Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 203 117212 110801 2026-08-25T21:38:21Z ~2026-46298-04 17058 /* */ 117212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = JS Kabylie | image =Logo JS Kabylie.svg | fullname = Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie | nickname = JSK <br /> JS Kabylie <br> Iknaṛiyen <br /> [[Izem|Izemawen]] n [[Ǧerǧer]] | founded = 1946 | ground = [[Asarir Hocine Ait Ahmed]] | capacity = 50,766 | chairman = [[Acuṛ Cellul]] | mgrtitle = Head Coach | manager = [[Yusef Buzidi]] | league = [[Tilɣuɣa n Lezzayer|Ligue Professionnelle 1]] | season = 2023–24 | position = Ligue Professionnelle 1, '''Wis 7''' | current = | website = http://www.jskabylie.dz/ | pattern_la1 = _nantes1819h | pattern_b1 = _nantes1819h | pattern_ra1 = _nantes1819h | pattern_sh1 = _fcnantes1819h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = | body1 = | rightarm1 = | shorts1 = FFFF00 | socks1 = FFFF00 | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = | pattern_ra2 = | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = 0EA884 | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF }} '''JSK''', d Tazegzilt n wawalen n tefranṣi'st '''Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie''', neɣ '''''Ilemẓiyen inaddalen n Iqbayliyen (s [[tifinaɣ]] ⵉⵍⴻⵎⵥⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ)''''' d taɣlamt n tcirets uḍar i-d-ilulen deg 1946 d [[Tizi Wezzu]]. D tallit n trad ger 1954 ar 1962, JSK ur turar ara di tilɣuɣa i yellan d tallit-nni irumiyen. Mi tebbwi tmurt azarug, tuɣal-d s urar, acku tella tetturar deg weḥric n ugemmir akw d kra taɣlamtin am: WA Boufarik, ASO Chlef, USM Maison-Carrée, OM Ruisseau, atg. Ger imurar n imiren, nezmer ad nebder kra : Terzi, Zeɣdud, Xalfi, Ḥawcin, atg. JSK tuli-d ar weḥric wis II n tilɣuɣa taɣelnawt deg 1967-1968 akw d imurar Quli, Kufi, Karamani, Wahabi, Deriǧ, atg, s usleɣmay : Ali Benfeda, amyurar n taɣlamt taqburt n FLN. Ur teɛṬil ara, asegas nniḍen tuli-d ɣer weḥric amezwaru deg 1968-1969. Deg 1969-1970, turar s usleɣmay afranṣis 'Jean Lemaître'. Ma di 1970-1971 s usleɣmay Abdereḥaman Bubeker, i yeṭfen amkan n Abdelaziz Bentifur, i yemuten di yiwet n laksida n tkarust. Seg useggas nni JSK tuɣal d ttin ifazen, imi tewi 11 n tilɣuɣin, 4 teqbucin n Lezzayer, snat n teqbucin n tilɣuɣa n tefriqt, yiwet n teqbuct n teqbucin n tefriqt, tqbbuct tunigt n tefriqt, akw d 3 n teqbucin n CAF ta deffir ta(deg 2000, 2001, 2002). Ger imyurar i yefkan afud muqren i taɣlamt n JSK, llan: Arezqi Kufi, Dris Quli, Muḥend Crif Hanaci, Racid Dali, Kamal Awis, Abdella Ğebbar, Mehdi Serbaḥ, Kamal Tahir, Mulud Ibud, Bacir Dwadi, Maḥfud Bukadum, Abderrezaq Ḥarb , Salem Amri, Mukrane Baylec, Arezqi Meɣrisi, Ṣaleḥ Lɛerbas, Murad Amara , Abdelhamid Sadmi, Racid Adɣiɣ, Ɛli Fergani, Ğamal Menad, Ḥakim Medan, Mestafa Anan, Ḥusin Amrus, Rabaḥ Mengelti, Racid Baris, Ɛli Benlaḥsen, Maḥyeddin Meftaḥ, Umar Ḥamened, Naser Bwic, [[Musa Sayb]], Aziz Benḥamlat, Brahim Zafur, Farid Ɣazi, Lyes Baḥbuḥ, atg. Aṭas isleɣmayen i selḥan taɣlamt n JSK, garasen : 'Popescu , Bazyl Marian, Peter Matiga , Lenner' , Taḥar Belḥaǧ (Aqbur n taɣlamt Le Havre), Belqasem Aluc (Aqbur n taɣlamt-AS St Etienne), Hasen Hamuten (Aqbur n taɣlamt MC Alger d France Olympique di 1948), Abdelaziz Bentifur (Aqbur n taɣlamt OGC Nice d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN), Abderaḥman Bubeker (Aqbur n taɣlamt AS Monaco d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN), Amar Rouai (Aqbur n taɣlamt Angers d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN), Mokrane Oualiken (Aqbur n taɣlamt Nîmes d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN ), Maḥyeddin Xalef, 'Stéfan Zywotko', Nur Benzekri, Nureddin Saɛdi, Ǧafar Haruni, Brahim Ramdani, Kamal Mwasa, Azeddin At Ǧoudi, Musa Sayb, atg. == Tiqbucin n JSK == '''Taqbuct n ilɣuɣen n tefriqt (2 tikwal) ''' *1 - 1981 mgal "vita club" (Zayir) *2 - 1990 mgal "N'Kana Red Devils" (Zambia) '''Taqbuct tunnigt n tefriqt (yiwen webrid) ''' *1 - 1982 '''Taqbuct n teqbucin n tefriqt (yiwen webrid) ''' *1 - 1995 mgal "julius berger" (Nijiria) '''Taqbuct n CAF (3 iberdan) ''' *1 - 2000 mgal "Ismaili" (Massar) *2 - 2001 mgal "ES Sahel" (Tunes) *3 - 2002 mgal "Tonerre Yaoundé (Camroun) '''Taqbuct n Lezzayer (5 tikwal) ''' *1 - 1977 - 2-1 mgal NA Hussein-Dey *2 - 1986 - 1-0 mgal WKF Collo *3 - 1992 - 1-0 mgal ASO Chlef *4 - 1994 - 1-0 mgal AS Ain M'Lila *5 - 2011 - 1-0 mgal USM El Ḥerrac '''[[Tilɣuɣa n Lezzayer]] (14 iberdan) ''' *1 - 1973 *2 - 1974 *3 - 1977 *4 - 1980 *5 - 1982 *6 - 1983 *7 - 1985 *8 - 1986 *9 - 1989 *10 - 1990 *11 - 1995 *12 - 2004 *13 - 2006 *14 - 2008 '''Taqbuct tunnigt n Lezzayer (2 tikwal)''' *1 - 1973 *2 - 1992 == Imurar n JSK == *1. [[Muḥemmed Reḍa Ɛebbasi]] *2. [[Kamal Ɛebdeslam]] *3. [[Rafiq Ɛebdeslam]] *4. [[Racid Adan]] *5. [[Racid Adɣiɣ]] *6. Ait Amar - *7. [[Muḥemed At Qasi]] *8. [[Murad At Ṭṭahar]] *9. Milud Akrich *. [[Ḥakim Amaɛuc]] *10. [[Yassin Amaɛuc]] *12. [[Murad Ɛmara]] *13. Amri Salem *14. [[Reẓqi Ɛemruc]] *. [[Yassin Ɛemruc]] *15. [[Ḥusin Ɛemrus]] *16. [[Musṭafa Ɛenan]] *17. [[Ɛawis Kamal]] *18. [[Bubeker Ɛeṭmani]] *19. [[Lyes Baḥbuḥ]] *20. [[Ḥamid Behlul]] *21. [[Meqran Baylec]] *22. [[Racid Baris]] *23. [[Ɛli Belaḥsen]] *24. [[Muḥemed Belɣerbi]] *25. [[Faruk Belqaid]] *26. [[Muḥemed Lamin Belxir]] *27. [[Farid Belmellat]] *28. [[Racid Benayen]] *29. [[Ryaḍ Bencixa]] *30. [[Bendaḥman Lwennas]] *31. Redha Benhadj Djillali *32. Abdelazziz Benhamlat *33. Benkaci - *34. [[Ḥamid Bergiga]] *35. [[Ɛebdennur Berkani]] *36. [[Murad Berrefan]] *37. Said Besseghir *38. Yasin Bezzaz *39. Daoud Bouabdalah *40. [[Azzedine Aït Djoudi]] *41. Abderahaman Bubker *42. Hakim Bubrit * . Budinar *43. Md Anouar Boudjakdji *44. [[Baccir Buǧellid]] *45. [[Lyamin Buɣrara]] *46. [[Naṣer Bwic]] *47. [[Murad Buqellal]] *48. [[Ɛebdrreḥman Buxari]] *49. Bumaṭi - *50. Bourai Rachid *51. [[Ramzi Buregba]] *52. Farid Bouzar *53. Atik Bouzid *54. [[Mahdi Serbaḥ]] *55. [[Fawzi Cawci]] *56. [[Cheikh Omar Dabo]] *57. [[Racid Dali]] *58. [[Buɛbdellah Dawed]] *59. [[Ɛumar Dawed]] *60. Nurdin Deham *61. [[Rabaḥ Derdar]] *62. [[Murad Derriǧ]] *63. Rabie Dilmi *64. Aberrezak Djahnit *65. Abdellah Djebbar *66. Djezzar - *67. Samir Ǧudar *68. Mounir Dob *69. Fodhil Dob *70. Bachir Douadi *71. Karim Doudene *72. [[Lɛemara Dwicer]] *73. [[Takfarinas Dwicer]] *74. Rachid Dries *75. [[Nurdin Driwec]] *76. [[Dris Lqulli]] *77. [[Wilfrid Endzanga]] *78. [[Ɛli Fergani]] *79. Ferhat - *80. Ferradji Md Seghir *81. Zoubir Fettal *82. [[Lwennas Gawawi]] *83. [[Ḥusin Gasmi]] *84. Farid Ghazi *85. Guechtouli - *86. Kamel Habri *87. Hachi - *88. Hadj Adlane - *89. Salem Haliche *90. Omar Hamenad *91. Nassim Hamlaoui *92. Farid Hamlili *93. Hamoudi - *94. Said Hamrani *95. Md Crif Hannachi *96. [[Aɛmar Ḥawcin]] *97. Abderrezak Harb *98. Mulud Harim *99. Hakim Ait mokhtar * Sofiane Harkat *100. Djaafar Harouni *101. [[Deḥman Ḥeffaf]] *102. Nabil Hemani *103. Miloud Iboud *104. Hocine Iratni *105. [[Kamal Qadri]] *106. Said Kaidi *107. [[Racid Karamani]] *108. [[Racid Kebbus]] *109. [[Azwaw Kebbus]] *110. [[Yusef Qeṣrawi]] *111. Yacine Ketchout * . Khatir *112. Khadir - *113. Mahieddine Khalef *114. Xelfi - *115. Xerrubi - *116. [[Aɛmar Xuǧa]] *117. [[Arezqi Kufi]] *118. Youcef Laadjadj *119. Salem Lamri *120. Salah Larbes *121. Mohand Larbi *122. [[Arezqi Maɣrisi]] *123. Belkacem Makri * . Mohamed Mammar *124. Kamal Marek *125. [[Nabil Mazari]] *126. [[Ḥakim Meddan]] *127. Nacer Md Medjoudj *128. Mahieddin Mefṭaḥ *129. [[Raḥim Mefṭaḥ]] *131. Mohamed Rabie Mefṭaḥ *132. [[Kamel Mefṭuḥ]] *133. [[Muḥemed Meɣrawi]] *134. Meqbel - *135. [[Ǧamel Menad]] *136. [[Rabaḥ Mengellti]] *137. [[Lɛerbi Meẓyan]] *138. Mohand-Said Mourad *139. Fawzi Mussuni *140. [[Kamal N At Yeḥya]] *141. Lahcène Amar Nazef *142. [[Wassiou Oladipupou]] *143. [[Yeḥya Wahabi]] * . Djaffar Ouar *144. Si Mohand Oueld Ameur *145. [[Munṣef Wicawi]] *146. Fahem Uslati *147. Nassim Oussalah *148. Mustapha Rafai *149. [[Murad Reḥmuni]] *150. [[Sliman Raḥu]] *151. Redjala - *152. Hamid Sadmi *153. Sahraoui - *154. [[Ramzi Sayeb]] *155. [[Musa Sayeb]] *156. Youcef Saibi *157. Sedkaoui - *158. [[Areẓqi Sedqawi]] *159. Selmun - *160. [[Ṣufyan Selmun]] *161. Roberts Sessay * . Kamel Termoul *162. Tabti - *163. Kamel Tahir *164. [[Mḥammed Ṭalbi]] *165. Tamin *166. Mouloud Terzi *167. Mustapha Terzi *168. Zahir Tiabi *169. Tikkuk *170. Hamza Yasef *171. Mohamed Yahi *172. [[Muḥemmed Yunsi]] *173. [[Ṣaleḥ Yusfi]] *174. [[Muḥemmed Yuc]] *175. [[Brahim Ẓafur]] *176. [[Samir Zazu]] *177. [[Ɛumar Zeɣdud]] == Tamawin d timselɣa == === Tamawin === {{Références|groupe=A|colonnes=2}} === Timselɣa === {{Références|colonnes=2}} [[Taggayt:Addal]] [[Taggayt:Ddabex uḍar]] 8gtii8gnm02co7r8f6mpkcfgvdrdg7g 0 12428 117214 117201 2026-08-25T22:51:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''JavaScript''' d [[tutlayt n usihel]] mebla aefsu(Tameslayt tasuɣlant) i d-yesnulfa [[Brendan Eich]] ([[Netscape]]). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s [[Node.js]]. Tameslayt n usihel '''JavaScript''' tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen. == 2. Amezruy d Usenteḍ == === 2.1. Talalit n JavaScript === JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella "Mocha", sakkin yuɣal "LiveScript", qbel ad yettusema "JavaScript". Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web. === 2.2. Alugen ECMAScript === Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem "ECMAScript". Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman: * ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru. * ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions). * ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa "strict mode". * ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules. * ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing. === 2.3. Imeslayen n usihel yeqqnen ar JavaScript === Aṭas n tmeslayin-nniḍen n usihel bnant ɣef JavaScript neɣ ttwasuqlent ar JavaScript: '''[[TypeScript]]''': Tameslayt n usihel s tewsit n isefka (typed) i d-yesnulfa Microsoft. '''CoffeeScript''': Tameslayt yettwasuqlen ar JavaScript s tseddast ifessusen. '''Dart''': Tameslayt n usihel i d-yesnulfa Google, tettwasxedem deg Flutter. == 3. Taseddast d Umawal == === 3.1. Tawsit n tmeslayt === JavaScript d tameslayt: '''Tasuɣlant''': Ur teḥwaǧ ara asefsu send aselkem. Amessuɣal iqqar-d tangalt srid. '''S tawsit asmussa'''w: Tawsit n umutti tettubeddel deg wakud n uselkem. Agetmɣawal (multi-paradigme): Tesseddu asihel s '''tɣawsa''', asihel '''amesɣan''', d asihel s '''tedyanin'''. === 3.2. Tiseddast tigejdanin === ==== 3.2.1. Imuttiyen ==== JavaScript yesɛa kraḍ n wawalen i usenteḍ n yimuttiyen:<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> var x = 10; // Amutti aqbur (var) let y = 20; // Amutti s telqeyt n usweḍ (let) const z = 30; // Amutti ur yettubeddlen (const) </syntaxhighlight>'''var''': Amutti s telqeyt n tesɣent (function scope). '''let''': Amutti s telqeyt n iḥder (block scope). '''const''': Amutti ur yezmiren ad yettubeddel. ==== 3.2.2. Awalen n tinaḍ (Keywords) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> if, else, for, while, do, switch, case, break, continue, return, function, class, new, this, typeof, instanceof, try, catch, finally, throw, async, await, import, export </syntaxhighlight> ==== 3.2.3. Isulayen ==== Isulayen n yimuttiyen, n tseɣnin, d n tɣawsiwin ilaq ad bdun s usekkil, s _, neɣ s $. Ur zmiren ad bdun s umḍan. == 4. Tawsit n Isefka == JavaScript tesɛa sin n wudmawen n tewsit n isefka: === 4.1. Tiwsitin tizwaranen (Types primitifs) === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tawsit !Amedya !Aglam |- |number |42, 3.14 |Amḍan ummid neɣ amḍan s ticcert |- |string |"Azul" |Azrar n isekkilen |- |boolean |true, false |Ilem neɣ ulac |- |undefined |undefined |Amutti ur yettusbedden |- |null |null |Ulac s umata |- |symbol |Symbol('id') |Azamal asuf (ES6) |- |bigint |9007199254740991n |Amḍan ameqqran aṭas (ES2020) |} === 4.2. Tawsit n tɣawsa (Type objet) === Yal ayen ur nelli ara d tiwsit tizwaranen d taɣawsa. Deg-s: * Array (Tafelwit): let arr = [1, 2, 3]; * Object (Taɣawsa): let obj = {isem: "Samir", leɛmer: 25}; * Function (Tasɣent): function azur() { return "Azul!"; } === 4.3. Aselkem n tewsit (typeof) === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> typeof 42; // "number" typeof "Azul"; // "string" typeof true; // "boolean" typeof undefined; // "undefined" typeof null; // "object" (tuccḍa deg umezruy) typeof {}; // "object" typeof []; // "object" typeof function(){}; // "function" </syntaxhighlight> == 5. Tiseɣnin == === 5.1. Tasɣent talugant === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> function smerni(a, b) { return a + b; } </syntaxhighlight> === 5.2. Tasɣent s uneccab (Arrow Function) – ES6 === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const smerni = (a, b) => a + b; </syntaxhighlight> === 5.3. Tasɣent d taserkemt tamenzut (First-Class Function) === Deg JavaScript, tiseɣnin d tiserkam timenza: zemrent ad ttwafkent d imuttiyen, ad ttwarrzent d tiɣiratin, d ad ttwarnant ar tefelwin.<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const tiseɣnin = [ x => x * 2, x => x + 1 ]; </syntaxhighlight> == Hello world == <syntaxhighlight lang=javascript> console.log("Hello World!"); </syntaxhighlight> == Ẓer daɣen == *[[TypeScript]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] rjnnk5qh2uejla76bmtywh34fj9zoi2 117215 117214 2026-08-25T22:59:46Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''JavaScript''' d [[tutlayt n usihel]] mebla aefsu(Tameslayt tasuɣlant) i d-yesnulfa [[Brendan Eich]] ([[Netscape]]). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s [[Node.js]]. Tameslayt n usihel '''JavaScript''' tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen. == 2. Amezruy d Usenteḍ == === 2.1. Talalit n JavaScript === JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella "Mocha", sakkin yuɣal "LiveScript", qbel ad yettusema "JavaScript". Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web. === 2.2. Alugen ECMAScript === Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem "ECMAScript". Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman: * ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru. * ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions). * ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa "strict mode". * ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules. * ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing. === 2.3. Imeslayen n usihel yeqqnen ar JavaScript === Aṭas n tmeslayin-nniḍen n usihel bnant ɣef JavaScript neɣ ttwasuqlent ar JavaScript: '''[[TypeScript]]''': Tameslayt n usihel s tewsit n isefka (typed) i d-yesnulfa Microsoft. '''CoffeeScript''': Tameslayt yettwasuqlen ar JavaScript s tseddast ifessusen. '''Dart''': Tameslayt n usihel i d-yesnulfa Google, tettwasxedem deg Flutter. == 3. Taseddast d Umawal == === 3.1. Tawsit n tmeslayt === JavaScript d tameslayt: '''Tasuɣlant''': Ur teḥwaǧ ara asefsu send aselkem. Amessuɣal iqqar-d tangalt srid. '''S tawsit asmussa'''w: Tawsit n umutti tettubeddel deg wakud n uselkem. Agetmɣawal (multi-paradigme): Tesseddu asihel s '''tɣawsa''', asihel '''amesɣan''', d asihel s '''tedyanin'''. === 3.2. Tiseddast tigejdanin === ==== 3.2.1. Imuttiyen ==== JavaScript yesɛa kraḍ n wawalen i usenteḍ n yimuttiyen:<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> var x = 10; // Amutti aqbur (var) let y = 20; // Amutti s telqeyt n usweḍ (let) const z = 30; // Amutti ur yettubeddlen (const) </syntaxhighlight>'''var''': Amutti s telqeyt n tesɣent (function scope). '''let''': Amutti s telqeyt n iḥder (block scope). '''const''': Amutti ur yezmiren ad yettubeddel. ==== 3.2.2. Awalen n tinaḍ (Keywords) ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> if, else, for, while, do, switch, case, break, continue, return, function, class, new, this, typeof, instanceof, try, catch, finally, throw, async, await, import, export </syntaxhighlight> ==== 3.2.3. Isulayen ==== Isulayen n yimuttiyen, n tseɣnin, d n tɣawsiwin ilaq ad bdun s usekkil, s _, neɣ s $. Ur zmiren ad bdun s umḍan. == 4. Tawsit n Isefka == JavaScript tesɛa sin n wudmawen n tewsit n isefka: === 4.1. Tiwsitin tizwaranen (Types primitifs) === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tawsit !Amedya !Aglam |- |number |42, 3.14 |Amḍan ummid neɣ amḍan s ticcert |- |string |"Azul" |Azrar n isekkilen |- |boolean |true, false |Ilem neɣ ulac |- |undefined |undefined |Amutti ur yettusbedden |- |null |null |Ulac s umata |- |symbol |Symbol('id') |Azamal asuf (ES6) |- |bigint |9007199254740991n |Amḍan ameqqran aṭas (ES2020) |} === 4.2. Tawsit n tɣawsa (Type objet) === Yal ayen ur nelli ara d tiwsit tizwaranen d taɣawsa. Deg-s: * Array (Tafelwit): let arr = [1, 2, 3]; * Object (Taɣawsa): let obj = {isem: "Samir", leɛmer: 25}; * Function (Tasɣent): function azur() { return "Azul!"; } === 4.3. Aselkem n tewsit (typeof) === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> typeof 42; // "number" typeof "Azul"; // "string" typeof true; // "boolean" typeof undefined; // "undefined" typeof null; // "object" (tuccḍa deg umezruy) typeof {}; // "object" typeof []; // "object" typeof function(){}; // "function" </syntaxhighlight> == 5. Tiseɣnin == === 5.1. Tasɣent talugant === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> function smerni(a, b) { return a + b; } </syntaxhighlight> === 5.2. Tasɣent s uneccab (Arrow Function) – ES6 === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const smerni = (a, b) => a + b; </syntaxhighlight> === 5.3. Tasɣent d taserkemt tamenzut (First-Class Function) === Deg JavaScript, tiseɣnin d tiserkam timenza: zemrent ad ttwafkent d imuttiyen, ad ttwarrzent d tiɣiratin, d ad ttwarnant ar tefelwin.<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const tiseɣnin = [ x => x * 2, x => x + 1 ]; </syntaxhighlight> == 6. Taɣawsa d Usihel s Tɣawsa (Objets et POO) == === 6.1. Asenteḍ n tɣawsa === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const amdan = { isem: "Samir", leɛmer: 30, azur: function() { return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}`; } }; </syntaxhighlight> === 6.2. Taserkemt (Class) – ES6 === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> class Amdan { constructor(isem, leɛmer) { this.isem = isem; this.leɛmer = leɛmer; } azur() { return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}`; } } const samir = new Amdan("Samir", 30); </syntaxhighlight> === 6.3. Tukkest === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> class Anelmad extends Amdan { constructor(isem, leɛmer, asɣar) { super(isem, leɛmer); this.asɣar = asɣar; } azur() { return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}, anelmad deg ${this.asɣar}`; } } </syntaxhighlight> == Ẓer daɣen == *[[TypeScript]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] hd95bxod44wojelc8lmrw7fdpkhv42s 0 23829 117207 117178 2026-08-25T13:21:37Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden. ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}} '''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines. D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt. Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3. Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954. Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ. == Aẓar n Yisem == [[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]] Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n "exucute, نفذ". == Arrum == Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf: '''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ. '''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda: '''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured. '''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim. '''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa: * Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen. * Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil. * Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen. * Aḍebsi / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal. == Aseɣẓan == Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem. '''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen. '''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli. '''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim. == Izeḍwa d Internet == Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel isefka. '''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa. '''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web. '''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel "Asigna". == Taɣellist Tasenselkamt == Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin. '''Awgelhen''': D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref. '''Anfafad / Avirus''' (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war taffrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw. '''Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan''' (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]] == iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]] [[Taggayt:Aselkim]] dy6qezi88ao293m4j4sgvgzmpd13qyx 117211 117207 2026-08-25T15:53:34Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden. ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}} '''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines. D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt. Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3. Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954. Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ. == Aẓar n Yisem == [[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]] Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n "exucute, نفذ". == Arrum == Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf: '''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ. '''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda: '''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured. '''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim. '''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa: * Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen. * Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil. * Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen. * Aḍebsi / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal. == Aseɣẓan == Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem. '''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen. '''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli. '''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim. == Izeḍwa d Internet == Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel isefka. '''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa. '''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web. '''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel "Asigna". == Taɣellist Tasenselkamt == Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin. '''Awgelhen''': D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref. '''Anfafad / Avirus''' (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war tafrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw. '''Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan''' (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]] == iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]] [[Taggayt:Aselkim]] shemou1tfex1mnvlronk2ow4lul5cva 3 23907 117208 110164 2026-08-25T14:08:35Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1]] 117208 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Amyannan umsqedac:Romaitaliamaxime/Archive 1]] pvabeonihvzwyu9f3vxz3i04muq8bhq 0 25536 117213 117202 2026-08-25T22:48:13Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]] '''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as "C s tserkam", acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882. C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas : * Asihel s tɣawsiwin * Asihel s tserkam * Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates * Asefrek n tkatut s ufus Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg : Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly. == Amezruy == Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt. === 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) === ==== 1.1 Asenti ==== Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''. Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d "C with Classes" (C s Tserkam). ==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ==== Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C : * '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions) * '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen * '''Timselɣutin''' (references) * '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg "C with Classes" ar "C++". Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C. === 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) === ==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ==== Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin : '''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel "The C++ Programming Language" n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tiseɣnin tuhlistin, d tseɣnin n tserkam (member functions). '''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction). '''1990''' : Timerna n "''templates"'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces). ==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ==== Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg : * Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix * Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen * Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit * Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''. === 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) === ==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ==== Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa. '''C++98''' tesɛa : * '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set * '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden * '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each * '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw ==== 3.2 C++03 ==== Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric. ==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ==== Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg : * Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine * Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud * Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin * Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut === 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++ (2011–Ass-a) === ==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ==== Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel : * ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman * ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan * ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad * ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit * ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman * ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem * ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL * ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden ==== 4.2 C++14 ==== Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan : ''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed "''Return type deduction''" i twsitin, "''constexpr"'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti "''Variable templates".'' ==== 4.3 C++17 ==== Deg 2017, C++17 terna : ''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas. ==== 4.4 C++20 ==== Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin : ''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, <format> : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (<=>) ==== 4.5 C++23 ==== Deg 2023, C++23 terna : ''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam. == Tamṣukt n Wahil C++ == Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent "main()", d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Azul, a ddunit!" << endl; return 0; } </syntaxhighlight>Deg uḍris-agi : '''#include <iostream>''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ. '''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std. '''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem. '''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil. '''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata. == Tewsatin n Isefka d Imuttiyen == === 1 Tewsatin tigejdanin === C++ tesɛa aṭas n tewsatin n isefka tigejdanin : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tawsit !Aglam !Tiddi |- |int |Ummid (entier) |4 ibitten |- |float |Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel simple précision) |4 ibitten |- |double |Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel double précision) |8 ibitten |- |char |Asekkil |1 n ubit |- |void |Ulac |0 |} === 2 Imuttiyen === Amutti d isem i yettunefken i wadeg di tkatut (mémoire) ideg yettwasekles wazal. Asebded (tabadut) n umutti yettili s tewsit, isem, d wazal amezwaru :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int amḍan = 10; double azal = 3.14; char asekkil = 'A'; bool tidett = true; </syntaxhighlight> === 3 Ismawen d Yilugan-nsen === Ismawen n yimuttiyen deg C++ ilaq ad ḍefren ilugan-agi : * Zemren ad bdun s usekkil neɣ s ujerriḍ n wadda (_) * Ur zmiren ara ad bdun s umḍan * Ur zmiren ara ad sqedcen awalen yettwaḥerzen (reserved keywords) * C++ txedem amgired gar usekkil ameqran d umeẓyan === 4 Imahalen === Imahalen deg C++ d izamulen i yettunefken i tmhelt ɣef wazalen. ==== 4.1 Imahalen imsnamḍanen ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Azamul !Tamhelt !Amedya |- | + |Timernit |5 + 3 = 8 |- | - |Tukkssit |5 - 3 = 2 |- |* |Asegat |5 * 3 = 15 |- |/ |Taẓunt |6 / 3 = 2 |- |% |Tasagert |7 % 3 = 1 |} ==== 4.2 Imahalen n usemyif ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Azamul !Anamek |- |== |Yugda (égal à) |- |!= |Ur yugdi ara |- |< |Amazdar |- |> |Imineg |- |<= |Amazdar neɣ yugda |- |>= |Imineg neɣ yugda |} ==== 4.3 Imahalen imeẓẓulen ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Azamul !Anamek |- |&& |D (ET logique) |- |! |Ur (NON logique) |} ==== 4.4 Imahalen n usemdukel ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int x = 10; // Asemdukel asentan x += 5; // x = x + 5 x -= 3; // x = x - 3 x *= 2; // x = x * 2 x /= 4; // x = x / 4 </syntaxhighlight> === 5. Tamṣukt n Usenqed === ==== 5.1 Tiwtilin ==== '''if / else if / else'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> if (azal > 100) { cout << "Azal meqqeṛ" << endl; } else if (azal > 50) { cout << "Azal alemmas" << endl; } else { cout << "Azal meẓẓi" << endl; } </syntaxhighlight>'''switch'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> switch (ass) { case 1: cout << "Aram" << endl; break; case 2: cout << "Aram" << endl; break; case 3: cout << "Aram" << endl; break; default: cout << "Ass nniḍen" << endl; } </syntaxhighlight> ==== 5.2 Tineddicin ==== Tineddict '''for'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << i << " "; } </syntaxhighlight>Tineddict '''while'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int azal = 0; do { cout << azal << endl; azal++; } while (azal < 5); </syntaxhighlight>'''Tinnaḍin n usenqed n tneddict''' '''break''' : ad teffeɣ seg tneddict neɣ seg switch '''continue''' : ad tezgel tikkelt-a, ad teddu ɣer tikkelt i d-iteddun === 6. Tiseɣnin === ==== 6.1 Asebded n Tasɣent ==== Tasɣent deg C++ tesɛa : * Tawsit n tuɣalin * Isem n tasɣent * Iɣewwaṛen * Tafekka s tinnaḍin <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> tawsit_n_tuɣalin isem_n_tasɣent(iɣewwaṛen) { // tinnaḍin return azal; } </syntaxhighlight> ==== 6.2 Amedya ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int smerni_sin(int a, int b) { return a + b; } // Aseɣṛi (appel) int ugmuḍ = smerni_sin(5, 3); // ugmuḍ = 8 </syntaxhighlight> ==== 6.3 Aɛeddi n Yiɣewwaṛen ==== C++ tesɛa kraḍ n tarrayin n uɛeddi n yiɣewwaṛen : * Aɛeddi s wazal (pass by value) : ad yettwaneɣl wazal * Aɛeddi s tamselɣut (pass by reference) : ad yettwafk unekcam srid ɣer umutti * Aɛeddi s usewwaṛ (pass by pointer) : ad yettwafk wazal n tkatut <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> // S wazal void s_wazal(int x) { x = x + 1; } // S tamselɣut void s_tamselɣut(int& x) { x = x + 1; } // S usewwaṛ void s_usewwaṛ(int* x) { *x = *x + 1; } </syntaxhighlight> === 7. Isewwaṛen d Timselɣutin === ==== 7.1 Isewwaṛen (Pointers) ==== Asewwaṛ d amutti i yessekles adɣar (ideg/tansa) n umutti nniḍen di tkatut.