Tizi n At Ɛica

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  <page>
    <title>Tizi n At Ɛica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117258</id>
      <parentid>115953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-29T22:04:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ayrad amastan</username>
        <id>17073</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tuddar */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1129" sha1="5cuu3ul2fxsu6o68um5btlzxg3m5bfk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox city}}

'''Tizi n At Ɛica''' d taddart d yuzgan di tama n umalu n [[Tmurt n Leqbayel]],
*Seg Usamer, Tḥud-itt-id [[Ssi Mesṭafa]],
*Seg Umalu, Tḥud-itt-id [[Tijelabin]],
*Seg Unẓul, Tḥud-itt-id [[At Ɛemran]]

[[Category: Tiɣiwanin n Tmurt n Leqbayel]][[Category:Tiɣiwanin n Bumerdas]]
== Tilisa ==
{{Tiɣiwanin tinaragin
|Taɣiwant    = Tizi n At Ɛica
|Agafa       = [[Zemmuri]]
|Agafa-Agmuḍ   = [[Zaatra]]
|Agmuḍ       = [[Ssi Mesṭafa]]
|Anẓul-Agmuḍ    = [[Suq Lḥad]]
|Anẓul    = [[At Ɛemran]]
|Anẓul-Amalu  = [[At Xlifa]]
|Amalu      = [[Tijelabin]]
|Agafa-Amalu = [[Bumerdas]]
}}

==Tuddar==

Anẓul n yeɣzer : 

{{début de colonnes|taille=15}}
*Tala Ufella (Adrum n Ṣumɛa)
*Mɣalden/Imɣalden
*Tabrahimt 
*Mahran (Imahran)
*Ballul (Iḍebbaxen) 
*Gedara (Igeddaren)
*Mercica (Imercicen)
*Tamsawt
*Tamazirt
*Muḥuca (Imuḥucen)
{{fin de colonnes}}

Agafa n yeɣzer  : 
{{début de colonnes|taille=15}}
*At Waɛrab
*Buxenfar (At Buxnefṛen)
*At Ɛli   
*Tala Mali (Tala n Ɛli)
*At Buḥmed 
*Draɛ Ben Ḥḍum (Iɣil n at ḥḍum)
{{fin de colonnes}}
{{Tawilayt n Bumerdas}}</text>
      <sha1>5cuu3ul2fxsu6o68um5btlzxg3m5bfk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Infobox</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>7453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117259</id>
      <parentid>69286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T02:48:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>17075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q13107716|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="21303" sha1="kueb5p6xeoq6x7bxu2zyyl7pmxgesrs" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}
local args = {}
local origArgs = {}
local root
local empty_row_categories = {}
local category_in_empty_row_pattern = '%[%[%s*[Cc][Aa][Tt][Ee][Gg][Oo][Rr][Yy]%s*:[^]]*]]'
local has_rows = false
local yesno = require(&quot;Module:Yesno&quot;)
local lists = {
	plainlist_t = {
		patterns = {
			'^plainlist$',
			'%splainlist$',
			'^plainlist%s',
			'%splainlist%s'
		},
		found = false,
		styles = 'Plainlist/styles.css'
	},
	hlist_t = {
		patterns = {
			'^hlist$',
			'%shlist$',
			'^hlist%s',
			'%shlist%s'
		},
		found = false,
		styles = 'Hlist/styles.css'
	}
}

local function has_list_class(args_to_check)
	for _, list in pairs(lists) do
		if not list.found then
			for _, arg in pairs(args_to_check) do
				for _, pattern in ipairs(list.patterns) do
					if mw.ustring.find(arg or '', pattern) then
						list.found = true
						break
					end
				end
				if list.found then break end
			end
		end
	end
end

local function isUntitledChildBox(sval)
	return sval and ( sval:match( '^%s*&lt;%s*[Tt][Rr]' ) or sval:match( '^%s*\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-templatestyles%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127%s*&lt;%s*[Tt][Rr]' ) )
end

local function fixChildBoxes(sval, tt)
	local function notempty( s ) return s and s:match( '%S' ) end
	
	if notempty(sval) then
		local marker = '&lt;span class=special_infobox_marker&gt;'
		local s = sval
		-- start moving templatestyles and categories inside of table rows
		local slast = ''
		while slast ~= s do
			slast = s
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(&lt;/[Tt][Rr]%s*&gt;%s*)(%[%[%s*[Cc][Aa][Tt][Ee][Gg][Oo][Rr][Yy]%s*:[^]]*%]%])', '%2%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(&lt;/[Tt][Rr]%s*&gt;%s*)(\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-templatestyles%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127)', '%2%1')
		end
		-- end moving templatestyles and categories inside of table rows
		s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(&lt;%s*[Tt][Rr])', marker .. '%1')
		s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(&lt;/[Tt][Rr]%s*&gt;)', '%1' .. marker)
		if s:match(marker) then
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '%s*' .. marker, '')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n]|-[^\r\n]*[\r\n])%s*' .. marker, '%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '%s*([\r\n]|-)', '%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(&lt;/[Cc][Aa][Pp][Tt][Ii][Oo][Nn]%s*&gt;%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(&lt;%s*[Tt][Aa][Bb][Ll][Ee][^&lt;&gt;]*&gt;%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^(%{|[^\r\n]*[\r\n]%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n]%{|[^\r\n]*[\r\n]%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '(%s*&lt;/[Tt][Aa][Bb][Ll][Ee]%s*&gt;)', '%1')
			s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '(%s*\n|%})', '%1')
		end
		if s:match(marker) then
			local subcells = mw.text.split(s, marker)
			s = ''
			for k = 1, #subcells do
				if k == 1 then
					s = s .. subcells[k] .. '&lt;/' .. tt .. '&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;'
				elseif k == #subcells then
					local rowstyle = ' style=&quot;display:none&quot;'
					if notempty(subcells[k]) then rowstyle = ''	end
					s = s .. '&lt;tr' .. rowstyle ..'&gt;&lt;' .. tt .. ' colspan=2&gt;\n' ..
						subcells[k]
				elseif notempty(subcells[k]) then
					if (k % 2) == 0 then
						s = s .. subcells[k]
					else
						s = s .. '&lt;tr&gt;&lt;' .. tt .. ' colspan=2&gt;\n' ..
							subcells[k] .. '&lt;/' .. tt .. '&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;'
					end
				end
			end
		end
		-- the next two lines add a newline at the end of lists for the PHP parser
		-- [[Special:Diff/849054481]]
		-- remove when [[:phab:T191516]] is fixed or OBE
		s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n][%*#;:][^\r\n]*)$', '%1\n')
		s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^([%*#;:][^\r\n]*)$', '%1\n')
		s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^([%*#;:])', '\n%1')
		s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^(%{%|)', '\n%1')
		return s
	else
		return sval
	end
end

