Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 125 117354 110725 2026-09-11T23:58:00Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Mulud Mɛemmri''', neɣ '''Mulud At Mɛammer''', d amaru, d amdan yefkan azal ameqqran i yedles d tutlayt [[Tamaziɣt]], d netta d amezwaru iy yeslemden Tamaziɣt di tseddawit n [[Lezzayer]]. Dda Lmulud ilul ass 28 duǧember 1917 di Tewrirt Mimun deg [[Ayt Yanni]] di [[Tizi Wezzu]]. Yemmut ass 25 n furar 1989 di [[Ɛin n Defla]] deg webrid n tuɣalin-is si [[Ameṛṛuk|Merruk]]. == Tameddurt == Mulud At Mɛammer yelmed, imi yella d ameẓyan, deg uɣerbaz n taddart-is. Deg 1928 yunag-d ɣer Lmerruk ɣef texxamt n unat-is deg [[Rbaṭ]]. Kkuẓ n yiseggasen sakkin yuɣal-d ɣer Lezzayer ad yekfa almad-ines deg uɣerbaz iwumi qqaren “Bugeaud” di teɣṛemt n Lezzayer; kra n yiseggasen sakkin, imi yekfa-d almad-is, yeǧǧa-d aneggaru-agi ɣef yewwin aɣerbaz nniḍen iwumi qqaren ''“Louis-le-Grand”'' di teɣṛemt n Paris i wakken ad yuɣal d aselmad. Deg 1939 ikcem-d ɣef tzemmalt, asmi Ttrad n Ddunit II tebda-d, lameɛna yettwaserreḥ-d deg Tuber 1940: Lmulud Mɛemmri ikcem-d ɣef uɣiwen n tisekwla n uɣerbaz n temdint Lezzayer. Deg 1942, sakkin agwad n Lmarikan ɣef [[Tafriqt n ugafa]], Mɛemmri yettnuda ɣef tzemmalt i tikkelt tis snat; yezra igran n yimenɣi n Ṭṭelyan, Fransa, akked Lalman. Di taggara n ttrad, 1945, yessewjed-d, deg Paris, ɣef tmenyugart n yiselmaden; sakkin ayagi yuɣal-d ɣer Lezzayer deg Ctember 1947. Yesselmad deg Lemdiya akked Ben-ɛaknun yerna yura-d adlis-is amezwaru, ''[[Tawrirt yettwattun]]'' ("La Colline oubliée") deg 1952.Lameɛna s ddaw n tiggermemt n temɛict deg Lezzayer yeǧǧa-d tamdint n Lezzayer deg 1957. Seg 1957 armi 1962, Mulud At Mɛammer iɛac deg Lmerruk. Deg 1962, armi terbeḥ azarug-ines, Mulud At Mɛammer ikcem-d ɣer Lezzayer. Seg 1965 armi 1972, yesselmed Tamaziɣt deg tesdawit n temdint n Lezzayer s ddaw n uferkaw n umezruy n yigduden; ayagi sakkin tagdelt n yislemaden n tmaziɣt deg 1962 ɣef ddemma n unabad n Lezzayer. Mulud At Mɛammer yesselmed tamziɣt s ddaw tamagazt i iḥersen n tmsulta n sser n unabad n [[Lezzayer]]. Deg 1969 Mɛemmri yesdukkel iḍrisen n umedyaz aqbayli Si Muḥend. 1969 armi 1980 yella d anemhal n yiferkawen n idelsen n yemdanen, amezruy atrar, akked amezruy n yigduden. Deg 1980, sakkin tagdelt n usarag-is deg Tizi Uzzu ɣef tamedyazt taqdimt n wegdud aqbayli, bdan ccwal n ''[[Tafsut n yimaziɣen|Tafsut Tamaziɣt]]''. 1982, ixleq-d deg Paris ''Tuddsa n Yislemaden & Tagmi n Tamaziɣt'' ("Centre d Etudes de Recherches Amazighes", CERAM), akked tasɣunt ''Awal''. Deg 1988 Mulud Mɛemmri yettwaqbel am ṭṭbib s tamanegt deg tesdawit n ''la Sorbonne''. Mulud At Mɛammer yemmut deg wass n 26 di Furar 1989, lameɛna aḥric ameqran n medden sɛan ccek belli anabad Aɛrab n Lezzayer i t-yenɣan deg tmeddit-nni; ayagi merra d ayen i izemren ad d-ssefhem s tidet, akken ilaq, amxix-agi. Mulud At Mɛammer yeǧǧa later d tikta meqren akter n uḥric ameqran n yimalwayen ayen llan deg umezruy n wegdud aqbayli; akter n Masensen, akter n Yugurten, akter n Lkahina, Mɛemmri yebda-d abrid i yettawin ɣer umneɛ n rruḥ n wegdud aqbayli, agdud-nneɣ. == Tanebdurt == '''Tabṛatt i Muḥend Azwaw ff tmusni''' : I kečč a Muḥend Azwaw t-tezzyiwin-ik adlis-a, ad ak d-yefk yiwen wudem n tmusni, ad ak d-iqqim t-tagejdit, ad ak d-ittales ayen gan d wayen nnan imezwura inek. Mi ara t-walin medden ammar ad ilin wid ara d ak yinin: :- Tigi t-tiḥkayin n zikenni, t-timucuha n Teryel iyess ssedhuyen arrac, i wacu d aɣ nfaant tmucuha n zik, i nekwni s at-tura? Eǧǧ timucuha n zik i yat zik ;nekwni d arraw bbwassa, assa deg irgazen ulin s aggur rsen degs, assa deg isufag semliliyen tamurt ɣer tmurt illan ayda dɣat deg ya n tallit, assa deg yiwet takurt tezmer atzebbwa tamdint tameqqwrant deg gwesmenɣer n tiṭ. : In'asen: :- Tamusni tekka nnig teswiɛin. Ur ttitit ara ay imedhac d arrac issedhec uclawa, ismenyafen arelluc aberreqmuc i yiṭij ireqqen neɣ i wewreɣ yuli uɣebbar. ... == Imuhal == ;Ungalen *La colline oubliée, Paris, Plon, 1952; 2ème édition, Paris, Union générale d’éditions – SNED, Coll. 10/18, 1978. *Le sommeil du juste, Paris, Plon, 1955 ; 2ème édition, Paris, Union générale d’éditions -SNED, Coll. 10/18, 1978. *L’opium et le bâton, Paris, Plon, 1965 ; 2ème édition, Paris, Union générale d’éditions – SNED, Coll.10/18, 1978. *La traversée, Paris, Plon, 1982, 2ème édition, Alger, Bouchène, ;Tullizin *Ameur des