Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 46 117307 110530 2026-09-04T02:21:54Z Sami At Ferḥat 6375 clean empty sections 117307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family |name=Tamaziɣt |altname=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ethnicity=[[Imaziɣen]] |region=[[Tafriqt n ugafa]] |familycolor=Afro-asiatic |protoname=[[Tutlayt Proto-Tamaziɣt|Proto-Tamaziɣt]] |child1=[[Tamaziɣt n ugafa]] |child2=[[Tutlayin timaziɣin tiɣerbiyin|Tamaziɣt tutrimt]] |child3=[[Tutlayin titergiyin|Tatergit]] |child4=[[Tamaziɣt tasenqrit]] |child5=''[[Tutlayt tanumidit|Tanumidit]]'' † |child6=''[[Tagwanect|Tagwancet]]'' † |iso2=ber |iso5=ber |glotto=berb1260 |glottorefname=Berber |map=Map_of_Berber_Languages_2018.png |mapcaption=Tutlayin timaziɣin:<br/>{{col-begin}}{{col-break}} '''Tamaziɣt n ugafa''' ''Taqbaylit'' {{legend|#BA68C8| [[Tutlayt taqbaylit|Taqbaylit]]}} ''Aṭlas'' {{legend|#E53935|[[Tamaziɣt (Amerruk)]] (Tamaziɣt)}} {{legend|#F06292|[[Tutlayt tacelḥit|Tasusit]]}} {{legend|#AD1457|[[Taznagt n Srayer]] akked [[Taɣumart|Taɣumart]]}} ''Taznast'' {{legend|#F57F17|[[Tutlayt tarifit|Tarifit]] (Tmaziɣt)}} {{legend|#FBC02D|[[Taseɣrucnit]] & [[Ayt Wrayn]]}} {{legend|#E65100|[[Tutlayt tacenwit|Tacenwit]]}} {{legend|#FF5722|[[Tutlayt tacawit|Tacawit]]}} {{legend|#FFFF00|Niden ([[Tumẓabt]], [[Taggargrent]], [[Tutlayin tiznasin tisemranin]])}} {{col-break}} '''Tamaziɣt tutrimt''' {{legend|#546E7A|[[Tutlayt taẓnagt|Taẓnagt]] (Tuẓẓungiyya)}} '''Tamaziɣt tasemrant''' {{legend|#00E676|[[Tamaziɣt tacerqit]] ([[Tasiwit]], [[Tanfust]], [[Tasuknit]], [[Taɣdimest]], [[Tawilant]])}} '''Tatergit''' {{legend|#5C6BC0|[[Tutlayin titergiyin|Tatergit]] (Tamaceq)}} {{col-end}} }} '''Tamaziɣt''' neɣ '''Tutlayin timaziɣin''' (s [[Tifinaɣ]]: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ), (s [[tifinaɣ]] n [[Imuhaɣ]]: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵜ) d tawacult n [[Tutlayt|tutlayin]] i ttmeslayen [[Imaziɣen|Yimaziɣen]] di [[Tamazɣa|Tmazɣa]] yeṭṭfen azal ameqran deg [[Tafriqt ugafa|Tefriqt Tagafayt]]. Tamaziɣt d angaz deg tawacult n [[tutlayin tifrusyawiyin]] dges tagrawt n tutlayin (neɣ n [[tantala|tentaliyin]] deg tiẓri n kra n [[tasnilest|imusnawen]]) anda ttwalin d akken Tamaziɣt zik nni tella d yiwet n tutlayt yedduklen Azal ameqran n wid yettmeslayen Tamaziɣt ass-a ttilin deg [[Ameṛṛuk|tgelda n umeṛṛuk]] d [[Lezzayer]] akken i ttilin daɣan s umdan meẓẓiyen deg [[Tunes]] d [[Libya]] d [[Mali]] d [[Nnijer|Nniǧer]] d [[Miẓran]] d [[Muriṭanya]] d kra n Taliwin n [[Spanya]] akken daɣen i llan ugar n 5 n imelyan n imaziɣenyettidiren deg [[Turuft|Uruppa]] d [[Tamrikt]] zeddiɣ (mazal) ttmeslayen Tamaziɣt == Addad n Tmaziɣt deg tmura n Tmazɣa == Addad n Tmaziɣt deg [[Tamazɣa|tmura n Tmazɣa]] yemgarad s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n tmurt, Acku llant tmura id yukzen (id yesteɛṛfen) s Tmaziɣt d [[tutlayt tamaddudt|tamaddudt]] (d tunṣibt), llant tmura id yukzen s Tmaziɣt d [[tutlayt tanamurt]] akken daɣen i llant tmura yegguman ad akzent s Tmaziɣt: * [[Tutlayt tamaceɣt]]: Tettwakez d tutlayt tanamurt deg [[Mali]] aseggas n 1982 * [[Tawellemt]]: Tettwakez d tutlayt tanamurt deg [[Nnijer|Nniǧer]] aseggas n 1999 * [[Tamaziɣt tameslugent tazzayrit]]: Tettwskez d [[tutlayt tanamurt]] deg 2002 sin akin d [[tutlayt tamaddudt]] deg useggas n 2016 * [[Tamaziɣt tameslugent tameṛṛukit]]: Tettwskez d tutlayt tamaddudt deg [[Ameṛṛuk|umeṛṛuk]] aseggas n 2011 Deg wakud dgi trajin imaziɣen n tmura n iden asmedded n tutlayt-a deg tmura-nsen. == Asismel d tsartut n Tmaziɣt == [[tasnilest|imusnawen]] mtawan (mtafaqen) deg usismel n Tmaziɣt s usegder-is s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n usegder arakal: * [[Tamaziɣt taɣerbit]] ** [[Tutlayt taẓnagt|Taznagt]] ** [[Tutlayt tetserret|Tatserret]] * [[Tamaziɣt n ugafa]] ** [[Taqbaylit]] ** [[Tamaziɣt n Tunes]] *** [[Tasendit]] *** [[Tamaziɣt n Ǧerba]] *** [[Tamaẓert]] *** [[Dwiret|Tamaziɣt n Dwiret]] ** [[Tutlayin timaziɣin n waṭlas]] dgi llant: *** [[Tutlayt tacelḥit|Tasusit]] *** [[Tamaziɣt n weṭlas alemmas]] *** [[Taznagt n Srayer]] *** [[Taɣumart]] *** [[Taseɣrucnit]] ** [[Tutlayin tiznasiyin]] dgi llant: *** [[Tutlayt tacawit|Tacawit]] *** [[Tutlayt tarifit|Tarifit]] *** [[Tutlayt tumẓabt|Tumẓabt]] *** [[Teggargrent]] *** [[Tamaziɣt n Figig]] *** [[Tutlayt tacenwit]] *** [[Tagurart]] * [[Tamaziɣt tacerqit]] **[[Tanfust]] ** [[Tazuwart]] ** [[Taɣdamest]] ** [[Ɣat]] ** [[Tasuknit]] ** [[Tawilant|Tawjilit]] ** [[Tasiwit|Jlan n isiwan]] * [[Tutlayin titergiyin]] ** [[Tamaheɣt]] ** [[Tamaceɣt]] ** [[Tamajeɣt]] ** [[Tawellemt]] * [[Tagwanect]] (tenger) == Askelu n tmaziɣt == ──o [[Tutlayin tifrusyawiyin|Tafrusyawit]] ├─o [[Proto-Tamaziɣt 1]] <small>(-7000)</small> └─o [[Proto-Tamaziɣt 2]] <small>(-200)</small> ├─o [[Tutlayin timaziɣin ticerqiyin|Tamaziɣt tacerqit]] | └─────o <big>[[Tanfusit]]</big> ├─o [[Tutlayin timaziɣin tiɣerbiyin|Tamaziɣt taɣerbit]] | |─────o <big>[[Taqbaylit]]</big> | |──o [[Tutlayin timaziɣin n waṭlas|Tamaziɣt n waṭlas]] | | └──o <big>[[Tacelḥit]]</big> | | └──o <big>[[Tamaziɣt (Amerruk)|Tamaziɣt n Umerruk alemmas]]</big> | └─o [[Taznast]] | └───o <big>[[Tarifit]]</big> | └───o <big>[[Tacenwit]]</big> | └───o <big>[[Tumẓabt]]</big> | └───o <big>[[Tacawit]]</big> | └─o [[Taznast n umalu]] | └─o <big>[[Tajerbit]]</big> ├───────o <big>[[Tutlayin titergiyin|Tatergit]]</big> ├─o [[Tutlayin timaziɣin tiɣerbiyin|Tamaziɣt taɣerbit]] └─────o <big>[[Taẓnagt]]</big> └─────o <big>[[Tamseɣlalt]]</big> == Tiwelhiwin == {{refs}} {{Tamaziɣt}} [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Miẓra]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Libya]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Nijer]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Mali]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Umeṛṛuk]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Lezzayer]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Muritanya]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Tuness]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Borkina Faso]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin|M]] [[Taggayt:Imaziɣen]] f4nlvbwhesdum9o9tpvya3kqwei57m6 828 9089 117297 80720 2026-09-03T12:57:06Z Hamish 9471 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q15408619|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 117297 Scribunto text/plain ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- TableTools -- -- -- -- This module includes a number of functions for dealing with Lua tables. -- -- It is a meta-module, meant to be called from other Lua modules, and should not -- -- be called directly from #invoke. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local p = {} -- Define often-used variables and functions. local floor = math.floor local infinity = math.huge local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isPositiveInteger -- -- This function returns true if the given value is a positive integer, and false -- if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is -- useful for determining whether a given table key is in the array part or the -- hash part of a table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isPositiveInteger(v) return type(v) == 'number' and v >= 1 and floor(v) == v and v < infinity end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isNan -- -- This function returns true if the given number is a NaN value, and false if -- not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is useful -- for determining whether a value can be a valid table key. Lua will generate an -- error if a NaN is used as a table key. