Karakalla

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'''Karakalla''' (s talatint : '''Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus''' ; ilul s yisem n '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus''' ass n 4 yebrir 188 deg Lugdunum (Lyon tatrart) – yemmut ass n 8 yebrir 217 ar tama n Carrhae, d amenkad [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|urumani]] wis 22 i inebḍen Tamnekda Tarumanit seg useggas n 198 armi d tamettant-is deg 217&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caracalla Caracalla], deg ''britannica.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yella seg ugdez n Yisiviriyen i d-yefrurin seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (Leptis Magna)

Yettwassen deg umezruy amaḍlan ladɣa s Wanaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) deg useggas n 212, i yefkan tiɣremt tarumanit i yal amdan ilelli i izedɣen daxel n tlisa n temnekda, akked lebni n yiḥamamen n Karakalla deg temdint n Roma.

== 1. Tazwart d uẓar n yisem-is ==
Isem-is n tlalit d '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus'''. Asmi yesɛa mraw (10) n yiseggasen, baba-s ibeddel-as isem ɣer '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' iwakken ad yeqqen tawacult-is ɣer twacult tanbaḍt tameqqrant n yimenkaden I-antuninen (ladɣa [[Mark Urel]]).

Isem n Karakalla (Caracalla) ur yelli ara d isem unṣib ; d aflisem i as-fkan yiserdasen d uɣref arumani, acku yella dima yettlusu yiwe n uqendur aɣezfan i d-yekkan seg temnaḍt n Galya (Gaule) iwumi qqaren caracalla deg tutlayt tagalit.

== 2. Tameddurt d Temẓi ==
Ilul deg Lyon deg tmurt n Fransa n wass-a, asmi yella baba-s d anebbaḍ n temnaḍt-nni. Aẓar n twacult-is yezdi gar snat n tɣermiwin tiqburin:

Baba-s, [[Septimyus Severus]] : Ilul deg Leptis Magna (di Tripolitanya, Libya n tura) ; yella d amaziɣ/apuniqi yerna d aṛumani s teɣremt.

Yemma-s, '''Julia Domna''' : Tella d yelli-s n twacult tameqqrant n yigrawliwen d yemxezniyen n temdint n Emesa (Homs deg Surya tatrart).

Deg useggas n 198, asmi yesɛa kan mraw n yiseggasen, yuli ɣer weswir n Augustus (amenkad amɛiwen akked baba-s). Deg useggas n 209, gma-s ameẓyan Geta yettwarnu ula d netta d amenkud wis kraḍ.

== 3. Tanbaḍt (211–217) ==

=== 3.1. Amgired akked gma-s Geta d tmenɣiwt-is ===
Mi yemmut baba-tsen [[Septimyus Severus|Septimyus Severu]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s deg useggas n 211 deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Tagelda Yedduklen n wass-a), Karakalla d gma-s Geta uɣalen d imenkaden i yessawḍen ad ṭṭfen adabu i yiman-nsen. Gar-asen yella ucengu ameqran d tismin ur yezmir yiwen ad yessensi. Bɣan ad beḍḍun tamnekda ɣef sin, maca yemma-tsen Julia Domna tella tettawi-d arkad gar-asen.

Deg waggur n dujanber 211, Karakalla yexdem-as taḥila i gma-s : yessawel-as-d ɣer yiwet n temlilit taredsant deg wexxam n yemma-tsen, dɣa ssuffyen-d kra n yiserdasen iḥeṛcen i t-yenɣan gar yiɣallen n yemma-s. Deffir waya, Karakalla yenɣa azal n 20 000 n yimdanen i yellan d imeddukal neɣ d iɛessasen n Geta, yerna yessufeɣ-d anaḍ n usufeɣ seg umezruy (Damnatio memoriae), anda kksen akk isem n Geta seg yisebdaden, iẓra d tedrimt n temnekda.

== 3.2. Tanbaḍt taserdasit ==
Karakalla yebna lḥekm-is akk ɣef leɛnaya n yiserdasen. Yerna-asen deg yiɣṛad s ugar n 50%, yerna yella yetteddu yid-sen deg yimenɣi. Aya yexleq-d ugur ameqran deg tedrimt d tdamsa n Roma, imi tadrimt tuɣal ur tqidd ara.

== 4. Tigawin d Yisenfaren Igejdanen ==

=== 4.1. Anaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana, 212) ===
D tagi i d tigawt tasertant tameqqrant akk i iga. Deg useggas n 212, yessuffeɣ-d Anaḍ n Karakalla.

'''Anamek-is''' : Yal amdan ilelli (ur yelli d akli) i izedɣen deg s ddaw tlisa d temnaḍin akk n Temnekda Tarumanit yuɣal d aɣerman arumani s lekmal u s yizerfan-is (Civitas Romana).

'''Iswi''' : Xas akken d asurif ameqran i usemres n tgada n teɣdemt, iswi agejdan yella daɣen d asnerni n tebzert, acku iɣermanen irumaniyen llan ttarran tabzert taɛlayant ɣef tkerza d lwert i ur d-nettasen ara seg yiberaniyen.

'''Tazrirt deg Tafriqt n Ugafa''' : Anaḍ-a yefka azref ameqran i yimezdaɣen imaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Imuranen) ad kecmen deg isudaḍ(leqwanin) n Roma, ad ṭṭfen imukan unnigen deg igen/tredsa(lɛesker) d tseddarin n teɣdemt.

== Tizmilin ==
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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'''Karakalla''' (s talatint : '''Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus''' ; ilul s yisem n '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus''' ass n 4 yebrir 188 deg Lugdunum (Lyon tatrart) – yemmut ass n 8 yebrir 217 ar tama n Carrhae, d amenkad [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|urumani]] wis 22 i inebḍen Tamnekda Tarumanit seg useggas n 198 armi d tamettant-is deg 217&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caracalla Caracalla], deg ''britannica.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yella seg ugdez n Yisiviriyen i d-yefrurin seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (Leptis Magna)

Yettwassen deg umezruy amaḍlan ladɣa s Wanaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) deg useggas n 212, i yefkan tiɣremt tarumanit i yal amdan ilelli i izedɣen daxel n tlisa n temnekda, akked lebni n yiḥamamen n Karakalla deg temdint n Roma.

== 1. Tazwart d uẓar n yisem-is ==
Isem-is n tlalit d '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus'''. Asmi yesɛa mraw (10) n yiseggasen, baba-s ibeddel-as isem ɣer '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' iwakken ad yeqqen tawacult-is ɣer twacult tanbaḍt tameqqrant n yimenkaden I-antuninen (ladɣa [[Mark Urel]]).