-- Cleans empty tables
local function cleanInfobox()
	root = tostring(root)
	if has_rows == false then
		root = mw.ustring.gsub(root, '&lt;table[^&lt;&gt;]*&gt;%s*&lt;/table&gt;', '')
	end
end

-- Returns the union of the values of two tables, as a sequence.
local function union(t1, t2)

	local vals = {}
	for k, v in pairs(t1) do
		vals[v] = true
	end
	for k, v in pairs(t2) do
		vals[v] = true
	end
	local ret = {}
	for k, v in pairs(vals) do
		table.insert(ret, k)
	end
	return ret
end

-- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist
-- for the specified prefix. For example, if the prefix was 'data', and
-- 'data1', 'data2', and 'data5' exist, it would return {1, 2, 5}.
local function getArgNums(prefix)
	local nums = {}
	for k, v in pairs(args) do
		local num = tostring(k):match('^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$')
		if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	return nums
end

-- Adds a row to the infobox, with either a header cell
-- or a label/data cell combination.
local function addRow(rowArgs)
	
	if rowArgs.header and rowArgs.header ~= '_BLANK_' then
		has_rows = true
		has_list_class({ rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class, args.headerclass })
		
		root
			:tag('tr')
				:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
				:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( rowArgs.header ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
				:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)
				:tag('th')
					:attr('colspan', '2')
					:addClass('infobox-header')
					:addClass(rowArgs.class)
					:addClass(args.headerclass)
					-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-header
					:cssText(args.headerstyle)
					:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
					:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(rowArgs.header, 'th'))
		if rowArgs.data and not yesno(args.decat) then
			root:wikitext(
				'[[Category:Pages using infobox templates with ignored data cells]]'
			)
		end
	elseif rowArgs.data and rowArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then
		has_rows = true
		has_list_class({ rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class })
		
		local row = root:tag('tr')
		row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
		row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)
		if rowArgs.label then
			row
				:tag('th')
					:attr('scope', 'row')
					:addClass('infobox-label')
					-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-label
					:cssText(args.labelstyle)
					:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
					:wikitext(rowArgs.label)
					:done()
		else
			row:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( rowArgs.data ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
		end

		local dataCell = row:tag('td')
		dataCell
			:attr('colspan', not rowArgs.label and '2' or nil)
			:addClass(not rowArgs.label and 'infobox-full-data' or 'infobox-data')
			:addClass(rowArgs.class)
			-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox(-full)-data
			:cssText(rowArgs.datastyle)
			:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
			:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(rowArgs.data, 'td'))
	else
		table.insert(empty_row_categories, rowArgs.data or '')
	end
end

local function renderTitle()
	if not args.title then return end

	has_rows = true
	has_list_class({args.titleclass})
	
	root
		:tag('caption')
			:addClass('infobox-title')
			:addClass(args.titleclass)
			-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-title
			:cssText(args.titlestyle)
			:wikitext(args.title)
	
end

local function renderAboveRow()
	if not args.above then return end

	has_rows = true
	has_list_class({ args.aboveclass })
	
	root
		:tag('tr')
			:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( args.above ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
			:tag('th')
				:attr('colspan', '2')
				:addClass('infobox-above')
				:addClass(args.aboveclass)
				-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-above
				:cssText(args.abovestyle)
				:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(args.above,'th'))
end

local function renderBelowRow()
	if not args.below then return end

	has_rows = true
	has_list_class({ args.belowclass })
	
	root
		:tag('tr')
			:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( args.below ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', '2')
				:addClass('infobox-below')
				:addClass(args.belowclass)
				-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-below
				:cssText(args.belowstyle)
				:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(args.below,'td'))
end

local function addSubheaderRow(subheaderArgs)
	if subheaderArgs.data and
		subheaderArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then
		has_rows = true
		has_list_class({ subheaderArgs.rowclass, subheaderArgs.class })
		
		local row = root:tag('tr')
		row:addClass(subheaderArgs.rowclass)
		row:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( subheaderArgs.data ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )

		local dataCell = row:tag('td')
		dataCell
			:attr('colspan', '2')
			:addClass('infobox-subheader')
			:addClass(subheaderArgs.class)
			:cssText(subheaderArgs.datastyle)
			:cssText(subheaderArgs.rowcellstyle)
			:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(subheaderArgs.data, 'td'))
	else
		table.insert(empty_row_categories, subheaderArgs.data or '')
	end
end

local function renderSubheaders()
	if args.subheader then
		args.subheader1 = args.subheader
	end
	if args.subheaderrowclass then
		args.subheaderrowclass1 = args.subheaderrowclass
	end
	local subheadernums = getArgNums('subheader')
	for k, num in ipairs(subheadernums) do
		addSubheaderRow({
			data = args['subheader' .. tostring(num)],
			-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-subheader
			datastyle = args.subheaderstyle,
			rowcellstyle = args['subheaderstyle' .. tostring(num)],
			class = args.subheaderclass,
			rowclass = args['subheaderrowclass' .. tostring(num)]
		})
	end
end

local function addImageRow(imageArgs)

	if imageArgs.data and
		imageArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then

		has_rows = true
		has_list_class({ imageArgs.rowclass, imageArgs.class })
		
		local row = root:tag('tr')
		row:addClass(imageArgs.rowclass)
		row:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( imageArgs.data ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )

		local dataCell = row:tag('td')
		dataCell
			:attr('colspan', '2')
			:addClass('infobox-image')
			:addClass(imageArgs.class)
			:cssText(imageArgs.datastyle)
			:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(imageArgs.data, 'td'))
	else
		table.insert(empty_row_categories, imageArgs.data or '')
	end
end

local function renderImages()
	if args.image then
		args.image1 = args.image
	end
	if args.caption then
		args.caption1 = args.caption
	end
	local imagenums = getArgNums('image')
	for k, num in ipairs(imagenums) do
		local caption = args['caption' .. tostring(num)]
		local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(args['image' .. tostring(num)])
		if caption then
			data
				:tag('div')
					:addClass('infobox-caption')
					-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-caption
					:cssText(args.captionstyle)
					:wikitext(caption)
		end
		addImageRow({
			data = tostring(data),
			-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; .infobox-image
			datastyle = args.imagestyle,
			class = args.imageclass,
			rowclass = args['imagerowclass' .. tostring(num)]
		})
	end
end

-- When autoheaders are turned on, preprocesses the rows
local function preprocessRows()
	if not args.autoheaders then return end
	
	local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data'))
	table.sort(rownums)
	local lastheader
	for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do
		if args['header' .. tostring(num)] then
			if lastheader then
				args['header' .. tostring(lastheader)] = nil
			end
			lastheader = num
		elseif args['data' .. tostring(num)] and
			args['data' .. tostring(num)]:gsub(
				category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''
			):match('^%S') then
			local data = args['data' .. tostring(num)]
			if data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('%S') then
				lastheader = nil
			end
		end
	end
	if lastheader then
		args['header' .. tostring(lastheader)] = nil
	end
end