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isNan(v) return type(v) == 'number' and v ~= v end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- shallowClone -- -- This returns a clone of a table. The value returned is a new table, but all -- subtables and functions are shared. Metamethods are respected, but the returned -- table will have no metatable of its own. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.shallowClone(t) checkType('shallowClone', 1, t, 'table') local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do ret[k] = v end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- removeDuplicates -- -- This removes duplicate values from an array. Non-positive-integer keys are -- ignored. The earliest value is kept, and all subsequent duplicate values are -- removed, but otherwise the array order is unchanged. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.removeDuplicates(arr) checkType('removeDuplicates', 1, arr, 'table') local isNan = p.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for _, v in ipairs(arr) do if isNan(v) then -- NaNs can't be table keys, and they are also unique, so we don't need to check existence. ret[#ret + 1] = v elseif not exists[v] then ret[#ret + 1] = v exists[v] = true end end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numKeys -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of any numerical -- keys that have non-nil values, sorted in numerical order. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.numKeys(t) checkType('numKeys', 1, t, 'table') local isPositiveInteger = p.isPositiveInteger local nums = {} for k in pairs(t) do if isPositiveInteger(k) then nums[#nums + 1] = k end end table.sort(nums) return nums end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- affixNums -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of keys with the -- specified prefix and suffix. For example, for the table -- {a1 = 'foo', a3 = 'bar', a6 = 'baz'} and the prefix "a", affixNums will return -- {1, 3, 6}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.affixNums(t, prefix, suffix) checkType('affixNums', 1, t, 'table') checkType('affixNums', 2, prefix, 'string', true) checkType('affixNums', 3, suffix, 'string', true) local function cleanPattern(s) -- Cleans a pattern so that the magic characters ()%.[]*+-?^$ are interpreted literally. return s:gsub('([%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%^%$])', '%%%1') end prefix = prefix or '' suffix = suffix or '' prefix = cleanPattern(prefix) suffix = cleanPattern(suffix) local pattern = '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$' local nums = {} for k in pairs(t) do if type(k) == 'string' then local num = mw.ustring.match(k, pattern) if num then nums[#nums + 1] = tonumber(num) end end end table.sort(nums) return nums end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numData -- -- Given a table with keys like {"foo1", "bar1", "foo2", "baz2"}, returns a table -- of subtables in the format -- {[1] = {foo = 'text', bar = 'text'}, [2] = {foo = 'text', baz = 'text'}}. -- Keys that don't end with an integer are stored in a subtable named "other". The -- compress option compresses the table so that it can be iterated over with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.numData(t, compress) checkType('numData', 1, t, 'table') checkType('numData', 2, compress, 'boolean', true) local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do local prefix, num = mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), '^([^0-9]*)([1-9][0-9]*)$') if num then num = tonumber(num) local subtable = ret[num] or {} if prefix == '' then -- Positional parameters match the blank string; put them at the start of the subtable instead. prefix = 1 end subtable[prefix] = v ret[num] = subtable else local subtable = ret.other or {} subtable[k] = v ret.other = subtable end end if compress then local other = ret.other ret = p.compressSparseArray(ret) ret.other = other end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- compressSparseArray -- -- This takes an array with one or more nil values, and removes the nil values -- while preserving the order, so that the array can be safely traversed with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.compressSparseArray(t) checkType('compressSparseArray', 1, t, 'table') local ret = {} local nums = p.numKeys(t) for _, num in ipairs(nums) do ret[#ret + 1] = t[num] end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sparseIpairs -- -- This is an iterator for sparse arrays. It can be used like ipairs, but can -- handle nil values. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sparseIpairs(t) checkType('sparseIpairs', 1, t, 'table') local nums = p.numKeys(t) local i = 0 local lim = #nums return function () i = i + 1 if i <= lim then local key = nums[i] return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- size -- -- This returns the size of a key/value pair table. It will also work on arrays, -- but for arrays it is more efficient to use the # operator. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.size(t) checkType('size', 1, t, 'table') local i = 0 for _ in pairs(t) do i = i + 1 end return i end local function defaultKeySort(item1, item2) -- "number" < "string", so numbers will be sorted before strings. local type1, type2 = type(item1), type(item2) if type1 ~= type2 then return type1 < type2 elseif type1 == 'table' or type1 == 'boolean' or type1 == 'function' then return tostring(item1) < tostring(item2) else return item1 < item2 end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- keysToList -- -- Returns an array of the keys in a table, sorted using either a default -- comparison function or a custom keySort function. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.keysToList(t, keySort, checked) if not checked then checkType('keysToList', 1, t, 'table') checkTypeMulti('keysToList', 2, keySort, {'function', 'boolean', 'nil'}) end local arr = {} local index = 1 for k in pairs(t) do arr[index] = k index = index + 1 end if keySort ~= false then keySort = type(keySort) == 'function' and keySort or defaultKeySort table.sort(arr, keySort) end return arr end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sortedPairs -- -- Iterates through a table, with the keys sorted using the keysToList function. -- If there are only numerical keys, sparseIpairs is probably more efficient. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sortedPairs(t, keySort) checkType('sortedPairs', 1, t, 'table') checkType('sortedPairs', 2, keySort, 'function', true) local arr = p.keysToList(t, keySort, true) local i = 0 return function () i = i + 1 local key = arr[i] if key ~= nil then return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isArray -- -- Returns true if the given value is a table and all keys are consecutive -- integers starting at 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isArray(v) if type(v) ~= 'table' then return false end local i = 0 for _ in pairs(v) do i = i + 1 if v[i] == nil then return false end end return true end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isArrayLike -- -- Returns true if the given value is iterable and all keys are consecutive -- integers starting at 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isArrayLike(v) if not pcall(pairs, v) then return false end local i = 0 for _ in pairs(v) do i = i + 1 if v[i] == nil then return false end end return true end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- invert -- -- Transposes the keys and values in an array. For example, {"a", "b", "c"} -> -- {a = 1, b = 2, c = 3}. Duplicates are not supported (result values refer to -- the index of the last duplicate) and NaN values are ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.invert(arr) checkType("invert", 1, arr, "table") local isNan = p.isNan local map = {} for i, v in ipairs(arr) do if not isNan(v) then map[v] = i end end return map end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- listToSet -- -- Creates a set from the array part of the table. Indexing the set by any of the -- values of the array returns true. For example, {"a", "b", "c"} -> -- {a = true, b = true, c = true}. NaN values are ignored as Lua considers them -- never equal to any value (including other NaNs or even themselves). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.listToSet(arr) checkType("listToSet", 1, arr, "table") local isNan = p.isNan local set = {} for _, v in ipairs(arr) do if not isNan(v) then set[v] = true end end return set end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- deepCopy -- -- Recursive deep copy function. Preserves identities of subtables. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ local function _deepCopy(orig, includeMetatable, already_seen) if type(orig) ~= "table" then return orig end -- already_seen stores copies of tables indexed by the original table. local copy = already_seen[orig] if copy ~= nil then return copy end copy = {} already_seen[orig] = copy -- memoize before any recursion, to avoid infinite loops for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do copy[_deepCopy(orig_key, includeMetatable, already_seen)] = _deepCopy(orig_value, includeMetatable, already_seen) end if includeMetatable then local mt = getmetatable(orig) if mt ~= nil then setmetatable(copy, _deepCopy(mt, true, already_seen)) end end return copy end function p.deepCopy(orig, noMetatable, already_seen) checkType("deepCopy", 3, already_seen, "table", true) return _deepCopy(orig, not noMetatable, already_seen or {}) end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sparseConcat -- -- Concatenates all values in the table that are indexed by a number, in order. -- sparseConcat{a, nil, c, d} => "acd" -- sparseConcat{nil, b, c, d} => "bcd" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sparseConcat(t, sep, i, j) local arr = {} local arr_i = 0 for _, v in p.sparseIpairs(t) do arr_i = arr_i + 1 arr[arr_i] = v end return table.concat(arr, sep, i, j) end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- length -- -- Finds the length of an array, or of a quasi-array with keys such as "data1", -- "data2", etc., using an exponential search algorithm. It is similar to the -- operator #, but may return a different value when there are gaps in the array -- portion of the table. Intended to be used on data loaded with mw.loadData. For -- other tables, use #. -- Note: #frame.args in frame object always be set to 0, regardless of the number -- of unnamed template parameters, so use this function for frame.args. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.length(t, prefix) -- requiring module inline so that [[Module:Exponential search]] which is -- only needed by this one function doesn't get millions of transclusions local expSearch = require("Module:Exponential search") checkType('length', 1, t, 'table') checkType('length', 2, prefix, 'string', true) return expSearch(function (i) local key if prefix then key = prefix .. tostring(i) else key = i end return t[key] ~= nil end) or 0 end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- inArray -- -- Returns true if searchElement is a member of the array, and false otherwise. -- Equivalent to JavaScript array.includes(searchElement) or -- array.includes(searchElement, fromIndex), except fromIndex is 1 indexed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.inArray(array, searchElement, fromIndex) checkType("inArray", 1, array, "table") -- if searchElement is nil, error? fromIndex = tonumber(fromIndex) if fromIndex then if (fromIndex < 0) then fromIndex = #array + fromIndex + 1 end if fromIndex < 1 then fromIndex = 1 end for _, v in ipairs({unpack(array, fromIndex)}) do if v == searchElement then return true end end else for _, v in pairs(array) do if v == searchElement then return true end end end return false end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- merge -- -- Given the arrays, returns an array containing the elements of each input array -- in sequence. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.merge(...) local arrays = {...} local ret = {} for i, arr in ipairs(arrays) do checkType('merge', i, arr, 'table') for _, v in ipairs(arr) do ret[#ret + 1] = v end end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- extend -- -- Extends the first array in place by appending all elements from the second -- array. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.extend(arr1, arr2) checkType('extend', 1, arr1, 'table') checkType('extend', 2, arr2, 'table') for _, v in ipairs(arr2) do arr1[#arr1 + 1] = v end end return p 4n03zk6kcoeg4gz82mieeh94c1szcjy 0 16396 117302 115781 2026-09-03T18:27:57Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 117302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tiɣirdemt''' (aget: '''Tiɣirdmiwin'''), ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Scorpiones''') d yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]] n [[tiswermin|tuwrimin]] [[tiraɣlalin]] yeṭṭafaren [[asmil (tasnudert)|asmil]] n [[tissisyin|tessisin]]. [[Talmest|Tilmas]] n tfesna-ayi d tid ilan (yesɛan) 8 n [[aṭar (agman)|yiḍarren]], akken i ttidirent deg yideggan [[aẓɣal|iẓeɣlen]] [[takewt|iɣuraren]], tteffrent deg wurzuten n yiẓra i wakken ad rewlent seg [[tafukt|tfukt]] n tniri. Llant wazal n 2500 neɣ 2700 n [[talmest|telmas]] n tɣerdmiwin deg umaḍal. Azal ameqran n tɣirdmiwin d timiririn, acku [[tisiqqest|tisiqqsin]]-nsent i d-ittilin deg taggara n [[Asallaf|wedfar]]-nsent ttilin-d deg-sent [[uɣes|yiriren]]. == Tarrawt == == Tudert d wansayen == Llan-t snat n telmas n tɣirdmiwin == Tasartut == rh67fzjljhunr8db4xghwtq3j2tuvkd 117303 117302 2026-09-03T18:28:37Z Abillardoo 16203 117303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tiɣirdemt''' (aget: '''Tiɣirdmiwin'''), ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Scorpiones''') d yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]] n [[tiswermin|tuwrimin]] [[tiraɣlalin]] yeṭṭafaren [[asmil (tasnudert)|asmil]] n [[tissisyin|tessisin]]. [[Talmest|Tilmas]] n tfesna-ayi d tid ilan (yesɛan) 8 n [[aṭar (agman)|yiḍarren]], akken i ttidirent deg yideggan [[aẓɣal|iẓeɣlen]] [[takewt|iɣuraren]], tteffrent deg wurzuten n yiẓra i wakken ad rewlent seg [[tafukt|tfukt]] n tniri. Llant wazal n 2500 neɣ 2700 n [[talmest|telmas]] n tɣerdmiwin deg umaḍal. Azal ameqran n tɣirdmiwin d timiririn, acku [[tisiqqest|tisiqqsin]]-nsent i d-ittilin deg taggara n [[Asallaf|wedfar]]-nsent ttilin-d deg-sent [[uɣes|yiriren]]. == Tarrawt == == Tudert d wansayen == Llan-t snat n telmas n tɣirdmiwin. == Tiwsitin == * [[Buɣardem]] – (''Androctonus''). == Tasartut == ngzsfgpzd2bs08p24lr5585u4ihugwu 117304 117303 2026-09-03T18:29:34Z Abillardoo 16203 117304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tiɣirdemt''' (aget: '''Tiɣirdmiwin'''), ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Scorpiones''') d yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]] n [[tiswermin|tuwrimin]] [[tiraɣlalin]] yeṭṭafaren [[asmil (tasnudert)|asmil]] n [[tissisyin|tessisin]]. [[Talmest|Tilmas]] n tfesna-ayi d tid ilan (yesɛan) 8 n [[aṭar (agman)|yiḍarren]], akken i ttidirent deg yideggan [[aẓɣal|iẓeɣlen]] [[takewt|iɣuraren]], tteffrent deg wurzuten n yiẓra i wakken ad rewlent seg [[tafukt|tfukt]] n tniri. Llant wazal n 2500 neɣ 2700 n [[talmest|telmas]] n tɣerdmiwin deg umaḍal. Azal ameqran n tɣirdmiwin d timiririn, acku [[tisiqqest|tisiqqsin]]-nsent i d-ittilin deg taggara n [[Asallaf|wedfar]]-nsent ttilin-d deg-sent [[uɣes|yiriren]]. == Tarrawt == == Tudert d wansayen == Llan-t snat n telmas n tɣirdmiwin. == Tiwsitin == * [[Buɣardem]] – (''Androctonus''). == Tasartut == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tissisin]] [[Taggayt:ibureɣsen]] nwxj3hhq18q22zbdhowzjdyhkm8yysh 0 25553 117299 117296 2026-09-03T14:10:42Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Septimyus Severus.]] '''Lusyus Septimyus Severus''' (145 – 211 S.