Isem n Karakalla (Caracalla) ur yelli ara d isem unṣib ; d aflisem i as-fkan yiserdasen d uɣref arumani, acku yella dima yettlusu yiwe n uqendur aɣezfan i d-yekkan seg temnaḍt n Galya (Gaule) iwumi qqaren caracalla deg tutlayt tagalit.

== 2. Tameddurt d Temẓi ==
Ilul deg Lyon deg tmurt n Fransa n wass-a, asmi yella baba-s d anebbaḍ n temnaḍt-nni. Aẓar n twacult-is yezdi gar snat n tɣermiwin tiqburin:

Baba-s, [[Septimyus Severus]] : Ilul deg Leptis Magna (di Tripolitanya, Libya n tura) ; yella d amaziɣ/apuniqi yerna d aṛumani s teɣremt.

Yemma-s, '''Julia Domna''' : Tella d yelli-s n twacult tameqqrant n yigrawliwen d yemxezniyen n temdint n Emesa (Homs deg Surya tatrart).

Deg useggas n 198, asmi yesɛa kan mraw n yiseggasen, yuli ɣer weswir n Augustus (amenkad amɛiwen akked baba-s). Deg useggas n 209, gma-s ameẓyan Geta yettwarnu ula d netta d amenkud wis kraḍ.

== 3. Tanbaḍt (211–217) ==

=== 3.1. Amgired akked gma-s Geta d tmenɣiwt-is ===
Mi yemmut baba-tsen [[Septimyus Severus|Septimyus Severu]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s deg useggas n 211 deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Tagelda Yedduklen n wass-a), Karakalla d gma-s Geta uɣalen d imenkaden i yessawḍen ad ṭṭfen adabu i yiman-nsen. Gar-asen yella ucengu ameqran d tismin ur yezmir yiwen ad yessensi. Bɣan ad beḍḍun tamnekda ɣef sin, maca yemma-tsen Julia Domna tella tettawi-d arkad gar-asen.

Deg waggur n dujanber 211, Karakalla yexdem-as taḥila i gma-s : yessawel-as-d ɣer yiwet n temlilit taredsant deg wexxam n yemma-tsen, dɣa ssuffyen-d kra n yiserdasen iḥeṛcen i t-yenɣan gar yiɣallen n yemma-s. Deffir waya, Karakalla yenɣa azal n 20 000 n yimdanen i yellan d imeddukal neɣ d iɛessasen n Geta, yerna yessufeɣ-d anaḍ n usufeɣ seg umezruy (Damnatio memoriae), anda kksen akk isem n Geta seg yisebdaden, iẓra d tedrimt n temnekda.

== 3.2. Tanbaḍt taserdasit ==
Karakalla yebna lḥekm-is akk ɣef leɛnaya n yiserdasen. Yerna-asen deg yiɣṛad s ugar n 50%, yerna yella yetteddu yid-sen deg yimenɣi. Aya yexleq-d ugur ameqran deg tedrimt d tdamsa n Roma, imi tadrimt tuɣal ur tqidd ara.

== 4. Tigawin d Yisenfaren Igejdanen ==

=== 4.1. Anaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana, 212) ===
D tagi i d tigawt tasertant tameqqrant akk i iga. Deg useggas n 212, yessuffeɣ-d Anaḍ n Karakalla.

'''Anamek-is''' : Yal amdan ilelli (ur yelli d akli) i izedɣen deg s ddaw tlisa d temnaḍin akk n Temnekda Tarumanit yuɣal d aɣerman arumani s lekmal u s yizerfan-is (Civitas Romana).

'''Iswi''' : Xas akken d asurif ameqran i usemres n tgada n teɣdemt, iswi agejdan yella daɣen d asnerni n tebzert, acku iɣermanen irumaniyen llan ttarran tabzert taɛlayant ɣef tkerza d lwert i ur d-nettasen ara seg yiberaniyen.

'''Tazrirt deg Tafriqt n Ugafa''' : Anaḍ-a yefka azref ameqran i yimezdaɣen imaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Imuranen) ad kecmen deg isudaḍ(leqwanin) n Roma, ad ṭṭfen imukan unnigen deg igen/tredsa(lɛesker) d tseddarin n teɣdemt.

=== 4.2. Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermae Antoninianae) ===
Deg Roma, yebna yiwet seg temṣukin timeqqranin akk n tsegda tarumanit : Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermes de Caracalla). D asenfar n waman d ucucef azayez i yesɛan tizeɣwin n tezmert, tidlisiyin, inurar n waddal d tḥuna. Ttwaqqnent ɣer ubrid n waman ameqran (Aqua Antoniniana), yerna zemrent ad qeblent ugar n 1 600 n yimdanen deg yiwen n wakud.&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
   _______________________________________________
      |           IḤAMAMEN N KARAKALLA (Roma)          |
      |===============================================|
      |   [Natatio]      -&gt; Asirid deg waman n beṛṛa  |
      |   [Frigidarium]  -&gt; Tazeɣwa n waman isemmaḍen |
      |   [Tepidarium]   -&gt; Tazeɣwa n waman n tissit |
      |   [Caldarium]    -&gt; Tazeɣwa n waman iḥman     |
      |   [Palaestra]    -&gt; Inurar n uheggi n tfekka  |
      +-----------------------------------------------+
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Tizmilin ==
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  <page>
    <title>Mastodon (aseɣẓan)</title>
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'''Mastodon''' d [[aseɣẓan ilelli]] n uɣbalu yeldin i [[uẓeṭṭa anmetti]] ar-ammas, yesɛan timsirin n tira n yiznan wezzilen yecban tid n [[Twitter]] (i yuɣalen d X).

Mastodon iteddu s talɣa n uzeṭṭa afidirali n yiqeddacen iqeddcen s yiman-nsen, yerna ttmeslayen gar-asen s uneggaf n ActivityPub. Ayagi yettaǧǧa iseqdacen ad qqnen gar tummanin yemgarraden deg wayen iwumi qqaren [[Fediverse]]. Yal tummant n Mastodon tesbaday-d ilugan-is n usenqed d tmuɣli-ines ɣef ugbur, d ayen i t-yessemgarraden ɣef yizeḍwan inmettiyen ilemmasen i teṭṭef yiwet n tkebbanit tusligt.

