MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition

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  <page>
    <title>Takerbust n weẓru</title>
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      <comment>Asmekti-a yella deg Lquds Tagmuḍant, yerna tutlayt tunṣibt n Falesṭin d taɛṛabt kan</comment>
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      <text bytes="2956" sha1="msxaku2mhkg79ohvt8igtzmddvyl910" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Takerbust n weẓru''' (s [[Taɛrabt|tserɣint]]: ''قبة الصخرة'', ''Qubbat Aṣ-Ṣakhra'') d yiwet n [[Tamesgida|tmesgida]] igan d amur seg [[Tamesgida n Laqṣa|tmesgida n Aqṣa]] i d-izgan deg [[adrar n ufakan|wedrar n ufakan]] di temdint n [[Uṛacalim]], yettumeggez d yiwen seg tmesgidiwin tinselmin tixatarin yakk deg umaḍal, akken yettwassen s teẓli-ines anda i tettumeggez tkerbust-ines d asmektay yufraren yakk deg tsegda tineslemt.

Tamesgida-ayi yebnat uxalifa [[Ɛabdelmalik Ben Meṛwan]] deg useggas n [[685]], ifukk degs deg useggas n [[691]]. Takerbust n weẓru d [[atamdis]] n igeddisen, ila 4 n tewwura, s agensu-ines tella taṭamt niḍen igan d tigejda [[awlellu|tiwlellanin]], ma di tlemmas-is yella weẓru s anda yettusuli umazun [[Moḥammed]] deg yinig n [[Isra d Miɛṛaj]]. 

Azṛu-ayi yuli ɣef wegnes n tmesgida s wazal n 1,5 m, talɣa-ines ur t-llugen ara, ma d aqqaṛ-is iga gar n 13 alamma d 18 m, s ufella n tlemmast n weẓru tella yiwet n tkerbust taseglant aqqaṛ-is 20 m, tettwasleɣ g beṛṛa s tfelwiyim m wureɣ, teflel-is 35 m

Kra n imusnawen beddren-d d akken timezdayin ibnan [[imnayen n ufakan]] s akin, zrarent s waɣan n [[tasegda tineslemt|tsegda tineslemt]] d wanaw n tkerbust n weẓru, anecta yettbin-d deg [[timidelt|tmidelt]] n [[Castel del Monte]] di tmurt n [[Ṭelyan]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.satorws.com/templari-cupola-roccia.htm imnayen n ufakan d tsekda n tkerbust n weẓru  (s teṭelyant).] {{Assaɣ yerrẓen|Azemz= mayyu 2019 |bot=JarBot}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313140430/http://www.satorws.com/templari-cupola-roccia.htm |date=13 meɣres 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amezruy ==

== Asemmi ==

== Aglam ==

== Tiwlafin ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Tugna:All-anm.gif|]].
Tugna:Israel-2013-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Dome of the Rock &amp; Chain 02.jpg|Tama tasemrant n tkerbust n weẓru.
Tugna:Islamic art Dome of the Rock.jpg|.
Tugna:From the holy land Juresalem in Palestine Al-Aqsa Mosque - Dome of the Rock.jpg|Tisulya yettawin ɣer tmesgida.
Tugna:From the holy land Juresalem in Palestine Al-Aqsa Mosque - Dome of the Rock From inside.jpg|.
Tugna:Dome of the rock interior vector 01.jpg
Tugna:16-04-04-Felsendom-Tempelberg-Jerusalem-RalfR-WAT 6385.jpg|Takerbust n weẓru deg useggas n [[2016]]
Tugna:قبة الصخرة ليلا.jpg|Takerbust n weẓru deg yiḍ (Aseggas n 2019)
Tugna:Mosque of the Dome of the Rock at night.jpg|Takerbust n weẓru deg yiḍ
Tugna:باب القطانين مع مسجد قبة الصخرة.jpg|
Tugna:Entrance to the Al-Aqsa Mosque.jpg|Yiwen n webrid yettawin ɣer tkerbust n weẓru 2019
Tugna:Alaqsa mosque 42.jpg|
Tugna:Alaqsa mosque 23.jpg|
File:اجتماع المصلين حول قبة الصخرة.jpg|Amsegrew n imẓulla ɣef tkerbust n weẓru

