Aselkim

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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="9899" sha1="3ja4cnz8oytved6i13uudol9gwei657" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|image1=ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|alt1=Man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer|image2=IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg|alt2=Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel|image3=LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|alt3=Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand|image4=ThinkCentre S50.jpg|alt4=Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front|image5=Gamecube-console.jpg|alt5=Purple video game console with attached controller|image6=Summit (supercomputer).jpg|alt6=Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room|footer=iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden.
ordinateurs dans différentes positions.}}

'''Aselkim''' d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

== Aẓar n Yisem ==
[[Tugna:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|vignette|aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.]]
Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n &quot;exucute,  نفذ&quot;.

== Amezruy d Umhaz n Uselkim: Seg Tfelwit n Usiḍen armi d Tigzi Taragmawant ==
Aselkim (s teglizit: Computer, s tefransist: Ordinateur), mačči d tamacint i d-ilulen deg yiwen wass. D agmuḍ n wazal n tisutwin n uxemmem, n tusnakt, d tussna. Awal-a &quot;Aselkim&quot; yekka-d seg wamyag &quot;selkem&quot;, acku d tamacint yettselkamen tiludna. Maca, uqbel ad naweḍ ɣer yiselkimen imeqqranen n ass-a, yella wahil ɣezzifen n umhaz.

=== 1. Tallit Tamezwarut: Ifecka n Usiḍen (Tallit taqburt armi d Tisut 17) ===
Zik, uqbel trisiti d tmacinin, imdanen llan xeddmen '''asiḍen''' s ifassen-nsen.

'''Tafelwit n usiḍen''' (Abaque): D afecku amezwaru i sxedmen icinwaten, iṛumaniyen d waṭas n yiɣerfan akken ad xedmen leḥsab s urured.

Deg tallit-nni, awal &quot;Aselkim&quot; yella yettunefk i yemdanen ixeddmen asiḍen s ifassen-nsen

=== 2. Tallit n Tmacinin Timekkanikiyin (Tisut 17 - 19) ===
Tikti n usnulfu n tmacint ara ixedmen asiḍen s wudem awurman tebda-d s yimusnawen am:

[[Blaise Pascal]] (1642): Isnulfa-d Tamacint n Paskal (Pascaline), d tamacint tamekkanikt tamezwarut i yessawḍen ad teg timernit.

Charles Babbage (1837): Yessumer-d tikti n Tamacint n Tusleṭ. Tamacint-a ur tettwaxdem ara s lekmal-is deg tallit-nni, maca d nettat i d lsas n yiselkimen n ass-a.

Ada Lovelace: D tameṭṭut tamezwarut i yuran ahil i tmacint n Babbage. Ass-a, tettwasemma d tameshilt tamezwarut deg umezruy.

=== 3. Lsas n Tiẓriyin d Tusnakt (Tazwara n Tisut 20) ===
Uqbel ad ilin yiselkimen ilikṛununen, ilaq ad ttwasersen lsasen n tusnakt d tmeẓla:

'''Aljibṛ n Bul (Algèbre de Boole)''': George Boole isnulfa-d anagraw n tusnakt yebnan ɣef sin wazalen kan: Ih (1) d Ala (0). D wa i d lsas n tangalt timisint i yesseqdac uselkim ass-a.

'''Tamacint n Turing (1936'''): Alan Turing, amusnaw amuqqran, yessumer-d tiẓri n &quot;Tmacint n Turing&quot;. D tamudemt tasnaktant i yesskanen d akken tamacint tezmer ad teg yal alguritm (algorithme / axwerzim) ma yella tesɛa takatut d yisefka.

'''Tasegda n Von Neumann (1945)''': John von Neumann yessumer-d tasegda anda ahil d yisefka ttwakelsen deg yiwen wamkan: Takatut. D tasegda-a i mazal nesseqdac deg yiselkimen-nneɣ armi d ass-a.

=== 4. Tallit n Tmacinin Tilikṛunanin Timezwura (1940 - 1950) ===
Deg tallit n umḍiq wis sin, anagraw n tmacinin tilikṛunanin yebda-d s useqdec n tubabin n trisiti (tubes à vide).

'''ENIAC (1945)''': D aselkim ameqqran, yewzen aṭas deg taẓayt, yessutur aṭas n trisiti. Maca yella d aselkim amezwaru i yessawḍen ad yexdem asiḍen s urured ameqqran.

Deg tallit-a, anagraw imisin (0 d 1) yuɣal d lsas n yal tamhelt tasenselkamt.

=== 5. Tallit n Imnenniḍen Yettwaselɣen d Imikṛusekkaren (1960 - 1980) ===
Asnulfu n uzenbu (aṭṛunzisṭur) deg 1947, d imnenniḍen yettwaselɣen (circuits intégrés) yefkan abrid i tmacinin akken ad uɣalent meẓẓiyit, ad rxisent, yerna ad ilint ɣer yal yiwen.

'''Amikṛusekkar''': Deg 1971, Intel tefka-d amikṛusekkar amezwaru. D allaɣ (CPU) i yezdin akk igmanen n usiḍen deg yiwen n uceṛṛun (puce) ameẓyan.

'''Aselkim udmawan''' (PC): Deg 1980, llalen am Apple d IBM fkan i yemdanen iselkimen s wudem amadwan.

'''Anagraw n Wammud''' : Lulen-d yinagrawen am MS-DOS, Windows, d [[Linux]], i yessawḍen ad yili Agrudem Amdan-Tamacint fessusen i useqdac.

'''Arrum d Aseɣẓan''': Tasenselkimt tebḍu ɣer sin n yiḥricen: Arrum (igmanen iɣaranen am ugdil, unasiw, asekkar) d Aseɣẓan (ihilen d yinagrawen).

=== 6. Tallit n Internet d Yizeḍwa (1990 - 2010) ===
Aselkim ur yeqqim ara weḥd-s. S usnulfu n Internet (Azeṭṭa agraɣlan), iselkimen myuqqnen gar-asen.

'''Iqeddacen d Imsaɣen''': Lulen-d yiqeddacen imeqqranen i yettmuddun isefka i yiselkimen n umaḍal.

