Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 25563 117376 117373 2026-09-17T10:17:24Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Madrid may day375.jpg|vignette|Anay Azeggaɣ d azamul n tnemla.]] '''Tanemla''' (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen. Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw [[Asihri|amsihran]]. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft. == 1. Tabadut d tmiḍranin tigejdanin == Tanemla tebna ɣef kra n yigjda idamsanen d yisertanen: '''Allalen n ufares''' : D tigawin, tiṛmisin, imekwan n uxeddim, akal d dduzan s wacu i d-yettili ufares. Tanemla tettwali d akken allalen-a ilaq ad ilin gar yifassen n yixeddamen s timmad-nsen neɣ ddaw tecḍaṭ n uwanak, maca daɣen tanemla tatrat ur tekkes ara azref ɣef waylu uslig. '''Ayla azduklan''' : Mgal wayla uslig n umarkanti deg yal taɣult, tanemla tebɣa ad yili, xarsum deg kra tɣula wayla d azayez, i wakken lfayda ara d-yeffɣen deg ufares ad tebḍu s teɣdemt ɣef wid akk iqeddcen. '''Amennuɣ n taggayin''' (Amennuɣ n tserkam) : Seg tmuɣli tanemlayt, aladɣa tin n [[Karl Marks]], timetti tebḍa ɣef snat n taggayin tigejdanin: Tamɣda (wid ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i znuzuyen) d Tburjwazit (wid ijemɛen ssɛaya d yidrimen yerna ṭṭfen allalen n ufares). Tanemla tettnadi ad tekkes tamsertit-a akken ad tuɣal tmetti mebla taggayin. == 2. Amezruy n tnemla == === 2.1. Tanemla tamlaladt === Deg tazwara n lqern wis 19, imusnawen imezwura am ''Claude-Henri'' de ''Saint-Simon'', ''Charles Fourier'' deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], d ''Robert Owen'' deg [[Tagelda Yedduklen|Taglda Yedduklen]], walan lbaṭel ameqqran i d-yewwi unagraw amsihran: arrac meẓẓiyen xeddmen deg lminat, leɛtab mebla leḥsab, d lḥif n twaculin timahalin. Nutni sumren-d timetti yebnan ɣef tdukli, tiwizi, d tinmirag anda ulac ammud ɣef medden. Maca tiktiwin-nsen qqimen-t d targit (d ayen iwumi isemma [[Karl Marks|Marks]] tanemla tamlaladt neɣ "''utopique''"), acku ur sbinen ara amek ara yettwakkes udabu seg yifassen n wid t-iṭṭfen. === 2.2. Tanemla tussnant d tmarksist === Deg tallit n 1848, [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]] zmel-d adlis-nsen mucaɛen '''Alɣu n Ukabar Azduklan'''. Marx yesbadu-d ayen iwumi isemma Tanemla tussnant. Deg tezrawt-ines n udlis Ihri(Das Kapital), Marks yessekna-d d akken: Amzruy ur ibedd ara ɣef tirga, maca ibedd ɣef wayen yellan d tangawant tamezrayt. [[Asihri]] yesɛa deg daxel-is timentilin n uɣelluy-is: imsihranen tteksen azref n wazal amernay (plus-value) i yimahalen. I wakken ad tekkes ammud-a ademsan, tamɣda ilaq ad teg tagrawla, ad teṭṭef adabu, sakin ad tebnu tanemla alamma tewweḍ ɣer tmetti mebla taggayin(tiserkam) d mebla awanak: [[Tazdukla]]. == 2.3. Tagrawla n Tuber d tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ == Deg useggas n 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] d ukabar abulcuvi gan tagrawla deg [[Rusya|Rrusya]], sbedden-d Awanak amezwaru yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tinemlayin: Tiddukla Tasuvyitit (URSS). Deg tallit n [[Jozef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], anagraw-a yuɣal d anagraw asedyan yerna d asnaraf ('''tadiktaturt'''), anda akk tdamsa tettwaweddeb s ddaw tecḍaḍt talemmast n uwanak, ayen i d-yewwin amgired ameqqran gar tnemla tagdudant d tnemla tastalinit. Deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ, amaḍal yebḍa ɣef sin: tama tutrimt tamezdayt s ddaw ufus n Marikan d usihri, d tama tasuvyitit yeddan d unagraw n tnemla d tezdukla. === 2.4. Tanemla deg Tefriqt d Lezzayer === Mi d-tewweḍ tlelli n tmura n Tefriqt deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960, aṭas n yimeɣnasen i ifernen abrid n tnemla akken ad kksen azaglu n temharsa d usihri. Gar-asen: Kwame Nkrumah deg [[Ɣana]], Julius Nyerere deg Tanzapeya (s tikti n