Aselkim

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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}}

'''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

== Aẓar n Yisem ==
[[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]]
Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n &quot;exucute,  نفذ&quot;.

== Arrum ==
Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:

'''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.

'''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:

'''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.

'''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.

'''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:

* Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
* Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
* Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
* Aḍebsi  / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.

[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]]

== iɣbula ==

[[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]]
[[Taggayt:Aselkim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rafiɛa Ɣbac</title>
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'''Rafiɛa Ɣbac''' (tettwaled di 13 n November 1956) d ttabibt n tnefsit d tamesnawt n tbedmaden (epidemioloji) [[Tigrawin Yedduklen n Timmura|timmurit]]. Tella-d d tameslayt n **Aẓeṭṭa n tilawin n lɛarab deg tmesnawt d tatekna**; tella-d daɣen d taddayt n [[Tasdawit n Agoulf Aɛrabi]] (Baḥrayn). Tettwasnemmer s waṭas am tmeslayt n tneqqi n tilawin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/121976.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2015-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808174426/http://www.alwasatnews.com/69/news/read/121976/1.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/9137.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2015-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812173811/http://www.alwasatnews.com/2490/news/read/9137/1.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tameddurt ==
Ghubash teɣli-d aselkim n tebibba deg [[Tasdawit n Lqahira]], sakin deg 1992 teḥrez-d ddoctorat deg [[Tasdawit n Lundres]] di ttabibba n tmɛaṣra (psychiatrie tazibanit) d epidemioloji. Tella-d tbelɣayt (maîtresse de conférences) deg ttabibba n [[Tasdawit n Timmura n Tigrawin Yedduklen]] (Al Aïn) u tetteddu-d am ttabibt n tnefsit deg usenfar n lexlaṣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/121976.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2015-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808174426/http://www.alwasatnews.com/69/news/read/121976/1.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seg 2000 ar 2009, tella-d taddayt n [[Tasdawit n Agoulf Aɛrabi]] deg Baḥrayn. Tettwali-d **Aẓeṭṭa n tilawin n lɛarab deg tmesnawt d tatekna**, i yessuden ad yesseyyen-d anekcum n tmeṭṭut timmesnawtin ɣer idabbaren n lexlaṣ u ad tḥemmlent tmețṭut tiɣemmarin ɣer tixeddamin n tmesnawt.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/399588-100mostpowerfularabs201886dr-rafia-ghubash&lt;/ref&gt;

Tella-d tettwaggad aṭas i ttelmiyin n tmeṭṭut n lɛarab; deg 2002 teṭṭefka-d **Prix n wemdan n tselkim i tmeṭṭut** deg Wammuḍ n Tmura n Zwischen Orient. Di 2012, tesnulfa di Dubaï **Amekkan n tazmert n tmeṭṭut – Bait Al Banat**, i yessekcem lqima n tixerciyin n timmuriyin deg yal taɣult.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/womens-museum-dubai/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124205936/https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/womens-museum-dubai/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si 2006, tella-d taddad-t-id d imuccel, sakin d tamezwarut deg **World Future Council** (Agraw n udras ɣef lmustaqbal).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/p/rafia-ghubash/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124205928/https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/p/rafia-ghubash/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2012, yella-d amekkan n tazmert **Bait Al Banat** tettwaseɣli di taddart n ccṛaṛ-is di Dubaï; amekkan-agi tettwasawlen fell-as leɣzay n tmeẓẓert akked tazmert n tmsekrin.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/11/23/class-of-71-the-first-female-emirati-psychiatrist-who-founded-a-museum-dedicated-to-women/{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://womenmuseumuae.com/eng/?page_id=908&lt;/ref&gt;