'''Azeṭṭa n Tissist''' (World Wide Web / Web): Tim Berners-Lee isnulfa-d Web, i yerran talɣut tezmer ad ttwakcent s wudem fessusen s yiminigen.

'''Aselkim n Ufus''' '''d Tilifunat:''' Aselkim yuɣal am uceṛṛun, yezmer ad yili deg ljib n useqdac.

=== 7. Tallit Tatrart: Asigna, Isefka Imeqqranen d Tigzi Taragmawant (2010 - Ass-a) ===
Ass-a, tasenselkimt tuɣal d tussna i ibeddlen amaḍal s wudem ur nettwaḥsab ara:

'''Tasenselkimt n Usigna''': Isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi adigan, maca deg yiqeddacen inmeqqranen (Asigna / Cloud).

'''Isefka Iṭṭuqqten''' (Big Data): Iselkimen imeqqranen zemren ad sferken tasmekta(tanecta) tameqqrant n yisefka am wid ur nettwasemḍen ara.

'''Tigzi Taragmawant''': Tamacint mačči kan tettaselkam tiludna, maca tlemmed seg yisefka. S useqdec n Izeḍwa n Iṛununen d Ulmad Awurman, iselkimen zemren ad arun, ad mmeslayen, yerna ad frun uguren isemlalen. Timudmiwin n Tmeslayt (LLMs ) Am ChatGPT neɣ Claude, i yessawḍen ad mmeslayen tutlayin n yemdanen, am Teqbaylit (s umhaz i la yettilin s yikuṛpisen n tutlayin timecṭaḥ).

== Iḥricen d iferdisen igejdanen n uselkim ==

== Arrum ==
Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:

'''Asekkar''' (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.

'''Takatut''': D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:

'''Takatut tuddirt''' (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.

'''Takatut tugrist''' (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.

'''Ibenkan''': D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:

* Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
* Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
* Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
* Aḍebsi  / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.

== Aseɣẓan ==
Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem.

'''Anagraw n wammud''': D aseɣẓan agejday (am ''Windows, Linux, macOS'') i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen.

'''Isnasen''': D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli.

'''Ahil''': D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim.

== Izeḍwa d Internet ==
Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel  isefka.

'''Aqeddac''': D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa.

'''Iminig''': D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web.

'''Asigna''' (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel &quot;Asigna&quot;.

== Taɣellist Tasenselkamt ==
Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin.

'''Awgelhen''': D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref.

'''Anfafad / Avirus''' (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war tafrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw.

'''Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan''' (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.[[Tugna:Abacus_6.png|gauche|vignette|suanpan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan ({{Lang|zh|算盘}}) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.]]

== iɣbula ==

[[Taggayt:Tatiknulujit]]
[[Taggayt:Aselkim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vladimir Lenin</title>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="14621" sha1="tcbeb6up8b8r38scgktzk8n77f20ylf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.

== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.

Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.

== Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit ==
Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla.

'''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''.

Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar.

Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk.

Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun.

Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik.

'''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »).

Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus.

Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n '''ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren''', i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d '''tlemmast tamagdayt''' (tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin.

Deg unebdu n useggas n 1903, '''Akabar''' '''Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus''' ('''POSDR''') yesselḥa agraw-is amatu wis sin deg Bruxelles sakin yunfa ɣer London. Deg ugraw-agi, tekker-d yiwet n tenmegla taqesḥant gar Lenin d umeddakkel-is Yuly Martov ɣef usaḍuf amezwaru n ukabar (ilugan n ukabar): Lenin yebɣa ad yerr tiwuriwin s wudem awizi neɣ amirew i yiɛeggalen (yal aɛeggal ilaq ad yettekki srid yerna s wudem amsadur deg yiwet n tsaddast tuffirt), ma d Martov yebɣa akabar ad yili s wudem ameccaq neɣ yerna ad yeqbel yal yiwen i d-yettaken tallalt ɣas ur yelli ara d agrawliw uffir.

Mi d-yewweḍ lweqt n tefrant ɣef tseqqamut talemmast d teẓrigt n uɣmis Iskra, tagrawt i yeḍfren Lenin tewwi tuget n tefranin, dɣa seg yimir-nni semman-asen Ibulčiviken (seg wawal arusi bol'chinstvo i d-yemmalen wid n tuget). Ma d tagrawt n Martov i yellan deg tdersi, semman-asen Imenčiviken (seg wawal arusi men'chinstvo). Bṭu-agi ur yeqqim ara kan d amgired n tmuɣli ɣef yilugan, maca yuɣal d taẓuni tasnaktayt talqayant: Ibulčiviken kran srid ɣer usedmer d tegrawla tamsekrit iwakken ad ṭṭfen adabu, ma d Imenčiviken tmuɣli-nsen tella tettheyyi abrid ameẓẓayan i tdiganin ''tidimuqṛatiyin'' tiburjwiyin uqbel tanemla.

Ihi deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n U'''kabar Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin:

* ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu.
* ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan.
Ɣas akken llant kra n tegnatin n usemlili deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, Lenin ikemmel lebni n tsuddest-is war aḥbas. Deg temlilit n Prague deg useggas n 1912, Ibulčiviken bḍan s wudem unṣib d Imenčiviken, dɣa sbedden akabar-nsen d aḥrur yerna iteddu deg unegmu deg tallit-nni akked iseggasen i d-ḍfren, d netta i yuɣalen d lsas igejdanen i Tegrawla n Tuber deg useggas n 1917.

== Tagrawla n 1917 ==
Deg useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella tettwaɣ mliḥ s sebba n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ, d wuguren n tdamsa:

'''Tagrawla n Fuṛaṛ 1917''': Agdud d yiserdasen kran mgal Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin, dɣa yeɣli udabu n utsar, tbedd yiwen n unabaḍ uɛḍil.

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella deg yal addad(liḥala), rnu-as-d aɣelluy n tdamsa i d-yeglan s lexṣas ameqqran n weɣrum, laẓ d tneqqlebt gar yimezdaɣen n tmaneɣt Petrograd (Saint-Petersburg). Ass n 23 fuṛaṛ (8 meɣres deg teswast tatrart), deg Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut, tullas tixeddamin fɣent-d srid ɣer yizenqan s yisuɣan n « Aɣrum d Talwit! ». Amussu-a yemɣer s lemɣawla mi d-rrnan fell-asen yixeddamen n luzinat, dɣa yeḍra-d usunded amatu (grève générale) i yerran tamdint akk amzun texla war irmuden.

