Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 258 117372 110628 2026-09-15T22:09:21Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Imaziɣen<!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] --> | native_name = ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵎⵣⵗⵏ | image = File:Berber_flag.svg | caption = Annay/Akenyal n yimaziɣen | population = 20–30 imelyan<ref>''Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. [[Steven L. Danver]], M. E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p. 23f.</ref><ref name="Berber people">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber|title=Berber people|access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Berber speakers">{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |title= North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring |publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] |date= 5 May 2012 |accessdate= 8 December 2013}}</ref> – 50 imelyan<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860">{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Morocco}} | pop1 = seg ≈ 14 imelyan<ref name="Berber people"/> ar ≈ 20 imelyan<ref name="minorityrights.org">{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/berber/|title=Morocco – Berber|work=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples}}</ref><ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|title=Les Berbères en Afrique du Nord|publisher=Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022181215/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|url-status=dead}}, Université Laval Québec, 2016.</ref><ref>Peter Prengaman: [http://m.sfgate.com/news/article/Morocco-s-Berbers-Battle-to-Keep-From-Losing-2941557.php ''Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture / Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language''], Chronicle Foreign Service, March 16, 2001, on sfgate.com.</ref><ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} | pop2 = seg 9<ref name="Berber people"/> ar ≈ 13 imelyan<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769 |title= Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language |work= BBC News}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Libya}} | pop3 = ~3,850,000<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860"/> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} | pop4 = 110,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tsg.html|title=Tunisia|publisher=The World Factbook}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ar ≈ 389,652<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop5 = kter n 2 imelyan<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm ''Les langues de France : un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm |date=2014-09-29 }}, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr.</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Mauritania}} | pop6 = 2,883,000 (2,768,000<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scholastic Library Publishing|title=Lands and Peoples: Africa|date=2005|publisher=Grolier|isbn=0717280241|page=135|url=https://archive.org/details/landspeoples00unse|accessdate=17 August 2016}}; Moors 80% of population of 3,460,000</ref> & 115,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/MR|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Mauritania|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref>) | region7 = {{flagcountry|Niger}} | pop7 = 1,620,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|title=Niger|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2020-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424124158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|Mali}} | pop8 = 850,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=Mali|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | pop9 = 500,000<small>(Including