Tella-d d tameskriwt deg umedyaʿ n **Arab Woman Awards** di 2017.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.itp.com/press-rooms/arab-woman-awards-uae-2017-winners-announced&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asnifel ==
* 2003–2004 : **Prix Hamdan** i yimeḍqan n tṣaḥḥa d ttabibba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=251 |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124205928/http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=251 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002 : **Women in the Middle East – Education Award** (s Datamatix).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/1st-khalaf-al-habtoor-lifetime-award-for-dr-rafia-ghubash&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 : **Khalaf Ahmad Al Habtoor Lifetime Achievement Award**.
* 2015 : **Arab Woman Awards – Inspirational Arab Woman (UAE)**.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://khaleejmadame.com/arab-woman-awards-uae-announces-2015-winners/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124205929/https://khaleejmadame.com/arab-woman-awards-uae-announces-2015-winners/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ixeddamen ==
* ''Present après son départ'' — tamzwarut n tmezrayt ɣef gma-s, yemmut Dr Hussein Ghubash; yuffeɣ di **Kalemat** (L-Kuwait).&lt;ref&gt;https://kalemat.com/&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tameṭṭut yezwaren mi tgelli tikkelt n wakud'' — adlis ɣef ttaruḥt tammitut **Awsha bint Hussein Lootah** (ʿOusha bint Hussein Loutah).&lt;ref&gt;https://kalemat.com/&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tamusniṭ n tmeṭṭut timmurit'' (2018), s usenqed akked **Maryam Sultan Lootah**, yuffeɣ sɣur **Amekkan n tazmert n tmeṭṭut** (Dubaï).&lt;ref&gt;https://altibrah.ae/book/25650&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ɣbac, Rafiɛa}}
[[Taggayt:Tameṭṭut timmurit]]
[[Taggayt:Ttabibt n tnefsit]]
[[Taggayt:Epidemiologiste]]
[[Taggayt:Amelkem n tsedawit timmuri]]
[[Taggayt:Tlidt di 1956]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahira Ɛbd AlƐziz</title>
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'''Mahira Ɛbd AlƐziz''' (مهيرة عبد العزيز) (d. 1989) d tamsɣafit n tasefsit, tameslayt n tiliɣri d tmeɣriya imaratenni. Bdu-tid di tamedyazt am tameslayt n tbeddert n tesɛuda di [[CNBC Arabia]] send ad temmerna-d ad tessebɣe ''Sabah Al Arabiya'' di [[Al Arabiya]]. Sakin tesɛa-d ahil n wahilen n tilawin d wamlak n uneqqis-nni ines di [[MBC]]; teṛbeḥ asseṭṭaf n “Yifassen n tbeddert n tesɛuda yefraren” di [[GCC]] u tfernes-d sɣur [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation]] i usneflay n taṭṭaft n ''Snat n lǧǧa''. Tetteddu akked [[Tiddukla n Tmura Yedduklen]] di kra n imsektayen, am tirza ɣer tɣumma n yimesran [[suriyen]] di Lebnan. Deg 2020, teɣli-d ɣer tmeɣri s wrole di ''Al-Manassa'' n [[Netflix]], sakin tṛuḥ ar film ameqran ''[[Al Kameen]]''. Tella-d tamezwarut yettwafernis sɣur [[TikTok]] ad tesbeddeḍ aḥedraw n tussiwt ddaw n usmekti ageldan #LearnOnTikTok.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forbesmiddleeastevents.com/team-members/mahira-abdel-aziz-2/ Forbes ME Events – “Mahira Abdel Aziz”]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://me.mashable.com/culture/49961/excited-for-dubai-bling-season-3-heres-all-about-tv-anchor-and-actress-mahira-abdel-aziz Mashable ME – “Dubai Bling S3: Mahira Abdel Aziz”]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tamezdagnut ==
Tili-d di [[Dubay]] ɣer umazray imaratenni; baba d Imaratenni, imma-t d tMiṣrit. Tewwi Master di tsensla n tasefsit seg [[Royal Architectural Institute of Canada]] u teskebber s Wuzmez n ddheb RAIC i tikti-ines.&lt;ref&gt;[https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/dubai-bling-season-3-new-cast-member-mahira-abdel-aziz/ Grazia ME – “Who Is Mahira Abdel Aziz?”]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lahamag.com/Details/4678-... Laha Magazine – amekkan n tmedyazt (2013)]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tettzwedgeḍ s leggzim n tneǧra n Lebnani [[Xaled Ezzedine]]; wessnen-tid ta maṛṛa ''Yasma''. Deg Yennayer 2025, teblan-d abɛadu-nsen.&lt;ref&gt;[https://almashhad.com/article/459217420284850-... Almashhad – 11-01-2025]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://sa.elnassrnews.com/fan/18705/... EnNassr News – 10-01-2025]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.annahar.com/lifestyle/arts/186409/... AnNahar – abtalɣ n uṭṭalaq]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amttekki n tamedyazt (Media) ==
Tebda-ted tamedyazt s [[CNBC Arabia]] am tameslayt n tesɛuda; sakin ɣur [[Al Arabiya]] tessari-d ''On the Spot'' ɣef [[lakriḍa]] n tnaḍt. Tesqedc isallen imeqqṛanen am [[World Economic Forum]] di [[Davos]], Anamur n Yili n Mmut (Dead Sea) d timlilit n [[OPEC]] di [[Vienna]], u yemyagaren ines ɣer yimanen am [[Mohamed Alabbar]], [[Chex Aḥmed bin Saʿid]], [[Dan Brown]], [[Taqalit Rania n Urdun]] d [[Taqalit Silvia n Swid]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://lite.almasryalyoum.com/lists/114818/ Al-Masry Al-Youm – 13 isallen ɣef Mahira]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mbrf.ae/knowledgesummit/en/speaker/mahira-abdel-aziz MBRF – asebtar n tmeslayt]&lt;/ref&gt;

Seg 2012 tessebɣe ''Sabah Al Arabiya''; di 2017 teddemeṛ d-tameslayt tamyuga di ''[[Kalam Nawaem]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180116175149/http://www.emaratalyoum.com/online/follow-ups/2017-11-10-1.1043046 Emarat Al Youm – Kalam Nawaem (2017)]&lt;/ref&gt; Di 2018 yettwafernes sɣur [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation]] ad tesbeddeḍ ''Snat n lǧǧa'' (''Hope Makers'') i tlata n useggasen d wass.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210528110519/https://www.emaratalyoum.com/life/four-sides/2018-04-30-1.1094691 Emarat Al Youm – Hope Makers]&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2019, tetteddu d amsawaḍ n uctu n yirḥi ''Ramez fi Ash-Shalal'' akked [[Ramez Galal]] di [[Bali]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/4152496 ElWatan – isallen ɣef Mahira]&lt;/ref&gt; Di 2020, tebdu ''Ghadan Ajmal'' di MBC s yiɣbula am [[Yousra]], [[Kosai Khauli]] d [[ʿAmr Youssef]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://al-akhbar.com/Celebrities/283206 Al-Akhbar – “Ghadan Ajmal”]&lt;/ref&gt; Di 2021, tella-d tamezwarut tameslayt taɛrabt i usbeddi n wahil n tussiwt ''Learn on TikTok'' ɣef [[TikTok]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zahratalkhaleej.ae/article/4166286/... Zahrat Al Khaleej – ahil “TikTok”]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lahamag.com/article/163248-... Laha Magazine – TikTok yettafernes Mahira]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.annahar.com/arabic/section/6-فن-ومجتمع/20022021044656578 AnNahar – ahil amezwaru ɣef TikTok]&lt;/ref&gt; Ɣer waya, tesbeddeḍ tamsirt n ''[[Ameqran n yisefra|Prince of Poets]]'' (tafsit 9) di [[TV Abu Dabi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wam.ae/ar/article/hszrbysr-... WAM – “Ameer Ash-Shiʿaraʾ”]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tɣuri ==
Tebda-d s wrole am tameslayt di ''[[Selfie (musalsal)|Selfie]]'' (tafsitin 1 d 3). Deg 2019, tella-d ''Nora'' di ssaḍis ''Al Diva'' ɣef [[Shahid]]; sakin tettɣur ''Sheikha'' di ''Al-Manassa'' n [[Netflix]], u tettɛalla ''Khudra Ash-Sharifa'' di ''Al Waʿd'' (leqder n ''[[Siret Beni Hilal]]'').&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elzmannews.com/473059 ElZman – Al-Waʿd]&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2021, tḥebs-d s ''[[Al Kameen]]'' (''The Ambush'') i tserked [[Pierre Morel]]. Amezruy-agi yessekneɣ am yebbusen n wagdud n Imarat deg wadu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imagenationabudhabi.com/media-center/al-kameen-the-ambush-breaks-records-... Image Nation Abu Dhabi – nadi n tnila]&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2022, tetteddu ɣer ufrux n teḍrurat s tɣuri di ''Casanova'' d [[Hassan El Raddad]] d ʿAmr Youssef di [[Riyadh Season]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.innfrad.com/News/38/2590751/... Innfrad – Casanova]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2025, tettawi-d d tmeɣriya tameqqrant am ''Elaf'' di ''[[Xrif n wul|Khrif Al-Qalb]]'' (90 tḥeḍrin), n leqder n [[Paramparça]] n Turki, yebna ɣef [[MBC]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elbalad.news/6473942 Sada El-Balad – “Tamṣalt n Elaf yernu-yiḍ adigen”]&lt;/ref&gt; Mi d-yilik, ttekki daɣen deg ''[[Dubai Bling]]'' n [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://me.mashable.com/culture/49961/... Mashable ME – Dubai Bling S3]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel Aziz, Mahira}}
[[Taggayt:Imdanen yeddan]]
[[Taggayt:Tiwlidin n 1979]]
[[Taggayt:Imdanen n Dubay]]
[[Taggayt:Imimaraten seg teṣlilt taMiṣrit]]
[[Taggayt:Tiltawin tmeɣriyin n Imarat]]
[[Taggayt:Tilawin n tiliɣri n TV n Imarat]]
[[Taggayt:Imdanen n tamedyazt n Imarat]]</text>
      <sha1>hr0aq6sanlfmahxv65v28v1r6vs4z6j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tazdukla</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117145</origin>
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      <text bytes="11214" sha1="mp2pyoapslz7fo7o5kpnwgye910f17u" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hammer and Sickle and Star.svg|vignette|Tafḍist d umger d asentel amiran n uzamul azduklan. Wa d amedya n tefḍist d wemger d yitri azewwaɣ i d-yekkan seg wannay n tdukla tasuvyatit.]]
Tasnakta n '''tzdukla''', d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