Aseɣẓan-a yeffeɣ-d tikkelt tamezwarut deg [[tuber]] [[2016]] sɣur Eugen Rochko. Mastodon yefka-d abrid nniḍen i yizeḍwan imeqqranen n tmetti, ladɣa i wid yebɣan timɣiwanin tiɣarimin ur nettwaḥkem ara sɣur yiwen kan n umdan neɣ yiwet n tkebbanit tanijart. Azeṭṭa-a yufa-d aṭas n yiseqdacen imaynuten deg ddeqs n tikkal, ladɣa deg useggas n [[2022]] mi d-yuɣ Elon Musk azeṭṭa n Twitter.

== Timhalin ==
* '''Iznan:''' Deg Mastodon, iseqdacen zemren ad arun iznan wezzilen i wakken ad ten-walin wiyiḍ yerna ad d-rren fell-asen.
* '''Talast n yisekkilen:''' Deg tuget n yiqeddacen, yal izen yezmer ad yaweḍ alamma d 500 n yisekkilen (yugar talast n Twitter i ilan 280 kan). Kra n yiqeddacen zemren ad qeblen ugar n waya. Iseqdacen zemren daɣen ad rnun tugniwin, ifuyla n ṣṣut, tividyutin, neɣ isteqsiyen n ufran.
* '''Tuddsa tar-ammast:''' Iseqdacen ur qqnen ara ɣer yiwen usmel alemmas; yal aseqdac ittekkay deg yiwen uqeddac amezzayan. Iqeddacen-a mlalen akk gar-asen deg uzeṭṭa, yerna yal aqeddac yezmer ad yessers ilugan-is, izerfan n yimiḍanen, d tarrayt n ubeṭṭu n yiznan d yiqeddacen nniḍen. Iseqdacen zemren ad mṭafaren yerna ad myaznen ɣas yella yal yiwen deg uqeddac yemxalafen, s yismawen n useqdac icban tansiwin n yimayl.

== Tabaḍnit d usenqed n ugbur ==
* '''Tabaḍnit:''' Mastodon yefka ccan ameqqran i tbaḍnit n yiseqdacen:
** Yal izen yezmer ad yili d azayez ɣef uzeṭṭa meṛṛa, d uslig kan i wid i d-iṭafren amaru-ines, neɣ d izen usrid gar sin n yiseqdacen.
** Yella wammud n « Ulɣu n ugbur »: d tamsirt yettaǧǧan amaru ad iffer aḍris neɣ tugna armi d asmi ara yedwes unerzaf fell-as akken a t-iwali.
* '''Asenqed sɣur temɣiwant:''' Deg umkan n yiwet n terbaɛt talemmast, asenqed deg Mastodon iteddu s yiqeddacen: imḍebbren n yal tummant zemren ad snegren neɣ ad sbedden agbur ur nquder ara ilugan-nsen. Zemren daɣen ad gezmen akk assaɣ d yal aqeddac nniḍen ma yella ixulef tikli d yilugan.

== Aseɣẓan d tesnallunt tatiknikit ==
* '''Turagt tilellit:''' Aseɣẓan n Mastodon yettwasuffeɣ-d seddaw n turagt GNU AGPLv3, d ayen yettaǧǧan yal yiwen ad yessenfel aḍris-is n usihel neɣ ad yesbedd aqeddac-is.
* '''Tutlayin n usihel:'''
** Idis n uqeddac yettwaru s Ruby on Rails d Node.js.
** Idis n useqdac deg web yettwaxdem s React d Redux.
** Taffa n yisefka d PostgreSQL, ma d Redis iteddu i tmahilin n umyellel d useḍru n yisallen.
* '''ActivityPub:''' Mastodon iteddu s uneggaf amatu ActivityPub, d ayen i t-yettaǧǧan ad yemyel d waṭas n wallalen nniḍen deg Fediverse.
* '''Tisnasin:''' Mastodon yesɛa talɣiwin n tuqqna yeldin, ayen i yeǧǧan ddeqs n tsnasin ad ilint ama deg yiselkimen ama deg yiselkimen izirazen d tilifunan.

== Amazray d umhaz ==
* '''Tazwara (2016–2017):''' Eugen Rochko yesnulfa-d Mastodon deg tuber 2016. Deg tefsut n 2017, azeṭṭa yebda yettimɣur ladɣa gar yimnadiyen n tesdawiyin, ineɣmasen, d wid yettnaɣen ɣef yizerfan n uzeṭṭa.
* '''Asfari n 2022:''' Mi d-yuɣ Elon Musk azeṭṭa n Twitter deg tuber 2022, aṭas n yiseqdacen i yugin tikli tamaynut n uzeṭṭa-nni rran srid ɣer Mastodon. Deg kra n wussan kan, amḍan n yiseqdacen yuli s ddeqs n yimelyunen.
* '''Tuddsa:''' Asenfar-a yella zik iteddu ddaw n tkebbanit tar-tadrimant n Lalman, sakin yeldi abrid i tuddsa tar-tanfalit i d-yelhan d useddu-ines.

== Walit daɣen ==
* [[Fediverse]]
* [[Twitter]]
* [[ActivityPub]]

== Tiɣbula ==
{{tiɣbula}}

[[Taggayt:Izeṭwan inmettiyen]]
[[Taggayt:Iseɣẓanen ilelliyen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vladimir Lenin</title>
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[[Tugna:Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Lenin deg 1920.]]
'''Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov''', win i wumi qqaren s yisem azayez '''Lenin''', d yiwen seg yirgazen n tsertit, agrawliw, ameẓray asertan ameqran i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal deg lqern wis 20. D netta i d aqerru agejdan n tgrawla n Tuber 1917 deg [[Rusya]], yerna d amezwaru i yessersen lsas n uwanek amaynut: [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tadukkli n Tegdudiwin Tisuvyitiyin]]. Tasnaktit-is, i wumi qqaren '''Talinit''', tefka udem amaynut i temsalt n umennuɣ n yimɣiden mgal anagraw amsihran d temnekda.

== Temeddurt-is tamezwarut d usegmi ==
Ilul deg wass n 22 Yebrir 1870 deg temdint n Simbirsk deg [[Rusya]]. Babas yella d amasay deg taɣult n usegmi, yerna d amdan yettwassnen s tezmert-is d uqader-is i tmussniwin. Ma d gma-s ameqran Alexander, yella d ameɣnas yettikki deg yimussuyen isertiyen i yessawalen ad ssufɣen Agellid Alexandre III seg udabu. Alexander yettwanɣa, d ayen i yessersen lxiq d lhemm deg wul n Vladimir, yerna yefka-as afud akken ad yekcem s tmerna deg ubrid n umennuɣ asertian.