Mi d-yefka Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin lameṛ i yiserdasen iwakken ad wten agdud s rṣas, teḍra-d yiwet n tkerwa tameqqrant: iserdasen ugin ad wten ɣef &quot;igrawliwen&quot;, dɣa gullen ɣer yidis n yixeddamen yerna fkan-asen leslaḥ. Imi i iwala akk iɛessasen-is ǧǧan-t, Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin yettwaḥṛes armi i yexdem  i yiman-isasegdel n udabu (yuǧǧa adabu) ass n 2 meɣres 1917, dɣa d taggara i d-yewwḍen i tenbaḍt n twacult n Romanov i yeṭṭfen tamurt ugar n kraḍ n leqrun.

Tagrawla-a n Fuṛaṛ tessebded yiwet n tegnit tasertant tameynut umi semman adabu aslig, anda i d-nnulfan sin n yiduba mgaraden:

'''Anabaḍ uɛḍil''', i sbedden yiburjwiyen d wid n tmuɣli talibiralit deg useqqamu n Duma, yebɣan ad ikemmel ṭṭraḍ d wumuɣ adimuqṛati aburjwa.

'''Aseqqamu n Yisuvyaten n Petrograd''' (Soviet), i d-yemmalen srid taɣect d yiswiyen n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

Ɣas akken Vladimir Lenin yella mazal-it deg unfa deg ''[[Taswist|Tswisrit]]'' deg tallit-nni, ifhem s lemɣawla d akken anabaḍ uɛḍil ur yezmir ara ad yefk talwit neɣ ad yebḍu akal i yifellaḥen. Seg yimir-nni, yebda aheyyi n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt iwakken ad yesseqdec tagnit-a n udabu aslig i usedmer n usmil ameskari d useɣli n yiburjwiyen deg wayen ara yuɣalen d Tagrawla n Tuber.

'''Tuɣalin n Lenin''': Deg yebrir 1917, Lenin yuɣal-d seg ''Taswisrit'' ɣer Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) s tmacint i d-thegga Lalman. Yenna-d deg tefyirt-is tameqqrant (Tisumar n Yebrir): « Akk adabu ilaq ad yuɣal i yisuvyaten (iseqquma n yixeddamen d yiserdasen)! ».

Mi d-tewweḍ lexbaṛ n usedmer n udabu n utsar deg Tegrawla n Fuṛaṛ ɣer temdint n Zurich deg Taswisrit anda yella Lenin deg unfa, yeqsed ad yuɣal s lemɣawla ɣer tmurt-is iwakken ad yesselḥu amussu agrawlaw. Imi i yella [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]] gar Rrus d Lalman, abrid yella yeqfel s yimenɣiyen; maca anabaḍ almani yeqbel ad yeǧǧ Lenin d yimeddukkal-is ad zegren tamurt n Lalman deg yiwen n '''unazaɣ''' n tmacint s wuldun (wagon plombé), acku imḍebbren ilmaniyen nwan d akken tuɣalin n Lenin ad texleq urway d war arkad deg Rrus, dɣa ad t-tessuffeɣ seg umgaru.

Ass n 16 yebrir 1917 (3 yebrir s teswast taqburt), Lenin yewweḍ-d s tmacint ɣer tɣsertt n Finland deg Petrograd. Dinna, mmugren-t-id luluf n yixeddamen, n yiselwayen n yisuvyaten d yiserdasen yerran yis-s tameɣra tagrawlawt. Deg wakud-nni kan, Lenin yuli ɣef yiwet n tkeṛṛust taserdasant yerna yefka yiwen n yinan iqesḥen, anda i d-yessawel srid ɣer ukemmel n tegrawla d uqbaḍ n udabu war ma steɛṛfen s Unabaḍ Uɛḍil.

Azekka-nni, Lenin yessegza-d tamuɣli-s tasnaktayt deg wayen umi semman « Tisumar n Yebrir » (Апрельские тезисы). Deg tsumar-a, Lenin yugi akk tallalt neɣ amtawa d Unabaḍ Amiran aburjwa, yesker-d snat n tenzayin tigejdanin i yuɣalen d alsas n umennuɣ: « Akken ma yella udabu i Yisuvyaten! » d « Talwit, Akal d Weɣrum! ». Yettwali d akken tagrawla ur ilaq ara ad tebded deg uswir aburjwa, maca ilaq ad tekcem srid deg tallit-is tanemlayt iwakken ad yili udabu seddaw tecḍat n usmil ameskari d yifellaḥen igellilen. Tuɣalin-agi d tisumar-a d nutenti i d-yefkan tikli tamaynut i Yibulčiviken, ẓẓant lsas i usedmer mgal anabaḍ uɛḍil d usewjed n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917.

'''Tagrawla n Tuber 1917''': Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (s wazemz ajulyan), Ibulčiviken seddaw n tmehla n Lenin d Leon Trotsky ṭṭfen Tiɣremt n Tsegrest (Palais d'Hiver), dɣa sseɣlin anabaḍ amiran, sbedden anabaḍ asuvyati azduklan.

Deg taggara n unebdu d tazwara n wemwan n useggas n 1917, Anabaḍ Uɛḍil seddaw n Alexander Kerensky yufa-d iman-is seddaw n lḥers ameqqran s sebba n tririyin d lmutat deg Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ deg temdinin, d tnekra n yifellaḥen deg tuddar. Vladimir Lenin, i yellan deg tuffra deg Finland deffir n wayyuren n Yulyu, yeqbel d akken tagnit tewjed s tidet iwakken ad ttili tnekra n yimrigen (s lesslaḥ) i tuṭṭfa n udabu. Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (6 ɣer 7 wember s teswast tagrigurit), s tmehla n Tseqqamut Taserdasant Tagrawlawt n Petrograd i yesbedd Leon Trotsky, Iserdasen Izeggwaɣen d yixeddamen yettwasselḥen ṭṭfen akk imeḍqan igejdanen n tmaneɣt war amenɣi ameqqran: tiqenḍyar, tiɣsar n tmacinin, azadur n tiligṛaf d Lbanka n Uwanak.

