Karl Marks

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    <title>Karl Marks</title>
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      <text bytes="11745" sha1="sbboa6w8zoxk8dpgzrslos6u9esyokl" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png|vignette|Karl Marks deg useggas 1857.]]
'''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass.

Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is '''[[Friedrich Engels]]''', yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. 

==1. Tudert-is==
Ilul ''Karl Heinrich Marx'' di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, ''Heinrich Marx'' (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. 

=== Temẓi-is ===
Twacult-is tella deg tserkemt talemmast. Baba-s, ''Hanrix Marks'', yellan d abugaṭu, yuɣal d amasiḥi ɣas ma yella yekka-d seg yiwet n twacult n wudayen, i wakken ad yerwel i useḥqer amettiyan d usɣan i yellan deg tallit-nni. Marks yekka temẓi-ines deg tmuɣli n tfelsafit n teftilin, anda i yelmed azal n tilelli, n tussna, d umtawa gar yemdanen.

=== Tizrawin d Tfelsafit ===
Marks yedda ɣer tesdawit n Bonn, syin ɣer tin n Berlin i wakken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf d tfelsafit. Deg Berlin, yemɣi deg wallaɣ-is unadi ɣef tfelsafit n [[Hegel|Higl]]. Higl yella yessefham-d belli amzruy yettbeddal s tarrayt n wallaɣ d tikta. Marks yeddem terrayt-a n Higl, maca yerra-tt s wudem n tmetti. Yenna-d belli mačči d tikta i d-ixelqen tilawt, maca d tilawt n tmetti, am usfares d tdamsa, i d-iffaren tikta d tmuɣli n wemdan. Da i yebda useggem n tmuɣli-ines ɣef umzruy, yuɣal yettwali belli anagraw n usfares d netta i d lsas n tmetti.

=== Asikel d Temlilit akked Engels ===
Imi Marks yuɣal d amasay n uɣmis almani, yura imagraden i yekkatayen adabu d tsertit n tmurt-is. Ayagi yessawḍ adabu ad yemdel aɣmis-nni, dɣa Marks yettwaḥettem ad yeǧǧ tmurt-is, yuɣal d amsikel. Yedda ɣer Bariz, syin ɣer Bruxelles.

Deg Bariz, deg useggas n 1844, yemlal akked '''[[Friedrich Engels]]'''. Tamlilit-a tella d tamsalt tameqrant deg umzruy n tfelsafit. Angils yellan d amassan n tdamsa, yessen mliḥ tamsihrit imi baba-s yellan d bab n umukan n usfares deg Langlitir. Engels yeldi-as tiwwura i Marks i wakken ad yissin amek tteddun yimukan n usfares, amek ixeddmen yimɣiden, d wamek i ten-ssexdamen yimawlanen n ihri i wakken ad rnun ayla-nsen. Seg wass-nni, Marks d Engels uɣalen d imeddakel n tudert, xedmen akk tirawin-nsen akken.

=== Asali n Wulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan ===
Deg 1848, tallit ideg tella aṭas n tanekra di Turuft, Marks d Engels ssufɣen-d adlis ameqran &quot;Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan&quot;. Deg udlis-a, nnan-d belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Sbedden azadur n tanekra n yimɣiden mgal taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri. Nnan belli tamsihrit ad temmet s yiman-is s sebba n tnemgalin-is tigensiyin, ad d-teffeɣ tmetti tamaynut anda ulac tiserkam, ulac aɛeffas, tagi tazdukla.

=== Tudert deg Lundun d Udlis &quot;Ihri&quot; ===
Marks yettwaḥettem ad yeǧǧ [[Lalman]] d [[Fransa]], yeqqim deg [[London|Lundun]] (Langlitir) armi yemmut. Tudert-is deg Lundun tella d tawaɣit tameqrant. Yella yedder deg ufellaḍ ameqran. Tameṭṭut-is, Jenni fon Westfalin, ɣas ma tella d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n tserkemt n yimawlanen, teǧǧa tudert n uheyyi i wakken ad teddu yid-s deg ubrid n umennuɣ. Aṭas n warraw-is mmuten d imecṭaḥ s waṭṭan imi ur sɛin ara ayla i wakken ad ten-ḥudden. Maca Engels, imi yella d amerkanti, yella yettɛawan-it s yidrimen i wakken ad ikemmel anadi-ines.

Deg Lundun, Marks yella yetteddu yal ass ɣer temkarḍit tameqrant n Lundun. Din i yezrew aṭas n yidlisen n tdamsa, n umzruy, d tusnakt. Din i yura adlis-is ameqran &quot;Ihri&quot;, anda i yesleḍ s telqayt amek tteddun yidrimen, amek i d-yettwafaras wazal amernay, d wamek i yella unfafad yellan deg unagraw amsihri. &quot;Ihri&quot; mačči kan d adlis n tdamsa, maca d azɣan ameqran ɣef unagraw i yessawḍen imɣiden ad ilin d ifecka kan i usfares.

=== Taggara d Tiras ===
Marks yemmut deg 14 Meɣres 1883 deg Lundun, yemmut d igellil, maca yemmut yessen belli tikta-ines ad kemmlent abrid. Ɣas ma yella yemmut, tikta-ines beddlent amzruy n umaḍal. Deg lqern wis 20, aṭas n tmura i yeddmen tikta-ines i wakken ad sbeddent inagrawen isnemlayen d yizduklayanen.

Ass-a, ɣas akken kra n timuɣliwin i yurzen ɣer tikta n Marks ur ssawḍent ara ad sbeddent tazdukla s wudem i yelhan, azɣan i yefka Marks i tamsihrit, tussna n umzruy, d tussna n tmetti mazal d aɣbalu ameqran i yimassanen n wass-a. Tudert-is tella d amedya n wemdan i yefkan akk ayen i yesɛa i unadi n tidet d tilelli n talsa.

== 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti ==
Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren.

Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan aqhaṛ d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a.

== 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is ==
Afelsafi almani [[Hegel]] yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: &quot;Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa.&quot;

S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut.

