Wikipedia
kabwiki
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan
MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16
first-letter
Media
Uslig
Mmeslay
Amseqdac
Amyannan umsqedac
Wikipedia
Amyannan n Wikipedia
Tugna
Amyannan n tugna
MediaWiki
Amyannan n MediaWiki
Talɣa
Amyannan n talɣa
Tallat
Amyannan n tallat
Taggayt
Amyannan n taggayt
Awwur
Amyannan uwwur
Asenfaṛ
Amyannan usenfaṛ
TimedText
TimedText talk
Module
Discussion module
Event
Event talk
Sujet
JavaScript
0
12428
117172
117164
2026-08-23T14:28:11Z
Gurzil90x
14292
Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen
117172
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Databox}}
'''JavaScript''' d [[tutlayt n usihel]] mebla aefsu(Tameslayt tasuɣlant) i d-yesnulfa [[Brendan Eich]] ([[Netscape]]). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s [[Node.js]].
Tameslayt n usihel '''JavaScript''' tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen.
== 2. Amezruy d Usenteḍ ==
=== 2.1. Talalit n JavaScript ===
JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella "Mocha", sakkin yuɣal "LiveScript", qbel ad yettusema "JavaScript". Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web.
=== 2.2. Alugen ECMAScript ===
Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem "ECMAScript". Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman:
* ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru.
* ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions).
* ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa "strict mode".
* ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules.
* ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing.
== Hello world ==
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
console.log("Hello World!");
</syntaxhighlight>
== Ẓer daɣen ==
*[[TypeScript]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]]
leljy9beamdoe858x1fcay1y1dxvczr
117174
117172
2026-08-23T23:27:04Z
Gurzil90x
14292
Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen
117174
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Databox}}
'''JavaScript''' d [[tutlayt n usihel]] mebla aefsu(Tameslayt tasuɣlant) i d-yesnulfa [[Brendan Eich]] ([[Netscape]]). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s [[Node.js]].
Tameslayt n usihel '''JavaScript''' tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen.
== 2. Amezruy d Usenteḍ ==
=== 2.1. Talalit n JavaScript ===
JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella "Mocha", sakkin yuɣal "LiveScript", qbel ad yettusema "JavaScript". Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web.
=== 2.2. Alugen ECMAScript ===
Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem "ECMAScript". Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman:
* ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru.
* ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions).
* ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa "strict mode".
* ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules.
* ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing.
=== 2.3. Imeslayen n usihel yeqqnen ar JavaScript ===
Aṭas n tmeslayin-nniḍen n usihel bnant ɣef JavaScript neɣ ttwasuqlent ar JavaScript:
'''[[TypeScript]]''': Tameslayt n usihel s tewsit n isefka (typed) i d-yesnulfa Microsoft.
'''CoffeeScript''': Tameslayt yettwasuqlen ar JavaScript s tseddast ifessusen.
'''Dart''': Tameslayt n usihel i d-yesnulfa Google, tettwasxedem deg Flutter.
== Hello world ==
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
console.log("Hello World!");
</syntaxhighlight>
== Ẓer daɣen ==
*[[TypeScript]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]]
b4je2rthooqsvqvib717ci5sw50680z
117180
117174
2026-08-24T09:49:59Z
Gurzil90x
14292
Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen
117180
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Databox}}
'''JavaScript''' d [[tutlayt n usihel]] mebla aefsu(Tameslayt tasuɣlant) i d-yesnulfa [[Brendan Eich]] ([[Netscape]]). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s [[Node.js]].
Tameslayt n usihel '''JavaScript''' tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen.
== 2. Amezruy d Usenteḍ ==
=== 2.1. Talalit n JavaScript ===
JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella "Mocha", sakkin yuɣal "LiveScript", qbel ad yettusema "JavaScript". Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web.
=== 2.2. Alugen ECMAScript ===
Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem "ECMAScript". Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman:
* ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru.
* ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions).
* ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa "strict mode".
* ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules.
* ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing.
=== 2.3. Imeslayen n usihel yeqqnen ar JavaScript ===
Aṭas n tmeslayin-nniḍen n usihel bnant ɣef JavaScript neɣ ttwasuqlent ar JavaScript:
'''[[TypeScript]]''': Tameslayt n usihel s tewsit n isefka (typed) i d-yesnulfa Microsoft.
'''CoffeeScript''': Tameslayt yettwasuqlen ar JavaScript s tseddast ifessusen.
'''Dart''': Tameslayt n usihel i d-yesnulfa Google, tettwasxedem deg Flutter.
== 3. Taseddast d Umawal ==
=== 3.1. Tawsit n tmeslayt ===
JavaScript d tameslayt:
'''Tasuɣlant''': Ur teḥwaǧ ara asefsu send aselkem. Amessuɣal iqqar-d tangalt srid.
'''S tawsit asmussa'''w: Tawsit n umutti tettubeddel deg wakud n uselkem.
Agetmɣawal (multi-paradigme): Tesseddu asihel s '''tɣawsa''', asihel '''amesɣan''', d asihel s '''tedyanin'''.
=== 3.2. Tiseddast tigejdanin ===
==== 3.2.1. Imuttiyen ====
JavaScript yesɛa kraḍ n wawalen i usenteḍ n yimuttiyen:<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">
var x = 10; // Amutti aqbur (var)
let y = 20; // Amutti s telqeyt n usweḍ (let)
const z = 30; // Amutti ur yettubeddlen (const)
</syntaxhighlight>'''var''': Amutti s telqeyt n tesɣent (function scope).
'''let''': Amutti s telqeyt n iḥder (block scope).
'''const''': Amutti ur yezmiren ad yettubeddel.
== Hello world ==
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
console.log("Hello World!");
</syntaxhighlight>
== Ẓer daɣen ==
*[[TypeScript]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]]
inxwsljl3apiqwzrl3xzqz523wia0yz
Aselkim
0
23829
117178
117162
2026-08-23T23:58:24Z
Gurzil90x
14292
arniɣ ayen ilaqen
117178
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden.
ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}}
'''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.
D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.
Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.
Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.
Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.
== Aẓar n Yisem ==
[[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]]
Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n "exucute, نفذ".
== Arrum ==
Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:
'''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.
'''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:
'''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.
'''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.
'''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:
* Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
* Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
* Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
* Aḍebsi / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.
== Aseɣẓan ==
Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem.
'''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen.
'''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli.
'''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim.
== Izeḍwa d Internet ==
Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel isefka.
'''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa.
'''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web.
'''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel "Asigna".[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]]
== iɣbula ==
[[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]]
[[Taggayt:Aselkim]]
bl6lltfln18100lc7vpj9j244b3t9fy
Zhu Xi
0
25178
117181
114181
2026-08-24T09:53:52Z
Gurzil90x
14292
seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin
117181
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Zhu Xi''' (1130-1200) yella d afelsaf n tmurt n Ccinwa, yerna d yiwen seg yergazen imeqqranen i d-yessemlin "'''Takunfisyunit Tamaynut'''" (Neo-Confucianism). D netta i d-yefkan udem i tfelsafit n Ccinwa i waṭas n lqurun, aladɣa di tallit n twacult n Song.
== Tudert-is s ==
Ilul-d di Fujian, di Ccinwa. Yeɣra aṭas segmi yella d ameẓyan. Yewwi amkan (leqdic) deg udabu n Ccinwa acḥal n tikkal, maca amur ameqqran n wakud-is issedda-t deg uselmed d tira. Yella yettnadi ad d-yaf lmeɛna n tidmi n ''Confucius'', maca s wallen n tallit-is.
== Tafelsafit-is ==
Tafelsafit n Zhu Xi tebna ɣef tmuɣli d tameẓlayt ɣef umeɣraḍ d umdan. Yebɣa ad d-yessemlil tidmi n ''Confucius'' d wayen i d-nnan ifelsafen nniḍen i t-id-yezwaren.