Yekcem ɣer tesdawit akken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf, maca imi yella yettikki deg yimussuyen n yimɣiden, ssufɣen-t seg tesdawit. Ɣas akken, yessaweḍ ad yawi agerdas-is n usaḍuf, yerna yuɣal d amastan. Maca tussna n umussu amarksi d tameskant n tmetti i yessawḍen udem-is s amur ameqran.

== Asaka asertan, anfay, d tmuɣli n Tlinit ==
Seg useggas n 1893, Lenin yettwanfa srid ɣer [[Saint-Petersburg]], yebda yeṭṭafar yernu yeqqar idlisen n [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]]. Yeqbel s tidet d akken taserkemt n yimɣiden d ixeddamen d netta i d lsas n lebni n tegrawla.

'''Abbaẓ d Unfay''': Deg useggas n 1895, yettwaṭṭef sɣur tmsulta n utsar(agellid n rrus), dɣa yettwanfa ɣer temnaḍt n Sibirya i kraḍ n yiseggasen. Dinna i yuɣ tameṭṭut-is '''Nadejda Krupskaya'''.

Deffir mi d-yunfa Vladimir Lenin ɣer temdint n Saint-Petersburg deg useggas n 1893, yebda amennuɣ-is asertan s wudem uffir gar yixeddamen n luzinat, anda i d-yesbedd netta d kra n yigrawliwen nniḍen (gar-asen Yuly Martov) tarbaɛt tasertant umi semman « Tadukli n Umennuɣ i Weslelli n Tserkemt n Yixeddamen ». Tarbaɛt-a tella tessewjad asuffeɣ n yiwen n uɣmis agrawlaw n tuffra i wakken ad d-tessaki ixeddamen ɣef yizerfan-nsen yerna ad tessenfali tasertit taqesḥant mgal udabu n Utsar. Maca, uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ uṭṭun amezwaru n uɣmis-nni, tamsulta tasertant tuffirt n utsar (yettwassnen s yisem n Okhrana) twala tirmudt-nsen s tmentilt n yqeddacen-is. Deg yiḍ n 20 duǧember 1895, Lenin yettwaṭṭef s wudmawan (yettwabbeẓ) netta d waṭas n yimaslaḍen n ukabar.

Lenin yeqqim deg lḥebs (tazeqqa n useddu) n Saint-Petersburg azal n 14 n wagguren. Ɣas akken yella seddaw n tɛessast tameqqrant, ur yeḥbis ara tirmudt-is tasnaktat; yella yesseqdac Ileɣ(lḥebber) uffir (s uyefki) d wawalen uffiren deg yidlisen i d-ttawin yimawlan-is iwakken ad ikemmel tiririt d useddu n temsal n lbeṛṛa. Deg fuṛaṛ 1897, taɣdemt n utsar tḥekkem fell-as s kraḍ n yiseggasen n unfa ɣer temnaḍt taqesḥant n Sibirya, deg yiwet n taddart umi semman Chouchinskoïé (Shushenskoye) i d-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Yeniseysk.

Ɣas akken lḥala n tudert deg Sibirya tella d tasemmaṭ yerna d tin iɛezlen mliḥ ɣef umaḍal, Lenin yesseqdec tallit-nni n unfa iwakken ad yesnerni tussna-ines d tẓri-ines tamarksit. Deg useggas n 1898, terza-d fell-as ɣer Sibirya tmeddakkelt-is deg umennuɣ, '''Nadejda Krupskaya''', i yettwabbeẓen ula d nettat; dinna i zewǧen s wudem azerfan iwakken ad ten-ǧǧen yiduba ad ddren deg yiwen n uxxam. Deg tallit-nni n usufeɣ, Lenin yura adlis-is afelsaf d udamsan amezwaru ameqqran umi isemma « Asnegmu n Temsihrit(Tkapitalit) deg Rrus » (Развитие капитализма в России), anda i d-yesbeggen s yimḍanen d usleḍ d akken timetti tarusit tebda tettaǧǧa tanemhizt taqburt n tfellaḥt, tetteddu srid ɣer [[Tamsihrit|temsihrit]](tkapitalit) tamgurant, dɣa aya yefka-as ttbut d akken asmil(taserkimt) ameskari (ixeddamen) d netta i d taɣerfa tagejdant ara yesselḥun tagrawla i d-itteddun.

Mi tfukk tegnit-is n unfa deg Sibirya deg fuṛaṛ 1900, adabu n utsar yegdel fell-as ad yezdeɣ deg temdinin timeqqranin n Rrus. Imi i yebɣa ad ikemmel amennuɣ war ma teṭṭef-it tmsulta tikkelt nniḍen, Lenin yeffeɣ seg tmurt n Rrus deg unebdu n useggas n 1900, yebda tallit tamaynut n unfa agraɣlan deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz d Taswisrit). D tallit-a i d-yeldin tawwurt i usbeddi n uɣmis agrawlaw Iskra (« Ifeṭṭiwej ») d ussewjed n tsuddest ijehden n Ukabar Abulčivik.

'''Akabar Abulčivik''': Mi d-yeffeɣ seg Sibirya deg useggas n 1900, Lenin yunfa ɣer Tuṛuft Tutrimt (Lalman, Legliz, Taswisrit). Yebda asuffeɣ n uɣmis i d-yessawalen i tegrawla umi semman Iskra (« Tifawt »).

Deg tallit n unfa-ines deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt (gar Munich, London d Genève), Vladimir Lenin yeqsed ad yesdukkel akk tirebbaɛ timarksiyin tirusiyin i yellan mfaṛaqent seddaw n yiwen n ukabar agrawlaw iğehden. I wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-a, yesseqdec ayen yesbedd yakan netta d yimeddukkal-is (am Georgi Plekhanov d Yuly Martov) aɣmis uffir umi semman ''Iskra''. Aɣmis-agi yella d allal agejdan n usedmer, n usnefli asnaktay d tuqqna n yizdayen gar tseddasin tagrawlawin i yessemlalayen ixeddamen d yinelmaden deg daxel n Rrus.

