Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE

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    <title>Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</title>
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        <username>روتانا</username>
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      <comment>روتانا yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine Bentayfaste]] ar [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] : Page automatiquement déplacée lors du renommage de l’utilisateur « [[Special:CentralAuth/Lhoussine Bentayfaste|Lhoussine Bentayfaste]] » en « [[Special:CentralAuth/Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE|Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] »</comment>
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      <text bytes="49" sha1="bp75qu2x3fhgxa0jb04hl69wnz88zy1" xml:space="preserve">* [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine AIT TAYFST/Flow]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Trajan</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="8782" sha1="h7eoanax3utflmn6pmfp49na6d102tk" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]{{Infobox biography|image=[[File:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|thumb|Head of Roman emperor Trajan from a statue.]]|caption=Amenkad Trajan.|date of birth=18 Ctember 53|nationality=Aṛumi|date of death=Ɣuct 117}}
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
[[Tugna:Perge - Trajan.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Trajan s wudem aserdas.]]
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna [[Nerva]] yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, [[Nerva]] yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usmemmi, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:
[[Tugna:Trajan's Column HD.jpg|vignette|299x299px|Tigejdit n Trajan]]
'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.

== Tasertit-is ==
Trajan yella d amenkad i yefkan azal ameqqran i ugdud. Yesseɣzef asuddes n wučči baṭel i yigellilen n Ṛuma, yerna yesnerni asuddes n «alimenta», i d-yettaken idrimen i yigerdan igellilen deg tmura n Ṭelyan.

Yefka azal ameqqran i tsertit n yimukan. Yura aṭas n tebratin i yinemhalen n tmnaḍin, am ''Pliny Ameẓyan'', i yellan d anemhal n tmurt n ''Bithynia''. Tibratin-agi, yettwassnen s yisem n «Epistulae», d tiɣbula timeqqranin i uselmed n tsertit tarumanit.

Trajan yella daɣen d amenkad i yefkan azal i tlelli n usqamu n Sina. Ur yella ara d amenkad aɣrudan am [[Dumisyan]]; yella yettqadar isqamuyen, yerna yefka-asen tazmert akken ad xedmen axeddim-nsen.

Deg wayen yeɛnan imasiḥiyen, Trajan yura tabrat i ''Pliny Ameẓyan'' ideg as-d-yenna belli ur ilaq ara ad yettnadi ɣef yimasiḥiyen s timmad-is, maca ma yella yiwen yettwaḥkem fell-as, ilaq ad yettwaɛaqeb. Tabrat-agi tella d tazwart i tsertit n Ṛuma mgal n yimasiḥiyen.

== Tameddurt-is Tusligt ==
Trajan yezweǧ d ''Pompeia Plotina'', tameṭṭut yettwassnen s tegzi-s d tmusni-s. Ur sɛin ara arraw, d ayen i d-yerran Trajan ad yefren [[Hadriyan]] d mmi-s usmemmi.

Trajan yettwassen daɣen s leḥmala-ines i waddal d yimenɣiyen. Yella iḥemmel ad yegmer, yerna yella iḥemmel ad yeddu d yiserdasen-is deg yimenɣiyen. Ur yelli ara d amenkad i yeqqimen deg usalay-is; yella yetteddu d yiserdasen, yettečč yid-sen, yettidir tudert-nsen.

== Tamettant-is d Wayen i d-Yeǧǧa ==
[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan.]]
Trajan yemmut deg useggas n 117 deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia''. Yella yuḍen, yerna yemmut mi yella yettuɣal seg umennuɣ n ''Parthia''. Deffir-s, [[Hadriyan]] yuɣal d amenkad.

[[Hadriyan]] yerra-as tajmilt tameqqrant i Trajan. Yerra-t d «Optimus Princeps», lmeɛna-s «Amenkad Amellay Akk». Asqamu n Ṛuma yerra-t d ayuc(illu), yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden yettwaɛebden deffir tmettant-nsen.

=== Ayen i d-yeǧǧa Trajan deg umezruy d ameqqran: ===
Yesseɣzef Tmurt n Ṛuma ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk.

Yebna aṭas n yibennayen i mazal-iten ar ass-a.

Yefka amedya n umenkad amellay, i yeqqaren s leḥmala d teɣdemt.

Yesnerni tadamsa n Tmurt n Ṛuma s wayen i d-yewwi seg yimenɣiyen.

Yefka azal i tsertit n yimukan(timnaḍin) d tlelli n ugdud.

== Tagrayt ==
Trajan yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen akk deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Tameddurt-is d amedya n umenkad i yexedmen i ugdud-is, i yebnan, i yemnuɣen, yerna i yefkan azal i teɣdemt d tlelli. Deg tallit-is, Tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant, yerna ibennayen-is mazal-iten d inagan n tmeqqranit n tallit-nni. Isem-is yeqqim deg umezruy d azamul n udabu amellay d yimenɣiyen imeqqranen.</text>
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      <text bytes="8740" sha1="8niv740pvy4eqxfxca2lokp0wij4yx3" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]{{Infobox biography|image=[[File:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg | 250px]]|caption=Amenkad Trajan.|date of birth=18 Ctember 53|nationality=Aṛumi|date of death=Ɣuct 117}}
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
[[Tugna:Perge - Trajan.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Trajan s wudem aserdas.]]
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna [[Nerva]] yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, [[Nerva]] yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usmemmi, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:
[[Tugna:Trajan's Column HD.jpg|vignette|299x299px|Tigejdit n Trajan]]
'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.

== Tasertit-is ==
Trajan yella d amenkad i yefkan azal ameqqran i ugdud. Yesseɣzef asuddes n wučči baṭel i yigellilen n Ṛuma, yerna yesnerni asuddes n «alimenta», i d-yettaken idrimen i yigerdan igellilen deg tmura n Ṭelyan.

Yefka azal ameqqran i tsertit n yimukan. Yura aṭas n tebratin i yinemhalen n tmnaḍin, am ''Pliny Ameẓyan'', i yellan d anemhal n tmurt n ''Bithynia''. Tibratin-agi, yettwassnen s yisem n «Epistulae», d tiɣbula timeqqranin i uselmed n tsertit tarumanit.

Trajan yella daɣen d amenkad i yefkan azal i tlelli n usqamu n Sina. Ur yella ara d amenkad aɣrudan am [[Dumisyan]]; yella yettqadar isqamuyen, yerna yefka-asen tazmert akken ad xedmen axeddim-nsen.

Deg wayen yeɛnan imasiḥiyen, Trajan yura tabrat i ''Pliny Ameẓyan'' ideg as-d-yenna belli ur ilaq ara ad yettnadi ɣef yimasiḥiyen s timmad-is, maca ma yella yiwen yettwaḥkem fell-as, ilaq ad yettwaɛaqeb. Tabrat-agi tella d tazwart i tsertit n Ṛuma mgal n yimasiḥiyen.

== Tameddurt-is Tusligt ==
Trajan yezweǧ d ''Pompeia Plotina'', tameṭṭut yettwassnen s tegzi-s d tmusni-s. Ur sɛin ara arraw, d ayen i d-yerran Trajan ad yefren [[Hadriyan]] d mmi-s usmemmi.

Trajan yettwassen daɣen s leḥmala-ines i waddal d yimenɣiyen. Yella iḥemmel ad yegmer, yerna yella iḥemmel ad yeddu d yiserdasen-is deg yimenɣiyen. Ur yelli ara d amenkad i yeqqimen deg usalay-is; yella yetteddu d yiserdasen, yettečč yid-sen, yettidir tudert-nsen.

== Tamettant-is d Wayen i d-Yeǧǧa ==
[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan.]]
Trajan yemmut deg useggas n 117 deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia''. Yella yuḍen, yerna yemmut mi yella yettuɣal seg umennuɣ n ''Parthia''. Deffir-s, [[Hadriyan]] yuɣal d amenkad.