=== Tangeẓṛi Tamezrayt ===
Lsas amenzu n tfelsafit n Marks d tangeẓṛi tamezrayt. Ɣer-s, maççi d tikta, asɣan, neɣ d iziɣren i d-yessuddusen amezruy n talsa, maca d tignatin n waddad adamsan d wamek i d-tettili tfarest. Timetti tebna ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen. Aḥric amezwaru d &quot;adda&quot; i d-immalen allalen n ufares akked wassaɣen n ufares (tadamsa, lxedma, tawuri). Aḥric wis sin d &quot;taɣessa&quot; (la superstructure) i d-ijemɛen tasnakta, izerfan, d tsertit. Adda adamsan d netta i d-isbaduyen taɣessa n tmetti. Ihi, yal tuttya neɣ abeddel lqayen deg umezruy yettas-d mi ara yili umennuɣ gar wallalen n ufares d wassaɣen n ufares n tallit-nni. Amezruy ur iteddu ara s tẓeṛiyin timadwanin, maca s tmentilin yellan s wudem n tengeẓri.

== 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam ==
[[Tugna:Communist-manifesto.png|vignette|Ulɣu n ukabar n tzdukla s tutlayt talalmanit.]]
Deg udlis-is &quot;Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan&quot;, Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla.

Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel.

Marks yenna-d belli amezruy n tmettiyin meṛṛa d amezruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Deg unagraw n usihri, amennuɣ-a yettili-d s telqayt gar snat n tserkamin tigejdanin. Taserkemt tamenzut d &quot;imsihranen&quot;, i yesɛan allalen n ufares am tneɣrafin (luzinat), akal, d yihri. Taserkemt tis snat d &quot;tameɣda&quot;, d ixeddamen neɣ imɣad ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i zenzun iwakken ad idiren. Imsihranen sfaydayen ɣef imɣad s wammud n tfarest-nsen, d ayen i d-igellun s tlufa n ddel akked lḥif ɣef yixeddamen. Amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad iḥbes alamma tewweḍ-d tagrawla ara ibeddlen llsas n tmetti.

== 5. Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay ==
Deg udlis-is ameqran &quot;Ihri&quot;, Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay.

Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin.

D ayen i d-issefhamen belli tamsihrit mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen.

=== Tasleḍt n Usihri d Wazal Amernay ===
Deg udlis-is ameqqran &quot;Ihri&quot;, Marks yesleḍ s telqayt amek i iteddu unagraw n usihri. Yufa-d belli llsas n rrbeḥ n umsihran d &quot;iazal amernay&quot;. Azal-a amernay d azal i d-yerna uxeddam s lǧehd-is yugar azal n uɣrad-is. Amsihran yettawi azal-a ameqqran i yiman-is mebla ma yexdem, ma d axeddam yettaṭṭaf kan ayen ara t-id-isidren akken ad yili d amuddir. Tanabda-ya(ammud-a) d nettat i d amsedday(amutur) n wesnerni n yihri. Maca d nettat daɣen ara d-yeglun s twaɣit d uɣelluy n unagraw-a, acku asihri s timmad-is d asaraw n tenmegliwin ur yezmir ad tent-yefru. Lḥif n temeɣda ad yettnerni alamma tewweḍ tmetti ɣer tqacuct n truẓi.

=== Takufḍa ===
Yiwen seg yiferdisen imuqranen deg tfelsafit n Marks d tamiḍrant n tkufḍa. Axeddam deg tmetti tamsihrit yettwaḥṣeb am wakken d taɣawsa neɣ d allal kan n ufares, ur yesɛi ara azal alsan. Takufḍa-ya tebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yeḥricen: axeddam ittwakfeḍ (est aliéné) ɣef ufaris-is imi ayen i d-yexdem ur t-yeksib ara; ittwakfeḍ ɣef tigawt n ufares s timmad-is imi lxedma-s d lḥif maççi d usnulfu neɣ d lfeṛḥ; ittwakfeḍ ɣef ugama n talsa-s imi ur yexdim ara s tlelli; yerna ittwakfeḍ ɣef yixeddamen-nniḍen imi timetti tamsihrit tessekcem-d Tamsezwert deg umkan n tdukli d tegmat gar yimɣad.

== 6. Tanekra d Imal n Tmetti ==
Marks yumen belli tamsihrit ad temmet s yiman-is, acku teǧǧur d iɣeblan imeqranen. Imɣiden, mi ara ukin s tilawt-nsen, ad xedmen tanekra.

Tanekra ad tawi ɣer udabu n yimɣiden, anda ara ttwakksen yimukan n usfares i yimawlanen n ihri ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti meṛṛa.

Deg taggara, ad d-tili tzdukla: d tmetti anda ulac tiserkam, ulac adabu, ulac aqhaṛ. Yal yiwen ad ixeddem almend n tezmert-is, ad yečč almend n wayen i t-ilaqen.

=== Tazdukla d Taggara n Uwanak ===
Tafelsafit n Marks maççi d asenmel(tabadut) n tmetti kan s wawal, maca d abrid ɣer tigawt d ubeddel. Iswi aneggaru d akkes n tmetti tamsihrit s tegrawla n temeɣda. Tagrawla-ya ad d-tessiweḍ ɣer yiwet n tmetti tamaynut iwumi isemma &quot;tazdukla&quot; (communisme). Deg tmetti-ya, allalen n ufares ad ilin d ayla n tmetti s umata, ur yettili ara umennuɣ n tserkam, ur tettili tenabda. Awanak, i yellan d allal n udabu n yimsihranen, ad yenger s yiman-is imi ur t-teḥwaǧ ara tmetti war tiserkam. Talsa ad tidir deg tlelli tameqqrant anda yal yiwen ad yexdem s tzemmar-is, yerna ad yaɣ ayen yeḥwaǧ.
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  <page>
    <title>Hadriyan</title>
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      <text bytes="8215" sha1="79c6n8yhje26isjq62uh68ut8ylh5uw" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Hadriyan.]]
'''Hadriyan''', isem-is ummid '''Publius Aelius Hadrianus''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n tmnekda Taṛumanit. Yeṭṭef adabu seg 117 armi d 138 deffir Ɛisa, yerna yettwaḥseb gar « Semmus n Yimenkaden Yelhan » i yesɛan azal d ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṛuma. 

D netta i d amenkad amezwaru i yeṭṭfen tamart-is s timmad, yerna d netta i yessnulfan tarrayt tamaynut n usefrek n tmnekda s usikel d usenqed n yal tamnaḍt.

== Talalit d Tmeddurt-is Tamezwarut ==
Hadriyan ilul-d ass n 24 Yennayer 76 Send Ɛisa, deg temdint n ''Italika'', i d-yezgan tama n ''Sevilla'' n wass-a, deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]].