Arcades et l’ordre, Paris, 1953, Plon, «La table ronde» *Le zèbre, preuves, Paris, n° 76, juin 1957, pp. 33-67 *La Meute, Europe, Paris, n°567-568, juillet- août 1976, pp. 68-76. *L’Hibiscus, Montréal, 1985, Dérives n° 49, pp. 67-80. *Le désert atavique, Paris, 1981, Quotidien Le Monde du 16 août 1981. *Ténéré atavique, Paris, 1983, Revue Autrement, n°5. *Escales, Alger 1985, Révolution Africaine. ;Amezgun *Le Foehn ou la preuve par neuf, Paris, Publisud, 1982, 2ème édition, Paris, pièce jouée à Alger en 1967. *Le Banquet, précédé d’un dossier, la mort absurde des Aztèques, Paris, librairie académique Perrin, 1973. ;Tasekla *Les isefra de Si Mohand ou Mhand, textes berbères et traduction, Paris, Maspero, 1969. *Poèmes kabyles anciens, textes berbères et français, Paris, Maspero 1980. *L’Ahellil du Gourara, Paris, MSH, 1984. *Yenna-yas Ccix Muhand, Alger, Laphomic, 1989. *Machaho, contes berbères de Kabylie, Paris, Bordas, 1980. ;Tutlayt / Tajerrumt d tasnawalt *Tajerrumt n tmaziɣt (tantala taqbaylit), Paris, Maspero, 1976. *Précis de grammaire berbère, Paris, Awal, 1988. *Lexique français-touareg, en collaboration avec J.M. Cortade, Paris, Arts et métiers graphiques, 1967. *Amawal tamazight- français et français tamaziɣt, Imedyazen, Paris, 1980. *Awal, cahiers d’études berbères, sous la direction de M. Mammeri, 1985-1989, Paris, Awal. == Ayen uran fell-as == ===Idlisen=== *Anthologie des écrivains maghrébins d’expression française, choix et présentation de J. Arnaud J. Déjeux, A. Kattibi, A. Roçth, Paris, Présence africaine, sous la direction d’A. Memmi, 2ème édition, 1965. *Anthologie Maghrébine, Centre pédagogique maghrébin, Paris, Hachette 1965. *Ben cheikh, J.E, Levi-Valensi, j., Diwan algérien, la poésie algérienne d’expression française de 1945 à 1965, Alger, SNED, 1967. *Déjeux, J., littérature maghrébine d’expression française, Canada, éditions Naaman, 2ème édition, 1978. *Khatibi, A., le roman maghrébin, essai, Paris, Maspero, 1968. *Fédération internationale des professeurs de français (FIPF), littérature de langue française hors de France, anthologie didactique, gembloux-Belgique, E.J.Duoulot, 1976. ===Tisɣunin === *Cahiers algériens de littérature comparée, «l’itinéraire du héros dans l’œuvre, romanesque de M. Mammeri» M.S. Dembri, Alger, faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, 1968, numéro3 pp. 79-99. *Europe, littérature algérienne, Paris, Juillet- Août 1979, numéros 567-568. *La nouvelle critique, numéro spécial sur la littérature algérienne, Paris, janvier 1960, numéro 112. *Œuvres et critiques, La colline oubliée de M.Mammeri, un prix littéraire, une polémique politique, par J Déjeux, Paris. *Revue algérienne des lettres et des sciences humaines, «Querelle autour de La colline oubliée», par M.S Dembri, Alger, 1969, numero1, pp.166-174 *Revue de l’Occident musulman, tradition et subversion dans œuvre de M. Mammeri, par A. Roche, Aix en Provence, 1976, numéro 22, pp.99-108. ===Tidiwenniyin=== *Alger républicain, Alger, 7 mai 1965, M. Mammeri : de La colline oubliée à l’Opium et le bâton. *An Nasr, Constantine, 4 et 11 mai 1968, «mon œuvre» par M. Mammeri. *Revue de l’éducation national (Maroc), «Quelques instants avec M. Mammeri», Rabat, Novembre-Décembre 1959, numéro 2. *Le jour, «entre M. Mammeri et M. Mazouni», Beyrouth, 3 et 27 juin 1966. *Dialogue M. Mammeri - P. Bourdieu sur la poésie kabyle, actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, n° 23 ; septembre 1978, Paris. *Entretien avec P. Bourdieu, du bon usage de l’ethnologie, Paris, 1985, Awal n°1, pp.7-29. *Entretien M. Mammeri J. Pellegri, Dunes international n°0, Alger, OREF, mars 1988. *Entretien avec M. Mammeri, portrait radiophonique, par M. Boisvert, Montréal, 1985, divers n° 49, pp.101-119. *Entretien avec T. Djaout, suivi d’une sottie en trois tableaux, édition Laphomic, Alger, 1987. ---- '''Glossaire:''' '''Asarag''' = conference '''idlesen n yemdanen''' = Anthropologie '''amezruy n igduden''' = Ethnologie '''amezruy atrar''' = Histoire moderne == Muqel Daɣen== * [[Tasdawit n Mulud Mɛemmri|Tasdawit n Mulud Mɛemmri n Tizi Wezzu]]. == Tamselyut == *http://www.answers.com/topic/mouloud-mammeri *http://www.tamazight.fr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902004419/http://www.tamazight.fr/ |date=2006-09-02 }} *http://www.racines-izuran.com *http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Mammeri [[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Mɛemmri]] [[Taggayt:Amaru|Mɛemri]] [[Taggayt:Lmut n 1989|Mɛemmri]] [[Taggayt:Talalit n 1917|Mɛemmri]] [[Taggayt:Talalit deg dujamber 1917|Mɛemmri]] 1gr8b467720m4rfe8rrv2krjl47xzbv 0 25561 117352 117350 2026-09-11T19:11:14Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Liberty torch drawing.svg|vignette|Azamul n tlibiralit, asuneɣ n teftilt iceɛlen.]] '''Talibiralit''' (''s tefransist: libéralisme, seg tlatinit liberalis'' « '''yerzan win yellan d ilelli''' ») d tasnakta tasertant, tafelsafit d tdamsant i d-yebnan ɣef wazal amezwaru n tlelli tudmawant d usbaḍi (aḥuddu) n udabu n uwanak. Talibiralit tettwali d akken yal amdan ilul-d yesɛa izerfan igamanen ur izemren ad ttwaksen neɣ ad ttili tlisa n izerfan-a fell-as, gar-asen azref ɣer tudert, azref ɣer tlelli, azref n wayla uslig d tgda sdat n usaḍuf. Deg umezruy atrar, talibiralit tefka-d tanaṣlit i tsuddwin timagdayin titnarin, ladɣa s useddu n tugdut tamendawt, beṭṭu n yiduba, agadaz ilelli deg tdamsa, d umennuɣ mgal adabu aɣrudan d umyezwer illeli. Ɣas akken llant deg-s ddeqs n tmuɣliwin yettemgarraden (am tlibiralit taklasikit, talibiralit tanmettit, neɣ talibiralit tamaynut), tigejdit tamezwarut i tent-yezdin d afrag n tlelli n yal amdan mgal tussda n yiduba d tmetti. == 1. Tigejda d Yenzayen Igejdanen == === 1.1 Aterras d wazal n umdan === Talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n '''uterras'''. Deg tmuɣli-a, amdan (s wudem aterras) d netta i d aferdis agejdan n tmetti; mačči d agraw, d taqbilt, neɣ d awanak i yesɛan azal fell-as. Talibiralit teqqar d akken timetti ur telli ara d amud yugaren imdanen i tt-id-yesbedden, maca d tayunt n yimdanen ilelliyen i d-yellan i uselḥu n lfayda-nsen d temsetlelt-nsen. Ɣef waya, yal tamussni neɣ asaḍuf ilaq ad yerr azal amezwaru i tlelli n umdan. === 1.2 Tilelliyin talsanin d yizerfan n wemdan === Ilibiraliyen tteqqnen tilelli ɣer yizerfan igamanen i yesɛa umdan seg wasmi ara d-ilul: '''Tilelli n tikti d umeslay''': Azref n umdan ad yini, ad yaru, ad d-yessider tiktiwin-is bla ma yugad aḥbas neɣ tadrest sɣur unabaḍ. '''Tilelli n usɣan d tflest''': Beṭṭu gar uwanak d usɣan (talakt), akken yal yiwen ad iḍfer ddin i as-yehhwan neɣ ur yetteḍfar ula d yiwen. '''Tilelli n timlilit d tdukli''': Azref n uheyyi n yikabaren isertanen, tidukliwin d tneɣmasin tilelliyin. '''Tilelli n umussu''': Azref n useddu d unig seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ bla asentel n lbaṭel. === 1.3 Awanak n uzref d tgda sdat n usaḍuf === Awanak deg tmuɣli talibiralit mačči d amesbaṭli. Ilaq ad yili d awanak n uzref: Ulac yiwen (ama d agellid, d aselway, neɣ d aɣerman aḥerfi) yellan sennig n usaḍuf. '''Tagda sdat n usaḍuf''': Isuḍaf ttwasersen akken ad ḥudden akk iɣermanen s yiwen n lqis, bla tameḥyaf yerzan tawacult, idles, tutlayt, ini n uglim, neɣ asɣan. Isuḍaf ur d-ttasen ara akken ad ḥettmen tikli ɣef medden, maca d tilisa i useḥbiber ɣef tlelli n yal yiwen akken ur tettxuccu ara tilelli n wayeḍ. === 1.4 Beṭṭu n yiduba === Akken ad ttwaḥrez tmetti mgal tasnareft (neɣ tadankit), talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n beṭṭu n yiduba i d-yessegza '''''Montesquieu''''': '''Adabu amesḍaf''': D agraw n yimazanen (amni) i d-yettwafen sɣur uɣref akken ad sersen isuḍaf. '''Adabu amselkam''': D anabaḍ i yesseqdacen isuḍaf yerna yessefray tikli n tmurt. '''Adabu aɣedman''': D inezzurfa n teɣdemt yellan d ilelliyen ɣef sin n yiduba-nniḍen, akken taɣdemt ur tetteqqil ara d allal deg ufus n wid iḥekkmen. === 1.5 Azref n wayla uslig === Ayla uslig d tigejdit tamezwarut deg tlibiralit. John Locke yenna-d d akken ayla n umdan d afris seg umdan s timmad-is: ticki amdan yexdem akal neɣ yefka aɣbel d leɛtab i tfarest n kra, ayla-nni yettarra-t d azref-is uslig. War ayla uslig, ur tezmir ara ad tili tlelli tasertant neɣ tadamsant, axaṭer anabaḍ aɣrudan izemmer ad yeṭṭef aɣerman seg tɛebbuṭ-is. == 2. Amezruy n Tlalit n Tlibiralit == === 2.1 Tallit n Tafat (Tasuta tis 17 d tis 18) === Talibiralit tlul-d deg [[Turuft]] deg yiwet n tallit ideg llan yigelliden ḥekmen s tezmert tamagdezt, tella daɣen teglizt tamezdayt teṭṭef akk tudert n yemdanen. Imuziren imezwura n tikti-a nnan-d d akken adabu mačči sɣur Rebbi i d-yekka, maca s umtawa neɣ agatu anemmetti gar yemdanen ilelliyen. Amusnak agliz John Locke (1632–1704) yettwaḥseb d bab n tlibiralit