&lt;/gallery&gt;
== Imniren ==
[[Taggayt:Tasegda tineslemt]]
[[Taggayt:Tasegda taserɣint]]
[[Taggayt:Timesgidiwin]]
[[Taggayt:Timesgidiwin n Uṛacalim]]
[[Taggayt:Uṛcalim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tazzemalt</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1363" sha1="2qm7y2de8gyn9n0386blbhhlc83ddta" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Jean Antoine Simeon Fort - Panoramic View of the Capture of the Smala of Abd El-Kader 16 May 1843.jpg|vignette|150x150px|Tazmalt n [[Ɛebdelqader]] deg 1843.]]
'''Tazzemalt''' neɣ '''Tazmalt''' (s [[tafrensist]] : ''Smala'', neɣ ''Smalah'', s [[ddarja n Tefriqt Ugafa]] : ''Zmala''), d terbaεt n iqiḍunen ({{Ill|Aqiḍun|en|Tent}}) n aqerru, akked twacult-is, iqeddacen-is, iserdasin-is, tabaɣurt-is, dewwzan-is i tqeḍεay-is&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/smala/0 SMALA(H), (SMALA,SMALAH)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107114221/https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/smala/0 |date=2022-11-07 }}, deg ''cnrtl.fr''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} ''GUERRE D’ALGÉRIE'', MÉMOIRE Revue édité par l'association MED-ACTION d'Akbou, 2013, ([https://www.ath-waghlis.com/publications/Monographie_Akbou_Sabatier_Memoire_Aissani_Scheele_2013.pdf taɣuri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107114222/https://www.ath-waghlis.com/publications/Monographie_Akbou_Sabatier_Memoire_Aissani_Scheele_2013.pdf |date=2022-11-07 }} '''[pdf]'''), tawṛiqt wis 60.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [http://www.communesdalgerie.com/std_commune.php?id=1426&amp;page=0&amp;lg= Présentation de : TAZMALT], deg ''communesdalgerie.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Muqel daɣen ==

* [[Tazmalt]] (d tɣiwant n [[Tawilayt n Bgayet]]).

== Tazmilt ==
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  <page>
    <title>Hadriyan</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="8341" sha1="g2qnoep1c4jhb63x4ei601rrirs6tbw" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Hadriyan.]]
'''Hadriyan''', isem-is ummid '''Publius Aelius Hadrianus''', d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqqranen n  

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1427|image=[[File:Arte romana, da roma, adriano, 117-138.JPG|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Hadriyan}}

tmnekda Taṛumanit. Yeṭṭef adabu seg 117 armi d 138 deffir Ɛisa, yerna yettwaḥseb gar « Semmus n Yimenkaden Yelhan » i yesɛan azal d ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṛuma. 

D netta i d amenkad amezwaru i yeṭṭfen tamart-is s timmad, yerna d netta i yessnulfan tarrayt tamaynut n usefrek n tmnekda s usikel d usenqed n yal tamnaḍt.

== Talalit d Tmeddurt-is Tamezwarut ==
Hadriyan ilul-d ass n 24 Yennayer 76 Send Ɛisa, deg temdint n ''Italika'', i d-yezgan tama n ''Sevilla'' n wass-a, deg tmurt n [[Spenyul|Spanya]].

Imawlan-is llan d Iṛumaniyen i d-yusan seg Ṛuma, maca nutni zedɣen deg tmurt n Spanya i d-yuɣalen d tamnaḍt taṛumanit. Baba-s, ''Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer'', yemmut mi yella Hadriyan meẓẓi, dɣa [[Trajan]], i yellan d ameddakel n twacult-is, yuɣal d bab-s s usmemmi.

Deg tallit n temẓi-s, Hadriyan yelmed aṭas n tussniwin: tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit, tanzeggit, tasegda, d tsertit. Yella yettḥemmel idles Agrigi s waṭas, yerna yella yettusemma « Graeculus », anamek-is « Agrigi ameẓyan », acku yella yeɣṛa u iḥemmel idles n Grig.