Deg useggas n 1902, Lenin yura yiwen n udlis asnaktay ameqqran umi isemma « D acu ara nexdem? » (Что делать?). Deg tektabt-a, yessegza-d tiẓri-ines ɣef wamek ilaq ad yebnu ukabar asertan: yettwali d akken asmil ameskari (ixeddamen) weḥd-s ur yezmir ara ad d-yesnulfu tamṣukt tanemlayt tummidt war ma tewweḍ-it-id seg berra, acku amennuɣ amguran n yixeddamen yettawi kan ɣer ''tsendikalit''. Ihi, yenna-d d akken ilaq ad d-yili yiwen n '''ukabar n yigrawliwen imsaduren''', i yebnan ɣef tseddi, tugrint iğehden d '''tlemmast tamagdayt''' (tadimuqṛatit)—anda i d-yettili umciwer d umeslay ilelli deg daxel n ukabar, maca ticki yettwaṭṭef rray sɣur tuget, ilaq akk imaslaḍen ad t-qeblen yerna ad t-snekren s wudem yesseddin.

Deg unebdu n useggas n 1903, '''Akabar''' '''Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus''' ('''POSDR''') yesselḥa agraw-is amatu wis sin deg Bruxelles sakin yunfa ɣer London. Deg ugraw-agi, tekker-d yiwet n tenmegla taqesḥant gar Lenin d umeddakkel-is Yuly Martov ɣef usaḍuf amezwaru n ukabar (ilugan n ukabar): Lenin yebɣa ad yerr tiwuriwin s wudem awizi neɣ amirew i yiɛeggalen (yal aɛeggal ilaq ad yettekki srid yerna s wudem amsadur deg yiwet n tsaddast tuffirt), ma d Martov yebɣa akabar ad yili s wudem ameccaq neɣ yerna ad yeqbel yal yiwen i d-yettaken tallalt ɣas ur yelli ara d agrawliw uffir.

Mi d-yewweḍ lweqt n tefrant ɣef tseqqamut talemmast d teẓrigt n uɣmis Iskra, tagrawt i yeḍfren Lenin tewwi tuget n tefranin, dɣa seg yimir-nni semman-asen Ibulčiviken (seg wawal arusi bol'chinstvo i d-yemmalen wid n tuget). Ma d tagrawt n Martov i yellan deg tdersi, semman-asen Imenčiviken (seg wawal arusi men'chinstvo). Bṭu-agi ur yeqqim ara kan d amgired n tmuɣli ɣef yilugan, maca yuɣal d taẓuni tasnaktayt talqayant: Ibulčiviken kran srid ɣer usedmer d tegrawla tamsekrit iwakken ad ṭṭfen adabu, ma d Imenčiviken tmuɣli-nsen tella tettheyyi abrid ameẓẓayan i tdiganin ''tidimuqṛatiyin'' tiburjwiyin uqbel tanemla.

Ihi deg useggas n 1903, deg useqqamu wis sin n U'''kabar Anmetti Amagday n Yixeddamen n Rrus (POSDR)''', Lenin yebḍa akabar-nni ɣef sin:

* ''Ibulčiviken'' (Bolsheviks): Wid yebɣan akabar yeqseḥen n yigrawliwen yettheggin ad awḍen ɣer udabu.
* ''Imenčiviken'' (Mensheviks): Wid yebɣan abrid afessas d uheggi ameẓẓayan.
Ɣas akken llant kra n tegnatin n usemlili deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, Lenin ikemmel lebni n tsuddest-is war aḥbas. Deg temlilit n Prague deg useggas n 1912, Ibulčiviken bḍan s wudem unṣib d Imenčiviken, dɣa sbedden akabar-nsen d aḥrur yerna iteddu deg unegmu deg tallit-nni akked iseggasen i d-ḍfren, d netta i yuɣalen d lsas igejdanen i Tegrawla n Tuber deg useggas n 1917.

== Tagrawla n 1917 ==
Deg useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella tettwaɣ mliḥ s sebba n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ, d wuguren n tdamsa:

'''Tagrawla n Fuṛaṛ 1917''': Agdud d yiserdasen kran mgal Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin, dɣa yeɣli udabu n utsar, tbedd yiwen n unabaḍ uɛḍil.

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1917, Tamnekda Tarusit tella deg yal addad(liḥala), rnu-as-d aɣelluy n tdamsa i d-yeglan s lexṣas ameqqran n weɣrum, laẓ d tneqqlebt gar yimezdaɣen n tmaneɣt Petrograd (Saint-Petersburg). Ass n 23 fuṛaṛ (8 meɣres deg teswast tatrart), deg Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut, tullas tixeddamin fɣent-d srid ɣer yizenqan s yisuɣan n « Aɣrum d Talwit! ». Amussu-a yemɣer s lemɣawla mi d-rrnan fell-asen yixeddamen n luzinat, dɣa yeḍra-d usunded amatu (grève générale) i yerran tamdint akk amzun texla war irmuden.

Mi d-yefka Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin lameṛ i yiserdasen iwakken ad wten agdud s rṣas, teḍra-d yiwet n tkerwa tameqqrant: iserdasen ugin ad wten ɣef &quot;igrawliwen&quot;, dɣa gullen ɣer yidis n yixeddamen yerna fkan-asen leslaḥ. Imi i iwala akk iɛessasen-is ǧǧan-t, Utsar Nikulas Wis Sin yettwaḥṛes armi i yexdem  i yiman-isasegdel n udabu (yuǧǧa adabu) ass n 2 meɣres 1917, dɣa d taggara i d-yewwḍen i tenbaḍt n twacult n Romanov i yeṭṭfen tamurt ugar n kraḍ n leqrun.

Tagrawla-a n Fuṛaṛ tessebded yiwet n tegnit tasertant tameynut umi semman adabu aslig, anda i d-nnulfan sin n yiduba mgaraden:

'''Anabaḍ uɛḍil''', i sbedden yiburjwiyen d wid n tmuɣli talibiralit deg useqqamu n Duma, yebɣan ad ikemmel ṭṭraḍ d wumuɣ adimuqṛati aburjwa.

'''Aseqqamu n Yisuvyaten n Petrograd''' (Soviet), i d-yemmalen srid taɣect d yiswiyen n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

Ɣas akken Vladimir Lenin yella mazal-it deg unfa deg ''[[Taswist|Tswisrit]]'' deg tallit-nni, ifhem s lemɣawla d akken anabaḍ uɛḍil ur yezmir ara ad yefk talwit neɣ ad yebḍu akal i yifellaḥen. Seg yimir-nni, yebda aheyyi n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt iwakken ad yesseqdec tagnit-a n udabu aslig i usedmer n usmil ameskari d useɣli n yiburjwiyen deg wayen ara yuɣalen d Tagrawla n Tuber.