[[Hadriyan]] yerra-as tajmilt tameqqrant i Trajan. Yerra-t d «Optimus Princeps», lmeɛna-s «Amenkad Amellay Akk». Asqamu n Ṛuma yerra-t d ayuc(illu), yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden yettwaɛebden deffir tmettant-nsen.

=== Ayen i d-yeǧǧa Trajan deg umezruy d ameqqran: ===
Yesseɣzef Tmurt n Ṛuma ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk.

Yebna aṭas n yibennayen i mazal-iten ar ass-a.

Yefka amedya n umenkad amellay, i yeqqaren s leḥmala d teɣdemt.

Yesnerni tadamsa n Tmurt n Ṛuma s wayen i d-yewwi seg yimenɣiyen.

Yefka azal i tsertit n yimukan(timnaḍin) d tlelli n ugdud.

== Tagrayt ==
Trajan yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen akk deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Tameddurt-is d amedya n umenkad i yexedmen i ugdud-is, i yebnan, i yemnuɣen, yerna i yefkan azal i teɣdemt d tlelli. Deg tallit-is, Tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant, yerna ibennayen-is mazal-iten d inagan n tmeqqranit n tallit-nni. Isem-is yeqqim deg umezruy d azamul n udabu amellay d yimenɣiyen imeqqranen.</text>
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      <id>117386</id>
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        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="8621" sha1="8fm23ftzrsfpzdkjedf57jq0ygu92x3" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]{{Infobox biography|caption=Amenkad Trajan.|item=Q1425}}
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
[[Tugna:Perge - Trajan.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Trajan s wudem aserdas.]]
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna [[Nerva]] yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, [[Nerva]] yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usmemmi, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:
[[Tugna:Trajan's Column HD.jpg|vignette|299x299px|Tigejdit n Trajan]]
'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.

== Tasertit-is ==
Trajan yella d amenkad i yefkan azal ameqqran i ugdud. Yesseɣzef asuddes n wučči baṭel i yigellilen n Ṛuma, yerna yesnerni asuddes n «alimenta», i d-yettaken idrimen i yigerdan igellilen deg tmura n Ṭelyan.

Yefka azal ameqqran i tsertit n yimukan. Yura aṭas n tebratin i yinemhalen n tmnaḍin, am ''Pliny Ameẓyan'', i yellan d anemhal n tmurt n ''Bithynia''. Tibratin-agi, yettwassnen s yisem n «Epistulae», d tiɣbula timeqqranin i uselmed n tsertit tarumanit.

Trajan yella daɣen d amenkad i yefkan azal i tlelli n usqamu n Sina. Ur yella ara d amenkad aɣrudan am [[Dumisyan]]; yella yettqadar isqamuyen, yerna yefka-asen tazmert akken ad xedmen axeddim-nsen.

Deg wayen yeɛnan imasiḥiyen, Trajan yura tabrat i ''Pliny Ameẓyan'' ideg as-d-yenna belli ur ilaq ara ad yettnadi ɣef yimasiḥiyen s timmad-is, maca ma yella yiwen yettwaḥkem fell-as, ilaq ad yettwaɛaqeb. Tabrat-agi tella d tazwart i tsertit n Ṛuma mgal n yimasiḥiyen.

== Tameddurt-is Tusligt ==
Trajan yezweǧ d ''Pompeia Plotina'', tameṭṭut yettwassnen s tegzi-s d tmusni-s. Ur sɛin ara arraw, d ayen i d-yerran Trajan ad yefren [[Hadriyan]] d mmi-s usmemmi.

Trajan yettwassen daɣen s leḥmala-ines i waddal d yimenɣiyen. Yella iḥemmel ad yegmer, yerna yella iḥemmel ad yeddu d yiserdasen-is deg yimenɣiyen. Ur yelli ara d amenkad i yeqqimen deg usalay-is; yella yetteddu d yiserdasen, yettečč yid-sen, yettidir tudert-nsen.

== Tamettant-is d Wayen i d-Yeǧǧa ==
[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan.]]
Trajan yemmut deg useggas n 117 deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia''. Yella yuḍen, yerna yemmut mi yella yettuɣal seg umennuɣ n ''Parthia''. Deffir-s, [[Hadriyan]] yuɣal d amenkad.

[[Hadriyan]] yerra-as tajmilt tameqqrant i Trajan. Yerra-t d «Optimus Princeps», lmeɛna-s «Amenkad Amellay Akk». Asqamu n Ṛuma yerra-t d ayuc(illu), yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden yettwaɛebden deffir tmettant-nsen.

=== Ayen i d-yeǧǧa Trajan deg umezruy d ameqqran: ===
Yesseɣzef Tmurt n Ṛuma ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk.

Yebna aṭas n yibennayen i mazal-iten ar ass-a.

Yefka amedya n umenkad amellay, i yeqqaren s leḥmala d teɣdemt.

Yesnerni tadamsa n Tmurt n Ṛuma s wayen i d-yewwi seg yimenɣiyen.

Yefka azal i tsertit n yimukan(timnaḍin) d tlelli n ugdud.

== Tagrayt ==
Trajan yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen akk deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Tameddurt-is d amedya n umenkad i yexedmen i ugdud-is, i yebnan, i yemnuɣen, yerna i yefkan azal i teɣdemt d tlelli. Deg tallit-is, Tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant, yerna ibennayen-is mazal-iten d inagan n tmeqqranit n tallit-nni. Isem-is yeqqim deg umezruy d azamul n udabu amellay d yimenɣiyen imeqqranen.</text>
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      <id>117387</id>
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        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="8540" sha1="6hflwer7nwtsl9e8i68xxy09dm7vmnd" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Trajan s arxam.]]{{Infobox biography|caption=Amenkad Trajan.|item=Q1425}}
'''Marcus Ulpius Traianus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Trajan''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Ilul deg useggas n 53 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg useggas n 117. Yella d amenkad wis sin n twacult n yimenkaden yettwassnen s «Semmus n Yimenkaden Iggarzen», yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yefkan azal ameqqran i Tmurt n Ṛuma deg umezruy-is akk. Deg tallit n udabu-is, seg 98 armi d 117, Tmurt neɣ tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk deg umezruy, seg ugaraw n Atlantik armi d asif n Tigris deg [[Ɛiraq|lɛiraq]] n wass-a.

== Tameddurt-is Tamezwarut d Waẓar-is ==
Trajan ilul-d deg temdint n ''Italica'', yellan di tmurt n ''Hispania Baetica'', ass-a yettwassnen s yisem n ''Sevilla'' deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]]. Bab-as, ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'', yella d amaslaḍ n usqamu n Ṛuma, yerna yella d amenzu n yiserdasen i yxedmen deg yimenɣiyen n usamar. Yemma-s tettwassen s yisem n ''Marcia'', yerna tella seg twacult tameqqrant n Ṛuma.

Ɣas akken Trajan ilul-d berra n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]], twacult-is tella d tarumant s tidet, seg tewsit n ''Ulpii''. Bab-as yella d amdan yettwassnen deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen, yerna yewwi-d azal ameqqran deg umennuɣ mgal Iyahudiyen deg useggas n 70. Ayagi yefka i Trajan asileɣ ameqqran deg tsertit d yimenɣiyen seg temẓi-ines.

Deg temẓi-ines, Trajan yelmed taserdasit d tsertit. Yekcem ɣer yiserdasen n Ṛuma, yerna yexdem deg waṭas n yimukan. Yella d aqerru n tredsa tis Sa, yerna yexdem deg tmurt n ''Germania'' d tmurt n ''Pannonia''. Deg useggas n 91, yettwafernen d aqunṣul, d ayen i d-yeskanen belli yella d amdan yettwassnen deg usqamu n Ṛuma.