== Aẓar d Laṣel ==
Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: '''[[Karl Marks]]''' akked '''[[Friedrich Engels]]'''. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman ''Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan'' (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ ''tiburjwazit'', ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

== Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin ==
Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

* '''Amennuɣ n Tserkam:''' [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.
&quot;Amennuɣ n tserkam&quot; d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden [[Karl Marks]] akked [[Friedrich Engels]]. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks &quot;azal amernu&quot; (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.
* '''Tukksa n Wayla Uslig:''' Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.
Tukksa n wayla uslig d yiwet gar tgejdanin timakkiyin ɣef i tebna tesnakta n tzdukla. Deg teẓri n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]], annect-a mačči d asurif kan n tsertit neɣ n tdamsa, maca d aẓar n ubeddel ameqqran ara d-yessuksen imdanen seg uɣmar, d tneggayt ara d-yeslalen timetti tamaynut. Tiẓri-a tettawi-d d akken ayla uslig d netta i d ssebba tagejdant n beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef tserkam d ssebbat n lḥif i d-ttmagaren yimahilen deg yal tallit n umezruy. Iwakken ad neṭṭef amkan n tmiḍrant-a akken iwata, ssefk ad tnfhem deg tazwara amgired gar uyla uslig i d-tebɣa tzdukla(tkumunist) ad tekkes, akked uyla udmawan.

Mi d-yemmeslay Marks ɣef tukksa n wayla, ur d-yenni ara ad yettwakkes wayen yesɛa wemdan i yiman-is neɣ &quot;ayla udmawan&quot; am uxxam, llebsa, idlisen, neɣ tiɣawsiwin n yal ass i ssexdamen yimdanen akken ad idiren. Iswi n tzdukla mačči d tukksa n tegmit i yessexdam wemdan i dduzan-is. Ayen i tebɣa ad tekkes, d ayla-nni i d-yesrusuyen lḥif ɣef wiyyaḍ, id-yessawaḍen ad yekseb wemdan tigemmi ɣef uqerruy n lɛetab n wiyyaḍ. Meḥsub, ayla uslig-a yerza &quot;allalen n ufares&quot;: timacinin, isenfaṛen imeqqranen, tiferkiwin, imɣiren, tisegza, d wallalen n tnezzut. D allalen-a i d-yettfarasen ayen tesri tmetti, asmi ara ilin gar yifassen n kra kan n yimdanen, ad uɣalen d allalen n uqemmer d miḥyaf.

Deg unagraw amsihran, imawlan n wallalen-a n ufares, iwumi ssawalen tiburjwazit, ssexdamen ayla-nsen i wakken ad farsen idrimen d rrbeḥ i iman-nsen, war ma ḥusben assas(laɛtab) n yimahilen. Imahilen neɣ imɣiden, imi ur sɛin ara ayla s wayes ara xedmen iman-nsen, ttuḥettmen ad znuzun afus n uxeddim-nsen i yinesbaɣuren s wazal n lexlaṣ yettaɣen di lqaɛa. S wakka, ayla uslig yettuɣal d allal n wammud. Marks yessefhem-d d akken akatar-a n wayla uslig yessawaḍ ɣer &quot;takufḍa&quot;. Amdan ur d-yettaf ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufeɣ s ufus-is, ur yettwali ara aselkam n uxeddim-is, yerna tametti tettidir di tezɣenin tidamsanin ur nḥebbes imi iswi n ufares yeqqen ɣer rrbeḥ n yiwet n tarbaɛt (akatar n rbeḥ), mačči ɣer tneflit n tmetti d tririt ɣef tesriyin-is.

Ɣef waya, tukksa n wayla uslig tettawi-d ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n usuddes ametti d udamsan s lekmal-is. Amkan n uyla-a ad t-yeṭṭef &quot;wayla amagraw amettan&quot; neɣ ayla amezdi. Deg waddad-a anemlay d uzduklan, allalen n ufares ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s timmad-is, ur ttakken ara abaɣur i yiwen udmawan neɣ i yiwet n twacult. Tametti d nettat ara ten-yesferken s wudem amegday d anɣiwes. Afares ad yili ibedd ɣef lɛeqliya tamaynut: ad d-nfares ayen tesri tmetti akken ad idir yal amdan s liser, mačči akken ad nessiweḍ cci d yisufar ɣer lqella n yinesbaɣuren i ixeddmen fell-asen tarwa n lḥif.
* '''Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla:''' Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, '''tanemla''' (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).