<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int azal = 42; int* asewwaṛ = &azal; // asewwaṛ yesseklas adɣar n "azal" cout << *asewwaṛ << endl; // ad yesken 42 </syntaxhighlight>Imahalen imenza : * & : amahal n tansa (address-of operator) * * : amahal n tukksa n tmselɣut (dereference operator) ==== 7.2 Timselɣutin ==== Tamselɣut (reference) d isem nniḍen i umutti yellan. Ur yezmirt ara ad ibeddel ɣer umutti nniḍen :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int azal = 10; int& tamselɣut = azal; // tamselɣut d isem nniḍen i "azal" tamselɣut = 20; // azal yuɣal 20 </syntaxhighlight> === 8. Tifelwiyin d Izraren === ==== 8.1 Tifelwiyin ==== Tafelwit d tagrumma n wazalen n tewsit yiwen, yettwaskelsen deg tkatut s wudem amezdi<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int tifelwiyin[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Anekcum ɣer uferdis cout << tifelwiyin[0] << endl; // 10 cout << tifelwiyin[4] << endl; // 50 </syntaxhighlight> ==== 8.2 Tifelwiyin s uget n tsektiwin ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int tafelwit[3][4] = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8}, {9, 10, 11, 12} }; </syntaxhighlight> ==== 8.3 Izraren ==== Deg C++, azrar (string) yezmer ad yili :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> // Azrar s tewsit C char azrar_c[] = "Azul"; // Azrar s tewsit C++ (tamkarḍit <string>) #include <string> string azrar_cpp = "Azul, a ddunit!"; </syntaxhighlight> pyag0jt0ph13gd8rmqbwzdovch0t4wi 117219 117213 2026-08-26T11:51:01Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:ISO C++ Logo.svg|vignette|Alugu n C++.]] '''Tutlayt n usihel C++''' Yesnulfa-tt-id Bjarne Stroustrup deg useggas n 1979 deg Bell Laboratories. Deg tazwara, semman-as "C s tserkam", acku tella d asiɣzef n tutlayt C s tmerna n tserkam. Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem-is ɣer C++. Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882. C++ tella d tutlayt n usihel i d-yufraren ɣef C acku terni-yas : * Asihel s tɣawsiwin * Asihel s tserkam * Asihel imcettel (Generic Programming) s templates * Asefrek n tkatut s ufus Tutlayt-a tettwaseqdec deg : Asnulfu n yisiɣẓanen n unagraw d usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, arnu asnulfu n wuraren akked deg uḥric n tussna n isefka d tigzi taragmawant. arnu daɣen deg iseggasen-a ineggura C++ nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg weḥric n Web seg tama n umsaɣ s tallelt n WebAssembly. == Amezruy == Tutlayt n usihel C++ tella d yiwet seg tutlayin timeqranin akk deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1979 ar ass-a, C++ temhaz-d s waṭas, tessaweḍ ad tili d allal agejdan deg waṭas n yiḥricen : seg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud ar usihel n yiselkimen, seg wuraren ar tigzi taragmawant. Aḍris-agi ad d-yezzuɣɣer amezruy-is, amhaz-is, d wazal-is deg yal tallit n tselkimt. === 1. Tilalin : Seg C ar C s Tserkam (1979–1983) === ==== 1.1 Asenti ==== Deg useggas n 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, yiwen n unelmad n PhD deg Bell Laboratories (AT&T) deg [[Marikan]], yebda yettmahal ɣef usnulfu n tutlayt tamaynut. Stroustrup yella yesseqdac s [[C (tutlayt)|tutlayt C]], maca yebɣa ad yernu fell-as tarrayin n usihel s tɣawsiwin (object-oriented programming) i d-yellan seg tutlayt '''Simula'''. Iswi-ines amezwaru d ad yessers tamṣukt n usihel s tserkam ɣef tutlayt C, i wakken ad yessers isefka d twsitin n tserkam deg yiwen n umkan. Deg tazwara, isem n tutlayt-a yella d "C with Classes" (C s Tserkam). ==== 1.2 Ismawen d Tarrayin Timezwura ==== Deg tallit-a tamezwarut, Stroustrup yerni-yas i C : * '''Tiserkam''' (classes) s tmahilin-nsent (member functions) * '''Tukkest''' (inheritance) : taserkemt ad tawi isefka d twsitin seg tserkemt nniḍen * '''Timselɣutin''' (references) * '''Asenqed n tewsatin''' (type checking) iǧehden Deg useggas n 1983, beddlen isem n tutlayt seg "C with Classes" ar "C++". Azamul ++ deg C yettawwi-d anerni n wazal s yiwen, d tinnaṭ i d-yemmalen belli C++ d asiɣzef n C. === 2. Tallit n Umhaz Amezwaru (1983–1998) === ==== 2.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut ==== Deg tallit-a, C++ terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin : '''1985''' : Tiffeɣ-d Tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s uzwel "The C++ Programming Language" n Stroustrup. Tizeɣt-a tesɛa tiserkam, tukkest, tiseɣnin tuhlistin, d tseɣnin n tserkam (member functions). '''1989''' : Yerna-yas agettalɣa (polymorphism) s twsitin timenyafin, akwbal (encapsulation) s wawalen ''private'', ''public,'' d ''protected'', d tamadwant (abstraction). '''1990''' : Timerna n "''templates"'' i usihel imcettel (generic programming), tisuraf (exceptions) i uselmed n tuccḍiwin, d ismawen n tallunin (namespaces). ==== 2.2 C++ deg Tselkimt n Tallit-a ==== Deg tallit-a, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg : * Usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Windows d Unix * Usihel n yinagrawen yettwaselɣen * Usnulfu n isiɣẓanen n tnarit * Asihel n yinagrawen n taffa n isefka C++ tella d tutlayt i yesɛan tanezmart meqqren deg uselkem, acku tettaǧǧa asefrek asmussaw n tkatut s ufus, s useqdec n ''new'' d ''delete''. === 3. Tallit n Tizeɣt (1998–2011) === ==== 3.1 Tizeɣt Tamezwarut : C++98 ==== Deg useggas n 1998, teffeɣ-d tizeɣt tamezwarut n C++ s waggaz ISO/IEC 14882:1998. Tizeɣt-a tesbedd ilugan n tutlayt s wudem unṣib, tefka-yas i C++ tamṣukt tusliḍt i yettwaqbalen deg umaḍal meṛṛa. '''C++98''' tesɛa : * '''STL''' (Standard Template Library) : tamkarḍit n temudmin timcettelt (generic templates) am vector, list, map, set * '''allusen''' (iterators) i ulḥu deg yimgraden * '''Tiwsatin timatuyin''' (algorithms) am sort, find, for_each * '''Tusrufin''' (exceptions) s try, catch, throw ==== 3.2 C++03 ==== Deg useggas n 2003, yeffeɣ-d lqem wis sin n tizeɣt (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). Lqem-a ur yerni ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin, maca yesseɣti kra n tuccḍiwin yellan deg C++98, yesbedd ilugan s wudem uḥric. ==== 3.3 C++ deg Tallit-a ==== Deg tallit n 1998 ar 2011, C++ tettwaseqdec aṭas deg : * Usnulfu n wuraren : s tallelt n imuturen n wuraren am Unreal Engine, CryEngine * Usihel n yiselkimen : afreɣẓan, inuḍaf, anagraw n wammud * Tasnallunt d tmhelt n tkeṛṛusin * Taɣult n tedrimt : inagrawen n lbanka d tenzzut === 4. Tallit n Imaynuten n C++ (2011–Ass-a) === ==== 4.1 C++11 : Tagrawla Tameqqrant ==== Deg useggas n 2011, teffeɣ-d C++11, i yettwaḥsben d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. C++11 terna aṭas n tɣawsiwin timaynutin i yessahlen asihel : * ''auto'' : tawsit yettwafra s wudem awurman * ''Lambda expressions'' : tiwsitin tuffirin i yettwarun deg umkan * ''Range-based for'' : tineddict ɣef yal aferdis n umegrad * ''Move semantics'' : asmutti n tɣawsiwin bla anɣal, i usnerni n tmellit * ''Smart pointers'' (unique_ptr, shared_ptr) : isewwaṛen iuḥricen i yettḥerzen takatut s wudem awurman * ''constexpr'' : azalen yettwaḥesben deg wakud n lqem * ''nullptr'' : azal amaynut i usewwaṛ ilem, yettbeddilen NULL * ''enum class'' : inumriyen iǧehden ==== 4.2 C++14 ==== Deg 2014, yeffeɣ-d lqem i d-yernan : ''Generic lambdas'' : lambdas s tewsatin timcettelt, akeed "''Return type deduction''" i twsitin, "''constexpr"'' iǧehden, arnu timudmin s wudem amutti "''Variable templates".'' ==== 4.3 C++17 ==== Deg 2017, C++17 terna : ''if constexpr'' : tiwtilin deg wakud n lqem, ''optional, variant, any'' : tiwsatin n isefka imatuyen, ''Fold expressions'' : i timudmin, ''Parallel algorithms'' : tiwsatin timatuyin s uselmed n ukala afessas. ==== 4.4 C++20 ==== Deg 2020, C++20 terna tɣawsiwin timeqranin : ''Concepts'' : tilisa ɣef timudmin, i wakken ad yili useqqer n tuccḍiwin drus, ''Modules'' : anagraw amaynut n uskecm n ifuyla, yettbeddilen #include, ''Coroutines'' : tiwsitin i izemren ad ḥebsent rnu ad kemmlent, ''Ranges'' : allalen imaynuten n umahil ɣef yimgraden, <format> : tamṣukt n usformat am Python, Kraḍ n iberdan n userwes (<=>) ==== 4.5 C++23 ==== Deg 2023, C++23 terna : ''std::expected'' : i uselmed n tuccḍiwin bla tasureft, ''Deducing this'' : i twsitin n tserkam. == Tamṣukt n Wahil C++ == Yal ahil n C++ yesɛa tamṣukt taseddast. Aḥric amezwaru i yessefken ad yili deg yal ahil d tawsit n tesɣent "main()", d nettat i d iḥdar agejdan amezwer n uselkem.