tatrart. Deg udlis-is Sin n Yiḍrisen ɣef Unbaḍ Aɣarim (1689), yessegza-d d akken aselway neɣ agellid yella kan akken ad iḥrez izerfan n ayla, tudert d tlelli; ma yella yerẓa agatu-a, aɣref yesɛa azref ad t-iqelleɛ. === 2.2 Tigrawliwin timagdayin timezwura === Tikta talibiraliyin uɣalent d tigawin deg tgara n tasuta tis 18: '''Tagrawla Tamarikanit (1776)''': Talalit n Tmunent n Yiwanaken Yeddukklen d Tamendawt n 1787 sbeddent tagduda tamezwarut i d-yesseqdacen beṭṭu n yiduba d tebzert n yizerfan n umdan. '''Tagrawla Tafransist''' '''(1789)''': Tasreḥt neɣ ulɣu n Yizerfan n Wemdan d Uɣerman (1789) yebna-d tamuɣli tasertant n umaḍal s tenfalit talibiralit: « Imdanen llan-d d ilelliyen yerna d igdawanen deg yizerfan ». === 2.3 Tasuta tis 19 d unnerni n usihri === Deg tasuta tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant terna ffeḥ deg Umaḍal Ataram. Talibiralit tuɣal d tadra i uselḥu n tedamsa tamgurant s ubrid n temguri, [[asihri]], d usefrek n ugadaz(ssuq) s war anekcum n uwanak. Tallit-a tessen daɣen amennuɣ ɣef tlelliyin tiɣarimin, tukksa n waklan, d ulday n ufran azayez. 9oyp9wr4tigcyk1rix9azc6h6pyp5wm 117355 117352 2026-09-12T10:54:14Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Liberty torch drawing.svg|vignette|Azamul n tlibiralit, asuneɣ n teftilt iceɛlen.]] '''Talibiralit''' (''s tefransist: libéralisme, seg tlatinit liberalis'' « '''yerzan win yellan d ilelli''' ») d tasnakta tasertant, tafelsafit d tdamsant i d-yebnan ɣef wazal amezwaru n tlelli tudmawant d usbaḍi (aḥuddu) n udabu n uwanak. Talibiralit tettwali d akken yal amdan ilul-d yesɛa izerfan igamanen ur izemren ad ttwaksen neɣ ad ttili tlisa n izerfan-a fell-as, gar-asen azref ɣer tudert, azref ɣer tlelli, azref n wayla uslig d tgda sdat n usaḍuf. Deg umezruy atrar, talibiralit tefka-d tanaṣlit i tsuddwin timagdayin titnarin, ladɣa s useddu n tugdut tamendawt, beṭṭu n yiduba, agadaz ilelli deg tdamsa, d umennuɣ mgal adabu aɣrudan d umyezwer illeli. Ɣas akken llant deg-s ddeqs n tmuɣliwin yettemgarraden (am tlibiralit taklasikit, talibiralit tanmettit, neɣ talibiralit tamaynut), tigejdit tamezwarut i tent-yezdin d afrag n tlelli n yal amdan mgal tussda n yiduba d tmetti. == 1. Tigejda d Yenzayen Igejdanen == === 1.1 Aterras d wazal n umdan === Talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n '''uterras'''. Deg tmuɣli-a, amdan (s wudem aterras) d netta i d aferdis agejdan n tmetti; mačči d agraw, d taqbilt, neɣ d awanak i yesɛan azal fell-as. Talibiralit teqqar d akken timetti ur telli ara d amud yugaren imdanen i tt-id-yesbedden, maca d tayunt n yimdanen ilelliyen i d-yellan i uselḥu n lfayda-nsen d temsetlelt-nsen. Ɣef waya, yal tamussni neɣ asaḍuf ilaq ad yerr azal amezwaru i tlelli n umdan. === 1.2 Tilelliyin talsanin d yizerfan n wemdan === Ilibiraliyen tteqqnen tilelli ɣer yizerfan igamanen i yesɛa umdan seg wasmi ara d-ilul: '''Tilelli n tikti d umeslay''': Azref n umdan ad yini, ad yaru, ad d-yessider tiktiwin-is bla ma yugad aḥbas neɣ tadrest sɣur unabaḍ. '''Tilelli n usɣan d tflest''': Beṭṭu gar uwanak d usɣan (talakt), akken yal yiwen ad iḍfer ddin i as-yehhwan neɣ ur yetteḍfar ula d yiwen. '''Tilelli n timlilit d tdukli''': Azref n uheyyi n yikabaren isertanen, tidukliwin d tneɣmasin tilelliyin. '''Tilelli n umussu''': Azref n useddu d unig seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ bla asentel n lbaṭel. === 1.3 Awanak n uzref d tgda sdat n usaḍuf === Awanak deg tmuɣli talibiralit mačči d amesbaṭli. Ilaq ad yili d awanak n uzref: Ulac yiwen (ama d agellid, d aselway, neɣ d aɣerman aḥerfi) yellan sennig n usaḍuf. '''Tagda sdat n usaḍuf''': Isuḍaf ttwasersen akken ad ḥudden akk iɣermanen s yiwen n lqis, bla tameḥyaf yerzan tawacult, idles, tutlayt, ini n uglim, neɣ asɣan. Isuḍaf ur d-ttasen ara akken ad ḥettmen tikli ɣef medden, maca d tilisa i useḥbiber ɣef tlelli n yal yiwen akken ur tettxuccu ara tilelli n wayeḍ. === 1.4 Beṭṭu n yiduba === Akken ad ttwaḥrez tmetti mgal tasnareft (neɣ tadankit), talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n beṭṭu n yiduba i d-yessegza '''''Montesquieu''''': '''Adabu amesḍaf''': D agraw n yimazanen (amni) i d-yettwafen sɣur uɣref akken ad sersen isuḍaf. '''Adabu amselkam''': D anabaḍ i yesseqdacen isuḍaf yerna yessefray tikli n tmurt. '''Adabu aɣedman''': D inezzurfa n teɣdemt yellan d ilelliyen ɣef sin n yiduba-nniḍen, akken taɣdemt ur tetteqqil