Mi d-yeffeɣ yisali n tiyita n lmedfeɛ seg uɣerrabu aserdasan umi semman Avrora (Aurore) deg wasif n Neva, yebda unṭag agrawlaw ɣef '''''Tiɣremt n Tsegrest''''', adeg anda llan yimaslaḍen n Unabaḍ Uɛḍil. Deg yiḍ-nni kan, tiɣremt tettwaṭṭef, anabaḍ uɛḍil yeɣli s wudmawan, ma d Kerensky yerwel. Deg wakud-nni, Agraw Amatu wis Sin n Yisuvyaten n Rrus yesselḥa timlilit-is deg temdint, anda i d-yecrek Lenin s lferḥ ameqqran yerna yesseɣret d akken akk adabu yuɣal srid ɣer yifassen n yisuvyaten n yixeddamen, n yiserdasen d yifellaḥen.

Deg tegnit-nni tamezwarut n tenbaḍt, Lenin yesbedd sin n yinaḍen igejdanen: Anaḍ n Talwit, i d-yessawlen ɣer taggara n ṭṭraḍ d usebded n yimenɣiyen war assmaḥ neɣ asemmeskel n wakal, d Wanaḍ n Wakal, i yekksen akal seg yifassen n yimarkantiyen d tmezdayin iwakken ad tent-yebḍu ɣef yifellaḥen igellilen. Rnu ɣer waya, yettwasbedd Unabaḍ Asuvyati amezwaru umi semman Aseqqamu n Yineɣlafen n Ugdud (Sovnarkom) seddaw n tmehla n Vladimir Lenin. Tagrawla-a n Tuber tessebded awanak [[Tazdukla|azduklan]] amezwaru deg umezruy amaḍlan, dɣa teldi tawwurt i ubeddel asnaktay ameqqran d yimenɣi aɣarim i d-yeḍfren.</text>
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[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.

== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.

Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.

== Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit ==
Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla.

'''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''.

Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar.

Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk.

Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun.

Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik.

'''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »).

Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus.

Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n '''ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren''', i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d '''tlemmast tamagdayt''' (tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin.

Deg unebdu n useggas n 1903, '''Akabar''' '''Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus''' ('''POSDR''') yesselḥa agraw-is amatu wis sin deg Bruxelles sakin yunfa ɣer London. Deg ugraw-agi, tekker-d yiwet n tenmegla taqesḥant gar Lenin d umeddakkel-is Yuly Martov ɣef usaḍuf amezwaru n ukabar (ilugan n ukabar): Lenin yebɣa ad yerr tiwuriwin s wudem awizi neɣ amirew i yiɛeggalen (yal aɛeggal ilaq ad yettekki srid yerna s wudem amsadur deg yiwet n tsaddast tuffirt), ma d Martov yebɣa akabar ad yili s wudem ameccaq neɣ yerna ad yeqbel yal yiwen i d-yettaken tallalt ɣas ur yelli ara d agrawliw uffir.

Mi d-yewweḍ lweqt n tefrant ɣef tseqqamut talemmast d teẓrigt n uɣmis Iskra, tagrawt i yeḍfren Lenin tewwi tuget n tefranin, dɣa seg yimir-nni semman-asen Ibulčiviken (seg wawal arusi bol'chinstvo i d-yemmalen wid n tuget). Ma d tagrawt n Martov i yellan deg tdersi, semman-asen Imenčiviken (seg wawal arusi men'chinstvo). Bṭu-agi ur yeqqim ara kan d amgired n tmuɣli ɣef yilugan, maca yuɣal d taẓuni tasnaktayt talqayant: Ibulčiviken kran srid ɣer usedmer d tegrawla tamsekrit iwakken ad ṭṭfen adabu, ma d Imenčiviken tmuɣli-nsen tella tettheyyi abrid ameẓẓayan i tdiganin ''tidimuqṛatiyin'' tiburjwiyin uqbel tanemla.

Ihi deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n U'''kabar Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin:

* ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu.
* ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan.
Ɣas akken llant kra n tegnatin n usemlili deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, Lenin ikemmel lebni n tsuddest-is war aḥbas. Deg temlilit n Prague deg useggas n 1912, Ibulčiviken bḍan s wudem unṣib d Imenčiviken, dɣa sbedden akabar-nsen d aḥrur yerna iteddu deg unegmu deg tallit-nni akked iseggasen i d-ḍfren, d netta i yuɣalen d lsas igejdanen i Tegrawla n Tuber deg useggas n 1917.

== Tagrawla n 1917 ==
Deg useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella tettwaɣ mliḥ s sebba n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ, d wuguren n tdamsa:

'''Tagrawla n Fuṛaṛ 1917''': Agdud d yiserdasen kran mgal Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin, dɣa yeɣli udabu n utsar, tbedd yiwen n unabaḍ uɛḍil.

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella deg yal addad(liḥala), rnu-as-d aɣelluy n tdamsa i d-yeglan s lexṣas ameqqran n weɣrum, laẓ d tneqqlebt gar yimezdaɣen n tmaneɣt Petrograd (Saint-Petersburg). Ass n 23 fuṛaṛ (8 meɣres deg teswast tatrart), deg Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut, tullas tixeddamin fɣent-d srid ɣer yizenqan s yisuɣan n « Aɣrum d Talwit! ». Amussu-a yemɣer s lemɣawla mi d-rrnan fell-asen yixeddamen n luzinat, dɣa yeḍra-d usunded amatu (grève générale) i yerran tamdint akk amzun texla war irmuden.

Mi d-yefka Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin lameṛ i yiserdasen iwakken ad wten agdud s rṣas, teḍra-d yiwet n tkerwa tameqqrant: iserdasen ugin ad wten ɣef &quot;igrawliwen&quot;, dɣa gullen ɣer yidis n yixeddamen yerna fkan-asen leslaḥ. Imi i iwala akk iɛessasen-is ǧǧan-t, Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin yettwaḥṛes armi i yexdem  i yiman-isasegdel n udabu (yuǧǧa adabu) ass n 2 meɣres 1917, dɣa d taggara i d-yewwḍen i tenbaḍt n twacult n Romanov i yeṭṭfen tamurt ugar n kraḍ n leqrun.