Imawlan-is llan d Iṛumaniyen i d-yusan seg Ṛuma, maca nutni zedɣen deg tmurt n Spanya i d-yuɣalen d tamnaḍt taṛumanit. Baba-s, ''Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer'', yemmut mi yella Hadriyan meẓẓi, dɣa [[Trajan]], i yellan d ameddakel n twacult-is, yuɣal d bab-s s usmemmi.

Deg tallit n temẓi-s, Hadriyan yelmed aṭas n tussniwin: tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit, tanzeggit, tasegda, d tsertit. Yella yettḥemmel idles Agrigi s waṭas, yerna yella yettusemma « Graeculus », anamek-is « Agrigi ameẓyan », acku yella yeɣṛa u iḥemmel idles n Grig.

== Alluy-is ɣer Ukesi n Tmnekda ==
[[Tugna:Hadrian RIC II 3.jpg|vignette|Tadrimt n &quot;Aureus&quot; deg tallit n Hadriyan.]]
Mi yemmut [[Trajan]] deg 117, Hadriyan yuɣal d amenkad. Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d belli Trajan yeṭṭef-it d mmi-s n usmemmi deg wussan-is ineggura, maca llan wid i d-yennan belli tameṭṭut n Trajan, ''Plotina'', i d-yefkan afus i Hadriyan akken ad yawi akersi n udabu.

Deg tazwara n udabu-s, Hadriyan yemmagar uguren imeqqranen. Kra n yiserdasen i yellan deg tmnaḍin n usamar llan bɣan ad kemmlen amgaru mgal n ''Partiyen'', maca Hadriyan yefren ad yeḥbes amgaru yerna ad yerr tilisa n tmnekda ɣer waddad-nsent n zik. Yefren talwit ɣef umgaru, yerna yefka-as i tmnekda tarrayt tamaynut n tsertit: ur d-ternu ara tamurt, maca ḥrez tid i yellan.

== Asuddes d Ufrek n Tmnekda ==
Hadriyan yella d amsefrek ameqqran. Yessenfel anagraw n tsertit n tmnekda s waṭas n tarrayin:

'''Asuddes n tserdast''': Yessenfel tuddsa n yiserdasen, yefka-asen asluɣmu amaynut, yerna yebna iɣeṛban d yisunen n tɣellist deg yal tamnaḍt.

'''Asuddes n yisuḍaf''': Yefka-d « Aṣaḍuf imezgi », d agraw n yisuḍaf i d-yessuddes ''Salvius Julianus''. Aṣaḍuf-agi yuɣal d azadur n usaḍuf Aṛumani i d-yusan deffir-s.

'''Asuddes n tnedbelt''': Yebḍa tamnekda ɣer tmnaḍin yettusefraken s wudem yelhan. Yefka-as i yimḍebbren n tmnaḍin tizemmar timeqqranin, maca yerna yessenqed-iten s tuɣalin-is yal tikkelt.

'''Asuddes n tedrimt''': Yefka-as i tedrimt n tmnekda anagraw yelhan, yefren ad yesseɣli tiwsiwin ɣef yegduden, yerna yefka-as i yegduden n tmnaḍin tizemmar n tnezzut d umesni.

== Isiklen-is deg Tmnekda ==
[[Tugna:Emperor Hadrian Louvre Ma3131.jpg|vignette|Hadriyan s tsemregt, yettwaxdem s rxam, taẓuri taṛumanit deg 127 ar 128 S.Ɛ.]]
Hadriyan d amenkad i yessiklen aṭas deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Yekka azal n wazgen n wudabu-s, anamek-is azal n mraw n yiseggasen, deg usikel deg tmnaḍin n tmnekda. Ur yelli ara wamenkad nniḍen i yessiklen am netta.

Yerza ɣer ''Britanya'', ɣer ''Galya'', ɣer ''Spanya'', ɣer ''Grig'', ɣer ''Asya tameẓyant'', ɣer ''Maṣer'', ɣer ''Surya'', ɣer tmnaḍin n usamar, yerna ɣer Tefriqt n ugafa. Deg yal tamnaḍt, yessenqed asuddes n tserdast, yefka-d isefka i yegduden, yerna yebna iṣenfaṛen n ifakanen.

Deg Grig, yefka-as i temdint n Atina azal d ameqqran: yebna din aṭas n yisaliyen, yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg Ṛuma, yerna yefka-as i tmurt-nsen tilelli deg kra n temsalin.

== Iṣenfaṛen n Usali ==
Hadriyan yella d amesnulfu ameqqran deg taɣult n tsegda. Yebna aṭas n yisaliyen i d-yeqqimen armi d ass-a:

=== Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya ===
[[Tugna:Milecastle 39 on Hadrian's Wall.jpg|vignette|Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya.]]
Deg 122, mi yerza ɣer Britanya, yefka-d anaḍ i usali n uɣrab ameqqran i yebḍan tamurt n Britanya ɣer sin. Aɣrab-agi yezga-d seg ilel ɣer wayeḍ, teɣzi-s tuweḍ ɣer 117 n yikilumitren.

Yebna-t usridas Aṛumani, yerna yella yesɛa iɣeṛban, tiɣeṛmin, d yisunen n tɣellist yal azal n mil. Iswi-s d aḥraz n tmnaḍt n Britanya mgal n yegduden n ugafa i yellan berra n tmnekda.

=== Taddart n Hadriyan deg ''Tivoli'' ===
Ger 118 d 130, Hadriyan yebna taddart-is tameqqrant tama n Tivoli, tama n Ṛuma. Taddart-agi d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda Taṛumanit. Tezga-d ɣef tjumma i yugaren tin n ''Pompei'', yerna deg-s llan aṭas n yisaliyen: imezguten, tibḥirin, ifakanen, d yisunen n waman.

Deg-s yella « Kanopus », d asif n waman i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Maṣer, yerna yella « Pécile », d afakan ameqqran i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Atina.

=== Afakan n ''Panteon'' ===
Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n ''Panteon'' n Ṛuma deg talɣa-s n wass-a. Asali-agi yesɛa taqacuct tameqqrant n ubeṭon, i d-yeqqimen d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda n umaḍal.

== Tayri-s d ''Antinus'' ==
Deg 127, Hadriyan yemlal d yiwen n umluzuf Agrigi isem-is ''Antinus'', i yellan d ameẓyan n ''Bitinya'', deg Asya tameẓyant.
[[Tugna:Bust of Antinous (2). 2nd cent. A.D (cropped).jpg|vignette|278x278px|Asebdad n uqerru n Antinus.]]
Assaɣ-nsen yeddem azal n kraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 127 armi d 130.

