Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="kab">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>kabwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Uslig</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Mmeslay</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Amseqdac</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Amyannan umsqedac</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Amyannan n Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Amyannan n MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Amyannan n talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Amyannan n taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Awwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Amyannan uwwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Asenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Amyannan usenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Discussion module</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2600" case="first-letter">Sujet</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>10330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117168</id>
      <parentid>110163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T11:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jules*</username>
        <id>2232</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jules* yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Amyannan umsqedac:PoireFabuleuse24/Archive 1]] ar [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1]] : Page automatiquement déplacée lors du renommage de l’utilisateur « [[Special:CentralAuth/PoireFabuleuse24|PoireFabuleuse24]] » en « [[Special:CentralAuth/Romaitaliamaxime|Romaitaliamaxime]] »</comment>
      <origin>66001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="168" sha1="ho8kcso5r9l2zru1w3o1aqcjf0rbekg" xml:space="preserve">{{Archive for converted wikitext talk page|from=Amyannan umsqedac:Wikipédia&amp;Maxime|date=2016-08-19}}

{{Ansuf}}
[[user:issimo_15|issimo_15]] 21:36, 22 Mayyu 2016 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ho8kcso5r9l2zru1w3o1aqcjf0rbekg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>JavaScript</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117164</id>
      <parentid>93304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T09:40:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1749" sha1="5jvduznsflv7cwwe1joye83hxaefp82" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''JavaScript''' d [[tutlayt n usihel]] mebla aefsu i d-yesnulfa [[Brendan Eich]] ([[Netscape]]). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s [[Node.js]].

Tameslayt n usihel '''JavaScript''' tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen.

== 2. Amezruy d Usenteḍ ==

=== 2.1. Talalit n JavaScript ===
JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella &quot;Mocha&quot;, sakkin yuɣal &quot;LiveScript&quot;, qbel ad yettusema &quot;JavaScript&quot;. Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web.

=== 2.2. Alugen ECMAScript ===
Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem &quot;ECMAScript&quot;. Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman:

* ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru.
* ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions).
* ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa &quot;strict mode&quot;.
* ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules.
* ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing.

== Hello world == 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=javascript&gt;
console.log(&quot;Hello World!&quot;);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


==  Ẓer daɣen == 

*[[TypeScript]]

[[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]]</text>
      <sha1>5jvduznsflv7cwwe1joye83hxaefp82</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aselkim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117162</id>
      <parentid>117147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T23:09:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3988" sha1="i9umgcals2e25sa3ldoj0sg2599pvys" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden.
ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}}

'''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

== Aẓar n Yisem ==
[[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]]
Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n &quot;exucute,  نفذ&quot;.

== Arrum ==
Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:

'''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.

'''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:

'''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.

'''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.

'''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:

* Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
* Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
* Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
* Aḍebsi  / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.

== Aseɣẓan ==
Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem.

'''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen.

'''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli.

'''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]]

== iɣbula ==

[[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]]
[[Taggayt:Aselkim]]</text>
      <sha1>i9umgcals2e25sa3ldoj0sg2599pvys</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>24748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117167</id>
      <parentid>112300</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T11:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jules*</username>
        <id>2232</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jules* yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Amyannan umsqedac:PoireFabuleuse24]] ar [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime]] : Page automatiquement déplacée lors du renommage de l’utilisateur « [[Special:CentralAuth/PoireFabuleuse24|PoireFabuleuse24]] » en « [[Special:CentralAuth/Romaitaliamaxime|Romaitaliamaxime]] »</comment>
      <origin>112300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="o8xdfctfx8biuj4b1knxkz3u46u234d" xml:space="preserve">* [[Amyannan umsqedac:PoireFabuleuse24/Flow]]</text>
      <sha1>o8xdfctfx8biuj4b1knxkz3u46u234d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tazdukla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117160</id>
      <parentid>117154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T22:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13016" sha1="iu5ob6ds31girbxyvrxiqh0ozo3ervp" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hammer and Sickle and Star.svg|vignette|Tafḍist d umger d asentel amiran n uzamul azduklan. Wa d amedya n tefḍist d wemger d yitri azewwaɣ i d-yekkan seg wannay n tdukla tasuvyatit.]]
Tasnakta n '''tzdukla''', d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

== Aẓar d Laṣel ==
Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: '''[[Karl Marks]]''' akked '''[[Friedrich Engels]]'''. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman ''Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan'' (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ ''tiburjwazit'', ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

== Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin ==
Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

* '''Amennuɣ n Tserkam:''' [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.
&quot;Amennuɣ n tserkam&quot; d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden [[Karl Marks]] akked [[Friedrich Engels]]. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks &quot;azal amernu&quot; (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.
* '''Tukksa n Wayla Uslig:''' Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.
Tukksa n wayla uslig d yiwet gar tgejdanin timakkiyin ɣef i tebna tesnakta n tzdukla. Deg teẓri n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]], annect-a mačči d asurif kan n tsertit neɣ n tdamsa, maca d aẓar n ubeddel ameqqran ara d-yessuksen imdanen seg uɣmar, d tneggayt ara d-yeslalen timetti tamaynut. Tiẓri-a tettawi-d d akken ayla uslig d netta i d ssebba tagejdant n beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef tserkam d ssebbat n lḥif i d-ttmagaren yimahilen deg yal tallit n umezruy. Iwakken ad neṭṭef amkan n tmiḍrant-a akken iwata, ssefk ad tnfhem deg tazwara amgired gar uyla uslig i d-tebɣa tzdukla(tkumunist) ad tekkes, akked uyla udmawan.

Mi d-yemmeslay Marks ɣef tukksa n wayla, ur d-yenni ara ad yettwakkes wayen yesɛa wemdan i yiman-is neɣ &quot;ayla udmawan&quot; am uxxam, llebsa, idlisen, neɣ tiɣawsiwin n yal ass i ssexdamen yimdanen akken ad idiren. Iswi n tzdukla mačči d tukksa n tegmit i yessexdam wemdan i dduzan-is. Ayen i tebɣa ad tekkes, d ayla-nni i d-yesrusuyen lḥif ɣef wiyyaḍ, id-yessawaḍen ad yekseb wemdan tigemmi ɣef uqerruy n lɛetab n wiyyaḍ. Meḥsub, ayla uslig-a yerza &quot;allalen n ufares&quot;: timacinin, isenfaṛen imeqqranen, tiferkiwin, imɣiren, tisegza, d wallalen n tnezzut. D allalen-a i d-yettfarasen ayen tesri tmetti, asmi ara ilin gar yifassen n kra kan n yimdanen, ad uɣalen d allalen n uqemmer d miḥyaf.

Deg unagraw amsihran, imawlan n wallalen-a n ufares, iwumi ssawalen tiburjwazit, ssexdamen ayla-nsen i wakken ad farsen idrimen d rrbeḥ i iman-nsen, war ma ḥusben assas(laɛtab) n yimahilen. Imahilen neɣ imɣiden, imi ur sɛin ara ayla s wayes ara xedmen iman-nsen, ttuḥettmen ad znuzun afus n uxeddim-nsen i yinesbaɣuren s wazal n lexlaṣ yettaɣen di lqaɛa. S wakka, ayla uslig yettuɣal d allal n wammud. Marks yessefhem-d d akken akatar-a n wayla uslig yessawaḍ ɣer &quot;takufḍa&quot;. Amdan ur d-yettaf ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufeɣ s ufus-is, ur yettwali ara aselkam n uxeddim-is, yerna tametti tettidir di tezɣenin tidamsanin ur nḥebbes imi iswi n ufares yeqqen ɣer rrbeḥ n yiwet n tarbaɛt (akatar n rbeḥ), mačči ɣer tneflit n tmetti d tririt ɣef tesriyin-is.

