Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 12428 117252 117246 2026-08-28T22:50:13Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''JavaScript''' d [[tutlayt n usihel]] mebla aefsu(Tameslayt tasuɣlant) i d-yesnulfa [[Brendan Eich]] ([[Netscape]]). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s [[Node.js]]. Tameslayt n usihel '''JavaScript''' tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen. == 2. Amazray == === 2.1. Talalit n JavaScript === JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella "Mocha", sakkin yuɣal "LiveScript", qbel ad yettusema "JavaScript". Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web. Brendan Eich yesnulfa-d lqem amezwaru n tmeslayt-a deg 10 n wussan kan. '''Mocha''': D wawal amezwaru i yettunefken i tmeslayt-a. '''LiveScript''': Sakkin, isem-a yuɣal d LiveScript deg wamber (beta) n yiminig. '''JavaScript''': Deg dujember 1995, isem yuɣal d JavaScript. Abeddel-a n yisem yella-d s tmuɣli n udellel (marketing), acku deg tallit-nni, tameslayt n usihel Java tella tettwassen aṭas yerna tesɛa azal ameqqran. Netscape tebɣa ad tesqedcec tagnit n Java, ɣas ma JavaScript ur yesɛi ara assaɣ atrar akked Java. ==== Amgaru n Yiminigen d Usdul n ECMAScript (1996-1999) ==== Mi i twala takebbanit Microsoft d akken JavaScript yuɣal d axatar, tesnulfa-d lqem-is i yiminig-is Internet Explorer, isem-is JScript. Aya yesnulfa "Amgaru n Yiminigen", anda yal iminig yesɛa tameslayt-is, d ayen i yesserwen imsihlen (Ineflayen) acku tangalt ur telli ara txeddem akken iwata deg yiminigen meṛṛa. I wakken ad frun ugur-a, Netscape tefka tameslayt-a i tuddma Ecma International i wakken ad tt-slugen (tizeɣt). '''1997 (ES1)''': Alugen amezwaru ECMA-262 yeffɣ-d s yisem ECMAScript 1. '''1998 (ES2)''': Asnerni meẓẓiyen i uḍfar n ISO/IEC. '''1999 (ES3)''': Lqem-a yella d axatar aṭas, yerna-d Regular Expressions (tinfaliyin tiluganin), try/catch i usefrek n tuccḍiwin, d usbadu ifazen n tɣawsiwin. Lqem-a yeqqim d amud amezwaru n JavaScript i waṭas n yiseggasen. === Tallit n "Web 2.0" d Ajax (2000-2008) === Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 2000, JavaScript ur yettwaqadar ara aṭas, yella kan i usihel n yimussuyen (Amray/Merru) d yisebtar fessusen. Maca, tallit n Web 2.0 tbeddel kulci. Asnas n Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) yefka i yimsihlen tizemmar ad selḥun isefka seg uqeddac war ma alsen asali n usebter. Isnasen am Gmail (2004) d Google Maps (2005) sbegnen-d d akken JavaScript yezmer ad isali isnasen n Web ixanzen d isdawanen. Deg tallit-a, tlul jQuery (2006), d tamkarḍit i yessifsen asihel n DOM yerna tefru uguren n umgaru gar yiminigen. '''2009 (ES5)''': Ecma tefka lqem ES5, i d-yernan JSON s wudem unṣib, Array.prototype.map/filter, d uskar strict mode i uḍman n tɣellist n tengalt. === Tawri n Node.js: JavaScript yeffeɣ seg Yiminig (2009) === Aseggas n 2009 yella d tagrawla deg umezruy n JavaScript. Amsihel Ryan Dahl yesnulfa Node.js, s useqdec n umutur V8 n Google Chrome. Aya yefka i JavaScript tizemmar ad ixeddem deg tama uqeddac (backend), mačči kan deg yiminig (frontend). Seg imir-nni, JavaScript tuɣal d tameslayt "Full-Stack", anda amsihel yezmer ad iseqdec yiwet n tutlayt i yisebtar n Web, i yiqeddacen, d yizdaren(affiwin)n n yisefka. === Tagrawla n ES6 / ES2015 d Ukatar n yimahilen (Frameworks) === Deg useggas n 2015, Ecma tefka lqem ameqqran akk deg umezruy n tmeslayt-a: ECMAScript 2015 (ES6). Seg wass-a, alugen yuɣal yettbeddel yal aseggas (ES2016, ES2017, ...). '''ES6''' yerna tiseddast tatrarin i yerran asihel yeshel yerna iqud: let d const i usefrek n telqeyt (scope). Tiseɣnin