-- Gets the union of the header and data argument numbers,
-- and renders them all in order
local function renderRows()

	local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data'))
	table.sort(rownums)
	for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do
		addRow({
			header = args['header' .. tostring(num)],
			label = args['label' .. tostring(num)],
			data = args['data' .. tostring(num)],
			datastyle = args.datastyle,
			class = args['class' .. tostring(num)],
			rowclass = args['rowclass' .. tostring(num)],
			-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt; rowclass
			rowstyle = args['rowstyle' .. tostring(num)],
			rowcellstyle = args['rowcellstyle' .. tostring(num)]
		})
	end
end

local function renderNavBar()
	if not args.name then return end

	has_rows = true
	root
		:tag('tr')
			:tag('td')
				:attr('colspan', '2')
				:addClass('infobox-navbar')
				:wikitext(require('Module:Navbar')._navbar{
					args.name,
					mini = 1,
				})
end

local function renderItalicTitle()
	local italicTitle = args['italic title'] and mw.ustring.lower(args['italic title'])
	if italicTitle == '' or italicTitle == 'force' or italicTitle == 'yes' then
		root:wikitext(require('Module:Italic title')._main({}))
	end
end

-- Categories in otherwise empty rows are collected in empty_row_categories.
-- This function adds them to the module output. It is not affected by
-- args.decat because this module should not prevent module-external categories
-- from rendering.
local function renderEmptyRowCategories()
	for _, s in ipairs(empty_row_categories) do
		root:wikitext(s)
	end
end

-- Render tracking categories. args.decat == turns off tracking categories.
local function renderTrackingCategories()
	if yesno(args.decat) then return end
	if args.child == 'yes' then
		if args.title then
			root:wikitext(
				'[[Category:Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter]]'
			)
		end
	elseif #(getArgNums('data')) == 0 and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then
		root:wikitext('[[Category:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows]]')
	end
end

--[=[
Loads the templatestyles for the infobox.

TODO: FINISH loading base templatestyles here rather than in
MediaWiki:Common.css. There are 4-5000 pages with 'raw' infobox tables.
See [[Mediawiki_talk:Common.css/to_do#Infobox]] and/or come help :).
When we do this we should clean up the inline CSS below too.
Will have to do some bizarre conversion category like with sidebar.

]=]
local function loadTemplateStyles()
	local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
	
	local hlist_templatestyles = ''
	if lists.hlist_t.found then
		hlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
			name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.hlist_t.styles }
		}
	end
	
	local plainlist_templatestyles = ''
	if lists.plainlist_t.found then
		plainlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
			name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.plainlist_t.styles }
		}
	end
	
	-- See function description
	local base_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
		name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Infobox/styles.css' }
	}

	local templatestyles = ''
	if args['templatestyles'] then
		templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
			name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['templatestyles'] }
		}
	end
	
	local child_templatestyles = ''
	if args['child templatestyles'] then
		child_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
			name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['child templatestyles'] }
		}
	end
	
	local grandchild_templatestyles = ''
	if args['grandchild templatestyles'] then
		grandchild_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
			name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['grandchild templatestyles'] }
		}
	end
	
	return table.concat({
		-- hlist -&gt; plainlist -&gt; base is best-effort to preserve old Common.css ordering.
		-- this ordering is not a guarantee because the rows of interest invoking
		-- each class may not be on a specific page
		hlist_templatestyles,
		plainlist_templatestyles,
		base_templatestyles,
		templatestyles,
		child_templatestyles,
		grandchild_templatestyles
	})
end

-- common functions between the child and non child cases
local function structure_infobox_common()
	renderSubheaders()
	renderImages()
	preprocessRows()
	renderRows()
	renderBelowRow()
	renderNavBar()
	renderItalicTitle()
	renderEmptyRowCategories()
	renderTrackingCategories()
	cleanInfobox()
end

-- Specify the overall layout of the infobox, with special settings if the
-- infobox is used as a 'child' inside another infobox.
local function _infobox()
	if args.child ~= 'yes' then
		root = mw.html.create('table')

		root
			:addClass(args.subbox == 'yes' and 'infobox-subbox' or 'infobox')
			:addClass(args.bodyclass)
			-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-&lt;name&gt;
			:cssText(args.bodystyle)
		
		has_list_class({ args.bodyclass })

		renderTitle()
		renderAboveRow()
	else
		root = mw.html.create()

		root
			:wikitext(args.title)
	end
	structure_infobox_common()
	
	return loadTemplateStyles() .. root
end

-- If the argument exists and isn't blank, add it to the argument table.
-- Blank arguments are treated as nil to match the behaviour of ParserFunctions.
local function preprocessSingleArg(argName)
	if origArgs[argName] and origArgs[argName] ~= '' then
		args[argName] = origArgs[argName]
	end
end

-- Assign the parameters with the given prefixes to the args table, in order, in
-- batches of the step size specified. This is to prevent references etc. from
-- appearing in the wrong order. The prefixTable should be an array containing
-- tables, each of which has two possible fields, a &quot;prefix&quot; string and a
-- &quot;depend&quot; table. The function always parses parameters containing the &quot;prefix&quot;
-- string, but only parses parameters in the &quot;depend&quot; table if the prefix
-- parameter is present and non-blank.
local function preprocessArgs(prefixTable, step)
	if type(prefixTable) ~= 'table' then
		error(&quot;Non-table value detected for the prefix table&quot;, 2)
	end
	if type(step) ~= 'number' then
		error(&quot;Invalid step value detected&quot;, 2)
	end

	-- Get arguments without a number suffix, and check for bad input.
	for i,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do
		if type(v) ~= 'table' or type(v.prefix) ~= &quot;string&quot; or
			(v.depend and type(v.depend) ~= 'table') then
			error('Invalid input detected to preprocessArgs prefix table', 2)
		end
		preprocessSingleArg(v.prefix)
		-- Only parse the depend parameter if the prefix parameter is present
		-- and not blank.
		if args[v.prefix] and v.depend then
			for j, dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do
				if type(dependValue) ~= 'string' then
					error('Invalid &quot;depend&quot; parameter value detected in preprocessArgs')
				end
				preprocessSingleArg(dependValue)
			end
		end
	end

	-- Get arguments with number suffixes.
	local a = 1 -- Counter variable.
	local moreArgumentsExist = true
	while moreArgumentsExist == true do
		moreArgumentsExist = false
		for i = a, a + step - 1 do
			for j,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do
				local prefixArgName = v.prefix .. tostring(i)
				if origArgs[prefixArgName] then
					-- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones.
					moreArgumentsExist = true
					preprocessSingleArg(prefixArgName)
				end
				-- Process the depend table if the prefix argument is present
				-- and not blank, or we are processing &quot;prefix1&quot; and &quot;prefix&quot; is
				-- present and not blank, and if the depend table is present.
				if v.depend and (args[prefixArgName] or (i == 1 and args[v.prefix])) then
					for j,dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do
						local dependArgName = dependValue .. tostring(i)
						preprocessSingleArg(dependArgName)
					end
				end
			end
		end
		a = a + step
	end
end