Ɣef waya, tukksa n wayla uslig tettawi-d ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n usuddes ametti d udamsan s lekmal-is. Amkan n uyla-a ad t-yeṭṭef &quot;wayla amagraw amettan&quot; neɣ ayla amezdi. Deg waddad-a anemlay d uzduklan, allalen n ufares ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s timmad-is, ur ttakken ara abaɣur i yiwen udmawan neɣ i yiwet n twacult. Tametti d nettat ara ten-yesferken s wudem amegday d anɣiwes. Afares ad yili ibedd ɣef lɛeqliya tamaynut: ad d-nfares ayen tesri tmetti akken ad idir yal amdan s liser, mačči akken ad nessiweḍ cci d yisufar ɣer lqella n yinesbaɣuren i ixeddmen fell-asen tarwa n lḥif.

S tukksa n wayla uslig-a n wallalen n ufares, ad negren s wudem awurman tiserkam timettiyin. Imi ma yella ur yelli win i d-yugaren wayeḍ deg wayen yerzan akcam ɣer wallalen-a, d tɣbula n tmurt, ur d-tettagri ara ssebba n umennuɣ gar yimdanen neɣ gar tserkam. Tukksa n wayla-a d nettat i d asurif agejdan ara d-yelden abrid i usbeddi n tmetti tazduklant tummidt i deg yettwaseḥbiber ɣef yiswi-nni aɛlayan n tesnakta n Marks: &quot;Seg yal yiwen ilmend n tezmert-is, ɣer yal yiwen ilmend n tesri-ines&quot;. D anagraw anda ad ifak awanek i d-yessuksen ayla uslig i lbaṭel, d wanda yal amdan ad yesɛu tilelli ad yeflali deg tudert-is war ma yella umennuɣ gar tserkam, s ddemma n idrimen, neɣ s temḥeqranit tadamsant.
* '''Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla:''' Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, '''tanemla''' (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).
Di teẓri n Karl Marks d Friedrich Engels, abeddel seg unagraw n temsihrit ɣer tmetti n tzdukla ur yezmir ara ad d-yili deg yiwen n wass neɣ s yiwen n ussurif kan. Marks yessefhem-d belli asali n tmetti war tiserkam yesra ɣer yiwet n tallit n uɛeddi, d tallit tamenzut iwumi isemma &quot;tanemla&quot;, i wakken ad taweḍ tmetti s wudem uktu ɣer tzduklant tatrat.

Tickki tagrawla n yimahilen teɣleb anagraw n temsihrit, timetti ad tkecem deg tallit n tnemla. Deg waddad-a, awanek mazal-it yella, maca ad yuɣal d allal gar yifassen n yimahilen, ayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;aḥkam aɣrudan n yimahilen&quot;. Iswi n uwanek-a anemlay d asuffeɣ n wallalen n ufares seg yifassen n tburjwazit, i wakken ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s umata. Deg tallit-a, tamhazt tadamsant d tmettit tettban-d deg ubeddel n lqaleb n ufraq n wayla. Ilugan n tnemla bnan ɣef wawal-a: &quot;Seg yal yiwen ilmend n tezmert-is, ɣer yal yiwen ilmend n umahil-is&quot;. Meḥsub, yal amdan ad yettwaxelleṣ ɣef wakken ixeddem d wakken yefka tezmert-is i tmetti, imi idrimen mazal-iten ddren s wudem-nsen alɣawan deg umbaddel.

== Amezruy d Umhaz ==
Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

=== 1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917) ===
Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n [[Karl Marks|Marks]] s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: ''Amarksizm-Alininizm''.

=== 2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ ===
Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (''Amawizm''). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

=== 3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

== Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar ==
Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tamurt'''
|'''Addad Atrar'''
|-
|'''Ccinwa'''
|Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n tamsihrit.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)&quot;.
|-
|'''Kukba / Vietnam'''
|Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
|-
|'''Kurya n Ugafa'''
|Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (''Juche''), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.
|}

== Asemdu deg Tmetti ==
Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.</text>
      <sha1>iu5ob6ds31girbxyvrxiqh0ozo3ervp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117166</id>
      <parentid>117160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T10:04:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13086" sha1="rw3lykhm0n45p8k8lmpap3107zdaadk" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hammer and Sickle and Star.svg|vignette|Tafḍist d umger d asentel amiran n uzamul azduklan. Wa d amedya n tefḍist d wemger d yitri azewwaɣ i d-yekkan seg wannay n tdukla tasuvyatit.]]
Tasnakta n '''tzdukla''', d yiwet n tiẓri tasertit, tadamsant, akked tmettit i d-yeflalin i wakken ad d-teglu s ubeddel aẓaran deg unagraw ametti. Iswi-ines agejdan d asali n tmetti war tiserkm, anda ayla uslig n wallalen n ufares ad yettwakkes, ad yuɣal d ayla amagraw (ayla amazday) iwumi ara d-tezzizdig tmetti s timmad-is. Deg unagraw-a, yal yiwen ad yefk ilmend n tezmert-is, yal yiwen ad yaweḍ ilmend n tesri-ines.

== Aẓar d Laṣel ==
Aẓar n tiẓri-a yettarra ɣer lqern wis XIX, sɣur sin n yigaggen ilmaniyen: '''[[Karl Marks]]''' akked '''[[Friedrich Engels]]'''. Deg useggas n 1848, ssufɣen-d adlis-nsen yettwassnen aṭas, i wumi semman ''Ameskan n Ukabar Azduklan'' (neɣ ulɣu n ukabar azduklan).

Deg tallit-nni, timura n Turuft llant ddrent tallit n tgrawla temguranit. Annect-a yegla-d s unagraw amsihran, anda inesbaɣuren, neɣ ''tiburjwazit'', ttqemmiren imɣidan (aprolitari), wid ur nesɛi ara ayla, ssexdamen-ten s rxa d leɛtab ameqqran i wakken ad snernin ayla-nsen. D lḥif-a n yimahilen d tɣara n tudert-nsen i d-yeǧǧan Marks d Engels ad d-sbedden tasnakta i d-yessawalen ɣer tnekra mgal anagraw-a asihri i d-yeglan s miḥyaf d lbaṭel.

== Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin ==
Tasnakta n tzdukla tebna ɣef waṭas n tamiḍranin yezdin ɣef yiwen n lqaleb. Gar tigejdanin-a, nezmer ad d-nebder:

* '''Amennuɣ n Tserkam:''' [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeqqar-d belli amezruy n tmetti n wemdan d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam. Amennuɣ-a amezray yella gar wid yesɛan allalen n ufares d wengaw ɣer tama, akked wid yesnuzuyen afus n lḥirfa-nsen akken ad idiren ɣer tama nniḍen.
[[Tugna:Marx and Engels.jpg|vignette|Karl Marks d  Friedrich Engels]]
&quot;Amennuɣ n tserkam&quot; d netta i d lsas, neɣ d ul n tesnakta tazduklant i d-sbedden [[Karl Marks]] akked [[Friedrich Engels]]. Di teẓri-nsen, llan ttwalin d akken amezruy n tmetti n wemdan, seg wasmi i d-tebda alamma d ass-a, d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam timettiyin. Amennuɣ-a ur yelli ara d ayen i d-yekkan s lebɣi n yimdanen, maca d ayen i d-ilulen s usrag n wamek i tebna tadamsa d wassaɣen n ufares. Deg yal tallit n umezruy, timetti tettwabḍa ɣef sin n yigrawen igejdanen: wid yesɛan akked wid ur nesɛi ara, asemsan akked d win yettwaɛeffsen, i yettidiren deg yiwen waddad n umennuɣ d umcewwel ur nḥebbes ara. Ihi, amennuɣ-a yettwaḥsab d mutur i d-yettawin abeddel amezray, imi d netta i d-igellun s tnekra n yinagrawen imaynuten n tadamsa d tsertit.