== Alluy-is ɣer Udabu ==
[[Tugna:Perge - Trajan.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Trajan s wudem aserdas.]]
Deg useggas n 96, amenkad [[Dumisyan]] yettwanɣa, yerna [[Nerva]] yuɣal d amenkad. Nerva yella d amɣar, ur yesɛi ara arraw, yerna yella deg wugur ameqqran acku yiserdasen ur t-ḥemmlen ara. Deg useggas n 97, [[Nerva]] yefren Trajan d mmi-s n usmemmi, yerna yerra-t d amenkad ara d-yasen deffir-s. Aya yella d tadyant tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ṛuma, acku d tikelt tamezwarut i deg amenkad yefren yiwen ur nelli seg twacult-is akken ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Mi yemmut Nerva deg useggas n 98, Trajan yuɣal d amenkad n Tmnekda taṛumanit. Yella deg tmurt n Germania mi i s-d-wwin isalli n tmettant n Nerva. Ur yuɣal ara s zzerb ɣer Ṛuma; yeqqim kra n wakud deg yiri n Danub akken ad yesseḥbes tilisa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, yemmagar-it ugdud s tumert tameqqrant.

== Imenɣiyen-is: Asseɣzef n Tmurt n Ṛuma ==

=== Amennuɣ Amenzu mgal n ''Dacia'' ===
Deg useggas n 101, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is amezwaru mgal n tmurt n ''Dacia'', yellan ass-a di tmurt n [[Rumanya|Ṛumanya]]. Agellid n ''Dacia'', Decebalus, yella d amdan iɣudan, yerna yella yettḥuddu tilisa n Ṛuma. Trajan yewwi asif n Danub s tleggit(tiqenṭert) tameqqrant i d-yebna ajenyuṛ ''Apollodorus'' n Damas, yerna yekcem ɣer tmurt n Dacia.

Amennuɣ-a yewwi-d sin n yiseggasen, seg 101 armi d 102. Deg taggara, ''Decebalus'' yeqbel talwit, yerna yuɣal d ameddakel n Ṛuma. Maca talwit-agi ur teqɛid ara aṭas.

=== Amennuɣ Wis Sin mgal n Dacia ===
Deg useggas n 105, Trajan yuɣal ɣer ''Dacia'' acku ''Decebalus'' yerẓa agatu n talwit. Amennuɣ-a wis sin yella meqqer ugar n win amezwaru. Trajan yessekcem aṭas n yiserdasen, yerna yewwi-d tamurt n Dacia s timmad-is. Deg useggas n 106, ''Decebalus'' yenɣa iman-is akken ur yettwaṭṭef ara.

Tamurt n Dacia tuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumanit, yerna Trajan yewwi-d aṭas n wureɣ d wuẓref seg tmurt-nni. Ayagi yefka-as tazmert akken ad yebnu aṭas n tidumṣukin deg Ṛuma.

=== Amennuɣ mgal n ''Parthia'' ===
Deg useggas n 113, Trajan yebda amennuɣ-is aneggaru mgal n tmurt n Parthia, yellan deg usamar. Amennuɣ-a yebda s sebba n tmurt n ''Armenia'', ideg ''Parthia'' tebɣa ad tessekcem agellid ur nebɣi ara Ṛuma.

Trajan yekcem ɣer ''Armenia'', yerna yerra-tt d tamnaḍt tarumanit. Syin, yedda ɣer tmurt n ''Mesopotamia'', yekcem ɣer temdint n ''Ctesiphon'', tamaneɣt n ''Parthia''. Yewweḍ armi d asif n Tigris, yerna yella d amenkad amezwaru n Ṛuma i yewwḍen ɣer yiri n ''Persia''.

Maca amennuɣ-a ur yefuk ara akken yebɣa Trajan. Deg useggas n 117, llan aṭas n yimenɣiyen deg yimukan niḍen, yerna Trajan yuḍen. Yemmut deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia'', ass-a deg tmurt n Ṭurk.

== Timṣukin-is(Ibennayen-is) d Yisenfaren-is ==
Trajan yettwassen s waṭas n yibennayen i d-yebna. Gar-asen:
[[Tugna:Trajan's Column HD.jpg|vignette|299x299px|Tigejdit n Trajan]]
'''Tigejdit n Trajan:''' D tigejdit tameqqrant i d-yebna deg useggas n 113, tella deg wemkan n Trajan deg Ṛuma. Tezga ɣef 30 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna deg-s llan aṭas n wunuɣen i d-yeskanen imenɣiyen n Dacia. Tigejdit-agi mazal-itt ar ass-a, yerna d yiwen seg yibennayen i yeqqimen seg tallit n Ṛuma.

'''Anmager n Trajan:''' D amkan ameqqran i d-yebna deg wul n Ṛuma. Deg-s yella usqamu, tamkarḍit, tizeɣwa, d waṭas n yibennayen niḍen. Amkan-agi yella d amezwaru seg yimukan n yimenkaden n Ṛuma.

'''Tileggit n Trajan:''' D tleggit tameqqrant i d-yebna ɣef wasif n Danub, teqqen gar snat n yidis n wasif. Tezga ɣef ugar n 1000 n yimitren n teɣzi, yerna tella d tleggit tameqqrant akk deg umaḍal deg tallit-nni.

'''Abrid n Trajan:''' D abrid i d-yebna deg yiri n Danub, yettawi seg Ṛuma armi d yiri n yilel n Aswad. Abrid-agi yella d axatar i yiserdasen d yimsiklen.

'''Aman n Trajan:''' D yiwen seg yiberdan n waman i d-yebna akken ad d-yawi aman ɣer Ṛuma. Abrid-agi n waman yezga ɣef ugar n 60 n yikilumitren.

== Tasertit-is ==
Trajan yella d amenkad i yefkan azal ameqqran i ugdud. Yesseɣzef asuddes n wučči baṭel i yigellilen n Ṛuma, yerna yesnerni asuddes n «alimenta», i d-yettaken idrimen i yigerdan igellilen deg tmura n Ṭelyan.

Yefka azal ameqqran i tsertit n yimukan. Yura aṭas n tebratin i yinemhalen n tmnaḍin, am ''Pliny Ameẓyan'', i yellan d anemhal n tmurt n ''Bithynia''. Tibratin-agi, yettwassnen s yisem n «Epistulae», d tiɣbula timeqqranin i uselmed n tsertit tarumanit.

Trajan yella daɣen d amenkad i yefkan azal i tlelli n usqamu n Sina. Ur yella ara d amenkad aɣrudan am [[Dumisyan]]; yella yettqadar isqamuyen, yerna yefka-asen tazmert akken ad xedmen axeddim-nsen.

Deg wayen yeɛnan imasiḥiyen, Trajan yura tabrat i ''Pliny Ameẓyan'' ideg as-d-yenna belli ur ilaq ara ad yettnadi ɣef yimasiḥiyen s timmad-is, maca ma yella yiwen yettwaḥkem fell-as, ilaq ad yettwaɛaqeb. Tabrat-agi tella d tazwart i tsertit n Ṛuma mgal n yimasiḥiyen.

== Tameddurt-is Tusligt ==
Trajan yezweǧ d ''Pompeia Plotina'', tameṭṭut yettwassnen s tegzi-s d tmusni-s. Ur sɛin ara arraw, d ayen i d-yerran Trajan ad yefren [[Hadriyan]] d mmi-s usmemmi.

Trajan yettwassen daɣen s leḥmala-ines i waddal d yimenɣiyen. Yella iḥemmel ad yegmer, yerna yella iḥemmel ad yeddu d yiserdasen-is deg yimenɣiyen. Ur yelli ara d amenkad i yeqqimen deg usalay-is; yella yetteddu d yiserdasen, yettečč yid-sen, yettidir tudert-nsen.