Ujamaa). Deg Lezzayer, seld asaḍuf n timmunent deg 1962, awanak afransi yeǧǧa tamurt deg tegnit taxsart. Ahmed Ben Bella sakin Houari Boumédiène ddukklen d tnemla taɣelnawt. Sbedden-d afrekman (autogestion) deg yigran d teṛmistin i d-ǧǧan yirumyen, sakin rran akk lpitṛul, lgaz, d lebnakat d ayla n uwanak deg 1971. Deg tmetti taqbaylit tansayt, llan yidisan n tdukli d tmetti am twizi, tajmaɛt, d lmecmel (alka n uzayez), i ɣef d-nnan aṭas n yimusnawen d akken d yiwet n talɣa tansayt n tnemla uqbel ad d-yaweḍ usihri amaynut. == 3. Tiferkitin d yibridan n tnemla == Tanemla tebḍa ɣef ddeqs n tsurifin d tsertiyin, yal yiwet amek tettwali abrid ɣer teɣdemt: === 3.1. Tazdukla (Tamarksist-Talinit) === Tettwali d akken asihri ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel s usuter neɣ s leɛqel; ilaq tagrawla n ufus akken ad yettwahdem unagraw aqbur. Tettas-d sakin tallit n tsnareft n tmɣda anda awanak iḥekkem deg kullec akken ad yegdel aɛiwed n uqewwem n tburjwazit. === 3.2. anmetti n tugdudt === Tettwassen aṭas deg tmura n Ugafa n Turuft (am Sswid, Norvij, Danmaṛk). Abrid-a ur yebɣi ara ad ihudd asihri s tegrawla, maca yebɣa ad t-yesseddi s yisuḍaf: Aseḥbiber ɣef uzref n teṛmist tussligt, maca s lexlaṣ unnig n tebzert ɣef wid yesɛan aṭas n tnezzut d yidrimen. Afran n uwanak amḥadi (''État-providence'') i d-yettaken baṭel aselmed, tadawsa, d tallelt i yixeddamen d yigellilen. === 3.3. Tanemla tamegdayt === D tasnakta i d-yeqqaren d akken tugdut d tnemla d ta d ta: ur tezmir ara ad tili tugdut n tidet ma yella usihri iḥkem deg yal taɣult n tudert, yerna ur tezmir ara ad tili tnemla n tidet mebla ma llant tilelliyin timagdayin (tilelli n umeslay, afran ilelli, amgared n yikabaren). === 3.4. Tawernaḍt tanemlayt === Sɣur imusnawen am ''Mikhail Bakunin'' d ''Pierre-Joseph Proudhon'', iberdan-a ugin adabu n uwanak s timmad-is. Ttwalin d akken awanak—ama d amsihran neɣ d anmetti—d allal n lbaṭel. Nutni ssuturen timetti anda allalen n ufares llan deg yifassen n tuddsiwin tilelliyin n yimahalen (inmula d tdukliwin tinaramin) mebla lḥakem. 2s6kp8u3ynlej9nw0a5qv9llydeezvn 0 25565 117374 117369 2026-09-16T13:25:25Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:1515 Third Street.jpg|vignette|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]] '''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API. == 1. Talalit n OpenAI == OpenAI tettwasnulfa-d deg 2015 am tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt (nonprofit). Seg tazwara, tuddsa-a tefka iman-is yiwen n yiswi ɣezzifen: asnerni n tigzi taragmawant s wudem ara d-yawin abaɣur i yimdanen merra, ladɣa ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit-a ɣer uswir n '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut'''. Tamiḍrant-a tettak azal i wugur ameqqran: ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant uɣalen sɛan tazmert meqqren, ilaq tazmert-nsen ur tettwakerrez ara kan deg ufus n kra n yimdanen, n tiṛmisin neɣ n tmura, maca ad tettwaseqdac i lfayda tamatut. Deg 2019, OpenAI tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad d-tawi idrimen, imdanen d tazmert n usiḍen i ilaqen i usnerni n yimudam imeqqranen. Aferdis-a yella ddaw n leḥkem n tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. == 2. D acu-tt tigzi taragmawant? == Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult n tussna d tetiknulujit i yesnernayen inagrawen n tmacint i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen s umata kra n tzemmar n tigzi: tegzi n tutlayt, tifrat n wuguren, asuddes n yisefka, tira n yiḍrisen, asnulfu n tugniwin, asihel, neɣ tuddma n kra n yimektayen seg yisefka. Ur ilaq ara, ad nefhem awal tigzi dagi amzun tamacint tesɛa iman, iḥulfan neɣ tamuɣli n umaḍal am umdan. Imudam n tura d inagrawen n uiḍen i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka yerna xeddmen s yimenzayen n tussna n uselmed n