Deg tallit n tmsihrit i deg ddren Marks d Engels, amennuɣ-a yuɣal d amesfari ugar n zik. Anagraw amsihran yegla-d s beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef snat n tserkam timeqqranin i yemgaraden s waṭas, yerna mgalent yiwet ɣer tayeḍ deg yiswi d yinzwayen-nsent. Ɣer tama, tella tburjwazit neɣ inesbaɣuren, d nutni i d imawlan n wallalen n ufares am tmacinin, tiferkiwin, d wallalen n tnezzut. Ɣer tama nniḍen, llan yimɣiden neɣ imahilen (ixeddamen), i d-yufan iman-nsen ur sɛin kra n wayla ara ten-isidren, ayen i ten-yessawḍen ad znuzun afus n yirq-nsen d tezmert-nsen i inesbaɣuren-nni s lexlaṣ d aḥafi. Assaɣ-a yellan gar-asen mačči d assaɣ n tegdazalt, maca d assaɣ yebnan ɣef tduli d wassar.

Taggara n wassaɣ-a yellan gar snat n tserkmin-a d amennuɣ ameqqran i d-yettilalin seg umnekni yexṣren gar-asen. Marks yessefhem-d belli aburjwazi ur yettxelliṣ ara amahil ɣef wakken yeswa s tidet, maca yettak-as kan ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yidir akken ad ikemmel ad ixeddem azekka-nni. Ayen i d-yernan seg ufares n umahil, i wumi yeqqar Marks &quot;azal amernu&quot; (la plus-value), yettaṭṭaf-it umsihran(ukapitali) i yiman-is. D ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yesnerni ayla-s d cci-ines s lbaṭel, ayen i d-yettaken yiwet n tmetti anda amesbaɣur yettnernay deg tnesbaɣurt-is, ma d axeddam yettɣaraq deg lḥif-is d tmeɣbunt-is. Addad-a yessawaḍ amdan ɣer wayen iwumi ssawalen takufḍa, anda axeddam ur yettḥussu ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufuɣ, yettwali iman-is d allal kan gar wallalen n ufares nniḍen, ayen i s-yettkessan agemmir-is d yiseɣ-is.

Ɣer taggara, tiẓri n umennuɣ n tserkam ur teḥbis ara kan deg tesleḍt n tmetti n yimir-nni, maca tettak-d ula d asirem ɣer yimal. Imsiḍnen neɣ imeslaḍen n tezdukla qeblen belli amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel i lebda war ma yegla-d s ubeddel aẓaran i unagraw s timmad-is. Tickki imahilen ad d-akin s waddad-nsen, ad d-slalen tafrit n tserkemt, amennuɣ-nsen ad yuɣal d amaḍlan u d asertan. D tafrit-a ara d-yessawḍen ɣer tgrawla n yimahilen ara yesseɣlin anagraw amsihran s tezmert. Iswi n tgrawla-a mačči d asekcem n tserkemt ɣef tayeḍ am zik, maca d tukksa n wayla uslig s timmad-is, i wakken ad tesbedd deg umkan-is awanek anemlay, sakin ad taweḍ ɣer iswi aneggaru: asali n tmetti n tzduklant war tiserkam, anda ur yelli lbaṭel, ur yelli umennuɣ, yal amdan ad yili d amegday gar watmaten-is.
* '''Tukksa n Wayla Uslig:''' Tazdukla ur teqbil ara ad yili wayla uslig i wallalen d tanga n ufares, am tkuziyin, tisegza, d tferkiwin. Iswi d asekcem n wayla-ya gar yifassen n tmetti akken ad yili umnekni d tgdazalt akked tgada gar yimdanen.
Tukksa n wayla uslig d yiwet gar tgejdanin timakkiyin ɣef i tebna tesnakta n tzdukla. Deg teẓri n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]], annect-a mačči d asurif kan n tsertit neɣ n tdamsa, maca d aẓar n ubeddel ameqqran ara d-yessuksen imdanen seg uɣmar, d tneggayt ara d-yeslalen timetti tamaynut. Tiẓri-a tettawi-d d akken ayla uslig d netta i d ssebba tagejdant n beṭṭu n tmetti ɣef tserkam d ssebbat n lḥif i d-ttmagaren yimahilen deg yal tallit n umezruy. Iwakken ad neṭṭef amkan n tmiḍrant-a akken iwata, ssefk ad tnfhem deg tazwara amgired gar uyla uslig i d-tebɣa tzdukla(tkumunist) ad tekkes, akked uyla udmawan.

Mi d-yemmeslay Marks ɣef tukksa n wayla, ur d-yenni ara ad yettwakkes wayen yesɛa wemdan i yiman-is neɣ &quot;ayla udmawan&quot; am uxxam, llebsa, idlisen, neɣ tiɣawsiwin n yal ass i ssexdamen yimdanen akken ad idiren. Iswi n tzdukla mačči d tukksa n tegmit i yessexdam wemdan i dduzan-is. Ayen i tebɣa ad tekkes, d ayla-nni i d-yesrusuyen lḥif ɣef wiyyaḍ, id-yessawaḍen ad yekseb wemdan tigemmi ɣef uqerruy n lɛetab n wiyyaḍ. Meḥsub, ayla uslig-a yerza &quot;allalen n ufares&quot;: timacinin, isenfaṛen imeqqranen, tiferkiwin, imɣiren, tisegza, d wallalen n tnezzut. D allalen-a i d-yettfarasen ayen tesri tmetti, asmi ara ilin gar yifassen n kra kan n yimdanen, ad uɣalen d allalen n uqemmer d miḥyaf.

Deg unagraw amsihran, imawlan n wallalen-a n ufares, iwumi ssawalen tiburjwazit, ssexdamen ayla-nsen i wakken ad farsen idrimen d rrbeḥ i iman-nsen, war ma ḥusben assas(laɛtab) n yimahilen. Imahilen neɣ imɣiden, imi ur sɛin ara ayla s wayes ara xedmen iman-nsen, ttuḥettmen ad znuzun afus n uxeddim-nsen i yinesbaɣuren s wazal n lexlaṣ yettaɣen di lqaɛa. S wakka, ayla uslig yettuɣal d allal n wammud. Marks yessefhem-d d akken akatar-a n wayla uslig yessawaḍ ɣer &quot;takufḍa&quot;. Amdan ur d-yettaf ara iman-is deg wayen i d-yessufeɣ s ufus-is, ur yettwali ara aselkam n uxeddim-is, yerna tametti tettidir di tezɣenin tidamsanin ur nḥebbes imi iswi n ufares yeqqen ɣer rrbeḥ n yiwet n tarbaɛt (akatar n rbeḥ), mačči ɣer tneflit n tmetti d tririt ɣef tesriyin-is.

