Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 25561 117361 117359 2026-09-13T18:52:45Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Liberty torch drawing.svg|vignette|Azamul n tlibiralit, asuneɣ n teftilt iceɛlen.]] '''Talibiralit''' (''s tefransist: libéralisme, seg tlatinit liberalis'' « '''yerzan win yellan d ilelli''' ») d tasnakta tasertant, tafelsafit d tdamsant i d-yebnan ɣef wazal amezwaru n tlelli tudmawant d usbaḍi (aḥuddu) n udabu n uwanak. Talibiralit tettwali d akken yal amdan ilul-d yesɛa izerfan igamanen ur izemren ad ttwaksen neɣ ad ttili tlisa n izerfan-a fell-as, gar-asen azref ɣer tudert, azref ɣer tlelli, azref n wayla uslig d tgda sdat n usaḍuf. Deg umezruy atrar, talibiralit tefka-d tanaṣlit i tsuddwin timagdayin titnarin, ladɣa s useddu n tugdut tamendawt, beṭṭu n yiduba, agadaz ilelli deg tdamsa, d umennuɣ mgal adabu aɣrudan d umyezwer illeli. Ɣas akken llant deg-s ddeqs n tmuɣliwin yettemgarraden (am tlibiralit taklasikit, talibiralit tanmettit, neɣ talibiralit tamaynut), tigejdit tamezwarut i tent-yezdin d afrag n tlelli n yal amdan mgal tussda n yiduba d tmetti. == 1. Tigejda d Yenzayen Igejdanen == === 1.1 Aterras d wazal n umdan === Talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n '''uterras'''. Deg tmuɣli-a, amdan (s wudem aterras) d netta i d aferdis agejdan n tmetti; mačči d agraw, d taqbilt, neɣ d awanak i yesɛan azal fell-as. Talibiralit teqqar d akken timetti ur telli ara d amud yugaren imdanen i tt-id-yesbedden, maca d tayunt n yimdanen ilelliyen i d-yellan i uselḥu n lfayda-nsen d temsetlelt-nsen. Ɣef waya, yal tamussni neɣ asaḍuf ilaq ad yerr azal amezwaru i tlelli n umdan. === 1.2 Tilelliyin talsanin d yizerfan n wemdan === Ilibiraliyen tteqqnen tilelli ɣer yizerfan igamanen i yesɛa umdan seg wasmi ara d-ilul: '''Tilelli n tikti d umeslay''': Azref n umdan ad yini, ad yaru, ad d-yessider tiktiwin-is bla ma yugad aḥbas neɣ tadrest sɣur unabaḍ. '''Tilelli n usɣan d tflest''': Beṭṭu gar uwanak d usɣan (talakt), akken yal yiwen ad iḍfer ddin i as-yehhwan neɣ ur yetteḍfar ula d yiwen. '''Tilelli n timlilit d tdukli''': Azref n uheyyi n yikabaren isertanen, tidukliwin d tneɣmasin tilelliyin. '''Tilelli n umussu''': Azref n useddu d unig seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ bla asentel n lbaṭel. === 1.3 Awanak n uzref d tgda sdat n usaḍuf === Awanak deg tmuɣli talibiralit mačči d amesbaṭli. Ilaq ad yili d awanak n uzref: Ulac yiwen (ama d agellid, d aselway, neɣ d aɣerman aḥerfi) yellan sennig n usaḍuf. '''Tagda sdat n usaḍuf''': Isuḍaf ttwasersen akken ad ḥudden akk iɣermanen s yiwen n lqis, bla tameḥyaf yerzan tawacult, idles, tutlayt, ini n uglim, neɣ asɣan. Isuḍaf ur d-ttasen ara akken ad ḥettmen tikli ɣef medden, maca d tilisa