Iferreq ger sin n yiferdisen igejdanen n ddunit:
# '''Li (Amenzay):''' D "amenzay" neɣ "alugen" yellan deffir yal taɣawsa. Yal tɣawsa (amdan, tasekla, itri) tesɛa ''Li'' ines. D ayen i d-yettakken i tɣawsa talɣa-s d wamek i tella. D tidet tamagdezt ur nettbeddil ara.
# '''Qi (Taẓwert neɣ Tanga):''' D "taẓwert n tudert" neɣ "tanga" i yesseḍfaren ''Li''. D anagaw (matériel) n ddunit, d ayen iɣ-yeǧǧan nenṭer neɣ nemyeggarad. ''Qi'' yezmer ad yili d azedgan neɣ d arazedgan, d aya i d-yettaken amgired ger yimdanen d tɣawsiwin, ɣas akken sɛan yiwen n ''Li''.
'''Taiji (Agejdi Ameqqran)''' Ɣer '''Zhu Xi''', ''Taiji'' (yeqqar-as "Tagara Tameqqrant") d llsas n yimenzayen ( ''Li'') merra. D netta i ten-id-yejmeɛn d yiwen.
'''Abrid n Uselmed (Gewu)''' Akken ad yegzu umdan ''Li'' (amenzay) n tɣawsiwin, yessefk ad yexdem ayen iwumi yesemma "Gewu" (Akayad n tɣawsiwin). Anamek-is, ilaq ad yezger, ad isleḍ tɣawsiwin n tudert n yal ass, seg tɣawsiwin timeẓyanin armi d timeqqranin, akken ad yegzu imenzayen i tent-iseddayen. S wakka, ad yelmed amek ad yidir s tuẓult d lmeɛqul.
== Tazrirt-is ==
Ayen yeqqimen mliḥ deffir Zhu Xi d leqdic-is ɣef "Rebɛa n Yedlisen" (Adlis Ameqqran, Tameddurt n Ulemmas, Awalen n Confucius, d Mencius).
* Yessemli-ten, yessefhem-iten yiwen yiwen.
* Iwenniten i yura ɣef yedlisen-a uɣalen d nutni i d llsas n uselmed unṣib di Ccinwa.
* Iwakken ad yawi yiwen amkan deg udabu (ad isɛeddi akayaḍ n unekcum), ilaq ad yissin mliḥ isegziyen n Zhu Xi.
* Tazrirt-is teqqim i qrib 700 n yiseggasen di Ccinwa, yerna teffeɣ armi d Japan d Kurya.
S wegzul, Zhu Xi d yiwen seg yifelsafen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant akk, acku d netta i d-yessemlalen tidmi n Confucius tamzwarut d tmuɣli tamaynut, tamẓlayt, ɣef umeɣraḍ.
m2cevyc7407gnqvnty9s0epb9w1s6bq
C++
0
25536
117171
117163
2026-08-23T14:24:07Z
Gurzil90x
14292
arniɣ ayen ilaqen
117171
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as "C s tserkam", acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.
C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :
* Asihel s tɣawsiwin
* Asihel s tserkam
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus
Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :
Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.
== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.
=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===
==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.
Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d "C with Classes" (C s Tserkam).
==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :
* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden
Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg "C with Classes" ar "C++". Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.
=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===
==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :
'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel "The C++ Programming Language" n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).
'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).
'''1990''' : Timerna n "''templates"'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).
==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :
* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka
C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.
=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===
==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.
'''C++98''' tesɛa :
* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw
==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.
==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :
* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut
=== 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++ (2011–Ass-a) ===
==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ====
Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel :
* ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman
* ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan
* ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad
* ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit
* ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman
* ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem
* ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL
* ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden
==== 4.2 C++14 ====
Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan :
''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed "''Return type deduction''" i twsitin, "''constexpr"'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti "''Variable templates".''
==== 4.3 C++17 ====
Deg 2017, C++17 terna :
''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas.