-- Parse the data parameters in the same order that the old {{infobox}} did, so
-- that references etc. will display in the expected places. Parameters that
-- depend on another parameter are only processed if that parameter is present,
-- to avoid phantom references appearing in article reference lists.
local function parseDataParameters()

	preprocessSingleArg('autoheaders')
	preprocessSingleArg('child')
	preprocessSingleArg('bodyclass')
	preprocessSingleArg('subbox')
	preprocessSingleArg('bodystyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('title')
	preprocessSingleArg('titleclass')
	preprocessSingleArg('titlestyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('above')
	preprocessSingleArg('aboveclass')
	preprocessSingleArg('abovestyle')
	preprocessArgs({
		{prefix = 'subheader', depend = {'subheaderstyle', 'subheaderrowclass'}}
	}, 10)
	preprocessSingleArg('subheaderstyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('subheaderclass')
	preprocessArgs({
		{prefix = 'image', depend = {'caption', 'imagerowclass'}}
	}, 10)
	preprocessSingleArg('captionstyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('imagestyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('imageclass')
	preprocessArgs({
		{prefix = 'header'},
		{prefix = 'data', depend = {'label'}},
		{prefix = 'rowclass'},
		{prefix = 'rowstyle'},
		{prefix = 'rowcellstyle'},
		{prefix = 'class'}
	}, 50)
	preprocessSingleArg('headerclass')
	preprocessSingleArg('headerstyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('labelstyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('datastyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('below')
	preprocessSingleArg('belowclass')
	preprocessSingleArg('belowstyle')
	preprocessSingleArg('name')
	-- different behaviour for italics if blank or absent
	args['italic title'] = origArgs['italic title']
	preprocessSingleArg('decat')
	preprocessSingleArg('templatestyles')
	preprocessSingleArg('child templatestyles')
	preprocessSingleArg('grandchild templatestyles')
end

-- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template.
-- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in.
function p.infobox(frame)
	if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then
		origArgs = frame:getParent().args
	else
		origArgs = frame
	end
	
	parseDataParameters()
	
	return _infobox()
end

-- For calling via #invoke within a template
function p.infoboxTemplate(frame)
	origArgs = {}
	for k,v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs[k] = mw.text.trim(v) end
	
	parseDataParameters()
	
	return _infobox()
end
return p</text>
      <sha1>kueb5p6xeoq6x7bxu2zyyl7pmxgesrs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aselkim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117255</id>
      <parentid>117254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-29T12:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7237" sha1="7df2vxlpuw8y5thak56w2x4rbl4a47x" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden.
ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}}

'''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

== Aẓar n Yisem ==
[[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]]
Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n &quot;exucute,  نفذ&quot;.

== Amezruy d Umhaz n Uselkim: Seg Tfelwit n Usiḍen armi d Tigzi Taragmawant ==
Aselkim (s teglizit: Computer, s tefransist: Ordinateur), mačči d tamacint i d-ilulen deg yiwen wass. D agmuḍ n wazal n tisutwin n uxemmem, n tusnakt, d tussna. Awal-a &quot;Aselkim&quot; yekka-d seg wamyag &quot;selkem&quot;, acku d tamacint yettselkamen tiludna. Maca, uqbel ad naweḍ ɣer yiselkimen imeqqranen n ass-a, yella wahil ɣezzifen n umhaz.

=== 1. Tallit Tamezwarut: Ifecka n Usiḍen (Tallit taqburt armi d Tisut 17) ===
Zik, uqbel trisiti d tmacinin, imdanen llan xeddmen '''asiḍen''' s ifassen-nsen.

'''Tafelwit n usiḍen''' (Abaque): D afecku amezwaru i sxedmen icinwaten, iṛumaniyen d waṭas n yiɣerfan akken ad xedmen leḥsab s urured.

Deg tallit-nni, awal &quot;Aselkim&quot; yella yettunefk i yemdanen ixeddmen asiḍen s ifassen-nsen

=== 2. Tallit n Tmacinin Timekkanikiyin (Tisut 17 - 19) ===
Tikti n usnulfu n tmacint ara ixedmen asiḍen s wudem awurman tebda-d s yimusnawen am:

[[Blaise Pascal]] (1642): Isnulfa-d Tamacint n Paskal (Pascaline), d tamacint tamekkanikt tamezwarut i yessawḍen ad teg timernit.

Charles Babbage (1837): Yessumer-d tikti n Tamacint n Tusleṭ. Tamacint-a ur tettwaxdem ara s lekmal-is deg tallit-nni, maca d nettat i d lsas n yiselkimen n ass-a.

Ada Lovelace: D tameṭṭut tamezwarut i yuran ahil i tmacint n Babbage. Ass-a, tettwasemma d tameshilt tamezwarut deg umezruy.

=== 3. Lsas n Tiẓriyin d Tusnakt (Tazwara n Tisut 20) ===
Uqbel ad ilin yiselkimen ilikṛununen, ilaq ad ttwasersen lsasen n tusnakt d tmeẓla:

'''Aljibṛ n Bul (Algèbre de Boole)''': George Boole isnulfa-d anagraw n tusnakt yebnan ɣef sin wazalen kan: Ih (1) d Ala (0). D wa i d lsas n tangalt timisint i yesseqdac uselkim ass-a.

'''Tamacint n Turing (1936'''): Alan Turing, amusnaw amuqqran, yessumer-d tiẓri n &quot;Tmacint n Turing&quot;. D tamudemt tasnaktant i yesskanen d akken tamacint tezmer ad teg yal alguritm (algorithme / axwerzim) ma yella tesɛa takatut d yisefka.

'''Tasegda n Von Neumann (1945)''': John von Neumann yessumer-d tasegda anda ahil d yisefka ttwakelsen deg yiwen wamkan: Takatut. D tasegda-a i mazal nesseqdac deg yiselkimen-nneɣ armi d ass-a.

== Iḥricen d iferdisen igejdanen n uselkim ==

== Arrum ==
Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:

'''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.

'''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:

'''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.

'''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.

'''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:

* Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
* Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
* Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
* Aḍebsi  / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.

== Aseɣẓan ==
Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem.

'''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen.

'''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli.

'''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim.

== Izeḍwa d Internet ==
Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel  isefka.

'''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa.

'''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web.

'''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel &quot;Asigna&quot;.

== Taɣellist Tasenselkamt ==
Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin.

'''Awgelhen''': D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref.

'''Anfafad / Avirus''' (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war tafrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw.

'''Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan''' (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]]

== iɣbula ==

[[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]]
[[Taggayt:Aselkim]]</text>
      <sha1>7df2vxlpuw8y5thak56w2x4rbl4a47x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117256</id>
      <parentid>117255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-29T21:22:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7683" sha1="38diysucczkfclee9trkul2n9u993hu" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden.
ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}}

'''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

== Aẓar n Yisem ==
[[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]]
Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n &quot;exucute,  نفذ&quot;.