i useḥbiber ɣef tlelli n yal yiwen akken ur tettxuccu ara tilelli n wayeḍ. === 1.4 Beṭṭu n yiduba === Akken ad ttwaḥrez tmetti mgal tasnareft (neɣ tadankit), talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n beṭṭu n yiduba i d-yessegza '''''Montesquieu''''': '''Adabu amesḍaf''': D agraw n yimazanen (amni) i d-yettwafen sɣur uɣref akken ad sersen isuḍaf. '''Adabu amselkam''': D anabaḍ i yesseqdacen isuḍaf yerna yessefray tikli n tmurt. '''Adabu aɣedman''': D inezzurfa n teɣdemt yellan d ilelliyen ɣef sin n yiduba-nniḍen, akken taɣdemt ur tetteqqil ara d allal deg ufus n wid iḥekkmen. === 1.5 Azref n wayla uslig === Ayla uslig d tigejdit tamezwarut deg tlibiralit. John Locke yenna-d d akken ayla n umdan d afris seg umdan s timmad-is: ticki amdan yexdem akal neɣ yefka aɣbel d leɛtab i tfarest n kra, ayla-nni yettarra-t d azref-is uslig. War ayla uslig, ur tezmir ara ad tili tlelli tasertant neɣ tadamsant, axaṭer anabaḍ aɣrudan izemmer ad yeṭṭef aɣerman seg tɛebbuṭ-is. == 2. Amezruy n Tlalit n Tlibiralit == === 2.1 Tallit n Tafat (Tasuta tis 17 d tis 18) === Talibiralit tlul-d deg [[Turuft]] deg yiwet n tallit ideg llan yigelliden ḥekmen s tezmert tamagdezt, tella daɣen teglizt tamezdayt teṭṭef akk tudert n yemdanen. Imuziren imezwura n tikti-a nnan-d d akken adabu mačči sɣur Rebbi i d-yekka, maca s umtawa neɣ agatu anemmetti gar yemdanen ilelliyen. Amusnak agliz John Locke (1632–1704) yettwaḥseb d bab n tlibiralit tatrart. Deg udlis-is Sin n Yiḍrisen ɣef Unbaḍ Aɣarim (1689), yessegza-d d akken aselway neɣ agellid yella kan akken ad iḥrez izerfan n ayla, tudert d tlelli; ma yella yerẓa agatu-a, aɣref yesɛa azref ad t-iqelleɛ. === 2.2 Tigrawliwin timagdayin timezwura === Tikta talibiraliyin uɣalent d tigawin deg tgara n tasuta tis 18: '''Tagrawla Tamarikanit (1776)''': Talalit n Tmunent n Yiwanaken Yeddukklen d Tamendawt n 1787 sbeddent tagduda tamezwarut i d-yesseqdacen beṭṭu n yiduba d tebzert n yizerfan n umdan. '''Tagrawla Tafransist''' '''(1789)''': Tasreḥt neɣ ulɣu n Yizerfan n Wemdan d Uɣerman (1789) yebna-d tamuɣli tasertant n umaḍal s tenfalit talibiralit: « Imdanen llan-d d ilelliyen yerna d igdawanen deg yizerfan ». === 2.3 Tasuta tis 19 d unnerni n usihri === Deg tasuta tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant terna ffeḥ deg Umaḍal Ataram. Talibiralit tuɣal d tadra i uselḥu n tedamsa tamgurant s ubrid n temguri, [[asihri]], d usefrek n ugadaz(ssuq) s war anekcum n uwanak. Tallit-a tessen daɣen amennuɣ ɣef tlelliyin tiɣarimin, tukksa n waklan, d ulday n ufran azayez. == 3. Tiɣula n Tlibiralit == Talibiralit tebḍa ɣef kraḍt n tɣula tigejdanin i yettemcadan: <syntaxhighlight> ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ TALIBIRALIT TATRART │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ │ ┌──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ▼ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ │ TASERTANT │ │ TADAMSANT │ │ TAFELSAFIT │ │ - Tugdut │ │ - Agadaz ilelli │ │ - Aterras │ │ - Awanak n uzref │ │ - Ayla uslig │ │ - Talakt │ │ - Izerfan n umdan│ │ - Amsenfel ilelli│ │ - Tilelli n tedmi│ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight> === 3.1 Talibiralit tasertant === Talibiralit tasertant d tin i d-yessuturen anagraw n tugdut talibiralit: '''Tamendawt''': Tettgalla d akken taseddarin n udabu sɛant tilisa ur zmirent ad ɛeddint fell-asent. '''Amaget-akabar''': Tilelli n tlalit n yikabaren yemxallafen akken ad ilint tefranin timagdayin d tidet. '''Afrag n tidersiwin''': Deg tugdut talibiralit, agraw n tigti ur yesɛi ara azref ad yeqheṛ tidart neɣ tidersiwin (minorités) ɣas ulamma yesɛa tuget deg tifranin/yifranen. === 3.2 Talibiralit tadamsant === Tadamsa talibiralit tebna ɣef umenzay n useddu n tedamsa s tezmert n ugadaz d tfarest tusligt: '''Agadaz ilelli''': Isumren d usuter d nutni i d-isbaduyen ssuma n sselɛa d uxeddim, mačči d awanak. '''Temsizzelt tilellit''': Temsizzelt ger tkebbaniyin tettak amkan i usider n ssuma d usali n tɣara. '''Amsenfel ilelli''': Tukksa n tlisa d tewsitin ɣef sselɛa i d-yettɛeddin ger tmura deg umaḍal. '''Asenɣes n tiwsiyin d unekcum n uwanak''': Ilibiraliyen ttwalin belli ma yella uwanak yeqqim kan deg yiswiren igejdanen (taɣellist, taɣdemt, taredsa), tadamsa ad ternu s lemɣawla. === 3.3 Talibiralit tafelsafit d tmettit === Ɣer yidis asertan d udamsan, tella tlibiralit yeffɣen ɣer tmetti d tefelsafit: '''Tilelli n tedmi''': Yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yexdem anadi afelsafi, tussnan, neɣ amezruyan s war ma teṭṭef-it tmuɣli tanasayt akked tadiyanit neɣ tugdi seg udabu. '''Tamuzzut''' (Tolérance): AQbal n umgired gar yemdanen deg tmetti. Voltaire yura: « Ur ddiɣ ara deg tikti-ik, maca ad fkeɣ tarwiḥt-iw akken ad tizmireḍ ad tt-id-tiniḍ ». '''Tudert tudmawant''': Awanak ur yesɛi ara azref ad ikecmen deg tudert n yal ass n uɣerman (zzwaǧ, lecɣal usligen, tiseddarin n tudert). == 4. Isurifen d Yidisan n Tlibiralit == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Asurif !Imusnawen igejdanen !Tamuɣli ɣef Uwanak !Tamuɣli ɣef Tdamsa |- |Talibiralit Taklasikit |John Locke, Adam Smith |Awanak aɛessas, aḥuddu n tlelli d wayla kan |Agadaz ilelli s war anekcum, amsenfel ilelli |- |Talibiralit Tanmettit |J.S. Mill, John Rawls, Keynes |Awanak yessefk ad yili d amastan, ad yefk tagda n tegnatin |Agadaz ilelli s useddu n ufrag anemmetti (asgmi, tadawsa) |- |Talibiralit Tamaynut |Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman |Asenɣes alemmas n tedbelt, asenger n tkebbaniyin tizayezin |Aslelli ummid, aselgi (privatisation), tiwsiyin drus |- |Talibirtarit |Robert Nozick, Murray Rothbard |Asenɣes n uwanak ar cwiṭ maḍi (neɣ tukksa-ines s lekmal) |ayla uslig imserreḥt, ulac tawsi, ulac asaḍuf d ilugan |} === 4.1 Talibiralit taklasikit === Tlul-d deg tasuta tis 18 d tis 19. Tbedd ɣef tikti n « uwanak aɛessas » (État gendarme): awanak yesɛa kan kraḍ n tmasiyin: '''Aḥuddu ɣef tmurt mgal yicenga n beṛṛa (iserdasen).''' '''Aḥuddu ɣef tɣellist d lehna n daxel (tamsulta).''' '''Asemres n teɣdemt d useddu n yisuḍaf (tinezrfin)'''. Deg unnar adamsan, teṭṭef deg wawal afransis yettwassnen: « Laissez faire, laissez passer » ('''Eǧǧ ad iɛaddi, eǧǧ ad yexdem'''). === 4.2 Talibiralit tanmettit === Tekker-d deg taggara n tasuta tis 19 d tezwara n tasuta tis 20, asmi i d-banen wuguren n lihanna n ixeddamen (lḥif n wugdud) d unnerni n tserkam n yixeddamen. Ilibiraliyen inmettiyen nnan-d d akken tilelli tasertant d tin yellan d tilemt ma yella umdan ur yesɛi ara ayen ara yečč, asgmi, neɣ tadawsa: '''Yessefk uwanak ad d-yerr tagda n tegnatin.''' Tettqabal axeddim s uselmed baṭel, afrag n tdawsa ara yilin yettwaḍmen, d tallelt n yigellilen bla ma yerreẓ umenzay n ugadaz ilelli. Amusnak alemmas deg wannar-a d John Rawls s udlis-is Tiẓri n Teɣdemt (A Theory of Justice, 1971). === 4.3 Talibiralit tamaynut (Néolibéralisme) === Teffeɣ-d deg yiseggasen n 1970–1980 mgal tasertit takeynizit (keynésianisme) d tkellit n uwanak deg tdamsa[9]. Imsunɣen-is am Milton Friedman d Friedrich Hayek nnan-d d akken acqirrew n uwanak deg uselḥu n ssuma neɣ atig yegr-d tazɣent d tnerni n tuffut (inflation). Tikta-agi uɣalent d tisertiyin tunsibin deg tallit n Margaret Thatcher deg Legliz d Ronald Reagan deg Yiwanaken Yeddukklen: * '''Aselgi (privatisation) n tkebbaniyin n uwanek/ddula.''' * '''Asider n tiwsiyin ɣef yisihranen d tkebbaniyin.''' * '''Tukksa n yisuḍaf i ikebblen agadaz adriman d temguri.''' === 4.4 Talibirtarit (Libertarianisme) === D aswir ameqqran yeffɣen ɣer yiri maḍi deg tlibiralit. Ilibirtariyen ḥesben d akken tawsi d tukerḍa, yerna awanak d amcum i yessefk ad yettwanɣes ar tlisa timecṭuḥin maḍi (Minarchisme) neɣ ad yekkes s lekmal akken ad d-teqqim tdamsa kan d ayla uslig s wudem ummid (Anarcho-capitalisme). == 5. Imusnawen Igejdanen == '''John Locke''' (1632–1704): Amusnaw aglizi, yettwaḥseb d amezwaru i d-yefkan llsas n yizerfan igamanen (tudert, tilelli, ayla) d umtawa aɣarim. '''Montesquieu''' (1689–1755): Amusnak afransis, bab n tektit n uferreq d usnefli n yiduba (amesḍaf, amselkam, aɣedman) akken ad ttwaḥebsen wid yebɣan ad d-afen adabu anesbaɣur. '''[[Adam Smith]]''' (1723–1790): Bab n tussna tadamsant tatrart. Deg udlis-is Ayla n Yiɣerfan (1776), yessegza-d tamuɣli n « ufus uffir » : mi ara yexdem