Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 23717 117324 117320 2026-09-06T19:01:32Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karakalla''' (s talatint : '''Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus''' ; ilul s yisem n '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus''' ass n 4 yebrir 188 deg Lugdunum (Lyon tatrart) – yemmut ass n 8 yebrir 217 ar tama n Carrhae, d amenkad [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|urumani]] wis 22 i inebḍen Tamnekda Tarumanit seg useggas n 198 armi d tamettant-is deg 217<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caracalla Caracalla], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. Yella seg ugdez n Yisiviriyen i d-yefrurin seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (Leptis Magna) Yettwassen deg umezruy amaḍlan ladɣa s Wanaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) deg useggas n 212, i yefkan tiɣremt tarumanit i yal amdan ilelli i izedɣen daxel n tlisa n temnekda, akked lebni n yiḥamamen n Karakalla deg temdint n Roma. == 1. Tazwart d uẓar n yisem-is == Isem-is n tlalit d '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus'''. Asmi yesɛa mraw (10) n yiseggasen, baba-s ibeddel-as isem ɣer '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' iwakken ad yeqqen tawacult-is ɣer twacult tanbaḍt tameqqrant n yimenkaden I-antuninen (ladɣa [[Mark Urel]]). Isem n Karakalla (Caracalla) ur yelli ara d isem unṣib ; d aflisem i as-fkan yiserdasen d uɣref arumani, acku yella dima yettlusu yiwe n uqendur aɣezfan i d-yekkan seg temnaḍt n Galya (Gaule) iwumi qqaren caracalla deg tutlayt tagalit. == 2. Tameddurt d Temẓi == Ilul deg Lyon deg tmurt n Fransa n wass-a, asmi yella baba-s d anebbaḍ n temnaḍt-nni. Aẓar n twacult-is yezdi gar snat n tɣermiwin tiqburin: Baba-s, [[Septimyus Severus]] : Ilul deg Leptis Magna (di Tripolitanya, Libya n tura) ; yella d amaziɣ/apuniqi yerna d aṛumani s teɣremt. Yemma-s, '''Julia Domna''' : Tella d yelli-s n twacult tameqqrant n yigrawliwen d yemxezniyen n temdint n Emesa (Homs deg Surya tatrart). Deg useggas n 198, asmi yesɛa kan mraw n yiseggasen, yuli ɣer weswir n Augustus (amenkad amɛiwen akked baba-s). Deg useggas n 209, gma-s ameẓyan Geta yettwarnu ula d netta d amenkud wis kraḍ. == 3. Tanbaḍt (211–217) == === 3.1. Amgired akked gma-s Geta d tmenɣiwt-is === Mi yemmut baba-tsen [[Septimyus Severus|Septimyus Severu]]<nowiki/>s deg useggas n 211 deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Tagelda Yedduklen n wass-a), Karakalla d gma-s Geta uɣalen d imenkaden i yessawḍen ad ṭṭfen adabu i yiman-nsen. Gar-asen yella ucengu ameqran d tismin ur yezmir yiwen ad yessensi. Bɣan ad beḍḍun tamnekda ɣef sin, maca yemma-tsen Julia Domna tella tettawi-d arkad gar-asen. Deg waggur n dujanber 211, Karakalla yexdem-as taḥila i gma-s : yessawel-as-d ɣer yiwet n temlilit taredsant deg wexxam n yemma-tsen, dɣa ssuffyen-d kra n yiserdasen iḥeṛcen i t-yenɣan gar yiɣallen n yemma-s. Deffir waya, Karakalla yenɣa azal n 20 000 n yimdanen i yellan d imeddukal neɣ d iɛessasen n Geta, yerna yessufeɣ-d anaḍ n usufeɣ seg umezruy (Damnatio memoriae), anda kksen akk isem n Geta seg yisebdaden, iẓra d tedrimt n temnekda. == 3.2. Tanbaḍt taserdasit == Karakalla yebna lḥekm-is akk ɣef leɛnaya n yiserdasen. Yerna-asen deg yiɣṛad s ugar n 50%, yerna yella yetteddu yid-sen deg yimenɣi. Aya yexleq-d ugur ameqran deg tedrimt d tdamsa n Roma, imi tadrimt tuɣal ur tqidd ara. == 4. Tigawin d Yisenfaren Igejdanen == === 4.1. Anaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana, 212) === D tagi i d tigawt tasertant tameqqrant akk i iga. Deg useggas n 212, yessuffeɣ-d Anaḍ n Karakalla. '''Anamek-is''' : Yal