descendants)</small><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/03/23/la-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html|title=Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain|last=Truong|first=Nicolas|date=2016-03-23|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop10 = 367,455<small>(Including descendants)</small> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}} | pop11 = 50,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/UV|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Burkina Faso|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|Egypt}} | pop12 = 34,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14958/EG|title=Berber, Siwa in Egypt|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref> neɣ 1,826,580<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860"/> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop13 = 37,060 <small>(Including those of mixed ancestry)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=February 8, 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} | pop14 = 3,500<ref>Moshe Shokeid: ''The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village''. Manchester University Press, 1971.</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop15 = 1,327<ref>{{cite web |author=US Census Bureau|title=The Arab Population: 2000| url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf|accessdate=2013-05-05 }}</ref> | langs = [[Tutlayin timaziɣin]], ttwurant s [[Tifinaɣ]] neɣ s [[Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin|ugemmay Amaziɣ Alatin]];<br />[[Ddarja n Tefriqt Ugafa]] (gar [[Arabized Berber]]s) | rels = Amur ameqqran seg-sen [[tasunnit]].<br> Lbaqi ttekkin ɣer ifurkawen nniḍen n lislam ([[Taciɛit]], [[Taɛibadit]]), [[Tamasiḥt]] (ladɣa [[Taprutistant]]),<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census &#124; Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu |publisher=academia.edu |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928201901/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>*(s trumit) [http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja: ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003445/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=2019-04-04 }}.</ref> [[Udayen Imaziɣen|Tudayt]], akked [[Liman amaziɣ aqdim|liman aqdim]]<!-- as per [[Infobox ethnic group]], the religion parameter is for the "group's religious affiliations" - irreligion is having no religious affiliation --> | related-c = At [[tutlayin tifrusyawiyin]] nniḍen<ref>Blench, Roger. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Rowman: Altamira, 2006 {{ISBN|9780759104662}}</ref><ref>Diakonoff, Igor. The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data. Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol. 43 Iss. 2 (1998).</ref><ref name="Shirai, Noriyuki 2010">Shirai, Noriyuki. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. Leiden University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|9789087280796}}.</ref><ref name=blench2006>Blench R (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0466-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0466-2}}, books.google.be/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C</ref><ref name=Ehret2004>Ehret C, Keita SOY, Newman P (2004) The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003) in the Letters of SCIENCE 306, no. 5702, p. 1680 {{doi|10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c}}</ref><ref name=bender1997>Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34</ref><ref name=militarev2005>Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408. http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf</ref> | native_name_lang = ber | related_groups = }} '''Imaziɣen''' d imezdaɣ ineṣliyen deg [[Tafriqt ugafa|tefriqt ugafa]], d nutni i yellan d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣ n [[Tamazɣa|Tmazɣa]]/Tafriqt n ugafa, tutlayt-sen d [[Tamaziɣt]], xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen [[Taɛrabt]]. Imaziɣen ḥerren-d akal d ameqqran, yewweḍ seg wemda n [[Isiwan]], deg Utaram (lɣerb) n [[Maṣer]] alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d [[Muriṭanya]], ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen i d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid id-iḥerren anect-a n wakal, imi amur ameqqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen-nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akked yegduden-nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttuneḥsaben d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen. Aṭas n Yimaziɣen id-mazal la ttmeslayen [[tamaziɣt]], rnu deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛin timaziɣin id-yennulfan i wakken ad wtent ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mgaradent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n timaziɣin ad msegzunt(msefhament) gar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mgaradent tentalyin-nsent. Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d [[Uneẓruf]] (ṣṣeḥra), dacu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen i yellan ɣef yiri n nnger, la ten-ttaǧǧan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara leqrar. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tamiwin n Tmazɣa, medden la d-ttaǧǧan, ilmeẓyen ur ttlemden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s lḥir i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-a. Ass-a llan azal n 45 imelyan n imaziɣen deg ddunit merra. ==Iɣsan d iẓuran imqqṛanen n Imaziɣen== * [[Iznaten]] (زناتة / إيزناتن ) * [[Iẓnagen]] ( ژناگة / صنهاجة / إيژناگن) * [[Imṣmuden]] ( مصمودة / إيمسمودن ) * [[Iktamen]] (كتامة / إيكوتامن ) * [[Iɣumaren]] ( غمارة / إيغومارن)  * [[Iguzulen]] ( جزولة / إيگوزولن)  * [[Igdalen]] (جدالة / إيگدالن ) * [[Imdyunen]] ( مديونة / إيمديونن ) * [[Isedraten]] ( سدراتة / إيسدراتن ) * [[Infzawen]] ( نفزة / نفزاوة / إينفزاون ) * [[Izwawen]] ( زواوة / إيزواون ) * [[Ihuwwaren]] ( هوارة / إيهوارن)  * [[Imssufen]] ( مسوفة / إيمسوفن)  * [[Iskuren]] ( هسكورة / إيهسكورن ) * [[Imẓẓujen]] ( مژّوجة / إيمژّوجن ) * [[Imḍlasen]] ( مطالسة / إيمضالسن ) * [[Ihntaten]] ( هنتاتة / إيهنتاتن ) * [[Imɣrawen|Imɣran]] (مغراوة / إيمغرلن ) * [[Imknasen]] ( مكناسة / إيمكناسن ) * [[Imssiwan]] (إمسوان/مسيوة) * [[Infeṭwak]] (فطواكة/إنفطواك) * [[Iɣejdamen]] (غجدامة/إغجدامن) * [[Inffusen]] (إنفوسن/نفوسة) * [[Iḥaḥan]] (حاحا/إحاحان) * [[Innultan]] (إنولتان/ولتانة) * [[Igliwwa]] (إگليوا/گلاوة) * [[Icawiyen]] (إشاوين/الشاوية) * [[Imdɣren]] (إمدغرن/مدغرة أو مطغرة) * [[Iwraben]] (إورابن/أوربة) * [[Izwwaren]] (إزواغن/زواغة) * [[Mɣila|Imɣilen]] (مغيلا/مغيلة) * [[Iɣyyaten]] (إغياتن/غياثة) * [[Ilwaten]] (إلواتن/لواتة) * [[Iwrdiɣen]] (إورديغن/ورديغة) == Imaziɣen yettwasnen == : Ẓer ''[[Imaziɣen ittwasnen]]'' Daɣen : Ẓer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Wali == * [[Leqbayel]] * [[Icawiyen]] * [[Imuhaɣ]] (touareg) == Tamselyut == * http://amastan1.tripod.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101657/http://amastan1.tripod.com/ |date=2011-07-17 }} Sɣur Umar Muffuk [[Taggayt:iɣerfan]] [[Taggayt:Iɣerfan iẓaranen n tferka n ugafa]] [[Taggayt:Imaziɣen]] 4utiau5rfx19fss9ma6ak5vvtky6s1b 0 25143 117371 113982 2026-09-15T21:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Badriya Ahmed | native_name = بدرية أحمد | birth_name = بدور أحمد تركي (Bodour Ahmed Turki) | caption = Badriya Aḥmed, 2020 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|07|01}} | birth_place = [[Dubaï]], [[Timmura n TGM]] | citizenship = [[Timmura n TGM]] | occupation = Tameslayt | years_active = 1989–ar tura }} '''Badriya Aḥmed''' ({{lang|ar|بدرية أحمد}}; 1969) d tameslayt timiratit. Tban-d di ddeqs n yisallen n tiliγẓi d uselkan n ''Khaliǧi'', am ''Awlad Bu Jassim'', ''The Last Decision'', ''Adil Al-Ruh'', ''Eyes of Glass'' d ''Laila'', yerna di tɣerdayin am ''Faltouh 1'', ''1 + 1'', ''Daek fi Zaman Beykh'' d ''Born in a Viagra Pill''.