== Amezruy d Umhaz n Uselkim: Seg Tfelwit n Usiḍen armi d Tigzi Taragmawant ==
Aselkim (s teglizit: Computer, s tefransist: Ordinateur), mačči d tamacint i d-ilulen deg yiwen wass. D agmuḍ n wazal n tisutwin n uxemmem, n tusnakt, d tussna. Awal-a &quot;Aselkim&quot; yekka-d seg wamyag &quot;selkem&quot;, acku d tamacint yettselkamen tiludna. Maca, uqbel ad naweḍ ɣer yiselkimen imeqqranen n ass-a, yella wahil ɣezzifen n umhaz.

=== 1. Tallit Tamezwarut: Ifecka n Usiḍen (Tallit taqburt armi d Tisut 17) ===
Zik, uqbel trisiti d tmacinin, imdanen llan xeddmen '''asiḍen''' s ifassen-nsen.

'''Tafelwit n usiḍen''' (Abaque): D afecku amezwaru i sxedmen icinwaten, iṛumaniyen d waṭas n yiɣerfan akken ad xedmen leḥsab s urured.

Deg tallit-nni, awal &quot;Aselkim&quot; yella yettunefk i yemdanen ixeddmen asiḍen s ifassen-nsen

=== 2. Tallit n Tmacinin Timekkanikiyin (Tisut 17 - 19) ===
Tikti n usnulfu n tmacint ara ixedmen asiḍen s wudem awurman tebda-d s yimusnawen am:

[[Blaise Pascal]] (1642): Isnulfa-d Tamacint n Paskal (Pascaline), d tamacint tamekkanikt tamezwarut i yessawḍen ad teg timernit.

Charles Babbage (1837): Yessumer-d tikti n Tamacint n Tusleṭ. Tamacint-a ur tettwaxdem ara s lekmal-is deg tallit-nni, maca d nettat i d lsas n yiselkimen n ass-a.

Ada Lovelace: D tameṭṭut tamezwarut i yuran ahil i tmacint n Babbage. Ass-a, tettwasemma d tameshilt tamezwarut deg umezruy.

=== 3. Lsas n Tiẓriyin d Tusnakt (Tazwara n Tisut 20) ===
Uqbel ad ilin yiselkimen ilikṛununen, ilaq ad ttwasersen lsasen n tusnakt d tmeẓla:

'''Aljibṛ n Bul (Algèbre de Boole)''': George Boole isnulfa-d anagraw n tusnakt yebnan ɣef sin wazalen kan: Ih (1) d Ala (0). D wa i d lsas n tangalt timisint i yesseqdac uselkim ass-a.

'''Tamacint n Turing (1936'''): Alan Turing, amusnaw amuqqran, yessumer-d tiẓri n &quot;Tmacint n Turing&quot;. D tamudemt tasnaktant i yesskanen d akken tamacint tezmer ad teg yal alguritm (algorithme / axwerzim) ma yella tesɛa takatut d yisefka.

'''Tasegda n Von Neumann (1945)''': John von Neumann yessumer-d tasegda anda ahil d yisefka ttwakelsen deg yiwen wamkan: Takatut. D tasegda-a i mazal nesseqdac deg yiselkimen-nneɣ armi d ass-a.

=== 4. Tallit n Tmacinin Tilikṛunanin Timezwura (1940 - 1950) ===
Deg tallit n umḍiq wis sin, anagraw n tmacinin tilikṛunanin yebda-d s useqdec n tubabin n trisiti (tubes à vide).

'''ENIAC (1945)''': D aselkim ameqqran, yewzen aṭas deg taẓayt, yessutur aṭas n trisiti. Maca yella d aselkim amezwaru i yessawḍen ad yexdem asiḍen s urured ameqqran.

Deg tallit-a, anagraw imisin (0 d 1) yuɣal d lsas n yal tamhelt tasenselkamt.

== Iḥricen d iferdisen igejdanen n uselkim ==

== Arrum ==
Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:

'''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.

'''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:

'''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.

'''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.

'''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:

* Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
* Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
* Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
* Aḍebsi  / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.

== Aseɣẓan ==
Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem.

'''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen.

'''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli.

'''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim.

== Izeḍwa d Internet ==
Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel  isefka.

'''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa.

'''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web.

'''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel &quot;Asigna&quot;.

== Taɣellist Tasenselkamt ==
Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin.

'''Awgelhen''': D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref.

'''Anfafad / Avirus''' (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war tafrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw.

'''Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan''' (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]]

== iɣbula ==

[[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]]
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="9051" sha1="4aarr3s58uneql49bsyrlzq0mqk176c" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden.
ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}}

'''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

== Aẓar n Yisem ==
[[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]]
Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n &quot;exucute,  نفذ&quot;.

== Amezruy d Umhaz n Uselkim: Seg Tfelwit n Usiḍen armi d Tigzi Taragmawant ==
Aselkim (s teglizit: Computer, s tefransist: Ordinateur), mačči d tamacint i d-ilulen deg yiwen wass. D agmuḍ n wazal n tisutwin n uxemmem, n tusnakt, d tussna. Awal-a &quot;Aselkim&quot; yekka-d seg wamyag &quot;selkem&quot;, acku d tamacint yettselkamen tiludna. Maca, uqbel ad naweḍ ɣer yiselkimen imeqqranen n ass-a, yella wahil ɣezzifen n umhaz.

=== 1. Tallit Tamezwarut: Ifecka n Usiḍen (Tallit taqburt armi d Tisut 17) ===
Zik, uqbel trisiti d tmacinin, imdanen llan xeddmen '''asiḍen''' s ifassen-nsen.

'''Tafelwit n usiḍen''' (Abaque): D afecku amezwaru i sxedmen icinwaten, iṛumaniyen d waṭas n yiɣerfan akken ad xedmen leḥsab s urured.

Deg tallit-nni, awal &quot;Aselkim&quot; yella yettunefk i yemdanen ixeddmen asiḍen s ifassen-nsen

=== 2. Tallit n Tmacinin Timekkanikiyin (Tisut 17 - 19) ===
Tikti n usnulfu n tmacint ara ixedmen asiḍen s wudem awurman tebda-d s yimusnawen am:

[[Blaise Pascal]] (1642): Isnulfa-d Tamacint n Paskal (Pascaline), d tamacint tamekkanikt tamezwarut i yessawḍen ad teg timernit.

Charles Babbage (1837): Yessumer-d tikti n Tamacint n Tusleṭ. Tamacint-a ur tettwaxdem ara s lekmal-is deg tallit-nni, maca d nettat i d lsas n yiselkimen n ass-a.

Ada Lovelace: D tameṭṭut tamezwarut i yuran ahil i tmacint n Babbage. Ass-a, tettwasemma d tameshilt tamezwarut deg umezruy.