s uaneccab (Arrow functions =>). Tiserkemt i usihel yuɣden ar tɣawsa. Lweɛd (Promises) i usefrek n usihel aramtawan (asynchrone). Izegrar kter/sifeḍ. Deg tallit-a daɣen, akatar n yimahilen (frameworks) am React (Facebook, 2013), Angular (Google), d Vue.js beddelen amek i ttwasalnen yisnasen n Web, s useqdec n yimudam am "Virtual DOM" d "Composants". === Tallit Tatrart: TypeScript, WebAssembly d Tigzi Taragmawant (2018-Ass-a) === Ma d ass-a, JavaScript ur yesɛi ara tilas. Amhaz-is yekcem deg waṭas n yiḥricen: '''[[TypeScript]]''': Tameslayt i d-tesnulfa Microsoft i yernan tawsit n isefka (typage statique) i JavaScript. Ass-a, tuget n yisnasen imeqqranen ttwagen s TypeScript i uḍman n tɣellist d tmellet n tengalt. '''WebAssembly''' (Wasm): Yefka tizemmar i yimsihlen ad selkmen tangalt (C++, Rust) deg yiminig s urured iqerben ar iseɣẓanen n tnarit yettwarun s C/C++ (natif), yettwasqdec s umata i yisnasen izuyaz (am uraren) d usihel aẓayan. '''Tigzi Taragmawant''' : S tmkarḍiyin am TensorFlow.js, JavaScript yuɣal yezmer ad iselkem timudmiwin n tigzi taragmawant srid deg yiminig, war ma yuzen isefka ar uqeddac, d ayen ara yemmestnen tudert tusligt. '''Isnasen Izirazen d''' '''Tnarit''': S React Native d Electron, JavaScript ass-a yessalay isnasen i tilifunat (iOS/Android) d yiselkimen n tnarit (am VS Code akked Discord). === 2.2. Alugen ECMAScript === Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem "ECMAScript". Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman: * ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru. * ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions). * ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa "strict mode". * ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules. * ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing. === 2.3. Imeslayen n usihel yeqqnen ar JavaScript === Aṭas n tmeslayin-nniḍen n usihel bnant ɣef JavaScript neɣ ttwasuqlent ar JavaScript: '''[[TypeScript]]''': Tameslayt n usihel s tewsit n isefka (typed) i d-yesnulfa Microsoft. '''CoffeeScript''': Tameslayt yettwasuqlen ar JavaScript s tseddast ifessusen. '''Dart''': Tameslayt n usihel i d-yesnulfa Google, tettwasxedem deg Flutter. == 3. Taseddast d Umawal == === 3.1. Tawsit n tmeslayt === JavaScript d tameslayt: '''Tasuɣlant''': Ur teḥwaǧ ara asefsu send aselkem. Amessuɣal iqqar-d tangalt srid. '''S tawsit asmussaw''': Tawsit n umutti tettubeddel deg wakud n uselkem. '''Agetkalmaḍ''' (multi-paradigme): Tesseddu asihel s '''tɣawsa''', asihel '''amesɣan''', d usihel s '''tedyanin'''. === 3.2. Tiseddast tigejdanin === ==== 3.2.1. Imuttiyen ==== JavaScript yesɛa kraḍ n wawalen i usenteḍ n yimuttiyen:<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> var x = 10; // Amutti aqbur (var) let y = 20; // Amutti s telqeyt n usweḍ (let) const z = 30; // Amutti ur yettubeddlen (const) </syntaxhighlight>'''var''': Amutti s telqeyt n tesɣent. '''let''': Amutti s telqeyt n iḥder. '''const''': Amutti ur yezmiren ad yettubeddel. ==== 3.2.2. Awalen n tinaḍ ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> if, else, for, while, do, switch, case, break, continue, return, function, class, new, this, typeof, instanceof, try, catch, finally, throw, async, await, import, export </syntaxhighlight> ==== 3.2.3. Isulayen ==== Isulayen n yimuttiyen, n tseɣnin, d n tɣawsiwin ilaq ad bdun s usekkil, s _, neɣ s $. Ur zmiren ad bdun s umḍan. == 4. Tawsit n Isefka == JavaScript tesɛa sin n wudmawen n tewsit n isefka: === 4.1. Tiwsitin tizwaranin === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tawsit !Amedya !Aglam |- |number |42, 3.14 |Amḍan