== Alluy-is ɣer Ukesi n Tmnekda ==
[[Tugna:Hadrian RIC II 3.jpg|vignette|Tadrimt n &quot;Aureus&quot; deg tallit n Hadriyan.]]
Mi yemmut [[Trajan]] deg 117, Hadriyan yuɣal d amenkad. Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d belli Trajan yeṭṭef-it d mmi-s n usmemmi deg wussan-is ineggura, maca llan wid i d-yennan belli tameṭṭut n Trajan, ''Plotina'', i d-yefkan afus i Hadriyan akken ad yawi akersi n udabu.

Deg tazwara n udabu-s, Hadriyan yemmagar uguren imeqqranen. Kra n yiserdasen i yellan deg tmnaḍin n usamar llan bɣan ad kemmlen amgaru mgal n ''Partiyen'', maca Hadriyan yefren ad yeḥbes amgaru yerna ad yerr tilisa n tmnekda ɣer waddad-nsent n zik. Yefren talwit ɣef umgaru, yerna yefka-as i tmnekda tarrayt tamaynut n tsertit: ur d-ternu ara tamurt, maca ḥrez tid i yellan.

== Asuddes d Ufrek n Tmnekda ==
Hadriyan yella d amsefrek ameqqran. Yessenfel anagraw n tsertit n tmnekda s waṭas n tarrayin:

'''Asuddes n tserdast''': Yessenfel tuddsa n yiserdasen, yefka-asen asluɣmu amaynut, yerna yebna iɣeṛban d yisunen n tɣellist deg yal tamnaḍt.

'''Asuddes n yisuḍaf''': Yefka-d « Aṣaḍuf imezgi », d agraw n yisuḍaf i d-yessuddes ''Salvius Julianus''. Aṣaḍuf-agi yuɣal d azadur n usaḍuf Aṛumani i d-yusan deffir-s.

'''Asuddes n tnedbelt''': Yebḍa tamnekda ɣer tmnaḍin yettusefraken s wudem yelhan. Yefka-as i yimḍebbren n tmnaḍin tizemmar timeqqranin, maca yerna yessenqed-iten s tuɣalin-is yal tikkelt.

'''Asuddes n tedrimt''': Yefka-as i tedrimt n tmnekda anagraw yelhan, yefren ad yesseɣli tiwsiwin ɣef yegduden, yerna yefka-as i yegduden n tmnaḍin tizemmar n tnezzut d umesni.

== Isiklen-is deg Tmnekda ==
[[Tugna:Emperor Hadrian Louvre Ma3131.jpg|vignette|Hadriyan s tsemregt, yettwaxdem s rxam, taẓuri taṛumanit deg 127 ar 128 S.Ɛ.]]
Hadriyan d amenkad i yessiklen aṭas deg umezruy n Ṛuma. Yekka azal n wazgen n wudabu-s, anamek-is azal n mraw n yiseggasen, deg usikel deg tmnaḍin n tmnekda. Ur yelli ara wamenkad nniḍen i yessiklen am netta.

Yerza ɣer ''Britanya'', ɣer ''Galya'', ɣer ''Spanya'', ɣer ''Grig'', ɣer ''Asya tameẓyant'', ɣer ''Maṣer'', ɣer ''Surya'', ɣer tmnaḍin n usamar, yerna ɣer Tefriqt n ugafa. Deg yal tamnaḍt, yessenqed asuddes n tserdast, yefka-d isefka i yegduden, yerna yebna iṣenfaṛen n ifakanen.

Deg Grig, yefka-as i temdint n Atina azal d ameqqran: yebna din aṭas n yisaliyen, yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg Ṛuma, yerna yefka-as i tmurt-nsen tilelli deg kra n temsalin.