=== 3. Lsas n Tiẓriyin d Tusnakt (Tazwara n Tisut 20) ===
Uqbel ad ilin yiselkimen ilikṛununen, ilaq ad ttwasersen lsasen n tusnakt d tmeẓla:

'''Aljibṛ n Bul (Algèbre de Boole)''': George Boole isnulfa-d anagraw n tusnakt yebnan ɣef sin wazalen kan: Ih (1) d Ala (0). D wa i d lsas n tangalt timisint i yesseqdac uselkim ass-a.

'''Tamacint n Turing (1936'''): Alan Turing, amusnaw amuqqran, yessumer-d tiẓri n &quot;Tmacint n Turing&quot;. D tamudemt tasnaktant i yesskanen d akken tamacint tezmer ad teg yal alguritm (algorithme / axwerzim) ma yella tesɛa takatut d yisefka.

'''Tasegda n Von Neumann (1945)''': John von Neumann yessumer-d tasegda anda ahil d yisefka ttwakelsen deg yiwen wamkan: Takatut. D tasegda-a i mazal nesseqdac deg yiselkimen-nneɣ armi d ass-a.

=== 4. Tallit n Tmacinin Tilikṛunanin Timezwura (1940 - 1950) ===
Deg tallit n umḍiq wis sin, anagraw n tmacinin tilikṛunanin yebda-d s useqdec n tubabin n trisiti (tubes à vide).

'''ENIAC (1945)''': D aselkim ameqqran, yewzen aṭas deg taẓayt, yessutur aṭas n trisiti. Maca yella d aselkim amezwaru i yessawḍen ad yexdem asiḍen s urured ameqqran.

Deg tallit-a, anagraw imisin (0 d 1) yuɣal d lsas n yal tamhelt tasenselkamt.

=== 5. Tallit n Imnenniḍen Yettwaselɣen d Imikṛusekkaren (1960 - 1980) ===
Asnulfu n uzenbu (aṭṛunzisṭur) deg 1947, d imnenniḍen yettwaselɣen (circuits intégrés) yefkan abrid i tmacinin akken ad uɣalent meẓẓiyit, ad rxisent, yerna ad ilint ɣer yal yiwen.

'''Amikṛusekkar''': Deg 1971, Intel tefka-d amikṛusekkar amezwaru. D allaɣ (CPU) i yezdin akk igmanen n usiḍen deg yiwen n uceṛṛun (puce) ameẓyan.

'''Aselkim udmawan''' (PC): Deg 1980, llalen am Apple d IBM fkan i yemdanen iselkimen s wudem amadwan.

'''Anagraw n Wammud''' : Lulen-d yinagrawen am MS-DOS, Windows, d [[Linux]], i yessawḍen ad yili Agrudem Amdan-Tamacint fessusen i useqdac.

'''Arrum d Aseɣẓan''': Tasenselkimt tebḍu ɣer sin n yiḥricen: Arrum (igmanen iɣaranen am ugdil, unasiw, asekkar) d Aseɣẓan (ihilen d yinagrawen).

=== 6. Tallit n Internet d Yizeḍwa (1990 - 2010) ===
Aselkim ur yeqqim ara weḥd-s. S usnulfu n Internet (Azeṭṭa agraɣlan), iselkimen myuqqnen gar-asen.

'''Iqeddacen d Imsaɣen''': Lulen-d yiqeddacen imeqqranen i yettmuddun isefka i yiselkimen n umaḍal.

'''Azeṭṭa n Tissist''' (World Wide Web / Web): Tim Berners-Lee isnulfa-d Web, i yerran talɣut tezmer ad ttwakcent s wudem fessusen s yiminigen.

'''Aselkim n Ufus''' '''d Tilifunat:''' Aselkim yuɣal am uceṛṛun, yezmer ad yili deg ljib n useqdac.

== Iḥricen d iferdisen igejdanen n uselkim ==

== Arrum ==
Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:

'''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.

'''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:

'''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.

'''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.

'''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:

* Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
* Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
* Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
* Aḍebsi  / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.

== Aseɣẓan ==
Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem.

'''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen.

'''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli.

'''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim.

== Izeḍwa d Internet ==
Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel  isefka.

'''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa.

'''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web.

'''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel &quot;Asigna&quot;.

== Taɣellist Tasenselkamt ==
Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin.

'''Awgelhen''': D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref.

'''Anfafad / Avirus''' (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war tafrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw.

'''Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan''' (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]]

== iɣbula ==

[[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]]
[[Taggayt:Aselkim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vladimir Lenin</title>
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      <text bytes="11908" sha1="cefnbxzpqogzdc97qcbgh3429f7qvc3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.

== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.

Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.

== Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit ==
Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla.

'''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''.

Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar.

Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk.

Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun.

Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik.

'''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »).

Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus.

Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n '''ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren''', i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d '''tlemmast tamagdayt''' (tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin.

Deg unebdu n useggas n 1903, '''Akabar''' '''Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus''' ('''POSDR''') yesselḥa agraw-is amatu wis sin deg Bruxelles sakin yunfa ɣer London. Deg ugraw-agi, tekker-d yiwet n tenmegla taqesḥant gar Lenin d umeddakkel-is Yuly Martov ɣef usaḍuf amezwaru n ukabar (ilugan n ukabar): Lenin yebɣa ad yerr tiwuriwin s wudem awizi neɣ amirew i yiɛeggalen (yal aɛeggal ilaq ad yettekki srid yerna s wudem amsadur deg yiwet n tsaddast tuffirt), ma d Martov yebɣa akabar ad yili s wudem ameccaq neɣ yerna ad yeqbel yal yiwen i d-yettaken tallalt ɣas ur yelli ara d agrawliw uffir.

Mi d-yewweḍ lweqt n tefrant ɣef tseqqamut talemmast d teẓrigt n uɣmis Iskra, tagrawt i yeḍfren Lenin tewwi tuget n tefranin, dɣa seg yimir-nni semman-asen Ibulčiviken (seg wawal arusi bol'chinstvo i d-yemmalen wid n tuget). Ma d tagrawt n Martov i yellan deg tdersi, semman-asen Imenčiviken (seg wawal arusi men'chinstvo). Bṭu-agi ur yeqqim ara kan d amgired n tmuɣli ɣef yilugan, maca yuɣal d taẓuni tasnaktayt talqayant: Ibulčiviken kran srid ɣer usedmer d tegrawla tamsekrit iwakken ad ṭṭfen adabu, ma d Imenčiviken tmuɣli-nsen tella tettheyyi abrid ameẓẓayan i tdiganin ''tidimuqṛatiyin'' tiburjwiyin uqbel tanemla.

Ihi deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n U'''kabar Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin:

* ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu.
* ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan.
Ɣas akken llant kra n tegnatin n usemlili deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, Lenin ikemmel lebni n tsuddest-is war aḥbas. Deg temlilit n Prague deg useggas n 1912, Ibulčiviken bḍan s wudem unṣib d Imenčiviken, dɣa sbedden akabar-nsen d aḥrur yerna iteddu deg unegmu deg tallit-nni akked iseggasen i d-ḍfren, d netta i yuɣalen d lsas igejdanen i Tegrawla n Tuber deg useggas n 1917.