==== 4.4 C++20 ====
Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin :
''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, <format> : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (<=>)
==== 4.5 C++23 ====
Deg 2023, C++23 terna :
''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam.
== Tamṣukt n Wahil C++ ==
Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent "main()", d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Azul, a ddunit!" << endl;
return 0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>Deg uḍris-agi :
'''#include <iostream>''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ.
'''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std.
'''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem.
'''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil.
'''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata.
== Tewsatin n Isefka d Imuttiyen ==
=== 1 Tewsatin tigejdanin ===
C++ tesɛa aṭas n tewsatin n isefka tigejdanin :
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tawsit
!Aglam
!Tiddi
|-
|int
|Ummid (entier)
|4 ibitten
|-
|float
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel simple précision)
|4 ibitten
|-
|double
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel double précision)
|8 ibitten
|-
|char
|Asekkil
|1 n ubit
|-
|void
|Ulac
|0
|}
=== 2 Imuttiyen ===
Amutti d isem i yettunefken i wadeg di tkatut (mémoire) ideg yettwasekles wazal. Asebded (tabadut) n umutti yettili s tewsit, isem, d wazal amezwaru :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
int amḍan = 10;
double azal = 3.14;
char asekkil = 'A';
bool tidett = true;
</syntaxhighlight>
=== 3 Ismawen d Yilugan-nsen ===
Ismawen n yimuttiyen deg C++ ilaq ad ḍefren ilugan-agi :
* Zemren ad bdun s usekkil neɣ s ujerriḍ n wadda (_)
* Ur zmiren ara ad bdun s umḍan
* Ur zmiren ara ad sqedcen awalen yettwaḥerzen (reserved keywords)
* C++ txedem amgired gar usekkil ameqran d umeẓyan
=== 4 Imahalen ===
Imahalen deg C++ d izamulen i yettunefken i tmhelt ɣef wazalen.
==== 4.1 Imahalen imsnamḍanen ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Azamul
!Tamhelt
!Amedya
|-
| +
|Timernit
|5 + 3 = 8
|-
| -
|Tukkssit
|5 - 3 = 2
|-
|*
|Asegat
|5 * 3 = 15
|-
|/
|Taẓunt
|6 / 3 = 2
|-
|%
|Tasagert
|7 % 3 = 1
|}
axs1fryso83m3ye84e7jtoq9ectcxv4
117173
117171
2026-08-23T23:22:28Z
Gurzil90x
14292
arniɣ ayen ilaqen
117173
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as "C s tserkam", acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.
C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :
* Asihel s tɣawsiwin
* Asihel s tserkam
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus
Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :
Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.
== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.
=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===
==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.
Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d "C with Classes" (C s Tserkam).
==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :
* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden
Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg "C with Classes" ar "C++". Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.
=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===
==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :
'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel "The C++ Programming Language" n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).
'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).
'''1990''' : Timerna n "''templates"'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).
==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :
* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka
C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.
=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===
==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.
'''C++98''' tesɛa :
* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw
==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.
==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :
* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut
=== 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++ (2011–Ass-a) ===
==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ====
Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel :
* ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman
* ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan
* ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad
* ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit
* ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman
* ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem
* ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL
* ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden
==== 4.2 C++14 ====
Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan :
''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed "''Return type deduction''" i twsitin, "''constexpr"'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti "''Variable templates".''
==== 4.3 C++17 ====
Deg 2017, C++17 terna :
''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas.
==== 4.4 C++20 ====
Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin :
''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, <format> : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (<=>)
==== 4.5 C++23 ====
Deg 2023, C++23 terna :
''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam.
== Tamṣukt n Wahil C++ ==
Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent "main()", d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Azul, a ddunit!" << endl;
return 0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>Deg uḍris-agi :
'''#include <iostream>''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ.
'''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std.
'''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem.
'''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil.
'''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata.