Ɛ.) d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqranen i ibeddlen udem d unagraw n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. D netta i d amenzu i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (s yiziɣer alibi-apunig) i yulin ɣer ukersi n udabu aṛumi. Yerna d netta i d amsebdad n twacult tageldant n Yisibiriyen. Tanbaḍt-ines, seg useggas n 193 ar 211 S.Ɛ., tewwi-d isniflen d yiseggamen lqayen deg tasredsa (lɛesker), deg uzref (lqanun), d tedbelt. S tnekkra-ines, yessufeɣ tamenkda seg tallit n Principatus (anda asqamu n yimɣaren yella d amteddu) ɣer tallit n udabu amserdas lqayen. == 1. Aẓar, Talalit d Temẓi-ines == === Talalit deg Leptis Magna === Ilul Septimyus Severus ass n 11 deg Yebrir n useggas 145 (neɣ 146) S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Leptis Magna (deg tmurt n Libiya n tura). Tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebna ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal deg temnaḍt n Tripolitania. === Aẓar n twacult === '''Baba-s''': Ism-is ''Publius Septimius Geta'', yekka-d seg yiẓuran ilibiyen-ipuniyen (imaziɣen-ifiniqiyen) yesɛan ayla d ccan ameqran deg temnaḍt. Twacult-ines tella teṭṭef tiɣermi taṛumit acḥal d tasuta send talalit-is. '''Yemma-s''': Ism-is ''Fulvia Pia'', tekka-d seg twacult taṭalyanit-taṛumit n watelsan (gens Fulvia). === Asgmi d tutlayin === Severus yelmed tutlayt tapunigt, talatinit, d tegrikt. Ɣas akken yelmed tasekla d lqanun deg Ruma d Atina, imuzrayen n tallit-nni (am Cassius Dion) nnan-d d akken yella yessawal talatinit s yiwet n aɣdebbu tafriqit i d-yettbanen ar taggara n tudert-is. == 2. Abrid Asertan d Umserdas (Cursus Honorum) == Send ad yaweḍ ɣer udabu unnig, Septimyus Severus yekfa akk talliyin n usedmer asertan aṛumi s tallelt n umenkad [[Mark Urel]]: '''Akcam ɣer Usqamu n Yimɣaren (''SINA'')''': Yekcem d aɛeggal deg useggas n 170 S.Ɛ. '''Isurifen imezwura''': Yeṭṭef tamassit n kwaystur (quaestor) deg Ruma d Baetica (Spanya), sakin d aṭribun n ''ipliben'' deg 176 S.Ɛ. '''Tanbaḍt n temnaḍin''': Yuɣal d afritran (praetor) deg 178 S.Ɛ., syin d anebbaḍ n Gallia Lugdunensis (Fransa), n Sisilya, d Pannonia Superior (ɣef wasif n Danub) deg useggas n 191 S.Ɛ.[1]. Deg Panunya, Severus yefka tamawt meqqren i tseddarin n yiserdasen, yella yeẓra amek ay tteddun iserdasen n tlisa d wayen ttnadin, d ayen i as-yeldin abrid ɣer tezmert tamuqqrant. == 3. Aseggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden (193 S.Ɛ.) d Tuzzya ɣer Unbaḍ == Deg taggara n useggas 192 S.Ɛ., yemmut umenkad ''Commodus''. Deg useggas 193 S.Ɛ.—i yettwasnen deg umezruy s Useggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden—tallit n tezɣent d ummenuɣ ɣef udabu: Amenkad Pertinax yeṭṭef leḥkem kra n wagguren kan send ad t-nɣen yimḍebbren n tɛessast. Iɛessasen-nni zzenzen akersi n udabu deg "ssuq" i win ara d-yefken aṭas n tedrimt; dɣa yuɣ-it umarkanti Didius Julianus. Iserdasen n Danub ugin aya. Ass n 9 Yebrir 193 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Carnuntum, berrḥen s Septimyus Severus d amenkad.<syntaxhighlight> ┌──────────────────────────────┐ │ Aseggas n 193 S.Ɛ. │ │ Assider(aɣelluy) n Didius Julianus │ └──────────────┬───────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ │ Amenɣi n Issus (194) │ │ Amenɣi n Lugdunum │ │ Mgal Pescennius Niger │ │ (197) mgal Albinus │ └───────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight>Severus yuzzel s tazzla tameqqrant ɣer temdint n Ruma. ''Didius Julianus'' yetwanɣa send ad d-yaweḍ Severus. Iwakken ad yeṭṭef anbaḍ akken iwata, yennuɣ mgal sin n yimsizwren: '''''Pescennius Niger'' (deg Ugmuḍ)''': Yernat deg umenɣi n Cyzicus, Nicaea, d Issus (194 S.Ɛ.). '''''Clodius Albinus'' (deg Utaram)''': Yernat deg umenɣi aneggaru n Lugdunum (Lyon) deg useggas n 197 S.Ɛ., i yellan d yiwen seg yimenɣan imeqranen akk gar Yiṛumaniyen. == 4. Iseggamen d Isniflen Imserdasen d Yidblanen == Tanbaḍt n Septimyus Severus tbeddel lsas n uwanak aṛumi. === Isniflen n Tasredsa (Iserdasen) === '''Afsax n Tɛessast Tapriturit''': Yefsax taɛessast taqburt i yellan teččur kan d iṭalyaniyen, yebna-tt-id s yiserdasen iḥiriyen i d-yextar seg tlisa n Danub d Tefriqt. '''Tirbbaɛ timaynutin''': Yesnulfa-d kraḍt n tseddarin timaynutiw (Legio I, II, d III Parthica). Yiwet deg-sent yessers-itt ɣer tama n Ruma (Castra Albana) i useḥbiber fell-as. '''Tidrimin d Zwaǧ''': Yerna deg texlaṣṣin n yiserdasen (solde) s wazal n 33% ar 50%, yerna yefka-yasen azref ad zewǧen skud llan deg uheggi n lɛesker (d ayen yellan d amgadal send-is). === Isniflen n Tedbelt d Uzref === '''Asenqes n tezmert n Usqamu''': Yekkes aṭas n tezmert i Usqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina), yerr-a adabu gar yifassen n yimḍebbren imserdasen d yinefrayen neɣ imsaḍufen. '''Asnerni n tussna n uzref''': Yesseqdec imusnawen imeqranen n lqanun aṛumi, gar-asen ''Papinien'' (Aemilius Papinianus, i d-yekkan ula d netta seg Tefriqt neɣ Surya), Ulpien, d Paulus. '''Tadamsa d Txezna''': Yebḍa tadamsa gar txezna n uwanak (aerarium/fiscus) d tbaɣurt tusligt n umenkad d twacult-is (res privata). j6t4uf7tnfjveuqg65jr3vjm6u5gu6k 117300 117299 2026-09-03T14:15:22Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Septimyus Severus.]] '''Lusyus Septimyus Severus''' (145 – 211 S.Ɛ.) d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqranen i ibeddlen udem d unagraw n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. D netta i d amenzu i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (s yiziɣer alibi-apunig) i yulin ɣer ukersi n udabu aṛumi. Yerna d netta i d amsebdad n twacult tageldant n Yisibiriyen. Tanbaḍt-ines, seg useggas n 193 ar 211 S.Ɛ., tewwi-d isniflen d yiseggamen lqayen deg tasredsa (lɛesker), deg uzref (lqanun), d tedbelt. S tnekkra-ines, yessufeɣ tamenkda seg tallit n Principatus (anda asqamu n yimɣaren yella d amteddu) ɣer tallit n udabu amserdas lqayen. == 1. Aẓar, Talalit d Temẓi-ines == === Talalit deg Leptis Magna === Ilul Septimyus Severus ass n 11 deg Yebrir n useggas 145 (neɣ 146) S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Leptis Magna (deg tmurt n Libiya n tura). Tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebna ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal deg temnaḍt n Tripolitania. [[Tugna:Severus210AD.png|vignette|Tamnekda Taṛumanit deg tallit n Severus.]] === Aẓar n twacult === '''Baba-s''': Ism-is ''Publius Septimius Geta'', yekka-d seg yiẓuran ilibiyen-ipuniyen (imaziɣen-ifiniqiyen) yesɛan ayla d ccan ameqran deg temnaḍt. Twacult-ines tella teṭṭef tiɣermi taṛumit acḥal d tasuta send talalit-is. '''Yemma-s''': Ism-is ''Fulvia Pia'', tekka-d seg twacult taṭalyanit-taṛumit n watelsan (gens Fulvia). === Asgmi d tutlayin === Severus yelmed tutlayt tapunigt, talatinit, d tegrikt. Ɣas akken yelmed tasekla d lqanun deg Ruma d Atina, imuzrayen n tallit-nni (am Cassius Dion) nnan-d d akken yella yessawal talatinit s yiwet n aɣdebbu tafriqit i d-yettbanen ar taggara n tudert-is. == 2. Abrid Asertan d Umserdas (Cursus Honorum) == Send ad yaweḍ ɣer udabu unnig, Septimyus Severus yekfa akk talliyin n usedmer asertan aṛumi s tallelt n umenkad [[Mark Urel]]: '''Akcam ɣer Usqamu n Yimɣaren (''SINA'')''': Yekcem d aɛeggal deg useggas n 170 S.