== Amezruy d Umhaz ==
Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

=== 1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917) ===
Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n [[Karl Marks|Marks]] s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: ''Amarksizm-Alininizm''.

=== 2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ ===
Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (''Amawizm''). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

=== 3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

== Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar ==
Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tamurt'''
|'''Addad Atrar'''
|-
|'''Ccinwa'''
|Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n tamsihrit.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)&quot;.
|-
|'''Kukba / Vietnam'''
|Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
|-
|'''Kurya n Ugafa'''
|Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (''Juche''), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.
|}

== Asemdu deg Tmetti ==
Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.</text>
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        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="11937" sha1="l9grwnhrpwzpwm6cqyfrdc195m5s8e2" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hammer and Sickle and Star.svg|vignette|Tafḍist d umger d asentel amiran n uzamul azduklan. Wa d amedya n tefḍist d wemger d yitri azewwaɣ i d-yekkan seg wannay n tdukla tasuvyatit.]]
Tasnakta n '''tzdukla''', d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

== Aẓar d Laṣel ==
Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: '''[[Karl Marks]]''' akked '''[[Friedrich Engels]]'''. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman ''Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan'' (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ ''tiburjwazit'', ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

== Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin ==
Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

* '''Amennuɣ n Tserkam:''' [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.
&quot;Amennuɣ n tserkam&quot; d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden [[Karl Marks]] akked [[Friedrich Engels]]. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks &quot;azal amernu&quot; (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.
* '''Tukksa n Wayla Uslig:''' Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.
Tukksa n wayla uslig d yiwet gar tgejdanin timakkiyin ɣef i tebna tesnakta n tzdukla. Deg teẓri n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]], annect-a mačči d asurif kan n tsertit neɣ n tdamsa, maca d aẓar n ubeddel ameqqran ara d-yessuksen imdanen seg uɣmar, d tneggayt ara d-yeslalen timetti tamaynut. Tiẓri-a tettawi-d d akken ayla uslig d netta i d ssebba tagejdant n beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef tserkam d ssebbat n lḥif i d-ttmagaren yimahilen deg yal tallit n umezruy. Iwakken ad neṭṭef amkan n tmiḍrant-a akken iwata, ssefk ad tnfhem deg tazwara amgired gar uyla uslig i d-tebɣa tzdukla(tkumunist) ad tekkes, akked uyla udmawan.

Mi d-yemmeslay Marks ɣef tukksa n wayla, ur d-yenni ara ad yettwakkes wayen yesɛa wemdan i yiman-is neɣ &quot;ayla udmawan&quot; am uxxam, llebsa, idlisen, neɣ tiɣawsiwin n yal ass i ssexdamen yimdanen akken ad idiren. Iswi n tzdukla mačči d tukksa n tegmit i yessexdam wemdan i dduzan-is. Ayen i tebɣa ad tekkes, d ayla-nni i d-yesrusuyen lḥif ɣef wiyyaḍ, id-yessawaḍen ad yekseb wemdan tigemmi ɣef uqerruy n lɛetab n wiyyaḍ. Meḥsub, ayla uslig-a yerza &quot;allalen n ufares&quot;: timacinin, isenfaṛen imeqqranen, tiferkiwin, imɣiren, tisegza, d wallalen n tnezzut. D allalen-a i d-yettfarasen ayen tesri tmetti, asmi ara ilin gar yifassen n kra kan n yimdanen, ad uɣalen d allalen n uqemmer d miḥyaf.

Deg unagraw amsihran, imawlan n wallalen-a n ufares, iwumi ssawalen tiburjwazit, ssexdamen ayla-nsen i wakken ad farsen idrimen d rrbeḥ i iman-nsen, war ma ḥusben assas(laɛtab) n yimahilen. Imahilen neɣ imɣiden, imi ur sɛin ara ayla s wayes ara xedmen iman-nsen, ttuḥettmen ad znuzun afus n uxeddim-nsen i yinesbaɣuren s wazal n lexlaṣ yettaɣen di lqaɛa. S wakka, ayla uslig yettuɣal d allal n wammud. Marks yessefhem-d d akken akatar-a n wayla uslig yessawaḍ ɣer &quot;takufḍa&quot;. Amdan ur d-yettaf ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufeɣ s ufus-is, ur yettwali ara aselkam n uxeddim-is, yerna tametti tettidir di tezɣenin tidamsanin ur nḥebbes imi iswi n ufares yeqqen ɣer rrbeḥ n yiwet n tarbaɛt (akatar n rbeḥ), mačči ɣer tneflit n tmetti d tririt ɣef tesriyin-is.

Ɣef waya, tukksa n wayla uslig tettawi-d ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n usuddes ametti d udamsan s lekmal-is. Amkan n uyla-a ad t-yeṭṭef &quot;wayla amagraw amettan&quot; neɣ ayla amezdi. Deg waddad-a anemlay d uzduklan, allalen n ufares ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s timmad-is, ur ttakken ara abaɣur i yiwen udmawan neɣ i yiwet n twacult. Tametti d nettat ara ten-yesferken s wudem amegday d anɣiwes. Afares ad yili ibedd ɣef lɛeqliya tamaynut: ad d-nfares ayen tesri tmetti akken ad idir yal amdan s liser, mačči akken ad nessiweḍ cci d yisufar ɣer lqella n yinesbaɣuren i ixeddmen fell-asen tarwa n lḥif.

S tukksa n wayla uslig-a n wallalen n ufares, ad negren s wudem awurman tiserkam timettiyin. Imi ma yella ur yelli win i d-yugaren wayeḍ deg wayen yerzan akcam ɣer wallalen-a, d tɣbula n tmurt, ur d-tettagri ara ssebba n umennuɣ gar yimdanen neɣ gar tserkam. Tukksa n wayla-a d nettat i d asurif agejdan ara d-yelden abrid i usbeddi n tmetti tazduklant tummidt i deg yettwaseḥbiber ɣef yiswi-nni aɛlayan n tesnakta n Marks: &quot;Seg yal yiwen ilmend n tezmert-is, ɣer yal yiwen ilmend n tesri-ines&quot;. D anagraw anda ad ifak awanek i d-yessuksen ayla uslig i lbaṭel, d wanda yal amdan ad yesɛu tilelli ad yeflali deg tudert-is war ma yella umennuɣ gar tserkam, s ddemma n idrimen, neɣ s temḥeqranit tadamsant.
* '''Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla:''' Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, '''tanemla''' (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).