== Iṣenfaṛen n Usali ==
Hadriyan yella d amesnulfu ameqqran deg taɣult n tsegda. Yebna aṭas n yisaliyen i d-yeqqimen armi d ass-a:

=== Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya ===
[[Tugna:Milecastle 39 on Hadrian's Wall.jpg|vignette|Aɣrab n Hadriyan deg Britanya.]]
Deg 122, mi yerza ɣer Britanya, yefka-d anaḍ i usali n uɣrab ameqqran i yebḍan tamurt n Britanya ɣer sin. Aɣrab-agi yezga-d seg ilel ɣer wayeḍ, teɣzi-s tuweḍ ɣer 117 n yikilumitren.

Yebna-t usridas Aṛumani, yerna yella yesɛa iɣeṛban, tiɣeṛmin, d yisunen n tɣellist yal azal n mil. Iswi-s d aḥraz n tmnaḍt n Britanya mgal n yegduden n ugafa i yellan berra n tmnekda.

=== Taddart n Hadriyan deg ''Tivoli'' ===
Ger 118 d 130, Hadriyan yebna taddart-is tameqqrant tama n Tivoli, tama n Ṛuma. Taddart-agi d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda Taṛumanit. Tezga-d ɣef tjumma i yugaren tin n ''Pompei'', yerna deg-s llan aṭas n yisaliyen: imezguten, tibḥirin, ifakanen, d yisunen n waman.

Deg-s yella « Kanopus », d asif n waman i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Maṣer, yerna yella « Pécile », d afakan ameqqran i d-yettwaskren ɣef wudem n win n Atina.

=== Afakan n ''Panteon'' ===
Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n ''Panteon'' n Ṛuma deg talɣa-s n wass-a. Asali-agi yesɛa taqacuct tameqqrant n ubeṭon, i d-yeqqimen d yiwen seg yisaliyen imeqqranen n tsegda n umaḍal.

== Tayri-s d ''Antinus'' ==
Deg 127, Hadriyan yemlal d yiwen n umluzuf Agrigi isem-is ''Antinus'', i yellan d ameẓyan n ''Bitinya'', deg Asya tameẓyant.
[[Tugna:Bust of Antinous (2). 2nd cent. A.D (cropped).jpg|vignette|278x278px|Asebdad n uqerru n Antinus.]]
Assaɣ-nsen yeddem azal n kraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 127 armi d 130.

Assaɣ-agi yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen yettwassnen n tayri deg umezruy n Ṛuma s wudem n tluzuft.

Deg tuber 130, ''Antinus'' yeɣli deg wasif n Nil deg Maṣer yerna yemmut.

Tamettant-is tḥuza Hadriyan s waṭas. Yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint isem-is Antinupulis deg wadeg ideg yemmut, yerna yefka-as i ''Antinus'' addad n ayuc(illu). 

Aṭas n yisaliyen d yizmulen n Antinus i d-yettwaskren deg tmnekda meṛṛa, yerna yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yettwaskren aṭas deg tsegda n Ṛuma.

== Tagrawla n Bar Kuxba ==
Deg 132, teḍra-d yiwet seg tdyantin timeqqranen n udabu n Hadriyan: tagrawla n Bar Kuxba deg tmurt n Yahudiya. 

Ssebba n tagrawla-agi d aṭas: Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usali n temdint tamaynut isem-is ''Aelia Capitolina'' deg wadeg n Urcalim, yerna yefka-d anaḍ i ugdel n lextana.

Bar Kuxba, i yellan d amnukal n Yahudiyen, yekker-d mgal Ṛuma yerna yefka-d anaḍ i yegduden-is ad nnukren.

Tagrawla-agi teddem azal n tkraḍ n yiseggasen, seg 132 armi d 135. 

Deg tazwara, Iyahudiyen ṭṭfen aṭas n tmnaḍin, ṭṭfen 985 n tuddar d 50 n yisunen n tɣellist.

Maca Hadriyan yefka-d anaḍ i usirdes ameqqran, yerna yefka-as i yiserdasen-is anaḍ n usefsex n tagrawla. Deg taggara, Ṛuma terbeḥ, maca s tmettant n waṭas n yegduden: azal n 580 000 n Yahudiyen mmuten, yerna aṭas n tuddar ttwahuddent. 