<ref>https://elcinema.com/person/1102373 — « بدرية أحمد - تمثيل فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو » (ElCinema).</ref> == Tameddurt == Twaled s yisem «Bodour Ahmed Turki» yerna tebduḍ tazmert-is n uselkan deg tɣerdayt; amezwaru n tɛerḍit-is d ''Faltouh 1'' (1989).<ref>https://www.albayan.ae/five-senses/culture/2015-11-19-1.2509113 — « بدرية أحمد: المسرح فجّر لديّ طاقات لم أتصورها » (Al Bayan).</ref> Sakin tezwi ɣer tiliγẓi; tiggaret-is tamezwarut am ''Shama'' di ussenned ''Al-Mudhi'' (1999) yessawel-as asenfur n tɣawal di tiliγẓi n TGM.<ref>https://www.sayidaty.net/node/1435956 — « في يوم ميلادها.. 10 معلومات عن بدرية أحمد » (Sayidaty).</ref> Ula d win yezga, tettban-d d talɣaṛt n ''Dubai National Theatre'' (Masraḥ Dubayy al-Ahli).<ref>https://www.sayidaty.net/node/1344856 — « مستجدات الحالة الصحية لبدرية أحمد » (Sayidaty).</ref> Badria tziwḍen-d aṭas n tikkal; ɣur-s kra n warrac (kraḍ n yirgazen).<ref>https://sureinfos.com/أزواج-بدرية-أحمد/ — « أزواج بدرية أحمد » (Sureinfos).</ref> Tḥebbut daɣen d wayes n uḍebbal Nawaf Al-Shammari (Qadsia SC); teldi n uḥebbus n 2007, u d-fernen deffir 6 wagguren.<ref>https://www.jordanzad.com/print.php?id=10747 — « بدرية أحمد: أولادي طالبوني بوقف الإغراء .. لكنني رفضت » (JordanZad).</ref><ref>https://www.alanba.com.kw/ar/art-news/21320/03-01-2008-خطوبة-بدرية-احمد-لاعب-نادي-القادسية-لكرة-القدم/ — « خطوبة بدرية أحمد من لاعب نادي القادسية لكرة القدم » (Al Anba’).</ref> Di 15 Mayyu 2018, tḥebbut leḥjab,<ref>http://www.alraimedia.com/Home/Details?id=59f6e2d2-52e6-4150-9abd-9087be88c669 — « بدرية أحمد... تتحجب » (Al Rai Media), 15/05/2018.</ref> sakin tnekkes-t di 31 Tuber 2018 s sebba n tnefrant tusligt d usuter n tbaḍnit.<ref>https://www.sayidaty.net/node/794341 — « بدرية أحمد تخلع الحجاب: لا تسألوني متى وكيف » (Sayidaty), 31/10/2018.</ref> Ttekki-d deg yimecwaṛen usḍifgar imnayen-nniḍen (am Malak n Kuwayt d Marwa Rateb); amgaru n Marwa Rateb yefsex asenfaṛ n usmekti deffir wugur n tesɛiḥit.<ref>https://www.raialyoum.com/بعد-تسريب-السهر-الخاصة-بدرية-أحمد-تُ/ — « بدرية أحمد تُهدد ملاك الكويتية… » (Ra’y Al-Youm), 20/08/2020.</ref><ref>https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/2365773 — « مروة راتب تتنازل عن قضيتها ضد بدرية أحمد » (EremNews).</ref> == Aqbuṭ == Di 2005, tettwaqbed di [[Kuwayt]] s tɛessas n ''tḥazzemt n tkerraḍ''; tettusreɣ s tḍman n 300 dinar. Tini belli iqurayen yettwafen ɣur-s d wid n ussufeɣ n wezzen, ur tseɛqil ara belli deg-sen taɣaṭ n tkerraḍ.<ref>https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/08/02/37395 — « بدرية أحمد: هذه تفاصيل اعتقالي بالكويت بتهمة حيازة مخدرات » (Al Arabiya), 02/08/2007.</ref><ref>https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2007/08/02/98499.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808084622/http://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2007/08/02/98499.html |date=2010-08-08 }} — « ثلاث فنانات خليجيات وراء مؤامرة المخدرات » (Dunia Al-Watan), 02/08/2007.</ref> Tettwasfeḍ ssebba n tuccḍa n tḥerzit deg uqbuṭ d unadi; ''Al Anba’'' yennad-d belli lḥukm n tberri d-yuɣal s tuccḍa deg tigdamin.<ref>https://www.alanba.com.kw/ar/last/46176/25-03-2009-مصدر-قضائي-الحكم-ببراءة-بدرية-احمد-عائد-لخطا-اجراءات-الضبط-والتفتيش/ — « الحكم ببراءة بدرية أحمد عائد لخطأ في إجراءات الضبط والتفتيش » (Al Anba’), 25/03/2009.</ref> Taqbilt n tɣimiyin tettawi-d aṭas n usmuttilen, ula d deffir usuter n usenfel n amekkaz; ''Mahkamat at-Tamyiz'' n Kuwayt tḥebbess seg uqeṛṛu n uɛeqqub ɣef wudem n useqdec d tḥazzemt n iqurayen.<ref>https://www.alaan.cc/article/13064/ — « المحكمة أجّلتها… لاتهامها بقضية تعاطي مخدرات » (Al Aan Online).</ref> == Addad n tseḥḥit == Badria tella tettini belli tettwaffeq ad tḥekkem ɣef [[aḍḍan n teṭṭafsa n tfuct|akraban n tfuĉt]] yettwafen di usenfaṛ; tesɛa ddawya i 7 wagguren, sakin tberri di Tuber 2020 belli tferreḥ-ed.