amdan ilelli (ur yelli d akli) i izedɣen deg s ddaw tlisa d temnaḍin akk n Temnekda Tarumanit yuɣal d aɣerman arumani s lekmal u s yizerfan-is (Civitas Romana). '''Iswi''' : Xas akken d asurif ameqran i usemres n tgada n teɣdemt, iswi agejdan yella daɣen d asnerni n tebzert, acku iɣermanen irumaniyen llan ttarran tabzert taɛlayant ɣef tkerza d lwert i ur d-nettasen ara seg yiberaniyen. '''Tazrirt deg Tafriqt n Ugafa''' : Anaḍ-a yefka azref ameqran i yimezdaɣen imaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Imuranen) ad kecmen deg isudaḍ(leqwanin) n Roma, ad ṭṭfen imukan unnigen deg igen/tredsa(lɛesker) d tseddarin n teɣdemt. === 4.2. Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermae Antoninianae) === Deg Roma, yebna yiwet seg temṣukin timeqqranin akk n tsegda tarumanit : Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermes de Caracalla). D asenfar n waman d ucucef azayez i yesɛan tizeɣwin n tezmert, tidlisiyin, inurar n waddal d tḥuna. Ttwaqqnent ɣer ubrid n waman ameqran (Aqua Antoniniana), yerna zemrent ad qeblent ugar n 1 600 n yimdanen deg yiwen n wakud.<syntaxhighlight> _______________________________________________ | IḤAMAMEN N KARAKALLA (Roma) | |===============================================| | [Natatio] -> Asirid deg waman n beṛṛa | | [Frigidarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman isemmaḍen | | [Tepidarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman n tissit | | [Caldarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman iḥman | | [Palaestra] -> Inurar n uheggi n tfekka | +-----------------------------------------------+ </syntaxhighlight> === 4.3. Tasemmeskelt n tedrimt : Antoninianus === Iwakken ad iqabel lexṣas n yedrimen i d-yekkan seg tmerniwt n yiɣṛad n yiserdasen, Karakalla yessnulfa-d deg useggas n 215 yiwet n tedrimt tamaynut n uẓref iwumi qqaren Antoninianus. Azal-is yella yemda sin n yidinaren (denarii), maca amur n uẓref aḥeqqani deg-s yella drus, d ayen i d-yewwin tuffut n tedrimt (aɣelluy n wazal-nsen). == Tizmilin == <references /> ix60ogjbb8wwwaboqls23fg02q9tdvl 117327 117324 2026-09-07T10:31:47Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karakalla''' (s talatint : '''Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus''' ; ilul s yisem n '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus''' ass n 4 yebrir 188 deg Lugdunum (Lyon tatrart) – yemmut ass n 8 yebrir 217 ar tama n Carrhae, d amenkad [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|urumani]] wis 22 i inebḍen Tamnekda Tarumanit seg useggas n 198 armi d tamettant-is deg 217<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caracalla Caracalla], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. Yella seg ugdez n Yisiviriyen i d-yefrurin seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (Leptis Magna) Yettwassen deg umezruy amaḍlan ladɣa s Wanaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) deg useggas n 212, i yefkan tiɣremt tarumanit i yal amdan ilelli i izedɣen daxel n tlisa n temnekda, akked lebni n yiḥamamen n Karakalla deg temdint n Roma. == 1. Tazwart d uẓar n yisem-is == Isem-is n tlalit d '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus'''. Asmi yesɛa mraw (10) n yiseggasen, baba-s ibeddel-as isem ɣer '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' iwakken ad yeqqen tawacult-is ɣer twacult tanbaḍt tameqqrant n yimenkaden I-antuninen (ladɣa [[Mark Urel]]). Isem n Karakalla (Caracalla) ur yelli ara d isem unṣib ; d aflisem i as-fkan yiserdasen d uɣref arumani, acku yella dima yettlusu yiwe n uqendur aɣezfan i d-yekkan seg temnaḍt n Galya (Gaule) iwumi qqaren caracalla deg tutlayt tagalit. == 2. Tameddurt d Temẓi == Ilul deg Lyon deg tmurt