Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 25561 117357 117355 2026-09-12T19:52:46Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117357 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Liberty torch drawing.svg|vignette|Azamul n tlibiralit, asuneɣ n teftilt iceɛlen.]] '''Talibiralit''' (''s tefransist: libéralisme, seg tlatinit liberalis'' « '''yerzan win yellan d ilelli''' ») d tasnakta tasertant, tafelsafit d tdamsant i d-yebnan ɣef wazal amezwaru n tlelli tudmawant d usbaḍi (aḥuddu) n udabu n uwanak. Talibiralit tettwali d akken yal amdan ilul-d yesɛa izerfan igamanen ur izemren ad ttwaksen neɣ ad ttili tlisa n izerfan-a fell-as, gar-asen azref ɣer tudert, azref ɣer tlelli, azref n wayla uslig d tgda sdat n usaḍuf. Deg umezruy atrar, talibiralit tefka-d tanaṣlit i tsuddwin timagdayin titnarin, ladɣa s useddu n tugdut tamendawt, beṭṭu n yiduba, agadaz ilelli deg tdamsa, d umennuɣ mgal adabu aɣrudan d umyezwer illeli. Ɣas akken llant deg-s ddeqs n tmuɣliwin yettemgarraden (am tlibiralit taklasikit, talibiralit tanmettit, neɣ talibiralit tamaynut), tigejdit tamezwarut i tent-yezdin d afrag n tlelli n yal amdan mgal tussda n yiduba d tmetti. == 1. Tigejda d Yenzayen Igejdanen == === 1.1 Aterras d wazal n umdan === Talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n '''uterras'''. Deg tmuɣli-a, amdan (s wudem aterras) d netta i d aferdis agejdan n tmetti; mačči d agraw, d taqbilt, neɣ d awanak i yesɛan azal fell-as. Talibiralit teqqar d akken timetti ur telli ara d amud yugaren imdanen i tt-id-yesbedden, maca d tayunt n yimdanen ilelliyen i d-yellan i uselḥu n lfayda-nsen d temsetlelt-nsen. Ɣef waya, yal tamussni neɣ asaḍuf ilaq ad yerr azal amezwaru i tlelli n umdan. === 1.2 Tilelliyin talsanin d yizerfan n wemdan === Ilibiraliyen tteqqnen tilelli ɣer yizerfan igamanen i yesɛa umdan seg wasmi ara d-ilul: '''Tilelli n tikti d umeslay''': Azref n umdan ad yini, ad yaru, ad d-yessider tiktiwin-is bla ma yugad aḥbas neɣ tadrest sɣur unabaḍ. '''Tilelli n usɣan d tflest''': Beṭṭu gar uwanak d usɣan (talakt), akken yal yiwen ad iḍfer ddin i as-yehhwan neɣ ur yetteḍfar ula d yiwen. '''Tilelli n timlilit d tdukli''': Azref n uheyyi n yikabaren isertanen, tidukliwin d tneɣmasin tilelliyin. '''Tilelli n umussu''': Azref n useddu d unig seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ bla asentel n lbaṭel. === 1.3 Awanak n uzref d tgda sdat n usaḍuf === Awanak deg tmuɣli talibiralit mačči d amesbaṭli. Ilaq ad yili d awanak n uzref: Ulac yiwen (ama d agellid, d aselway, neɣ d aɣerman aḥerfi) yellan sennig n usaḍuf. '''Tagda sdat n usaḍuf''': Isuḍaf ttwasersen akken ad ḥudden akk iɣermanen s yiwen n lqis, bla tameḥyaf yerzan tawacult, idles, tutlayt, ini n uglim, neɣ asɣan. Isuḍaf ur d-ttasen ara akken ad ḥettmen tikli ɣef medden, maca d tilisa i useḥbiber ɣef tlelli n yal yiwen akken ur tettxuccu ara tilelli n wayeḍ. === 1.4 Beṭṭu n yiduba === Akken ad ttwaḥrez tmetti mgal tasnareft (neɣ tadankit), talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n beṭṭu n yiduba i d-yessegza '''''Montesquieu''''': '''Adabu amesḍaf''': D agraw n yimazanen (amni) i d-yettwafen sɣur uɣref akken ad sersen isuḍaf. '''Adabu amselkam''': D anabaḍ i yesseqdacen isuḍaf yerna yessefray tikli n tmurt. '''Adabu aɣedman''': D inezzurfa n teɣdemt yellan d ilelliyen ɣef sin n yiduba-nniḍen, akken taɣdemt ur tetteqqil ara d allal deg ufus n wid iḥekkmen. === 1.5 Azref n wayla uslig === Ayla uslig d tigejdit tamezwarut deg tlibiralit. John Locke yenna-d d akken ayla n umdan d afris seg umdan s timmad-is: ticki amdan yexdem akal neɣ yefka aɣbel d leɛtab i tfarest n kra, ayla-nni yettarra-t d azref-is uslig. War ayla uslig, ur tezmir ara ad tili tlelli tasertant neɣ tadamsant, axaṭer anabaḍ aɣrudan izemmer ad yeṭṭef aɣerman seg tɛebbuṭ-is. == 2. Amezruy n Tlalit n Tlibiralit == === 2.1 Tallit n Tafat (Tasuta tis 17 d tis 18) === Talibiralit tlul-d deg [[Turuft]] deg yiwet n tallit ideg llan yigelliden ḥekmen s tezmert tamagdezt, tella daɣen teglizt tamezdayt teṭṭef akk tudert n yemdanen. Imuziren imezwura n tikti-a nnan-d d akken adabu mačči sɣur Rebbi i d-yekka, maca s umtawa neɣ agatu anemmetti gar yemdanen ilelliyen. Amusnak agliz John Locke (1632–1704) yettwaḥseb d bab n tlibiralit tatrart. Deg udlis-is Sin n Yiḍrisen ɣef Unbaḍ Aɣarim (1689), yessegza-d d akken aselway neɣ agellid yella kan akken ad iḥrez izerfan n ayla, tudert d tlelli; ma yella yerẓa agatu-a, aɣref yesɛa azref ad t-iqelleɛ. === 2.2 Tigrawliwin timagdayin timezwura === Tikta talibiraliyin uɣalent d tigawin deg tgara n tasuta tis 18: '''Tagrawla Tamarikanit (1776)''': Talalit n Tmunent n Yiwanaken Yeddukklen d Tamendawt n 1787 sbeddent tagduda tamezwarut i d-yesseqdacen beṭṭu n yiduba d tebzert n yizerfan n umdan. '''Tagrawla Tafransist''' '''(1789)''': Tasreḥt neɣ ulɣu n Yizerfan n Wemdan d Uɣerman (1789) yebna-d tamuɣli tasertant n umaḍal s tenfalit talibiralit: « Imdanen llan-d d ilelliyen yerna d igdawanen deg yizerfan ». === 2.3 Tasuta tis 19 d unnerni n usihri === Deg tasuta tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant terna ffeḥ deg Umaḍal Ataram. Talibiralit tuɣal d tadra i uselḥu n tedamsa tamgurant s ubrid n temguri, [[asihri]], d usefrek n ugadaz(ssuq) s war anekcum n uwanak. Tallit-a tessen daɣen amennuɣ ɣef tlelliyin tiɣarimin, tukksa n waklan, d ulday n ufran