Ɣef waya, tukksa n wayla uslig tettawi-d ɣer ubeddel n unagraw n usuddes ametti d udamsan s lekmal-is. Amkan n uyla-a ad t-yeṭṭef &quot;wayla amagraw amettan&quot; neɣ ayla amezdi. Deg waddad-a anemlay d uzduklan, allalen n ufares ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s timmad-is, ur ttakken ara abaɣur i yiwen udmawan neɣ i yiwet n twacult. Tametti d nettat ara ten-yesferken s wudem amegday d anɣiwes. Afares ad yili ibedd ɣef lɛeqliya tamaynut: ad d-nfares ayen tesri tmetti akken ad idir yal amdan s liser, mačči akken ad nessiweḍ cci d yisufar ɣer lqella n yinesbaɣuren i ixeddmen fell-asen tarwa n lḥif.

S tukksa n wayla uslig-a n wallalen n ufares, ad negren s wudem awurman tiserkam timettiyin. Imi ma yella ur yelli win i d-yugaren wayeḍ deg wayen yerzan akcam ɣer wallalen-a, d tɣbula n tmurt, ur d-tettagri ara ssebba n umennuɣ gar yimdanen neɣ gar tserkam. Tukksa n wayla-a d nettat i d asurif agejdan ara d-yelden abrid i usbeddi n tmetti tazduklant tummidt i deg yettwaseḥbiber ɣef yiswi-nni aɛlayan n tesnakta n Marks: &quot;Seg yal yiwen ilmend n tezmert-is, ɣer yal yiwen ilmend n tesri-ines&quot;. D anagraw anda ad ifak awanek i d-yessuksen ayla uslig i lbaṭel, d wanda yal amdan ad yesɛu tilelli ad yeflali deg tudert-is war ma yella umennuɣ gar tserkam, s ddemma n idrimen, neɣ s temḥeqranit tadamsant.
* '''Seg Tnemla ɣer Tzdukla:''' Ɣer yimsiḍnen n tesnakta-a, '''tanemla''' (socialisme) d aḥric kan n uɛeddi. Asmi ara d-tili tgrawla n yimahilen, awanek ad yeṭṭef allalen n ufares s yisem n tmetti, ad yexdem anagraw anemlay. Syin akkin, asmi ara d-taweḍ tmetti ɣer tegmi-ines tummidt, awanek ad yenger s timmad-is, ad d-tegri tmetti n tzduklant anda ur tella tsertit n miḥyaf gar yimdanen, ur yelli udrim, ur tella tmurt (tilisa).
Di teẓri n Karl Marks d Friedrich Engels, abeddel seg unagraw n temsihrit ɣer tmetti n tzdukla ur yezmir ara ad d-yili deg yiwen n wass neɣ s yiwen n ussurif kan. Marks yessefhem-d belli asali n tmetti war tiserkam yesra ɣer yiwet n tallit n uɛeddi, d tallit tamenzut iwumi isemma &quot;tanemla&quot;, i wakken ad taweḍ tmetti s wudem uktu ɣer tzduklant tatrat.

Tickki tagrawla n yimahilen teɣleb anagraw n temsihrit, timetti ad tkecem deg tallit n tnemla. Deg waddad-a, awanek mazal-it yella, maca ad yuɣal d allal gar yifassen n yimahilen, ayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;aḥkam aɣrudan n yimahilen&quot;. Iswi n uwanek-a anemlay d asuffeɣ n wallalen n ufares seg yifassen n tburjwazit, i wakken ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti s umata. Deg tallit-a, tamhazt tadamsant d tmettit tettban-d deg ubeddel n lqaleb n ufraq n wayla. Ilugan n tnemla bnan ɣef wawal-a: &quot;Seg yal yiwen ilmend n tezmert-is, ɣer yal yiwen ilmend n umahil-is&quot;. Meḥsub, yal amdan ad yettwaxelleṣ ɣef wakken ixeddem d wakken yefka tezmert-is i tmetti, imi idrimen mazal-iten ddren s wudem-nsen alɣawan deg umbaddel.

== Amezruy d Umhaz ==
Tirmit n tkumunist tɛedda-d seg waṭas n wudmawen d talliyin deg umezruy n talsa:

=== 1. Tagrawla n Trusit d Unagraw Asuvyati (1917) ===
Termit tamezwarut n tesnakta-a s wudem asertan teḍra-d deg Tmurt n Rrus s tneggayt n Vladimir Lenin akked yibulcuvikiyen. Sseɣlin anagraw n ugellid (Tsar) deg 1917, sbedden awanek amezwaru anemlay deg umaḍal, i d-yuɣalen syin d Tadukli n Tegdudiyin Tinemlayin Tisuvyatiyin (URSS). Lenin yesnerna tiẓri n [[Karl Marks|Marks]] s wakken iwata ilmend n usatal n tmurt-is, ayen i d-yefkan yiwen umhaz d amaynut: ''Amarksizm-Alininizm''.

=== 2. Afukti deg Umaḍal d Wamgaru Asemmaḍ ===
Deffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, tasnakta n tzdukla tenfufed ɣer waṭas n tmura, dɣa tger-d llsas di Turuft tagmuḍant s ddaw n tezrirt n URSS. Deg Asya, tegla-d tgrawla meqqren deg Ccinwa s uqerruy n Mao Zedong (1949), i d-yessuflen tiẓri tamaynut i yebnan ɣef yifellaḥen mačči kan ɣef yimahilen n temdinin (''Amawizm''). Ɣer tama-s, ddukklent-d tmura am Kuba, Vietnam, akked Kurya n Ugafa, ayen i d-yeldin tiwwura i wemgaru asnaktan mgal tmura timsihriyin n Umalu (Amgaru Asemmaḍ).

=== 3. Tazɣent d Uɣelluy ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, anagraw asuvyati yekcem deg tezɣent tasertant d tadamsant muqqran mliḥ. Lqella n tnafa, Tazzla ɣer yimrigen(leslaḥ), d tagmat i d-yeqqimen d awal kan gar tmura tizduklanin, wwint-d ɣer uɣelluy n Weɣrab n Birlin deg 1989, d uɣelluy n URSS s timmad-is deg 1991. Deg aṭas n tmura n Turuft, tirmit-a n tzuklant(tkumunist) tegla-d s ubrir.

== Ayen i d-iqqimen seg-s deg Umaḍal Atrar ==
Ass-a, deg lqern wis XXI, ur llint ara aṭas n tmura i iṭṭfen deg tesnakta n tzdukla s wudem-is alugen yecban win n zik.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tamurt'''
|'''Addad Atrar'''
|-
|'''Ccinwa'''
|Mazal teṭṭef deg yisem n tezdukla tasertant, maca deg wannar n tadamsa tessemres aṭas n yilugan n tamsihrit.. Teddu s wayen iwumi ssawalen &quot;Tanemla s udem n ulzuz(ssuq)&quot;.
|-
|'''Kukba / Vietnam'''
|Seḥbunt ɣef ukabar awḥid, maca lldint tiwwura i wayla uslig d tnezzut tagraɣlant akken ad ssifsent ɣef tadamsa-nsent.
|-
|'''Kurya n Ugafa'''
|Tuɣal d awanek agensas yebnan ɣef tesnakta tasimanit (''Juche''), tebɛed aṭas ɣef tmiḍranin timarkisiyin timezwura.
|}

== Asemdu deg Tmetti ==
Ɣas akken inagrawen isertanen n tezdukla wwḍen ɣer taggara-nsent, tiktiwin n tzdukla ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren i d-yessawen asemdu ɣef tmetti tatrart. Uɣalent d tameskart n izerfan n yimahilen, am umnekni di tɣara n umahil, timɣriwin n tegmat gar yigduden, akked uḥareb mgal tamnukda d miḥyaf. Tasnakta-a mazal-itt d azɣan lqayen ɣef lqella n tegdazalt, taɣtest n ddin, d lmeḥnat i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran amaḍlan ass-a.</text>
      <sha1>rw3lykhm0n45p8k8lmpap3107zdaadk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C++</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117156</id>
      <parentid>117150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T22:30:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7292" sha1="hb5faa8tnctfxq4qarmm1xsjb64xeke" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.