== Tewsatin n Isefka d Imuttiyen ==
=== 1 Tewsatin tigejdanin ===
C++ tesɛa aṭas n tewsatin n isefka tigejdanin :
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tawsit
!Aglam
!Tiddi
|-
|int
|Ummid (entier)
|4 ibitten
|-
|float
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel simple précision)
|4 ibitten
|-
|double
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel double précision)
|8 ibitten
|-
|char
|Asekkil
|1 n ubit
|-
|void
|Ulac
|0
|}
=== 2 Imuttiyen ===
Amutti d isem i yettunefken i wadeg di tkatut (mémoire) ideg yettwasekles wazal. Asebded (tabadut) n umutti yettili s tewsit, isem, d wazal amezwaru :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
int amḍan = 10;
double azal = 3.14;
char asekkil = 'A';
bool tidett = true;
</syntaxhighlight>
=== 3 Ismawen d Yilugan-nsen ===
Ismawen n yimuttiyen deg C++ ilaq ad ḍefren ilugan-agi :
* Zemren ad bdun s usekkil neɣ s ujerriḍ n wadda (_)
* Ur zmiren ara ad bdun s umḍan
* Ur zmiren ara ad sqedcen awalen yettwaḥerzen (reserved keywords)
* C++ txedem amgired gar usekkil ameqran d umeẓyan
=== 4 Imahalen ===
Imahalen deg C++ d izamulen i yettunefken i tmhelt ɣef wazalen.
==== 4.1 Imahalen imsnamḍanen ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Azamul
!Tamhelt
!Amedya
|-
| +
|Timernit
|5 + 3 = 8
|-
| -
|Tukkssit
|5 - 3 = 2
|-
|*
|Asegat
|5 * 3 = 15
|-
|/
|Taẓunt
|6 / 3 = 2
|-
|%
|Tasagert
|7 % 3 = 1
|}
==== 4.2 Imahalen n usemyif ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Azamul
!Anamek
|-
|==
|Yugda (égal à)
|-
|!=
|Ur yugdi ara
|-
|<
|Amazdar
|-
|>
|Imineg
|-
|<=
|Amazdar neɣ yugda
|-
|>=
|Imineg neɣ yugda
|}
==== 4.3 Imahalen imeẓẓulen ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Azamul
!Anamek
|-
|&&
|D (ET logique)
|-
|!
|Ur (NON logique)
|}
==== 4.4 Imahalen n usemdukel ====
<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
int x = 10; // Asemdukel asentan
x += 5; // x = x + 5
x -= 3; // x = x - 3
x *= 2; // x = x * 2
x /= 4; // x = x / 4
</syntaxhighlight>
7yrmi269zx3ptv1hi8nh60ur9qzwl0e
117179
117173
2026-08-24T09:32:44Z
Gurzil90x
14292
arniɣ ayen ilaqen
117179
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]]
'''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as "C s tserkam", acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882.
C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas :
* Asihel s tɣawsiwin
* Asihel s tserkam
* Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates
* Asefrek n tkatut s ufus
Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg :
Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly.
== Amezruy ==
Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt.
=== 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) ===
==== 1.1 Asenti ====
Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''.
Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d "C with Classes" (C s Tserkam).
==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ====
Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C :
* '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions)
* '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen
* '''Timselɣutin''' (references)
* '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden
Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg "C with Classes" ar "C++". Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C.
=== 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) ===
==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin :
'''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel "The C++ Programming Language" n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tisɣunin tuhlistin, d tesɣunin n tserkam (member functions).
'''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction).
'''1990''' : Timerna n "''templates"'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces).
==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :
* Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix
* Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen
* Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit
* Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka
C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''.
=== 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) ===
==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ====
Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa.
'''C++98''' tesɛa :
* '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set
* '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden
* '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each
* '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw
==== 3.2 C++03 ====
Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric.
==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ====
Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg :
* Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine
* Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud
* Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin
* Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut
=== 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++ (2011–Ass-a) ===
==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ====
Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel :
* ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman
* ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan
* ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad
* ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit
* ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman
* ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem
* ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL
* ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden
==== 4.2 C++14 ====
Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan :
''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed "''Return type deduction''" i twsitin, "''constexpr"'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti "''Variable templates".''