azayez. == 3. Tiɣula n Tlibiralit == Talibiralit tebḍa ɣef kraḍt n tɣula tigejdanin i yettemcadan: <syntaxhighlight> ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ TALIBIRALIT TATRART │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ │ TASERTANT │ │ TADAMSANT │ │ TAFELSAFIT │ │ - Tugdut │ │ - Agadaz ilelli │ │ - Aterras │ │ - Awanak n uzref │ │ - Ayla uslig │ │ - Talakt │ │ - Izerfan n umdan│ │ - Amsenfel ilelli│ │ - Tilelli n tedmi│ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight> === 3.1 Talibiralit tasertant === Talibiralit tasertant d tin i d-yessuturen anagraw n tugdut talibiralit: '''Tamendawt''': Tettgalla d akken taseddarin n udabu sɛant tilisa ur zmirent ad ɛeddint fell-asent. '''Amaget-akabar''': Tilelli n tlalit n yikabaren yemxallafen akken ad ilint tefranin timagdayin d tidet. '''Afrag n tidersiwin''': Deg tugdut talibiralit, agraw n tigti ur yesɛi ara azref ad yeqheṛ tidart neɣ tidersiwin (minorités) ɣas ulamma yesɛa tuget deg tifranin/yifranen. === 3.2 Talibiralit tadamsant === Tadamsa talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n useddu n tedamsa s tezmert n ugadaz d tfarest tusligt: '''Agadaz ilelli''': Isumren d usuter d nutni i d-isbaduyen ssuma n sselɛa d uxeddim, mačči d awanak. '''Temsizzelt tilellit''': Temsizzelt ger tkebbaniyin tettak amkan i usider n ssuma d usali n tɣara. '''Amsenfel ilelli''': Tukksa n tlisa d tewsitin ɣef sselɛa i d-yettɛeddin ger tmura deg umaḍal. '''Asenɣes n tiwsiyin d unekcum n uwanak''': Ilibiraliyen ttwalin belli ma yella uwanak yeqqim kan deg yiswiren igejdanen (taɣellist, taɣdemt, taredsa), tadamsa ad ternu s lemɣawla. === 3.3 Talibiralit tafelsafit d tmettit === Ɣer yidis asertan d udamsan, tella tlibiralit yeffɣen ɣer tmetti d tefelsafit: '''Tilelli n tedmi''': Yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yexdem anadi afelsafi, tussnan, neɣ amezruyan s war ma teṭṭef-it tmuɣli tanasayt akked tadiyanit neɣ tugdi seg udabu. '''Tamuzzut''' (Tolérance): AQbal n umgired gar yemdanen deg tmetti. Voltaire yura: « Ur ddiɣ ara deg tikti-ik, maca ad fkeɣ tarwiḥt-iw akken ad tizmireḍ ad tt-id-tiniḍ ». '''Tudert tudmawant''': Awanak ur yesɛi ara azref ad ikecmen deg tudert n yal ass n uɣerman (zzwaǧ, lecɣal usligen, tiseddarin n tudert). == 4. Isurifen d Yidisan n Tlibiralit == === 4.1 Talibiralit taklasikit === Tlul-d deg tasuta tis 18 d tis 19. Tbedd ɣef tikti n « uwanak aɛessas » (État gendarme): awanak yesɛa kan kraḍ n tmasiyin: '''Aḥuddu ɣef tmurt mgal yicenga n beṛṛa (iserdasen).''' '''Aḥuddu ɣef tɣellist d lehna n daxel (tamsulta).''' '''Asemres n teɣdemt d useddu n yisuḍaf (tinezrfin)'''. Deg unnar adamsan, teṭṭef deg wawal afransis yettwassnen: « Laissez faire, laissez passer » ('''Eǧǧ ad iɛaddi, eǧǧ ad yexdem'''). === 4.2 Talibiralit tanmettit === Tekker-d deg taggara n tasuta tis 19 d tezwara n tasuta tis 20, asmi i d-banen wuguren n lihanna n ixeddamen (lḥif n wugdud) d unnerni n tserkam n yixeddamen. Ilibiraliyen inmettiyen nnan-d d akken tilelli tasertant d tin yellan d tilemt ma yella umdan ur yesɛi ara ayen ara yečč, asgmi, neɣ tadawsa: '''Yessefk uwanak ad d-yerr tagda n tegnatin.''' Tettqabal axeddim s uselmed baṭel, afrag n tdawsa ara yilin yettwaḍmen, d tallelt n yigellilen bla ma yerreẓ umenzay n ugadaz ilelli. Amusnak alemmas deg wannar-a d John Rawls s udlis-is Tiẓri n Teɣdemt (A Theory of Justice, 1971). === 4.3 Talibiralit tamaynut (Néolibéralisme) === Teffeɣ-d deg yiseggasen n 1970–1980 mgal tasertit takeynizit (keynésianisme) d tkellit n uwanak deg tdamsa[9]. Imsunɣen-is am Milton Friedman d Friedrich Hayek nnan-d d akken acqirrew n uwanak deg uselḥu n ssuma neɣ atig yegr-d tazɣent d tnerni n tuffut (inflation). Tikta-agi uɣalent d tisertiyin tunsibin deg tallit n Margaret Thatcher deg Legliz d Ronald Reagan deg Yiwanaken Yeddukklen: * '''Aselgi (privatisation) n tkebbaniyin n uwanek/ddula.''' * '''Asider n tiwsiyin ɣef yisihranen d tkebbaniyin.''' * '''Tukksa n yisuḍaf i ikebblen agadaz adriman d temguri.''' 7ed2yro0sjid2j10dddv9u5l5qmjj8p 117359 117357 2026-09-13T10:36:06Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Liberty torch drawing.svg|vignette|Azamul n tlibiralit, asuneɣ n teftilt iceɛlen.]] '''Talibiralit''' (''s tefransist: libéralisme, seg tlatinit liberalis'' « '''yerzan win yellan d ilelli''' ») d tasnakta tasertant, tafelsafit d tdamsant i d-yebnan ɣef wazal amezwaru n tlelli tudmawant d usbaḍi (aḥuddu) n udabu n uwanak. Talibiralit tettwali d akken yal amdan ilul-d yesɛa izerfan igamanen ur izemren ad ttwaksen neɣ ad ttili tlisa n izerfan-a fell-as, gar-asen azref ɣer tudert, azref ɣer tlelli, azref n wayla uslig d tgda sdat n usaḍuf. Deg umezruy atrar, talibiralit tefka-d tanaṣlit i tsuddwin timagdayin titnarin, ladɣa s useddu n tugdut tamendawt, beṭṭu n yiduba, agadaz ilelli deg tdamsa, d umennuɣ mgal adabu aɣrudan d umyezwer illeli. Ɣas akken llant deg-s ddeqs n tmuɣliwin yettemgarraden (am tlibiralit taklasikit, talibiralit tanmettit, neɣ talibiralit tamaynut), tigejdit tamezwarut i tent-yezdin d afrag n tlelli n yal amdan mgal tussda n yiduba d tmetti. == 1. Tigejda d Yenzayen Igejdanen == === 1.1 Aterras d wazal n umdan === Talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n '''uterras'''. Deg tmuɣli-a, amdan (s wudem aterras) d netta i d aferdis agejdan n tmetti; mačči d agraw, d taqbilt, neɣ d awanak