Tagrawla-a n Fuṛaṛ tessebded yiwet n tegnit tasertant tameynut umi semman adabu aslig, anda i d-nnulfan sin n yiduba mgaraden:

'''Anabaḍ uɛḍil''', i sbedden yiburjwiyen d wid n tmuɣli talibiralit deg useqqamu n Duma, yebɣan ad ikemmel ṭṭraḍ d wumuɣ adimuqṛati aburjwa.

'''Aseqqamu n Yisuvyaten n Petrograd''' (Soviet), i d-yemmalen srid taɣect d yiswiyen n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

Ɣas akken Vladimir Lenin yella mazal-it deg unfa deg ''[[Taswist|Tswisrit]]'' deg tallit-nni, ifhem s lemɣawla d akken anabaḍ uɛḍil ur yezmir ara ad yefk talwit neɣ ad yebḍu akal i yifellaḥen. Seg yimir-nni, yebda aheyyi n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt iwakken ad yesseqdec tagnit-a n udabu aslig i usedmer n usmil ameskari d useɣli n yiburjwiyen deg wayen ara yuɣalen d Tagrawla n Tuber.

'''Tuɣalin n Lenin''': Deg yebrir 1917, Lenin yuɣal-d seg ''Taswisrit'' ɣer Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) s tmacint i d-thegga Lalman. Yenna-d deg tefyirt-is tameqqrant (Tisumar n Yebrir): « Akk adabu ilaq ad yuɣal i yisuvyaten (iseqquma n yixeddamen d yiserdasen)! ».
[[Tugna:Lenin Krupskaya and Ulyanova in car at Red Army parade full photo 19180501.jpg|vignette|Vladimir Lenin akked tmuṭṭut-is deg tkeṛṛust n tredsa tazeggwaɣt.]]
Mi d-tewweḍ lexbaṛ n usedmer n udabu n utsar deg Tegrawla n Fuṛaṛ ɣer temdint n Zurich deg Taswisrit anda yella Lenin deg unfa, yeqsed ad yuɣal s lemɣawla ɣer tmurt-is iwakken ad yesselḥu amussu agrawlaw. Imi i yella [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]] gar Rrus d Lalman, abrid yella yeqfel s yimenɣiyen; maca anabaḍ almani yeqbel ad yeǧǧ Lenin d yimeddukkal-is ad zegren tamurt n Lalman deg yiwen n '''unazaɣ''' n tmacint s wuldun (wagon plombé), acku imḍebbren ilmaniyen nwan d akken tuɣalin n Lenin ad texleq urway d war arkad deg Rrus, dɣa ad t-tessuffeɣ seg umgaru.

Ass n 16 yebrir 1917 (3 yebrir s teswast taqburt), Lenin yewweḍ-d s tmacint ɣer tɣsertt n Finland deg Petrograd. Dinna, mmugren-t-id luluf n yixeddamen, n yiselwayen n yisuvyaten d yiserdasen yerran yis-s tameɣra tagrawlawt. Deg wakud-nni kan, Lenin yuli ɣef yiwet n tkeṛṛust taserdasant yerna yefka yiwen n yinan iqesḥen, anda i d-yessawel srid ɣer ukemmel n tegrawla d uqbaḍ n udabu war ma steɛṛfen s Unabaḍ Uɛḍil.

Azekka-nni, Lenin yessegza-d tamuɣli-s tasnaktayt deg wayen umi semman « Tisumar n Yebrir » (Апрельские тезисы). Deg tsumar-a, Lenin yugi akk tallalt neɣ amtawa d Unabaḍ Amiran aburjwa, yesker-d snat n tenzayin tigejdanin i yuɣalen d alsas n umennuɣ: « Akken ma yella udabu i Yisuvyaten! » d « Talwit, Akal d Weɣrum! ». Yettwali d akken tagrawla ur ilaq ara ad tebded deg uswir aburjwa, maca ilaq ad tekcem srid deg tallit-is tanemlayt iwakken ad yili udabu seddaw tecḍat n usmil ameskari d yifellaḥen igellilen. Tuɣalin-agi d tisumar-a d nutenti i d-yefkan tikli tamaynut i Yibulčiviken, ẓẓant lsas i usedmer mgal anabaḍ uɛḍil d usewjed n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917.

'''Tagrawla n Tuber 1917''': Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (s wazemz ajulyan), Ibulčiviken seddaw n tmehla n Lenin d Leon Trotsky ṭṭfen Tiɣremt n Tsegrest (Palais d'Hiver), dɣa sseɣlin anabaḍ amiran, sbedden anabaḍ asuvyati azduklan.
[[Tugna:Lenin 1919-03-18.jpg|vignette|Lenin seg yiwen gar yinawen-is n 1919.]]
Deg taggara n unebdu d tazwara n wemwan n useggas n 1917, Anabaḍ Uɛḍil seddaw n Alexander Kerensky yufa-d iman-is seddaw n lḥers ameqqran s sebba n tririyin d lmutat deg Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ deg temdinin, d tnekra n yifellaḥen deg tuddar. Vladimir Lenin, i yellan deg tuffra deg Finland deffir n wayyuren n Yulyu, yeqbel d akken tagnit tewjed s tidet iwakken ad ttili tnekra n yimrigen (s lesslaḥ) i tuṭṭfa n udabu. Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (6 ɣer 7 wember s teswast tagrigurit), s tmehla n Tseqqamut Taserdasant Tagrawlawt n Petrograd i yesbedd Leon Trotsky, Iserdasen Izeggwaɣen d yixeddamen yettwasselḥen ṭṭfen akk imeḍqan igejdanen n tmaneɣt war amenɣi ameqqran: tiqenḍyar, tiɣsar n tmacinin, azadur n tiligṛaf d Lbanka n Uwanak.