== Tamettant-is d Wayen i d-Yeǧǧa ==
Trajan yemmut deg useggas n 117 deg temdint n ''Selinus'', deg tmurt n ''Cilicia''. Yella yuḍen, yerna yemmut mi yella yettuɣal seg umennuɣ n ''Parthia''. Deffir-s, [[Hadriyan]] yuɣal d amenkad.

[[Hadriyan]] yerra-as tajmilt tameqqrant i Trajan. Yerra-t d «Optimus Princeps», lmeɛna-s «Amenkad Amellay Akk». Asqamu n Ṛuma yerra-t d ayuc(illu), yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden yettwaɛebden deffir tmettant-nsen.

=== Ayen i d-yeǧǧa Trajan deg umezruy d ameqqran: ===
Yesseɣzef Tmurt n Ṛuma ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant akk.

Yebna aṭas n yibennayen i mazal-iten ar ass-a.

Yefka amedya n umenkad amellay, i yeqqaren s leḥmala d teɣdemt.

Yesnerni tadamsa n Tmurt n Ṛuma s wayen i d-yewwi seg yimenɣiyen.

Yefka azal i tsertit n yimukan(timnaḍin) d tlelli n ugdud.

== Tagrayt ==
Trajan yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen akk deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Tameddurt-is d amedya n umenkad i yexedmen i ugdud-is, i yebnan, i yemnuɣen, yerna i yefkan azal i teɣdemt d tlelli. Deg tallit-is, Tamnekda n Ṛuma tewweḍ ɣer teɣzi-ines tameqqrant, yerna ibennayen-is mazal-iten d inagan n tmeqqranit n tallit-nni. Isem-is yeqqim deg umezruy d azamul n udabu amellay d yimenɣiyen imeqqranen.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tanemla</title>
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    <id>25563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117382</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-18T10:13:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="7103" sha1="l6phqp5w4sdguksbowxpppm63e5i7hs" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Madrid may day375.jpg|vignette|Anay Azeggaɣ d azamul n tnemla.]]
'''Tanemla''' (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen.

Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw [[Asihri|amsihran]]. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft.

== 1. Tabadut d tmiḍranin tigejdanin ==
Tanemla tebna ɣef kra n yigjda idamsanen d yisertanen:

'''Allalen n ufares''' : D tigawin, tiṛmisin, imekwan n uxeddim, akal d dduzan s wacu i d-yettili ufares. Tanemla tettwali d akken allalen-a ilaq ad ilin gar yifassen n yixeddamen s timmad-nsen neɣ ddaw tecḍaṭ n uwanak, maca daɣen tanemla tatrat ur tekkes ara azref ɣef waylu uslig.

'''Ayla azduklan''' : Mgal wayla uslig n umarkanti deg yal taɣult, tanemla tebɣa ad yili, xarsum deg kra tɣula wayla d azayez, i wakken lfayda ara d-yeffɣen deg ufares ad tebḍu s teɣdemt ɣef wid akk iqeddcen.

'''Amennuɣ n taggayin''' (Amennuɣ n tserkam) : Seg tmuɣli tanemlayt, aladɣa tin n [[Karl Marks]], timetti tebḍa ɣef snat n taggayin tigejdanin: Tamɣda (wid ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i znuzuyen) d Tburjwazit (wid ijemɛen ssɛaya d yidrimen yerna ṭṭfen allalen n ufares). Tanemla tettnadi ad tekkes tamsertit-a akken ad tuɣal tmetti mebla taggayin.

== 2. Amezruy n tnemla ==

=== 2.1. Tanemla tamlaladt ===
Deg tazwara n lqern wis 19, imusnawen imezwura am ''Claude-Henri'' de ''Saint-Simon'', ''Charles Fourier'' deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], d ''Robert Owen'' deg [[Tagelda Yedduklen|Taglda Yedduklen]], walan lbaṭel ameqqran i d-yewwi unagraw amsihran: arrac meẓẓiyen xeddmen deg lminat, leɛtab mebla leḥsab, d lḥif n twaculin timahalin.

Nutni sumren-d timetti yebnan ɣef tdukli, tiwizi, d tinmirag anda ulac ammud ɣef medden. Maca tiktiwin-nsen qqimen-t d targit (d ayen iwumi isemma [[Karl Marks|Marks]] tanemla tamlaladt neɣ &quot;''utopique''&quot;), acku ur sbinen ara amek ara yettwakkes udabu seg yifassen n wid t-iṭṭfen.

=== 2.2. Tanemla tussnant d tmarksist ===
Deg tallit n 1848, [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]] zmel-d adlis-nsen mucaɛen '''Alɣu n Ukabar Azduklan'''. Marx yesbadu-d ayen iwumi isemma Tanemla tussnant. Deg tezrawt-ines n udlis Ihri(Das Kapital), Marks yessekna-d d akken:

Amzruy ur ibedd ara ɣef tirga, maca ibedd ɣef wayen yellan d tangawant tamezrayt.

[[Asihri]] yesɛa deg daxel-is timentilin n uɣelluy-is: imsihranen tteksen azref n wazal amernay (plus-value) i yimahalen.

I wakken ad tekkes ammud-a ademsan, tamɣda ilaq ad teg tagrawla, ad teṭṭef adabu, sakin ad tebnu tanemla alamma tewweḍ ɣer tmetti mebla taggayin(tiserkam) d mebla awanak: [[Tazdukla]].

== 2.3. Tagrawla n Tuber d tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ ==
Deg useggas n 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] d ukabar abulcuvi gan tagrawla deg [[Rusya|Rrusya]], sbedden-d Awanak amezwaru yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tinemlayin: Tiddukla Tasuvyitit (URSS). Deg tallit n [[Jozef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], anagraw-a yuɣal d anagraw asedyan yerna d asnaraf ('''tadiktaturt'''), anda akk tdamsa tettwaweddeb s ddaw tecḍaḍt talemmast n uwanak, ayen i d-yewwin amgired ameqqran gar tnemla tagdudant d tnemla tastalinit.

Deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ, amaḍal yebḍa ɣef sin: tama tutrimt tamezdayt s ddaw ufus n Marikan d usihri, d tama tasuvyitit yeddan d unagraw n tnemla d tezdukla.

=== 2.4. Tanemla deg Tefriqt d Lezzayer ===
Mi d-tewweḍ tlelli n tmura n Tefriqt deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960, aṭas n yimeɣnasen i ifernen abrid n tnemla akken ad kksen azaglu n temharsa d usihri. Gar-asen: Kwame Nkrumah deg [[Ɣana]], Julius Nyerere deg Tanzapeya (s tikti n Ujamaa).

Deg Lezzayer, seld asaḍuf n timmunent deg 1962, awanak afransi yeǧǧa tamurt deg tegnit taxsart. Ahmed Ben Bella sakin Houari Boumédiène ddukklen d tnemla taɣelnawt. Sbedden-d afrekman (autogestion) deg yigran d teṛmistin i d-ǧǧan yirumyen, sakin rran akk lpitṛul, lgaz, d lebnakat d ayla n uwanak deg 1971. Deg tmetti taqbaylit tansayt, llan yidisan n tdukli d tmetti am twizi, tajmaɛt, d lmecmel (alka n uzayez), i ɣef d-nnan aṭas n yimusnawen d akken d yiwet n talɣa tansayt n tnemla uqbel ad d-yaweḍ usihri amaynut.