i yesɛan azal fell-as. Talibiralit teqqar d akken timetti ur telli ara d amud yugaren imdanen i tt-id-yesbedden, maca d tayunt n yimdanen ilelliyen i d-yellan i uselḥu n lfayda-nsen d temsetlelt-nsen. Ɣef waya, yal tamussni neɣ asaḍuf ilaq ad yerr azal amezwaru i tlelli n umdan. === 1.2 Tilelliyin talsanin d yizerfan n wemdan === Ilibiraliyen tteqqnen tilelli ɣer yizerfan igamanen i yesɛa umdan seg wasmi ara d-ilul: '''Tilelli n tikti d umeslay''': Azref n umdan ad yini, ad yaru, ad d-yessider tiktiwin-is bla ma yugad aḥbas neɣ tadrest sɣur unabaḍ. '''Tilelli n usɣan d tflest''': Beṭṭu gar uwanak d usɣan (talakt), akken yal yiwen ad iḍfer ddin i as-yehhwan neɣ ur yetteḍfar ula d yiwen. '''Tilelli n timlilit d tdukli''': Azref n uheyyi n yikabaren isertanen, tidukliwin d tneɣmasin tilelliyin. '''Tilelli n umussu''': Azref n useddu d unig seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ bla asentel n lbaṭel. === 1.3 Awanak n uzref d tgda sdat n usaḍuf === Awanak deg tmuɣli talibiralit mačči d amesbaṭli. Ilaq ad yili d awanak n uzref: Ulac yiwen (ama d agellid, d aselway, neɣ d aɣerman aḥerfi) yellan sennig n usaḍuf. '''Tagda sdat n usaḍuf''': Isuḍaf ttwasersen akken ad ḥudden akk iɣermanen s yiwen n lqis, bla tameḥyaf yerzan tawacult, idles, tutlayt, ini n uglim, neɣ asɣan. Isuḍaf ur d-ttasen ara akken ad ḥettmen tikli ɣef medden, maca d tilisa i useḥbiber ɣef tlelli n yal yiwen akken ur tettxuccu ara tilelli n wayeḍ. === 1.4 Beṭṭu n yiduba === Akken ad ttwaḥrez tmetti mgal tasnareft (neɣ tadankit), talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n beṭṭu n yiduba i d-yessegza '''''Montesquieu''''': '''Adabu amesḍaf''': D agraw n yimazanen (amni) i d-yettwafen sɣur uɣref akken ad sersen isuḍaf. '''Adabu amselkam''': D anabaḍ i yesseqdacen isuḍaf yerna yessefray tikli n tmurt. '''Adabu aɣedman''': D inezzurfa n teɣdemt yellan d ilelliyen ɣef sin n yiduba-nniḍen, akken taɣdemt ur tetteqqil ara d allal deg ufus n wid iḥekkmen. === 1.5 Azref n wayla uslig === Ayla uslig d tigejdit tamezwarut deg tlibiralit. John Locke yenna-d d akken ayla n umdan d afris seg umdan s timmad-is: ticki amdan yexdem akal neɣ yefka aɣbel d leɛtab i tfarest n kra, ayla-nni yettarra-t d azref-is uslig. War ayla uslig, ur tezmir ara ad tili tlelli tasertant neɣ tadamsant, axaṭer anabaḍ aɣrudan izemmer ad yeṭṭef aɣerman seg tɛebbuṭ-is. == 2. Amezruy n Tlalit n Tlibiralit == === 2.1 Tallit n Tafat (Tasuta tis 17 d tis 18) === Talibiralit tlul-d deg [[Turuft]] deg yiwet n tallit ideg llan yigelliden ḥekmen s tezmert tamagdezt, tella daɣen teglizt tamezdayt teṭṭef akk tudert n yemdanen. Imuziren imezwura n tikti-a nnan-d d akken adabu mačči sɣur Rebbi i d-yekka, maca s umtawa neɣ agatu anemmetti gar yemdanen ilelliyen. Amusnak agliz John Locke (1632–1704) yettwaḥseb d bab n tlibiralit tatrart. Deg udlis-is Sin n Yiḍrisen ɣef Unbaḍ Aɣarim (1689), yessegza-d d akken aselway neɣ agellid yella kan akken ad iḥrez izerfan n ayla, tudert d tlelli; ma yella yerẓa agatu-a, aɣref yesɛa azref ad t-iqelleɛ. === 2.2 Tigrawliwin timagdayin timezwura === Tikta talibiraliyin uɣalent d tigawin deg tgara n tasuta tis 18: '''Tagrawla Tamarikanit (1776)''': Talalit n Tmunent n Yiwanaken Yeddukklen d Tamendawt n 1787 sbeddent tagduda tamezwarut i d-yesseqdacen beṭṭu n yiduba d tebzert n yizerfan n umdan. '''Tagrawla Tafransist''' '''(1789)''': Tasreḥt neɣ ulɣu n Yizerfan n Wemdan d Uɣerman (1789) yebna-d tamuɣli tasertant n umaḍal s tenfalit talibiralit: « Imdanen llan-d d ilelliyen yerna d igdawanen deg yizerfan ». === 2.3 Tasuta tis 19 d unnerni n usihri === Deg tasuta tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant terna ffeḥ deg Umaḍal Ataram. Talibiralit tuɣal d tadra i uselḥu n tedamsa tamgurant s ubrid n temguri, [[asihri]], d usefrek n ugadaz(ssuq) s war anekcum n uwanak. Tallit-a tessen daɣen amennuɣ ɣef tlelliyin tiɣarimin, tukksa n waklan, d ulday n ufran azayez. == 3. Tiɣula n Tlibiralit == Talibiralit tebḍa ɣef kraḍt n tɣula tigejdanin i yettemcadan: <syntaxhighlight> ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ TALIBIRALIT TATRART │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ │ TASERTANT │ │ TADAMSANT │ │ TAFELSAFIT │ │ - Tugdut │ │ - Agadaz ilelli │ │ - Aterras │ │ - Awanak n uzref │ │ - Ayla uslig │ │ - Talakt │ │ - Izerfan n umdan│ │ - Amsenfel ilelli│ │ - Tilelli n tedmi│ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight> === 3.1 Talibiralit tasertant === Talibiralit tasertant d tin i d-yessuturen anagraw n tugdut talibiralit: '''Tamendawt''': Tettgalla d akken taseddarin n udabu sɛant tilisa ur zmirent ad ɛeddint fell-asent. '''Amaget-akabar''': Tilelli n tlalit n yikabaren yemxallafen akken ad ilint tefranin timagdayin d tidet. '''Afrag n tidersiwin''': Deg tugdut talibiralit, agraw n tigti ur yesɛi ara azref ad yeqheṛ tidart neɣ tidersiwin (minorités) ɣas ulamma yesɛa tuget deg tifranin/yifranen. === 3.2 Talibiralit tadamsant === Tadamsa talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n useddu n tedamsa s tezmert n ugadaz d tfarest tusligt: '''Agadaz ilelli''': Isumren d usuter d nutni i d-isbaduyen ssuma n sselɛa d uxeddim, mačči d awanak. '''Temsizzelt tilellit''': Temsizzelt ger tkebbaniyin tettak amkan i usider n ssuma d usali n tɣara. '''Amsenfel ilelli''': Tukksa n tlisa d tewsitin ɣef sselɛa i d-yettɛeddin ger tmura