Mi d-yeffeɣ yisali n tiyita n lmedfeɛ seg uɣerrabu aserdasan umi semman Avrora (Aurore) deg wasif n Neva, yebda unṭag agrawlaw ɣef '''''Tiɣremt n Tsegrest''''', adeg anda llan yimaslaḍen n Unabaḍ Uɛḍil. Deg yiḍ-nni kan, tiɣremt tettwaṭṭef, anabaḍ uɛḍil yeɣli s wudmawan, ma d Kerensky yerwel. Deg wakud-nni, Agraw Amatu wis Sin n Yisuvyaten n Rrus yesselḥa timlilit-is deg temdint, anda i d-yecrek Lenin s lferḥ ameqqran yerna yesseɣret d akken akk adabu yuɣal srid ɣer yifassen n yisuvyaten n yixeddamen, n yiserdasen d yifellaḥen.

Deg tegnit-nni tamezwarut n tenbaḍt, Lenin yesbedd sin n yinaḍen igejdanen: Anaḍ n Talwit, i d-yessawlen ɣer taggara n ṭṭraḍ d usebded n yimenɣiyen war assmaḥ neɣ asemmeskel n wakal, d Wanaḍ n Wakal, i yekksen akal seg yifassen n yimarkantiyen d tmezdayin iwakken ad tent-yebḍu ɣef yifellaḥen igellilen. Rnu ɣer waya, yettwasbedd Unabaḍ Asuvyati amezwaru umi semman Aseqqamu n Yineɣlafen n Ugdud (Sovnarkom) seddaw n tmehla n Vladimir Lenin. Tagrawla-a n Tuber tessebded awanak [[Tazdukla|azduklan]] amezwaru deg umezruy amaḍlan, dɣa teldi tawwurt i ubeddel asnaktay ameqqran d yimenɣi aɣarim i d-yeḍfren.</text>
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[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.

== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.

Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.

== Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit ==
Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla.

'''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''.

Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar.

Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk.

Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun.

Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik.

'''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »).

Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus.

Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n '''ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren''', i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d '''tlemmast tamagdayt''' (tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin.

Deg unebdu n useggas n 1903, '''Akabar''' '''Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus''' ('''POSDR''') yesselḥa agraw-is amatu wis sin deg Bruxelles sakin yunfa ɣer London. Deg ugraw-agi, tekker-d yiwet n tenmegla taqesḥant gar Lenin d umeddakkel-is Yuly Martov ɣef usaḍuf amezwaru n ukabar (ilugan n ukabar): Lenin yebɣa ad yerr tiwuriwin s wudem awizi neɣ amirew i yiɛeggalen (yal aɛeggal ilaq ad yettekki srid yerna s wudem amsadur deg yiwet n tsaddast tuffirt), ma d Martov yebɣa akabar ad yili s wudem ameccaq neɣ yerna ad yeqbel yal yiwen i d-yettaken tallalt ɣas ur yelli ara d agrawliw uffir.

Mi d-yewweḍ lweqt n tefrant ɣef tseqqamut talemmast d teẓrigt n uɣmis Iskra, tagrawt i yeḍfren Lenin tewwi tuget n tefranin, dɣa seg yimir-nni semman-asen Ibulčiviken (seg wawal arusi bol'chinstvo i d-yemmalen wid n tuget). Ma d tagrawt n Martov i yellan deg tdersi, semman-asen Imenčiviken (seg wawal arusi men'chinstvo). Bṭu-agi ur yeqqim ara kan d amgired n tmuɣli ɣef yilugan, maca yuɣal d taẓuni tasnaktayt talqayant: Ibulčiviken kran srid ɣer usedmer d tegrawla tamsekrit iwakken ad ṭṭfen adabu, ma d Imenčiviken tmuɣli-nsen tella tettheyyi abrid ameẓẓayan i tdiganin ''tidimuqṛatiyin'' tiburjwiyin uqbel tanemla.

Ihi deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n U'''kabar Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin:

* ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu.
* ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan.
Ɣas akken llant kra n tegnatin n usemlili deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, Lenin ikemmel lebni n tsuddest-is war aḥbas. Deg temlilit n Prague deg useggas n 1912, Ibulčiviken bḍan s wudem unṣib d Imenčiviken, dɣa sbedden akabar-nsen d aḥrur yerna iteddu deg unegmu deg tallit-nni akked iseggasen i d-ḍfren, d netta i yuɣalen d lsas igejdanen i Tegrawla n Tuber deg useggas n 1917.

== Tagrawla n 1917 ==
Deg useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella tettwaɣ mliḥ s sebba n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ, d wuguren n tdamsa:

'''Tagrawla n Fuṛaṛ 1917''': Agdud d yiserdasen kran mgal Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin, dɣa yeɣli udabu n utsar, tbedd yiwen n unabaḍ uɛḍil.

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella deg yal addad(liḥala), rnu-as-d aɣelluy n tdamsa i d-yeglan s lexṣas ameqqran n weɣrum, laẓ d tneqqlebt gar yimezdaɣen n tmaneɣt Petrograd (Saint-Petersburg). Ass n 23 fuṛaṛ (8 meɣres deg teswast tatrart), deg Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut, tullas tixeddamin fɣent-d srid ɣer yizenqan s yisuɣan n « Aɣrum d Talwit! ». Amussu-a yemɣer s lemɣawla mi d-rrnan fell-asen yixeddamen n luzinat, dɣa yeḍra-d usunded amatu (grève générale) i yerran tamdint akk amzun texla war irmuden.

Mi d-yefka Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin lameṛ i yiserdasen iwakken ad wten agdud s rṣas, teḍra-d yiwet n tkerwa tameqqrant: iserdasen ugin ad wten ɣef &quot;igrawliwen&quot;, dɣa gullen ɣer yidis n yixeddamen yerna fkan-asen leslaḥ. Imi i iwala akk iɛessasen-is ǧǧan-t, Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin yettwaḥṛes armi i yexdem  i yiman-isasegdel n udabu (yuǧǧa adabu) ass n 2 meɣres 1917, dɣa d taggara i d-yewwḍen i tenbaḍt n twacult n Romanov i yeṭṭfen tamurt ugar n kraḍ n leqrun.