Assaɣ-agi yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen yettwassnen n tayri deg umezruy n Ṛuma s wudem n tluzuft.

Deg tuber 130, ''Antinus'' yeɣli deg wasif n Nil deg Maṣer yerna yemmut.

Tamettant-is tḥuza Hadriyan s waṭas. Yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint isem-is Antinupulis deg wadeg ideg yemmut, yerna yefka-as i ''Antinus'' addad n ayuc(illu). 

Aṭas n yisaliyen d yizmulen n Antinus i d-yettwaskren deg tmnekda meṛṛa, yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yettwaskren aṭas deg tsegda n Ṛuma.

== Tagrawla n Bar Kuxba ==
Deg 132, teḍra-d yiwet seg tdyantin timeqqranen n udabu n Hadriyan: tagrawla n Bar Kuxba deg tmurt n Yahudiya. 

Ssebba n tagrawla-agi d aṭas: Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint tamaynut isem-is ''Aelia Capitolina'' deg wadeg n Urcalim, yerna yefka-d anaḍ i ugdel n lextana.

Bar Kuxba, i yellan d amnukal n Yahudiyen, yekker-d mgal Ṛuma yerna yefka-d anaḍ i yegduden-is ad nnukren.

Tagrawla-agi teddem azal n tkraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 132 armi d 135. 

Deg tazwara, Iyahudiyen ṭṭfen aṭas n tmnaḍin, ṭṭfen 985 n tuddar d 50 n yisunen n tɣellist.

Maca Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usirdes ameqqran, yerna yefka-as i yiserdasen-is anaḍ n usefsex n tagrawla. Deg taggara, Ṛuma terbeḥ, maca s tmettant n waṭas n yegduden: azal n 580 000 n Yahudiyen mmuten, yerna aṭas n tuddar ttwahuddent. 

Tagrawla-agi d tin i d-yefkan taggara n tmurt n Yahudiya d tamurt tilellit, yerna aṭas n Yahudiyen ttwanfan seg tmurt-nsen.

== Tameddurt-is Tussnant d Taseklanit ==
[[Tugna:Attica 06-13 Athens 24 Arch of Hadrian.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n Hadriyan deg Atina.]]
Hadriyan yella d amdan i yeḥemmlen tussna d tsekla. Yella yettaru isefra d yiḍrisen, yerna yella iḥemmel tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit. Yefka-d afus i yimassanen d yimyura n tallit-is, yerna yebna aṭas n tidumṣukin n tussna deg tmnekda meṛṛa.

Yella iḥemmel tamurt n Grig s waṭas, yerna yefka-as i yidles-is azal d ameqqran. Yefka-d afus i usali n tidumṣukin timaynuten deg Atina, yerna yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg tsertit n Ṛuma.

== Tamettant d Wakud-is Aneggaru ==
Deg yiseggasen ineggura n tmeddurt-is, Hadriyan yella yuḍen. Yella yettqellib win ara t-id-yeṭṭfen deffir-s. Deg tazwara, yefren ''Lucius Verus'', maca yemmut uqbel Hadriyan. Dɣa yefren ''Antoninus Pius'', yerna yefka-as anaḍ i ''Antoninus'' ad yeṭṭef ''Marku Aureliyu'' d ''Lucius Verus'' deffir-s.

Hadriyan yemmut ass n 10 Yulyu 138 deg ''Baiae'', tama n ''Napoli.''

Yella yesɛa 62 n yiseggasen. ''[[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]]'' yeṭṭef-it deffir-s, yerna yefka-as addad n ayuc(ṛebbi), ɣas ma llan kra n yimḍebbren n Ṛuma i yugin.</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anṭunin Piyus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117120</id>
      <parentid>116994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T16:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Antuninus Piyus]] ar [[Anṭunin Piyus]] : Mieux en kabyle pour la prononciation</comment>
      <origin>116994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5534" sha1="6oncnu437uaerno2qdc5753t1x13dwh" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Antoninus Pius bust S2436 ancient agora museum Athens.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Uqerru n Antuninus Piyus.]]
'''Antuninus Piyus''' (s tlatinit: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius''), illul deg useggas 86, yemmut deg 161. D amenkad n Temnekda Taṛumanit i yeḥkmen gar yiseggasen 138 d 161 S.Ɛ. Yella d yiwen gar &quot;Semmus n Yimenkaden Igerrzen&quot; n umezruy n Ruma. Tallit-is d tin i d-yefkan aṭas n telwit (Pax Romana), '''arkad''' akked wugar n tdamsa, war ma yella-d ccwal ameqqran neɣ '''azɣen''' di temnaḍin n temnekda-s.

== Tameddurt Tamezwarut d Walluy ɣer Tnezmart ==
Illul Antuninus deg temdint n ''Lanuyum'' (Lanuvium) deg [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭṭalyan]]. Tawacult-is tella d yiwet gar '''tserkmin''' timeqqranin yerna yesɛan '''tanezmart''' di tsertit n Ṛuma.

Mi qrib ad yemmet umenkad [[Hadriyan]], yeẓra belli Antuninus d argaz '''imekdi''' ɣer tmurt-is, u d aɣeswa aḥeqqi. Ɣef waya, yerra-t d amekkasu-ines unṣib, maca isres-d yiwet n '''tewtilt''': akken Antuninus ad yeḥkem, yewwi-d fell-as ad yerrez d imekkasiyen mbeɛd-is sin n yimsedayen, Mark Urel (Marcus Aurelius) akked Lusyus Virus (Lucius Verus). Antuninus yeqbel agatu-agi, yerna ikemmel d win i yettqadaṛen i'''nsayen''' n uwanek.

== Tunefka n yisem &quot;Piyus&quot; ==
Asqamu Aṛumani yefka-as isem n Piyus, win i yemmalen leqder d tmusni. Ssebba tamezwarut n yisem-a, d akken yugi ad yeǧǧ asqamu ad yekkes ccan i baba-s s usmemmi [[Hadriyan]], yerna yessenqad-it akken ad yili Hadriyan d agerram neɣ d ayuc gar iyucen n Ṛuma. Daɣen, isem-a yemmal leqder-is i yemma-s, i twacult-is, d yiserdasen-is.