<ref>https://www.emaratalyoum.com/life/four-sides/2020-10-29-1.1415849 — « بالإرادة والأمل نقهر السرطان » (Emarat Al-Youm), 29/10/2020.</ref><ref>https://www.dmi.ae/content/site/theinsider/ar-ae/programs/41/Badreya.html — « The Insider Arabia – تجربة مواجهة السرطان » (DMI).</ref> Di Yennayer 2022, tella tettini belli tɛeddi s tɣert n yixlayen di tifsutin, yeggar cwiṭ n udeggen d uguren n tneffust.<ref>https://www.sayidaty.net/node/1344856 — « مستجدات الحالة الصحية لبدرية أحمد » (Sayidaty), 2022.</ref> == Tifrat n uxeddim == === Isura (sinima) === * 2010: ''Woman of Importance'' * 2010: ''Impossible Motherhood'' * 2010: ''He and I'' * 2010: ''Final Judgment'' == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} == Iseɣẓanen ɣer berra == {{Commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Badriya}} [[Taggayt:Imdanen n Dubaï]] [[Taggayt:Tilawt 1969]] [[Taggayt:Imdanen ieddan]] [[Taggayt:Tameslayin timiratitin]] [[Taggayt:Tameṭṭutin timiratitin n zẓman n 21]] kth0ndyvta655vjvgiudsznd3mexv7w 0 25563 117373 117366 2026-09-16T10:33:11Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Madrid may day375.jpg|vignette|Anay Azeggaɣ d azamul n tnemla.]] '''Tanemla''' (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen. Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw [[Asihri|amsihran]]. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft. == 1. Tabadut d tmiḍranin tigejdanin == Tanemla tebna ɣef kra n yigjda idamsanen d yisertanen: '''Allalen n ufares''' : D tigawin, tiṛmisin, imekwan n uxeddim, akal d dduzan s wacu i d-yettili ufares. Tanemla tettwali d akken allalen-a ilaq ad ilin gar yifassen n yixeddamen s timmad-nsen neɣ ddaw tecḍaṭ n uwanak, maca daɣen tanemla tatrat ur tekkes ara azref ɣef waylu uslig. '''Ayla azduklan''' : Mgal wayla uslig n umarkanti deg yal taɣult, tanemla tebɣa ad yili, xarsum deg kra tɣula wayla d azayez, i wakken lfayda ara d-yeffɣen deg ufares ad tebḍu s teɣdemt ɣef wid akk iqeddcen. '''Amennuɣ n taggayin''' (Amennuɣ n tserkam) : Seg tmuɣli tanemlayt, aladɣa tin n [[Karl Marks]], timetti tebḍa ɣef snat n taggayin tigejdanin: Tamɣda (wid ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i znuzuyen) d Tburjwazit (wid ijemɛen ssɛaya d yidrimen yerna ṭṭfen allalen n ufares). Tanemla tettnadi ad tekkes tamsertit-a akken ad tuɣal tmetti mebla taggayin. == 2. Amezruy n tnemla == === 2.1. Tanemla tamlaladt === Deg tazwara n lqern wis 19, imusnawen imezwura am ''Claude-Henri'' de ''Saint-Simon'', ''Charles Fourier'' deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], d ''Robert Owen'' deg [[Tagelda Yedduklen|Taglda Yedduklen]], walan lbaṭel ameqqran i d-yewwi unagraw amsihran: arrac meẓẓiyen xeddmen deg lminat, leɛtab mebla leḥsab, d lḥif n twaculin timahalin. Nutni sumren-d timetti yebnan ɣef tdukli, tiwizi, d tinmirag anda ulac ammud ɣef medden. Maca tiktiwin-nsen qqimen-t d targit (d ayen iwumi isemma [[Karl Marks|Marks]] tanemla tamlaladt neɣ "''utopique''"), acku ur sbinen ara amek ara yettwakkes udabu seg yifassen n wid t-iṭṭfen. === 2.2. Tanemla tussnant d tmarksist === Deg tallit n 1848, [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]] zmel-d adlis-nsen mucaɛen '''Alɣu n Ukabar Azduklan'''. Marx yesbadu-d ayen iwumi isemma Tanemla tussnant. Deg tezrawt-ines n udlis Ihri(Das Kapital), Marks yessekna-d d akken: Amzruy ur ibedd ara ɣef tirga, maca ibedd ɣef wayen yellan d tangawant tamezrayt. [[Asihri]] yesɛa deg daxel-is timentilin n uɣelluy-is: imsihranen tteksen azref n wazal amernay (plus-value) i yimahalen. I wakken ad tekkes ammud-a ademsan, tamɣda ilaq ad teg tagrawla, ad teṭṭef adabu, sakin ad tebnu tanemla alamma tewweḍ ɣer tmetti mebla taggayin(tiserkam) d mebla awanak: [[Tazdukla]]. == 2.3. Tagrawla n Tuber d tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ == Deg useggas n 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] d ukabar abulcuvi gan tagrawla deg [[Rusya|Rrusya]], sbedden-d Awanak