ummid neɣ amḍan s ticcert |- |string |"Azul" |Azrar n isekkilen |- |boolean |true, false |Ilem neɣ ulac |- |undefined |undefined |Amutti ur yettusbedden |- |null |null |Ulac s umata |- |symbol |Symbol('id') |Azamal asuf (ES6) |- |bigint |9007199254740991n |Amḍan ameqqran aṭas (ES2020) |} === 4.2. Tawsit n tɣawsa === Yal ayen ur nelli ara d tiwsit tizwaranen d taɣawsa. Deg-s: * Array (Tafelwit): let arr = [1, 2, 3]; * Object (Taɣawsa): let obj = {isem: "Samir", leɛmer: 25}; * Function (Tasɣent): function azur() { return "Azul!"; } === 4.3. Aselkem n tewsit (typeof) === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> typeof 42; // "number" typeof "Azul"; // "string" typeof true; // "boolean" typeof undefined; // "undefined" typeof null; // "object" (tuccḍa deg umezruy) typeof {}; // "object" typeof []; // "object" typeof function(){}; // "function" </syntaxhighlight> == 5. Tiseɣnin == === 5.1. Tasɣent talugant === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> function smerni(a, b) { return a + b; } </syntaxhighlight> === 5.2. Tasɣent s uneccab – ES6 === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const smerni = (a, b) => a + b; </syntaxhighlight> === 5.3. Tasɣent d taserkemt tamenzut === Deg JavaScript, tiseɣnin d tiserkam timenza: zemrent ad ttwafkent d imuttiyen, ad ttwarrzent d tiɣiratin, d ad ttwarnant ar tefelwin.<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const tiseɣnin = [ x => x * 2, x => x + 1 ]; </syntaxhighlight> == 6. Taɣawsa d Usihel s Tɣawsa == === 6.1. Asenteḍ n tɣawsa === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const amdan = { isem: "Samir", leɛmer: 30, azur: function() { return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}`; } }; </syntaxhighlight> === 6.2. Taserkemt (Class) – ES6 === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> class Amdan { constructor(isem, leɛmer) { this.isem = isem; this.leɛmer = leɛmer; } azur() { return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}`; } } const samir = new Amdan("Samir", 30); </syntaxhighlight> === 6.3. Tukkest === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> class Anelmad extends Amdan { constructor(isem, leɛmer, asɣar) { super(isem, leɛmer); this.asɣar = asɣar; } azur() { return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}, anelmad deg ${this.asɣar}`; } } </syntaxhighlight> === 6.4. Akwbal === Seg ES2022, JavaScript yesɛa iɣewwaṛen usligen s #:<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">class Amiḍan { #azal; constructor(azal) { this.#azal = azal; } awi() { return this.#azal; } }</syntaxhighlight> == 7. Timṣuki n usenqed == === 7.1. Tawtilt === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> if (amḍan > 18) { console.log("Meqqer"); } else if (amḍan > 12) { console.log("Alemmas"); } else { console.log("Mecṭuḥ"); } </syntaxhighlight> === 7.2. Tineddict === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> // Tineddict for for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) { console.log(i); } // Tineddict while let j = 0; while (j < 5) { console.log(j); j++; } // Tineddict for...of (i tefelwin) for (const azal of [1, 2, 3]) { console.log(azal); } // Tineddict for...in (i tɣawsiwin) for (const tsarutt in {isem: "Samir"}) { console.log(tsarutt); } </syntaxhighlight> == 8. Asihel Aramtawan == === 8.1. Callbacks === Aɣewwaṛ amezwaru n usihel aramtawan:<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> function awiIsefka(callback) { setTimeout(() => { callback({isem: "Samir"}); }, 1000); } </syntaxhighlight> === 8.2. Promise (Lweɛd) === <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> function