deg umaḍal. '''Asenɣes n tiwsiyin d unekcum n uwanak''': Ilibiraliyen ttwalin belli ma yella uwanak yeqqim kan deg yiswiren igejdanen (taɣellist, taɣdemt, taredsa), tadamsa ad ternu s lemɣawla. === 3.3 Talibiralit tafelsafit d tmettit === Ɣer yidis asertan d udamsan, tella tlibiralit yeffɣen ɣer tmetti d tefelsafit: '''Tilelli n tedmi''': Yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yexdem anadi afelsafi, tussnan, neɣ amezruyan s war ma teṭṭef-it tmuɣli tanasayt akked tadiyanit neɣ tugdi seg udabu. '''Tamuzzut''' (Tolérance): AQbal n umgired gar yemdanen deg tmetti. Voltaire yura: « Ur ddiɣ ara deg tikti-ik, maca ad fkeɣ tarwiḥt-iw akken ad tizmireḍ ad tt-id-tiniḍ ». '''Tudert tudmawant''': Awanak ur yesɛi ara azref ad ikecmen deg tudert n yal ass n uɣerman (zzwaǧ, lecɣal usligen, tiseddarin n tudert). == 4. Isurifen d Yidisan n Tlibiralit == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Asurif !Imusnawen igejdanen !Tamuɣli ɣef Uwanak !Tamuɣli ɣef Tdamsa |- |Talibiralit Taklasikit |John Locke, Adam Smith |Awanak aɛessas, aḥuddu n tlelli d wayla kan |Agadaz ilelli s war anekcum, amsenfel ilelli |- |Talibiralit Tanmettit |J.S. Mill, John Rawls, Keynes |Awanak yessefk ad yili d amastan, ad yefk tagda n tegnatin |Agadaz ilelli s useddu n ufrag anemmetti (asgmi, tadawsa) |- |Talibiralit Tamaynut |Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman |Asenɣes alemmas n tedbelt, asenger n tkebbaniyin tizayezin |Aslelli ummid, aselgi (privatisation), tiwsiyin drus |- |Talibirtarit |Robert Nozick, Murray Rothbard |Asenɣes n uwanak ar cwiṭ maḍi (neɣ tukksa-ines s lekmal) |ayla uslig imserreḥt, ulac tawsi, ulac asaḍuf d ilugan |} === 4.1 Talibiralit taklasikit === Tlul-d deg tasuta tis 18 d tis 19. Tbedd ɣef tikti n « uwanak aɛessas » (État gendarme): awanak yesɛa kan kraḍ n tmasiyin: '''Aḥuddu ɣef tmurt mgal yicenga n beṛṛa (iserdasen).''' '''Aḥuddu ɣef tɣellist d lehna n daxel (tamsulta).''' '''Asemres n teɣdemt d useddu n yisuḍaf (tinezrfin)'''. Deg unnar adamsan, teṭṭef deg wawal afransis yettwassnen: « Laissez faire, laissez passer » ('''Eǧǧ ad iɛaddi, eǧǧ ad yexdem'''). === 4.2 Talibiralit tanmettit === Tekker-d deg taggara n tasuta tis 19 d tezwara n tasuta tis 20, asmi i d-banen wuguren n lihanna n ixeddamen (lḥif n wugdud) d unnerni n tserkam n yixeddamen. Ilibiraliyen inmettiyen nnan-d d akken tilelli tasertant d tin yellan d tilemt ma yella umdan ur yesɛi ara ayen ara yečč, asgmi, neɣ tadawsa: '''Yessefk uwanak ad d-yerr tagda n tegnatin.''' Tettqabal axeddim s uselmed baṭel, afrag n tdawsa ara yilin yettwaḍmen, d tallelt n yigellilen bla ma yerreẓ umenzay n ugadaz ilelli. Amusnak alemmas deg wannar-a d John Rawls s udlis-is Tiẓri n Teɣdemt (A Theory of Justice, 1971). === 4.3 Talibiralit tamaynut (Néolibéralisme) === Teffeɣ-d deg yiseggasen n 1970–1980 mgal tasertit takeynizit (keynésianisme) d tkellit n uwanak deg tdamsa[9]. Imsunɣen-is am Milton Friedman d Friedrich Hayek nnan-d d akken acqirrew n uwanak deg uselḥu n ssuma neɣ atig yegr-d tazɣent d tnerni n tuffut (inflation). Tikta-agi uɣalent d tisertiyin tunsibin deg tallit n Margaret Thatcher deg Legliz d Ronald Reagan deg Yiwanaken Yeddukklen: * '''Aselgi (privatisation) n tkebbaniyin n uwanek/ddula.''' * '''Asider n tiwsiyin ɣef yisihranen d tkebbaniyin.''' * '''Tukksa n yisuḍaf i ikebblen agadaz adriman d temguri.''' === 4.4 Talibirtarit (Libertarianisme) === D aswir ameqqran yeffɣen ɣer yiri maḍi deg tlibiralit. Ilibirtariyen ḥesben d akken tawsi d tukerḍa, yerna awanak d amcum i yessefk ad yettwanɣes ar tlisa timecṭuḥin maḍi (Minarchisme) neɣ ad yekkes s lekmal akken ad d-teqqim tdamsa kan d ayla uslig s wudem ummid (Anarcho-capitalisme). == 5. Imusnawen Igejdanen == '''John Locke''' (1632–1704): Amusnaw aglizi, yettwaḥseb d amezwaru i d-yefkan llsas n yizerfan igamanen (tudert, tilelli, ayla) d umtawa aɣarim. '''Montesquieu''' (1689–1755): Amusnak afransis, bab n tektit n uferreq d usnefli n yiduba (amesḍaf, amselkam, aɣedman) akken ad ttwaḥebsen wid yebɣan ad d-afen adabu anesbaɣur. '''[[Adam Smith]]''' (1723–1790): Bab n tussna tadamsant tatrart. Deg udlis-is Ayla n Yiɣerfan (1776), yessegza-d tamuɣli n « ufus uffir » : mi ara yexdem yal amdan ɣef lfayda-ines tudmawant, d ayen i d-yettawin lfayda i tmetti s umata. '''Alexis de Tocqueville''' (1805–1859): Amusnak afransis i d-yuran ɣef tugdut deg Marikan, yesseqdec taɣdemt d umgired gar tlelli d tgda, yerna yeldi tiṭ ɣef umihi n « tadankit n tuget(tigti) ». '''John Stuart Mill''' (1806–1873): Yura ɣef tlelli tudmawant deg udlis-is Ɣef Tlelli (On Liberty, 1859). Yenna-d d akken awanak ur yesɛi ara azref ad iḥbes amdan deg wayen yexdem ala ma yella tigawt-nni tegla-d s yir liḥala i wayeḍ. '''Friedrich Hayek''' (1899–1992): Yemmeɣ mgal tasnakta tanemla d usuddes alemmas deg udlis-is "''The Road to Serfdom''", yefka-d llsas i tlibiralit tamaynut. 24pdw8mrppip7kyd5dsitcdlmxfdh5m 0 25562 117358 117356 2026-09-12T20:05:02Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Elagabalus.]] '''Elagabalus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''), i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Heliogabalus, yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg useggas 218 ar 222 S.