ara d allal deg ufus n wid iḥekkmen. === 1.5 Azref n wayla uslig === Ayla uslig d tigejdit tamezwarut deg tlibiralit. John Locke yenna-d d akken ayla n umdan d afris seg umdan s timmad-is: ticki amdan yexdem akal neɣ yefka aɣbel d leɛtab i tfarest n kra, ayla-nni yettarra-t d azref-is uslig. War ayla uslig, ur tezmir ara ad tili tlelli tasertant neɣ tadamsant, axaṭer anabaḍ aɣrudan izemmer ad yeṭṭef aɣerman seg tɛebbuṭ-is. == 2. Amezruy n Tlalit n Tlibiralit == === 2.1 Tallit n Tafat (Tasuta tis 17 d tis 18) === Talibiralit tlul-d deg [[Turuft]] deg yiwet n tallit ideg llan yigelliden ḥekmen s tezmert tamagdezt, tella daɣen teglizt tamezdayt teṭṭef akk tudert n yemdanen. Imuziren imezwura n tikti-a nnan-d d akken adabu mačči sɣur Rebbi i d-yekka, maca s umtawa neɣ agatu anemmetti gar yemdanen ilelliyen. Amusnak agliz John Locke (1632–1704) yettwaḥseb d bab n tlibiralit tatrart. Deg udlis-is Sin n Yiḍrisen ɣef Unbaḍ Aɣarim (1689), yessegza-d d akken aselway neɣ agellid yella kan akken ad iḥrez izerfan n ayla, tudert d tlelli; ma yella yerẓa agatu-a, aɣref yesɛa azref ad t-iqelleɛ. === 2.2 Tigrawliwin timagdayin timezwura === Tikta talibiraliyin uɣalent d tigawin deg tgara n tasuta tis 18: '''Tagrawla Tamarikanit (1776)''': Talalit n Tmunent n Yiwanaken Yeddukklen d Tamendawt n 1787 sbeddent tagduda tamezwarut i d-yesseqdacen beṭṭu n yiduba d tebzert n yizerfan n umdan. '''Tagrawla Tafransist''' '''(1789)''': Tasreḥt neɣ ulɣu n Yizerfan n Wemdan d Uɣerman (1789) yebna-d tamuɣli tasertant n umaḍal s tenfalit talibiralit: « Imdanen llan-d d ilelliyen yerna d igdawanen deg yizerfan ». === 2.3 Tasuta tis 19 d unnerni n usihri === Deg tasuta tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant terna ffeḥ deg Umaḍal Ataram. Talibiralit tuɣal d tadra i uselḥu n tedamsa tamgurant s ubrid n temguri, [[asihri]], d usefrek n ugadaz(ssuq) s war anekcum n uwanak. Tallit-a tessen daɣen amennuɣ ɣef tlelliyin tiɣarimin, tukksa n waklan, d ulday n ufran azayez. == 3. Tiɣula n Tlibiralit == Talibiralit tebḍa ɣef kraḍt n tɣula tigejdanin i yettemcadan: <syntaxhighlight> ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ TALIBIRALIT TATRART │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ │ TASERTANT │ │ TADAMSANT │ │ TAFELSAFIT │ │ - Tugdut │ │ - Agadaz ilelli │ │ - Aterras │ │ - Awanak n uzref │ │ - Ayla uslig │ │ - Talakt │ │ - Izerfan n umdan│ │ - Amsenfel ilelli│ │ - Tilelli n tedmi│ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight> === 3.1 Talibiralit tasertant === Talibiralit tasertant d tin i d-yessuturen anagraw n tugdut talibiralit: '''Tamendawt''': Tettgalla d akken taseddarin n udabu sɛant tilisa ur zmirent ad ɛeddint fell-asent. '''Amaget-akabar''': Tilelli n tlalit n yikabaren yemxallafen akken ad ilint tefranin timagdayin d tidet. '''Afrag n tidersiwin''': Deg tugdut talibiralit, agraw n tigti ur yesɛi ara azref ad yeqheṛ tidart neɣ tidersiwin (minorités) ɣas ulamma yesɛa tuget deg tifranin/yifranen. === 3.2 Talibiralit tadamsant === Tadamsa talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n useddu n tedamsa s tezmert n ugadaz d tfarest tusligt: '''Agadaz ilelli''': Isumren d usuter d nutni i d-isbaduyen ssuma n sselɛa d uxeddim, mačči d awanak. '''Temsizzelt tilellit''': Temsizzelt ger tkebbaniyin tettak amkan i usider n ssuma d usali n tɣara. '''Amsenfel ilelli''': Tukksa n tlisa d tewsitin ɣef sselɛa i d-yettɛeddin ger tmura deg umaḍal. '''Asenɣes n tiwsiyin d unekcum n uwanak''': Ilibiraliyen ttwalin belli ma yella uwanak yeqqim kan deg yiswiren igejdanen (taɣellist, taɣdemt, taredsa), tadamsa ad ternu s lemɣawla. === 3.3 Talibiralit tafelsafit d tmettit === Ɣer yidis asertan d udamsan, tella tlibiralit yeffɣen ɣer tmetti d tefelsafit: '''Tilelli n tedmi''': Yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yexdem anadi afelsafi, tussnan, neɣ amezruyan s war ma teṭṭef-it tmuɣli tanasayt akked tadiyanit neɣ tugdi seg udabu. '''Tamuzzut''' (Tolérance): AQbal n umgired gar yemdanen deg tmetti. Voltaire yura: « Ur ddiɣ ara deg tikti-ik, maca ad fkeɣ tarwiḥt-iw akken ad tizmireḍ ad tt-id-tiniḍ ». '''Tudert tudmawant''': Awanak ur yesɛi ara azref ad ikecmen deg tudert n yal ass n uɣerman (zzwaǧ, lecɣal usligen, tiseddarin n tudert). q8gs08g9id5gplln3yfzl8sdlpvq6jt 0 25562 117353 117351 2026-09-11T19:32:36Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117353 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Elagabalus.]] '''Elagabalus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''), i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Heliogabalus, yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg useggas 218 ar 222 S.