yal amdan ɣef lfayda-ines tudmawant, d ayen i d-yettawin lfayda i tmetti s umata. '''Alexis de Tocqueville''' (1805–1859): Amusnak afransis i d-yuran ɣef tugdut deg Marikan, yesseqdec taɣdemt d umgired gar tlelli d tgda, yerna yeldi tiṭ ɣef umihi n « tadankit n tuget(tigti) ». '''John Stuart Mill''' (1806–1873): Yura ɣef tlelli tudmawant deg udlis-is Ɣef Tlelli (On Liberty, 1859). Yenna-d d akken awanak ur yesɛi ara azref ad iḥbes amdan deg wayen yexdem ala ma yella tigawt-nni tegla-d s yir liḥala i wayeḍ. '''Friedrich Hayek''' (1899–1992): Yemmeɣ mgal tasnakta tanemla d usuddes alemmas deg udlis-is "''The Road to Serfdom''", yefka-d llsas i tlibiralit tamaynut. == 6. Izɣanen d Tneqqisin == Ɣas akken talibiralit tefka-d aṭas i tugdut d tdamsa deg umaḍal, tella deg tlemmast n ddeqs n yizɣanen sɣur tsuddiwin tifsanin d tsertanin yemgarraden: === 6.1 Azɣan amarksist === [[Karl Marks]] d yimarksisten ttwalin d akken talibiralit tesseḥbibir kan ɣef tlelliyin tilɣanin mačči d tid n tilawt s tidet: Tilelli deg tlibiralit d tilelli n tserkemt taburjwazit i wakken ad ternu deg yihri-ines s leɛtab n tserkemt tameɣda (ixeddamen). Agadaz ilelli yeggar-d amennuɣ n tserkamin d usegdel n tagda talqayt gar yemdanen. Azref n wayla uslig deg usihri yettarra allalen n ufares deg ufus n drus n yemdanen kan. === 6.2 Azɣan akunsirvatur === Iselwayen ikunsirvaturen ttwalin d akken talibiralit: Teṣṣexsar ansayen, asɣan, d tdukli n twacult s ssebba n uterras i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tlibiralit. Tettarra amdan ad yili d amsider yettnadin kan ɣef wayen i t-inefɛen netta, yettettu tamasit-is ɣer tmetti d tmurt. === 6.3 Azɣan awennaḍan === Imsengamen (écologistes) d wid yennulfan deg tasuta tis 20 d tis 21 nnan-d: Anagraw alibirali yebna ɣef unnerni adamsan war tilisa deg yiwen n umaḍal yesɛan tilisa tigamanin. Agadaz ilelli ur d-yettak ara azal i usedger n twennaḍt, d ayen i d-yeglan s ubeddel n lqis n tegnawt d usenger n lexla d tẓegwa. sax4yk14fj84ra0bi1qcmb1o65wbpwi 0 25563 117362 2026-09-14T10:00:39Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Madrid may day375.jpg|vignette|Anay Azeggaɣ d azamul n tnemla.]] '''Tanemla''' (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen. Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw [[Asihri|amsihran]]. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft. gqr61i84y8z75pasmw59civ96o7gknm 0 25564 117363 2026-09-14T11:02:02Z Anissaadi35 12867 Yettwarna s tsuqilt n usebter " [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/239267272|Trou noir]]" 117363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichier:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg|alt=|vignette|''Tugna tuddist n uḍebsi n usemlili n tefli taberkant M87 