n Fransa n wass-a, asmi yella baba-s d anebbaḍ n temnaḍt-nni. Aẓar n twacult-is yezdi gar snat n tɣermiwin tiqburin: Baba-s, [[Septimyus Severus]] : Ilul deg Leptis Magna (di Tripolitanya, Libya n tura) ; yella d amaziɣ/apuniqi yerna d aṛumani s teɣremt. Yemma-s, '''Julia Domna''' : Tella d yelli-s n twacult tameqqrant n yigrawliwen d yemxezniyen n temdint n Emesa (Homs deg Surya tatrart). Deg useggas n 198, asmi yesɛa kan mraw n yiseggasen, yuli ɣer weswir n Augustus (amenkad amɛiwen akked baba-s). Deg useggas n 209, gma-s ameẓyan Geta yettwarnu ula d netta d amenkud wis kraḍ. == 3. Tanbaḍt (211–217) == === 3.1. Amgired akked gma-s Geta d tmenɣiwt-is === Mi yemmut baba-tsen [[Septimyus Severus|Septimyus Severu]]<nowiki/>s deg useggas n 211 deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Tagelda Yedduklen n wass-a), Karakalla d gma-s Geta uɣalen d imenkaden i yessawḍen ad ṭṭfen adabu i yiman-nsen. Gar-asen yella ucengu ameqran d tismin ur yezmir yiwen ad yessensi. Bɣan ad beḍḍun tamnekda ɣef sin, maca yemma-tsen Julia Domna tella tettawi-d arkad gar-asen. Deg waggur n dujanber 211, Karakalla yexdem-as taḥila i gma-s : yessawel-as-d ɣer yiwet n temlilit taredsant deg wexxam n yemma-tsen, dɣa ssuffyen-d kra n yiserdasen iḥeṛcen i t-yenɣan gar yiɣallen n yemma-s. Deffir waya, Karakalla yenɣa azal n 20 000 n yimdanen i yellan d imeddukal neɣ d iɛessasen n Geta, yerna yessufeɣ-d anaḍ n usufeɣ seg umezruy (Damnatio memoriae), anda kksen akk isem n Geta seg yisebdaden, iẓra d tedrimt n temnekda. == 3.2. Tanbaḍt taserdasit == Karakalla yebna lḥekm-is akk ɣef leɛnaya n yiserdasen. Yerna-asen deg yiɣṛad s ugar n 50%, yerna yella yetteddu yid-sen deg yimenɣi. Aya yexleq-d ugur ameqran deg tedrimt d tdamsa n Roma, imi tadrimt tuɣal ur tqidd ara. == 4. Tigawin d Yisenfaren Igejdanen == === 4.1. Anaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana, 212) === D tagi i d tigawt tasertant tameqqrant akk i iga. Deg useggas n 212, yessuffeɣ-d Anaḍ n Karakalla. '''Anamek-is''' : Yal amdan ilelli (ur yelli d akli) i izedɣen deg s ddaw tlisa d temnaḍin akk n Temnekda Tarumanit yuɣal d aɣerman arumani s lekmal u s yizerfan-is (Civitas Romana). '''Iswi''' : Xas akken d asurif ameqran i usemres n tgada n teɣdemt, iswi agejdan yella daɣen d asnerni n tebzert, acku iɣermanen irumaniyen llan ttarran tabzert taɛlayant ɣef tkerza d lwert i ur d-nettasen ara seg yiberaniyen. '''Tazrirt deg Tafriqt n Ugafa''' : Anaḍ-a yefka azref ameqran i yimezdaɣen imaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Imuranen) ad kecmen deg isudaḍ(leqwanin) n Roma, ad ṭṭfen imukan unnigen deg igen/tredsa(lɛesker) d tseddarin n teɣdemt. === 4.2. Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermae Antoninianae) === Deg Roma, yebna yiwet seg temṣukin timeqqranin akk n tsegda tarumanit : Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermes de Caracalla). D asenfar n waman d ucucef azayez i yesɛan tizeɣwin n tezmert, tidlisiyin, inurar n waddal d tḥuna. Ttwaqqnent ɣer ubrid n waman ameqran (Aqua Antoniniana), yerna zemrent ad qeblent ugar n 1 600 n yimdanen deg yiwen n wakud.<syntaxhighlight> _______________________________________________ | IḤAMAMEN N KARAKALLA (Roma) | |===============================================| | [Natatio] -> Asirid deg waman n beṛṛa | | [Frigidarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman isemmaḍen | | [Tepidarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman n tissit | | [Caldarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman iḥman | | [Palaestra] -> Inurar n uheggi n tfekka | +-----------------------------------------------+ </syntaxhighlight> === 4.3. Tasemmeskelt n tedrimt : Antoninianus === Iwakken