== 3. Tiferkitin d yibridan n tnemla ==
Tanemla tebḍa ɣef ddeqs n tsurifin d tsertiyin, yal yiwet amek tettwali abrid ɣer teɣdemt:

=== 3.1. Tazdukla (Tamarksist-Talinit) ===
Tettwali d akken asihri ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel s usuter neɣ s leɛqel; ilaq tagrawla n ufus akken ad yettwahdem unagraw aqbur. Tettas-d sakin tallit n tsnareft n tmɣda anda awanak iḥekkem deg kullec akken ad yegdel aɛiwed n uqewwem n tburjwazit.

=== 3.2. anmetti n tugdudt ===
Tettwassen aṭas deg tmura n Ugafa n Turuft (am Sswid, Norvij, Danmaṛk). Abrid-a ur yebɣi ara ad ihudd asihri s tegrawla, maca yebɣa ad t-yesseddi s yisuḍaf:

Aseḥbiber ɣef uzref n teṛmist tussligt, maca s lexlaṣ unnig n tebzert ɣef wid yesɛan aṭas n tnezzut d yidrimen.

Afran n uwanak amḥadi (''État-providence'') i d-yettaken baṭel aselmed, tadawsa, d tallelt i yixeddamen d yigellilen.

=== 3.3. Tanemla tamegdayt ===
D tasnakta i d-yeqqaren d akken tugdut d tnemla d ta d ta: ur tezmir ara ad tili tugdut n tidet ma yella usihri iḥkem deg yal taɣult n tudert, yerna ur tezmir ara ad tili tnemla n tidet mebla ma llant tilelliyin timagdayin (tilelli n umeslay, afran ilelli, amgared n yikabaren).

=== 3.4. Tawernaḍt tanemlayt ===
Sɣur imusnawen am ''Mikhail Bakunin'' d ''Pierre-Joseph Proudhon'', iberdan-a ugin adabu n uwanak s timmad-is. Ttwalin d akken awanak—ama d amsihran neɣ d anmetti—d allal n lbaṭel. Nutni ssuturen timetti anda allalen n ufares llan deg yifassen n tuddsiwin tilelliyin n yimahalen (inmula d tdukliwin tinaramin) mebla lḥakem.

== 4. Tadamsa tanemlayt ==

=== 4.1. Ayla azduklan mgal ayla uslig ===
Deg tnemla, llan sin n leṣnaf n wayla:

'''Ayla udmawan''' : Tixxamin, iceṭṭiḍen, tikeryas d dduzan n umdan i useqdec n yal ass. Wigi d ayla n bab-nsen, ur ten-tettnal ara tnemla.

'''Ayla n ufares''' : Tiṛmistin, lakuzinen, timacinin tigejdanin. Wigi ur teqbil ara tnemla ad ilin kan d ayla uslig n yiwen umdan i wakken ur itett ara tidi n wayeḍ.

=== 4.2. Asihel alemmas mgal alzuz ilelli ===
Deg tnemla tansayt (aladɣa deg URSS), tadamsa ur tettili ara ddaw tmuɣli n ssuq (tenzzut d wazal n sselɛa). D awanak i d-yessuddusen asihel neɣ asɣiwas alemmas : acḥal ara d-yeffeɣ n lfayda, acḥal ara yili wazal-is, d wanda ara teddu. Maca deg tnemla talemmast tatrart, llan wid yessexdamen tanemla n ulzuz, am deg tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] d [[Vietnam|Vyeṭnam]], anda llan wallalen n uwanak iqeddcen gar teṛmistin n ssuq.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117383</id>
      <parentid>117382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-18T10:31:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117383</origin>
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      <text bytes="7640" sha1="kwbdwuyygbgw7roglbzhvpx6ghorpea" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Madrid may day375.jpg|vignette|Anay Azeggaɣ d azamul n tnemla.]]
'''Tanemla''' (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen.

Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw [[Asihri|amsihran]]. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft.

== 1. Tabadut d tmiḍranin tigejdanin ==
Tanemla tebna ɣef kra n yigjda idamsanen d yisertanen:

'''Allalen n ufares''' : D tigawin, tiṛmisin, imekwan n uxeddim, akal d dduzan s wacu i d-yettili ufares. Tanemla tettwali d akken allalen-a ilaq ad ilin gar yifassen n yixeddamen s timmad-nsen neɣ ddaw tecḍaṭ n uwanak, maca daɣen tanemla tatrat ur tekkes ara azref ɣef waylu uslig.

'''Ayla azduklan''' : Mgal wayla uslig n umarkanti deg yal taɣult, tanemla tebɣa ad yili, xarsum deg kra tɣula wayla d azayez, i wakken lfayda ara d-yeffɣen deg ufares ad tebḍu s teɣdemt ɣef wid akk iqeddcen.

'''Amennuɣ n taggayin''' (Amennuɣ n tserkam) : Seg tmuɣli tanemlayt, aladɣa tin n [[Karl Marks]], timetti tebḍa ɣef snat n taggayin tigejdanin: Tamɣda (wid ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i znuzuyen) d Tburjwazit (wid ijemɛen ssɛaya d yidrimen yerna ṭṭfen allalen n ufares). Tanemla tettnadi ad tekkes tamsertit-a akken ad tuɣal tmetti mebla taggayin.

== 2. Amezruy n tnemla ==

=== 2.1. Tanemla tamlaladt ===
Deg tazwara n lqern wis 19, imusnawen imezwura am ''Claude-Henri'' de ''Saint-Simon'', ''Charles Fourier'' deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], d ''Robert Owen'' deg [[Tagelda Yedduklen|Taglda Yedduklen]], walan lbaṭel ameqqran i d-yewwi unagraw amsihran: arrac meẓẓiyen xeddmen deg lminat, leɛtab mebla leḥsab, d lḥif n twaculin timahalin.

Nutni sumren-d timetti yebnan ɣef tdukli, tiwizi, d tinmirag anda ulac ammud ɣef medden. Maca tiktiwin-nsen qqimen-t d targit (d ayen iwumi isemma [[Karl Marks|Marks]] tanemla tamlaladt neɣ &quot;''utopique''&quot;), acku ur sbinen ara amek ara yettwakkes udabu seg yifassen n wid t-iṭṭfen.

=== 2.2. Tanemla tussnant d tmarksist ===
Deg tallit n 1848, [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]] zmel-d adlis-nsen mucaɛen '''Alɣu n Ukabar Azduklan'''. Marx yesbadu-d ayen iwumi isemma Tanemla tussnant. Deg tezrawt-ines n udlis Ihri(Das Kapital), Marks yessekna-d d akken:

Amzruy ur ibedd ara ɣef tirga, maca ibedd ɣef wayen yellan d tangawant tamezrayt.

[[Asihri]] yesɛa deg daxel-is timentilin n uɣelluy-is: imsihranen tteksen azref n wazal amernay (plus-value) i yimahalen.

I wakken ad tekkes ammud-a ademsan, tamɣda ilaq ad teg tagrawla, ad teṭṭef adabu, sakin ad tebnu tanemla alamma tewweḍ ɣer tmetti mebla taggayin(tiserkam) d mebla awanak: [[Tazdukla]].

== 2.3. Tagrawla n Tuber d tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ ==
Deg useggas n 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] d ukabar abulcuvi gan tagrawla deg [[Rusya|Rrusya]], sbedden-d Awanak amezwaru yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tinemlayin: Tiddukla Tasuvyitit (URSS). Deg tallit n [[Jozef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], anagraw-a yuɣal d anagraw asedyan yerna d asnaraf ('''tadiktaturt'''), anda akk tdamsa tettwaweddeb s ddaw tecḍaḍt talemmast n uwanak, ayen i d-yewwin amgired ameqqran gar tnemla tagdudant d tnemla tastalinit.

Deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ, amaḍal yebḍa ɣef sin: tama tutrimt tamezdayt s ddaw ufus n Marikan d usihri, d tama tasuvyitit yeddan d unagraw n tnemla d tezdukla.