=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===

==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :

'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel &quot;The C++ Programming Language&quot; n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).

'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).

'''1990''' : Timerna n &quot;''templates&quot;'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).

==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen 
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit 
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka

C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.

=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===

==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.

'''C++98''' tesɛa :

* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw

==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.

==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin 
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut

=== 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++  (2011–Ass-a) ===

==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ====
Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel :

* ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman
* ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan
* ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad
* ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit
* ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman
* ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem
* ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL
* ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden

==== 4.2 C++14 ====
Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan :

''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed &quot;''Return type deduction''&quot; i twsitin, &quot;''constexpr&quot;'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti &quot;''Variable templates&quot;.''

==== 4.3 C++17 ====
Deg 2017, C++17 terna :

''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas.

==== 4.4 C++20 ====
Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin :

''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, &lt;format&gt; : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (&lt;=&gt;)

==== 4.5 C++23 ====
Deg 2023, C++23 terna :

''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam.

== Tamṣukt Tasentant n Wahil ==
Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent &quot;main()&quot;, d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Azul, a ddunit!&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;
    return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Deg uḍris-agi :

'''#include &lt;iostream&gt;''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ.

'''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std.

'''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem.

'''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil.

'''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata.</text>
      <sha1>hb5faa8tnctfxq4qarmm1xsjb64xeke</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117158</id>
      <parentid>117156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T22:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7286" sha1="3h5y111kmdsi36oywakscqe1h6jaczj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.

=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===

==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :

'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel &quot;The C++ Programming Language&quot; n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).

'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).

'''1990''' : Timerna n &quot;''templates&quot;'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).

==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen 
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit 
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka

C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.

=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===

==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.

'''C++98''' tesɛa :

* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw

==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.

==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin 
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut

=== 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++  (2011–Ass-a) ===

==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ====
Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel :

* ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman
* ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan
* ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad
* ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit
* ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman
* ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem
* ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL
* ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden

==== 4.2 C++14 ====
Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan :

''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed &quot;''Return type deduction''&quot; i twsitin, &quot;''constexpr&quot;'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti &quot;''Variable templates&quot;.''

==== 4.3 C++17 ====
Deg 2017, C++17 terna :

''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas.

==== 4.4 C++20 ====
Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin :

''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, &lt;format&gt; : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (&lt;=&gt;)

==== 4.5 C++23 ====
Deg 2023, C++23 terna :

''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam.

== Tamṣukt n Wahil C++ ==
Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent &quot;main()&quot;, d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Azul, a ddunit!&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;
    return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Deg uḍris-agi :

'''#include &lt;iostream&gt;''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ.

'''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std.

'''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem.

'''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil.

'''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata.</text>
      <sha1>3h5y111kmdsi36oywakscqe1h6jaczj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117163</id>
      <parentid>117158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T09:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7990" sha1="4tc00vr7mnffekpg47uprgyhpw0f1xg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as &quot;C s tserkam&quot;, acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.

C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :

* Asihel s tɣawsiwin 
* Asihel s tserkam 
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus

Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :

Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.

== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.

=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===

==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&amp;T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.

Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d &quot;C with Classes&quot; (C s Tserkam).

==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :

* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden

Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg &quot;C with Classes&quot; ar &quot;C++&quot;. Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.

=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===

==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :

'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel &quot;The C++ Programming Language&quot; n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).

'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).

'''1990''' : Timerna n &quot;''templates&quot;'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).

==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen 
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit 
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka

C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.

=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===

==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.

'''C++98''' tesɛa :

* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw

==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.

==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :

* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin 
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut

=== 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++  (2011–Ass-a) ===

==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ====
Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel :

* ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman
* ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan
* ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad
* ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit
* ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman
* ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem
* ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL
* ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden

==== 4.2 C++14 ====
Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan :

''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed &quot;''Return type deduction''&quot; i twsitin, &quot;''constexpr&quot;'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti &quot;''Variable templates&quot;.''

==== 4.3 C++17 ====
Deg 2017, C++17 terna :

''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas.

==== 4.4 C++20 ====
Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin :

''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, &lt;format&gt; : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (&lt;=&gt;)

==== 4.5 C++23 ====
Deg 2023, C++23 terna :

''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam.

== Tamṣukt n Wahil C++ ==
Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent &quot;main()&quot;, d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Azul, a ddunit!&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;
    return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Deg uḍris-agi :

'''#include &lt;iostream&gt;''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ.

'''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std.

'''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem.

'''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil.

'''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata.

== Tewsatin n Isefka d Imuttiyen ==

=== 1 Tewsatin tigejdanin ===
C++ tesɛa aṭas n tewsatin n isefka tigejdanin :
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tawsit
!Aglam
!Tiddi
|-
|int
|Ummid (entier)
|4 ibitten
|-
|float
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel simple précision)
|4 ibitten
|-
|double
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel double précision)
|8 ibitten
|-
|char
|Asekkil
|1 n ubit
|-
|void
|Ulac
|0
|}

=== 2 Imuttiyen ===
Amutti d isem i yettunefken i wadeg di tkatut (mémoire) ideg yettwasekles wazal. Asebded (tabadut) n umutti yettili s tewsit, isem, d wazal amezwaru :&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
int amḍan = 10;
double azal = 3.14;
char asekkil = 'A';
bool tidett = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4tc00vr7mnffekpg47uprgyhpw0f1xg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117155</id>
      <parentid>117151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T13:13:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7472" sha1="5pai0gpu53zbjc0izqazyj4b01avynh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.

=== 3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ ===
Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n &quot;Ownership&quot; yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara &quot;Data races&quot; (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen '''umutti''' deg yiwen wakud, '''Asefsay''' ad yagi tangalt-nni.

== 🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel ==
Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust tseqdac '''tasɣent n usnirem''', ''map'', ''filter'', d tewsit n ''Option'' akked ''Result'' i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac ''try/catch''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative)&lt;/u&gt;: Teseqdac tineddicin am ''for'', ''while'', d ''loop''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust ur tesɛi ara &quot;Tiserkam&quot; am Java, maca tseqdac ''Structs'' (timṣukin) d ''Traits'' i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.

== Amedya n tengalt ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;
// Ahil amezwaru deg Rust
fn main() {
    // Asbadu n umutti (Variable)
    let isem: &amp;str = &quot;Aqbayli&quot;;
    
    // Asiggez n wawal (Impression)
    println!(&quot;Azul fell-ak, a {}!&quot;, isem);

    // Asefrek n tebdarin akked tfelwiyin (Gestion des listes/tableaux)
    let imḍanen = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let timernit: i32 = imḍanen.iter().sum();
    
    println!(&quot;Timernit n yimḍanen: {}&quot;, timernit);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== 🛠️ Tawennaṭ d Yifecka ==
Tawennaṭ n Rust tettwassen s yifecka-s igerrzen i d-yusan yid-s:

'''Cargo''': D afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen (package manager) d afecku n usali (build tool). S Cargo, amessihel yezmer ad d-yessali, ad isenqed, yerna ad yaf isefka (tiglin/iḍaraɛen) s tɣawla.