Tagrawla-agi d tin i d-yefkan taggara n tmurt n Yahudiya d tamurt tilellit, yerna aṭas n Yahudiyen ttwanfan seg tmurt-nsen.

== Tameddurt-is Tussnant d Taseklanit ==
[[Tugna:Attica 06-13 Athens 24 Arch of Hadrian.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n Hadriyan deg Atina.]]
Hadriyan yella d amdan i yeḥemmlen tussna d tsekla. Yella yettaru isefra d yiḍrisen, yerna yella iḥemmel tasekla Tagrigit d Tlatinit. Yefka-d afus i yimassanen d yimyura n tallit-is, yerna yebna aṭas n tidumṣukin n tussna deg tmnekda meṛṛa.

Yella iḥemmel tamurt n Grig s waṭas, yerna yefka-as i yidles-is azal d ameqqran. Yefka-d afus i usali n tidumṣukin timaynuten deg Atina, yerna yefka-as i Yigrikiyen tizemmar n umeslay deg tsertit n Ṛuma.

== Tamettant d Wakud-is Aneggaru ==
Deg yiseggasen ineggura n tmeddurt-is, Hadriyan yella yuḍen. Yella yettqellib win ara t-id-yeṭṭfen deffir-s. Deg tazwara, yefren ''Lucius Verus'', maca yemmut uqbel Hadriyan. Dɣa yefren ''Antoninus Pius'', yerna yefka-as anaḍ i ''Antoninus'' ad yeṭṭef ''Marku Aureliyu'' d ''Lucius Verus'' deffir-s.

Hadriyan yemmut ass n 10 Yulyu 138 deg ''Baiae'', tama n ''Napoli.''

Yella yesɛa 62 n yiseggasen. ''[[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]]'' yeṭṭef-it deffir-s, yerna yefka-as addad n ayuc(ṛebbi), ɣas ma llan kra n yimḍebbren n Ṛuma i yugin.</text>
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      <text bytes="5681" sha1="nk9ezdk5slgt964tetaes2wjyi6w2nj" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Antoninus Pius bust S2436 ancient agora museum Athens.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Uqerru n Anṭunin Piyus.]]
'''Anṭunin Piyus''' (s tlatinit: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius''), illul deg useggas 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1429|image=[[File:Antoninus Pius Glyptothek Munich 337 cropped.jpg|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Anṭunin Piyus.}}

86, yemmut deg 161. D amenkad n Temnekda Taṛumanit i yeḥkmen gar yiseggasen 138 d 161 S.Ɛ. Yella d yiwen gar &quot;Semmus n Yimenkaden Igerrzen&quot; n umezruy n Ruma. Tallit-is d tin i d-yefkan aṭas n telwit (Pax Romana), '''arkad''' akked wugar n tdamsa, war ma yella-d ccwal ameqqran neɣ '''azɣen''' di temnaḍin n temnekda-s.

== Tameddurt Tamezwarut d Walluy ɣer Tnezmart ==
Illul Anṭunin deg temdint n ''Lanuyum'' (Lanuvium) deg [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭṭalyan]]. Tawacult-is tella d yiwet gar '''tserkmin''' timeqqranin yerna yesɛan '''tanezmart''' di tsertit n Ṛuma.

Mi qrib ad yemmet umenkad [[Hadriyan]], yeẓra belli Antuninus d argaz '''imekdi''' ɣer tmurt-is, u d aɣeswa aḥeqqi. Ɣef waya, yerra-t d amekkasu-ines unṣib, maca isres-d yiwet n '''tewtilt''': akken Antuninus ad yeḥkem, yewwi-d fell-as ad yerrez d imekkasiyen mbeɛd-is sin n yimsedayen, [[Mark Urel]] (Marcus Aurelius) akked Lusyus Virus (Lucius Verus). Antuninus yeqbel agatu-agi, yerna ikemmel d win i yettqadaṛen i'''nsayen''' n uwanek.