Tagrawla-a n Fuṛaṛ tessebded yiwet n tegnit tasertant tameynut umi semman adabu aslig, anda i d-nnulfan sin n yiduba mgaraden:

'''Anabaḍ uɛḍil''', i sbedden yiburjwiyen d wid n tmuɣli talibiralit deg useqqamu n Duma, yebɣan ad ikemmel ṭṭraḍ d wumuɣ adimuqṛati aburjwa.

'''Aseqqamu n Yisuvyaten n Petrograd''' (Soviet), i d-yemmalen srid taɣect d yiswiyen n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

Ɣas akken Vladimir Lenin yella mazal-it deg unfa deg ''[[Taswist|Tswisrit]]'' deg tallit-nni, ifhem s lemɣawla d akken anabaḍ uɛḍil ur yezmir ara ad yefk talwit neɣ ad yebḍu akal i yifellaḥen. Seg yimir-nni, yebda aheyyi n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt iwakken ad yesseqdec tagnit-a n udabu aslig i usedmer n usmil ameskari d useɣli n yiburjwiyen deg wayen ara yuɣalen d Tagrawla n Tuber.

'''Tuɣalin n Lenin''': Deg yebrir 1917, Lenin yuɣal-d seg ''Taswisrit'' ɣer Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) s tmacint i d-thegga Lalman. Yenna-d deg tefyirt-is tameqqrant (Tisumar n Yebrir): « Akk adabu ilaq ad yuɣal i yisuvyaten (iseqquma n yixeddamen d yiserdasen)! ».
[[Tugna:Lenin Krupskaya and Ulyanova in car at Red Army parade full photo 19180501.jpg|vignette|Vladimir Lenin akked tmuṭṭut-is deg tkeṛṛust n tredsa tazeggwaɣt.]]
Mi d-tewweḍ lexbaṛ n usedmer n udabu n utsar deg Tegrawla n Fuṛaṛ ɣer temdint n Zurich deg Taswisrit anda yella Lenin deg unfa, yeqsed ad yuɣal s lemɣawla ɣer tmurt-is iwakken ad yesselḥu amussu agrawlaw. Imi i yella [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]] gar Rrus d Lalman, abrid yella yeqfel s yimenɣiyen; maca anabaḍ almani yeqbel ad yeǧǧ Lenin d yimeddukkal-is ad zegren tamurt n Lalman deg yiwen n '''unazaɣ''' n tmacint s wuldun (wagon plombé), acku imḍebbren ilmaniyen nwan d akken tuɣalin n Lenin ad texleq urway d war arkad deg Rrus, dɣa ad t-tessuffeɣ seg umgaru.

Ass n 16 yebrir 1917 (3 yebrir s teswast taqburt), Lenin yewweḍ-d s tmacint ɣer tɣsertt n Finland deg Petrograd. Dinna, mmugren-t-id luluf n yixeddamen, n yiselwayen n yisuvyaten d yiserdasen yerran yis-s tameɣra tagrawlawt. Deg wakud-nni kan, Lenin yuli ɣef yiwet n tkeṛṛust taserdasant yerna yefka yiwen n yinan iqesḥen, anda i d-yessawel srid ɣer ukemmel n tegrawla d uqbaḍ n udabu war ma steɛṛfen s Unabaḍ Uɛḍil.

Azekka-nni, Lenin yessegza-d tamuɣli-s tasnaktayt deg wayen umi semman « Tisumar n Yebrir » (Апрельские тезисы). Deg tsumar-a, Lenin yugi akk tallalt neɣ amtawa d Unabaḍ Amiran aburjwa, yesker-d snat n tenzayin tigejdanin i yuɣalen d alsas n umennuɣ: « Akken ma yella udabu i Yisuvyaten! » d « Talwit, Akal d Weɣrum! ». Yettwali d akken tagrawla ur ilaq ara ad tebded deg uswir aburjwa, maca ilaq ad tekcem srid deg tallit-is tanemlayt iwakken ad yili udabu seddaw tecḍat n usmil ameskari d yifellaḥen igellilen. Tuɣalin-agi d tisumar-a d nutenti i d-yefkan tikli tamaynut i Yibulčiviken, ẓẓant lsas i usedmer mgal anabaḍ uɛḍil d usewjed n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917.

'''Tagrawla n Tuber 1917''': Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (s wazemz ajulyan), Ibulčiviken seddaw n tmehla n Lenin d Leon Trotsky ṭṭfen Tiɣremt n Tsegrest (Palais d'Hiver), dɣa sseɣlin anabaḍ amiran, sbedden anabaḍ asuvyati azduklan.
[[Tugna:Lenin 1919-03-18.jpg|vignette|Lenin seg yiwen gar yinawen-is n 1919.]]
Deg taggara n unebdu d tazwara n wemwan n useggas n 1917, Anabaḍ Uɛḍil seddaw n Alexander Kerensky yufa-d iman-is seddaw n lḥers ameqqran s sebba n tririyin d lmutat deg Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ deg temdinin, d tnekra n yifellaḥen deg tuddar. Vladimir Lenin, i yellan deg tuffra deg Finland deffir n wayyuren n Yulyu, yeqbel d akken tagnit tewjed s tidet iwakken ad ttili tnekra n yimrigen (s lesslaḥ) i tuṭṭfa n udabu. Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (6 ɣer 7 wember s teswast tagrigurit), s tmehla n Tseqqamut Taserdasant Tagrawlawt n Petrograd i yesbedd Leon Trotsky, Iserdasen Izeggwaɣen d yixeddamen yettwasselḥen ṭṭfen akk imeḍqan igejdanen n tmaneɣt war amenɣi ameqqran: tiqenḍyar, tiɣsar n tmacinin, azadur n tiligṛaf d Lbanka n Uwanak.