== Amezruy d Umhaz ==
Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

=== 1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917) ===
Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n [[Karl Marks|Marks]] s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: ''Amarksizm-Alininizm''.

=== 2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ ===
Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (''Amawizm''). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

=== 3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

== Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar ==
Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tamurt'''
|'''Addad Atrar'''
|-
|'''Ccinwa'''
|Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n tamsihrit.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)&quot;.
|-
|'''Kukba / Vietnam'''
|Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
|-
|'''Kurya n Ugafa'''
|Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (''Juche''), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.
|}

== Asemdu deg Tmetti ==
Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.</text>
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[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.

=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===

==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :

'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel &quot;The C++ Programming Language&quot; n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).

'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).

'''1990''' : Timerna n &quot;''templates&quot;'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).

==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen 
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit 
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka

C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.

=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===

==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.

'''C++98''' tesɛa :

* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw

==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.

==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin 
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut</text>
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[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.

=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===

==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :

'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel &quot;The C++ Programming Language&quot; n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).

'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).

'''1990''' : Timerna n &quot;''templates&quot;'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).

==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen 
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit 
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka

C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.

=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===

==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.

'''C++98''' tesɛa :

* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw

==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.

==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin 
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut

=== 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++  (2011–Ass-a) ===

==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ====
Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel :

* ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman
* ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan
* ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad
* ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit
* ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman
* ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem
* ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL
* ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden

==== 4.2 C++14 ====
Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan :

''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed &quot;''Return type deduction''&quot; i twsitin, &quot;''constexpr&quot;'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti &quot;''Variable templates&quot;.''

==== 4.3 C++17 ====
Deg 2017, C++17 terna :

''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas.

==== 4.4 C++20 ====
Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin :

''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, &lt;format&gt; : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (&lt;=&gt;)

==== 4.5 C++23 ====
Deg 2023, C++23 terna :

''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117139</id>
      <parentid>117135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T13:37:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3761" sha1="pvfnvcehgrpbmvgla41a52dz9ss823z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.

=== 3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ ===
Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n &quot;Ownership&quot; yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara &quot;Data races&quot; (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen '''umutti''' deg yiwen wakud, '''Asefsay''' ad yagi tangalt-nni.

== 🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel ==
Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust tseqdac '''tasɣent n usnirem''', ''map'', ''filter'', d tewsit n ''Option'' akked ''Result'' i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac ''try/catch''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative)&lt;/u&gt;: Teseqdac tineddicin am ''for'', ''while'', d ''loop''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust ur tesɛi ara &quot;Tiserkam&quot; am Java, maca tseqdac ''Structs'' (timṣukin) d ''Traits'' i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.

== Amedya n tengalt ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;
// Ahil amezwaru deg Rust
fn main() {
    // Asbadu n umutti (Variable)
    let isem: &amp;str = &quot;Aqbayli&quot;;
    
    // Asiggez n wawal (Impression)
    println!(&quot;Azul fell-ak, a {}!&quot;, isem);

    // Asefrek n tebdarin akked tfelwiyin (Gestion des listes/tableaux)
    let imḍanen = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let timernit: i32 = imḍanen.iter().sum();
    
    println!(&quot;Timernit n yimḍanen: {}&quot;, timernit);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pvfnvcehgrpbmvgla41a52dz9ss823z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117140</id>
      <parentid>117139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T13:52:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4394" sha1="9256bvpcrpk34wukznroktntkue2k7g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.

=== 3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ ===
Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n &quot;Ownership&quot; yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara &quot;Data races&quot; (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen '''umutti''' deg yiwen wakud, '''Asefsay''' ad yagi tangalt-nni.

== 🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel ==
Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust tseqdac '''tasɣent n usnirem''', ''map'', ''filter'', d tewsit n ''Option'' akked ''Result'' i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac ''try/catch''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative)&lt;/u&gt;: Teseqdac tineddicin am ''for'', ''while'', d ''loop''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust ur tesɛi ara &quot;Tiserkam&quot; am Java, maca tseqdac ''Structs'' (timṣukin) d ''Traits'' i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.

== Amedya n tengalt ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;
// Ahil amezwaru deg Rust
fn main() {
    // Asbadu n umutti (Variable)
    let isem: &amp;str = &quot;Aqbayli&quot;;
    
    // Asiggez n wawal (Impression)
    println!(&quot;Azul fell-ak, a {}!&quot;, isem);

    // Asefrek n tebdarin akked tfelwiyin (Gestion des listes/tableaux)
    let imḍanen = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let timernit: i32 = imḍanen.iter().sum();
    
    println!(&quot;Timernit n yimḍanen: {}&quot;, timernit);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== 🛠️ Tawennaṭ d Yifecka ==
Tawennaṭ n Rust tettwassen s yifecka-s igerrzen i d-yusan yid-s:

'''Cargo''': D afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen (package manager) d afecku n usali (build tool). S Cargo, amessihel yezmer ad d-yessali, ad isenqed, yerna ad yaf isefka (tiglin/iḍaraɛen) s tɣawla.

'''Rustc''': D asefsay n Rust, i yettarun tangalt ɣer tutlayt n tmacint.

'''Crates.io''': D timkarḍiyin neɣ d amkan anda i ttwaznen yikemmusen n Rust, am npm deg JavaScript neɣ pip deg Python.

'''Rust Analyzer''': D afecku i tallelt n usihel (IDE support) i yettmuddun tallelt i yimessihilen deg VSCode d yifecka nniḍen.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117142</id>
      <parentid>117140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T22:17:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5224" sha1="exrsro213dj2f2gsgnwovuj7ahxi0gm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.

=== 3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ ===
Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n &quot;Ownership&quot; yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara &quot;Data races&quot; (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen '''umutti''' deg yiwen wakud, '''Asefsay''' ad yagi tangalt-nni.

== 🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel ==
Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust tseqdac '''tasɣent n usnirem''', ''map'', ''filter'', d tewsit n ''Option'' akked ''Result'' i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac ''try/catch''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative)&lt;/u&gt;: Teseqdac tineddicin am ''for'', ''while'', d ''loop''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust ur tesɛi ara &quot;Tiserkam&quot; am Java, maca tseqdac ''Structs'' (timṣukin) d ''Traits'' i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.