ad iqabel lexṣas n yedrimen i d-yekkan seg tmerniwt n yiɣṛad n yiserdasen, Karakalla yessnulfa-d deg useggas n 215 yiwet n tedrimt tamaynut n uẓref iwumi qqaren Antoninianus. Azal-is yella yemda sin n yidinaren (denarii), maca amur n uẓref aḥeqqani deg-s yella drus, d ayen i d-yewwin tuffut n tedrimt (aɣelluy n wazal-nsen). == 5. Karakalla deg Tmazɣa (Tafriqt n Ugafa) == Tamnekda n Karakalla tesseǧhed assaɣen gar-as d temnaḍin n Tefriqt n Ugafa (Numidya d Muretanya), imi tawacult-is tella d tawacult tanaṣlit seg tmiwa-ya. Aṭas n yisebdaden d yisuka i d-yeqqimen ar ass-a deg Lezzayer d Libya: '''Taganza n Karakalla deg Tbessa''' (Theveste) : Tettwabna gar useggas n 211 d 214 s ufus n twacult n Cornelius Egrilianus, d taganza yesɛan kuẓ(rebɛa) n wudmawen (arc tétrapyle) i teǧǧan d tajmilt i umenkud. '''Taganza n Karakalla deg Ǧmila''' (Cuicul) : Tettwabna deg useggas n 216 sɣur useqqamu n temdint n Cuicul (tamnaḍt n Sṭif) i tecbiḥt n umenkud d yemma-s Julia Domna. == 6. Taggara d Tmenɣiwt-is == Deg taggara n wussan-is, Karakalla yella ixeddem ṭṭrad mgal Umenkud n Partya deg Usamer. Deg wass n 8 yebrir 217, deg webrid gar Edessa d Carrhae (deg [[Tturk|Ṭṭurk]] n wass-a), ibedd ad yessexdem iman-is ɣef yiri n webrid. Dinna kan, yiwen n userdas iwumi qqaren Julius Martialis yeẓdem-d fell-as s ugestur yenɣa-t. Timenɣiwt-a tella d aheggi uffir i d-yeḍran s tinzert n Makrinus (Macrinus), aɣella n unemhal n ugellid aprituryan. Makrinus, i ilulen deg ''Caesarea'' (Cercal deg Lezzayer tatrart), d netta i yuɣalen d amenkad deffir tmenɣiwt n Karakalla. == Tizmilin == <references /> ajohy2wenokvqmyrwcxssi3vm2rqity 117328 117327 2026-09-07T10:40:46Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karakalla''' (s talatint : '''Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus''' ; ilul s yisem n '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus''' ass n 4 yebrir 188 deg Lugdunum (Lyon tatrart) – yemmut ass n 8 yebrir 217 ar tama n Carrhae, d amenkad [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|urumani]] wis 22 i inebḍen Tamnekda Tarumanit seg useggas n 198 armi d tamettant-is deg 217<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caracalla Caracalla], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. Yella seg ugdez n Yisiviriyen i d-yefrurin seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (Leptis Magna) Yettwassen deg umezruy amaḍlan ladɣa s Wanaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) deg useggas n 212, i yefkan tiɣremt tarumanit i yal amdan ilelli i izedɣen daxel n tlisa n temnekda, akked lebni n yiḥamamen n Karakalla deg temdint n Roma. == 1. Tazwart d uẓar n yisem-is == Isem-is n tlalit d '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus'''. Asmi yesɛa mraw (10) n yiseggasen, baba-s ibeddel-as isem ɣer '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' iwakken ad yeqqen tawacult-is ɣer twacult tanbaḍt tameqqrant n yimenkaden I-antuninen (ladɣa [[Mark Urel]]). Isem n Karakalla (Caracalla) ur yelli ara d isem unṣib ; d aflisem i as-fkan yiserdasen d uɣref arumani, acku yella dima yettlusu yiwe n uqendur aɣezfan i d-yekkan seg temnaḍt n Galya (Gaule) iwumi qqaren caracalla deg tutlayt tagalit. == 2. Tameddurt d Temẓi == Ilul deg Lyon deg tmurt n Fransa n wass-a, asmi yella baba-s d anebbaḍ n temnaḍt-nni. Aẓar n twacult-is yezdi gar snat n tɣermiwin tiqburin: Baba-s, [[Septimyus Severus]] : Ilul deg Leptis Magna (di Tripolitanya, Libya n tura) ; yella d amaziɣ/apuniqi yerna d aṛumani s teɣremt. Yemma-s, '''Julia Domna''' : Tella d yelli-s n twacult tameqqrant n yigrawliwen d yemxezniyen n temdint n Emesa (Homs deg Surya tatrart). Deg useggas n 198, asmi yesɛa kan mraw n yiseggasen, yuli