==== 4.3 C++17 ====
Deg 2017, C++17 terna :
''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas.
==== 4.4 C++20 ====
Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin :
''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, <format> : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (<=>)
==== 4.5 C++23 ====
Deg 2023, C++23 terna :
''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam.
== Tamṣukt n Wahil C++ ==
Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent "main()", d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Azul, a ddunit!" << endl;
return 0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>Deg uḍris-agi :
'''#include <iostream>''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ.
'''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std.
'''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem.
'''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil.
'''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata.
== Tewsatin n Isefka d Imuttiyen ==
=== 1 Tewsatin tigejdanin ===
C++ tesɛa aṭas n tewsatin n isefka tigejdanin :
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tawsit
!Aglam
!Tiddi
|-
|int
|Ummid (entier)
|4 ibitten
|-
|float
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel simple précision)
|4 ibitten
|-
|double
|Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel double précision)
|8 ibitten
|-
|char
|Asekkil
|1 n ubit
|-
|void
|Ulac
|0
|}
=== 2 Imuttiyen ===
Amutti d isem i yettunefken i wadeg di tkatut (mémoire) ideg yettwasekles wazal. Asebded (tabadut) n umutti yettili s tewsit, isem, d wazal amezwaru :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
int amḍan = 10;
double azal = 3.14;
char asekkil = 'A';
bool tidett = true;
</syntaxhighlight>
=== 3 Ismawen d Yilugan-nsen ===
Ismawen n yimuttiyen deg C++ ilaq ad ḍefren ilugan-agi :
* Zemren ad bdun s usekkil neɣ s ujerriḍ n wadda (_)
* Ur zmiren ara ad bdun s umḍan
* Ur zmiren ara ad sqedcen awalen yettwaḥerzen (reserved keywords)
* C++ txedem amgired gar usekkil ameqran d umeẓyan
=== 4 Imahalen ===
Imahalen deg C++ d izamulen i yettunefken i tmhelt ɣef wazalen.
==== 4.1 Imahalen imsnamḍanen ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Azamul
!Tamhelt
!Amedya
|-
| +
|Timernit
|5 + 3 = 8
|-
| -
|Tukkssit
|5 - 3 = 2
|-
|*
|Asegat
|5 * 3 = 15
|-
|/
|Taẓunt
|6 / 3 = 2
|-
|%
|Tasagert
|7 % 3 = 1
|}
==== 4.2 Imahalen n usemyif ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Azamul
!Anamek
|-
|==
|Yugda (égal à)
|-
|!=
|Ur yugdi ara
|-
|<
|Amazdar
|-
|>
|Imineg
|-
|<=
|Amazdar neɣ yugda
|-
|>=
|Imineg neɣ yugda
|}
==== 4.3 Imahalen imeẓẓulen ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Azamul
!Anamek
|-
|&&
|D (ET logique)
|-
|!
|Ur (NON logique)
|}
==== 4.4 Imahalen n usemdukel ====
<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
int x = 10; // Asemdukel asentan
x += 5; // x = x + 5
x -= 3; // x = x - 3
x *= 2; // x = x * 2
x /= 4; // x = x / 4
</syntaxhighlight>
=== 5. Tamṣukt n Usenqed ===
==== 5.1 Tiwtilin ====
'''if / else if / else'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
if (azal > 100) {
cout << "Azal meqqeṛ" << endl;
} else if (azal > 50) {
cout << "Azal alemmas" << endl;
} else {
cout << "Azal meẓẓi" << endl;
}
</syntaxhighlight>'''switch'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
switch (ass) {
case 1: cout << "Aram" << endl; break;
case 2: cout << "Aram" << endl; break;
case 3: cout << "Aram" << endl; break;
default: cout << "Ass nniḍen" << endl;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
==== 5.2 Tineddicin ====
Tineddict '''for'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
cout << i << " ";
}
</syntaxhighlight>Tineddict '''while'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++">
int azal = 0;
do {
cout << azal << endl;
azal++;
} while (azal < 5);
</syntaxhighlight>'''Tinnaḍin n usenqed n tneddict'''
'''break''' : ad teffeɣ seg tneddict neɣ seg switch
'''continue''' : ad tezgel tikkelt-a, ad teddu ɣer tikkelt i d-iteddun
rsfbz85rot0s9fd4zn1ajo7zqtocyz9
Taṭawit
0
25540
117177
117161
2026-08-23T23:50:05Z
Gurzil90x
14292
arniɣ ayen ilaqen
117177
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Tugna:Tao.svg|vignette|Asekkil n ccinwa "道", anamek-is "Tikli" neɣ "Abrid".]]