awiIsefka() { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { resolve({isem: "Samir"}); }, 1000); }); } awiIsefka() .then(isefka => console.log(isefka)) .catch(tuccḍa => console.error(tuccḍa)); </syntaxhighlight> === 8.3. Async/Await === Tarrayt tatrart i usihel aramtawan:<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> async function awiIsefka() { try { const tiririt = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data'); const isefka = await tiririt.json(); console.log(isefka); } catch (tuccḍa) { console.error('Tuccḍa:', tuccḍa); } } </syntaxhighlight> == Taggrayt == JavaScript teqqel d tameslayt n usihel tameqqrant deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg 1995, tettwasnerni s waṭas, teqqel d tameslayt i yesɛan aṭas n wudmawen: asihel n Web (frontend d backend), asihel n yisnasen izirazen, tigzi taragmawant, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen. S tizeɣt n ECMAScript i d-yettuɣalen yal aseggas, JavaScript tettkemmel ad tettwasnerni, ad d-ternu tiwsitin imaynuten, d ad tessifses asihel i yineflayen. I yneflayen d yimusnawen n tsenselkimt, JavaScript d tameslayt ilaq ad tt-issinen, acku d nettat i d tameslayt n Web, d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasqedcen aṭas deg umaḍal. == Ẓer daɣen == *[[TypeScript]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] kolhox4nx7dngwkaiudeydiv1xoae4v 0 23829 117254 117236 2026-08-28T23:01:14Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden. ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}} '''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines. D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt. Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3. Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954. Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ. == Aẓar n Yisem == [[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]] Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n "exucute, نفذ". == Amezruy d Umhaz n Uselkim: Seg Tfelwit n Usiḍen armi d Tigzi Taragmawant == Aselkim (s teglizit: Computer, s tefransist: Ordinateur), mačči d tamacint i d-ilulen deg yiwen wass. D agmuḍ n wazal n tisutwin n uxemmem, n tusnakt, d tussna. Awal-a "Aselkim" yekka-d seg wamyag "selkem", acku d tamacint yettselkamen tiludna. Maca, uqbel ad naweḍ ɣer yiselkimen imeqqranen n ass-a, yella wahil ɣezzifen n umhaz. === 1. Tallit Tamezwarut: Ifecka n Usiḍen (Tallit taqburt armi d Tisut 17) === Zik, uqbel trisiti d tmacinin, imdanen llan xeddmen '''asiḍen''' s ifassen-nsen. '''Tafelwit n usiḍen''' (Abaque): D afecku amezwaru i sxedmen icinwaten, iṛumaniyen d waṭas n yiɣerfan akken ad xedmen leḥsab s urured. Deg tallit-nni, awal "Aselkim" yella yettunefk i yemdanen ixeddmen asiḍen s ifassen-nsen === 2. Tallit n Tmacinin Timekkanikiyin (Tisut 17 - 19) === Tikti n usnulfu n tmacint ara ixedmen asiḍen s wudem awurman tebda-d s yimusnawen am: [[Blaise Pascal]] (1642): Isnulfa-d Tamacint n Paskal (Pascaline), d tamacint tamekkanikt tamezwarut i yessawḍen ad teg timernit. Charles Babbage (1837): Yessumer-d tikti n Tamacint n Tusleṭ. Tamacint-a ur tettwaxdem ara s lekmal-is deg tallit-nni, maca d nettat i d lsas n yiselkimen n ass-a. Ada Lovelace: D tameṭṭut tamezwarut i yuran ahil i tmacint n Babbage. Ass-a, tettwasemma d tameshilt tamezwarut deg umezruy. == Iḥricen d iferdisen igejdanen n uselkim == == Arrum == Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf: '''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ. '''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda: '''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured. '''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim. '''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa: * Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen. * Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil. * Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen. * Aḍebsi / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal. == Aseɣẓan == Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem. '''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen. '''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli. '''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim. == Izeḍwa d Internet == Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel isefka. '''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa. '''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web. '''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel "Asigna". == Taɣellist Tasenselkamt == Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin. '''Awgelhen''': D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref. '''Anfafad / Avirus''' (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war tafrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw. '''Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan''' (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]] == iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]] [[Taggayt:Aselkim]] 9ifcjb3oxbpv4jswswdoh63y7jp8vvv 0 25541 117253 117250 2026-08-28T22:56:01Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]] '''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda. == Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi == Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian. Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran. == Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit == Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla. '''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''. Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar. Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk. Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun. Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik. '''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »). Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus. Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n '''ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren''', i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d '''tlemmast tamagdayt''' (tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin. Deg unebdu n useggas n 1903, '''Akabar''' '''Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus''' ('''POSDR''') yesselḥa agraw-is amatu wis sin deg Bruxelles sakin yunfa ɣer London. Deg ugraw-agi, tekker-d yiwet n tenmegla taqesḥant gar Lenin d umeddakkel-is Yuly Martov ɣef usaḍuf amezwaru n ukabar (ilugan n ukabar): Lenin yebɣa ad yerr tiwuriwin s wudem awizi neɣ amirew i yiɛeggalen (yal aɛeggal ilaq ad yettekki srid yerna s wudem amsadur deg yiwet n tsaddast tuffirt), ma d Martov yebɣa akabar ad yili s wudem ameccaq neɣ yerna ad yeqbel yal yiwen i d-yettaken tallalt ɣas ur yelli ara d agrawliw uffir. Mi d-yewweḍ lweqt n tefrant ɣef tseqqamut talemmast d teẓrigt n uɣmis Iskra, tagrawt i yeḍfren Lenin tewwi tuget n tefranin, dɣa seg yimir-nni semman-asen Ibulčiviken (seg wawal arusi bol'chinstvo i d-yemmalen wid n tuget). Ma d tagrawt n Martov i yellan deg tdersi, semman-asen Imenčiviken (seg wawal arusi men'chinstvo). Bṭu-agi ur yeqqim ara kan d amgired n tmuɣli ɣef yilugan, maca yuɣal d taẓuni tasnaktayt talqayant: Ibulčiviken kran srid ɣer usedmer d tegrawla