i d-yettwaṭṭfen s usnagar n 345 GHz, d tin ifeslen akk ar ass-a.'']] Di tsengallunt, '''tafli taberkant''' d yiwet n tfekka tagennawt i yedzen aṭas, armi lǧehd n yiger-is n tzayzeyt ur yettaǧǧa ula d yiwet n talɣa n tanga neɣ n unfezway ad trewel seg-s. Tifekkiwin am tigi ur zmirent ad d-ssuffɣent neɣ ad zerɛent tafat, ɣef waya d tiberkanin, aya yebɣa ad d-yini belli ur ttwawalayent ara. Maca, aṭas n tarrayin n tmuɣli tarusridt deg teɣziwin n temdeswelt yemgaraden i d-yettwaheggan, yerna ttaǧǧant-aɣ ad nɣer aṭas n tumanin i d-ttawiyent. Ladɣa, tanga-nni i d-tejbed tefli taberkant tettwaḥma ɣer teẓɣalin ɛlayen aṭas deg uḍebsi n usemlili, yerna tessufuɣ-d aṭas n yizenẓaren X, uqbel ad "tettwableɛ". Yebda uxemmem fell-asent yakan seg lqern wis 18, deg uɣawas n tmikanikt taklasikt, tilit-nsent — i d-tberrez tmasseɣt tamatut — d lyaqin ɣer umur ameqran n yimsengallunen d yimsengamen imiẓranen. Imi tafli taberkant ur d-tettwafa ara anagar s yisemduyen n yiger-is n tzayzeyt, yella-d wamek ara asent-muqlen s wudem amzun d usrid deg useggas n 2015 s ubrid n tmuɣli tusridt tamenzut i temdeswal n tzayzeyt, GW150914. Ass n 10 yebrir 2019, ttwafsrent-d tugniwin timenza n tefli taberkant, tid n M87, d tafli taberkant s tezdezt tameqrant aṭas i d-yezgan deg wul n tgalaksit M87. Deffir-sent, ass n 12 magu 2022, llant-d tugniwin nniḍen i d-yekkan seg Sagittarius A, di tlemmast n Ubrid n Walim. Timuɣliwin-a yemgaraden rnant-d asentem amaynut ɣef tilit-nsent. Deg uɣawas, yerna s wakka, deg tlisa n tmasseɣt tamatut, tafli taberkant d tasufit n tzayzeyt i tezzi yiwet n temnaḍt n tallunt ideg ula d acemma ur yezmir ad irewel, teḥrez-itt-id tjumma iwumi qqaren igli. Tamikanikt takwanṭit, mi ara tettwasnes ɣef tyugiwin n tzelɣiwin timussisin i d-yettbanen ɣer tama n yigli, tberrez-d belli tifliwin tiberkanin "ttɣarayent" s cwiya, imi d-ssufuɣent anfezway n tfekka taberkant iwumi qqaren anfezway n Hawking. [[Fichier:BH_LMC.png|vignette|Tugna i d-yettwasneɣnen n tefli taberkant titrit akken ara tt-iwali umannay i d-yezgan ɣef wazal n mrawt n yikilumiṭren (tẓa n tikwal aqqaṛ n tefli taberkant), yerna tugna-s tettban-d srid ɣer Usigna Ameqran n Magellan [alpha 1].]] == Asissen d tesniremt == [[Fichier:Black_Hole_Milkyway.jpg|vignette|Tafli taberkant (asneɣni) n mraw n tezdeztiwin tifukanin, seg wemkan n tmuɣli i d-yezgan ɣef wuggug n 600 n yikilumiṭren. Deg ugilal, yella Ubrid n Walim]] Tafli taberkant d yiwet n tfekka tasengallunt i ɣef d-tenna tmasseɣt tamatut belli tennulfa-d s yiwet n tezdezt i yezdin aṭas armi tkemmel annerdem ɣef yiman-is s ssebba n tzayzeyt-is, armi d-tewweḍ ad d-tettwajmaɛ deg yiwen n wazag iwumi qqaren tasufit n tzayzeyt. Isemduyen n weddez n tezdezt-a ttaǧǧan-aɣ ad d-nessegzi yiwet n tkurt, iwumi qqaren