ɣer weswir n Augustus (amenkad amɛiwen akked baba-s). Deg useggas n 209, gma-s ameẓyan Geta yettwarnu ula d netta d amenkud wis kraḍ. == 3. Tanbaḍt (211–217) == === 3.1. Amgired akked gma-s Geta d tmenɣiwt-is === Mi yemmut baba-tsen [[Septimyus Severus|Septimyus Severu]]<nowiki/>s deg useggas n 211 deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Tagelda Yedduklen n wass-a), Karakalla d gma-s Geta uɣalen d imenkaden i yessawḍen ad ṭṭfen adabu i yiman-nsen. Gar-asen yella ucengu ameqran d tismin ur yezmir yiwen ad yessensi. Bɣan ad beḍḍun tamnekda ɣef sin, maca yemma-tsen Julia Domna tella tettawi-d arkad gar-asen. Deg waggur n dujanber 211, Karakalla yexdem-as taḥila i gma-s : yessawel-as-d ɣer yiwet n temlilit taredsant deg wexxam n yemma-tsen, dɣa ssuffyen-d kra n yiserdasen iḥeṛcen i t-yenɣan gar yiɣallen n yemma-s. Deffir waya, Karakalla yenɣa azal n 20 000 n yimdanen i yellan d imeddukal neɣ d iɛessasen n Geta, yerna yessufeɣ-d anaḍ n usufeɣ seg umezruy (Damnatio memoriae), anda kksen akk isem n Geta seg yisebdaden, iẓra d tedrimt n temnekda. == 3.2. Tanbaḍt taserdasit == Karakalla yebna lḥekm-is akk ɣef leɛnaya n yiserdasen. Yerna-asen deg yiɣṛad s ugar n 50%, yerna yella yetteddu yid-sen deg yimenɣi. Aya yexleq-d ugur ameqran deg tedrimt d tdamsa n Roma, imi tadrimt tuɣal ur tqidd ara. == 4. Tigawin d Yisenfaren Igejdanen == === 4.1. Anaḍ n Karakalla (Constitutio Antoniniana, 212) === D tagi i d tigawt tasertant tameqqrant akk i iga. Deg useggas n 212, yessuffeɣ-d Anaḍ n Karakalla. '''Anamek-is''' : Yal amdan ilelli (ur yelli d akli) i izedɣen deg s ddaw tlisa d temnaḍin akk n Temnekda Tarumanit yuɣal d aɣerman arumani s lekmal u s yizerfan-is (Civitas Romana). '''Iswi''' : Xas akken d asurif ameqran i usemres n tgada n teɣdemt, iswi agejdan yella daɣen d asnerni n tebzert, acku iɣermanen irumaniyen llan ttarran tabzert taɛlayant ɣef tkerza d lwert i ur d-nettasen ara seg yiberaniyen. '''Tazrirt deg Tafriqt n Ugafa''' : Anaḍ-a yefka azref ameqran i yimezdaɣen imaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Imuranen) ad kecmen deg isudaḍ(leqwanin) n Roma, ad ṭṭfen imukan unnigen deg igen/tredsa(lɛesker) d tseddarin n teɣdemt. === 4.2. Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermae Antoninianae) === Deg Roma, yebna yiwet seg temṣukin timeqqranin akk n tsegda tarumanit : Iḥamamen n Karakalla (Thermes de Caracalla). D asenfar n waman d ucucef azayez i yesɛan tizeɣwin n tezmert, tidlisiyin, inurar n waddal d tḥuna. Ttwaqqnent ɣer ubrid n waman ameqran (Aqua Antoniniana), yerna zemrent ad qeblent ugar n 1 600 n yimdanen deg yiwen n wakud.<syntaxhighlight> _______________________________________________ | IḤAMAMEN N KARAKALLA (Roma) | |===============================================| | [Natatio] -> Asirid deg waman n beṛṛa | | [Frigidarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman isemmaḍen | | [Tepidarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman n tissit | | [Caldarium] -> Tazeɣwa n waman iḥman | | [Palaestra] -> Inurar n uheggi n tfekka | +-----------------------------------------------+ </syntaxhighlight> === 4.3. Tasemmeskelt n tedrimt : Antoninianus === Iwakken ad iqabel lexṣas n yedrimen i d-yekkan seg tmerniwt n yiɣṛad n yiserdasen, Karakalla yessnulfa-d deg useggas n 215 yiwet n tedrimt tamaynut n uẓref iwumi qqaren Antoninianus. Azal-is yella yemda sin n yidinaren (denarii), maca amur n uẓref aḥeqqani deg-s yella drus, d ayen i d-yewwin tuffut n tedrimt (aɣelluy n wazal-nsen). == 5. Karakalla deg Tmazɣa (Tafriqt n Ugafa) == [[Tugna:Arch of Caracalla (Djemila) 01.jpg|vignette|Taganza n Karakalla deg Djemila.]] Tamnekda n Karakalla tesseǧhed assaɣen gar-as d temnaḍin n Tefriqt