Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 252 117051 117050 2026-08-13T16:16:56Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language | name = C | logo = File:C1stEdition.svg | logo size = 140px | logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C. | logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''<ref name="k&r1e" /> (often referred to as "K&R"), the seminal book on C | paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]] | designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] | developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] & [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C) | latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]] | latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}} | typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]] | implementations = K&R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}} | dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]] | influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="Ring language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] | operating system = [[Cross-platform]] | year = 1972<ref name="dottcl_2" /> | turing-complete = Yes | influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="dottcl" /> [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]] | file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}} | wikibooks = C Programming }} '''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen. C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen. == Amezruy n C == Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen. Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella: '''fessuset i uselmed''', '''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r, '''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''', '''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''', '''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen. Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan: '''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru. '''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen. '''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist. '''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11. '''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin. === Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? === Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni. Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren: ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig. Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut. === Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) === Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B: yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...); yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka; yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar; yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B). Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut. == Tamselyut == * [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="k&r1e">{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} </ref> <ref name="dottcl_2">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."</ref> <ref name="dottcl">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."</ref> }} [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] kkk6mcxtkjxznjdgj9rukjpu60kztib 117053 117051 2026-08-13T22:51:27Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language | name = C | logo = File:C1stEdition.svg | logo size = 140px | logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C. | logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''<ref name="k&r1e" /> (often referred to as "K&R"), the seminal book on C | paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]] | designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] | developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] & [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C) | latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]] | latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}} | typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]] | implementations = K&R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}} | dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]] | influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="Ring language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] | operating system = [[Cross-platform]] | year = 1972<ref name="dottcl_2" /> | turing-complete = Yes | influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="dottcl" /> [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]] | file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}} | wikibooks = C Programming }} '''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen. C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen. == Amezruy n C == Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen. Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella: '''fessuset i uselmed''', '''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r, '''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''', '''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''', '''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen. Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan: '''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru. '''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen. '''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist. '''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11. '''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin. === Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? === Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni. Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren: ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig. Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut. === Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) === Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B: yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...); yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka; yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar; yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B). Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut. === Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant === Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku: send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ. s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan. C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut. Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix. === Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&R (1978) === Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs: imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: "The C Programming Language". Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata "K&R" (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d "alugen" amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem "K&R C". Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt). === Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) === Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib: ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem "C89" neɣ "ANSI C". Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem "C90". C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen: * tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions) * tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h * aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur) * aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed. == Tamselyut == * [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="k&r1e">{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} </ref> <ref name="dottcl_2">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."</ref> <ref name="dottcl">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."</ref> }} [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] p6xcmjf0lhmmbecao9inv77akwtfipv 117054 117053 2026-08-13T22:53:23Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language | name = C | logo = File:C1stEdition.svg | logo size = 140px | logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C. | logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''<ref name="k&r1e" /> (often referred to as "K&R"), the seminal book on C | paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]] | designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] | developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] & [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C) | latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]] | latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}} | typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]] | implementations = K&R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}} | dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]] | influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="Ring language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] | operating system = [[Cross-platform]] | year = 1972<ref name="dottcl_2" /> | turing-complete = Yes | influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="dottcl" /> [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]] | file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}} | wikibooks = C Programming }} '''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen. C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen. == Amezruy n C == Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen. Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella: '''fessuset i uselmed''', '''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r, '''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''', '''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''', '''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen. Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan: '''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru. '''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen. '''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist. '''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11. '''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin. === Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? === Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni. Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren: ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig. Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut. === Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) === Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B: yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B). Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut. === Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant === Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku: send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ. s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan. C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut. Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix. === Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&R (1978) === Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs: imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: "The C Programming Language". Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata "K&R" (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d "alugen" amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem "K&R C". Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt). === Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) === Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib: ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem "C89" neɣ "ANSI C". Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem "C90". C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen: * tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions) * tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h * aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur) * aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed. == Tamselyut == * [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="k&r1e">{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} </ref> <ref name="dottcl_2">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."</ref> <ref name="dottcl">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."</ref> }} [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] 6adr69gc0umfwpkn4cakt9rg788znuj 117058 117054 2026-08-14T09:41:51Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language | name = C | logo = File:C1stEdition.svg | logo size = 140px | logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C. | logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''<ref name="k&r1e" /> (often referred to as "K&R"), the seminal book on C | paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]] | designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] | developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] & [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C) | latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]] | latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}} | typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]] | implementations = K&R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}} | dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]] | influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="Ring language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] | operating system = [[Cross-platform]] | year = 1972<ref name="dottcl_2" /> | turing-complete = Yes | influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="dottcl" /> [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]] | file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}} | wikibooks = C Programming }} '''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen. C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen. == Amezruy n C == Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen. Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella: '''fessuset i uselmed''', '''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r, '''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''', '''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''', '''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen. Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan: '''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru. '''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen. '''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist. '''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11. '''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin. === Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? === Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni. Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren: ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig. Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut. === Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) === Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B: yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B). Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut. === Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant === Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku: send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ. s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan. C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut. Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix. === Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&R (1978) === Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs: imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: "The C Programming Language". Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata "K&R" (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d "alugen" amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem "K&R C". Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt). === Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) === Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib: ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem "C89" neɣ "ANSI C". Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem "C90". C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen: * tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions) * tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h * aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur) * aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed. === C99 (1999): anerni ameqqran === Sdeffir n mraw n yiseggasen, deg useggas n 1999, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:1999, i yettwassnen s yisem "C99". C99 yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin i yettɛawanen imessihlen: * iwenniten s // (am C++ d Java); * tawuriwin inline i tazzla tuzzalt; * isirawen(neɣ Tifelwiyin) n teɣzi yettbeddilen (tableaux à longueur variable, VLA); * tawsit _Bool (abulan) d stdbool.h; * tawsit long long i yemḍanen meqqren mliḥ; * stdint.h i tewsatin n tiddi yettwafren; * initialisation s yisem (designated initializers), am: struct point p = { .x = 1, .y = 2 }; * tanaṭ "for" s ubeddu amaynut: for (int i = 0; i < n; i++). C99 yettwaqbel s lemɣawla deg waṭas n yimsefsayen am GCC, maca kra n yimsefsayen nniḍen (am MSVC n Microsoft) ɣef llsas-nni ur t-ṭṭifen ara s timmad. == Tamselyut == * [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="k&r1e">{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} </ref> <ref name="dottcl_2">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."</ref> <ref name="dottcl">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."</ref> }} [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] 85e59ecx29etrymcezt8gibsnlcanvr 117059 117058 2026-08-14T09:51:34Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language | name = C | logo = File:C1stEdition.svg | logo size = 140px | logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C. | logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''<ref name="k&r1e" /> (often referred to as "K&R"), the seminal book on C | paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]] | designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] | developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] & [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C) | latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]] | latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}} | typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]] | implementations = K&R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}} | dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]] | influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="Ring language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] | operating system = [[Cross-platform]] | year = 1972<ref name="dottcl_2" /> | turing-complete = Yes | influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="dottcl" /> [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]] | file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}} | wikibooks = C Programming }} '''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen. C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen. == Amezruy n C == Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen. Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella: '''fessuset i uselmed''', '''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r, '''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''', '''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''', '''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen. Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan: '''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru. '''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen. '''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist. '''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11. '''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin. === Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? === Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni. Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren: ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig. Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut. === Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) === Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B: yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B). Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut. === Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant === Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku: send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ. s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan. C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut. Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix. === Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&R (1978) === Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs: imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: "The C Programming Language". Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata "K&R" (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d "alugen" amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem "K&R C". Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt). === Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) === Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib: ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem "C89" neɣ "ANSI C". Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem "C90". C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen: * tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions) * tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h * aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur) * aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed. === C99 (1999): anerni ameqqran === Sdeffir n mraw n yiseggasen, deg useggas n 1999, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:1999, i yettwassnen s yisem "C99". C99 yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin i yettɛawanen imessihlen: * iwenniten s // (am C++ d Java); * tawuriwin inline i arurad deg tidin n useɣwen; * isirawen(neɣ Tifelwiyin) n teɣzi yettbeddilen (tableaux à longueur variable, VLA); * tawsit _Bool (abulan) d stdbool.h; * tawsit long long i yemḍanen meqqren mliḥ; * stdint.h i tewsatin n tiddi yettwafren; * initialisation s yisem (designated initializers), am: struct point p = { .x = 1, .y = 2 }; * tanaṭ "for" s ubeddu amaynut: for (int i = 0; i < n; i++). C99 yettwaqbel s lemɣawla deg waṭas n yimsefsayen am GCC, maca kra n yimsefsayen nniḍen (am MSVC n Microsoft) ɣef llsas-nni ur t-ṭṭifen ara s timmad. == Tamselyut == * [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="k&r1e">{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} </ref> <ref name="dottcl_2">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."