=== 2.4. Tanemla deg Tefriqt d Lezzayer ===
Mi d-tewweḍ tlelli n tmura n Tefriqt deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960, aṭas n yimeɣnasen i ifernen abrid n tnemla akken ad kksen azaglu n temharsa d usihri. Gar-asen: Kwame Nkrumah deg [[Ɣana]], Julius Nyerere deg Tanzapeya (s tikti n Ujamaa).

Deg Lezzayer, seld asaḍuf n timmunent deg 1962, awanak afransi yeǧǧa tamurt deg tegnit taxsart. Ahmed Ben Bella sakin Houari Boumédiène ddukklen d tnemla taɣelnawt. Sbedden-d afrekman (autogestion) deg yigran d teṛmistin i d-ǧǧan yirumyen, sakin rran akk lpitṛul, lgaz, d lebnakat d ayla n uwanak deg 1971. Deg tmetti taqbaylit tansayt, llan yidisan n tdukli d tmetti am twizi, tajmaɛt, d lmecmel (alka n uzayez), i ɣef d-nnan aṭas n yimusnawen d akken d yiwet n talɣa tansayt n tnemla uqbel ad d-yaweḍ usihri amaynut.

== 3. Tiferkitin d yibridan n tnemla ==
Tanemla tebḍa ɣef ddeqs n tsurifin d tsertiyin, yal yiwet amek tettwali abrid ɣer teɣdemt:

=== 3.1. Tazdukla (Tamarksist-Talinit) ===
Tettwali d akken asihri ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel s usuter neɣ s leɛqel; ilaq tagrawla n ufus akken ad yettwahdem unagraw aqbur. Tettas-d sakin tallit n tsnareft n tmɣda anda awanak iḥekkem deg kullec akken ad yegdel aɛiwed n uqewwem n tburjwazit.

=== 3.2. anmetti n tugdudt ===
Tettwassen aṭas deg tmura n Ugafa n Turuft (am Sswid, Norvij, Danmaṛk). Abrid-a ur yebɣi ara ad ihudd asihri s tegrawla, maca yebɣa ad t-yesseddi s yisuḍaf:

Aseḥbiber ɣef uzref n teṛmist tussligt, maca s lexlaṣ unnig n tebzert ɣef wid yesɛan aṭas n tnezzut d yidrimen.

Afran n uwanak amḥadi (''État-providence'') i d-yettaken baṭel aselmed, tadawsa, d tallelt i yixeddamen d yigellilen.

=== 3.3. Tanemla tamegdayt ===
D tasnakta i d-yeqqaren d akken tugdut d tnemla d ta d ta: ur tezmir ara ad tili tugdut n tidet ma yella usihri iḥkem deg yal taɣult n tudert, yerna ur tezmir ara ad tili tnemla n tidet mebla ma llant tilelliyin timagdayin (tilelli n umeslay, afran ilelli, amgared n yikabaren).

=== 3.4. Tawernaḍt tanemlayt ===
Sɣur imusnawen am ''Mikhail Bakunin'' d ''Pierre-Joseph Proudhon'', iberdan-a ugin adabu n uwanak s timmad-is. Ttwalin d akken awanak—ama d amsihran neɣ d anmetti—d allal n lbaṭel. Nutni ssuturen timetti anda allalen n ufares llan deg yifassen n tuddsiwin tilelliyin n yimahalen (inmula d tdukliwin tinaramin) mebla lḥakem.

== 4. Tadamsa tanemlayt ==
Deg wannar n tdamsa, tanemla temxallaf mliḥ ɣef usihri s yimenziwen-a:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Addad
!Asihri
!Tanemla
|-
|Bab n wallalen n ufares
|Ayla uslig (imsihranen)
|Ayla azduklan, anemlay, neɣ azayez (awanak/imahalen)
|-
|Iswi n ufares
|Arbaḥ n yidrimen (Lfayda tudmawant)
|Aqaɛad n yisuturen n tmetti d teɣdemt
|-
|Abrid adamsan
|Alzuz ilelli (ssuq d ufran ilelli)
|Asɣiwes adamsan neɣ afrekman
|-
|Lexlaṣ n uxeddam
|Azal n ulzuz n tezmert n uxeddim
|Azal i d-yefka deg ufares mebla ma yettwakkes-as wazal amernu
|}

=== 4.1. Ayla azduklan mgal ayla uslig ===
Deg tnemla, llan sin n leṣnaf n wayla:

'''Ayla udmawan''' : Tixxamin, iceṭṭiḍen, tikeryas d dduzan n umdan i useqdec n yal ass. Wigi d ayla n bab-nsen, ur ten-tettnal ara tnemla.

'''Ayla n ufares''' : Tiṛmistin, lakuzinen, timacinin tigejdanin. Wigi ur teqbil ara tnemla ad ilin kan d ayla uslig n yiwen umdan i wakken ur itett ara tidi n wayeḍ.

=== 4.2. Asihel alemmas mgal alzuz ilelli ===
Deg tnemla tansayt (aladɣa deg URSS), tadamsa ur tettili ara ddaw tmuɣli n ssuq (tenzzut d wazal n sselɛa). D awanak i d-yessuddusen asihel neɣ asɣiwas alemmas : acḥal ara d-yeffeɣ n lfayda, acḥal ara yili wazal-is, d wanda ara teddu. Maca deg tnemla talemmast tatrart, llan wid yessexdamen tanemla n ulzuz, am deg tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] d [[Vietnam|Vyeṭnam]], anda llan wallalen n uwanak iqeddcen gar teṛmistin n ssuq.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>OpenAI</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117377</id>
      <parentid>117374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T14:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117377</origin>
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      <text bytes="8701" sha1="tuad4fxhdn78fgq3ipudn7g2fstlnvs" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:1515 Third Street.jpg|vignette|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]]
'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.

== 1. Talalit n OpenAI ==
OpenAI tettwasnulfa-d deg 2015 am tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt (nonprofit). Seg tazwara, tuddsa-a tefka iman-is yiwen n yiswi ɣezzifen: asnerni n tigzi taragmawant s wudem ara d-yawin abaɣur i yimdanen merra, ladɣa ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit-a ɣer uswir n '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut'''.

Tamiḍrant-a tettak azal i wugur ameqqran: ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant uɣalen sɛan tazmert meqqren, ilaq tazmert-nsen ur tettwakerrez ara kan deg ufus n kra n yimdanen, n tiṛmisin neɣ n tmura, maca ad tettwaseqdac i lfayda tamatut.

Deg 2019, OpenAI tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad d-tawi idrimen, imdanen d tazmert n usiḍen i ilaqen i usnerni n yimudam imeqqranen. Aferdis-a yella ddaw n leḥkem n tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt.

== 2. D acu-tt tigzi taragmawant? ==
Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult n tussna d tetiknulujit i yesnernayen inagrawen n tmacint i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen s umata kra n tzemmar n tigzi: tegzi n tutlayt, tifrat n wuguren, asuddes n yisefka, tira n yiḍrisen, asnulfu n tugniwin, asihel, neɣ tuddma n kra n yimektayen seg yisefka.

Ur ilaq ara, ad nefhem awal tigzi dagi amzun tamacint tesɛa iman, iḥulfan neɣ tamuɣli n umaḍal am umdan. Imudam n tura d inagrawen n uiḍen i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka yerna xeddmen s yimenzayen n tussna n uselmed n tmacint.

OpenAI tettadi ladɣa deg yimudam imuqqranen(frontier), asuddes d tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen i izemren ad gzun ugar n yiwen n wanaw n yisefka (multimodal systems), akked wamek ara yettwaseqdec AI s tɣellist.

== 3. Tigzi taragmawant tamatut — AGI ==
Iswi ɣezzifen n OpenAI yeqqen ɣer wayen i semman ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'', i nezmer ad d-nini s teqbaylit tigzi taragmawant tamatut.