n Ugafa (Numidya d Muretanya), imi tawacult-is tella d tawacult tanaṣlit seg tmiwa-ya. Aṭas n yisebdaden d yisuka i d-yeqqimen ar ass-a deg Lezzayer d Libya: '''Taganza n Karakalla deg Tbessa''' (Theveste) : Tettwabna gar useggas n 211 d 214 s ufus n twacult n Cornelius Egrilianus, d taganza yesɛan kuẓ(rebɛa) n wudmawen (arc tétrapyle) i teǧǧan d tajmilt i umenkud. '''Taganza n Karakalla deg Ǧmila''' (Cuicul) : Tettwabna deg useggas n 216 sɣur useqqamu n temdint n Cuicul (tamnaḍt n Sṭif) i tecbiḥt n umenkud d yemma-s Julia Domna. == 6. Taggara d Tmenɣiwt-is == Deg taggara n wussan-is, Karakalla yella ixeddem ṭṭrad mgal Umenkud n Partya deg Usamer. Deg wass n 8 yebrir 217, deg webrid gar Edessa d Carrhae (deg [[Tturk|Ṭṭurk]] n wass-a), ibedd ad yessexdem iman-is ɣef yiri n webrid. Dinna kan, yiwen n userdas iwumi qqaren Julius Martialis yeẓdem-d fell-as s ugestur yenɣa-t. Timenɣiwt-a tella d aheggi uffir i d-yeḍran s tinzert n Makrinus (Macrinus), aɣella n unemhal n ugellid aprituryan. Makrinus, i ilulen deg ''Caesarea'' (Cercal deg Lezzayer tatrart), d netta i yuɣalen d amenkad deffir tmenɣiwt n Karakalla. == Tizmilin == <references /> 6e8diszc6jfpw8crfit97daaxod7iby 0 25558 117325 117321 2026-09-06T19:04:07Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Zcash logo.svg|vignette|Alugu Zcash.]] '''Zcash''' (s uzamul: ZEC) d yiwen n usuṛdi umḍin i d-yennulfan i lmend n uḥraz n tbaḍnit d tɣellist deg tnigawin tisenselkamin. Yettusbadu-d deg tuber n useggas 2016 s lmendad n umusnaw n tsenselkimt Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn akk d teṛbaɛt n tkebbanit Electric Coin Company. Ayen yessemxallafen Zcash ɣef yisuṛdiyen umḍinen nniḍen (am [[Bitcoin]]) d aseqdec-ines n yiwet n tarrayt tusnakt yettwassnen s yisem n « anza mebla tamusni » (zero-knowledge proof), ladɣa anagraw atikniki yettusemman zk-SNARKs. Allal-a yettaǧǧa iseqdacen ad gen tinigawin war ma sbeggnen-d tansa n umceyyaɛ(amazan), tansa n unermas, neɣ azal n wedrim yettwaznen. == 1. Amezruy == Deg tazwara, asenfar-a yebda-d s yisem n Zerocash, d anadi ussnan i d-tessuffeɣ yiwet n terbaɛt n yimnadiyen deg wuḥric n tɣellist d tsenselkimt seg tesdawiyin timeqranin (am Johns Hopkins University, MIT, d Tel Aviv University). Bɣan ad sbedden tarrayt ara ifrun ugur n uḥraz n tbaḍnit yellan deg uzrar n yiḥedran n [[Bitcoin]], acku deg Bitcoin akked waṭas n yisuṛdiyen nniḍen, tilɣa n tnigawin d tansiwin d tizayeztin yerna yezmer yal yiwen ad tent-iẓer. Deg useggas n 2016, asenfar-a yuɣal d asuṛdi umḍin imzenzi s yisem n Zcash, ddaw n tmehla n Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn. == 2. Allalen itikniyen d uselkem == Zcash yebna ɣef unagraw n uzrar n yiḥedran, maca yessemgared iman-is deg snat n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin: === A. Tawsatin n tansiwin === Deg Zcash, llan sin n yiskaren n tansiwin: '''Tansiwin tifrawin''' (t-addresses): D tansiwin yettaken addaf azayez. Beddunt s usekkil t. Tinigawin i tent-isseqdacen tteddunt am tid n Bitcoin: azal, amceyyaɛ (amazan), d unermas banen deg uzrar n yiḥedran. '''Tansiwin tusligin neɣ tuffirin''' (z-addresses): Beddunt s usekkil z. Sseqdacent awgelhen n tidet. Ur yezmir yiwen ad iẓer anwa i d amceyyaɛ, anwa i d anermas, neɣ d acu i d azal yettwaznen. === B. Anza mebla tamusni (zk-SNARKs) === Zcash yesseqdac tarrayt tusnakt iwumi neqqar zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge). D yiwen n wanza mebla tamusni (zero knowledge proof). Allal-a yettaǧǧa anagraw ad iqqen yerna ad yesseɣbel tanigawt mebla ma iḥwaǧ ad yeẓer isefka usriden n tinigawin-nni. S waya: Ur yettwaẓer ara wugbur n umeslay neɣ n tedrimt. Anagraw yesseɣtay u yewwi-d ttbut belli ulac tukkest n yisuṛdiyen