Ɛ. '''Isurifen imezwura''': Yeṭṭef tamassit n kwaystur (quaestor) deg Ruma d Baetica (Spanya), sakin d aṭribun n ''ipliben'' deg 176 S.Ɛ. '''Tanbaḍt n temnaḍin''': Yuɣal d afritran (praetor) deg 178 S.Ɛ., syin d anebbaḍ n Gallia Lugdunensis (Fransa), n Sisilya, d Pannonia Superior (ɣef wasif n Danub) deg useggas n 191 S.Ɛ.[1]. Deg Panunya, Severus yefka tamawt meqqren i tseddarin n yiserdasen, yella yeẓra amek ay tteddun iserdasen n tlisa d wayen ttnadin, d ayen i as-yeldin abrid ɣer tezmert tamuqqrant. == 3. Aseggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden (193 S.Ɛ.) d Tuzzya ɣer Unbaḍ == Deg taggara n useggas 192 S.Ɛ., yemmut umenkad ''Commodus''. Deg useggas 193 S.Ɛ.—i yettwasnen deg umezruy s Useggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden—tallit n tezɣent d ummenuɣ ɣef udabu: Amenkad Pertinax yeṭṭef leḥkem kra n wagguren kan send ad t-nɣen yimḍebbren n tɛessast. Iɛessasen-nni zzenzen akersi n udabu deg "ssuq" i win ara d-yefken aṭas n tedrimt; dɣa yuɣ-it umarkanti Didius Julianus. Iserdasen n Danub ugin aya. Ass n 9 Yebrir 193 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Carnuntum, berrḥen s Septimyus Severus d amenkad.<syntaxhighlight> ┌──────────────────────────────┐ │ Aseggas n 193 S.Ɛ. │ │ Assider(aɣelluy) n Didius Julianus │ └──────────────┬───────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ │ Amenɣi n Issus (194) │ │ Amenɣi n Lugdunum │ │ Mgal Pescennius Niger │ │ (197) mgal Albinus │ └───────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight>Severus yuzzel s tazzla tameqqrant ɣer temdint n Ruma. ''Didius Julianus'' yetwanɣa send ad d-yaweḍ Severus. Iwakken ad yeṭṭef anbaḍ akken iwata, yennuɣ mgal sin n yimsizwren: '''''Pescennius Niger'' (deg Ugmuḍ)''': Yernat deg umenɣi n Cyzicus, Nicaea, d Issus (194 S.Ɛ.). '''''Clodius Albinus'' (deg Utaram)''': Yernat deg umenɣi aneggaru n Lugdunum (Lyon) deg useggas n 197 S.Ɛ., i yellan d yiwen seg yimenɣan imeqranen akk gar Yiṛumaniyen. == 4. Iseggamen d Isniflen Imserdasen d Yidblanen == Tanbaḍt n Septimyus Severus tbeddel lsas n uwanak aṛumi. === Isniflen n Tasredsa (Iserdasen) === '''Afsax n Tɛessast Tapriturit''': Yefsax taɛessast taqburt i yellan teččur kan d iṭalyaniyen, yebna-tt-id s yiserdasen iḥiriyen i d-yextar seg tlisa n Danub d Tefriqt. '''Tirbbaɛ timaynutin''': Yesnulfa-d kraḍt n tseddarin timaynutiw (Legio I, II, d III Parthica). Yiwet deg-sent yessers-itt ɣer tama n Ruma (Castra Albana) i useḥbiber fell-as. '''Tidrimin d Zwaǧ''': Yerna deg texlaṣṣin n yiserdasen (solde) s wazal n 33% ar 50%, yerna yefka-yasen azref ad zewǧen skud llan deg uheggi n lɛesker (d ayen yellan d amgadal send-is). [[Tugna:Leptis Magna Arch of Septimius Severus.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n Severus deg Leptis Magna.]] === Isniflen n Tedbelt d Uzref === '''Asenqes n tezmert n Usqamu''': Yekkes aṭas n tezmert i Usqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina), yerr-a adabu gar yifassen n yimḍebbren imserdasen d yinefrayen neɣ imsaḍufen. '''Asnerni n tussna n uzref''': Yesseqdec imusnawen imeqranen n lqanun aṛumi, gar-asen ''Papinien'' (Aemilius Papinianus, i d-yekkan ula d netta seg Tefriqt neɣ Surya), Ulpien, d Paulus. '''Tadamsa d Txezna''': Yebḍa tadamsa gar txezna n uwanak (aerarium/fiscus) d tbaɣurt tusligt n umenkad d twacult-is (res privata). am9m6f2tl1pkyjpfk011bdgw13r0eps 117301 117300 2026-09-03T14:16:52Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117301 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Septimyus Severus.]] '''Lusyus Septimyus Severus''' (145 – 211 S.Ɛ.) d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqranen i ibeddlen udem d unagraw n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. D netta i d amenzu i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (s yiziɣer alibi-apunig) i yulin ɣer ukersi n udabu aṛumi. Yerna d netta i d amsebdad n twacult tageldant n Yisibiriyen. Tanbaḍt-ines, seg useggas n 193 ar 211 S.Ɛ., tewwi-d isniflen d yiseggamen lqayen deg tasredsa (lɛesker), deg uzref (lqanun), d tedbelt. S tnekkra-ines, yessufeɣ tamenkda seg tallit n Principatus (anda asqamu n yimɣaren yella d amteddu) ɣer tallit n udabu amserdas lqayen. == 1. Aẓar, Talalit d Temẓi-ines == === Talalit deg Leptis Magna === Ilul Septimyus Severus ass n 11 deg Yebrir n useggas 145 (neɣ 146) S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Leptis Magna (deg tmurt n Libiya n tura). Tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebna ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal deg temnaḍt n Tripolitania. [[Tugna:Severus210AD.png|vignette|Tamnekda Taṛumanit deg tallit n Severus.]] === Aẓar n twacult === '''Baba-s''': Ism-is ''Publius Septimius Geta'', yekka-d seg yiẓuran ilibiyen-ipuniyen (imaziɣen-ifiniqiyen) yesɛan ayla d ccan ameqran deg temnaḍt. Twacult-ines tella teṭṭef tiɣermi taṛumit acḥal d tasuta send talalit-is. '''Yemma-s''': Ism-is ''Fulvia Pia'', tekka-d seg twacult taṭalyanit-taṛumit n watelsan (gens Fulvia). === Asgmi d tutlayin === Severus yelmed tutlayt tapunigt, talatinit, d tegrikt. Ɣas akken yelmed tasekla d lqanun deg Ruma d Atina, imuzrayen n tallit-nni (am Cassius Dion) nnan-d d akken yella yessawal talatinit s yiwet n aɣdebbu tafriqit i d-yettbanen ar taggara n tudert-is. == 2. Abrid Asertan d Umserdas (Cursus Honorum) == Send ad yaweḍ ɣer udabu unnig, Septimyus Severus yekfa akk talliyin n usedmer asertan aṛumi s tallelt n umenkad [[Mark Urel]]: '''Akcam ɣer Usqamu n Yimɣaren (''SINA'')''': Yekcem d aɛeggal deg useggas n 170 S.Ɛ. '''Isurifen imezwura''': Yeṭṭef tamassit n kwaystur (quaestor) deg Ruma d Baetica (Spanya), sakin d aṭribun n ''ipliben'' deg 176 S.Ɛ. '''Tanbaḍt n temnaḍin''': Yuɣal d afritran (praetor) deg 178 S.Ɛ., syin d anebbaḍ n Gallia Lugdunensis (Fransa), n Sisilya, d Pannonia Superior (ɣef wasif n Danub) deg useggas n 191 S.Ɛ.[1]. Deg Panunya, Severus yefka tamawt meqqren i tseddarin n yiserdasen, yella yeẓra amek ay tteddun iserdasen n tlisa d wayen ttnadin, d ayen i as-yeldin abrid ɣer tezmert tamuqqrant. == 3. Aseggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden (193 S.Ɛ.) d Tuzzya ɣer Unbaḍ == Deg taggara n useggas 192 S.Ɛ., yemmut umenkad ''Commodus''. Deg useggas 193 S.Ɛ.—i yettwasnen deg umezruy s Useggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden—tallit n tezɣent d ummenuɣ ɣef udabu: Amenkad Pertinax yeṭṭef leḥkem kra n wagguren kan send ad t-nɣen yimḍebbren n tɛessast. Iɛessasen-nni zzenzen akersi n udabu deg "ssuq" i win ara d-yefken aṭas n tedrimt; dɣa yuɣ-it umarkanti Didius Julianus. Iserdasen n Danub ugin aya. Ass n 9 Yebrir 193 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Carnuntum, berrḥen s Septimyus Severus d amenkad.<syntaxhighlight> ┌──────────────────────────────┐ │ Aseggas n 193 S.