== Tasertit n daxel d teɣdemt ==
[[Tugna:Temple of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva Faustina, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (33093993915).jpg|vignette|Afakan n Antininus Piyus akked Fustin deg unmager n Ṛuma.]]
Tallit n ''Antuninus Piyus'' d tin n talwit d tenkelwit tameqqrant. Yerr-a tamawt ɣer usedbel n tɣiwanin, yessifsus taɛkemt ɣef yimezdaɣen, yerna yefka azal ameqqran i usaḍuf d teɣdemt. Yettwassen s leqder-is i yizerfan n yemdanen, am wid yettwakerfen neɣ igellilen. Yefka tilisa i lecɣal n yinemhalen i yexedɛen tamurt, yerna yessuter deg yimḍebbren n tɣiwanin ad ilin d imelsiyen deg lecɣal-nsen.

Mgarad d yimenkaden-nniḍen (am [[Hadriyan]] i yunagen deg umaḍal aṛumani), Antuninus ur yeffiɣ ara akk seg temdint n Ruma d Ṭṭalyan s umata deg 23 n yiseggasen n udabu-s. Yesseḥbaber ɣef '''usɣim''' n udabu s lqedd, u yefka '''agemmir''' akked wazal i Useqqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina).
[[Tugna:0 Antoninus Pius - Museo Chiaramonti (Vatican).JPG|vignette|312x312px|Asebdad n Antininus Piyus s wudem userdas.]]
Xas akken imenkaden n zik llan ttafen lxaṭer deg yimenɣiyen d usemɣer n tlisa n tagelda, Antuninus Piyus yextaṛ abrid nniḍen. Yesɛedday akud-is deg usefrek n tadbelt n daxel. Yerr-d tadamsa n tagelda ɣer uswir yelhan, yessenqes tixessarin, yerna yefka afud i yimzenza d yimassanen. Deg tallit-is, igezda n tagelda taṛumanit ur ssinen ara aṭas n yimenɣiyen, ala kra n yemcumen imecṭaḥ i yellan deg tlisa n Briṭanya, n Tefriqt ugafa, d Legrig.

Antuninus Piyus yettwassen s waṭas s teɣdemt-is d wawal-is yelhan ɣef yimeɣbanen d yigellilen. Yexdem aṭas n yibeddilen deg yisuḍaf iṛumaniyen akken ad yili umtawa d teflest gar yimdanen. Yiwen seg yisuḍaf-is ittwassnen d win i d-yeqqaren: &quot;Yal amdan yettwaḥsab d amelsi alamma ibeggen-d bab n teɣdemt d akken d amezzmen.&quot; Aya d amenzay i mazal yettwaseqdec ass-a deg waṭas n tmura n umaḍal. Daɣen, yefka izerfan i yimeɣbanen d yigujilen, yerna yexdem akken ad yili wawal i wakken ad ttwakksen tikli n uqraḥ i yemdanen ur nesɛi ara tillas. Ma d aklan, yefka-asen kra n yiberdan akken ad uɣalen d ilelliyen ma yella bab-nsen yexdem fell-asen kra n wassas neɣ leḥqer.

== Tasertit Tawerdanit d Tdamsa ==

=== Tadamsa, Tasiḍent d Tnezzut ===
Tallit n Antuninus Piyus tella d yiwet n tallit yufraren deg wayen yeɛnan ayen yelhan i wegdud, acku yeṭṭef tigad n tedrimt s ṣṣwab. S useqdec iwatan n '''tsiḍent''' d wexzan n yedrimen, yeǧǧa-d Ruma deg yiwen n waddad yeččuran d '''tabaɣurt'''. Yernu iseggem '''tanezzut''' di yal tama n yilel Agrakal, ayen i d-yewwin tiwsiwin timaynutin i wegdud.

Yebna aṭas n '''yisalayen''' akked ifakanen, iɣbula n waman, akk d yizenqan i isehlen '''taywalt''' akked '''umesni''' gar temdinin n temnekda.

=== Azbu, Igen akked wuḥrez ɣef Tlisa ===
[[Tugna:Roman Empire in 150 AD.png|vignette|Tilisa n tmnekda taṛumanit deg tallit n umenkad Antininus Piyus.]]
Ɣas akken adabu-s yebna ɣef talwit, yella yettḥadar ɣef temnaḍin n Ruma mgal '''anṭag''' n yiberraniyen:

Deg Briṭanya Tameqqrant (Ekusta / Écosse ass-a), yefka '''annaḍ''' i yigen-is ad bnun &quot;'''Aɣrab''' n Antuninus&quot;, i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Uɣrab n [[Hadriyan]]. Iswi-s d '''azbu''' mgal aẓḍam n iɣerfan n ugafa.

Yessefru kra n yimenɣiwen imecṭuḥen deg Mauritanya (Tafriqt n Ugafa), deg Surya d Surya-Falasṭin s waṭas n uqader, war ma yella-d ccwal ameqqran neɣ tuzzma meqqren. Igen Aṛumani yeqqim d '''imnekdi''' u d yeǧhed s waṭas deg 23 iseggasen-nni.

== Tukkest ==
Mi yemmut deg useggas 161 deg ''Lorium'' (Ṭṭalyan), Antuninus Piyus yeǧǧa-d '''tukkest''' n temnekda teẓwer, teǧǧuǧeg, yerna yeṣfa wudem-is. Amekkasu-ines, Mark Urel, yeṭṭef '''asɣim''' n temnekda yerna ikemmel abrid n tsertit n telwit. Amezruy yettawali Antuninus am '''umatar''' ameqqran n tqacuct n uǧuǧeg d talwit deg umaḍal aṛumani aqbur.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117122</id>
      <parentid>117120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T16:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5542" sha1="382j0axp7l4mao31jwb160wwwoff2cm" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Antoninus Pius bust S2436 ancient agora museum Athens.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Uqerru n Anṭunin Piyus.]]
'''Anṭunin Piyus''' (s tlatinit: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius''), illul deg useggas 86, yemmut deg 161. D amenkad n Temnekda Taṛumanit i yeḥkmen gar yiseggasen 138 d 161 S.Ɛ. Yella d yiwen gar &quot;Semmus n Yimenkaden Igerrzen&quot; n umezruy n Ruma. Tallit-is d tin i d-yefkan aṭas n telwit (Pax Romana), '''arkad''' akked wugar n tdamsa, war ma yella-d ccwal ameqqran neɣ '''azɣen''' di temnaḍin n temnekda-s.