<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Azul, a ddunit!" << endl; return 0; } </syntaxhighlight>Deg uḍris-agi : '''#include <iostream>''' : d taladna n uzarsekkar i d-yesskecmen tamkarḍit n unekcum d usuffeɣ. '''using namespace std;''' : d alɣu i d-yemmalen belli nseqdac tallunt n yismawen (namespace) std. '''int main()''' : d tawsit n tesɣent tagejdant ideg yebda uselkem. '''cout''' : d allal n usuffeɣ ɣer wegdil. '''return 0;''' : d tinnaṭ n tuɣalin i d-yemmalen belli ahil yemmed akken iwata. == Tewsatin n Isefka d Imuttiyen == === 1 Tewsatin tigejdanin === C++ tesɛa aṭas n tewsatin n isefka tigejdanin : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tawsit !Aglam !Tiddi |- |int |Ummid (entier) |4 ibitten |- |float |Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel simple précision) |4 ibitten |- |double |Amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen (réel double précision) |8 ibitten |- |char |Asekkil |1 n ubit |- |void |Ulac |0 |} === 2 Imuttiyen === Amutti d isem i yettunefken i wadeg di tkatut (mémoire) ideg yettwasekles wazal. Asebded (tabadut) n umutti yettili s tewsit, isem, d wazal amezwaru :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int amḍan = 10; double azal = 3.14; char asekkil = 'A'; bool tidett = true; </syntaxhighlight> === 3 Ismawen d Yilugan-nsen === Ismawen n yimuttiyen deg C++ ilaq ad ḍefren ilugan-agi : * Zemren ad bdun s usekkil neɣ s ujerriḍ n wadda (_) * Ur zmiren ara ad bdun s umḍan * Ur zmiren ara ad sqedcen awalen yettwaḥerzen (reserved keywords) * C++ txedem amgired gar usekkil ameqran d umeẓyan === 4 Imahalen === Imahalen deg C++ d izamulen i yettunefken i tmhelt ɣef wazalen. ==== 4.1 Imahalen imsnamḍanen ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Azamul !Tamhelt !Amedya |- | + |Timernit |5 + 3 = 8 |- | - |Tukkssit |5 - 3 = 2 |- |* |Asegat |5 * 3 = 15 |- |/ |Taẓunt |6 / 3 = 2 |- |% |Tasagert |7 % 3 = 1 |} ==== 4.2 Imahalen n usemyif ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Azamul !Anamek |- |== |Yugda (égal à) |- |!= |Ur yugdi ara |- |< |Amazdar |- |> |Imineg |- |<= |Amazdar neɣ yugda |- |>= |Imineg neɣ yugda |} ==== 4.3 Imahalen imeẓẓulen ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Azamul !Anamek |- |&& |D (ET logique) |- |! |Ur (NON logique) |} ==== 4.4 Imahalen n usemdukel ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int x = 10; // Asemdukel asentan x += 5; // x = x + 5 x -= 3; // x = x - 3 x *= 2; // x = x * 2 x /= 4; // x = x / 4 </syntaxhighlight> === 5. Tamṣukt n Usenqed === ==== 5.1 Tiwtilin ==== '''if / else if / else'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> if (azal > 100) { cout << "Azal meqqeṛ" << endl; } else if (azal > 50) { cout << "Azal alemmas" << endl; } else { cout << "Azal meẓẓi" << endl; } </syntaxhighlight>'''switch'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> switch (ass) { case 1: cout << "Aram" << endl; break; case 2: cout << "Aram" << endl; break; case 3: cout << "Aram" << endl; break; default: cout << "Ass nniḍen" << endl; } </syntaxhighlight> ==== 5.2 Tineddicin ==== Tineddict '''for'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << i << " "; } </syntaxhighlight>Tineddict '''while'''<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int azal = 0; do { cout << azal << endl; azal++; } while (azal < 5); </syntaxhighlight>'''Tinnaḍin n usenqed n tneddict''' '''break''' : ad teffeɣ seg tneddict neɣ seg switch '''continue''' : ad tezgel tikkelt-a, ad teddu ɣer tikkelt i d-iteddun === 6. Tiseɣnin === ==== 6.1 Asebded n Tasɣent ==== Tasɣent deg C++ tesɛa : * Tawsit n tuɣalin * Isem n tasɣent * Iɣewwaṛen * Tafekka s tinnaḍin <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> tawsit_n_tuɣalin isem_n_tasɣent(iɣewwaṛen) { // tinnaḍin return azal; } </syntaxhighlight> ==== 6.2 Amedya ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int smerni_sin(int a, int b) { return a + b; } // Aseɣṛi (appel) int ugmuḍ = smerni_sin(5, 3); // ugmuḍ = 8 </syntaxhighlight> ==== 6.3 Aɛeddi n Yiɣewwaṛen ==== C++ tesɛa kraḍ n tarrayin n uɛeddi n yiɣewwaṛen : * Aɛeddi s wazal (pass by value) : ad yettwaneɣl wazal * Aɛeddi s tamselɣut (pass by reference) : ad yettwafk unekcam srid ɣer umutti * Aɛeddi s usewwaṛ (pass by pointer) : ad yettwafk wazal n tkatut <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> // S wazal void s_wazal(int x) { x = x + 1; } // S tamselɣut void s_tamselɣut(int& x) { x = x + 1; } // S usewwaṛ void s_usewwaṛ(int* x) { *x = *x + 1; } </syntaxhighlight> === 7. Isewwaṛen d Timselɣutin === ==== 7.1 Isewwaṛen (Pointers) ==== Asewwaṛ d amutti i yessekles adɣar (ideg/tansa) n umutti nniḍen di tkatut.<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int azal = 42; int* asewwaṛ = &azal; // asewwaṛ yesseklas adɣar n "azal" cout << *asewwaṛ << endl; // ad yesken 42 </syntaxhighlight>Imahalen imenza : * & : amahal n tansa (address-of operator) * * : amahal n tukksa n tmselɣut (dereference operator) ==== 7.2 Timselɣutin ==== Tamselɣut (reference) d isem nniḍen i umutti yellan. Ur yezmirt ara ad ibeddel ɣer umutti nniḍen :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int azal = 10; int& tamselɣut = azal; // tamselɣut d isem nniḍen i "azal" tamselɣut = 20; // azal yuɣal 20 </syntaxhighlight> === 8. Tifelwiyin d Izraren === ==== 8.1 Tifelwiyin ==== Tafelwit d tagrumma n wazalen n tewsit yiwen, yettwaskelsen deg tkatut s wudem amezdi<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int tifelwiyin[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Anekcum ɣer uferdis cout << tifelwiyin[0] << endl; // 10 cout << tifelwiyin[4] << endl; // 50 </syntaxhighlight> ==== 8.2 Tifelwiyin s uget n tsektiwin ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int tafelwit[3][4] = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8}, {9, 10, 11, 12} }; </syntaxhighlight> ==== 8.3 Izraren ==== Deg C++, azrar (string) yezmer ad yili :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> // Azrar s tewsit C char azrar_c[] = "Azul"; // Azrar s tewsit C++ (tamkarḍit <string>) #include <string> string azrar_cpp = "Azul, a ddunit!"; </syntaxhighlight> === 9. Asihel s Tɣawsiwin === Asihel s tɣawsiwin (OOP) d tarrayt n usihel i yessebdaden ahil ɣef tɣawsiwin i yesɛan isefka d tarrayin. ==== 9.1 Taserkemt ==== Taserkemt d tamudemt (template) i d-yessnulfuyen tiɣawsiwin. Tesɛa : Imuttiyen n tserkemt (imuttiyen-ines / imyaren-ines) Tiwsatin n tserkemt (tiseɣnin-ines / tarrayin-ines)<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> class Aɣersiw { private: string isem; int leɛmeṛ; public: // Amakras (constructor) Aɣersiw(string i, int l) { isem = i; leɛmeṛ = l; } // Tawsit n tserkemt void sken() { cout << "Isem: " << isem << ", Leɛmeṛ: " << leɛmeṛ << endl; } // Asemmatay (destructor) ~Aɣersiw() { cout << "Aɣersiw yettwakkes" << endl; } }; </syntaxhighlight> ==== 9.2 Taɣawsa ==== Taɣawsa d tummant n tserkemt :<syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> int main() { Aɣersiw aɣyu1("Muc", 3); aɣyu1.sken(); // Isem: Muc, Leɛmeṛ: 3 return 0; } </syntaxhighlight> ngzkk38f6kw76gq37rctgodbsfz7ua7 0 25538 117210 117159 2026-08-25T15:52:05Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Friedrich Engels''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen imeqqranen n tfelsafit, n tdamsa tasertant, d umezruy deg tasut tis 19. D netta, ɣer yidis n [[Karl Marks]], i d-issersen lsas n tazdukla tussnant d tiẓri [[Tazdukla|tazduklant]]. Tikta-ines beddlent amezruy n umaḍal, rnant fkan afud i yimussuyen n yixeddamen mgal [[tamsihrit]]. Tallalt i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti tella d agellus i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli d tgada. == Temẓi-s d Tazwara n Tudert-is == Ilul Friedrich Engels ass n 28 unbir 1820, deg temdint n Barmen, i yellan ass-a deg tmurt n [[Lalman]]. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yernu d tanesbaɣurt, imi baba-s d amsihri yesɛan tikebbaniyin n uẓeṭṭa. Ɣas akken twacult-is tella deg uḥric n yimsihran, Engels, seg temẓi-s, yebda yettḥulfu i lḥif i ttmagaren yixeddamen deg tnebgitin n baba-s. Ayagi yessawḍ-it ad yili d amnamar n unagraw i t-yurwen. Deg temẓi-s, yuzen-it baba-s ɣer Bremen akken ad yelmed tanezzut, maca netta yerra deg wallaɣ-is tasekla, tafelsafit, d tsertit. Yura imgraden deg tesɣunin tiradikaliyin s yisem uffir, yernu yebda yettnadi ɣef tmuɣliwin timaynutin i ubeddel n tmetti. === Tallit-is deg Tmurt n Ingliz d Yixeddamen === Deg useggas n 1842, yunag ɣer [[Manchester]] deg tmurt n Ingliz akken ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s. Dinna, i t-twali tamsalt n yixeddamen s wallen-is. Iwala amek i ttidiren yimɣiden deg yir tignatin, deg lḥers, d tmeslayin n waṭṭan d uɣdlilif. Seg wakken yeqqel d amussnaw n tudert-nsen, yura adlis-is ukuẓ yernu meqqren: "Addad n tserkemt n ixeddamen deg Ingliz" deg 1845. Adlis-agi yeffeɣ-d d asummer ameqqran ɣef tamsihrit d wayen i d-tettfaras ɣef tmetti, yernu yefka i [[Karl Marks]] isalan isehlen ɣef tuddsa n tdamsa tamsihrit. === Timlilit d Karl Marks d umeddakul n Tudert === Deg ɣuct 1844, yemlal d [[Karl Marks]] deg [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]]. Timlilit-a tella d tazwara n yiwet n timidwa d umahil amezday i yeqqimen arma d tamettant-nsen. Llan kifkif-iten deg tikta, yernu myallalen akken ad arun ɣef tfelsafit, ad tt-kksen seg yigenni akken ad tt-rren ɣer wakal s tangeẓrit tamazrayt. Deg 1845, suffɣen-d adlis-nsen amezwaru amezday: "Tawacult tagerramt", yernu deg 1846, "Tasnakta talmanit", anda i d-sersen lsas n tangeẓrit tamazrayt, i yellan d taɣect tameqqrant mgal utafelsafit taqbur i yellan deg tallit-nni. == Ulɣu Azduklan == Deg 1848, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] d Engels sfuɣen-d "Ameskan n [[Tazdukla|Tzdukla]]". Adlis-agi wezzil maca yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, yura deg-s: "Amezruy n yal tmetti d amezruy n umennuɣ gar tserkam". Amfeskan-agi yerra d asawen i yixeddamen n umaḍal akken ad dduklen mgal tamsihrit., yerna yefka abrid ɣer tmetti anda ur ttilin ara tserkam yemgaraden. == Taluft Tadamsant d Tallelt i Marks == Engels ur yelli ara kan d amyag, maca yella d amsadur n tdamsa. Akken [[Karl Marks|Marks]] ad yili deg Lundun, ad yexdem ɣef udlis-is ameqqran "'''Ihri'''", Engels yuɣal ɣer [[Manchester]] ad yexdem deg tkebbanit n baba-s akken ad as-yazen idrimen i Marks. Tallelt-a tadamsant d tin i yeǧǧan Marks ad ikemmel anadi-ines war ma yettxemmim ɣef wučči n wass. Mi yemmut Marks deg 1883, Engels yerra iman-is akken ad ifru, ad iṣṣeggem, yerna ad d-yessuffeɣ iḥricen wis sin d wis kraḍ n "'''Ihri'''" seg yiferdisen ur nekfi ara i d-yeǧǧa Marks. Ayagi yexdem-it s tmusni tameqqrant, war ma yerra iman-is d bab n tira-nni. == Tira-ines Tigejdanin == Engels yura aṭas n yidlisen i yellan d lsas deg ufelsaf amarksist, gar-asen: "'''Mgal Dühring'''" deg 1878: Adlis-agi d agzul ameqqran n teẓriwin n Marks d Engels. Yefka deg-s tixutert i tdamsa tasertant, i ufelsaf, d wamud n tazdukla tussnant. "'''Aẓar n twacult, n wayla uslig, d uwanek'''" deg 1884: Deg udlis-agi, yesseqdac tangaẓrit tamazrayt akken ad yezrew amek i d-yennulfa uwanek, d wamek i yebda ubrid n tmetti seg umɣiwan n tazwara ɣer tserkam yemgaraden, yerna yefka tamuɣli ɣef wamek i yella usmuddu n tmeṭṭut deg umezruy. "'''Tadialektikt n Ugama'''": Adlis ur nekfi ara, i d-ittwafsaren seld tamettant-is, anda i yettarra tadialektikt ɣer yisuḍaf n ugama d tussniwin n ugama. == Amennuɣ deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen == Engels yella d aɣella deg Umussu Amaḍlan n Yixeddamen. Yettekka deg usbeddi n Tuddsa Tamezwarut d Tuddsa Tis Snat, yernu yettarra tabɣest i yimeɣnasen n tmura n Urupa akken ad nnaɣen mgal tamsihrit d wammud-is. Mi yemmut Marks, netta i yuɣalen d allaɣ i yimussuyen n umaḍal, d netta i d-yettawin tiktiwin-nsen timaynutin, yerna yettara asirem deg wid i d-yusan d imaynuten. == Tamettant d Ayen i d-Yeǧǧa == Friedrich Engels yemmut ass n 5 ɣuct 1895 deg London, seg waṭṭan n ukunsir. Friedrich Engels ur yelli ara kan d tili n Karl Marks, maca d aggag, d amussnaw, d afelsaf yuran s timmad-is. Ayen i d-yefka i tussna n tmetti, i tdamsa, d tfelsafit, yella d abrid ineǧren i yal ameɣnas i yettnadin ɣef tlelli, tagada, d tuẓelt n wemdan s wemdan. Ism-is yeqqel d azamul n umennuɣ mgal lbaṭel deg umaḍal ɣer waṭas n izduklanen. 4zt5z50808gf4ivpp1emsg9fxlc0mjx 0 25540 117209 117177 2026-08-25T15:44:17Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Tao.svg|vignette|Asekkil n ccinwa "道", anamek-is "Tikli" neɣ "Abrid".]] '''Taṭawit''', d yiwen n usɣan akked tfelsafit i d-ibanen di tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] deg taggara n lqern wis 6 send ɛisa. Llsas n usɣan-a yebna ɣef wawal "Tao", i d-yemmalen "Tikli" neɣ abrid n umeɣraḍ. Afelsafi ameqqran i d-yesnulfan taflusuft-a d '''Laozi''' (Lao Tseu), i yuran adlis uɣris iwumi qqaren '''''Tao Te Ching''''' (Adlis n Tikli d Tuẓult-is). == Imenzayen Igejdanen == Taṭawit tebna ɣef kra n yimenzayen issekcamen amdan deg unamek n tudert: * '''Tao (Tikli)''': D netta i d llsas n tudert d umeɣraḍ. Ur yezmir ara ad t-nessegzi s wawalen, acku d netta i d aɣbalu n yal taɣawsa yellan deg ddunnit. Tao d asaka i yeṭṭafar ugama war ma nexdem aṭas n wussis. * '''Yin d Yang (Amnekni n''' '''sin n yiferdisen)''': D amnekni ger snat n tɣawsiwin yemgaraden. D timlellit ger wayen yellan d aberkan d wayen yellan d amellal, d wass akked yiḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d belli amnekni d ayen yesɛan azal ameqqran iwakken ad tili tudert. * '''Wu Wei (War Tigawt)''': D yiwet n tmiḍrant tagejdant deg taṭawit. Anamek-is ur d-yemmal ara war tezmert neɣ war lebɣi n usnifel, maca yemmal-d "war tigawt" i d-yemgaraden d usaḍuf(lqanun) n ugama. D anekcum deg tudert s wudem ufrin war ma neḥtem-itt. * '''Qi (Tasaraɣt)''': D tasaraɣt n tudert i yetteddun deg umeɣraḍ. Yal amdan yesɛa tasaraɣt-a deg tfekka-s. == Tisemras d temlilɣi == Iwakken ad yaweḍ umdan ɣer Tikli n Tao, ilaq ad yeṭṭefer kra n tsemras deg tudert-is n yal ass: * '''Takrebbut (Méditation)''': Taṭawit tettweṣṣi takrebbut iwakken ad nader iman-nneɣ d uziɣer, u ad nessizdeg allaɣ-nneɣ. Deg wayen yeɛnan tisemras akked temlilɣi n teflusuft-a, takrebbut teṭṭef amkan wessiren yerna d nettat i d llsas asnafsan iwakken amdan ad yaweḍ ɣer tikli n Tao. Takrebbut deg Taṭuwit mačçi d tasusmi kan n yimi, maca d asizdeg n tefrit akked usired n wallaɣ seg yal tidmi izemren ad tessekcem aɣilif neɣ aɣedlilef ɣer wul n umdan. Iswi n uḥric-a n takrebbut d tuɣalin n umdan ɣer uẓaṛ-is, ɣer ugama amezwaru, s useḥbiber ɣef tfekka d rruḥ akken ad d-fken yiwet n tnezmart talqayant i d-yettgellin s wayen yellan d ufrir deg tudert n yal ass. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yidir s talwit ma yella allaɣ-is yeččuṛ d asugen awahan, ɣef waya takrebbut tetteddu d asafar i usuffeɣ n tiyitiwin n ddunnit. * '''Tudert taḥerfit''': D asugen n tudert s wudem aḥerfi, war alameɣ. Amdan ur ilaq ara ad yeqqen ul-is ɣer tɣawsiwin n ddunnit. * '''Amtawa akked ugama''': Ilaq ɣef umdan ad yidir s umtawa akked ugama. Ur yettnadi ara ad ibeddel inalkamen n ugama acku ayagi yezmer ad d-yeglu s txeṣṣarin. == Tazrirt ɣef Tmetti == Taṭawit tesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tmetti n Ccinwa d umaḍal meṛṛa. Tufa amkan-is deg waṭas n taɣulin: * '''Taẓuṛi''': Tessebded aṭas n tẓuriwin s wudem amensay, ladɣa isunaɣen n ugama. * '''Tasegda''': Tasegda n yexxamen d yibanayen tebna ɣef yimenzayen n ''Feng Shui'' (i yeqqnen ɣer yin d yang). * '''Tasnajya''': Tasnajya tamensayt n Ccinwa, am usuji s tissegnatin (acupuncture), tebna ɣef uḥraz n tsaraɣt n Qi deg tfekka n umdan. 