Ɛ. │ │ Assider(aɣelluy) n Didius Julianus │ └──────────────┬───────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ │ Amenɣi n Issus (194) │ │ Amenɣi n Lugdunum │ │ Mgal Pescennius Niger │ │ (197) mgal Albinus │ └───────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight>Severus yuzzel s tazzla tameqqrant ɣer temdint n Ruma. ''Didius Julianus'' yetwanɣa send ad d-yaweḍ Severus. Iwakken ad yeṭṭef anbaḍ akken iwata, yennuɣ mgal sin n yimsizwren: '''''Pescennius Niger'' (deg Ugmuḍ)''': Yernat deg umenɣi n Cyzicus, Nicaea, d Issus (194 S.Ɛ.). '''''Clodius Albinus'' (deg Utaram)''': Yernat deg umenɣi aneggaru n Lugdunum (Lyon) deg useggas n 197 S.Ɛ., i yellan d yiwen seg yimenɣan imeqranen akk gar Yiṛumaniyen. == 4. Iseggamen d Isniflen Imserdasen d Yidblanen == Tanbaḍt n Septimyus Severus tbeddel lsas n uwanak aṛumi. === Isniflen n Tasredsa (Iserdasen) === '''Afsax n Tɛessast Tapriturit''': Yefsax taɛessast taqburt i yellan teččur kan d iṭalyaniyen, yebna-tt-id s yiserdasen iḥiriyen i d-yextar seg tlisa n Danub d Tefriqt. '''Tirbbaɛ timaynutin''': Yesnulfa-d kraḍt n tseddarin timaynutiw (Legio I, II, d III Parthica). Yiwet deg-sent yessers-itt ɣer tama n Ruma (Castra Albana) i useḥbiber fell-as. '''Tidrimin d Tsulya(Zwaǧ)''': Yerna deg texlaṣṣin n yiserdasen (solde) s wazal n 33% ar 50%, yerna yefka-yasen azref ad zewǧen skud llan deg uheggi n lɛesker (d ayen yellan d amgadal send-is). [[Tugna:Leptis Magna Arch of Septimius Severus.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n Severus deg Leptis Magna.]] === Isniflen n Tedbelt d Uzref === '''Asenqes n tezmert n Usqamu''': Yekkes aṭas n tezmert i Usqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina), yerr-a adabu gar yifassen n yimḍebbren imserdasen d yinefrayen neɣ imsaḍufen. '''Asnerni n tussna n uzref''': Yesseqdec imusnawen imeqranen n lqanun aṛumi, gar-asen ''Papinien'' (Aemilius Papinianus, i d-yekkan ula d netta seg Tefriqt neɣ Surya), Ulpien, d Paulus. '''Tadamsa d Txezna''': Yebḍa tadamsa gar txezna n uwanak (aerarium/fiscus) d tbaɣurt tusligt n umenkad d twacult-is (res privata). glff7d0grhzq5aictw421kfflkt0jrb 117305 117301 2026-09-03T20:25:42Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Septimyus Severus.]] '''Lusyus Septimyus Severus''' (145 – 211 S.Ɛ.) d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqranen i ibeddlen udem d unagraw n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. D netta i d amenzu i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (s yiziɣer alibi-apunig) i yulin ɣer ukersi n udabu aṛumi. Yerna d netta i d amsebdad n twacult tageldant n Yisibiriyen. Tanbaḍt-ines, seg useggas n 193 ar 211 S.Ɛ., tewwi-d isniflen d yiseggamen lqayen deg tasredsa (lɛesker), deg uzref (lqanun), d tedbelt. S tnekkra-ines, yessufeɣ tamenkda seg tallit n Principatus (anda asqamu n yimɣaren yella d amteddu) ɣer tallit n udabu amserdas lqayen. == 1. Aẓar, Talalit d Temẓi-ines == === Talalit deg Leptis Magna === Ilul Septimyus Severus ass n 11 deg Yebrir n useggas 145 (neɣ 146) S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Leptis Magna (deg tmurt n Libiya n tura). Tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebna ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal deg temnaḍt n Tripolitania. [[Tugna:Severus210AD.png|vignette|Tamnekda Taṛumanit deg tallit n Severus.]] === Aẓar n twacult === '''Baba-s''': Ism-is ''Publius Septimius Geta'', yekka-d seg yiẓuran ilibiyen-ipuniyen (imaziɣen-ifiniqiyen) yesɛan ayla d ccan ameqran deg temnaḍt. Twacult-ines tella teṭṭef tiɣermi taṛumit acḥal d tasuta send talalit-is. '''Yemma-s''': Ism-is ''Fulvia Pia'', tekka-d seg twacult taṭalyanit-taṛumit n watelsan (gens Fulvia). === Asgmi d tutlayin === Severus yelmed tutlayt tapunigt, talatinit, d tegrikt. Ɣas akken yelmed tasekla d lqanun deg Ruma d Atina, imuzrayen n tallit-nni (am Cassius Dion) nnan-d d akken yella yessawal talatinit s yiwet n aɣdebbu tafriqit i d-yettbanen ar taggara n tudert-is. == 2. Abrid Asertan d Umserdas (Cursus Honorum) == Send ad yaweḍ ɣer udabu unnig, Septimyus Severus yekfa akk talliyin n usedmer asertan aṛumi s tallelt n umenkad [[Mark Urel]]: '''Akcam ɣer Usqamu n Yimɣaren (''SINA'')''': Yekcem d aɛeggal deg useggas n 170 S.Ɛ. '''Isurifen imezwura''': Yeṭṭef tamassit n kwaystur (quaestor) deg Ruma d Baetica (Spanya), sakin d aṭribun n ''ipliben'' deg 176 S.Ɛ. '''Tanbaḍt n temnaḍin''': Yuɣal d afritran (praetor) deg 178 S.Ɛ., syin d anebbaḍ n Gallia Lugdunensis (Fransa), n Sisilya, d Pannonia Superior (ɣef wasif n Danub) deg useggas n 191 S.Ɛ.[1]. Deg Panunya, Severus yefka tamawt meqqren i tseddarin n yiserdasen, yella yeẓra amek ay tteddun iserdasen n tlisa d wayen ttnadin, d ayen i as-yeldin abrid ɣer tezmert tamuqqrant. == 3. Aseggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden (193 S.Ɛ.) d Tuzzya ɣer Unbaḍ == Deg taggara n useggas 192 S.Ɛ., yemmut umenkad ''Commodus''. Deg useggas 193 S.Ɛ.—i yettwasnen deg umezruy s Useggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden—tallit n tezɣent d ummenuɣ ɣef udabu: Amenkad Pertinax yeṭṭef leḥkem kra n wagguren kan send ad t-nɣen yimḍebbren n tɛessast. Iɛessasen-nni zzenzen akersi n udabu deg "ssuq" i win ara d-yefken aṭas n tedrimt; dɣa yuɣ-it umarkanti Didius Julianus. Iserdasen n Danub ugin aya. Ass n 9 Yebrir 193 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Carnuntum, berrḥen s Septimyus Severus d amenkad.<syntaxhighlight> ┌──────────────────────────────┐ │ Aseggas n 193 S.Ɛ. │ │ Assider(aɣelluy) n Didius Julianus │ └──────────────┬───────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ │ Amenɣi n Issus (194) │ │ Amenɣi n Lugdunum │ │ Mgal Pescennius Niger │ │ (197) mgal Albinus │ └───────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight>Severus yuzzel s tazzla tameqqrant ɣer temdint n Ruma. ''Didius Julianus'' yetwanɣa send ad d-yaweḍ Severus. Iwakken ad yeṭṭef anbaḍ akken iwata, yennuɣ mgal sin n yimsizwren: '''''Pescennius Niger'' (deg Ugmuḍ)''': Yernat deg umenɣi n Cyzicus, Nicaea, d Issus (194 S.Ɛ.). '''''Clodius Albinus'' (deg Utaram)''': Yernat deg umenɣi aneggaru n Lugdunum (Lyon) deg useggas n 197 S.Ɛ., i yellan d yiwen seg yimenɣan imeqranen akk gar Yiṛumaniyen. == 4. Iseggamen d Isniflen Imserdasen d Yidblanen == Tanbaḍt n Septimyus Severus tbeddel lsas n uwanak aṛumi. === Isniflen n Tasredsa (Iserdasen) === '''Afsax n Tɛessast Tapriturit''': Yefsax taɛessast taqburt i yellan teččur kan d iṭalyaniyen, yebna-tt-id s yiserdasen iḥiriyen i d-yextar seg tlisa n Danub d Tefriqt. '''Tirbbaɛ timaynutin''': Yesnulfa-d kraḍt n tseddarin timaynutiw (Legio I, II, d III Parthica). Yiwet deg-sent yessers-itt ɣer tama n Ruma (Castra Albana) i useḥbiber fell-as. '''Tidrimin d Tsulya(Zwaǧ)''': Yerna deg texlaṣṣin n yiserdasen (solde) s wazal n 33% ar 50%, yerna yefka-yasen azref ad zewǧen skud llan deg uheggi n lɛesker (d ayen yellan d amgadal send-is). [[Tugna:Leptis Magna Arch of Septimius Severus.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n Severus deg Leptis Magna.]] === Isniflen n Tedbelt d Uzref === '''Asenqes n tezmert n Usqamu''': Yekkes aṭas n tezmert i Usqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina), yerr-a adabu gar yifassen n yimḍebbren imserdasen d yinefrayen neɣ imsaḍufen. '''Asnerni n tussna n uzref''': Yesseqdec imusnawen imeqranen n lqanun aṛumi, gar-asen ''Papinien'' (Aemilius Papinianus, i d-yekkan ula d netta seg Tefriqt neɣ Surya), Ulpien, d Paulus. '''Tadamsa d Txezna''': Yebḍa tadamsa gar txezna n uwanak (aerarium/fiscus) d tbaɣurt tusligt n umenkad d twacult-is (res privata). == 5. Tuffɣiwin n Tredsa d Usehrew n Tlisa == <syntaxhighlight> ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ TUFFƔIWIN N TREDSA N SEVERUS │ ├──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────┤ │ 1. TUFFƔA n Mezubuṭamya │ Aserɣi n Ctesiphon (197) d │ │ (197 - 198 S.