== Tameddurt Tamezwarut d Walluy ɣer Tnezmart ==
Illul Anṭunin deg temdint n ''Lanuyum'' (Lanuvium) deg [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭṭalyan]]. Tawacult-is tella d yiwet gar '''tserkmin''' timeqqranin yerna yesɛan '''tanezmart''' di tsertit n Ṛuma.

Mi qrib ad yemmet umenkad [[Hadriyan]], yeẓra belli Antuninus d argaz '''imekdi''' ɣer tmurt-is, u d aɣeswa aḥeqqi. Ɣef waya, yerra-t d amekkasu-ines unṣib, maca isres-d yiwet n '''tewtilt''': akken Antuninus ad yeḥkem, yewwi-d fell-as ad yerrez d imekkasiyen mbeɛd-is sin n yimsedayen, [[Mark Urel]] (Marcus Aurelius) akked Lusyus Virus (Lucius Verus). Antuninus yeqbel agatu-agi, yerna ikemmel d win i yettqadaṛen i'''nsayen''' n uwanek.

== Tunefka n yisem &quot;Piyus&quot; ==
Asqamu Aṛumani yefka-as isem n Piyus, win i yemmalen leqder d tmusni. Ssebba tamezwarut n yisem-a, d akken yugi ad yeǧǧ asqamu ad yekkes ccan i baba-s s usmemmi [[Hadriyan]], yerna yessenqad-it akken ad yili Hadriyan d agerram neɣ d ayuc gar iyucen n Ṛuma. Daɣen, isem-a yemmal leqder-is i yemma-s, i twacult-is, d yiserdasen-is.

== Tasertit n daxel d teɣdemt ==
[[Tugna:Temple of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva Faustina, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (33093993915).jpg|vignette|Afakan n Anṭunin Piyus akked Fustin deg unmager n Ṛuma.]]
Tallit n ''Anṭunin Piyus'' d tin n talwit d tenkelwit tameqqrant. Yerr-a tamawt ɣer usedbel n tɣiwanin, yessifsus taɛkemt ɣef yimezdaɣen, yerna yefka azal ameqqran i usaḍuf d teɣdemt. Yettwassen s leqder-is i yizerfan n yemdanen, am wid yettwakerfen neɣ igellilen. Yefka tilisa i lecɣal n yinemhalen i yexedɛen tamurt, yerna yessuter deg yimḍebbren n tɣiwanin ad ilin d imelsiyen deg lecɣal-nsen.

Mgarad d yimenkaden-nniḍen (am [[Hadriyan]] i yunagen deg umaḍal aṛumani), Anṭunin ur yeffiɣ ara akk seg temdint n Ruma d Ṭṭalyan s umata deg 23 n yiseggasen n udabu-s. Yesseḥbaber ɣef '''usɣim''' n udabu s lqedd, u yefka '''agemmir''' akked wazal i Useqqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina).
[[Tugna:0 Antoninus Pius - Museo Chiaramonti (Vatican).JPG|vignette|312x312px|Asebdad n Anṭunin Piyus s wudem userdas.]]
Xas akken imenkaden n zik llan ttafen lxaṭer deg yimenɣiyen d usemɣer n tlisa n tagelda, Anṭunin Piyus yextaṛ abrid nniḍen. Yesɛedday akud-is deg usefrek n tadbelt n daxel. Yerr-d tadamsa n tagelda ɣer uswir yelhan, yessenqes tixessarin, yerna yefka afud i yimzenza d yimassanen. Deg tallit-is, igezda n tagelda taṛumanit ur ssinen ara aṭas n yimenɣiyen, ala kra n yemcumen imecṭaḥ i yellan deg tlisa n Briṭanya, n Tefriqt ugafa, d Legrig.

Anṭunin Piyus yettwassen s waṭas s teɣdemt-is d wawal-is yelhan ɣef yimeɣbanen d yigellilen. Yexdem aṭas n yibeddilen deg yisuḍaf iṛumaniyen akken ad yili umtawa d teflest gar yimdanen. Yiwen seg yisuḍaf-is ittwassnen d win i d-yeqqaren: &quot;Yal amdan yettwaḥsab d amelsi alamma ibeggen-d bab n teɣdemt d akken d amezzmen.&quot; Aya d amenzay i mazal yettwaseqdec ass-a deg waṭas n tmura n umaḍal. Daɣen, yefka izerfan i yimeɣbanen d yigujilen, yerna yexdem akken ad yili wawal i wakken ad ttwakksen tikli n uqraḥ i yemdanen ur nesɛi ara tillas. Ma d aklan, yefka-asen kra n yiberdan akken ad uɣalen d ilelliyen ma yella bab-nsen yexdem fell-asen kra n wassas neɣ leḥqer.

== Tasertit Tawerdanit d Tdamsa ==

=== Tadamsa, Tasiḍent d Tnezzut ===
Tallit n Anṭunin Piyus tella d yiwet n tallit yufraren deg wayen yeɛnan ayen yelhan i wegdud, acku yeṭṭef tigad n tedrimt s ṣṣwab. S useqdec iwatan n '''tsiḍent''' d wexzan n yedrimen, yeǧǧa-d Ruma deg yiwen n waddad yeččuran d '''tabaɣurt'''. Yernu iseggem '''tanezzut''' di yal tama n yilel Agrakal, ayen i d-yewwin tiwsiwin timaynutin i wegdud.

Yebna aṭas n '''yisalayen''' akked ifakanen, iɣbula n waman, akk d yizenqan i isehlen '''taywalt''' akked '''umesni''' gar temdinin n temnekda.

=== Azbu, Igen akked wuḥrez ɣef Tlisa ===
[[Tugna:Roman Empire in 150 AD.png|vignette|Tilisa n tmnekda taṛumanit deg tallit n umenkad Anṭunin Piyus.]]
Ɣas akken adabu-s yebna ɣef talwit, yella yettḥadar ɣef temnaḍin n Ruma mgal '''anṭag''' n yiberraniyen:

Deg Briṭanya Tameqqrant (Ekusta / Écosse ass-a), yefka '''annaḍ''' i yigen-is ad bnun &quot;'''Aɣrab''' n Anṭunin&quot;, i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Uɣrab n [[Hadriyan]]. Iswi-s d '''azbu''' mgal aẓḍam n iɣerfan n ugafa.

