s tmuɣli, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti i yettbeddilen amdan. ». == XIX. Asemdu n Tefelsafit n Feuerbach ɣer Tussna Tatrart == === 10.1. Deg tfelsafit n wesɣan === Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tfelsafit tatrart n wesɣan: [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], Freud, Sartre — akk-a ssnen belli Feuerbach d win i d-yennan belli asɣan d axeddim n wemdan. Freud yenna belli asɣan d « lmarur » (illusion), Nietzsche yenna belli « Yakuc yemmut », Sartre yenna belli amdan d ilelli, ur yesɛi ḥedd i s-d-yettaken anamek. === 10.2. Deg tassnalsa === Tefelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tassnalsa (anthropologie) tatrart. Yesbedd amdan d tumast n yal anadi, n yal tamusni. Aya d lsas n tassnalsa tatrart i yettwalin amdan s tmuɣli n tmetti, n yidles, n tutlayt. === 10.3. Deg tfelsafit n tmetti === Tikti n Feuerbach ɣef tayri, leḥnana, d temetti tebna lsas i tfelsafit n tmetti tatrart. Yenna belli tmetti ur tebni ara ɣef yilugan kan, tebni ɣef wassaɣ ger yemdanen, ɣef tayri, ɣef leḥnana. === 10.4. Deg tfelsafit n tutlayt === Feuerbach yenna belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. Tutlayt ur telli ara d ayen n berra, d ayen i d-yekkan seg wemdan, seg wassaɣ ger yemdanen. Aya yeldi abrid i tfelsafit n tutlayt tatrart. 9nydfj42k2z65pjzare54jaurucbhov