6dkr36odbjx7bsphc4t49yzoqncovyi 117218 117209 2026-08-25T23:32:58Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Tao.svg|vignette|Asekkil n ccinwa "道", anamek-is "Tikli" neɣ "Abrid".]] '''Taṭawit''', d yiwen n usɣan akked tfelsafit i d-ibanen di tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] deg taggara n lqern wis 6 send ɛisa. Llsas n usɣan-a yebna ɣef wawal "Tao", i d-yemmalen "Tikli" neɣ abrid n umeɣraḍ. Afelsafi ameqqran i d-yesnulfan taflusuft-a d '''Laozi''' (Lao Tseu), i yuran adlis uɣris iwumi qqaren '''''Tao Te Ching''''' (Adlis n Tikli d Tuẓult-is). == Imenzayen Igejdanen == Taṭawit tebna ɣef kra n yimenzayen issekcamen amdan deg unamek n tudert: * '''Tao (Tikli)''': D netta i d llsas n tudert d umeɣraḍ. Ur yezmir ara ad t-nessegzi s wawalen, acku d netta i d aɣbalu n yal taɣawsa yellan deg ddunnit. Tao d asaka i yeṭṭafar ugama war ma nexdem aṭas n wussis. * '''Yin d Yang (Amnekni n''' '''sin n yiferdisen)''': D amnekni ger snat n tɣawsiwin yemgaraden. D timlellit ger wayen yellan d aberkan d wayen yellan d amellal, d wass akked yiḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d belli amnekni d ayen yesɛan azal ameqqran iwakken ad tili tudert. * '''Wu Wei (War Tigawt)''': D yiwet n tmiḍrant tagejdant deg taṭawit. Anamek-is ur d-yemmal ara war tezmert neɣ war lebɣi n usnifel, maca yemmal-d "war tigawt" i d-yemgaraden d usaḍuf(lqanun) n ugama. D anekcum deg tudert s wudem ufrin war ma neḥtem-itt. * '''Qi (Tasaraɣt)''': D tasaraɣt n tudert i yetteddun deg umeɣraḍ. Yal amdan yesɛa tasaraɣt-a deg tfekka-s. == Tisemras d temlilɣi == Iwakken ad yaweḍ umdan ɣer Tikli n Tao, ilaq ad yeṭṭefer kra n tsemras deg tudert-is n yal ass: * '''Takrebbut (Méditation)''': Taṭawit tettweṣṣi takrebbut iwakken ad nader iman-nneɣ d uziɣer, u ad nessizdeg allaɣ-nneɣ. Deg wayen yeɛnan tisemras akked temlilɣi n teflusuft-a, takrebbut teṭṭef amkan wessiren yerna d nettat i d llsas asnafsan iwakken amdan ad yaweḍ ɣer tikli n Tao. Takrebbut deg Taṭuwit mačçi d tasusmi kan n yimi, maca d asizdeg n tefrit akked usired n wallaɣ seg yal tidmi izemren ad tessekcem aɣilif neɣ aɣedlilef ɣer wul n umdan. Iswi n uḥric-a n takrebbut d tuɣalin n umdan ɣer uẓaṛ-is, ɣer ugama amezwaru, s useḥbiber ɣef tfekka d rruḥ akken ad d-fken yiwet n tnezmart talqayant i d-yettgellin s wayen yellan d ufrir deg tudert n yal ass. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yidir s talwit ma yella allaɣ-is yeččuṛ d asugen awahan, ɣef waya takrebbut tetteddu d asafar i usuffeɣ n tiyitiwin n ddunnit. Mi ara ixeddem umdan takrebbut taṭatwit, yettnadi ad yebnu taywalt talqayant yerna d tusridt gar-as d umeɣraḍ. Deg tallit-nni n tussaft, yettmektay-d umdan belli netta d aḥric ameẓyan seg ugama, ur yezmir ara ad tt-iɣleb, maca ilaq ad yeddu deg tikli-s. Ayagi yettban-d mi ara yessers umdan nnefs-is s unya aẓaran, ad iserreḥ i yiɣsan-is d yiḥricen n tfekka-s, yerna ad yeǧǧ tasaraɣt n tudert (Qi) ad tazzal s wudem imserreḥ deg yizeṭṭwan n tfekka-s. Tissemras-a ur d-yettas ara wasemdu-nsent s tɣawla neɣ deg yiwen n wass, maca s tirmit n yal ass i yezmer umdan ad yekcem deg waddad n telwit wessiɛen. S ubrid-a, yettaweḍ ad yissin taɣara tagensant n tudert taḥerfit, war ma yeqqen ul-is ɣer tɣawsiwin n ddunnit neɣ ɣer wengawen. S takrebbut izedigan, amdan aṭawi yettizmir ad yekkes seg wul-is yal aramsu i t-yettawin ɣer txeṣṣarin, iwakken ad yekcem deg waddad n "war tigawt" (Wu Wei), anda yal tigawt seg-s ad tili tebna ɣef usaḍuf(lqanun) uɣris n ugama, war aḥettem neɣ amennuɣ mgal tikli n umeɣraḍ. * '''Tudert taḥerfit''': D asugen n tudert s wudem aḥerfi, war alameɣ. Amdan ur ilaq ara ad yeqqen ul-is ɣer tɣawsiwin n ddunnit. * '''Amtawa akked ugama''': Ilaq ɣef umdan ad yidir s umtawa akked ugama. Ur yettnadi ara ad ibeddel inalkamen n ugama acku ayagi yezmer ad d-yeglu s txeṣṣarin. == Tazrirt ɣef Tmetti == Taṭawit tesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tmetti n Ccinwa d umaḍal meṛṛa. Tufa amkan-is deg waṭas n taɣulin: * '''Taẓuṛi''': Tessebded aṭas n tẓuriwin s wudem amensay, ladɣa isunaɣen n ugama. * '''Tasegda''': Tasegda n yexxamen d yibanayen tebna ɣef yimenzayen n ''Feng Shui'' (i yeqqnen ɣer yin d yang). * '''Tasnajya''': Tasnajya tamensayt n Ccinwa, am usuji s tissegnatin (acupuncture), tebna ɣef uḥraz n tsaraɣt n Qi deg tfekka n umdan. 5as9gj2orn4vvhohv07jb33irnpxd9y 0 25541 117216 117203 2026-08-25T23:18:30Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]] '''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda. == Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi == Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian. Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran. == Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit == Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla. '''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''. Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar. Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk. Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun. Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik. '''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »). Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus. Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren, i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d tlemmast tamagdayt(tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin. Deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n Ukabar '''Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin: * ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu. * ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan. 7leppe44x9feumrt0stcwnliictqobx 0 25544 117217 117204 2026-08-25T23:24:03Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:New York Stock Exchange, Broad Street LCCN00650325.jpg|vignette|taggazt n New York, d azamul n temsihrit.]] '''Tamsihrit''' d anagraw adamsan d tedrimt i d-yebnan ɣef wayla uslig n wallalen n ufares d usenzi. Iswi amenzu n unagraw-a d anadi ɣef rrbeḥ d tebaɣurt. Deg unagraw n temsihrit, tisuda n udabu (ddula/awanek) ur d-keččment ara s waṭas deg ulzuz(ssuq/agadaz) neɣ deg temsal n tdamsa. Yal taɣawsa, d anagraw n usuter d wunefk (ayen yellan d wayen i d-ssuturen) i d-iḥekkmen deg watug-s d wazal-is. == Aẓar n Temsihrit == Aẓar n temsihrit yuɣ-d sseḥ seg tmura n Turuft deg taggara n tallit talemmast d tlalit taleslalit. Uqbel-is, llan medden ddren s ddaw unagraw n tfyudalit (féodalisme) anda akal yella gar yifassen n yigelliden d yimrabḍen, ma d imdanen iqeddcen fell-asen ttwaḥesben d ayla-nsen (aklan). Mi d-yebda usenzi d tiɣin yettnerni, ladɣa gar tmura yembɛaden deg lqern wis 14 d wis 15, tban-d tseddart tamaynut n yimzenziyen. D imzenziyen-a i d-issersen lsas amenzu i temsihrit, imi bdan jemmɛen idrimen, snulfan-d ibankiwen imenza di Ṭelyan, uɣalen ssebbaḍen allalen n ubeddel n tedrimt. == Amezruy d Umhaz n Temsihrit == Tamsihrit tɛedda-d ɣef waṭas n tseddarin deg umezruy-is, yal taseddart tewwi-d amhaz amaynut: * '''Tamsihrit Talzazt/Tamercantit (Lqern wis 16 ar wis 18)''': Tbedd ɣef usenzi ameqqran gar tmura d ujemmeɛ n ureɣ(ddheb) d lfeṭṭa. D lawan n yiminigen imeqqranen (am unekcum ɣer Temrikt d usenzi n yisulas) anda timura timeqqranin rrant lwelha-nsent ɣer usewseɛ n ulzuz-nsent(ssuq-nsent). * '''Tamsihrit Tamguranit (Lqern wis 18 ar wis 19)''': S tegrawla tamguranit i d-yebdan di tmurt n Lengliz, tamsihrit tbeddel udem. D asekcem n tmacinin, am tmacint n iraggen, i d-ixelqen tixxamin timeqqranin n ufares (luzinat). Tban-d tseddart tamaynut n yixeddamen i yettnuzun s yiɣallen-nsen s lexlaṣ ameẓyan, d tseddart n tburjwazit i yesɛan tabaɣurt. * '''Tamsihrit Taẓerfanit (Lqern wis 20)''': Tamsihrit tuɣal tbedd ɣef yibankiwen d tneɣrufin(timudmawin) s wudem anmaḍal. Tennerna deg ugzu(tamiḍrant) n tkebbaniyin timeqqranin s yiḥricen-nsent i yesɛan aṭas n yimawlan (actionnaires). * '''Tamsihrit Tatrart / Tanyulyiberalit (Seg iseggasen n 1970 ar tura)''': D tamudemt i d-yewwin asmaḍel amatu (mondialisation). Anagraw-a yessazzel tiɣawsiwin, idrimen, d yimdanen deg umaḍal meṛṛa s war tilisa. == Tiktiwin d Tiẓriyin Tigejdanin == Tamsihrit tebna ɣef kraḍ n tgejda tisnaktayin (itadyulujit) d tdamsiyin i tt-id-yessenṭqen : === 1. Ayla Uslig === Deg temsihrit, allalen n ufares (tizɣiwin, tixxamin n ccɣel, akal, tmacinin) mačči n uwanek(ddula), maca n yimdanen neɣ n tkebbaniyin tusligin. Yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yekseb, ad yesnirem, yerna ad yessewseɛ ayla-s. === 2. Timsizzelt d Ulzuz Ilelli === Timsizzelt gar tkebbaniyin d amussu agejdan i d-yettawin ɣer usnulfu d unqaṣ n watig(ssuma). Tiẓri-a tcudd ɣer ufiluzuf ''[[Adam Smith]]'', bab n tekti n "Ufus uffir". Smith yenna-d d akken mi ara yettnadi yal amdan ɣef rrbeḥ-is uzzig, s wudem amzun d uffir, ad d-yawi lfayda i tmetti s timmad-is, acku ulzuz/agadez (ssuq) ad iseggem iman-is s yiman-is war ma ikeččem-d uwanek deg tdamsa. == Azɣan n Karl Marks == Ur nezmir ara ad d-nawi awal ɣef tiẓriyin n temsihrit mebla ma nebdar-d ''[[Karl Marks]]''. Ɣer Marks, tamsihrit d anagraw i yebnan ɣef unxeṣsef. Yufa d akken imawlan n wallalen n ufares ttawin rrbeḥ-nsen seg "wazal amernu" (la plus-value) i d-yeffɣen seg tidi n yixeddamen i ur nettwaxelleṣ ara akken iwata. Ayagi, ɣer Marks, yettarra-d amennuɣ gar tserkam i d-yettawin ɣer tgrawla. 85j1qz1clnk9yempna0wc1l6yu4u3ri