Ɛ.) │ tmerniwt n Mesopotamya. │ ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤ │ 2. TUFFƔA n Tefriqt │ Asebded n Limes Tripolitanus │ │ (202 - 203 S.Ɛ.) │ d lebni n Gholaia/Bu Njem. │ ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤ │ 3. TUFFƔA n Kaledunya │ Aɛawed n lebni n Uɣrab n │ │ (208 - 211 S.Ɛ.) │ Hadrian d umenɣi di Scotland │ └──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight>'''Tuffɣa n Mezubuṭamya (197–198 S.Ɛ.)''': Yennuɣ mgal Tmenkda Tapartit, yesreɣ tamanaɣt-nsen Ctesiphon. Tamnaḍt n Mezubuṭamya tuɣal d tamnaḍt taṛumit tamaynut. '''Tuffɣa n Tefriqt (202–203 S.Ɛ.)''': Yessuddes talisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa (Limes Tripolitanus) mgal tgeldiwin timaziɣin n unẓul (am Yigaramanten). Yebna igruren n tredsa(lɛesker) deg Gholaia (Bu Njem) d Ghadames. Yerra tamdint-is Leptis Magna d tamnaḍt tamirant s lebni n yisebdaden, tagenzi, d usagen ameqran. '''Tuffɣa n Briṭanya (208–211 S.Ɛ.)''': Yuli ɣer tgzirt n Briṭanya (Legliz) d warraw-is iwakken ad iḥareb mgal leɛṛac n Kaledunya (Caledonia, deg Skutlanda n tura). Dinna iɛawed asebded d useǧhed n Uɣrab n [[Hadriyan]]. nsvnch2f3yobjwv7x95hlwx3fjjrmvs 117308 117305 2026-09-04T11:53:25Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Septimyus Severus.]] '''Lusyus Septimyus Severus''' (145 – 211 S.Ɛ.) d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqranen i ibeddlen udem d unagraw n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. D netta i d amenzu i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (s yiziɣer alibi-apunig) i yulin ɣer ukersi n udabu aṛumi. Yerna d netta i d amsebdad n twacult tageldant n Yisibiriyen. Tanbaḍt-ines, seg useggas n 193 ar 211 S.Ɛ., tewwi-d isniflen d yiseggamen lqayen deg tasredsa (lɛesker), deg uzref (lqanun), d tedbelt. S tnekkra-ines, yessufeɣ tamenkda seg tallit n Principatus (anda asqamu n yimɣaren yella d amteddu) ɣer tallit n udabu amserdas lqayen. == 1. Aẓar, Talalit d Temẓi-ines == === Talalit deg Leptis Magna === Ilul Septimyus Severus ass n 11 deg Yebrir n useggas 145 (neɣ 146) S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Leptis Magna (deg tmurt n Libiya n tura). Tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebna ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal deg temnaḍt n Tripolitania. [[Tugna:Severus210AD.png|vignette|Tamnekda Taṛumanit deg tallit n Severus.]] === Aẓar n twacult === '''Baba-s''': Ism-is ''Publius Septimius Geta'', yekka-d seg yiẓuran ilibiyen-ipuniyen (imaziɣen-ifiniqiyen) yesɛan ayla d ccan ameqran deg temnaḍt. Twacult-ines tella teṭṭef tiɣermi taṛumit acḥal d tasuta send talalit-is. '''Yemma-s''': Ism-is ''Fulvia Pia'', tekka-d seg twacult taṭalyanit-taṛumit n watelsan (gens Fulvia). === Asgmi d tutlayin === Severus yelmed tutlayt tapunigt, talatinit, d tegrikt. Ɣas akken yelmed tasekla d lqanun deg Ruma d Atina, imuzrayen n tallit-nni (am Cassius Dion) nnan-d d akken yella yessawal talatinit s yiwet n aɣdebbu tafriqit i d-yettbanen ar taggara n tudert-is. == 2. Abrid Asertan d Umserdas (Cursus Honorum) == Send ad yaweḍ ɣer udabu unnig, Septimyus Severus yekfa akk talliyin n usedmer asertan aṛumi s tallelt n umenkad [[Mark Urel]]: '''Akcam ɣer Usqamu n Yimɣaren (''SINA'')''': Yekcem d aɛeggal deg useggas n 170 S.Ɛ. '''Isurifen imezwura''': Yeṭṭef tamassit n kwaystur (quaestor) deg Ruma d Baetica (Spanya), sakin d aṭribun n ''ipliben'' deg 176 S.Ɛ. '''Tanbaḍt n temnaḍin''': Yuɣal d afritran (praetor) deg 178 S.Ɛ., syin d anebbaḍ n Gallia Lugdunensis (Fransa), n Sisilya, d Pannonia Superior (ɣef wasif n Danub) deg useggas n 191 S.Ɛ.[1]. Deg Panunya, Severus yefka tamawt meqqren i tseddarin n yiserdasen, yella yeẓra amek ay tteddun iserdasen n tlisa d wayen ttnadin, d ayen i as-yeldin abrid ɣer tezmert tamuqqrant. == 3. Aseggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden (193 S.Ɛ.) d Tuzzya ɣer Unbaḍ == Deg taggara n useggas 192 S.Ɛ., yemmut umenkad ''Commodus''. Deg useggas 193 S.Ɛ.—i yettwasnen deg umezruy s Useggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden—tallit n tezɣent d ummenuɣ ɣef udabu: Amenkad Pertinax yeṭṭef leḥkem kra n wagguren kan send ad t-nɣen yimḍebbren n tɛessast. Iɛessasen-nni zzenzen akersi n udabu deg "ssuq" i win ara d-yefken aṭas n tedrimt; dɣa yuɣ-it umarkanti Didius Julianus. Iserdasen n Danub ugin aya. Ass n 9 Yebrir 193 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Carnuntum, berrḥen s Septimyus Severus d amenkad.<syntaxhighlight> ┌──────────────────────────────┐ │ Aseggas n 193 S.Ɛ. │ │ Assider(aɣelluy) n Didius Julianus │ └──────────────┬───────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ │ Amenɣi n Issus (194) │ │ Amenɣi n Lugdunum │ │ Mgal Pescennius Niger │ │ (197) mgal Albinus │ └───────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight>Severus yuzzel s tazzla tameqqrant ɣer temdint n Ruma. ''Didius Julianus'' yetwanɣa send ad d-yaweḍ Severus. Iwakken ad yeṭṭef anbaḍ akken iwata, yennuɣ mgal sin n yimsizwren: '''''Pescennius Niger'' (deg Ugmuḍ)''': Yernat deg umenɣi n Cyzicus, Nicaea, d Issus (194 S.Ɛ.). '''''Clodius Albinus'' (deg Utaram)''': Yernat deg umenɣi aneggaru n Lugdunum (Lyon) deg useggas n 197 S.Ɛ., i yellan d yiwen seg yimenɣan imeqranen akk gar Yiṛumaniyen. == 4. Iseggamen d Isniflen Imserdasen d Yidblanen == Tanbaḍt n Septimyus Severus tbeddel lsas n uwanak aṛumi. === Isniflen n Tasredsa (Iserdasen) === '''Afsax n Tɛessast Tapriturit''': Yefsax taɛessast taqburt i yellan teččur kan d iṭalyaniyen, yebna-tt-id s yiserdasen iḥiriyen i d-yextar seg tlisa n Danub d Tefriqt. '''Tirbbaɛ timaynutin''': Yesnulfa-d kraḍt n tseddarin timaynutiw (Legio I, II, d III Parthica). Yiwet deg-sent yessers-itt ɣer tama n Ruma (Castra Albana) i useḥbiber fell-as. '''Tidrimin d Tsulya(Zwaǧ)''': Yerna deg texlaṣṣin n yiserdasen (solde) s wazal n 33% ar 50%, yerna yefka-yasen azref ad zewǧen skud llan deg uheggi n lɛesker (d ayen yellan d amgadal send-is). [[Tugna:Leptis Magna Arch of Septimius Severus.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n Severus deg Leptis Magna.]] === Isniflen n Tedbelt d Uzref === '''Asenqes n tezmert n Usqamu''': Yekkes aṭas n tezmert i Usqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina), yerr-a adabu gar yifassen n yimḍebbren imserdasen d yinefrayen neɣ imsaḍufen. '''Asnerni n tussna n uzref''': Yesseqdec imusnawen imeqranen n lqanun aṛumi, gar-asen ''Papinien'' (Aemilius Papinianus, i d-yekkan ula d netta seg Tefriqt neɣ Surya), Ulpien, d Paulus. '''Tadamsa d Txezna''': Yebḍa tadamsa gar txezna n uwanak (aerarium/fiscus) d tbaɣurt tusligt n umenkad d twacult-is (res privata). == 5. Tuffɣiwin n Tredsa d Usehrew n Tlisa == <syntaxhighlight> ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ TUFFƔIWIN N TREDSA N SEVERUS │ ├──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────┤ │ 1. TUFFƔA n Mezubuṭamya │ Aserɣi n Ctesiphon (197) d │ │ (197 - 198 S.Ɛ.) │ tmerniwt n Mesopotamya. │ ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤ │ 2. TUFFƔA n Tefriqt │ Asebded n Limes Tripolitanus │ │ (202 - 203 S.Ɛ.) │ d lebni n Gholaia/Bu Njem. │ ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤ │ 3. TUFFƔA n Kaledunya │ Aɛawed n lebni n Uɣrab n │ │ (208 - 211 S.