tmacint. OpenAI tettadi ladɣa deg yimudam imuqqranen(frontier), asuddes d tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen i izemren ad gzun ugar n yiwen n wanaw n yisefka (multimodal systems), akked wamek ara yettwaseqdec AI s tɣellist. == 3. Tigzi taragmawant tamatut — AGI == Iswi ɣezzifen n OpenAI yeqqen ɣer wayen i semman ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'', i nezmer ad d-nini s teqbaylit tigzi taragmawant tamatut. OpenAI tesbadut AGI am inagrawen s timmad-nsen i izemren ad ɣelben imdanen deg tuget n twuriwin yesɛan azal adamsan. Tamiḍrant n tamatut d tagejdant. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yili igerraz deg yiwet n twuri kan; AGI, ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit ɣer din, ilaq ad tesɛu tazmert wessiɛen: ad tegzu uguren yemgaraden, ad tesdukkel tamusni seg waṭas n taɣulin, ad tesseqdec ayen telmed deg tegnatin timaynutin, yerna ad tefru uguren ur nettwaselmed ara fell-asen s talɣa tusridt. OpenAI tettwali AGI am iswi n wakud ɣezzifen, maca akud ilaqen akken ad naweḍ ɣer AGI mazal ur yettwassen ara. == 4. Imudam GPT == Gar yisenfaren i d-yerran OpenAI tettwassen deg umaḍal llan imudam GPT — ''Generative Pre-trained Transformer''. Imudam-a d inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. S uselmed-a, zemren ad gzun asiḍen n tutlayt, ad d-snulfun iḍrisen, ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad frun uguren, ad ɛiwnen deg usihel, yerna imudam imaynuten zemren ad xedmen akked yiḍrisen, tugniwin d wanawen-nniḍen n yisefka. OpenAI teskanay tawacult GPT am inagrawen i izemren ad gzun asiḍen, ad d-snulfun agbur yerna ad xedmen tifrat n wuguren deg waṭas n yimeslayen n yisefka. Anamek n azarsileɣ(pre-trained) d akken amudam yettwaselmad uqbel ad yettwaseqdec deg udiwenni. Turriwt(Generative), ma d nettat, temmal-d tazmert-is n usnulfu n ugemmuḍ am yiḍrisen neɣ tangalt n useɣẓan. == 5. ChatGPT == ChatGPT d afaris agejdan n OpenAI i yiseqdacen. D agrudem n udiwenni i yettaǧǧan amdan ad yesseqdec imudam n tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am ufaris-is agejdan i yiseqdacen. Aseqdac yezmer ad yesteqsi, ad yessuter asegzi, ad yaru neɣ ad iseɣti aḍris, ad yesseqdec tasleḍt, ad yelmed tamiḍrant n tussna, ad yessuter tallelt deg usihel, neɣ ad ixdem ɣef yisefka d yisemliyen. Azal n ChatGPT deg umezruy n tigzi taragmawant d ameqqran acku yessekcem imudam n tutlayt ɣer useqdec n yal ass. Deg umḍiq anda tigzi taragmawant tella tettwassen ladɣa deg tesdawiyin, tanaremt d tkebbaniyin n tetiknulujit, agrudem n udiwenni yerra-tt d allal i yezmer ad yesseqdec umdan s tutlayt-is. == 6. Codex d usihel == Taɣult-nniḍen i deg tesseqdac OpenAI tigzi taragmawant s waṭas d asihel. '''Codex''' d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant i yellan i uxeddim ɣef tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan. Yezmer ad yegzu tangalt yellan, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad ibeddel taneɣruft n usenfar, ad yernu timahilin timaynutin, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin n usihel seg tazwara ar taggara. Anect-a yeskanay abeddel meqqren deg useqdec n tigzi taragmawant: seg unagraw i d-yettarra kan ɣef yisteqsiyen ɣer umeggi n tigzi taragmawant (AI agent) i izemren ad yesseqdec allalen, ad ixdem ddeqs n yimahilen yerna ad ikemmel ɣer yiswi i as-yettunefken. == 7. Anadi deg OpenAI == OpenAI mačči d taṛmist n yifarisen kan. Anadi yezga d yiwen seg yiḥricen-is igejdanen. Taṛmist txeddem ɣef usnerni n yimudam n tigzi taragmawant, tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen wagutamudem(multimodal), tɣellist, akked useqdec n yimudam s wudem ara yilin d abaɣur i yimdanen. Yiwet seg tmuɣliwin timeqqranin d aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant deg unadi ussnan. Deg tiɣula am tusnakt, tussna, asihel d tesleḍt n yisefka, anagraw yezmer ad yuɣal d allal ara iɛiwnen imnadiyen deg usnulfu n turdiwin, tifrat n wuguren d useɣiwel n unadi. == 8. Taɣellist d umṣada == Mi ara tettnerni tazmert n tigzi taragmawant, yettnerni daɣen wazal n tɣellist. Anagraw yesɛan tazmert meqqren yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur, maca yezmer daɣen ad d-yawi uguren ma yella ixdem tuccḍiwin, ma yettwaseqdec i wayen n diri, neɣ ma yella tikli-s ur temṣada ara akked wayen i yebɣa umdan. Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tamiḍrant n "''alignment"'', i d-yemmalen s umata amṣada n tikli n unagraw n tigzi taragmawant akked yiswan d tɣellist i d-yefka umdan. '''''OpenAI Charter''''' yesseḥbibber ɣef sin yimenzayen meqqren: ad yettwabḍu ubaɣur n AGI s wudem wessiɛen, yerna ad yettwaseḥbiber ɣef tɣellist n wakud ɣezzifen. == 9. Taneɣruft n OpenAI == Taneɣruft n OpenAI tbeddel s wakud. OpenAI tebda deg 2015 d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Deg 2019, tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tesnerni anadi d usnas-is. Deg 28 Tubber 2025, tettwasekna-d taneɣruft tamaynut: tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt tuɣal tettusemma ''OpenAI Foundation''; aferdis n tedrimt yuɣal d ''OpenAI Group PBC'', anamek-is d ''Public Benefit Corporation''; ''OpenAI Foundation'' teqqim tettḥekkim deg ''OpenAI Group''. OpenAI Foundation tesɛa 26% n iḥricen deg ''OpenAI Group''. Microsoft, deg tallit n useggem n taneɣruft, tesɛa azal n 27%, ma d 47% i d-yeqqimen sɛan-t ixeddamen n tura d wid yezrin akked yimendaden-nniḍen. Taneɣruft-a tebɣa ad tesdukkel iswi n OpenAI akked tezmert-is ad d-tawi idrimen imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧ unadi n tigzi taragmawant. fhnmr57tsekz5fyao3flt2cws69nmy6 0 25566 117375 117370 2026-09-16T18:41:32Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]] '''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III. == 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is == Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''. Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda. == 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda == Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma. Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya. Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad. == 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr == Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias. Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad. Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan. Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa. == 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit == [[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]] '''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt. Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad. Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma. Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda. == 5. Tasertit-is tagensant == [[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]] Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma. Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit. Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda. ''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223. Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin. == 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa == Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda. Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt. Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen. Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen. == 7. Aliksandr d Senatus == Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus. Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is. Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit. Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem. 825ibe4l4pxieoj1cky9fynb3ub4qbi