'''Taṭawit''', d yiwen n usɣan akked tfelsafit i d-ibanen di tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] deg taggara n lqern wis 6 send ɛisa. Llsas n usɣan-a yebna ɣef wawal "Tao", i d-yemmalen "Tikli" neɣ abrid n umeɣraḍ. Afelsafi ameqqran i d-yesnulfan taflusuft-a d '''Laozi''' (Lao Tseu), i yuran adlis uɣris iwumi qqaren '''''Tao Te Ching''''' (Adlis n Tikli d Tuẓult-is).
== Imenzayen Igejdanen ==
Taṭawit tebna ɣef kra n yimenzayen issekcamen amdan deg unamek n tudert:
* '''Tao (Tikli)''': D netta i d llsas n tudert d umeɣraḍ. Ur yezmir ara ad t-nessegzi s wawalen, acku d netta i d aɣbalu n yal taɣawsa yellan deg ddunnit. Tao d asaka i yeṭṭafar ugama war ma nexdem aṭas n wussis.
* '''Yin d Yang (Amnekni n''' '''sin n yiferdisen)''': D amnekni ger snat n tɣawsiwin yemgaraden. D timlellit ger wayen yellan d aberkan d wayen yellan d amellal, d wass akked yiḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d belli amnekni d ayen yesɛan azal ameqqran iwakken ad tili tudert.
* '''Wu Wei (War Tigawt)''': D yiwet n tmiḍrant tagejdant deg taṭawit. Anamek-is ur d-yemmal ara war tezmert neɣ war lebɣi n usnifel, maca yemmal-d "war tigawt" i d-yemgaraden d usaḍuf(lqanun) n ugama. D anekcum deg tudert s wudem ufrin war ma neḥtem-itt.
* '''Qi (Tasaraɣt)''': D tasaraɣt n tudert i yetteddun deg umeɣraḍ. Yal amdan yesɛa tasaraɣt-a deg tfekka-s.
== Tisemras d temlilɣi ==
Iwakken ad yaweḍ umdan ɣer Tikli n Tao, ilaq ad yeṭṭefer kra n tsemras deg tudert-is n yal ass:
* '''Takrebbut (Méditation)''': Taṭawit tettweṣṣi takrebbut iwakken ad nader iman-nneɣ d uziɣer, u ad nessizdeg allaɣ-nneɣ.
* '''Tudert taḥerfit''': D asugen n tudert s wudem aḥerfi, war alameɣ. Amdan ur ilaq ara ad yeqqen ul-is ɣer tɣawsiwin n ddunnit.
* '''Amtawa akked ugama''': Ilaq ɣef umdan ad yidir s umtawa akked ugama. Ur yettnadi ara ad ibeddel inalkamen n ugama acku ayagi yezmer ad d-yeglu s txeṣṣarin.
== Tazrirt ɣef Tmetti ==
Taṭawit tesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tmetti n Ccinwa d umaḍal meṛṛa. Tufa amkan-is deg waṭas n taɣulin:
* '''Taẓuṛi''': Tessebded aṭas n tẓuriwin s wudem amensay, ladɣa isunaɣen n ugama.