'''Rustc''': D asefsay n Rust, i yettarun tangalt ɣer tutlayt n tmacint.

'''Crates.io''': D timkarḍiyin neɣ d amkan anda i ttwaznen yikemmusen n Rust, am npm deg JavaScript neɣ pip deg Python.

'''Rust Analyzer''': D afecku i tallelt n usihel (IDE support) i yettmuddun tallelt i yimessihilen deg VSCode d yifecka nniḍen.

== 🌍 Tajṛut n useqdec ==
Rust tettwaseqdec deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tsenselkimt tatrart:

=== Inagrawen n Wammud: ===
'''[[Linux]] Kernel''': Linus Torvalds yeqbel Rust d tameslayt tis snat deg uɣbalu n yiɣes Linux (deffir C).

'''Redox''': D anagraw n wammud i yuran s Rust seg tazwara.

'''Ifecka n Izirig n Tladna''': Aṭas n yifecka am ripgrep (grep atrar), bat (cat atrar), d alacritty (terminal) yuran s Rust.

'''Isnasen n Web''': S useqdec n yifecka am Actix neɣ Axum, d uselkem ɣer WebAssembly (Wasm) i wakken isnasen ad leḥḥun deg yiminigen s temellit tameqqrant.

'''Imuturen n Uraren''': Am Bevy, i yellan d afecku n usnulfu n wuraren am Unreal Engine neɣ Unity, maca s Rust.

'''Tadrimt tawgelhent d uzrar n yiḥedran''': Aṭas n tɣeṛɣaṛ n ''crypto'' am Solana yuran s Rust i temellit-ines.

== Amezruy d Umhaz n Rust d Wazal-is deg Tsenselkimt ==
Rust d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant i d-yellan deg useggas n 2006, yesnulfa-tt Graydon Hoare mi yella yettmahal deg Mozilla. Tameslayt-a tettwassen s temellit-is tameqqrant, taɣellist n tkatut, d uselkem amsadaɣ. Seg wasmi i d-teffeɣ ar ass-a, Rust tezmert ad tbeddel amezruy n tsenselkimt, yerna tuɣal d yiwen seg yifecka igejdanen deg usnulfu n yiseɣẓanen itraren.

=== 1. Tazwara: Asnulfu d Tmuɣli Tamezwarut (2006–2010) ===
Deg useggas n 2006, Graydon Hoare, amessihel deg Mozilla, yebda yettmahal ɣef yiwet n tmeslayt n usihel tamaynut. Iswi-ines amezwaru yella d asnulfu n tmeslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni n zik.

Deg tallit-nni, tasenselkimt tella tetteddu s tmeslayin am C d C++ deg inagrawen n wammud d yiseɣẓanen imeqqranen. Maca tuccḍiwin n tkatut (am useqdec n tkatut yemmuten, neɣ tuṭṭfa ɣa n tkatut ur nettwaf ara) llant d ugur ameqqran i d-yessawḍen ar uɣelluy n yinagrawen d tɣellist.

Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, tefka-yas afus d tedrimt. Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden, yerna deg useggas-nni kan, Rust tebda tettwassen gar yimessihelen.

=== 2. Tallit n Usnulfu d Ubeddel (2010–2015) ===
Gar 2010 d 2015, Rust tella deg tallit n ubeddel d usnerni. Aṭas n tɣawsiwin i yettwabedlen deg tmeslayt:

'''Anagraw n warḍal''' (Ownership): Yettwasnulfu-d amenzay n &quot;amli&quot; d &quot;urḍal&quot; (borrowing), i yettḥazen taɣellist n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, war ma yesseqdac amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector).

'''Amsenqad n warḍal''' (Borrow Checker): D afecku i yettsenqaden yal tangalt send ad tettwasfeḍ, ur yettaǧǧa ara tuccḍiwin n tkatut ad ɛeddint.

'''Taseddast tamaynut''': Taseddast n Rust tettwabeddel aṭas, tebda tettemcabi ɣer C++ maca tesɛa tilmusin timaynutin.

'''Cargo''': Yettwasnulfu-d Cargo, afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen d usali n yiseɣẓanen, i yerran asihel s Rust fessus yerna yettwaḍfar.

Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid. Aya yella d tazwara n tallit tamaynut: seg wass-nni, tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yilqem, yerna imessihelen zmren ad bnun isnasen-nsen ɣef llsas urkid.</text>
      <sha1>5pai0gpu53zbjc0izqazyj4b01avynh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117157</id>
      <parentid>117155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T22:43:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9194" sha1="kvovr13tpf23bhu2ltmawgjsoyjopq9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Rust programming language black logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n Rust.]]
'''Rust''' d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n &quot;warḍal&quot; (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.

Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;. Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.

== Amazray ==
Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.

Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan &quot;Rust Foundation&quot; i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet  taṛmist kan.

== ⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin ==

=== 1. Taɣellist n tkatut ===
Deg tmeslayin am [[C (tutlayt)|C]] neɣ [[C++]], amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.

Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n &quot;amli&quot; (ownership) d &quot;arḍal&quot; (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.

=== 2. Tamellit ===
Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n &quot;Zero-cost abstractions&quot; (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.

=== 3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ ===
Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n &quot;Ownership&quot; yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara &quot;Data races&quot; (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen '''umutti''' deg yiwen wakud, '''Asefsay''' ad yagi tangalt-nni.

== 🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel ==
Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust tseqdac '''tasɣent n usnirem''', ''map'', ''filter'', d tewsit n ''Option'' akked ''Result'' i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac ''try/catch''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative)&lt;/u&gt;: Teseqdac tineddicin am ''for'', ''while'', d ''loop''.

&lt;u&gt;Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet)&lt;/u&gt;: Rust ur tesɛi ara &quot;Tiserkam&quot; am Java, maca tseqdac ''Structs'' (timṣukin) d ''Traits'' i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.

== Amedya n tengalt ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;
// Ahil amezwaru deg Rust
fn main() {
    // Asbadu n umutti (Variable)
    let isem: &amp;str = &quot;Aqbayli&quot;;
    
    // Asiggez n wawal (Impression)
    println!(&quot;Azul fell-ak, a {}!&quot;, isem);

    // Asefrek n tebdarin akked tfelwiyin (Gestion des listes/tableaux)
    let imḍanen = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let timernit: i32 = imḍanen.iter().sum();
    
    println!(&quot;Timernit n yimḍanen: {}&quot;, timernit);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== 🛠️ Tawennaṭ d Yifecka ==
Tawennaṭ n Rust tettwassen s yifecka-s igerrzen i d-yusan yid-s:

'''Cargo''': D afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen (package manager) d afecku n usali (build tool). S Cargo, amessihel yezmer ad d-yessali, ad isenqed, yerna ad yaf isefka (tiglin/iḍaraɛen) s tɣawla.

'''Rustc''': D asefsay n Rust, i yettarun tangalt ɣer tutlayt n tmacint.

'''Crates.io''': D timkarḍiyin neɣ d amkan anda i ttwaznen yikemmusen n Rust, am npm deg JavaScript neɣ pip deg Python.

'''Rust Analyzer''': D afecku i tallelt n usihel (IDE support) i yettmuddun tallelt i yimessihilen deg VSCode d yifecka nniḍen.

== 🌍 Tajṛut n useqdec ==
Rust tettwaseqdec deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tsenselkimt tatrart:

=== Inagrawen n Wammud: ===
'''[[Linux]] Kernel''': Linus Torvalds yeqbel Rust d tameslayt tis snat deg uɣbalu n yiɣes Linux (deffir C).