</ref> <ref name="dottcl">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."</ref> }} [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] cg9jq1b8qg038p18126500vex5c5eko 117060 117059 2026-08-14T10:04:16Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language | name = C | logo = File:C1stEdition.svg | logo size = 140px | logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C. | logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''<ref name="k&r1e" /> (often referred to as "K&R"), the seminal book on C | paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]] | designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] | developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] & [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C) | latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]] | latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}} | typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]] | implementations = K&R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}} | dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]] | influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="Ring language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] | operating system = [[Cross-platform]] | year = 1972<ref name="dottcl_2" /> | turing-complete = Yes | influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="dottcl" /> [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]] | file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}} | wikibooks = C Programming }} '''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen. C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen. == Amezruy n C == Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen. Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella: '''fessuset i uselmed''', '''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r, '''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''', '''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''', '''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen. Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan: '''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru. '''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen. '''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist. '''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11. '''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin. === Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? === Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni. Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren: ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig. Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut. === Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) === Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B: yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B). Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut. === Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant === Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku: send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ. s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan. C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut. Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix. === Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&R (1978) === Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs: imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: "The C Programming Language". Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata "K&R" (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d "alugen" amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem "K&R C". Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt). === Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) === Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib: ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem "C89" neɣ "ANSI C". Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem "C90". C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen: * tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions) * tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h * aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur) * aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed. === C99 (1999): anerni ameqqran === Sdeffir n mraw n yiseggasen, deg useggas n 1999, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:1999, i yettwassnen s yisem "C99". C99 yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin i yettɛawanen imessihlen: * iwenniten s // (am C++ d Java); * tawuriwin inline i arurad deg tidin n useɣwen; * isirawen(neɣ Tifelwiyin) n teɣzi yettbeddilen (tableaux à longueur variable, VLA); * tawsit _Bool (abulan) d stdbool.h; * tawsit long long i yemḍanen meqqren mliḥ; * stdint.h i tewsatin n tiddi yettwafren; * initialisation s yisem (designated initializers), am: struct point p = { .x = 1, .y = 2 }; * tanaṭ "for" s ubeddu amaynut: for (int i = 0; i < n; i++). C99 yettwaqbel s lemɣawla deg waṭas n yimsefsayen am GCC, maca kra n yimsefsayen nniḍen (am MSVC n Microsoft) ɣef llsas-nni ur t-ṭṭifen ara s timmad. === C11 (2011): C tuɣal ɣer tallit tatrant === Deg useggas n 2011, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2011, i yettwassnen s yisem "C11" (neɣ C1X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C11 yerna-d ttawilat i yeqqnen ɣer uselkim atrar: aselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (ugut n ikalan ifessasen) s threads.h; timhalin tibelkamin s stdatomic.h, i yeqqnen ɣer uselkem yettwaqqnen; _Generic i tefranin s tewsit; timṣukin d tiddukliwin war isem (anonymous structs/unions); static_assert i uselken deg wakud n usefsu; yettwakkes gets() acku yella d aɣbalu n tuccḍiwin n tɣellist (tafuli n tkatut n weḥraz). C11 tessken-d belli C tezmer ad teddu d tallit n uselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (iskaren yesɛan uget n wulawen) d tɣellist. == Tamselyut == * [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="k&r1e">{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} </ref> <ref name="dottcl_2">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."</ref> <ref name="dottcl">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."</ref> }} [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] cmlhfqo1jkq1wjo0kgfxueed0lp0mr9 0 1785 117055 117049 2026-08-13T23:06:57Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox biography}} '''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass. Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. ==Tudert-is== Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. == 1. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti == Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren. Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan yifil n unfafad d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a. == 2. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is == Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: "Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa." S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut. [[Category:Tameddurt]] t6c47zc5pmz0fub2fg2q3s7v5dbqv9g 117056 117055 2026-08-13T23:16:11Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox biography}} '''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass. Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. ==1. Tudert-is== Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. == 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti == Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren. Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan yifil n unfafad d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a. == 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is == Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: "Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa." S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut. == 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam == Deg udlis-is "Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan", Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla. Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel. [[Category:Tameddurt]] delrepc3np151q5npqaiu41x0swrvb3 117061 117056 2026-08-14T10:10:01Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox biography}} '''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass. Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. ==1. Tudert-is== Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. == 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti == Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren. Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan yifil n unfafad d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a. == 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is == Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: "Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa." S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut. == 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam == Deg udlis-is "Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan", Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla. Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel. == Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay == Deg udlis-is ameqran "Ihri", Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay. Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin. D ayen i d-issefhamen belli tamsihrit mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen. [[Category:Tameddurt]] 1ch96hlsdvp4pcjxu1ujb987vqj2hvt 117062 117061 2026-08-14T10:11:50Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox biography}} '''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass. Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. ==1. Tudert-is== Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. == 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti == Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren. Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan aqher d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a. == 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is == Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: "Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa." S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut. == 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam == Deg udlis-is "Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan", Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla. Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel. == Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay == Deg udlis-is ameqran "Ihri", Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay. Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin. D ayen i d-issefhamen belli tamsihrit mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen. [[Category:Tameddurt]] 7dsoknw0ekaxiidlcuk0kpvhp6zs312 0 21859 117052 101745 2026-08-13T19:14:00Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 117052 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Infobox --> {{Databox}} '''Ḥasi Mesɛud''' neɣ '''Iɣerɣer''' (s [[tutlayt Tamahaq]]: '''ⵉⵗⵔⵗⵔ''') d yiwet n temdint i d-izgan deg tlemmast n [[Tawilayt n Wergla|Ugezdu n Werjlan]]. Tezga-d deg yiwet n tama yettwassnen s tukksa n upitṛul. Deg useggas n 2017, tamdint-a zedɣent wazal n 50.000 n yimdanen. 3davcliey99a7ui4lhku85qggcgjvzv 14 25534 117057 2026-08-14T06:33:56Z PK2 4200 Page vide créée 117057 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1