* '''Tasegda''': Tasegda n yexxamen d yibanayen tebna ɣef yimenzayen n ''Feng Shui'' (i yeqqnen ɣer yin d yang).
* '''Tasnajya''': Tasnajya tamensayt n Ccinwa, am usuji s tissegnatin (acupuncture), tebna ɣef uḥraz n tsaraɣt n Qi deg tfekka n umdan.
qr3qorzemhd53wzdtvn38b1ix6flxd8
Vladimir Lenin
0
25541
117175
117165
2026-08-23T23:33:36Z
Gurzil90x
14292
arniɣ ayen ilaqen
117175
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.
== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.
Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.
6dioz9m834mfpfjxvs838efpx55jwow
117182
117175
2026-08-24T10:05:49Z
Gurzil90x
14292
Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen
117182
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.
== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.
Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.
== Asaki asertan, anfa, d tussna n Talinit ==
Deg useggas n 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen imi yella yettikki deg yimuhal isertanen mgal udabu ageldan. Din yuɣ tameṭṭut-is Nadejda Kroupskaïa, i yellan d tameɣnast tameqrant deg ubrid-is.
fmjpnppc1w214vyqn5xtuve9vfgpvag
Tamsihrit
0
25544
117176
2026-08-23T23:45:47Z
Gurzil90x
14292
Amagrad amaynut
117176
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Tugna:New York Stock Exchange, Broad Street LCCN00650325.jpg|vignette|taggazt n New York, d azamul n temsihrit.]]
'''Tamsihrit''' d anagraw adamsan d unamun i d-yebnan ɣef wayla uslig n wallalen n ufares d usenzi. Iswi amenzu n unagraw-a d anadi ɣef rrbeḥ d tebaɣurt. Deg unagraw n temsihrit, tisuda n udabu (ddula/awanek) ur d-keččment ara s waṭas deg ulzuz(ssuq/agadaz) neɣ deg temsal n tdamsa. Yal taɣawsa, d anagraw n usuter d wunefk (ayen yellan d wayen i d-ssuturen) i d-iḥekkmen deg watug-s d wazal-is.
86kqqkdmx2131vb3sf9h7ls0tf0xe0e
117183
117176
2026-08-24T10:18:44Z
Gurzil90x
14292
Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen
117183
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Tugna:New York Stock Exchange, Broad Street LCCN00650325.jpg|vignette|taggazt n New York, d azamul n temsihrit.]]
'''Tamsihrit''' d anagraw adamsan d tedrimt i d-yebnan ɣef wayla uslig n wallalen n ufares d usenzi. Iswi amenzu n unagraw-a d anadi ɣef rrbeḥ d tebaɣurt. Deg unagraw n temsihrit, tisuda n udabu (ddula/awanek) ur d-keččment ara s waṭas deg ulzuz(ssuq/agadaz) neɣ deg temsal n tdamsa. Yal taɣawsa, d anagraw n usuter d wunefk (ayen yellan d wayen i d-ssuturen) i d-iḥekkmen deg watug-s d wazal-is.
== Aẓar n Temsihrit ==
Aẓar n temsihrit yuɣ-d sseḥ seg tmura n Turuft deg taggara n tallit talemmast d tlalit taleslalit. Uqbel-is, llan medden ddren s ddaw unagraw n tfyudalit (féodalisme) anda akal yella gar yifassen n yigelliden d yimrabḍen, ma d imdanen iqeddcen fell-asen ttwaḥesben d ayla-nsen (aklan).
Mi d-yebda usenzi d tiɣin yettnerni, ladɣa gar tmura yembɛaden deg lqern wis 14 d wis 15, tban-d tseddart tamaynut n yimzenziyen. D imzenziyen-a i d-issersen lsas amenzu i temsihrit, imi bdan jemmɛen idrimen, snulfan-d ibankiwen imenza di Ṭelyan, uɣalen ssebbaḍen allalen n ubeddel n tedrimt.
j0ux6gvi930dpbknpbrvesg5cl99w2b