Yessefru kra n yimenɣiwen imecṭuḥen deg Mauritanya (Tafriqt n Ugafa), deg Surya d Surya-Falasṭin s waṭas n uqader, war ma yella-d ccwal ameqqran neɣ tuzzma meqqren. Igen Aṛumani yeqqim d '''imnekdi''' u d yeǧhed s waṭas deg 23 iseggasen-nni.

== Tukkest ==
Mi yemmut deg useggas 161 deg ''Lorium'' (Ṭṭalyan), Anṭunin Piyus yeǧǧa-d '''tukkest''' n temnekda teẓwer, teǧǧuǧeg, yerna yeṣfa wudem-is. Amekkasu-ines, [[Mark Urel]], yeṭṭef '''asɣim''' n temnekda yerna ikemmel abrid n tsertit n telwit. Amezruy yettawali Antuninus am '''umatar''' ameqqran n tqacuct n uǧuǧeg d talwit deg umaḍal aṛumani aqbur.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tazdukla</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="8446" sha1="iiovf6b43w7agnptfet9jbf57aqtdtt" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hammer and Sickle and Star.svg|vignette|Tafḍist d umger d asentel amiran n uzamul azduklan. Wa d amedya n tefḍist d wemger d yitri azewwaɣ i d-yekkan seg wannay n tdukla tasuvyatit.]]
Tasnakta n '''tzdukla''', d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

== Aẓar d Laṣel ==
Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: '''[[Karl Marks]]''' akked '''Friedrich Engels'''. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman ''Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan'' (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ ''tiburjwazit'', ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

== Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin ==
Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

* '''Amennuɣ n Tserkam:''' [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.
&quot;Amennuɣ n tserkam&quot; d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden [[Karl Marks]] akked [[Friedrich Engels]]. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks &quot;azal amernu&quot; (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.
* '''Tukksa n Wayla Uslig:''' Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.
* '''Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla:''' Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, '''tanemla''' (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).

== Amezruy d Umhaz ==
Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

=== 1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917) ===
Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n [[Karl Marks|Marks]] s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: ''Amarksizm-Alininizm''.

=== 2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ ===
Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (''Amawizm''). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

=== 3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

== Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar ==
Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tamurt'''
|'''Addad Atrar'''
|-
|'''Ccinwa'''
|Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n tamsihrit.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)&quot;.
|-
|'''Kukba / Vietnam'''
|Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
|-
|'''Kurya n Ugafa'''
|Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (''Juche''), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.
|}

== Asemdu deg Tmetti ==
Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117128</id>
      <parentid>117127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T21:51:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117128</origin>
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      <text bytes="8450" sha1="n7kj1ynedqo4f8nfmt2mbq693oifqcf" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hammer and Sickle and Star.svg|vignette|Tafḍist d umger d asentel amiran n uzamul azduklan. Wa d amedya n tefḍist d wemger d yitri azewwaɣ i d-yekkan seg wannay n tdukla tasuvyatit.]]
Tasnakta n '''tzdukla''', d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

== Aẓar d Laṣel ==
Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: '''[[Karl Marks]]''' akked '''[[Friedrich Engels]]'''. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman ''Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan'' (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ ''tiburjwazit'', ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

== Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin ==
Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

* '''Amennuɣ n Tserkam:''' [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.
&quot;Amennuɣ n tserkam&quot; d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden [[Karl Marks]] akked [[Friedrich Engels]]. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks &quot;azal amernu&quot; (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.
* '''Tukksa n Wayla Uslig:''' Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.
* '''Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla:''' Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, '''tanemla''' (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).

== Amezruy d Umhaz ==
Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

=== 1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917) ===
Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n [[Karl Marks|Marks]] s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: ''Amarksizm-Alininizm''.

=== 2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ ===
Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (''Amawizm''). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

=== 3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

== Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar ==
Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tamurt'''
|'''Addad Atrar'''
|-
|'''Ccinwa'''
|Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n tamsihrit.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)&quot;.
|-
|'''Kukba / Vietnam'''
|Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
|-
|'''Kurya n Ugafa'''
|Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (''Juche''), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.
|}

== Asemdu deg Tmetti ==
Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117137</id>
      <parentid>117128</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T11:43:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="9810" sha1="6g6ekwqsh35sne9mdreijg4ek8vlu8v" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hammer and Sickle and Star.svg|vignette|Tafḍist d umger d asentel amiran n uzamul azduklan. Wa d amedya n tefḍist d wemger d yitri azewwaɣ i d-yekkan seg wannay n tdukla tasuvyatit.]]
Tasnakta n '''tzdukla''', d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

== Aẓar d Laṣel ==
Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: '''[[Karl Marks]]''' akked '''[[Friedrich Engels]]'''. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman ''Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan'' (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ ''tiburjwazit'', ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

== Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin ==
Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

* '''Amennuɣ n Tserkam:''' [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.
&quot;Amennuɣ n tserkam&quot; d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden [[Karl Marks]] akked [[Friedrich Engels]]. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks &quot;azal amernu&quot; (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.
* '''Tukksa n Wayla Uslig:''' Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.
Tukksa n wayla uslig d yiwet gar tgejdanin timakkiyin ɣef i tebna tesnakta n tzdukla. Deg teẓri n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]], annect-a mačči d asurif kan n tsertit neɣ n tdamsa, maca d aẓar n ubeddel ameqqran ara d-yessuksen imdanen seg uɣmar, d tneggayt ara d-yeslalen timetti tamaynut. Tiẓri-a tettawi-d d akken ayla uslig d netta i d ssebba tagejdant n beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef tserkam d ssebbat n lḥif i d-ttmagaren yimahilen deg yal tallit n umezruy. Iwakken ad neṭṭef amkan n tmiḍrant-a akken iwata, ssefk ad tnfhem deg tazwara amgired gar uyla uslig i d-tebɣa tzdukla(tkumunist) ad tekkes, akked uyla udmawan.