Ɛ. Yewweḍ ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen, yerna yemmut mi yella 18 n yiseggasen. Tallit-is, ɣas ma tewezzil aṭas, teqqim d yiwet seg talliyin i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg umezruy arumani, ladɣa imi Elagabalus yebɣa ad ibeddel kra n leɛwayed d wansayenn Ruma, s wayen i d-yegla waya n uqabal meqqren deg temɣiwent tarumanit. == 1. Talalit-is d twacult-is == Elagabalus ilul deg useggas 203 S.Ɛ. deg Emesa, tamdint n [[Surya]] n wass-a, i yettwassnen tura s yisem '''Homs'''. Isem-is amezwaru yella Varius Avitus Bassianus. Yekka-d seg twacult taɣelnawt yesɛan azal meqqren deg Emesa. Yemma-s, Julia Soaemias, d yell-is n Julia Maesa. Julia Maesa nettat d weltma-s n Julia Domna, tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Ihi Elagabalus yella d yiwen seg yimdanen n twacult n Severus, tawacult i yeṭṭfen tamenḍawt n Ruma deg uḥric meqqren n tasut tis kraḍet n tallit-nneɣ. Baba-s, Sextus Varius Marcellus, yella d argaz yesɛan azal deg tedbelt tarumanit. Maca d tama n yemma-s, ladɣa Julia Maesa, i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef ubrid i t-yessawḍen ɣer uselway n tmenkda. == 2. Elagabalus d anedbal n Rebbi n Emesa == Uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, '''Avitus Bassianus''' yella d anedbal ameqqran n usɣan n '''Elagabal''' deg Emesa. Elagabal yella d illu asuryani i yettwabder s talɣa n yiṭij. Deg umezruy, isem "Elagabalus" i yettunefken i umenkad yekka-d seg yisem n unebdad-a; mačči d isem i yesseqdac netta i yiman-is am umenkad. Deg Emesa, illu-a yella yesɛa adeg agejdan deg tudert tadeyyanit. Agellid-nni ameẓẓyan, uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, yella yettwasen s leqdic-is d anedbal. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy-is, acku mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma ur yeǧǧi ara tadeyyanit n Emesa deffir-s: yewwi-tt yid-s ɣer wul n tmenkda. == 3. Amek i yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmnekda? == Mi yemmut [[Karakalla]] deg 217, [[Makrinus]] yuɣal d amenkad. Maca Makrinus ur yesɛi ara akk tazmert n twacult n Severus, yerna kra seg yigen n tɛessast tarumanit ur qeblen ara tazerfa-ines. Julia Maesa, jeddat n Elagabalus, tebda ad txeddem akken ad terr tawacult-is ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmenkda. Tettwaseqdac daɣen tadyant i yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yezmer ad yili d mmi-s n Karakalla. Ur d-yelli ara ubeggen i d-yeskanayen belli aya d tidet, maca ayen-a yella d allal asertan i yesɛan azal meqqren, acku Karakalla yella mazal yesɛa imdanen i t-iḥemmlen gar yigen n tɛessast. Deg 218, kra seg yigen n Legio III Gallica qqeblen Elagabalus d amenkad. Imir-nni yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen. Yella-d umenɣi aserdas gar wid i yettabaɛen Makrinus d wid n Elagabalus. Deg imenɣi n Antioch, iɛeggalen n Elagabalus rebḥen. Makrinus yerwel, syin yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwanɣa. S waya, aqcic ameẓẓyan n Emesa yuɣal d amenkad n yiwet seg tmenkadin timeqqranin i yellan deg umaḍal aqbur. == 4. Anekcum-is ɣer Ruma == Elagabalus ur yewwiḍ ara srid ɣer Ruma. Yesseɛda kra n wakud deg tama n usamar n Tmenkda Tarumanit uqbel ad yawi abrid ɣer tɣerma. Mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma deg 219, yufa-d tamdint yesɛan leɛwayed-is, tadeyyanit-is d tarrayt-is n tsertit. Ruma tettuneḥsab d tawennaḍt anda illu '''Jupiter Optimus Maximus''' yesɛa adeg ameqqran deg tsertit d tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Elagabalus, s wudem nniḍen, yella yewwi-d yid-s illu-s Elagabal seg Emesa. Dayen ara yuɣalen d yiwen seg yisental igejdanen n tallit-is. == 5. Abeddel n usɣan(tadeyanit) i yebɣa ad yeg == Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr illu Elagabal ɣer umkan unnig deg tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Yebna deg Ruma Elagabalium, '''afakan ameqqran''' i yellan d adeg agejdan n uɛbed n illu Elagabal. Daɣen, aẓru iqeddsen i yettwaseqdacen deg uɛbed n Elagabal yettwawi-d seg Emesa ɣer Ruma. Ayagi ur yelli ara kan d abeddel asɣanan(adeyani). Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit, tadeyyanit d tsertit mlalent aṭas. Aɛbed n yilluten irumanen, leɛwayed n tɣerma d wazal n umenkad llan akk d yiḥricen n unagraw asertan. Mi yebɣa Elagabalus ad isbeddel amkan n yilluten n Ruma s illu Elagabal i d-yewwi seg Emesa, aṭas n yimdanen deg tɣerma n Ruma walan aya d aseḥqer n leɛwayed-nsen. Maca ilaq ad nḥader seg usegzi afessas: Tmenkda Tarumanit tettwassen s waṭas n tedyanin d yilluten yemgaraden, yerna aɛbed n yilluten n usamar yella yakan deg Ruma. Ugur ur yelli ara kan imi Elagabal yella d illu «aberṛani», maca imi amenkad yebɣa ad t-yerr ɣer umkan unnig deg unagraw adeyani-asertan arumani. fjldtdwv0nl6es9l7z76vmeqzwjgjwz 117356 117353 2026-09-12T11:10:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Elagabalus.]] '''Elagabalus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''), i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Heliogabalus, yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg useggas 218 ar 222 S.Ɛ. Yewweḍ ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen, yerna yemmut mi yella 18 n yiseggasen. Tallit-is, ɣas ma tewezzil aṭas, teqqim d yiwet seg talliyin i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg umezruy arumani, ladɣa imi Elagabalus yebɣa ad ibeddel kra n leɛwayed d wansayenn Ruma, s wayen i d-yegla waya n uqabal meqqren deg temɣiwent tarumanit. == 1. Talalit-is d twacult-is == Elagabalus ilul deg useggas 203 S.Ɛ. deg Emesa, tamdint n [[Surya]] n wass-a, i yettwassnen tura s yisem '''Homs'''. Isem-is amezwaru yella Varius Avitus Bassianus. Yekka-d seg twacult taɣelnawt yesɛan azal meqqren deg Emesa. Yemma-s, Julia Soaemias, d yell-is n Julia Maesa. Julia Maesa nettat d weltma-s n Julia Domna, tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Ihi Elagabalus yella d yiwen seg yimdanen n twacult n Severus, tawacult i yeṭṭfen tamenḍawt n Ruma deg uḥric meqqren n tasut tis kraḍet n tallit-nneɣ. Baba-s, Sextus Varius Marcellus, yella d argaz yesɛan azal deg tedbelt tarumanit. Maca d tama n yemma-s, ladɣa Julia Maesa, i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef ubrid i t-yessawḍen ɣer uselway n tmenkda. == 2. Elagabalus d anedbal n Rebbi n Emesa == Uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, '''Avitus Bassianus''' yella d anedbal ameqqran n usɣan n '''Elagabal''' deg Emesa. Elagabal yella d illu asuryani i yettwabder s talɣa n yiṭij. Deg umezruy, isem "Elagabalus" i yettunefken i umenkad yekka-d seg yisem n unebdad-a; mačči d isem i yesseqdac netta i yiman-is am umenkad. Deg Emesa, illu-a yella yesɛa adeg agejdan deg tudert tadeyyanit. Agellid-nni ameẓẓyan, uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, yella yettwasen s leqdic-is d anedbal. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy-is, acku mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma ur yeǧǧi ara tadeyyanit n Emesa deffir-s: yewwi-tt yid-s ɣer wul n tmenkda. == 3. Amek i yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmnekda? == Mi yemmut [[Karakalla]] deg 217, [[Makrinus]] yuɣal d amenkad. Maca Makrinus ur yesɛi ara akk tazmert n twacult n Severus, yerna kra seg yigen n tɛessast tarumanit ur qeblen ara tazerfa-ines. Julia Maesa, jeddat n Elagabalus, tebda ad txeddem akken ad terr tawacult-is ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmenkda. Tettwaseqdac daɣen tadyant i yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yezmer ad yili d mmi-s n Karakalla. Ur d-yelli ara ubeggen i d-yeskanayen belli aya d tidet, maca ayen-a yella d allal asertan i yesɛan azal meqqren, acku Karakalla yella mazal yesɛa imdanen i t-iḥemmlen gar yigen n tɛessast. Deg 218, kra seg yigen n Legio III Gallica qqeblen Elagabalus d amenkad. Imir-nni yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen. Yella-d umenɣi aserdas gar wid i yettabaɛen Makrinus d wid n Elagabalus. Deg imenɣi n Antioch, iɛeggalen n Elagabalus rebḥen. Makrinus yerwel, syin yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwanɣa. S waya, aqcic ameẓẓyan n Emesa yuɣal d amenkad n yiwet seg tmenkadin timeqqranin i yellan deg umaḍal aqbur. == 4. Anekcum-is ɣer Ruma == Elagabalus ur yewwiḍ ara srid ɣer Ruma. Yesseɛda kra n wakud deg tama n usamar n Tmenkda Tarumanit uqbel ad yawi abrid ɣer tɣerma. Mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma deg 219, yufa-d tamdint yesɛan leɛwayed-is, tadeyyanit-is d tarrayt-is