== Tagrawla n 1917 ==
Deg useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella tettwaɣ mliḥ s sebba n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ, d wuguren n tdamsa:

'''Tagrawla n Fuṛaṛ 1917''': Agdud d yiserdasen kran mgal Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin, dɣa yeɣli udabu n utsar, tbedd yiwen n unabaḍ uɛḍil.

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella deg yal addad(liḥala), rnu-as-d aɣelluy n tdamsa i d-yeglan s lexṣas ameqqran n weɣrum, laẓ d tneqqlebt gar yimezdaɣen n tmaneɣt Petrograd (Saint-Petersburg). Ass n 23 fuṛaṛ (8 meɣres deg teswast tatrart), deg Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut, tullas tixeddamin fɣent-d srid ɣer yizenqan s yisuɣan n « Aɣrum d Talwit! ». Amussu-a yemɣer s lemɣawla mi d-rrnan fell-asen yixeddamen n luzinat, dɣa yeḍra-d usunded amatu (grève générale) i yerran tamdint akk amzun texla war irmuden.

Mi d-yefka Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin lameṛ i yiserdasen iwakken ad wten agdud s rṣas, teḍra-d yiwet n tkerwa tameqqrant: iserdasen ugin ad wten ɣef &quot;igrawliwen&quot;, dɣa gullen ɣer yidis n yixeddamen yerna fkan-asen leslaḥ. Imi i iwala akk iɛessasen-is ǧǧan-t, Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin yettwaḥṛes armi i yexdem  i yiman-isasegdel n udabu (yuǧǧa adabu) ass n 2 meɣres 1917, dɣa d taggara i d-yewwḍen i tenbaḍt n twacult n Romanov i yeṭṭfen tamurt ugar n kraḍ n leqrun.

Tagrawla-a n Fuṛaṛ tessebded yiwet n tegnit tasertant tameynut umi semman adabu aslig, anda i d-nnulfan sin n yiduba mgaraden:

'''Anabaḍ uɛḍil''', i sbedden yiburjwiyen d wid n tmuɣli talibiralit deg useqqamu n Duma, yebɣan ad ikemmel ṭṭraḍ d wumuɣ adimuqṛati aburjwa.

'''Aseqqamu n Yisuvyaten n Petrograd''' (Soviet), i d-yemmalen srid taɣect d yiswiyen n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

Ɣas akken Vladimir Lenin yella mazal-it deg unfa deg ''[[Taswist|Tswisrit]]'' deg tallit-nni, ifhem s lemɣawla d akken anabaḍ uɛḍil ur yezmir ara ad yefk talwit neɣ ad yebḍu akal i yifellaḥen. Seg yimir-nni, yebda aheyyi n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt iwakken ad yesseqdec tagnit-a n udabu aslig i usedmer n usmil ameskari d useɣli n yiburjwiyen deg wayen ara yuɣalen d Tagrawla n Tuber.

'''Tuɣalin n Lenin''': Deg yebrir 1917, Lenin yuɣal-d seg ''Taswisrit'' ɣer Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) s tmacint i d-thegga Lalman. Yenna-d deg tefyirt-is tameqqrant (Tisumar n Yebrir): « Akk adabu ilaq ad yuɣal i yisuvyaten (iseqquma n yixeddamen d yiserdasen)! ».

Mi d-tewweḍ lexbaṛ n usedmer n udabu n utsar deg Tegrawla n Fuṛaṛ ɣer temdint n Zurich deg Taswisrit anda yella Lenin deg unfa, yeqsed ad yuɣal s lemɣawla ɣer tmurt-is iwakken ad yesselḥu amussu agrawlaw. Imi i yella [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]] gar Rrus d Lalman, abrid yella yeqfel s yimenɣiyen; maca anabaḍ almani yeqbel ad yeǧǧ Lenin d yimeddukkal-is ad zegren tamurt n Lalman deg yiwen n '''unazaɣ''' n tmacint s wuldun (wagon plombé), acku imḍebbren ilmaniyen nwan d akken tuɣalin n Lenin ad texleq urway d war arkad deg Rrus, dɣa ad t-tessuffeɣ seg umgaru.

Ass n 16 yebrir 1917 (3 yebrir s teswast taqburt), Lenin yewweḍ-d s tmacint ɣer tɣsertt n Finland deg Petrograd. Dinna, mmugren-t-id luluf n yixeddamen, n yiselwayen n yisuvyaten d yiserdasen yerran yis-s tameɣra tagrawlawt. Deg wakud-nni kan, Lenin yuli ɣef yiwet n tkeṛṛust taserdasant yerna yefka yiwen n yinan iqesḥen, anda i d-yessawel srid ɣer ukemmel n tegrawla d uqbaḍ n udabu war ma steɛṛfen s Unabaḍ Uɛḍil.

'''Tagrawla n Tuber 1917''': Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (s wazemz ajulyan), Ibulčiviken seddaw n tmehla n Lenin d Leon Trotsky ṭṭfen Tiɣremt n Tsegrest (Palais d'Hiver), dɣa sseɣlin anabaḍ amiran, sbedden anabaḍ asuvyati azduklan.</text>
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[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.

== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.

Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.

== Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit ==
Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla.

'''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''.

Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar.

Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk.

Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun.

Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik.

'''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »).

Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus.

Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n '''ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren''', i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d '''tlemmast tamagdayt''' (tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin.

Deg unebdu n useggas n 1903, '''Akabar''' '''Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus''' ('''POSDR''') yesselḥa agraw-is amatu wis sin deg Bruxelles sakin yunfa ɣer London. Deg ugraw-agi, tekker-d yiwet n tenmegla taqesḥant gar Lenin d umeddakkel-is Yuly Martov ɣef usaḍuf amezwaru n ukabar (ilugan n ukabar): Lenin yebɣa ad yerr tiwuriwin s wudem awizi neɣ amirew i yiɛeggalen (yal aɛeggal ilaq ad yettekki srid yerna s wudem amsadur deg yiwet n tsaddast tuffirt), ma d Martov yebɣa akabar ad yili s wudem ameccaq neɣ yerna ad yeqbel yal yiwen i d-yettaken tallalt ɣas ur yelli ara d agrawliw uffir.

Mi d-yewweḍ lweqt n tefrant ɣef tseqqamut talemmast d teẓrigt n uɣmis Iskra, tagrawt i yeḍfren Lenin tewwi tuget n tefranin, dɣa seg yimir-nni semman-asen Ibulčiviken (seg wawal arusi bol'chinstvo i d-yemmalen wid n tuget). Ma d tagrawt n Martov i yellan deg tdersi, semman-asen Imenčiviken (seg wawal arusi men'chinstvo). Bṭu-agi ur yeqqim ara kan d amgired n tmuɣli ɣef yilugan, maca yuɣal d taẓuni tasnaktayt talqayant: Ibulčiviken kran srid ɣer usedmer d tegrawla tamsekrit iwakken ad ṭṭfen adabu, ma d Imenčiviken tmuɣli-nsen tella tettheyyi abrid ameẓẓayan i tdiganin ''tidimuqṛatiyin'' tiburjwiyin uqbel tanemla.