== Tunefka n yisem &quot;Piyus&quot; ==
Asqamu Aṛumani yefka-as isem n Piyus, win i yemmalen leqder d tmusni. Ssebba tamezwarut n yisem-a, d akken yugi ad yeǧǧ asqamu ad yekkes ccan i baba-s s usmemmi [[Hadriyan]], yerna yessenqad-it akken ad yili Hadriyan d agerram neɣ d ayuc gar iyucen n Ṛuma. Daɣen, isem-a yemmal leqder-is i yemma-s, i twacult-is, d yiserdasen-is.

== Tasertit n daxel d teɣdemt ==
[[Tugna:Temple of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva Faustina, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (33093993915).jpg|vignette|Afakan n Anṭunin Piyus akked Fustin deg unmager n Ṛuma.]]
Tallit n ''Anṭunin Piyus'' d tin n talwit d tenkelwit tameqqrant. Yerr-a tamawt ɣer usedbel n tɣiwanin, yessifsus taɛkemt ɣef yimezdaɣen, yerna yefka azal ameqqran i usaḍuf d teɣdemt. Yettwassen s leqder-is i yizerfan n yemdanen, am wid yettwakerfen neɣ igellilen. Yefka tilisa i lecɣal n yinemhalen i yexedɛen tamurt, yerna yessuter deg yimḍebbren n tɣiwanin ad ilin d imelsiyen deg lecɣal-nsen.

Mgarad d yimenkaden-nniḍen (am [[Hadriyan]] i yunagen deg umaḍal aṛumani), Anṭunin ur yeffiɣ ara akk seg temdint n Ruma d Ṭṭalyan s umata deg 23 n yiseggasen n udabu-s. Yesseḥbaber ɣef '''usɣim''' n udabu s lqedd, u yefka '''agemmir''' akked wazal i Useqqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina).
[[Tugna:0 Antoninus Pius - Museo Chiaramonti (Vatican).JPG|vignette|312x312px|Asebdad n Anṭunin Piyus s wudem userdas.]]
Xas akken imenkaden n zik llan ttafen lxaṭer deg yimenɣiyen d usemɣer n tlisa n tagelda, Anṭunin Piyus yextaṛ abrid nniḍen. Yesɛedday akud-is deg usefrek n tadbelt n daxel. Yerr-d tadamsa n tagelda ɣer uswir yelhan, yessenqes tixessarin, yerna yefka afud i yimzenza d yimassanen. Deg tallit-is, igezda n tagelda taṛumanit ur ssinen ara aṭas n yimenɣiyen, ala kra n yemcumen imecṭaḥ i yellan deg tlisa n Briṭanya, n Tefriqt ugafa, d Legrig.

Anṭunin Piyus yettwassen s waṭas s teɣdemt-is d wawal-is yelhan ɣef yimeɣbanen d yigellilen. Yexdem aṭas n yibeddilen deg yisuḍaf iṛumaniyen akken ad yili umtawa d teflest gar yimdanen. Yiwen seg yisuḍaf-is ittwassnen d win i d-yeqqaren: &quot;Yal amdan yettwaḥsab d amelsi alamma ibeggen-d bab n teɣdemt d akken d amezzmen.&quot; Aya d amenzay i mazal yettwaseqdec ass-a deg waṭas n tmura n umaḍal. Daɣen, yefka izerfan i yimeɣbanen d yigujilen, yerna yexdem akken ad yili wawal i wakken ad ttwakksen tikli n uqraḥ i yemdanen ur nesɛi ara tillas. Ma d aklan, yefka-asen kra n yiberdan akken ad uɣalen d ilelliyen ma yella bab-nsen yexdem fell-asen kra n wassas neɣ leḥqer.

== Tasertit Tawerdanit d Tdamsa ==

=== Tadamsa, Tasiḍent d Tnezzut ===
Tallit n Anṭunin Piyus tella d yiwet n tallit yufraren deg wayen yeɛnan ayen yelhan i wegdud, acku yeṭṭef tigad n tedrimt s ṣṣwab. S useqdec iwatan n '''tsiḍent''' d wexzan n yedrimen, yeǧǧa-d Ruma deg yiwen n waddad yeččuran d '''tabaɣurt'''. Yernu iseggem '''tanezzut''' di yal tama n yilel Agrakal, ayen i d-yewwin tiwsiwin timaynutin i wegdud.