n tsertit. Ruma tettuneḥsab d tawennaḍt anda illu '''Jupiter Optimus Maximus''' yesɛa adeg ameqqran deg tsertit d tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Elagabalus, s wudem nniḍen, yella yewwi-d yid-s illu-s Elagabal seg Emesa. Dayen ara yuɣalen d yiwen seg yisental igejdanen n tallit-is. == 5. Abeddel n usɣan(tadeyanit) i yebɣa ad yeg == Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr illu Elagabal ɣer umkan unnig deg tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Yebna deg Ruma Elagabalium, '''afakan ameqqran''' i yellan d adeg agejdan n uɛbed n illu Elagabal. Daɣen, aẓru iqeddsen i yettwaseqdacen deg uɛbed n Elagabal yettwawi-d seg Emesa ɣer Ruma. Ayagi ur yelli ara kan d abeddel asɣanan(adeyani). Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit, tadeyyanit d tsertit mlalent aṭas. Aɛbed n yilluten irumanen, leɛwayed n tɣerma d wazal n umenkad llan akk d yiḥricen n unagraw asertan. Mi yebɣa Elagabalus ad isbeddel amkan n yilluten n Ruma s illu Elagabal i d-yewwi seg Emesa, aṭas n yimdanen deg tɣerma n Ruma walan aya d aseḥqer n leɛwayed-nsen. Maca ilaq ad nḥader seg usegzi afessas: Tmenkda Tarumanit tettwassen s waṭas n tedyanin d yilluten yemgaraden, yerna aɛbed n yilluten n usamar yella yakan deg Ruma. Ugur ur yelli ara kan imi Elagabal yella d illu «aberṛani», maca imi amenkad yebɣa ad t-yerr ɣer umkan unnig deg unagraw adeyani-asertan arumani. == 6. Tisertit-is d Ugraw n Sina == Assaɣ n Elagabalus akked Ugraw n Sina arumani ur yelli ara yelha. Amenkad yella d ameẓẓyan, yerna aṭas n tsertit n tmenkda tettwasefrek s tazrirt n yimawlan-is, ladɣa Julia Maesa d Julia Soaemias. Iɣallen n twacult n tmeṭṭut sɛan tazrirt meqqren deg tallit-a. Deg tmuɣli tarumanit taqburt, tazrirt tameqqrant n tlawin deg tsertit tettwaẓra sɣur kra n yimyura s wudem ur nelhi. Maca seg tmuɣli n umezruy atrar, ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yellan s tidet d wayen i d-yettwarun s tmuɣli n yimyura i yellan d ixṣimen n twacult-a. Elagabalus yella daɣen yettbeddil imḍebbaren d yimawlan n tsertit, yerna yesseqdac imdanen i iqerben ɣur-s. Ayagi yessnerna ccwal gar-s d udmawen iqburen n teɣdemt tarumanit. == 7. Tisulya-s == Elagabalus yuɣ aṭas n tlawin ɣas ma tallit n tmenkda-s tewezzil kan s kraḍ neɣ kuẓ n yiseggasen. Gar-asent tella ''Julia Cornelia Paula'', syin ''Aquilia Severa'', i yellan d tanedbalt n ufakan n Vesta. Zwaj-is akked ''Aquilia Severa'' yegla-d s ccwal meqqren. Tinedbalin n Vesta ilaq, s leɛwayed n Ruma, ad qqiment war assaɣ n tuzzuft deg tallit n leqdic-nsent. Aseɣwen n umenkad akked yiwet seg-sent yettwaẓra d aserwet meqqren deg leɛwayed d yizrfan ideyaniyin n Ruma. Elagabalus yebḍa yid-s, syin yuɣ tameṭṭut nniḍen, ''Annia Faustina'', maca deffir waya yerra-d Aquilia Severa ɣur-s. Zwaj-a yewwi-d i tmuɣli n yimdanen belli amenkad-a ur yettqadar ara leɛwayed n Ruma. == 8. Elagabalus, tuzzuft d timanit-is == Yiwen seg yisental i ɣef d-ttwarun aṭas ɣef Elagabalus d tudert-is tusligt d wudem i s yettbin deg tmetti. Imyura iqburen am ''Cassius Dio'' d ''Historia Augusta'' ḥkan-d aṭas n tmucuha ɣef yiman-is, issaɣen-is d tarrayt-is n tudert. Kra seg wayen i d-ḥkan yeffeɣ i wayen i yellan d aleqqaq deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca ilaq ad neḥrez yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant: ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb akk ayen i d-ḥkan yimyura-a d tidet tameɣtut. Imyura irumanen zemren ad xedmen aseḥqer asertan n umenkad i kerhen s useqdec n tmucuha ɣef tuzzuft, leɛwayed d tudert tusligt. ''Historia Augusta'', ladɣa, d aɣbalu i ilaq ad yettwaseqdac s leḥder imi yesɛa aṭas n tmucuha d tedyanin ur nettwabeggen ara. Imedyaten n yiḍrisen iqburen i d-yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yebɣa ad yettwali iman-is am tameṭṭut neɣ yesseqdac tarrayin nniḍen n timanit-is llan, maca ur ilaq ara ad nessekcem srid tiɣawsiwin-a deg tmiḍranin titrarin am "transgender" war asnerni n usatal. Tamiḍrant n timanit n tuzzuft n wass-a mačči d yiwet akked tmiḍranin n tmetti tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍet. Ihi, ayen i nezmer ad nini s laman d belli imyura iqburen ḥkan-d Elagabalus am win i yessersen leɛwayed n tuzzuft d tmetti tarumanit deg ccwal, maca telqayt n tudert-is tusligt teqqim d tin i ɣef ur nezmir ara ad nefk tiririt iseḥḥan s wudem amagdez. djw4nea1o1uxgp4665u5dek8zmmxgpt