amezwaru yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tinemlayin: Tiddukla Tasuvyitit (URSS). Deg tallit n [[Jozef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], anagraw-a yuɣal d anagraw asedyan yerna d asnaraf ('''tadiktaturt'''), anda akk tdamsa tettwaweddeb s ddaw tecḍaḍt talemmast n uwanak, ayen i d-yewwin amgired ameqqran gar tnemla tagdudant d tnemla tastalinit. Deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ, amaḍal yebḍa ɣef sin: tama tutrimt tamezdayt s ddaw ufus n Marikan d usihri, d tama tasuvyitit yeddan d unagraw n tnemla d tezdukla. === 2.4. Tanemla deg Tefriqt d Lezzayer === Mi d-tewweḍ tlelli n tmura n Tefriqt deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960, aṭas n yimeɣnasen i ifernen abrid n tnemla akken ad kksen azaglu n temharsa d usihri. Gar-asen: Kwame Nkrumah deg [[Ɣana]], Julius Nyerere deg Tanzapeya (s tikti n Ujamaa). Deg Lezzayer, seld asaḍuf n timmunent deg 1962, awanak afransi yeǧǧa tamurt deg tegnit taxsart. Ahmed Ben Bella sakin Houari Boumédiène ddukklen d tnemla taɣelnawt. Sbedden-d afrekman (autogestion) deg yigran d teṛmistin i d-ǧǧan yirumyen, sakin rran akk lpitṛul, lgaz, d lebnakat d ayla n uwanak deg 1971. Deg tmetti taqbaylit tansayt, llan yidisan n tdukli d tmetti am twizi, tajmaɛt, d lmecmel (alka n uzayez), i ɣef d-nnan aṭas n yimusnawen d akken d yiwet n talɣa tansayt n tnemla uqbel ad d-yaweḍ usihri amaynut. 770hkw69tdbj261nnfd8tla3hzrdak7 0 25565 117367 117364 2026-09-15T12:22:45Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:1515 Third Street.jpg|vignette|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]] '''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API. == 1. Talalit n OpenAI == OpenAI tettwasnulfa-d deg 2015 am tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt (nonprofit). Seg tazwara, tuddsa-a tefka iman-is yiwen n yiswi ɣezzifen: asnerni n tigzi taragmawant s wudem ara d-yawin abaɣur i yimdanen merra, ladɣa ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit-a ɣer uswir n '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut'''. Tamiḍrant-a tettak azal i wugur ameqqran: ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant uɣalen sɛan tazmert meqqren, ilaq tazmert-nsen ur tettwakerrez ara kan deg ufus n kra n yimdanen, n tiṛmisin neɣ n tmura, maca ad tettwaseqdac i lfayda tamatut. Deg 2019, OpenAI tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad d-tawi idrimen, imdanen d tazmert n usiḍen i ilaqen i usnerni n yimudam imeqqranen. Aferdis-a yella ddaw n leḥkem n tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. == 2. D acu-tt tigzi taragmawant? == Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult n tussna d tetiknulujit i yesnernayen inagrawen n tmacint i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen s umata kra n tzemmar n tigzi: tegzi n tutlayt, tifrat n wuguren, asuddes n yisefka, tira n yiḍrisen, asnulfu n tugniwin, asihel, neɣ tuddma n kra n yimektayen seg yisefka. Ur ilaq ara, ad nefhem awal tigzi dagi amzun tamacint tesɛa iman, iḥulfan neɣ tamuɣli n umaḍal am umdan. Imudam n tura d inagrawen n uiḍen i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka yerna xeddmen s yimenzayen n tussna n uselmed n tmacint. OpenAI tettadi ladɣa deg yimudam imuqqranen(frontier), asuddes d tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen i izemren ad gzun ugar n yiwen n wanaw n yisefka (multimodal systems), akked wamek ara yettwaseqdec AI s tɣellist. == 3. Tigzi taragmawant tamatut — AGI == Iswi ɣezzifen n OpenAI yeqqen ɣer wayen i semman ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'', i nezmer ad d-nini s teqbaylit tigzi taragmawant tamatut. OpenAI tesbadut AGI am inagrawen s timmad-nsen i izemren ad ɣelben imdanen deg tuget n twuriwin yesɛan azal adamsan. Tamiḍrant n tamatut d tagejdant. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yili igerraz deg yiwet n twuri kan; AGI, ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit ɣer din, ilaq ad tesɛu tazmert wessiɛen: ad tegzu uguren yemgaraden, ad tesdukkel tamusni seg waṭas n taɣulin, ad tesseqdec ayen telmed deg tegnatin timaynutin, yerna ad tefru uguren ur nettwaselmed ara fell-asen s talɣa tusridt. OpenAI tettwali AGI am iswi n wakud ɣezzifen, maca akud ilaqen akken ad naweḍ ɣer AGI mazal ur yettwassen ara. == 4. Imudam GPT == Gar yisenfaren i d-yerran OpenAI tettwassen deg umaḍal llan imudam GPT — ''Generative Pre-trained Transformer''. Imudam-a d inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. S uselmed-a, zemren ad gzun asiḍen n tutlayt, ad d-snulfun iḍrisen, ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad frun uguren, ad ɛiwnen deg usihel, yerna imudam imaynuten zemren ad xedmen akked yiḍrisen, tugniwin d wanawen-nniḍen n yisefka. OpenAI teskanay tawacult GPT am inagrawen i izemren ad gzun asiḍen, ad d-snulfun agbur yerna ad xedmen tifrat n wuguren deg waṭas n yimeslayen n yisefka. Anamek n azarsileɣ(pre-trained) d akken amudam yettwaselmad uqbel ad yettwaseqdec deg udiwenni. Turriwt(Generative), ma d nettat, temmal-d tazmert-is n usnulfu n ugemmuḍ am yiḍrisen neɣ tangalt n useɣẓan. b8w8u49ungwivadfdpls9ki7hrkb6fr 117369 117367 2026-09-15T14:32:14Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117369 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:1515 Third Street.jpg|vignette|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]] '''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API. == 1. Talalit n OpenAI == OpenAI tettwasnulfa-d deg 2015 am tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt (nonprofit). Seg tazwara, tuddsa-a tefka iman-is yiwen n yiswi ɣezzifen: asnerni n tigzi taragmawant s wudem ara d-yawin abaɣur i yimdanen merra, ladɣa ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit-a ɣer uswir n '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut'''. Tamiḍrant-a tettak azal i wugur ameqqran: ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant uɣalen sɛan tazmert meqqren, ilaq tazmert-nsen ur tettwakerrez ara kan deg ufus n kra n yimdanen, n tiṛmisin neɣ n tmura, maca ad tettwaseqdac i lfayda tamatut. Deg 2019, OpenAI tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad d-tawi idrimen, imdanen d tazmert n usiḍen i ilaqen i usnerni n yimudam imeqqranen. Aferdis-a yella ddaw n leḥkem n tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. == 2. D acu-tt tigzi taragmawant? == Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult n tussna d tetiknulujit i yesnernayen inagrawen n tmacint i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen s umata kra n tzemmar n tigzi: tegzi n tutlayt, tifrat n wuguren, asuddes n yisefka, tira n yiḍrisen, asnulfu n tugniwin, asihel, neɣ tuddma n kra n yimektayen seg yisefka. Ur ilaq ara, ad nefhem awal tigzi dagi amzun tamacint tesɛa iman, iḥulfan neɣ tamuɣli n umaḍal am umdan. Imudam n tura d inagrawen n uiḍen i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka yerna xeddmen s yimenzayen n tussna n uselmed n tmacint. OpenAI tettadi ladɣa deg yimudam imuqqranen(frontier), asuddes d tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen i izemren ad gzun ugar n yiwen n wanaw n yisefka (multimodal systems), akked wamek ara yettwaseqdec AI s tɣellist. == 3. Tigzi taragmawant tamatut — AGI == Iswi ɣezzifen n OpenAI yeqqen ɣer wayen i semman ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'', i nezmer ad d-nini s teqbaylit tigzi taragmawant tamatut. OpenAI tesbadut AGI am inagrawen s timmad-nsen i izemren ad ɣelben imdanen deg tuget n twuriwin yesɛan azal adamsan. Tamiḍrant n tamatut d tagejdant. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yili igerraz deg yiwet n twuri kan; AGI, ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit ɣer din, ilaq ad tesɛu tazmert wessiɛen: ad tegzu uguren yemgaraden, ad tesdukkel tamusni seg waṭas n taɣulin, ad tesseqdec ayen telmed deg tegnatin timaynutin, yerna ad tefru uguren ur nettwaselmed ara fell-asen s talɣa tusridt. OpenAI tettwali AGI am iswi n wakud ɣezzifen, maca akud ilaqen akken ad naweḍ ɣer AGI mazal ur yettwassen ara. == 4. Imudam GPT == Gar yisenfaren i d-yerran OpenAI tettwassen deg umaḍal llan imudam GPT — ''Generative Pre-trained Transformer''. Imudam-a d inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. S uselmed-a, zemren ad gzun asiḍen n tutlayt, ad d-snulfun iḍrisen, ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad frun uguren, ad ɛiwnen deg usihel, yerna imudam imaynuten zemren ad xedmen akked yiḍrisen, tugniwin d wanawen-nniḍen n yisefka. OpenAI teskanay tawacult GPT am inagrawen i izemren ad gzun asiḍen, ad d-snulfun agbur yerna ad xedmen tifrat n wuguren deg waṭas n yimeslayen n yisefka. Anamek n azarsileɣ(pre-trained) d akken amudam yettwaselmad uqbel ad yettwaseqdec deg udiwenni. Turriwt(Generative), ma d nettat, temmal-d tazmert-is n usnulfu n ugemmuḍ am yiḍrisen neɣ tangalt n useɣẓan. == 5. ChatGPT == ChatGPT d afaris agejdan n OpenAI i yiseqdacen. D agrudem n udiwenni i yettaǧǧan amdan ad yesseqdec imudam n tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am ufaris-is agejdan i yiseqdacen. Aseqdac yezmer ad yesteqsi, ad yessuter asegzi, ad yaru neɣ ad iseɣti aḍris, ad yesseqdec tasleḍt, ad yelmed tamiḍrant n tussna, ad yessuter tallelt deg usihel, neɣ ad ixdem ɣef yisefka d yisemliyen. Azal n ChatGPT deg umezruy n tigzi taragmawant d ameqqran acku yessekcem imudam n tutlayt ɣer useqdec n yal ass. Deg umḍiq anda tigzi taragmawant tella tettwassen ladɣa deg tesdawiyin, tanaremt d tkebbaniyin n tetiknulujit, agrudem n udiwenni yerra-tt d allal i yezmer ad yesseqdec umdan s tutlayt-is. == 6. Codex d usihel == Taɣult-nniḍen i deg tesseqdac OpenAI tigzi taragmawant s waṭas d asihel. '''Codex''' d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant i yellan i uxeddim ɣef tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan. Yezmer ad yegzu tangalt yellan, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad ibeddel taneɣruft n usenfar, ad yernu timahilin timaynutin, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin n usihel seg tazwara ar taggara. Anect-a yeskanay abeddel meqqren deg useqdec n tigzi taragmawant: seg unagraw i d-yettarra kan ɣef yisteqsiyen ɣer umeggi n tigzi taragmawant (AI agent) i izemren ad yesseqdec allalen, ad ixdem ddeqs n yimahilen yerna ad ikemmel ɣer yiswi i as-yettunefken. hjheb0jdgeee6ocx82g7ughetc8ws44 0 25566 117370 117365 2026-09-15T19:55:11Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]] '''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III. == 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is == Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''. Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda. == 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda == Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma. Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya. Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad. == 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr == Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias. Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad. Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan. Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa. == 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit == '''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt. Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad. Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma. Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. 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'''Merci de partager ces informations avec votre communauté.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15 Ctember 2026 à 12:58 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> c0ai1knnkeq813si65qtswhafug5r05