OpenAI tesbadut AGI am inagrawen s timmad-nsen i izemren ad ɣelben imdanen deg tuget n twuriwin yesɛan azal adamsan.

Tamiḍrant n tamatut d tagejdant. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yili igerraz deg yiwet n twuri kan; AGI, ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit ɣer din, ilaq ad tesɛu tazmert wessiɛen: ad tegzu uguren yemgaraden, ad tesdukkel tamusni seg waṭas n taɣulin, ad tesseqdec ayen telmed deg tegnatin timaynutin, yerna ad tefru uguren ur nettwaselmed ara fell-asen s talɣa tusridt.

OpenAI tettwali AGI am iswi n wakud ɣezzifen, maca akud ilaqen akken ad naweḍ ɣer AGI mazal ur yettwassen ara.

== 4. Imudam GPT ==
Gar yisenfaren i d-yerran OpenAI tettwassen deg umaḍal llan imudam GPT — ''Generative Pre-trained Transformer''.

Imudam-a d inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. S uselmed-a, zemren ad gzun asiḍen n tutlayt, ad d-snulfun iḍrisen, ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad frun uguren, ad ɛiwnen deg usihel, yerna imudam imaynuten zemren ad xedmen akked yiḍrisen, tugniwin d wanawen-nniḍen n yisefka. OpenAI teskanay tawacult GPT am inagrawen i izemren ad gzun asiḍen, ad d-snulfun agbur yerna ad xedmen tifrat n wuguren deg waṭas n yimeslayen n yisefka.

Anamek n azarsileɣ(pre-trained) d akken amudam yettwaselmad uqbel ad yettwaseqdec deg udiwenni. Turriwt(Generative), ma d nettat, temmal-d tazmert-is n usnulfu n ugemmuḍ am yiḍrisen neɣ tangalt n useɣẓan.

== 5. ChatGPT ==
ChatGPT d afaris agejdan n OpenAI i yiseqdacen. D agrudem n udiwenni i yettaǧǧan amdan ad yesseqdec imudam n tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am ufaris-is agejdan i yiseqdacen.

Aseqdac yezmer ad yesteqsi, ad yessuter asegzi, ad yaru neɣ ad iseɣti aḍris, ad yesseqdec tasleḍt, ad yelmed tamiḍrant n tussna, ad yessuter tallelt deg usihel, neɣ ad ixdem ɣef yisefka d yisemliyen.

Azal n ChatGPT deg umezruy n tigzi taragmawant d ameqqran acku yessekcem imudam n tutlayt ɣer useqdec n yal ass. Deg umḍiq anda tigzi taragmawant tella tettwassen ladɣa deg tesdawiyin, tanaremt d tkebbaniyin n tetiknulujit, agrudem n udiwenni yerra-tt d allal i yezmer ad yesseqdec umdan s tutlayt-is.

== 6. Codex d usihel ==
Taɣult-nniḍen i deg tesseqdac OpenAI tigzi taragmawant s waṭas d asihel.

'''Codex''' d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant i yellan i uxeddim ɣef tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan. Yezmer ad yegzu tangalt yellan, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad ibeddel taneɣruft n usenfar, ad yernu timahilin timaynutin, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin n usihel seg tazwara ar taggara.

Anect-a yeskanay abeddel meqqren deg useqdec n tigzi taragmawant: seg unagraw i d-yettarra kan ɣef yisteqsiyen ɣer umeggi n tigzi taragmawant (AI agent) i izemren ad yesseqdec allalen, ad ixdem ddeqs n yimahilen yerna ad ikemmel ɣer yiswi i as-yettunefken.

== 7. Anadi deg OpenAI ==
OpenAI mačči d taṛmist n yifarisen kan. Anadi yezga d yiwen seg yiḥricen-is igejdanen.

Taṛmist txeddem ɣef usnerni n yimudam n tigzi taragmawant, tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen wagutaskaran(multimodal), tɣellist, akked useqdec n yimudam s wudem ara yilin d abaɣur i yimdanen.

Yiwet seg tmuɣliwin timeqqranin d aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant deg unadi ussnan. Deg tiɣula am tusnakt, tussna, asihel d tesleḍt n yisefka, anagraw yezmer ad yuɣal d allal ara iɛiwnen imnadiyen deg usnulfu n turdiwin, tifrat n wuguren d useɣiwel n unadi.

== 8. Taɣellist d umṣada ==
Mi ara tettnerni tazmert n tigzi taragmawant, yettnerni daɣen wazal n tɣellist.

Anagraw yesɛan tazmert meqqren yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur, maca yezmer daɣen ad d-yawi uguren ma yella ixdem tuccḍiwin, ma yettwaseqdec i wayen n diri, neɣ ma yella tikli-s ur temṣada ara akked wayen i yebɣa umdan.

Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tamiḍrant n &quot;''alignment&quot;'', i d-yemmalen s umata amṣada n tikli n unagraw n tigzi taragmawant akked yiswan d tɣellist i d-yefka umdan.

'''''OpenAI Charter''''' yesseḥbibber ɣef sin yimenzayen meqqren: ad yettwabḍu ubaɣur n AGI s wudem wessiɛen, yerna ad yettwaseḥbiber ɣef tɣellist n wakud ɣezzifen.

== 9. Taneɣruft n OpenAI ==
Taneɣruft n OpenAI tbeddel s wakud.

OpenAI tebda deg 2015 d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Deg 2019, tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tesnerni anadi d usnas-is.

Deg 28 Tubber 2025, tettwasekna-d taneɣruft tamaynut:

tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt tuɣal tettusemma ''OpenAI Foundation'';

aferdis n tedrimt yuɣal d ''OpenAI Group PBC'', anamek-is d ''Public Benefit Corporation'';

''OpenAI Foundation'' teqqim tettḥekkim deg ''OpenAI Group''.

OpenAI Foundation tesɛa 26% n iḥricen deg ''OpenAI Group''. Microsoft, deg tallit n useggem n taneɣruft, tesɛa azal n 27%, ma d 47% i d-yeqqimen sɛan-t ixeddamen n tura d wid yezrin akked yimendaden-nniḍen.

Taneɣruft-a tebɣa ad tesdukkel iswi n OpenAI akked tezmert-is ad d-tawi idrimen imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧ unadi n tigzi taragmawant.

== 10. Tazmert n usiḍen ==
Aselmed n yimudam imeqqranen n tigzi taragmawant yeḥwaǧǧ ddeqs n tezmert n usiḍen.

Anect-a yesɛa azal acku asnerni n yimudam ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer tarrayin n uselmed. Yeḥwaǧǧ daɣen iselkimen s tezmert tameqqrant n usiḍen, tiḥerci n yisefka, tazmert n trisiti, iẓeḍwan, isefka d tedrimt.

Ɣef waya, tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig tuɣal d taɣult anda anadi ussnan, tiḥerci n usiḍen d tdamsa qqnen gar-asen.

== 11. OpenAI d Microsoft ==
Microsoft tesɛa assaɣ adamsan d utiknulujan ameqqran akked OpenAI. Deg taneɣruft i yettwasbedden deg 2025, Microsoft tesɛa azal n 27% n OpenAI Group.

Assaɣ-a yesɛa azal ladɣa deg tezmert n usiḍen d usnerni n yifarisen n tigzi taragmawant. Maca, deg taneɣruft n leḥkem n OpenAI, OpenAI Foundation i yeqqimen tettḥekkim deg OpenAI Group, mačči Microsoft.

== 12. OpenAI deg 2026 ==
Deg 2026, OpenAI ur teqqim ara d tanaremt n unadi kan. Tuɣal d taṛmist tameqqrant i yesɛan inagrawen i yiseqdacen, allalen i yimsihel, API i tkebbaniyin, imudam n tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig, akked yimeggiyen i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin ɣezzifen.