'''Tuɣalin n Lenin''': Deg yebrir 1917, Lenin yuɣal-d seg ''Taswisrit'' ɣer Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) s tmacint i d-thegga Lalman. Yenna-d deg tefyirt-is tameqqrant (Tisumar n Yebrir): « Akk adabu ilaq ad yuɣal i yisuvyaten (iseqquma n yixeddamen d yiserdasen)! ».
[[Tugna:Lenin Krupskaya and Ulyanova in car at Red Army parade full photo 19180501.jpg|vignette|Vladimir Lenin akked tmuṭṭut-is deg tkeṛṛust n tredsa tazeggwaɣt.]]
Mi d-tewweḍ lexbaṛ n usedmer n udabu n utsar deg Tegrawla n Fuṛaṛ ɣer temdint n Zurich deg Taswisrit anda yella Lenin deg unfa, yeqsed ad yuɣal s lemɣawla ɣer tmurt-is iwakken ad yesselḥu amussu agrawlaw. Imi i yella [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]] gar Rrus d Lalman, abrid yella yeqfel s yimenɣiyen; maca anabaḍ almani yeqbel ad yeǧǧ Lenin d yimeddukkal-is ad zegren tamurt n Lalman deg yiwen n '''unazaɣ''' n tmacint s wuldun (wagon plombé), acku imḍebbren ilmaniyen nwan d akken tuɣalin n Lenin ad texleq urway d war arkad deg Rrus, dɣa ad t-tessuffeɣ seg umgaru.

Ass n 16 yebrir 1917 (3 yebrir s teswast taqburt), Lenin yewweḍ-d s tmacint ɣer tɣsertt n Finland deg Petrograd. Dinna, mmugren-t-id luluf n yixeddamen, n yiselwayen n yisuvyaten d yiserdasen yerran yis-s tameɣra tagrawlawt. Deg wakud-nni kan, Lenin yuli ɣef yiwet n tkeṛṛust taserdasant yerna yefka yiwen n yinan iqesḥen, anda i d-yessawel srid ɣer ukemmel n tegrawla d uqbaḍ n udabu war ma steɛṛfen s Unabaḍ Uɛḍil.

Azekka-nni, Lenin yessegza-d tamuɣli-s tasnaktayt deg wayen umi semman « Tisumar n Yebrir » (Апрельские тезисы). Deg tsumar-a, Lenin yugi akk tallalt neɣ amtawa d Unabaḍ Amiran aburjwa, yesker-d snat n tenzayin tigejdanin i yuɣalen d alsas n umennuɣ: « Akken ma yella udabu i Yisuvyaten! » d « Talwit, Akal d Weɣrum! ». Yettwali d akken tagrawla ur ilaq ara ad tebded deg uswir aburjwa, maca ilaq ad tekcem srid deg tallit-is tanemlayt iwakken ad yili udabu seddaw tecḍat n usmil ameskari d yifellaḥen igellilen. Tuɣalin-agi d tisumar-a d nutenti i d-yefkan tikli tamaynut i Yibulčiviken, ẓẓant lsas i usedmer mgal anabaḍ uɛḍil d usewjed n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917.

'''Tagrawla n Tuber 1917''': Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (s wazemz ajulyan), Ibulčiviken seddaw n tmehla n Lenin d [[Liyun Trutski|Leon Trotsky]] ṭṭfen Tiɣremt n Tsegrest (Palais d'Hiver), dɣa sseɣlin anabaḍ amiran, sbedden anabaḍ asuvyati azduklan.
[[Tugna:Lenin 1919-03-18.jpg|vignette|Lenin seg yiwen gar yinawen-is n 1919.]]
Deg taggara n unebdu d tazwara n wemwan n useggas n 1917, Anabaḍ Uɛḍil seddaw n Alexander Kerensky yufa-d iman-is seddaw n lḥers ameqqran s sebba n tririyin d lmutat deg Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru, laẓ deg temdinin, d tnekra n yifellaḥen deg tuddar. Vladimir Lenin, i yellan deg tuffra deg Finland deffir n wayyuren n Yulyu, yeqbel d akken tagnit tewjed s tidet iwakken ad ttili tnekra n yimrigen (s lesslaḥ) i tuṭṭfa n udabu. Deg yiḍ n 24 ɣer 25 tuber 1917 (6 ɣer 7 wember s teswast tagrigurit), s tmehla n Tseqqamut Taserdasant Tagrawlawt n Petrograd i yesbedd [[Liyun Trutski|Leon Trotsky]], Iserdasen Izeggwaɣen d yixeddamen yettwasselḥen ṭṭfen akk imeḍqan igejdanen n tmaneɣt war amenɣi ameqqran: tiqenḍyar, tiɣsar n tmacinin, azadur n tiligṛaf d Lbanka n Uwanak.

Mi d-yeffeɣ yisali n tiyita n lmedfeɛ seg uɣerrabu aserdasan umi semman Avrora (Aurore) deg wasif n Neva, yebda unṭag agrawlaw ɣef '''''Tiɣremt n Tsegrest''''', adeg anda llan yimaslaḍen n Unabaḍ Uɛḍil. Deg yiḍ-nni kan, tiɣremt tettwaṭṭef, anabaḍ uɛḍil yeɣli s wudmawan, ma d Kerensky yerwel. Deg wakud-nni, Agraw Amatu wis Sin n Yisuvyaten n Rrus yesselḥa timlilit-is deg temdint, anda i d-yecrek Lenin s lferḥ ameqqran yerna yesseɣret d akken akk adabu yuɣal srid ɣer yifassen n yisuvyaten n yixeddamen, n yiserdasen d yifellaḥen.

Deg tegnit-nni tamezwarut n tenbaḍt, Lenin yesbedd sin n yinaḍen igejdanen: Anaḍ n Talwit, i d-yessawlen ɣer taggara n ṭṭraḍ d usebded n yimenɣiyen war assmaḥ neɣ asemmeskel n wakal, d Wanaḍ n Wakal, i yekksen akal seg yifassen n yimarkantiyen d tmezdayin iwakken ad tent-yebḍu ɣef yifellaḥen igellilen. Rnu ɣer waya, yettwasbedd Unabaḍ Asuvyati amezwaru umi semman Aseqqamu n Yineɣlafen n Ugdud (Sovnarkom) seddaw n tmehla n Vladimir Lenin. Tagrawla-a n Tuber tessebded awanak [[Tazdukla|azduklan]] amezwaru deg umezruy amaḍlan, dɣa teldi tawwurt i ubeddel asnaktay ameqqran d yimenɣi aɣarim i d-yeḍfren.