igli n tedyanin n tefli taberkant, i seg ur yezmir ad irewel ula d yiwen n unfezway, ur d-nettader ara akk tanga. S tidet, tazdezt-is tugar akken armi ula d tafat ur tezmir ad trewel i ujbad-is n tzayzeyt iwakken ad d-taweḍ ɣer uẓeṭṭa n tiṭ-nneɣ (neɣ ɣer yal allal n tmuɣli). Imi arured n userreḥ n tefli taberkant ur tezmir ara ad t-taweḍ tafat, yellan s yiman-is tesɛa arured i d timezgit tasengamant ur nnezmir ad tt-nezger, yettwagem-d belli d awezɣi trewla seg ujbad n tzayzeyt n tefli taberkant. Takurt-a tezga-d tetteddez ɣef tsufit, yerna aqqaṛ-is yeqqen kan ɣer tezdezt talemmast ; tmeṭṭel-d s kra n wudem asigzi allunan n tefli taberkant. Ɣer tama n tkurt-a, isemduyen n tzayzeyt ttwawalayen yerna qessiḥit aṭas. Aqqaṛ n tefli taberkant d aẓunan ɣer tezdezt-is : azal n 3 n yikilumiṭren i yal tazdezt tafukant i tefli taberkant n Schwarzschild. Ɣef wuggug gar-yitran (s yimelyan n yikilumiṭren), tafli taberkant ur tesɛi ara ajbad yugaren win n yal tafekka nniḍen i yesɛan yiwet n tezdezt am nettat ; ihi mačči d "amsader" ur yettwamnaɛen. Amedya, lemmer Tafukt ad tettwabeddel s tefli taberkant yesɛan yiwet n tezdezt-is, iberdan n tuzzya n tfekkiwin i s-d-yezzin (iguren d wiyaḍ) ad qqimen s umata ur ttbeddilen ara (anagar tiɛeddiwin ɣer tama n yigli i yezmren ad d-awint abeddel ameqran). Llan aṭas n wanawen n tifliwin tiberkanin. Mi ara d-nnulfunt s ssebba n unnerdem n tzayzeyt n yitri yesɛan tazdezt tameqrant, qqaren-asent tafli taberkant titrit, tazdezt-is tugda kra n tezdeztiwin tifukanin. Tid yellan di tlemmast n tgalaksiyin sɛant tazdezt tameqrant aṭas, yezmren ad taweḍ acḥal d amelyar n tikwal tin n Tfukt ; qqaren-asent tafli taberkant s tezdezt tameqrant aṭas (neɣ tafli taberkant tagalaksawt). Gar snat n tiskariwin-a n tezdezt, yezmer ad ilint tifliwin tiberkanin tilemmasin s tezdezt n kra n yigiman n tezdeztiwin tifukanin. Ttwaxemmen-d diɣ ɣef tifliwin tiberkanin s tezdezt meẓẓiyen aṭas, i d-yennulfan di tazwara n umezruy n Umeɣrad, kra kan deffir n Big Bang (Aṭerḍeq Ameqran), yerna qqaren-asent tifliwin tiberkanin timenzawanin. Tilit-nsent, ar ass-a, ur d-tettwasentem ara. S ubadu, d awezɣi ad nwali srid tafli taberkant. Maca, nezmer ad d-nestenbeḍ tilit-is seg tigawt-is n tzayzeyt : ama s yisemduyen ɣef yiberdan n yitran i d-iqeṛben ; ama di tlemmast n yimikṛukwaẓaṛen akked yiɣsan urmiden n tgalaksiyin, anda tanga, i d-yezgan ɣer tama, mi ara d-teɣli ɣef tefli taberkant ad teḥmu aṭas yerna ad d-tessuffeɣ anfezway X iǧehden. S wakka, timuɣliwin ttaǧǧant-aɣ ad d-nefk tilit n tfekkiwin yesɛan tazdezt tameqrant yerna mecṭuḥit aṭas di tiddi. Tifekkiwin tisufin i d-yemṣadan d tmuɣliwin-a yerna kecment deg uɣawas n tmasseɣt tamatut, d tifliwin tiberkanin. [[Taggayt:Tussna]] fqv6xa9qtoyzsha6s5pyfabrj7bpww8