Ihi deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n U'''kabar Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin:

* ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu.
* ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan.
Ɣas akken llant kra n tegnatin n usemlili deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, Lenin ikemmel lebni n tsuddest-is war aḥbas. Deg temlilit n Prague deg useggas n 1912, Ibulčiviken bḍan s wudem unṣib d Imenčiviken, dɣa sbedden akabar-nsen d aḥrur yerna iteddu deg unegmu deg tallit-nni akked iseggasen i d-ḍfren, d netta i yuɣalen d lsas igejdanen i Tegrawla n Tuber deg useggas n 1917.

== Tagrawla n 1917 ==
Deg useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella tettwaɣ mliḥ s sebba n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ, d wuguren n tdamsa:

'''Tagrawla n Fuṛaṛ 1917''': Agdud d yiserdasen kran mgal Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin, dɣa yeɣli udabu n utsar, tbedd yiwen n unabaḍ uɛḍil.

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella deg yal addad(liḥala), rnu-as-d aɣelluy n tdamsa i d-yeglan s lexṣas ameqqran n weɣrum, laẓ d tneqqlebt gar yimezdaɣen n tmaneɣt Petrograd (Saint-Petersburg). Ass n 23 fuṛaṛ (8 meɣres deg teswast tatrart), deg Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut, tullas tixeddamin fɣent-d srid ɣer yizenqan s yisuɣan n « Aɣrum d Talwit! ». Amussu-a yemɣer s lemɣawla mi d-rrnan fell-asen yixeddamen n luzinat, dɣa yeḍra-d usunded amatu (grève générale) i yerran tamdint akk amzun texla war irmuden.

Mi d-yefka Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin lameṛ i yiserdasen iwakken ad wten agdud s rṣas, teḍra-d yiwet n tkerwa tameqqrant: iserdasen ugin ad wten ɣef &quot;igrawliwen&quot;, dɣa gullen ɣer yidis n yixeddamen yerna fkan-asen leslaḥ. Imi i iwala akk iɛessasen-is ǧǧan-t, Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin yettwaḥṛes armi i yexdem  i yiman-isasegdel n udabu (yuǧǧa adabu) ass n 2 meɣres 1917, dɣa d taggara i d-yewwḍen i tenbaḍt n twacult n Romanov i yeṭṭfen tamurt ugar n kraḍ n leqrun.

Tagrawla-a n Fuṛaṛ tessebded yiwet n tegnit tasertant tameynut umi semman adabu aslig, anda i d-nnulfan sin n yiduba mgaraden:

'''Anabaḍ uɛḍil''', i sbedden yiburjwiyen d wid n tmuɣli talibiralit deg useqqamu n Duma, yebɣan ad ikemmel ṭṭraḍ d wumuɣ adimuqṛati aburjwa.

'''Aseqqamu n Yisuvyaten n Petrograd''' (Soviet), i d-yemmalen srid taɣect d yiswiyen n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

Ɣas akken Vladimir Lenin yella mazal-it deg unfa deg ''[[Taswist|Tswisrit]]'' deg tallit-nni, ifhem s lemɣawla d akken anabaḍ uɛḍil ur yezmir ara ad yefk talwit neɣ ad yebḍu akal i yifellaḥen. Seg yimir-nni, yebda aheyyi n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt iwakken ad yesseqdec tagnit-a n udabu aslig i usedmer n usmil ameskari d useɣli n yiburjwiyen deg wayen ara yuɣalen d Tagrawla n Tuber.

'''Tuɣalin n Lenin''': Deg yebrir 1917, Lenin yuɣal-d seg ''Taswisrit'' ɣer Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) s tmacint i d-thegga Lalman. Yenna-d deg tefyirt-is tameqqrant (Tisumar n Yebrir): « Akk adabu ilaq ad yuɣal i yisuvyaten (iseqquma n yixeddamen d yiserdasen)! ».

Mi d-tewweḍ lexbaṛ n usedmer n udabu n utsar deg Tegrawla n Fuṛaṛ ɣer temdint n Zurich deg Taswisrit anda yella Lenin deg unfa, yeqsed ad yuɣal s lemɣawla ɣer tmurt-is iwakken ad yesselḥu amussu agrawlaw. Imi i yella [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]] gar Rrus d Lalman, abrid yella yeqfel s yimenɣiyen; maca anabaḍ almani yeqbel ad yeǧǧ Lenin d yimeddukkal-is ad zegren tamurt n Lalman deg yiwen n '''unazaɣ''' n tmacint s wuldun (wagon plombé), acku imḍebbren ilmaniyen nwan d akken tuɣalin n Lenin ad texleq urway d war arkad deg Rrus, dɣa ad t-tessuffeɣ seg umgaru.

Ass n 16 yebrir 1917 (3 yebrir s teswast taqburt), Lenin yewweḍ-d s tmacint ɣer tɣsertt n Finland deg Petrograd. Dinna, mmugren-t-id luluf n yixeddamen, n yiselwayen n yisuvyaten d yiserdasen yerran yis-s tameɣra tagrawlawt. Deg wakud-nni kan, Lenin yuli ɣef yiwet n tkeṛṛust taserdasant yerna yefka yiwen n yinan iqesḥen, anda i d-yessawel srid ɣer ukemmel n tegrawla d uqbaḍ n udabu war ma steɛṛfen s Unabaḍ Uɛḍil.

Azekka-nni, Lenin yessegza-d tamuɣli-s tasnaktayt deg wayen umi semman « Tisumar n Yebrir » (Апрельские тезисы). Deg tsumar-a, Lenin yugi akk tallalt neɣ amtawa d Unabaḍ Amiran aburjwa, yesker-d snat n tenzayin tigejdanin i yuɣalen d alsas n umennuɣ: « Akken ma yella udabu i Yisuvyaten! » d « Talwit, Akal d Weɣrum! ». Yettwali d akken tagrawla ur ilaq ara ad tebded deg uswir aburjwa, maca ilaq ad tekcem srid deg tallit-is tanemlayt iwakken ad yili udabu seddaw tecḍat n usmil ameskari d yifellaḥen igellilen. Tuɣalin-agi d tisumar-a d nutenti i d-yefkan tikli tamaynut i Yibulčiviken, ẓẓant lsas i usedmer mgal anabaḍ uɛḍil d usewjed n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917.

'''Tagrawla n Tuber 1917''': Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (s wazemz ajulyan), Ibulčiviken seddaw n tmehla n Lenin d Leon Trotsky ṭṭfen Tiɣremt n Tsegrest (Palais d'Hiver), dɣa sseɣlin anabaḍ amiran, sbedden anabaḍ asuvyati azduklan.</text>
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