ChatGPT d Codex mmalen-d sin n wudmawen n ubeddel-a: ChatGPT d agrudem wessiɛen n tigzi taragmawant i yiseqdacen, ma d Codex yettwabna ugar i uxeddim s tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan.

Anadi n OpenAI yettkemmil daɣen deg tifrat n wuguren, imudam ugetaskaran, tɣellist d usnerni n ubrid ɣer AGI.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aliksandr Severus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117380</id>
      <parentid>117375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T18:00:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="7154" sha1="0quh8ep3t6fpq6rk32hwszpvb808s2b" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]]
'''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III.

== 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is ==
Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''.

Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]].

Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda.

== 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda ==
Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma.

Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya.

Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad.

== 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr ==
Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias.

Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad.

Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan.

Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa.

== 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit ==
[[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]]
'''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt.

Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad.

Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma.

Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda.

== 5. Tasertit-is tagensant ==
[[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]]
Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma.

Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit.

Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda.

''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223.

Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin.

== 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa ==
Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda.

Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt.

Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen.

Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen.

== 7. Aliksandr d Senatus ==
Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus.

Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is.

Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit.

Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem.

== 8. Asɣan d tsertit tasɣanant ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yettwasnen s tsertit tasɣanant taɣelnawt am Elagabalus.

Leḥkem-is yebɣa ad d-yerr leɛwayed d wansayen n Roma d yixxamen n yirebbiten n Roma ɣer waddad-nsen.

Imyura iqburen, ladɣa Historia Augusta, ttawin-d belli Aliksandr yella yesɛa azal i waṭas n yimdanen yettwassnen deg umezruy n usɣan d tfelsafit, gar-asen ''Abraham'' d ''Yasuɛ''. Maca Historia Augusta d aɣbalu i deg llan waṭas n yisallen ur nettwaḍmen ara, ihi yessefk ad ten-nwali s leḥḍara.

Ur ilaq ara ad d-nini s teẓẓi belli Aliksandr yella d amasiḥi. Ur nesɛi ara anagi amezwaru i d-yessenkanen aya.

== 9. Tamenkda Tasasanit — abrid amaynut n Persia ==
Yiwen gar yibeddilen imeqqranen n tallit-is yeḍra deg usammar.

Tamenkda n '''''Parthia''''', i yellan d acengu aqdim n Roma, teɣli. Deg wadeg-is, '''''Ardashir''''' yebna Tamenkda Tasasanit azal n 224.

Aya ibeddel akk tagnit tasertasant deg usammar.

Sasanid-nni ur bɣin ara kan ad ḥerzen akal n Parthia. Bɣan ad snernin tazmert-nsen ɣef Mesopotamia d kra n tmura i yellan ddaw n Roma.

Roma tesɛa tura acengu amaynut, yesɛan tadbelt yeqwan, aserdasi ameqqran d tikti n tmenkda i yebɣan ad tennerni.

== 10. Amennuɣ mgal Ardashir I ==
Azal n 230, Sasanid-nni bdan ttawin-d aḍris ameqqran ɣef tmura n Roma deg usammar.

Aliksandr yessekcem iman-is deg umennuɣ.

Deg 231–232, yewwi iserdasen ar usammar. Imennuɣ yella d awezɣi i Roma. Iɣallen irumanen ttwabḍan ɣef waṭas n yiberdan.

Kra n yiserdasen uɣen-d lǧehd, wiyaḍ xesren aṭas n yimdanen.

Aɣawas arumani ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ akk Tamenkda Tasasanit, maca Sasanid-nni daɣen ur ssiwḍen ara ad rnun akal ameqqran ɣef Roma deg tagnit-nni.

Aliksandr yuɣal ɣer Roma, anda i d-yessken iman-is am win yerna deg umennuɣ. Maca tilawt tella ugar n waya: ur telli d timernit tameqqrant n Roma, ur yelli daɣen d aɣelluy n Persia.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-17T18:01:34Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="7153" sha1="0jliq4dkp7zxzvwcr61bymzv8wt5dc6" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]]
'''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III.

== 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is ==
Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''.

Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]].

Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda.

== 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda ==
Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma.

Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya.

Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad.

== 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr ==
Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias.

Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad.

Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan.

Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa.

== 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit ==
[[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]]
'''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt.

Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad.

Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma.

Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda.

== 5. Tasertit-is tagensant ==
[[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]]
Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma.

Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit.

Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda.

''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223.

Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin.

== 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa ==
Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda.

Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt.

Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen.

Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen.

== 7. Aliksandr d Senatus ==
Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus.

Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is.

Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit.

Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem.

== 8. Asɣan d tsertit tasɣanant ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yettwasnen s tsertit tasɣanant taɣelnawt am Elagabalus.

Leḥkem-is yebɣa ad d-yerr leɛwayed d wansayen n Roma d yixxamen n yirebbiten n Roma ɣer waddad-nsen.

Imyura iqburen, ladɣa Historia Augusta, ttawin-d belli Aliksandr yella yesɛa azal i waṭas n yimdanen yettwassnen deg umezruy n usɣan d tfelsafit, gar-asen ''Abraham'' d ''Yasuɛ''. Maca Historia Augusta d aɣbalu i deg llan waṭas n yisallen ur nettwaḍmen ara, ihi yessefk ad ten-nwali s leḥḍara.

Ur ilaq ara ad d-nini s teẓẓi belli Aliksandr yella d amasiḥi. Ur nesɛi ara anagi amezwaru i d-yessenkanen aya.

== 9. Tamenkda Tasasanit — abrid amaynut n Persia ==
Yiwen gar yibeddilen imeqqranen n tallit-is yeḍra deg usammar.

Tamenkda n '''''Parthia''''', i yellan d acengu aqdim n Roma, teɣli. Deg wadeg-is, '''''Ardashir''''' yebna Tamenkda Tasasanit azal n 224.

Aya ibeddel akk tagnit tasertasant deg usammar.

Sasanid-nni ur bɣin ara kan ad ḥerzen akal n Parthia. Bɣan ad snernin tazmert-nsen ɣef Mesopotamia d kra n tmura i yellan ddaw n Roma.

Roma tesɛa tura acengu amaynut, yesɛan tadbelt yeqwan, aserdasi ameqqran d tikti n tmenkda i yebɣan ad tennerni.

== 10. Amennuɣ mgal Ardashir I ==
Azal n 230, Sasanid-nni bdan ttawin-d aḍar ameqqran ɣef tmura n Roma deg usammar.

Aliksandr yessekcem iman-is deg umennuɣ.

Deg 231–232, yewwi iserdasen ar usammar. Imennuɣ yella d awezɣi i Roma. Iɣallen irumanen ttwabḍan ɣef waṭas n yiberdan.

Kra n yiserdasen uɣen-d lǧehd, wiyaḍ xesren aṭas n yimdanen.

Aɣawas arumani ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ akk Tamenkda Tasasanit, maca Sasanid-nni daɣen ur ssiwḍen ara ad rnun akal ameqqran ɣef Roma deg tagnit-nni.

Aliksandr yuɣal ɣer Roma, anda i d-yessken iman-is am win yerna deg umennuɣ. Maca tilawt tella ugar n waya: ur telli d timernit tameqqrant n Roma, ur yelli daɣen d aɣelluy n Persia.</text>
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      <comment>روتانا yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine Bentayfaste]] ar [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] : Page automatiquement déplacée lors du renommage de l’utilisateur « [[Special:CentralAuth/Lhoussine Bentayfaste|Lhoussine Bentayfaste]] » en « [[Special:CentralAuth/Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE|Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] »</comment>
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      <text bytes="56" sha1="fi6v9uml187q1wjfkvtbrfgkltc8rvi" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]]</text>
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