== Tanbaḍt d Usbeddi n Tdukli Tasuvyatit ==
Mi d-yeṭṭef adabu, Lenin yexdem aṭas n tnekkriwin d yiseggasen n usebded:

'''Amtawa n Talwit''': Deg meɣres 1918, yestinya agatu n Brest-Litovsk d Lalman iwakken Rrus ad teffeɣ seg Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru.

'''Beṭṭu n Wakal''': Yefka akal i yifellaḥen, yessemres igelluyen d lminat d wallalen ufares ddaw n ufus n uwanak.

'''Amgaru Aɣarim''' (1917–1922): Taserdast Tazeggwaɣt (i d-yesbedd [[Liyun Trutski|Leon Trotsky]]) tennuɣ mgal Taserdast Tamellalt (wid yellan rrif n utsar d yimnekda) armi i rebḥen Ibulčiviken.

'''Tasertit Tadamsant Tamaynut (NEP)''': Deg useggas n 1921, deffir laẓ d yimenɣi, Lenin yefka tasertit tamaynut i tdamsa iwakken ad yeǧǧ kra n tnezzut d tfellaḥt tusligt ad d-tessali amur n tdamsa uqbel ad tuɣal akk d tanemlayt.

'''Asbeddi n URSS (1922)''': Ass n 30 duǧember 1922, Lenin yesbedd s wudem unṣib Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin.

== '''Tasnakta: Talininit''' ==
Lenin yerna-d aṭas n tiktiwin timaynutin ɣer tefelseft tamarksit:

'''Akabar Amezdat''': Yettwali dakken ixeddamen weḥd-sen ur zmiren ara ad ssiwḍen ɣer tefrit tagrawlawt war tallalt n ukabar azduklan ijehden.

'''Tasleḍt n Temnukda''': Deg udlis-is, yessegza-d d akken tamnukda d aswir aneggaru n tfelseft usihri(takapitalit), anda timura timeqqranin ṭṭafent tiyaḍ s tnezzut d tezmert taserdasant.

'''Tadiktaturt n Umɣid''': Yeqbel d akken awanak ilaq ad yili seddaw tecḍat n yixeddamen iwakken ad snegren asmil aburjwa uqbel ad tili tmetti war ismilen neɣ tisarkam (tazdukla tummidt).

== Taggara n Tudert-is d Lwert ==
Seg 1922, tazmert n Lenin tebda tettruḥu s sebba n tiyitiwin n iẓuran n wallaɣ (AVC) d tiyita n rṣas i t-iḥuzan deg useggas n 1918 (asmi i t-tewwet Fanni Kaplan).

Yura yiwet n tebṛat umi semman « Tira n Lenin », anda i d-yeḥder ɣef Juzef Stalin, yenna-d d akken Stalin qessiḥ mliḥ yerna ur ilaq ara ad yuɣal d aɣella amatu n ukabar.

Yemmut Lenin ass n 21 yennayer 1924 deg Gorki. Tafekka-ines tettwaḥrez (tettwasemres) deg Umeqber n Lenin deg Wadeg Azeggaɣ  deg Musku, anda i tella ar ass-a. Deffir tmettant-is, d Juzef Stalin i yeṭṭfen adabu, yesnekker amussu yeqseḥen n usegmi d usemɣer n Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

== Idlisen Igejdanen n Lenin ==
1902: D acu ara nexdem? (Что делать? / Chto delat'?)

1904: Yiwen n usurif ɣer zdat, sin ɣer deffir (Шаг вперёд, два шага назад)

1916: Tamnukda, d aswir afellay n usihri(tkapitalit) (Империализм, как высшая стадия капитализма)[12][16]

1917: Awanak d Tegrawla (Государство и революция)

1920: Tazdukla n uzelmaḍ, d aṭṭan n temẓi n tanemla (Детская болезнь «левизны» в коммунизме)</text>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117319</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2512" sha1="czp4nb9renxqu5oa57wchplmu9j5c00" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Zcash logo.svg|vignette|Alugu Zcash.]]
'''Zcash''' (s uzamul: ZEC) d yiwen n usuṛdi umḍin i d-yennulfan i lmend n uḥraz n tbaḍnit d tɣellist deg tnigawin tisenselkamin. Yettusbadu-d deg tuber n useggas 2016 s lmendad n umusnaw n tsenselkimt Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn akk d teṛbaɛt n tkebbanit Electric Coin Company.

Ayen yessemxallafen Zcash ɣef yisuṛdiyen umḍinen nniḍen (am [[Bitcoin]]) d aseqdec-ines n yiwet n tarrayt tusnakt yettwassnen s yisem n « anza mebla tamusni » (zero-knowledge proof), ladɣa anagraw atikniki yettusemman zk-SNARKs. Allal-a yettaǧǧa iseqdacen ad gen tinigawin war ma sbeggnen-d tansa n umceyyaɛ(amazan), tansa n unermas, neɣ azal n wedrim yettwaznen.

== 1. Amezruy ==
Deg tazwara, asenfar-a yebda-d s yisem n Zerocash, d anadi ussnan i d-tessuffeɣ yiwet n terbaɛt n yimnadiyen deg wuḥric n tɣellist d tsenselkimt seg tesdawiyin timeqranin (am Johns Hopkins University, MIT, d Tel Aviv University). Bɣan ad sbedden tarrayt ara ifrun ugur n uḥraz n tbaḍnit yellan deg uzrar n yiḥedran n [[Bitcoin]], acku deg Bitcoin akked waṭas n yisuṛdiyen nniḍen, tilɣa n tnigawin d tansiwin d tizayeztin yerna yezmer yal yiwen ad tent-iẓer.

Deg useggas n 2016, asenfar-a yuɣal d asuṛdi umḍin imzenzi s yisem n Zcash, ddaw n tmehla n Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn.

== 2. Allalen itikniyen d uselkem ==
Zcash yebna ɣef unagraw n uzrar n yiḥedran, maca yessemgared iman-is deg snat n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin:

=== A. Tawsatin n tansiwin ===
Deg Zcash, llan sin n yiskaren n tansiwin:

'''Tansiwin tifrawin''' (t-addresses): D tansiwin yettaken addaf azayez. Beddunt s usekkil t. Tinigawin i tent-isseqdacen tteddunt am tid n Bitcoin: azal, amceyyaɛ (amazan), d unermas banen deg uzrar n yiḥedran.

'''Tansiwin tusligin neɣ tuffirin''' (z-addresses): Beddunt s usekkil z. Sseqdacent awgelhen n tidet. Ur yezmir yiwen ad iẓer anwa i d amceyyaɛ, anwa i d anermas, neɣ d acu i d azal yettwaznen.