== Amedya n tengalt ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;
// Ahil amezwaru deg Rust
fn main() {
    // Asbadu n umutti (Variable)
    let isem: &amp;str = &quot;Aqbayli&quot;;
    
    // Asiggez n wawal (Impression)
    println!(&quot;Azul fell-ak, a {}!&quot;, isem);

    // Asefrek n tebdarin akked tfelwiyin (Gestion des listes/tableaux)
    let imḍanen = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let timernit: i32 = imḍanen.iter().sum();
    
    println!(&quot;Timernit n yimḍanen: {}&quot;, timernit);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== 🛠️ Tawennaṭ d Yifecka ==
Tawennaṭ n Rust tettwassen s yifecka-s igerrzen i d-yusan yid-s:

'''Cargo''': D afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen (package manager) d afecku n usali (build tool). S Cargo, amessihel yezmer ad d-yessali, ad isenqed, yerna ad yaf isefka (tiglin/iḍaraɛen) s tɣawla.

'''Rustc''': D asefsay n Rust, i yettarun tangalt ɣer tutlayt n tmacint.

'''Crates.io''': D timkarḍiyin neɣ d amkan anda i ttwaznen yikemmusen n Rust, am npm deg JavaScript neɣ pip deg Python.

'''Rust Analyzer''': D afecku i tallelt n usihel (IDE support) i yettmuddun tallelt i yimessihilen deg VSCode d yifecka nniḍen.

== 🌍 Tajṛut n useqdec ==
Rust tettwaseqdec deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tsenselkimt tatrart:

=== Inagrawen n Wammud: ===
'''[[Linux]] Kernel''': Linus Torvalds yeqbel Rust d tameslayt tis snat deg uɣbalu n yiɣes Linux (deffir C).

'''Redox''': D anagraw n wammud i yuran s Rust seg tazwara.

'''Ifecka n Izirig n Tladna''': Aṭas n yifecka am ripgrep (grep atrar), bat (cat atrar), d alacritty (terminal) yuran s Rust.

'''Isnasen n Web''': S useqdec n yifecka am Actix neɣ Axum, d uselkem ɣer WebAssembly (Wasm) i wakken isnasen ad leḥḥun deg yiminigen s temellit tameqqrant.

'''Imuturen n Uraren''': Am Bevy, i yellan d afecku n usnulfu n wuraren am Unreal Engine neɣ Unity, maca s Rust.

'''Tadrimt tawgelhent d uzrar n yiḥedran''': Aṭas n tɣeṛɣaṛ n ''crypto'' am Solana yuran s Rust i temellit-ines.</text>
      <sha1>exrsro213dj2f2gsgnwovuj7ahxi0gm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117151</id>
      <parentid>117142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T07:16:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6467" sha1="l8s9epdaa11c98l2gqt13z6rkljmt54" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.

=== 3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ ===
Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n &quot;Ownership&quot; yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara &quot;Data races&quot; (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen '''umutti''' deg yiwen wakud, '''Asefsay''' ad yagi tangalt-nni.

== 🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel ==
Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust tseqdac '''tasɣent n usnirem''', ''map'', ''filter'', d tewsit n ''Option'' akked ''Result'' i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac ''try/catch''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative)&lt;/u&gt;: Teseqdac tineddicin am ''for'', ''while'', d ''loop''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust ur tesɛi ara &quot;Tiserkam&quot; am Java, maca tseqdac ''Structs'' (timṣukin) d ''Traits'' i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.

== Amedya n tengalt ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;
// Ahil amezwaru deg Rust
fn main() {
    // Asbadu n umutti (Variable)
    let isem: &amp;str = &quot;Aqbayli&quot;;
    
    // Asiggez n wawal (Impression)
    println!(&quot;Azul fell-ak, a {}!&quot;, isem);

    // Asefrek n tebdarin akked tfelwiyin (Gestion des listes/tableaux)
    let imḍanen = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let timernit: i32 = imḍanen.iter().sum();
    
    println!(&quot;Timernit n yimḍanen: {}&quot;, timernit);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== 🛠️ Tawennaṭ d Yifecka ==
Tawennaṭ n Rust tettwassen s yifecka-s igerrzen i d-yusan yid-s:

'''Cargo''': D afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen (package manager) d afecku n usali (build tool). S Cargo, amessihel yezmer ad d-yessali, ad isenqed, yerna ad yaf isefka (tiglin/iḍaraɛen) s tɣawla.

'''Rustc''': D asefsay n Rust, i yettarun tangalt ɣer tutlayt n tmacint.

'''Crates.io''': D timkarḍiyin neɣ d amkan anda i ttwaznen yikemmusen n Rust, am npm deg JavaScript neɣ pip deg Python.

'''Rust Analyzer''': D afecku i tallelt n usihel (IDE support) i yettmuddun tallelt i yimessihilen deg VSCode d yifecka nniḍen.

== 🌍 Tajṛut n useqdec ==
Rust tettwaseqdec deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tsenselkimt tatrart:

=== Inagrawen n Wammud: ===
'''[[Linux]] Kernel''': Linus Torvalds yeqbel Rust d tameslayt tis snat deg uɣbalu n yiɣes Linux (deffir C).

'''Redox''': D anagraw n wammud i yuran s Rust seg tazwara.

'''Ifecka n Izirig n Tladna''': Aṭas n yifecka am ripgrep (grep atrar), bat (cat atrar), d alacritty (terminal) yuran s Rust.

'''Isnasen n Web''': S useqdec n yifecka am Actix neɣ Axum, d uselkem ɣer WebAssembly (Wasm) i wakken isnasen ad leḥḥun deg yiminigen s temellit tameqqrant.

'''Imuturen n Uraren''': Am Bevy, i yellan d afecku n usnulfu n wuraren am Unreal Engine neɣ Unity, maca s Rust.

'''Tadrimt tawgelhent d uzrar n yiḥedran''': Aṭas n tɣeṛɣaṛ n ''crypto'' am Solana yuran s Rust i temellit-ines.