'''Redox''': D anagraw n wammud i yuran s Rust seg tazwara.

'''Ifecka n Izirig n Tladna''': Aṭas n yifecka am ripgrep (grep atrar), bat (cat atrar), d alacritty (terminal) yuran s Rust.

'''Isnasen n Web''': S useqdec n yifecka am Actix neɣ Axum, d uselkem ɣer WebAssembly (Wasm) i wakken isnasen ad leḥḥun deg yiminigen s temellit tameqqrant.

'''Imuturen n Uraren''': Am Bevy, i yellan d afecku n usnulfu n wuraren am Unreal Engine neɣ Unity, maca s Rust.

'''Tadrimt tawgelhent d uzrar n yiḥedran''': Aṭas n tɣeṛɣaṛ n ''crypto'' am Solana yuran s Rust i temellit-ines.

== Amezruy d Umhaz n Rust d Wazal-is deg Tsenselkimt ==
Rust d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant i d-yellan deg useggas n 2006, yesnulfa-tt Graydon Hoare mi yella yettmahal deg Mozilla. Tameslayt-a tettwassen s temellit-is tameqqrant, taɣellist n tkatut, d uselkem amsadaɣ. Seg wasmi i d-teffeɣ ar ass-a, Rust tezmert ad tbeddel amezruy n tsenselkimt, yerna tuɣal d yiwen seg yifecka igejdanen deg usnulfu n yiseɣẓanen itraren.

=== 1. Tazwara: Asnulfu d Tmuɣli Tamezwarut (2006–2010) ===
Deg useggas n 2006, Graydon Hoare, amessihel deg Mozilla, yebda yettmahal ɣef yiwet n tmeslayt n usihel tamaynut. Iswi-ines amezwaru yella d asnulfu n tmeslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni n zik.

Deg tallit-nni, tasenselkimt tella tetteddu s tmeslayin am C d C++ deg inagrawen n wammud d yiseɣẓanen imeqqranen. Maca tuccḍiwin n tkatut (am useqdec n tkatut yemmuten, neɣ tuṭṭfa ɣa n tkatut ur nettwaf ara) llant d ugur ameqqran i d-yessawḍen ar uɣelluy n yinagrawen d tɣellist.

Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, tefka-yas afus d tedrimt. Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden, yerna deg useggas-nni kan, Rust tebda tettwassen gar yimessihelen.

=== 2. Tallit n Usnulfu d Ubeddel (2010–2015) ===
Gar 2010 d 2015, Rust tella deg tallit n ubeddel d usnerni. Aṭas n tɣawsiwin i yettwabedlen deg tmeslayt:

'''Anagraw n warḍal''' (Ownership): Yettwasnulfu-d amenzay n &quot;amli&quot; d &quot;urḍal&quot; (borrowing), i yettḥazen taɣellist n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, war ma yesseqdac amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector).

'''Amsenqad n warḍal''' (Borrow Checker): D afecku i yettsenqaden yal tangalt send ad tettwasfeḍ, ur yettaǧǧa ara tuccḍiwin n tkatut ad ɛeddint.

'''Taseddast tamaynut''': Taseddast n Rust tettwabeddel aṭas, tebda tettemcabi ɣer C++ maca tesɛa tilmusin timaynutin.

'''Cargo''': Yettwasnulfu-d Cargo, afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen d usali n yiseɣẓanen, i yerran asihel s Rust fessus yerna yettwaḍfar.

Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid. Aya yella d tazwara n tallit tamaynut: seg wass-nni, tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yilqem, yerna imessihelen zmren ad bnun isnasen-nsen ɣef llsas urkid.

=== 3. Tallit n Gemmu (2015–2020) ===
Seg 2015 ar 2020, Rust tebda tettimɣur s waṭas:

'''Tuddsa Rust''': Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan-d &quot;Rust Foundation&quot;.

'''Tawennaṭ n yifecka''': Terna-d tawennaṭ n Rust s waṭas n yikemmusen (libraries) i yal aḥric: web, anagrawen n wammud, uraren, tussna n yisefka, d wayen nniḍen.

'''Ismersen imeqqranen''': Tikebbaniyin timeqqranin am Mozilla (Firefox), Cloudflare, Dropbox, d Discord bdant sseqdacent Rust deg yiseɣẓanen-nsent.

'''Iɣes n Linux''': Linus Torvalds yeqbel Rust d tameslayt tis snat deg uɣbalu n Linux, deffir C. Aya yella d azal ameqqran i Rust deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt.

=== 4. Tallit Tatrart: Rust deg Yal Aḥric (2020–Ass-a) ===
Ass-a, Rust tella deg yal aḥric n tsenselkimt:

=== Anagrawen n Wammud ===
Rust tettwaseqdec deg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Redox, yerna deg uɣbalu n Linux. Taɣellist n tkatut i d-ttmuddu Rust tettɛawan deg usenqes n tuccḍiwin d tɣellist.

=== Asnas n Web ===
S yifecka am Actix, Axum, d WebAssembly, Rust tezmer ad tessewseɛ isnasen n web s temellit tameqqrant. Aṭas n yismal n web bdan sseqdacent Rust i uɣbalu-nsen.

=== Tigzi Taragmawant (AI) ===
Deg tallit n tigzi taragmawant, Rust tezmer ad tessewseɣ isnasen n ulmad n tmacint s temellit tameqqrant. Iḥricen am tokenizers n HuggingFace yuran s Rust.

=== Taɣellist Tasenselkamt ===
Imi Rust ur tesɛi ara tuccḍiwin n tkatut, tezmer ad ttaḥrez iseɣẓanen n tɣellist s wudem ufrir. Aṭas n yifecka n tɣellist bdan sseqdacent Rust.

=== Uraren d Udlif ===
Ifecka am Bevy d wiyiḍ bdan sseqdacent Rust deg usnulfu n wuraren n yisensa, imi tamellit-is tcuba ɣer C++ maca war tuccḍiwin-is.</text>
      <sha1>kvovr13tpf23bhu2ltmawgjsoyjopq9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Engels</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117159</id>
      <parentid>117153</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T22:52:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5085" sha1="hmn9ne9a3pepg67ne4eyl85cgwwfyn9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri [[Tazdukla|tazduklant]]. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal tamsihrit. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada.

== Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is ==
Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen.

Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti.

=== Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen ===
Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: &quot;Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz&quot; deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit.

=== Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert ===
Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt.

Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: &quot;Tawacult tagerramt&quot;, yernu deg 1846, &quot;Tasnakta talmanit&quot;, anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni.

== Ulɣu Azduklan ==
Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d &quot;Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tzdukla]]&quot;. Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: &quot;Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam&quot;. Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden.

== Taluft Tadamsant d Tallelt i Marks ==
Engels ur yelli ara kan d amyag, maca yella d amsadur n tdamsa. Akken [[Karl Marks|Marks]] ad yili deg Lundun, ad yexdem ɣef udlis-is ameqqran &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot;, Engels yuɣal ɣer [[Manchester]] ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s akken ad as-yazen idrimen i Marks. Tallelt-a tadamsant d tin i yeǧǧan Marks ad ikemmel anadi-ines war ma yettxemmim ɣef wučči n wass.

Mi yemmut Marks deg 1883, Engels yerra iman-is akken ad ifru, ad iṣṣeggem, yerna ad d-yessuffeɣ iḥricen wis sin d wis kraḍ n &quot;'''Ihri'''&quot; seg yiferdisen ur nekfi ara i d-yeǧǧa Marks. Ayagi yexdem-it s tmusni tameqqrant, war ma yerra iman-is d bab n tira-nni.