Mi d-yeffeɣ yisali n tiyita n lmedfeɛ seg uɣerrabu aserdasan umi semman Avrora (Aurore) deg wasif n Neva, yebda unṭag agrawlaw ɣef '''''Tiɣremt n Tsegrest''''', adeg anda llan yimaslaḍen n Unabaḍ Uɛḍil. Deg yiḍ-nni kan, tiɣremt tettwaṭṭef, anabaḍ uɛḍil yeɣli s wudmawan, ma d Kerensky yerwel. Deg wakud-nni, Agraw Amatu wis Sin n Yisuvyaten n Rrus yesselḥa timlilit-is deg temdint, anda i d-yecrek Lenin s lferḥ ameqqran yerna yesseɣret d akken akk adabu yuɣal srid ɣer yifassen n yisuvyaten n yixeddamen, n yiserdasen d yifellaḥen.

Deg tegnit-nni tamezwarut n tenbaḍt, Lenin yesbedd sin n yinaḍen igejdanen: Anaḍ n Talwit, i d-yessawlen ɣer taggara n ṭṭraḍ d usebded n yimenɣiyen war assmaḥ neɣ asemmeskel n wakal, d Wanaḍ n Wakal, i yekksen akal seg yifassen n yimarkantiyen d tmezdayin iwakken ad tent-yebḍu ɣef yifellaḥen igellilen. Rnu ɣer waya, yettwasbedd Unabaḍ Asuvyati amezwaru umi semman Aseqqamu n Yineɣlafen n Ugdud (Sovnarkom) seddaw n tmehla n Vladimir Lenin. Tagrawla-a n Tuber tessebded awanak [[Tazdukla|azduklan]] amezwaru deg umezruy amaḍlan, dɣa teldi tawwurt i ubeddel asnaktay ameqqran d yimenɣi aɣarim i d-yeḍfren.

== Tanbaḍt d Usbeddi n Tdukli Tasuvyatit ==
Mi d-yeṭṭef adabu, Lenin yexdem aṭas n tnekkriwin d yiseggasen n usebded:

'''Amtawa n Talwit''': Deg meɣres 1918, yestinya agatu n Brest-Litovsk d Lalman iwakken Rrus ad teffeɣ seg Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru.

'''Beṭṭu n Wakal''': Yefka akal i yifellaḥen, yessemres igelluyen d lminat d wallalen ufares ddaw n ufus n uwanak.

'''Amgaru Aɣarim''' (1917–1922): Taserdast Tazeggwaɣt (i d-yesbedd Leon Trotsky) tennuɣ mgal Taserdast Tamellalt (wid yellan rrif n utsar d yimnekda) armi i rebḥen Ibulčiviken.

'''Tasertit Tadamsant Tamaynut (NEP)''': Deg useggas n 1921, deffir laẓ d yimenɣi, Lenin yefka tasertit tamaynut i tdamsa iwakken ad yeǧǧ kra n tnezzut d tfellaḥt tusligt ad d-tessali amur n tdamsa uqbel ad tuɣal akk d tanemlayt.

'''Asbeddi n URSS (1922)''': Ass n 30 duǧember 1922, Lenin yesbedd s wudem unṣib Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin.

== '''Tasnakta: Talininit''' ==
Lenin yerna-d aṭas n tiktiwin timaynutin ɣer tefelseft tamarksit:

'''Akabar Amezdat''': Yettwali dakken ixeddamen weḥd-sen ur zmiren ara ad ssiwḍen ɣer tefrit tagrawlawt war tallalt n ukabar azduklan ijehden.

'''Tasleḍt n Temnukda''': Deg udlis-is, yessegza-d d akken tamnukda d aswir aneggaru n tfelseft usihri(takapitalit), anda timura timeqqranin ṭṭafent tiyaḍ s tnezzut d tezmert taserdasant.

'''Tadiktaturt n Umɣid''': Yeqbel d akken awanak ilaq ad yili seddaw tecḍat n yixeddamen iwakken ad snegren asmil aburjwa uqbel ad tili tmetti war ismilen neɣ tisarkam (tazdukla tummidt).

== Taggara n Tudert-is d Lwert ==
Seg 1922, tazmert n Lenin tebda tettruḥu s sebba n tiyitiwin n iẓuran n wallaɣ (AVC) d tiyita n rṣas i t-iḥuzan deg useggas n 1918 (asmi i t-tewwet Fanni Kaplan).

Yura yiwet n tebṛat umi semman « Tira n Lenin », anda i d-yeḥder ɣef Juzef Stalin, yenna-d d akken Stalin qessiḥ mliḥ yerna ur ilaq ara ad yuɣal d aɣella amatu n ukabar.

Yemmut Lenin ass n 21 yennayer 1924 deg Gorki. Tafekka-ines tettwaḥrez (tettwasemres) deg Umeqber n Lenin deg Wadeg Azeggaɣ  deg Musku, anda i tella ar ass-a. Deffir tmettant-is, d Juzef Stalin i yeṭṭfen adabu, yesnekker amussu yeqseḥen n usegmi d usemɣer n Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

== Idlisen Igejdanen n Lenin ==
1902: D acu ara nexdem? (Что делать? / Chto delat'?)

1904: Yiwen n usurif ɣer zdat, sin ɣer deffir (Шаг вперёд, два шага назад)

1916: Tamnukda, d aswir afellay n usihri(tkapitalit) (Империализм, как высшая стадия капитализма)[12][16]

1917: Awanak d Tegrawla (Государство и революция)

1920: Tazdukla n uzelmaḍ, d aṭṭan n temẓi n tanemla (Детская болезнь «левизны» в коммунизме)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Solana (tiɣeṛɣeṛt tasenselkamt)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117266</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T10:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="501" sha1="pr2carig5hc6salaywut5s506z7dwmz" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Solana- logo.png|vignette|Alugu n Solana.]]
'''Solana''' d yiwet n tɣeṛɣeṛt tasenselkamt n uzrar n yiḥedran (blockchain) yeldin, i d-yettwasbedden iwakken ad tesrewwes isnasen irlemmasen (dApps) d yiguta uḥricen. Asuṛdi-is umḍin aṣaduran yettwassnen s yisem n SOL.

Tettwassen Solana ladɣa s wurured-is afellay d waktum ameqran n tnigawin i tasint (TPS), akk d watig adday n usefser n yisefka, s useqdec n uneggaf amaynut i wumi qqaren Anza n Umezruy (Proof of History - PoH).</text>
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