== Amezruy d Umhaz n Rust d Wazal-is deg Tsenselkimt ==
Rust d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant i d-yellan deg useggas n 2006, yesnulfa-tt Graydon Hoare mi yella yettmahal deg Mozilla. Tameslayt-a tettwassen s temellit-is tameqqrant, taɣellist n tkatut, d uselkem amsadaɣ. Seg wasmi i d-teffeɣ ar ass-a, Rust tezmert ad tbeddel amezruy n tsenselkimt, yerna tuɣal d yiwen seg yifecka igejdanen deg usnulfu n yiseɣẓanen itraren.

=== 1. Tazwara: Asnulfu d Tmuɣli Tamezwarut (2006–2010) ===
Deg useggas n 2006, Graydon Hoare, amessihel deg Mozilla, yebda yettmahal ɣef yiwet n tmeslayt n usihel tamaynut. Iswi-ines amezwaru yella d asnulfu n tmeslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni n zik.

Deg tallit-nni, tasenselkimt tella tetteddu s tmeslayin am C d C++ deg inagrawen n wammud d yiseɣẓanen imeqqranen. Maca tuccḍiwin n tkatut (am useqdec n tkatut yemmuten, neɣ tuṭṭfa ɣa n tkatut ur nettwaf ara) llant d ugur ameqqran i d-yessawḍen ar uɣelluy n yinagrawen d tɣellist.

Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, tefka-yas afus d tedrimt. Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden, yerna deg useggas-nni kan, Rust tebda tettwassen gar yimessihelen.</text>
      <sha1>l8s9epdaa11c98l2gqt13z6rkljmt54</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Engels</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117143</id>
      <parentid>117138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T22:23:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3432" sha1="49v8or8auqol7tswt6je5wnv8ewhe7e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks|Karl Marx]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri tazduklant. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.

=== Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert ===
Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt.

Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: &quot;Tawacult tagerramt&quot;, yernu deg 1846, &quot;Tasnakta talmanit&quot;, anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni.

== Ulɣu Azduklan ==
Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d &quot;Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tzdukla]]&quot;. Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: &quot;Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam&quot;. Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden.

== Taluft Tadamsant d Tallelt i Marks ==
Engels ur yelli ara kan d amyag, maca yella d amsadur n tdamsa. Akken [[Karl Marks|Marks]] ad yili deg Lundun, ad yexdem ɣef udlis-is ameqqran &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot;, Engels yuɣal ɣer [[Manchester]] ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s akken ad as-yazen idrimen i Marks. Tallelt-a tadamsant d tin i yeǧǧan Marks ad ikemmel anadi-ines war ma yettxemmim ɣef wučči n wass.

Mi yemmut Marks deg 1883, Engels yerra iman-is akken ad ifru, ad iṣṣeggem, yerna ad d-yessuffeɣ iḥricen wis sin d wis kraḍ n &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot; seg yiferdisen ur nekfi ara i d-yeǧǧa Marks. Ayagi yexdem-it s tmusni tameqqrant, war ma yerra iman-is d bab n tira-nni.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117144</id>
      <parentid>117143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T22:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3435" sha1="ffjeuqkw1dzzhfnmcoowoou8b8bribt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri [[Tazdukla|tazduklant]]. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.

=== Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert ===
Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt.

Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: &quot;Tawacult tagerramt&quot;, yernu deg 1846, &quot;Tasnakta talmanit&quot;, anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni.

== Ulɣu Azduklan ==
Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d &quot;Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tzdukla]]&quot;. Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: &quot;Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam&quot;. Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden.

== Taluft Tadamsant d Tallelt i Marks ==
Engels ur yelli ara kan d amyag, maca yella d amsadur n tdamsa. Akken [[Karl Marks|Marks]] ad yili deg Lundun, ad yexdem ɣef udlis-is ameqqran &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot;, Engels yuɣal ɣer [[Manchester]] ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s akken ad as-yazen idrimen i Marks. Tallelt-a tadamsant d tin i yeǧǧan Marks ad ikemmel anadi-ines war ma yettxemmim ɣef wučči n wass.

Mi yemmut Marks deg 1883, Engels yerra iman-is akken ad ifru, ad iṣṣeggem, yerna ad d-yessuffeɣ iḥricen wis sin d wis kraḍ n &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot; seg yiferdisen ur nekfi ara i d-yeǧǧa Marks. Ayagi yexdem-it s tmusni tameqqrant, war ma yerra iman-is d bab n tira-nni.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117152</id>
      <parentid>117144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T10:47:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117152</origin>
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'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri [[Tazdukla|tazduklant]]. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.

=== Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert ===
Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt.

Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: &quot;Tawacult tagerramt&quot;, yernu deg 1846, &quot;Tasnakta talmanit&quot;, anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni.

== Ulɣu Azduklan ==
Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d &quot;Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tzdukla]]&quot;. Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: &quot;Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam&quot;. Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden.

== Taluft Tadamsant d Tallelt i Marks ==
Engels ur yelli ara kan d amyag, maca yella d amsadur n tdamsa. Akken [[Karl Marks|Marks]] ad yili deg Lundun, ad yexdem ɣef udlis-is ameqqran &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot;, Engels yuɣal ɣer [[Manchester]] ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s akken ad as-yazen idrimen i Marks. Tallelt-a tadamsant d tin i yeǧǧan Marks ad ikemmel anadi-ines war ma yettxemmim ɣef wučči n wass.

Mi yemmut Marks deg 1883, Engels yerra iman-is akken ad ifru, ad iṣṣeggem, yerna ad d-yessuffeɣ iḥricen wis sin d wis kraḍ n &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot; seg yiferdisen ur nekfi ara i d-yeǧǧa Marks. Ayagi yexdem-it s tmusni tameqqrant, war ma yerra iman-is d bab n tira-nni.

== Tira-ines Tigejdanin ==
Engels yura aṭas n yidlisen i yellan d lsas deg ufelsaf amarksist:

&quot;Mgal Dühring&quot; deg 1878: Adlis-agi d agzul ameqqran n teẓriwin n Marks d Engels. Yefka deg-s tixutert i tdamsa tasertant, i ufelsaf, d wamud n tazdukla tussnant.

&quot;Aẓar n twacult, n wayla uslig, d uwanek&quot; deg 1884: Deg udlis-agi, yesseqdac tangaẓrit tamazrayt akken ad yezrew amek i d-yennulfa uwanek, d wamek i yebda ubrid n tmetti seg umɣiwan n tazwara ɣer tserkam yemgaraden, yerna yefka tamuɣli ɣef wamek i yella usmuddu n tmeṭṭut deg umezruy.