== Tira-ines Tigejdanin ==
Engels yura aṭas n yidlisen i yellan d lsas deg ufelsaf amarksist, gar-asen:

&quot;'''Mgal Dühring'''&quot; deg 1878: Adlis-agi d agzul ameqqran n teẓriwin n Marks d Engels. Yefka deg-s tixutert i tdamsa tasertant, i ufelsaf, d wamud n tazdukla tussnant.

&quot;'''Aẓar n twacult, n wayla uslig, d uwanek'''&quot; deg 1884: Deg udlis-agi, yesseqdac tangaẓrit tamazrayt akken ad yezrew amek i d-yennulfa uwanek, d wamek i yebda ubrid n tmetti seg umɣiwan n tazwara ɣer tserkam yemgaraden, yerna yefka tamuɣli ɣef wamek i yella usmuddu n tmeṭṭut deg umezruy.

&quot;'''Tadialektikt n Ugama'''&quot;: Adlis ur nekfi ara, i d-ittwafsaren seld tamettant-is, anda i yettarra tadialektikt ɣer yisuḍaf n ugama d tussniwin n ugama.

== Amennuɣ deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen ==
Engels yella d aɣella deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen. Yettekka deg usbeddi n Tuddsa Tamezwarut d Tuddsa Tis Snat, yernu yettarra tabɣest i yimeɣnasen n tmura n Urupa akken ad nnaɣen mgal tamsihrit d wammud-is. Mi yemmut Marks, netta i yuɣalen d allaɣ i yimussuyen n umaḍal, d netta i d-yettawin tiktiwin-nsen timaynutin, yerna yettara asirem deg wid i d-yusan d imaynuten.

== Tamettant d Ayen i d-Yeǧǧa ==
Friedrich Engels yemmut ass n 5 ɣuct 1895 deg London, seg waṭṭan n ukunsir.

Friedrich Engels ur yelli ara kan d tili n Karl Marks, maca d aggag, d amussnaw, d afelsaf yuran s timmad-is. Ayen i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti, i tdamsa, d tfelsafit, yella d abrid ineǧren i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli, tagada, d tuẓelt n wemdan s wemdan. Ism-is yeqqel d azamul n umennuɣ mgal lbaṭel deg umaḍal ɣer waṭas n izduklanen.</text>
      <sha1>hmn9ne9a3pepg67ne4eyl85cgwwfyn9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taṭawit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117161</id>
      <parentid>117146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T23:05:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1999" sha1="jtj2tprggx4on34j3czqqxasl7czodg" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Tao.svg|vignette|Asekkil n ccinwa &quot;道&quot;, anamek-is &quot;Tikli&quot; neɣ &quot;Abrid&quot;.]]
'''Taṭawit''', d yiwen n usɣan akked tfelsafit i d-ibanen di tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] deg taggara n lqern wis 6 send ɛisa. Llsas n usɣan-a yebna ɣef wawal &quot;Tao&quot;, i d-yemmalen &quot;Tikli&quot; neɣ abrid n umeɣraḍ. Afelsafi ameqqran i d-yesnulfan taflusuft-a d '''Laozi''' (Lao Tseu), i yuran adlis uɣris iwumi qqaren '''''Tao Te Ching''''' (Adlis n Tikli d Tuẓult-is).

== Imenzayen Igejdanen ==
Taṭawit tebna ɣef kra n yimenzayen issekcamen amdan deg unamek n tudert:

* '''Tao (Tikli)''': D netta i d llsas n tudert d umeɣraḍ. Ur yezmir ara ad t-nessegzi s wawalen, acku d netta i d aɣbalu n yal taɣawsa yellan deg ddunnit. Tao d asaka i yeṭṭafar ugama war ma nexdem aṭas n wussis.
* '''Yin d Yang (Amnekni n''' '''sin n yiferdisen)''': D amnekni  ger snat n tɣawsiwin yemgaraden. D timlellit ger wayen yellan d aberkan d wayen yellan d amellal, d wass akked yiḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d belli amnekni d ayen yesɛan azal ameqqran iwakken ad tili tudert.
* '''Wu Wei (War Tigawt)''': D yiwet n tmiḍrant tagejdant deg taṭawit. Anamek-is ur d-yemmal ara war tezmert neɣ war lebɣi n usnifel, maca yemmal-d &quot;war tigawt&quot; i d-yemgaraden d usaḍuf(lqanun) n ugama. D anekcum deg tudert s wudem ufrin war ma neḥtem-itt.
* '''Qi (Tasaraɣt)''': D tasaraɣt n tudert i yetteddun deg umeɣraḍ. Yal amdan yesɛa tasaraɣt-a deg tfekka-s.

== Tisemras d temlilɣi ==
Iwakken ad yaweḍ umdan ɣer Tikli n Tao, ilaq ad yeṭṭefer kra n tsemras deg tudert-is n yal ass:

* '''Takrebbut (Méditation)''': Taṭawit tettweṣṣi takrebbut iwakken ad nader iman-nneɣ d uziɣer, u ad nessizdeg allaɣ-nneɣ.
* '''Tudert taḥerfit''': D asugen n tudert s wudem aḥerfi, war alameɣ. Amdan ur ilaq ara ad yeqqen ul-is ɣer tɣawsiwin n ddunnit.
* '''Amtawa akked ugama''': Ilaq ɣef umdan ad yidir s umtawa akked ugama. Ur yettnadi ara ad ibeddel inalkamen n ugama acku ayagi yezmer ad d-yeglu s txeṣṣarin.</text>
      <sha1>jtj2tprggx4on34j3czqqxasl7czodg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vladimir lenin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117165</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T09:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="3vq92kq8h30zr2a6j0tabz2vhhqltvh" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.</text>
      <sha1>3vq92kq8h30zr2a6j0tabz2vhhqltvh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amyannan umsqedac:PoireFabuleuse24</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>25542</id>
    <redirect title="Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime" />
    <revision>
      <id>117170</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T11:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jules*</username>
        <id>2232</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jules* yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Amyannan umsqedac:PoireFabuleuse24]] ar [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime]] : Page automatiquement déplacée lors du renommage de l’utilisateur « [[Special:CentralAuth/PoireFabuleuse24|PoireFabuleuse24]] » en « [[Special:CentralAuth/Romaitaliamaxime|Romaitaliamaxime]] »</comment>
      <origin>117170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51" sha1="lehwl9buwrne0y5lp7l5wgpfl82k6ix" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime]]</text>
      <sha1>lehwl9buwrne0y5lp7l5wgpfl82k6ix</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amyannan umsqedac:PoireFabuleuse24/Archive 1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>25543</id>
    <redirect title="Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1" />
    <revision>
      <id>117169</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-23T11:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jules*</username>
        <id>2232</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jules* yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Amyannan umsqedac:PoireFabuleuse24/Archive 1]] ar [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1]] : Page automatiquement déplacée lors du renommage de l’utilisateur « [[Special:CentralAuth/PoireFabuleuse24|PoireFabuleuse24]] » en « [[Special:CentralAuth/Romaitaliamaxime|Romaitaliamaxime]] »</comment>
      <origin>117169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" sha1="pvabeonihvzwyu9f3vxz3i04muq8bhq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1]]</text>
      <sha1>pvabeonihvzwyu9f3vxz3i04muq8bhq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>