Ɛ.) │ Hadrian d umenɣi di Scotland │ └──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight>'''Tuffɣa n Mezubuṭamya (197–198 S.Ɛ.)''': Yennuɣ mgal Tmenkda Tapartit, yesreɣ tamanaɣt-nsen Ctesiphon. Tamnaḍt n Mezubuṭamya tuɣal d tamnaḍt taṛumit tamaynut. '''Tuffɣa n Tefriqt (202–203 S.Ɛ.)''': Yessuddes talisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa (Limes Tripolitanus) mgal tgeldiwin timaziɣin n unẓul (am Yigaramanten). Yebna igruren n tredsa(lɛesker) deg Gholaia (Bu Njem) d Ghadames. Yerra tamdint-is Leptis Magna d tamnaḍt tamirant s lebni n yisebdaden, tagenzi, d usagen ameqran. '''Tuffɣa n Briṭanya (208–211 S.Ɛ.)''': Yuli ɣer tgzirt n Briṭanya (Legliz) d warraw-is iwakken ad iḥareb mgal leɛṛac n Kaledunya (Caledonia, deg Skutlanda n tura). Dinna iɛawed asebded d useǧhed n Uɣrab n [[Hadriyan]]. == 6. Tawacult d Temsalt n Wukus == === Julia Domna === Severus yuɣ tislit-is tis snat J''ulia Domna'' deg useggas n 187 S.Ɛ., d yelli-s n uqessis ameqran n tecbalt n yiṭij(seg usɣan ''Ilagabal'' n temnaḍt n [[surya]] n wass-a) deg temdint n Emesa (Homs, deg [[Surya]]). Julia Domna tella d tamusnawt yeɣran aṭas, tella tessebded igrawen n ifelsufen, imedyazen d yimussnawen deg Ruma, yerna tesɛa tazrirt meqqren deg tsertit n umenkad. === Arraw-is: Karakalla d Geta === Tesɛa-d yid-s sin n warrac: '''[[Karakalla]]''' (Lucius Septimius Bassianus / Antoninus). '''Publius Septimius Geta'''. Severus yessuli sin-a n warraw-is ɣer umkan n ''Augustus'' iwakken ad nbeḍen lwaḥid deffir-s. Maca yella gar-asen yiwen n wurfan d cceḥna tameqqrant ur nerkid. == 7. Tamettant == === Tamettant deg Eboracum (211 S.Ɛ.) === Yemmut Septimyus Severus ass n 4 deg Furar n useggas 211 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Briṭanya) deg leɛmer-is 65 n yiseggasen. Send ad yemmet, yefka i sin n warraw-is yiwen n uwellah yeqqimen deg umezruy: "Ddukklet gar-awen, Ili-ken am iserdasen, Ili-ken d imakkayen, u Ḥeqret wiyaḍ." (« Concordes estote, milites locupletate, ceteros contemnite ») Deffir tmettant-ines, [[Karakalla]] yenɣa gma-s Geta deg 212 S.Ɛ. iwakken ad yeṭṭef adabu i yimani-s, sakin yefka tiɣeṛmi taṛumanit i akk iɣermanen ilelliyen n tmenkda (Aẓreg n Karakalla). ekf8d0sjiyrqy2nwv4k1y66j6dq1yoj 0 25555 117298 117295 2026-09-03T14:00:59Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Monero-Logo.svg|vignette|Monero.]] '''Monero''' d yiwen n wsuṛdi umḍin s wudem n uɣbalu yeldin, yebnan ɣef uzeṭṭa ayugan-ɣer-uyugan (peer-to-peer). Asenfaṛ-a ilul-d deg yebrir n useggas 2014. Talɣa tagjdit n Monero tbedd ɣef uselken n tbaḍnit, d tinigawin s wudem udrig. Mgal [[Bitcoin|Bitkuyin]] (Bitcoin) ideg yella uzrar n yiḥedran d azayez yerna d afrawan, Muniru yesseqdac timhaliwin n uwgelhen tusligin akken ad yeffer tansa n umceyyaɛ, tansa n unermas, akked wazal n yidrimen yettwaznen deg yal tanigawt. == Amezruy d usnulfu == Asenfaṛ n Monero yebda-d deg yebrir 2014 s yisem n BitMonero, i d-yekkan seg teglizit (Bit) d tutlayt n t-Esperantot (Monero, i d-yemmalen asuṛdi neɣ ''tapyast n tedrimt''). Yeqqel d asenfaṛ imzerreg s yisem n ''Bytecoin'', yiwen n usuṛdi i yesseqdacen aneggaf '''CryptoNote'''. Imi tarbaɛt tamatut ur teqbil ara kra n tarrayin n usefrek n ''Bytecoin'', yettwaxdem-d leqdic amaynut sɣur imnadiyen d imusnawen n tsenselkimt i yefkan leɛnaya tameqqrant i tbaḍnit d tuqqna yeldin i medden meṛṛa war taɛessast. Seg yimir-n, aṭas n tneflitin timiriyin i d-yernan deg unagraw-is, gar-asent: '''RingCT (2017)''' : I usedreg n wazalen n tinigawin. '''Bulletproofs (2018)''' : I usenqes n d tiddi n yisefka n tinigawin. '''RandomX (2019)''' : Alguritm n unza n umahil i '''usnaɣez''' s useqdec n yisekkaren imuta (CPU). == Titiknulujiyin tigejdanin n tbaḍnit == Monero yemxallaf ɣef waṭas n yisuṛdiyen umḍinen nniḍen acku tabaḍnit deg-s ur telli ara d axtiṛan (afranan), d taneflit tagejdayt yettwagedlen s wudem amagnu deg yal tanigawt.<syntaxhighlight> +-------------------------------------------------------------+        |             Tinigawin Tibaḍnanin n Monero            |        +-------------------------------------------------------------+        |  1. Amceyyaɛ (Amazan)   -->  Tizmal n uzebg (Ring Signatures)|        |  2. Anermas  -->  Tansiwin tuffirin |        |  3. Azal n wudrim       -->  RingCT (Awgelhen n wazal n wudrim)   |        +-------------------------------------------------------------+ </syntaxhighlight> === 3.1. Tizmal n uzebg (Ring Signatures) === Tarrayt-a tesseqdac tasarut tazayezt n umceyyaɛ akked tzemmar n tsura tizuyaz nniḍen yettwafernen seg uzrar n yiḥedran. Anagraw yesseqdec azmul n uzebg, s waya ur nezmir ara ad nẓer anwa n tidet i d amceyyaɛ ameẓyan gar wid yellan deg ugraw. === 3.2. Tansiwin tuffirin (Stealth Addresses) === Deg yal tanigawt, amceyyaɛ yesnulfuy-d s wudem awurman tansa tudrigt i yiwet n tikkelt kan. Ɣas akken amsaɣ yesɛa tansa tazayezt, ulac yiwen deg beṛṛa n uzeṭṭa izemren ad yessiweḍ gar tansa-nni d tinigawin i d-yettasen ɣur-s. === 3.3. Tinigawin tibaḍnanin n uzebg (RingCT) === Deg tazwara n Monero, azalen n yidrimen llan ttbanen-d. Seg useggas n 2017, anagraw yessekcem titiknit n RingCT, i yesseqdacen tarrayin tusnaktin n uwgelhen akken ad iḥrez azalen war ma yeffeɣ-d umḍan ar tafat, yerna ad yeḍmen d akken ur d-yeḍri ara uɛawed n useqdec n yidrimen (double spending). === 3.4. Alguritm RandomX === Iwakken ad yeḥrez awar-aslemmas n uzeṭṭa, Monero yesseqdac alguritm n unza n umahil iwumi qqaṛen RandomX. Alguritm-a yettwaselɣa akken ad yelḥu s wudem igerrzen ɣef yisekkaren imuta (CPU) n yiselkimen n yal ass, yerna yesseḥbes amirew n tmacinin tusligin yettwassnen s yisem n ASIC i d-yettawin tazrirt tamuqqrant ɣef uzeṭṭa sɣur teṛmistin timeqqranin. == 5. Tafunjibilit == Yiwet seg tɣawsiwin timeqqranin deg tesnakt n Monero d tafunjibilit. Deg usuṛdi am Bitkuyin, yal taceqquft(tapyast) tesɛa amezruy n tinigawin i izemren ad yettwetbeɛ deg uzrar n yiḥedran; ma yella taceqquft-nni tekka-d seg yiwet n tkerḍa neɣ n yimenɣi, lbankat d tggazin n ubeddel zemren ad tt-gdeln. Deg Monero, imi amezruy n yal XMR yeffer s uwgelhen, ulac taceqquft neɣ tapyast i izemren ad tili amzun tcudd ɣer kra n tadyanin deg yizri ɣef tayeḍ: yal 1 XMR yesɛa yiwen wazal yerna yegda wayeḍ, am wakken i tga tedrimt n lkaɣeḍ deg tilawt. lx2kxb9u9d5nczlxrab9e9s3hxvznw6 828 25557 117306 2026-09-03T22:10:43Z Hamish 9471 [IPE-NEXT] Quick edit imported from [[:w:en:Module:Exponential search]] 117306 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides a generic exponential search algorithm. require[[strict]] local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType local floor = math.floor local function midPoint(lower, upper) return floor(lower + (upper - lower) / 2) end local function search(testFunc, i, lower, upper) if testFunc(i) then if i + 1 == upper then return i end lower = i if upper then i = midPoint(lower, upper) else i = i * 2 end return search(testFunc, i, lower, upper) else upper = i i = midPoint(lower, upper) return search(testFunc, i, lower, upper) end end return function (testFunc, init) checkType('Exponential search', 1, testFunc, 'function') checkType('Exponential search', 2, init, 'number', true) if init and (init < 1 or init ~= floor(init) or init == math.huge) then error(string.format( "invalid init value '%s' detected in argument #2 to " .. "'Exponential search' (init value must be a positive integer)", tostring(init) ), 2) end init = init or 2 if not testFunc(1) then return nil end return search(testFunc, init, 1, nil) end jqqi8l27tb73lglksbukg2g3bzt3fmv