tamsekrit iwakken ad ṭṭfen adabu, ma d Imenčiviken tmuɣli-nsen tella tettheyyi abrid ameẓẓayan i tdiganin ''tidimuqṛatiyin'' tiburjwiyin uqbel tanemla. Ihi deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n U'''kabar Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin: * ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu. * ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan. Ɣas akken llant kra n tegnatin n usemlili deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, Lenin ikemmel lebni n tsuddest-is war aḥbas. Deg temlilit n Prague deg useggas n 1912, Ibulčiviken bḍan s wudem unṣib d Imenčiviken, dɣa sbedden akabar-nsen d aḥrur yerna iteddu deg unegmu deg tallit-nni akked iseggasen i d-ḍfren, d netta i yuɣalen d lsas igejdanen i Tegrawla n Tuber deg useggas n 1917. == Tagrawla n 1917 == Deg useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella tettwaɣ mliḥ s sebba n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ, d wuguren n tdamsa: '''Tagrawla n Fuṛaṛ 1917''': Agdud d yiserdasen kran mgal Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin, dɣa yeɣli udabu n utsar, tbedd yiwen n unabaḍ uɛḍil. Deg tazwara n useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella deg yal addad(liḥala), rnu-as-d aɣelluy n tdamsa i d-yeglan s lexṣas ameqqran n weɣrum, laẓ d tneqqlebt gar yimezdaɣen n tmaneɣt Petrograd (Saint-Petersburg). Ass n 23 fuṛaṛ (8 meɣres deg teswast tatrart), deg Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut, tullas tixeddamin fɣent-d srid ɣer yizenqan s yisuɣan n « Aɣrum d Talwit! ». Amussu-a yemɣer s lemɣawla mi d-rrnan fell-asen yixeddamen n luzinat, dɣa yeḍra-d usunded amatu (grève générale) i yerran tamdint akk amzun texla war irmuden. Mi d-yefka Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin lameṛ i yiserdasen iwakken ad wten agdud s rṣas, teḍra-d yiwet n tkerwa tameqqrant: iserdasen ugin ad wten ɣef "igrawliwen", dɣa gullen ɣer yidis n yixeddamen yerna fkan-asen leslaḥ. Imi i iwala akk iɛessasen-is ǧǧan-t, Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin yettwaḥṛes armi i yexdem i yiman-isasegdel n udabu (yuǧǧa adabu) ass n 2 meɣres 1917, dɣa d taggara i d-yewwḍen i tenbaḍt n twacult n Romanov i yeṭṭfen tamurt ugar n kraḍ n leqrun. Tagrawla-a n Fuṛaṛ tessebded yiwet n tegnit tasertant tameynut umi semman adabu aslig, anda i d-nnulfan sin n yiduba mgaraden: '''Anabaḍ uɛḍil''', i sbedden yiburjwiyen d wid n tmuɣli talibiralit deg useqqamu n Duma, yebɣan ad ikemmel ṭṭraḍ d wumuɣ adimuqṛati aburjwa. '''Aseqqamu n Yisuvyaten n Petrograd''' (Soviet), i d-yemmalen srid taɣect d yiswiyen n yixeddamen d yiserdasen. Ɣas akken Vladimir Lenin yella mazal-it deg unfa deg ''[[Taswist|Tswisrit]]'' deg tallit-nni, ifhem s lemɣawla d akken anabaḍ uɛḍil ur yezmir ara ad yefk talwit neɣ ad yebḍu akal i yifellaḥen. Seg yimir-nni, yebda aheyyi n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt iwakken ad yesseqdec tagnit-a n udabu aslig i usedmer n usmil ameskari d useɣli n yiburjwiyen deg wayen ara yuɣalen d Tagrawla n Tuber. '''Tuɣalin n Lenin''': Deg yebrir 1917, Lenin yuɣal-d seg ''Taswisrit'' ɣer Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) s tmacint i d-thegga Lalman. Yenna-d deg tefyirt-is tameqqrant (Tisumar n Yebrir): « Akk adabu ilaq ad yuɣal i yisuvyaten (iseqquma n yixeddamen d yiserdasen)! ». '''Tagrawla n Tuber 1917''': Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (s wazemz ajulyan), Ibulčiviken seddaw n tmehla n Lenin d Leon Trotsky ṭṭfen Tiɣremt n Tsegrest (Palais d'Hiver), dɣa sseɣlin anabaḍ amiran, sbedden anabaḍ asuvyati azduklan. gbgilfwtyrymntxrelhgptepjugl0m4