ur nelli ara, neɣ asseqdec n tedrimt i tikkelt tis snat (double-spending). == 3. Kra n tulmisin n Zcash == '''Alguritm n useddu''': Zcash yesseqdac alguritm n unza n umahil i '''usnaɣez'''l iwumi qqaren '''Equihash''', yebnan ɣef tzemmar n tkatut (RAM/mémoire) i wakken ur ttilint ara tmacinin timuzzigin (ASICs) ara iḥekkmen anagraw deg tazwara. '''Talast n tiddin''': Am Bitcoin, amḍan afellay n yisuṛdiyen Zcash ur itteffiɣ ara i 21 n yimelyunen n ZEC. Yal kuẓ yiseggassen, ddeqs(tasmekta) n yisuṛdiyen i d-yettlalen deg yal iḥder yettedras s uzgen (halving). qt4j12bsxcy85s8rb9yyvqlelr2esgf 117326 117325 2026-09-06T22:14:01Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Zcash logo.svg|vignette|Alugu Zcash.]] '''Zcash''' (s uzamul: ZEC) d yiwen n usuṛdi umḍin i d-yennulfan i lmend n uḥraz n tbaḍnit d tɣellist deg tnigawin tisenselkamin. Yettusbadu-d deg tuber n useggas 2016 s lmendad n umusnaw n tsenselkimt Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn akk d teṛbaɛt n tkebbanit Electric Coin Company. Ayen yessemxallafen Zcash ɣef yisuṛdiyen umḍinen nniḍen (am [[Bitcoin]]) d aseqdec-ines n yiwet n tarrayt tusnakt yettwassnen s yisem n « anza mebla tamusni » (zero-knowledge proof), ladɣa anagraw atikniki yettusemman zk-SNARKs. Allal-a yettaǧǧa iseqdacen ad gen tinigawin war ma sbeggnen-d tansa n umceyyaɛ(amazan), tansa n unermas, neɣ azal n wedrim yettwaznen. == 1. Amezruy == Deg tazwara, asenfar-a yebda-d s yisem n Zerocash, d anadi ussnan i d-tessuffeɣ yiwet n terbaɛt n yimnadiyen deg wuḥric n tɣellist d tsenselkimt seg tesdawiyin timeqranin (am Johns Hopkins University, MIT, d Tel Aviv University). Bɣan ad sbedden tarrayt ara ifrun ugur n uḥraz n tbaḍnit yellan deg uzrar n yiḥedran n [[Bitcoin]], acku deg Bitcoin akked waṭas n yisuṛdiyen nniḍen, tilɣa n tnigawin d tansiwin d tizayeztin yerna yezmer yal yiwen ad tent-iẓer. Deg useggas n 2016, asenfar-a yuɣal d asuṛdi umḍin imzenzi s yisem n Zcash, ddaw n tmehla n Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn. == 2. Allalen itikniyen d uselkem == Zcash yebna ɣef unagraw n uzrar n yiḥedran, maca yessemgared iman-is deg snat n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin: === A. Tawsatin n tansiwin === Deg Zcash, llan sin n yiskaren n tansiwin: '''Tansiwin tifrawin''' (t-addresses): D tansiwin yettaken addaf azayez. Beddunt s usekkil t. Tinigawin i tent-isseqdacen tteddunt am tid n Bitcoin: azal, amceyyaɛ (amazan), d unermas banen deg uzrar n yiḥedran. '''Tansiwin tusligin neɣ tuffirin''' (z-addresses): Beddunt s usekkil z. Sseqdacent awgelhen n tidet. Ur yezmir yiwen ad iẓer anwa i d amceyyaɛ, anwa i d anermas, neɣ d acu i d azal yettwaznen. === B. Anza mebla tamusni (zk-SNARKs) === Zcash yesseqdac tarrayt tusnakt iwumi neqqar zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge). D yiwen n wanza mebla tamusni (zero knowledge proof). Allal-a yettaǧǧa anagraw ad iqqen yerna ad yesseɣbel tanigawt mebla ma iḥwaǧ ad yeẓer isefka usriden n tinigawin-nni. S waya: Ur yettwaẓer ara wugbur n umeslay neɣ n tedrimt. Anagraw yesseɣtay u yewwi-d ttbut belli ulac tukkest n yisuṛdiyen ur nelli ara, neɣ asseqdec n tedrimt i tikkelt tis snat (double-spending). == 3. Kra n tulmisin n Zcash == '''Alguritm n useddu''': Zcash yesseqdac alguritm n unza n umahil i '''usnaɣez'''l iwumi qqaren '''Equihash''', yebnan ɣef tzemmar n tkatut (RAM/mémoire) i wakken ur ttilint ara tmacinin timuzzigin (ASICs) ara iḥekkmen anagraw deg tazwara. '''Talast n tiddin''': Am Bitcoin, amḍan afellay n yisuṛdiyen Zcash ur itteffiɣ ara i 21 n yimelyunen n ZEC. Yal kuẓ yiseggassen, ddeqs(tasmekta) n yisuṛdiyen i d-yettlalen deg yal iḥder yettedras s uzgen (halving). == 4. Ufrir d wuguren == === Ufrir: === '''Tabaḍnit taɣelsant''': Aseqdac yesɛa tilelli ad yextir gar tansa tazayezt neɣ tansa tuffirt. '''Tafada tusnakt:''' Yebna ɣef yinadiyen ussnanen lqayen deg tusnakt d uwgelhen. === Uguren: === '''Asuter n tezmert n usiḍen''': Tarrayt n zk-SNARKs deg tazwara tella teḥwaǧ aṭas n tezmert tasenselkamt d wakud i wakken ad twagelhen tanigawt. '''Tiwtilin n usaḍuf''': Kra n yiwanaken d teṛmisin n usenfel n tedrimt ttagaden asuṛdi umḍin iḥerzen tabaḍnit s lekmal-is, acku yezmer ad yettuseqdec deg leqdicat n ddiri neɣ deg tuffra n uxelleṣ n tebzert. lisyrvv0hr21l7x6jj2pc7ly9s54ruv 0 25559 117323 117316 2026-09-06T14:23:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Leon Trotsky 1918 (3x4 rotated cropped b).jpg|vignette|Liyun Trutski.]] '''Liyun Trutski''' (s tarusit: Лев Давидович Троцкий), ilul s yisem n '''Lev Davidovič Bronstein''' ass n 7 wamber 1879 deg Yanovka (Ukrayin n tura) yerna yemmut ass n 21 ɣuct 1940 deg Coyoacán (tamurt n [[Miksik]]), d amgrawliw amarksi, d amseẓri asertan, d amaru yerna d amesertay [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|asuvyati]]. Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbren imeqqranen n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 tama n [[Vladimir Lenin]]. D netta i d amesbeddi n Yigen Azeggwaɣ (Taredsa Tazeggaɣt) i yrebḥen amgaru aɣarim arusi (1917–1922). Deffir tmettant n Lenin, yerra iman-is d amgal ameqqran mgal [[Jozef Stalin|Josef Stalin]] d tbiṛuqṛasit tasuvyatit. Yettwanfa seg Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg useggas n 1929, yerna deg taggara yettwanɣa deg Miksik s ufus n yiwen n umeggi n temsulta tuffirt n Stalin. == Tudert-is == === 1. Temẓi d tazwara n umennuɣ === '''Lev Davidovič Bronstein''' ilul deg yiwet n twacult tayudayt n yimekkasen (ifellaḥen imerkantiyen) deg tmurt n Ukrayin (yellan imiren seddaw udabu n Tsar n Rrus. Segmi yella d ilemẓi deg tesdawit n Odesa, yebda yekccem deg yimussuyen igrawliwen. Deg useggas n 1898, yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwanfa ɣer Sibirya. Dinna i yefferfed isem-nniḍen « Trotsky » (isem n yiwen umḥebbus n temsulta deg temnaḍt n Odesa) i yuɣalen d isem-is n umgrawliw. Yerwel seg Sibirya deg 1902 ɣer Turuft Tutrimt, anda yemlal [[Vladimir Lenin]] deg Lundun. === 2. Tagrawla n 1905 d Tuber 1917 === Deg Tegrawla n 1905 di Rrus, Trotsky yuɣal d aɣella n Usqamu n Yixeddamen n Petrograd (Soviet). Mi teɣli tegrawla-nni, yettwaḥkem fell-as s unfa s wudem imezgi ɣer Sibirya, maca yerwel tikkelt nniḍen. Deg useggas n 1917, mi d-teɣli tmenkda n Tsar, yuɣal-d ɣer Rrus. Yekcem ɣer Ukabar Abulcivik n Lenin. D netta i d amḍebber amezwaru i yheggan yerna yessewjed anekcum n yibulciviken ɣer udabu deg Tegrawla n Tuber 1917. swwii34ek68nw8np3ruip1t98alv8uo 0 25560 117329 2026-09-07T10:46:58Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117329 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Rosa Luxemburg (cropped).jpg|vignette|Rosa Luxemburg.]] '''Rosa Luxemburg''' (isem-is amenzu s tpulunit: '''Rozalia Luksenburg'''; tlul ass n 5 meɣres 1871 deg Zamość deg [[Bulunda|Pulunya]] – tettwanɣa ass n 15 yennayer 1919 deg [[Berlin]] deg [[Lalman]]) d tamɣnast tasertant, d tameẓrayt tamarksant, d tamdamsant yerna d tafelsaft talmanit i d-yefrurin seg twacult tudayt tapulunit. Tella d yiwet gar tgejda timeqqranin n umussu anemlan agreɣlan. Tettwassen aṭas s tiktiwin-is ɣef tegrawla tanemlant, tugdut n yixeddamen d umennuɣ mgal [[asihri]], tamsardast d tmhersi. Tettekka deg usbeddi n Tidukla n Spartakus (Spartakusbund)akk d Ukabar Azduklan n Lalman (KPD). Tettwanɣa deg Berlin deg 1919 sɣur yiferdisen imsersiyen n Freikorps mi tfukk Tegrawla Taspartakist. hyczwgzl24g4njkwz62jc9r3thewn03