=== B. Anza mebla tamusni (zk-SNARKs) ===
Zcash yesseqdac tarrayt tusnakt iwumi neqqar zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge). D yiwen n wanza mebla tamusni (zero knowledge proof).

Allal-a yettaǧǧa anagraw ad iqqen yerna ad yesseɣbel tanigawt mebla ma iḥwaǧ ad yeẓer isefka usriden n tinigawin-nni. S waya:

Ur yettwaẓer ara wugbur n umeslay neɣ n tedrimt.

Anagraw yesseɣtay u yewwi-d ttbut belli ulac tukkest n yisuṛdiyen ur nelli ara, neɣ asseqdec n tedrimt i tikkelt tis snat (double-spending).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117321</id>
      <parentid>117319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-06T10:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117321</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3037" sha1="sq7qozmwajb0hqb1yok6tn0moaw64i7" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Zcash logo.svg|vignette|Alugu Zcash.]]
'''Zcash''' (s uzamul: ZEC) d yiwen n usuṛdi umḍin i d-yennulfan i lmend n uḥraz n tbaḍnit d tɣellist deg tnigawin tisenselkamin. Yettusbadu-d deg tuber n useggas 2016 s lmendad n umusnaw n tsenselkimt Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn akk d teṛbaɛt n tkebbanit Electric Coin Company.

Ayen yessemxallafen Zcash ɣef yisuṛdiyen umḍinen nniḍen (am [[Bitcoin]]) d aseqdec-ines n yiwet n tarrayt tusnakt yettwassnen s yisem n « anza mebla tamusni » (zero-knowledge proof), ladɣa anagraw atikniki yettusemman zk-SNARKs. Allal-a yettaǧǧa iseqdacen ad gen tinigawin war ma sbeggnen-d tansa n umceyyaɛ(amazan), tansa n unermas, neɣ azal n wedrim yettwaznen.

== 1. Amezruy ==
Deg tazwara, asenfar-a yebda-d s yisem n Zerocash, d anadi ussnan i d-tessuffeɣ yiwet n terbaɛt n yimnadiyen deg wuḥric n tɣellist d tsenselkimt seg tesdawiyin timeqranin (am Johns Hopkins University, MIT, d Tel Aviv University). Bɣan ad sbedden tarrayt ara ifrun ugur n uḥraz n tbaḍnit yellan deg uzrar n yiḥedran n [[Bitcoin]], acku deg Bitcoin akked waṭas n yisuṛdiyen nniḍen, tilɣa n tnigawin d tansiwin d tizayeztin yerna yezmer yal yiwen ad tent-iẓer.

Deg useggas n 2016, asenfar-a yuɣal d asuṛdi umḍin imzenzi s yisem n Zcash, ddaw n tmehla n Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn.

== 2. Allalen itikniyen d uselkem ==
Zcash yebna ɣef unagraw n uzrar n yiḥedran, maca yessemgared iman-is deg snat n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin:

=== A. Tawsatin n tansiwin ===
Deg Zcash, llan sin n yiskaren n tansiwin:

'''Tansiwin tifrawin''' (t-addresses): D tansiwin yettaken addaf azayez. Beddunt s usekkil t. Tinigawin i tent-isseqdacen tteddunt am tid n Bitcoin: azal, amceyyaɛ (amazan), d unermas banen deg uzrar n yiḥedran.

'''Tansiwin tusligin neɣ tuffirin''' (z-addresses): Beddunt s usekkil z. Sseqdacent awgelhen n tidet. Ur yezmir yiwen ad iẓer anwa i d amceyyaɛ, anwa i d anermas, neɣ d acu i d azal yettwaznen.

=== B. Anza mebla tamusni (zk-SNARKs) ===
Zcash yesseqdac tarrayt tusnakt iwumi neqqar zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge). D yiwen n wanza mebla tamusni (zero knowledge proof).

Allal-a yettaǧǧa anagraw ad iqqen yerna ad yesseɣbel tanigawt mebla ma iḥwaǧ ad yeẓer isefka usriden n tinigawin-nni. S waya:

Ur yettwaẓer ara wugbur n umeslay neɣ n tedrimt.

Anagraw yesseɣtay u yewwi-d ttbut belli ulac tukkest n yisuṛdiyen ur nelli ara, neɣ asseqdec n tedrimt i tikkelt tis snat (double-spending).

== 3. Taddart n yisefka d tnekra n yisuṛdiyen ==
'''Alguritm n useddu''': Zcash yesseqdac alguritm n unza n umahil i '''usnaɣez'''l iwumi qqaren '''Equihash''', yebnan ɣef tzemmar n tkatut (RAM/mémoire) i wakken ur ttilint ara tmacinin timuzzigin (ASICs) ara iḥekkmen anagraw deg tazwara.

'''Talast n tiddin''': Am Bitcoin, amḍan afellay n yisuṛdiyen Zcash ur itteffiɣ ara i 21 n yimelyunen n ZEC. Yal kuẓ yiseggassen, ddeqs(tasmekta) n yisuṛdiyen i d-yettlalen deg yal iḥder yettedras s uzgen (halving).</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liyun Trutski</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>117316</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-05T12:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117316</origin>
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      <text bytes="915" sha1="l9tq9mxvop655kx0qj0qfakh0a054b8" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Leon Trotsky 1918 (3x4 rotated cropped b).jpg|vignette|Liyun Trutski.]]
'''Liyun Trutski''' (s tarusit: Лев Давидович Троцкий), ilul s yisem n '''Lev Davidovič Bronstein''' ass n 7 wamber 1879 deg Yanovka (Ukrayin n tura) yerna yemmut ass n 21 ɣuct 1940 deg Coyoacán (tamurt n [[Miksik]]), d amgrawliw amarksi, d amseẓri asertan, d amaru yerna d amesertay [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|asuvyati]].

Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbren imeqqranen n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 tama n [[Vladimir Lenin]]. D netta i d amesbeddi n Yigen Azeggwaɣ (Taredsa Tazeggaɣt) i yrebḥen amgaru aɣarim arusi (1917–1922). Deffir tmettant n Lenin, yerra iman-is d amgal ameqqran mgal [[Jozef Stalin|Josef Stalin]] d tbiṛuqṛasit tasuvyatit. Yettwanfa seg Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg useggas n 1929, yerna deg taggara yettwanɣa deg Miksik s ufus n yiwen n umeggi n temsulta tuffirt n Stalin.</text>
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