Ɛ. Yewweḍ ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen, yerna yemmut mi yella 18 n yiseggasen. Tallit-is, ɣas ma tewezzil aṭas, teqqim d yiwet seg talliyin i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg umezruy arumani, ladɣa imi Elagabalus yebɣa ad ibeddel kra n leɛwayed d wansayenn Ruma, s wayen i d-yegla waya n uqabal meqqren deg temɣiwent tarumanit. == 1. Talalit-is d twacult-is == Elagabalus ilul deg useggas 203 S.Ɛ. deg Emesa, tamdint n [[Surya]] n wass-a, i yettwassnen tura s yisem '''Homs'''. Isem-is amezwaru yella Varius Avitus Bassianus. Yekka-d seg twacult taɣelnawt yesɛan azal meqqren deg Emesa. Yemma-s, Julia Soaemias, d yell-is n Julia Maesa. Julia Maesa nettat d weltma-s n Julia Domna, tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Ihi Elagabalus yella d yiwen seg yimdanen n twacult n Severus, tawacult i yeṭṭfen tamenḍawt n Ruma deg uḥric meqqren n tasut tis kraḍet n tallit-nneɣ. Baba-s, Sextus Varius Marcellus, yella d argaz yesɛan azal deg tedbelt tarumanit. Maca d tama n yemma-s, ladɣa Julia Maesa, i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef ubrid i t-yessawḍen ɣer uselway n tmenkda. == 2. Elagabalus d anedbal n Rebbi n Emesa == Uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, '''Avitus Bassianus''' yella d anedbal ameqqran n usɣan n '''Elagabal''' deg Emesa. Elagabal yella d illu asuryani i yettwabder s talɣa n yiṭij. Deg umezruy, isem "Elagabalus" i yettunefken i umenkad yekka-d seg yisem n unebdad-a; mačči d isem i yesseqdac netta i yiman-is am umenkad. Deg Emesa, illu-a yella yesɛa adeg agejdan deg tudert tadeyyanit. Agellid-nni ameẓẓyan, uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, yella yettwasen s leqdic-is d anedbal. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy-is, acku mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma ur yeǧǧi ara tadeyyanit n Emesa deffir-s: yewwi-tt yid-s ɣer wul n tmenkda. == 3. Amek i yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmnekda? == Mi yemmut [[Karakalla]] deg 217, [[Makrinus]] yuɣal d amenkad. Maca Makrinus ur yesɛi ara akk tazmert n twacult n Severus, yerna kra seg yigen n tɛessast tarumanit ur qeblen ara tazerfa-ines. Julia Maesa, jeddat n Elagabalus, tebda ad txeddem akken ad terr tawacult-is ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmenkda. Tettwaseqdac daɣen tadyant i yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yezmer ad yili d mmi-s n Karakalla. Ur d-yelli ara ubeggen i d-yeskanayen belli aya d tidet, maca ayen-a yella d allal asertan i yesɛan azal meqqren, acku Karakalla yella mazal yesɛa imdanen i t-iḥemmlen gar yigen n tɛessast. Deg 218, kra seg yigen n Legio III Gallica qqeblen Elagabalus d amenkad. Imir-nni yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen. Yella-d umenɣi aserdas gar wid i yettabaɛen Makrinus d wid n Elagabalus. Deg imenɣi n Antioch, iɛeggalen n Elagabalus rebḥen. Makrinus yerwel, syin yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwanɣa. S waya, aqcic ameẓẓyan n Emesa yuɣal d amenkad n yiwet seg tmenkadin timeqqranin i yellan deg umaḍal aqbur. == 4. Anekcum-is ɣer Ruma == Elagabalus ur yewwiḍ ara srid ɣer Ruma. Yesseɛda kra n wakud deg tama n usamar n Tmenkda Tarumanit uqbel ad yawi abrid ɣer tɣerma. Mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma deg 219, yufa-d tamdint yesɛan leɛwayed-is, tadeyyanit-is d tarrayt-is n tsertit. Ruma tettuneḥsab d tawennaḍt anda illu '''Jupiter Optimus Maximus''' yesɛa adeg ameqqran deg tsertit d tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Elagabalus, s wudem nniḍen, yella yewwi-d yid-s illu-s Elagabal seg Emesa. Dayen ara yuɣalen d yiwen seg yisental igejdanen n tallit-is. == 5. Abeddel n usɣan(tadeyanit) i yebɣa ad yeg == Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr illu Elagabal ɣer umkan unnig deg tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Yebna deg Ruma Elagabalium, '''afakan ameqqran''' i yellan d adeg agejdan n uɛbed n illu Elagabal. Daɣen, aẓru iqeddsen i yettwaseqdacen deg uɛbed n Elagabal yettwawi-d seg Emesa ɣer Ruma. Ayagi ur yelli ara kan d abeddel asɣanan(adeyani). Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit, tadeyyanit d tsertit mlalent aṭas. Aɛbed n yilluten irumanen, leɛwayed n tɣerma d wazal n umenkad llan akk d yiḥricen n unagraw asertan. Mi yebɣa Elagabalus ad isbeddel amkan n yilluten n Ruma s illu Elagabal i d-yewwi seg Emesa, aṭas n yimdanen deg tɣerma n Ruma walan aya d aseḥqer n leɛwayed-nsen. Maca ilaq ad nḥader seg usegzi afessas: Tmenkda Tarumanit tettwassen s waṭas n tedyanin d yilluten yemgaraden, yerna aɛbed n yilluten n usamar yella yakan deg Ruma. Ugur ur yelli ara kan imi Elagabal yella d illu «aberṛani», maca imi amenkad yebɣa ad t-yerr ɣer umkan unnig deg unagraw adeyani-asertan arumani. == 6. Tisertit-is d Ugraw n Sina == Assaɣ n Elagabalus akked Ugraw n Sina arumani ur yelli ara yelha. Amenkad yella d ameẓẓyan, yerna aṭas n tsertit n tmenkda tettwasefrek s tazrirt n yimawlan-is, ladɣa Julia Maesa d Julia Soaemias. Iɣallen n twacult n tmeṭṭut sɛan tazrirt meqqren deg tallit-a. Deg tmuɣli tarumanit taqburt, tazrirt tameqqrant n tlawin deg tsertit tettwaẓra sɣur kra n yimyura s wudem ur nelhi. Maca seg tmuɣli n umezruy atrar, ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yellan s tidet d wayen i d-yettwarun s tmuɣli n yimyura i yellan d ixṣimen n twacult-a. Elagabalus yella daɣen yettbeddil imḍebbaren d yimawlan n tsertit, yerna yesseqdac imdanen i