&quot;Tadialektikt n Ugama&quot;: Adlis ur nekfi ara, i d-ittwafsaren seld tamettant-is, anda i yettarra tadialektikt ɣer yisuḍaf n ugama d tussniwin n ugama.

== Amennuɣ deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen ==
Engels yella d aɣella deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen. Yettekka deg usbeddi n Tuddsa Tamezwarut d Tuddsa Tis Snat, yernu yettarra tabɣest i yimeɣnasen n tmura n Urupa akken ad nnaɣen mgal tamsihrit d wammud-is. Mi yemmut Marks, netta i yuɣalen d allaɣ i yimussuyen n umaḍal, d netta i d-yettawin tiktiwin-nsen timaynutin, yerna yettara asirem deg wid i d-yusan d imaynuten.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117153</id>
      <parentid>117152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T10:48:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4611" sha1="ll735oof3z4h90m8pl1wwpv2wguarxy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri [[Tazdukla|tazduklant]]. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.

=== Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert ===
Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt.

Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: &quot;Tawacult tagerramt&quot;, yernu deg 1846, &quot;Tasnakta talmanit&quot;, anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni.

== Ulɣu Azduklan ==
Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d &quot;Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tzdukla]]&quot;. Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: &quot;Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam&quot;. Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden.

== Taluft Tadamsant d Tallelt i Marks ==
Engels ur yelli ara kan d amyag, maca yella d amsadur n tdamsa. Akken [[Karl Marks|Marks]] ad yili deg Lundun, ad yexdem ɣef udlis-is ameqqran &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot;, Engels yuɣal ɣer [[Manchester]] ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s akken ad as-yazen idrimen i Marks. Tallelt-a tadamsant d tin i yeǧǧan Marks ad ikemmel anadi-ines war ma yettxemmim ɣef wučči n wass.

Mi yemmut Marks deg 1883, Engels yerra iman-is akken ad ifru, ad iṣṣeggem, yerna ad d-yessuffeɣ iḥricen wis sin d wis kraḍ n &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot; seg yiferdisen ur nekfi ara i d-yeǧǧa Marks. Ayagi yexdem-it s tmusni tameqqrant, war ma yerra iman-is d bab n tira-nni.

== Tira-ines Tigejdanin ==
Engels yura aṭas n yidlisen i yellan d lsas deg ufelsaf amarksist, gar-asen:

&quot;'''Mgal Dühring'''&quot; deg 1878: Adlis-agi d agzul ameqqran n teẓriwin n Marks d Engels. Yefka deg-s tixutert i tdamsa tasertant, i ufelsaf, d wamud n tazdukla tussnant.

&quot;'''Aẓar n twacult, n wayla uslig, d uwanek'''&quot; deg 1884: Deg udlis-agi, yesseqdac tangaẓrit tamazrayt akken ad yezrew amek i d-yennulfa uwanek, d wamek i yebda ubrid n tmetti seg umɣiwan n tazwara ɣer tserkam yemgaraden, yerna yefka tamuɣli ɣef wamek i yella usmuddu n tmeṭṭut deg umezruy.

&quot;'''Tadialektikt n Ugama'''&quot;: Adlis ur nekfi ara, i d-ittwafsaren seld tamettant-is, anda i yettarra tadialektikt ɣer yisuḍaf n ugama d tussniwin n ugama.

== Amennuɣ deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen ==
Engels yella d aɣella deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen. Yettekka deg usbeddi n Tuddsa Tamezwarut d Tuddsa Tis Snat, yernu yettarra tabɣest i yimeɣnasen n tmura n Urupa akken ad nnaɣen mgal tamsihrit d wammud-is. Mi yemmut Marks, netta i yuɣalen d allaɣ i yimussuyen n umaḍal, d netta i d-yettawin tiktiwin-nsen timaynutin, yerna yettara asirem deg wid i d-yusan d imaynuten.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taṭawit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117146</id>
      <parentid>117130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T23:01:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1429" sha1="mdgfktabqco5r9frrkcyo9zxywgjqsa" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Tao.svg|vignette|Asekkil n ccinwa &quot;道&quot;, anamek-is &quot;Tikli&quot; neɣ &quot;Abrid&quot;.]]
'''Taṭawit''', d yiwen n usɣan akked tfelsafit i d-ibanen di tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] deg taggara n lqern wis 6 send ɛisa. Llsas n usɣan-a yebna ɣef wawal &quot;Tao&quot;, i d-yemmalen &quot;Tikli&quot; neɣ abrid n umeɣraḍ. Afelsafi ameqqran i d-yesnulfan taflusuft-a d '''Laozi''' (Lao Tseu), i yuran adlis uɣris iwumi qqaren '''''Tao Te Ching''''' (Adlis n Tikli d Tuẓult-is).

== Imenzayen Igejdanen ==
Taṭawit tebna ɣef kra n yimenzayen issekcamen amdan deg unamek n tudert:

* '''Tao (Tikli)''': D netta i d llsas n tudert d umeɣraḍ. Ur yezmir ara ad t-nessegzi s wawalen, acku d netta i d aɣbalu n yal taɣawsa yellan deg ddunnit. Tao d asaka i yeṭṭafar ugama war ma nexdem aṭas n wussis.
* '''Yin d Yang (Amnekni n''' '''sin n yiferdisen)''': D amnekni  ger snat n tɣawsiwin yemgaraden. D timlellit ger wayen yellan d aberkan d wayen yellan d amellal, d wass akked yiḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d belli amnekni d ayen yesɛan azal ameqqran iwakken ad tili tudert.
* '''Wu Wei (War Tigawt)''': D yiwet n tmiḍrant tagejdant deg taṭawit. Anamek-is ur d-yemmal ara war tezmert neɣ war lebɣi n usnifel, maca yemmal-d &quot;war tigawt&quot; i d-yemgaraden d usaḍuf(lqanun) n ugama. D anekcum deg tudert s wudem ufrin war ma neḥtem-itt.
* '''Qi (Tasaraɣt)''': D tasaraɣt n tudert i yetteddun deg umeɣraḍ. Yal amdan yesɛa tasaraɣt-a deg tfekka-s.</text>
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