Mi d-yemmeslay Marks ɣef tukksa n wayla, ur d-yenni ara ad yettwakkes wayen yesɛa wemdan i yiman-is neɣ &quot;ayla udmawan&quot; am uxxam, llebsa, idlisen, neɣ tiɣawsiwin n yal ass i ssexdamen yimdanen akken ad idiren. Iswi n tzdukla mačči d tukksa n tegmit i yessexdam wemdan i dduzan-is. Ayen i tebɣa ad tekkes, d ayla-nni i d-yesrusuyen lḥif ɣef wiyyaḍ, id-yessawaḍen ad yekseb wemdan tigemmi ɣef uqerruy n lɛetab n wiyyaḍ. Meḥsub, ayla uslig-a yerza &quot;allalen n ufares&quot;: timacinin, isenfaṛen imeqqranen, tiferkiwin, imɣiren, tisegza, d wallalen n tnezzut. D allalen-a i d-yettfarasen ayen tesri tmetti, asmi ara ilin gar yifassen n kra kan n yimdanen, ad uɣalen d allalen n uqemmer d miḥyaf.
* '''Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla:''' Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, '''tanemla''' (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).

== Amezruy d Umhaz ==
Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

=== 1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917) ===
Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n [[Karl Marks|Marks]] s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: ''Amarksizm-Alininizm''.

=== 2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ ===
Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (''Amawizm''). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

=== 3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

== Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar ==
Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tamurt'''
|'''Addad Atrar'''
|-
|'''Ccinwa'''
|Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n tamsihrit.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)&quot;.
|-
|'''Kukba / Vietnam'''
|Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
|-
|'''Kurya n Ugafa'''
|Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (''Juche''), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.
|}

== Asemdu deg Tmetti ==
Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>C++</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="1910" sha1="fq5gk44ezk8fujqzkjncznkj92fivwd" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117124</id>
      <parentid>117119</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="2421" sha1="bjo60jhal06i4cykzrw4kyn5899ni89" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117131</id>
      <parentid>117124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T03:00:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sami At Ferḥat</username>
        <id>6375</id>
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      <origin>117131</origin>
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      <text bytes="2433" sha1="dvnd4xneq4eroe2yn3ym3922u20hzgm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.</text>
      <sha1>dvnd4xneq4eroe2yn3ym3922u20hzgm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117134</id>
      <parentid>117131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T10:44:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3506" sha1="oyw8kz63ivj8mzviwba5ycgpo7l8vyq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.

=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===

==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :

'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel &quot;The C++ Programming Language&quot; n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).

'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).

'''1990''' : Timerna n &quot;''templates&quot;'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).

==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen 
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit 
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka

C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.</text>
      <sha1>oyw8kz63ivj8mzviwba5ycgpo7l8vyq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117125</id>
      <parentid>117115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T21:00:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2302" sha1="ad9prnvwnshrit0bqvmcbjw1a0muf7s" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117133</id>
      <parentid>117125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T03:03:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sami At Ferḥat</username>
        <id>6375</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>117133</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2314" sha1="tvafszvb05y3j9lcewbrpau29t5bk02" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117135</id>
      <parentid>117133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T11:06:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3278" sha1="s8deac3fdrdputl3igf33vrlvhxzli1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.

=== 3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ ===
Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n &quot;Ownership&quot; yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara &quot;Data races&quot; (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen '''umutti''' deg yiwen wakud, '''Asefsay''' ad yagi tangalt-nni.

== 🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel ==
Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust tseqdac '''tasɣent n usnirem''', ''map'', ''filter'', d tewsit n ''Option'' akked ''Result'' i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac ''try/catch''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative)&lt;/u&gt;: Teseqdac tineddicin am ''for'', ''while'', d ''loop''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust ur tesɛi ara &quot;Tiserkam&quot; am Java, maca tseqdac ''Structs'' (timṣukin) d ''Traits'' i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Engels</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117126</id>
      <parentid>117116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T21:36:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1846" sha1="cp1pwnv6m2389eaennimcpflf5izfqx" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg|vignette|Friedrich Engels deg 1877.]]
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks|Karl Marx]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri tazduklant. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117132</id>
      <parentid>117126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T03:02:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sami At Ferḥat</username>
        <id>6375</id>
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      <text bytes="1858" sha1="43by0i9s9850ba3xrrv6g5zxc9tnxyx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg|vignette|Friedrich Engels deg 1877.]]
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks|Karl Marx]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri tazduklant. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117136</id>
      <parentid>117132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T11:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117136</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2842" sha1="7cqca6si785f241q8spa74sbcd80t8v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg|vignette|Friedrich Engels deg 1877.]]
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks|Karl Marx]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri tazduklant. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.

=== Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert ===
Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt.

Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: &quot;Tawacult tagerramt&quot;, yernu deg 1846, &quot;Tasnakta talmanit&quot;, anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni.

== Ulɣu Azduklan ==
Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d &quot;Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tezdukla]]&quot;. Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: &quot;Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam&quot;. Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117138</id>
      <parentid>117136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T11:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
      <origin>117138</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2841" sha1="sb4kbkc7inbtjwmmqgmuenvjgq9ic9y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg|vignette|Friedrich Engels deg 1877.]]
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks|Karl Marx]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri tazduklant. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.

=== Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert ===
Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt.

Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: &quot;Tawacult tagerramt&quot;, yernu deg 1846, &quot;Tasnakta talmanit&quot;, anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni.

== Ulɣu Azduklan ==
Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d &quot;Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tzdukla]]&quot;. Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: &quot;Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam&quot;. Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Antuninus Piyus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25539</id>
    <redirect title="Anṭunin Piyus" />
    <revision>
      <id>117121</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T16:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Antuninus Piyus]] ar [[Anṭunin Piyus]] : Mieux en kabyle pour la prononciation</comment>
      <origin>117121</origin>
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      <text bytes="32" sha1="hmtg3ar9tgdrpntw1g24fbk8otfmblv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Anṭunin Piyus]]</text>
      <sha1>hmtg3ar9tgdrpntw1g24fbk8otfmblv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taṭawit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117130</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T22:15:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="448" sha1="0su9zzgsg79xk6lud19oe0e8djzo8dg" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Tao.svg|vignette|Asekkil n ccinwa &quot;道&quot;, anamek-is &quot;Tikli&quot; neɣ &quot;Abrid&quot;.]]
'''Taṭawit''', d yiwen n usɣan akked tfelsafit i d-ibanen di tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] deg taggara n lqern wis 6 send ɛisa. Llsas n usɣan-a yebna ɣef wawal &quot;Tao&quot;, i d-yemmalen &quot;Tikli&quot; neɣ abrid n umeɣraḍ. Afelsafi ameqqran i d-yesnulfan taflusuft-a d '''Laozi''' (Lao Tseu), i yuran adlis uɣris iwumi qqaren '''''Tao Te Ching''''' (Adlis n Tikli d Tuẓult-is).</text>
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    </revision>
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