iqerben ɣur-s. Ayagi yessnerna ccwal gar-s d udmawen iqburen n teɣdemt tarumanit. == 7. Tisulya-s == Elagabalus yuɣ aṭas n tlawin ɣas ma tallit n tmenkda-s tewezzil kan s kraḍ neɣ kuẓ n yiseggasen. Gar-asent tella ''Julia Cornelia Paula'', syin ''Aquilia Severa'', i yellan d tanedbalt n ufakan n Vesta. Zwaj-is akked ''Aquilia Severa'' yegla-d s ccwal meqqren. Tinedbalin n Vesta ilaq, s leɛwayed n Ruma, ad qqiment war assaɣ n tuzzuft deg tallit n leqdic-nsent. Aseɣwen n umenkad akked yiwet seg-sent yettwaẓra d aserwet meqqren deg leɛwayed d yizrfan ideyaniyin n Ruma. Elagabalus yebḍa yid-s, syin yuɣ tameṭṭut nniḍen, ''Annia Faustina'', maca deffir waya yerra-d Aquilia Severa ɣur-s. Zwaj-a yewwi-d i tmuɣli n yimdanen belli amenkad-a ur yettqadar ara leɛwayed n Ruma. == 8. Elagabalus, tuzzuft d timanit-is == Yiwen seg yisental i ɣef d-ttwarun aṭas ɣef Elagabalus d tudert-is tusligt d wudem i s yettbin deg tmetti. Imyura iqburen am ''Cassius Dio'' d ''Historia Augusta'' ḥkan-d aṭas n tmucuha ɣef yiman-is, issaɣen-is d tarrayt-is n tudert. Kra seg wayen i d-ḥkan yeffeɣ i wayen i yellan d aleqqaq deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca ilaq ad neḥrez yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant: ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb akk ayen i d-ḥkan yimyura-a d tidet tameɣtut. Imyura irumanen zemren ad xedmen aseḥqer asertan n umenkad i kerhen s useqdec n tmucuha ɣef tuzzuft, leɛwayed d tudert tusligt. ''Historia Augusta'', ladɣa, d aɣbalu i ilaq ad yettwaseqdac s leḥder imi yesɛa aṭas n tmucuha d tedyanin ur nettwabeggen ara. Imedyaten n yiḍrisen iqburen i d-yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yebɣa ad yettwali iman-is am tameṭṭut neɣ yesseqdac tarrayin nniḍen n timanit-is llan, maca ur ilaq ara ad nessekcem srid tiɣawsiwin-a deg tmiḍranin titrarin am "transgender" war asnerni n usatal. Tamiḍrant n timanit n tuzzuft n wass-a mačči d yiwet akked tmiḍranin n tmetti tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍet. Ihi, ayen i nezmer ad nini s laman d belli imyura iqburen ḥkan-d Elagabalus am win i yessersen leɛwayed n tuzzuft d tmetti tarumanit deg ccwal, maca telqayt n tudert-is tusligt teqqim d tin i ɣef ur nezmir ara ad nefk tiririt iseḥḥan s wudem amagdez. == 9. Julia Maesa d Alexander Severus == S wakud, Julia Maesa tebda tettwali belli tasertit n Elagabalus tezmer ad teglu s uɣelluy n twacult n Severus. Tella daɣen twacult n Alexander Severus, aqcic nniḍen n twacult. Julia Maesa tessuter seg Elagabalus ad yerr Alexander d mmi-s s uzref(s usmmemi), akken ad yuɣal d amḍebber i t-ittabaɛen. Deg 221, ''Alexander'' yuɣal d ''Caesar'', anamek-is belli yettwasebgen am win ara yezwir deg uselway deffir n Elagabalus. Maca Alexander yebda yettaf azal gar yigen n teɛessast, ladɣa Tirniyin n Praetoria, i yellan d iɛeggalen i iḥerzen amenkad. Aya yegla-d s umihi meqqren i Elagabalus. == 10. Aɣelluy d tmettant == Deg 11 Meɣres 222, Elagabalus d yemma-s Julia Soaemias ruḥen ɣer uḥric n yigen n Praetoria. Tirniyin ur qeblent ara Elagabalus. Imenɣi adaxlan yeḍra, syin iɛeggalen n tɛessast nɣan amenkad akked yemma-s. Elagabalus yella kan deg 18 n yiseggasen. Iɣbula iqburen qqaren belli tafekka-s tettwazuɣer deg yiberdan, syin tettwaḍegger ɣer Tiber, asif n [[Roma|Ruma]]. Deffir tmettant-is, Alexander Severus yuɣal d amenkad. Tallit n Elagabalus tfukk s wudem azuran: amenkad i yellan yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmendka tarumanit mi yella mazal-it d aqcic, yettwanɣa uqbel ad yawiḍ ula d leɛmer n 20 n yiseggasen. dkaftfw3pimqnxyri6hxzl0vv0q27u5 117360 117358 2026-09-13T10:54:22Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Elagabalus.]] '''Elagabalus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''), i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Heliogabalus, yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg useggas 218 ar 222 S.Ɛ. Yewweḍ ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen, yerna yemmut mi yella 18 n yiseggasen. Tallit-is, ɣas ma tewezzil aṭas, teqqim d yiwet seg talliyin i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg umezruy arumani, ladɣa imi Elagabalus yebɣa ad ibeddel kra n leɛwayed d wansayenn Ruma, s wayen i d-yegla waya n uqabal meqqren deg temɣiwent tarumanit. == 1. Talalit-is d twacult-is == Elagabalus ilul deg useggas 203 S.Ɛ. deg Emesa, tamdint n [[Surya]] n wass-a, i yettwassnen tura s yisem '''Homs'''. Isem-is amezwaru yella Varius Avitus Bassianus. Yekka-d seg twacult taɣelnawt yesɛan azal meqqren deg Emesa. Yemma-s, Julia Soaemias, d yell-is n Julia Maesa. Julia Maesa nettat d weltma-s n Julia Domna, tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Ihi Elagabalus yella d yiwen seg yimdanen n twacult n Severus, tawacult i yeṭṭfen tamenḍawt n Ruma deg uḥric meqqren n tasut tis kraḍet n tallit-nneɣ. Baba-s, Sextus Varius Marcellus, yella d argaz yesɛan azal deg tedbelt tarumanit. Maca d tama n yemma-s, ladɣa Julia Maesa, i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef ubrid i t-yessawḍen ɣer uselway n tmenkda. == 2. Elagabalus d anedbal n Rebbi n Emesa == Uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, '''Avitus Bassianus''' yella d anedbal ameqqran n usɣan n '''Elagabal''' deg Emesa. Elagabal yella d illu asuryani i yettwabder s talɣa n yiṭij. Deg umezruy, isem "Elagabalus" i yettunefken i umenkad yekka-d seg yisem n unebdad-a; mačči d isem i yesseqdac netta i yiman-is am umenkad. Deg Emesa, illu-a yella yesɛa adeg agejdan deg tudert tadeyyanit. Agellid-nni ameẓẓyan, uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, yella yettwasen s leqdic-is d anedbal. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy-is, acku mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma ur yeǧǧi ara tadeyyanit n Emesa deffir-s: yewwi-tt yid-s ɣer wul n tmenkda. == 3. Amek i yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmnekda? == Mi yemmut [[Karakalla]] deg 217, [[Makrinus]] yuɣal d amenkad. Maca Makrinus ur yesɛi ara akk tazmert n twacult n Severus, yerna kra seg yigen n tɛessast tarumanit ur qeblen ara tazerfa-ines. Julia Maesa, jeddat n Elagabalus, tebda ad txeddem akken ad terr tawacult-is ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmenkda. Tettwaseqdac daɣen tadyant i yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yezmer ad yili d mmi-s n Karakalla. Ur d-yelli ara ubeggen i d-yeskanayen belli aya d tidet, maca ayen-a yella d allal asertan i yesɛan azal meqqren, acku Karakalla yella mazal yesɛa imdanen i t-iḥemmlen gar yigen n tɛessast. Deg 218, kra seg yigen n Legio III Gallica qqeblen Elagabalus d amenkad. Imir-nni yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen. Yella-d umenɣi aserdas gar wid i yettabaɛen Makrinus d wid n Elagabalus. Deg imenɣi n Antioch, iɛeggalen n Elagabalus rebḥen. Makrinus yerwel, syin yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwanɣa. S waya, aqcic ameẓẓyan n Emesa yuɣal d amenkad n yiwet seg tmenkadin timeqqranin i yellan deg umaḍal aqbur. == 4. Anekcum-is ɣer Ruma == Elagabalus ur yewwiḍ ara srid ɣer Ruma. Yesseɛda kra n wakud deg tama n usamar n Tmenkda Tarumanit uqbel ad yawi abrid ɣer tɣerma. Mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma deg 219, yufa-d tamdint yesɛan leɛwayed-is, tadeyyanit-is d tarrayt-is n tsertit. Ruma tettuneḥsab d tawennaḍt anda illu '''Jupiter Optimus Maximus''' yesɛa adeg ameqqran deg tsertit d tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Elagabalus, s wudem nniḍen, yella yewwi-d yid-s illu-s Elagabal seg Emesa. Dayen ara yuɣalen d yiwen seg yisental igejdanen n tallit-is. == 5. Abeddel n usɣan(tadeyanit) i yebɣa ad yeg == Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr illu Elagabal ɣer umkan unnig deg tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Yebna deg Ruma Elagabalium, '''afakan ameqqran''' i yellan d adeg agejdan n uɛbed n illu Elagabal. Daɣen, aẓru iqeddsen i yettwaseqdacen deg uɛbed n Elagabal yettwawi-d seg Emesa ɣer Ruma. Ayagi ur yelli ara kan d abeddel asɣanan(adeyani). Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit, tadeyyanit d tsertit mlalent aṭas. Aɛbed n yilluten irumanen, leɛwayed n tɣerma d wazal n umenkad llan akk d yiḥricen n unagraw asertan. Mi yebɣa Elagabalus ad isbeddel amkan n yilluten n Ruma s illu Elagabal i d-yewwi seg Emesa, aṭas n yimdanen deg tɣerma n Ruma walan aya d aseḥqer n leɛwayed-nsen. Maca ilaq ad nḥader seg usegzi afessas: Tmenkda Tarumanit tettwassen s waṭas n tedyanin d yilluten yemgaraden, yerna aɛbed n yilluten n usamar yella yakan deg Ruma. Ugur ur yelli ara kan imi Elagabal yella d illu «aberṛani», maca imi amenkad yebɣa ad t-yerr ɣer umkan unnig deg unagraw adeyani-asertan arumani. == 6. Tisertit-is d Ugraw n Sina == Assaɣ n Elagabalus akked Ugraw n Sina arumani ur yelli ara yelha. Amenkad yella d ameẓẓyan, yerna aṭas n tsertit n tmenkda tettwasefrek s tazrirt n yimawlan-is, ladɣa Julia Maesa d Julia Soaemias. Iɣallen n twacult n tmeṭṭut sɛan tazrirt meqqren deg tallit-a. Deg tmuɣli tarumanit taqburt, tazrirt tameqqrant n tlawin deg tsertit tettwaẓra sɣur kra n yimyura s wudem ur nelhi. Maca seg tmuɣli n umezruy atrar, ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yellan s tidet d wayen i d-yettwarun s tmuɣli n yimyura i yellan d ixṣimen n twacult-a. Elagabalus yella daɣen yettbeddil imḍebbaren d yimawlan n tsertit, yerna yesseqdac imdanen i iqerben ɣur-s. Ayagi yessnerna ccwal gar-s d udmawen iqburen n teɣdemt tarumanit. == 7. Tisulya-s == Elagabalus yuɣ aṭas n tlawin ɣas ma tallit n tmenkda-s tewezzil kan s kraḍ neɣ kuẓ n yiseggasen. Gar-asent tella ''Julia Cornelia Paula'', syin ''Aquilia Severa'', i yellan d tanedbalt n ufakan n Vesta. Zwaj-is akked ''Aquilia Severa'' yegla-d s ccwal meqqren. Tinedbalin n Vesta ilaq, s leɛwayed n Ruma, ad qqiment war assaɣ n tuzzuft deg tallit n leqdic-nsent. Aseɣwen n umenkad akked yiwet seg-sent yettwaẓra d aserwet meqqren deg leɛwayed d yizrfan ideyaniyin n Ruma. Elagabalus yebḍa yid-s, syin yuɣ tameṭṭut nniḍen, ''Annia Faustina'', maca deffir waya yerra-d Aquilia Severa ɣur-s. Zwaj-a yewwi-d i tmuɣli n yimdanen belli amenkad-a ur yettqadar ara leɛwayed n Ruma. == 8. Elagabalus, tuzzuft d timanit-is == Yiwen seg yisental i ɣef d-ttwarun aṭas ɣef Elagabalus d tudert-is tusligt d wudem i s yettbin deg tmetti. Imyura iqburen am ''Cassius Dio'' d ''Historia Augusta'' ḥkan-d aṭas n tmucuha ɣef yiman-is, issaɣen-is d tarrayt-is n tudert. Kra seg wayen i d-ḥkan yeffeɣ i wayen i yellan d aleqqaq deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca ilaq ad neḥrez yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant: ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb akk ayen i d-ḥkan yimyura-a d tidet tameɣtut. Imyura irumanen zemren ad xedmen aseḥqer asertan n umenkad i kerhen s useqdec n tmucuha ɣef tuzzuft, leɛwayed d tudert tusligt. ''Historia Augusta'', ladɣa, d aɣbalu i ilaq ad yettwaseqdac s leḥder imi yesɛa aṭas n tmucuha d tedyanin ur nettwabeggen ara. Imedyaten n yiḍrisen iqburen i d-yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yebɣa ad yettwali iman-is am tameṭṭut neɣ yesseqdac tarrayin nniḍen n timanit-is llan, maca ur ilaq ara ad nessekcem srid tiɣawsiwin-a deg tmiḍranin titrarin am "transgender" war asnerni n usatal. Tamiḍrant n timanit n tuzzuft n wass-a mačči d yiwet akked tmiḍranin n tmetti tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍet. Ihi, ayen i nezmer ad nini s laman d belli imyura iqburen ḥkan-d Elagabalus am win i yessersen leɛwayed n tuzzuft d tmetti tarumanit deg ccwal, maca telqayt n tudert-is tusligt teqqim d tin i ɣef ur nezmir ara ad nefk tiririt iseḥḥan s wudem amagdez. == 9. Julia Maesa d Alexander Severus == S wakud, Julia Maesa tebda tettwali belli tasertit n Elagabalus tezmer ad teglu s uɣelluy n twacult n Severus. Tella daɣen twacult n Alexander Severus, aqcic nniḍen n twacult. Julia Maesa tessuter seg Elagabalus ad yerr Alexander d mmi-s s uzref(s usmmemi), akken ad yuɣal d amḍebber i t-ittabaɛen. Deg 221, ''Alexander'' yuɣal d ''Caesar'', anamek-is belli yettwasebgen am win ara yezwir deg uselway deffir n Elagabalus. Maca Alexander yebda yettaf azal gar yigen n teɛessast, ladɣa Tirniyin n Praetoria, i yellan d iɛeggalen i iḥerzen amenkad. Aya yegla-d s umihi meqqren i Elagabalus. == 10. Aɣelluy d tmettant == Deg 11 Meɣres 222, Elagabalus d yemma-s Julia Soaemias ruḥen ɣer uḥric n yigen n Praetoria. Tirniyin ur qeblent ara Elagabalus. Imenɣi adaxlan yeḍra, syin iɛeggalen n tɛessast nɣan amenkad akked yemma-s. Elagabalus yella kan deg 18 n yiseggasen. Iɣbula iqburen qqaren belli tafekka-s tettwazuɣer deg yiberdan, syin tettwaḍegger ɣer Tiber, asif n [[Roma|Ruma]]. Deffir tmettant-is, Alexander Severus yuɣal d amenkad. Tallit n Elagabalus tfukk s wudem azuran: amenkad i yellan yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmendka tarumanit mi yella mazal-it d aqcic, yettwanɣa uqbel ad yawiḍ ula d leɛmer n 20 n yiseggasen. == 11. D acu i yeḍran i tadeyyanit-is deffir tmettant-is? == Mi yemmut Elagabalus, tarrayt tadyanit i yebɣa ad yerr deg Ruma teɣli s lemɣawla. Illu Elagabal ur yeqqim ara deg umkan unnig i as-yefka umenkad. Aẓru-is iqeddsen yettwales ɣer Emesa, yerna leɛwayed n Ruma uɣalent ɣer umkan-nsent. Ayagi yeskanay-d yiwen n wugur agejdan n tsertit-is: Elagabalus yebɣa ad ibeddel anagraw asɣanan(adyani) n tmenkda s lemɣawla, war asefhem d uqbal meqqren n tneqqiḍin i yettḥerriken Ruma. == 12. Tugna-s deg yiɣbula iqburen == Ugur ameqqran deg unadi ɣef Elagabalus dakken tuget n wayen i nessen fell-as yekka-d seg yimyura i ur t-iḥemmlen ara. ''Cassius Dio'' yella d amyaru d aɛeggal n ''Sina''. Yura ɣef Elagabalus s tmuɣli n yiwen seg yimdanen n tmetti tarumanit i yellan tḍurr-it tsertit-is. ''Herodian'' yefka-d daɣen tudert n tallit-a, maca netta daɣen ilaq ad yettwaseqdac s leḥder. ''Historia Augusta'' d aɣbalu nniḍen i d-yettawi aṭas n tmucuha ɣef Elagabalus, maca imusnawen n wass-a ḥesben aṭas seg wayen i d-yettwarun deg-s d ayen ur nettwabeggen ara neɣ d timucuha. Ihi, mi ara d-nini belli Elagabalus yella d amenkad "n ccwal", ilaq ad nesteqsi: ccwal s tmuɣli n anwa? I tneqqiḍin n ''Senado'', aɛbed n illu asuryani, tazrirt n tlawin n twacult-is, zwaj-is d leɛwayed-is zemren akk ad ttwaḥesben d aseḥqer n wayen i ttwalin d "arumani". == 13. Tamuɣli n umezruy atrar == Deg unadi atrar, imusnawen ɛerḍen ad frun gar kraḍ n tɣawsiwin: Tidyanin i nezmer ad nbeggen, ayen i d-ḥkan yiɣbula iqburen, akked wayen i d-yettwasnulfun i useḥqer asertan. Ur yelli ara ccek belli Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr illu-s Elagabal deg umkan unnig, belli yuɣ Aquilia Severa, belli yella deg ccwal akked tneqqiḍin n Ruma, akked daɣen Taɛssast n Praetoria nɣant-t. Maca aṭas n tmucuha ɣef tudert-is tusligt, Tdurt-is n tuzzuft, lḥif i ixeddem neɣ leɛwayed-is ilaq ad ttwalsent s leḥder. Aya ur yesɛi ara anamek belli Elagabalus yella d amenkad yelhan i yettwaseḥqren kan. Tisertit-is tesɛa s tidet aṭas n wuguren. Maca anadi n umezruy ilaq ad ifrez gar asefrek ur yelḥin ara d tugna taberkant i d-yettwasnulfun deffir n tmettant n umenkad. == 14. Azal n Elagabalus deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit == Ɣas ma yella d amenkad kan azal n kuẓ n yiseggasen, Elagabalus yesɛa amkan uzzig deg umezruy arumani. Tallit-is teskanay-d amek: iserdasen n tɛessast tezmer ad terr neɣ ad teḍger amenkad; tadyanit(asɣan) tettili d allal agejdan n tsertit; ''Senado'' mazal yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tugna tasertant n umenkad; twacult n Severus tesseqdac assaɣen n twacult akken ad teṭṭef tamenkda; Tmenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍet tettbeddil, imi tiggtiwin d tedyanin n usamar n tmenkda bdant ttnernint deg Ruma. Elagabalus yeskanay-d daɣen belli Tmenkda Tarumanit ur telli ara d tɣerma n Ruma kan. Deg tasut tis kraḍet, Surya, Lezzayer n wass-a d tefriqt n ugafa, Masr, Anatolia d tmura nniḍen llan d iḥricen igejdanen n tmenkda. Imdanen seg yidgan-a zemren ad awḍen ula ɣer uselway unnig n tmenkda. 4h04d8njt8hwe16ouh3e84sd0xao84i