Yebna aṭas n '''yisalayen''' akked ifakanen, iɣbula n waman, akk d yizenqan i isehlen '''taywalt''' akked '''umesni''' gar temdinin n temnekda.

=== Azbu, Igen akked wuḥrez ɣef Tlisa ===
[[Tugna:Roman Empire in 150 AD.png|vignette|Tilisa n tmnekda taṛumanit deg tallit n umenkad Anṭunin Piyus.]]
Ɣas akken adabu-s yebna ɣef talwit, yella yettḥadar ɣef temnaḍin n Ruma mgal '''anṭag''' n yiberraniyen:

Deg Briṭanya Tameqqrant (Ekusta / Écosse ass-a), yefka '''annaḍ''' i yigen-is ad bnun &quot;'''Aɣrab''' n Anṭunin&quot;, i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Uɣrab n [[Hadriyan]]. Iswi-s d '''azbu''' mgal aẓḍam n iɣerfan n ugafa.

Yessefru kra n yimenɣiwen imecṭuḥen deg Mauritanya (Tafriqt n Ugafa), deg Surya d Surya-Falasṭin s waṭas n uqader, war ma yella-d ccwal ameqqran neɣ tuzzma meqqren. Igen Aṛumani yeqqim d '''imnekdi''' u d yeǧhed s waṭas deg 23 iseggasen-nni.

== Tukkest ==
Mi yemmut deg useggas 161 deg ''Lorium'' (Ṭṭalyan), Anṭunin Piyus yeǧǧa-d '''tukkest''' n temnekda teẓwer, teǧǧuǧeg, yerna yeṣfa wudem-is. Amekkasu-ines, [[Mark Urel]], yeṭṭef '''asɣim''' n temnekda yerna ikemmel abrid n tsertit n telwit. Amezruy yettawali Antuninus am '''umatar''' ameqqran n tqacuct n uǧuǧeg d talwit deg umaḍal aṛumani aqbur.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mark Urel</title>
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      <text bytes="5217" sha1="67fsx5kwuhzwz1a8n6wq7o8lu9cib04" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Mark Urel.]]
'''Mark Urel''' d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yettwassnen nezzeh deg umezruy n Tamenkda 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1430|caption=Amenkad Mark Urel.|image=[[File:Marcus Aurelius Louvre MR561 n02.jpg|thumb]]}}

Taṛumant. Ilul deg useggas 121, yettuneḥsab d aneggaru gar wid iwumi qqaren &quot;Semmus n Imenkaden Igerrzen&quot;, yerna d yiwen gar yimusnawen d yiflusufen imeqqranen n tfelsafit n [[Tastuysit|Testuysit]], yemmut deg useggas 180. Yella d amnekad seg 161 ar 180. Tallit-is tella gar talwit taṛumant d tazɣent n tilisa, gar tfelsafit d umgaru, gar tadbelt d tmettant n waṭas n yemdanen.

== Tudert-is tamezwarut ==
Mark Urel ilul deg Ṛuma. Isem-is ummid Mark Urel Anṭunin( neɣ s tlatinit: '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus'''). Yekka-d seg tawacult tameqqrant yesɛan lḥeṛma deg tmetti taṛumant. Amenkad Hadriyan yextar-t-id zik, yefka-yas amkan deg usbeddi n tmenkda. [[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]] yewwi-t-id ɣer twacult-is s usmemmi, yesselmed-as tadbelt, yessuddes-as abrid ɣer ukersii n tmenkda.

Mark Urel yelmed ɣer yiselmaden yesɛan tussna d wazal n tallit-nni. Yelmed tasekla, tutlayin, tasertit, akked tfelsafit. Tafelsafit [[Tastuysit|tasṭuwit]] tekcem ɣer wallaɣ-is, tesselmed-as belli amdan ilaq ad yidir s wudem umeẓɣan, s tuẓulin, s ṣṣber, akked s uqbal n wayen ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel.

== Tanbaḍt-is d usbeddi n tmenkda ==
Deg useggas 161, mi yemmut [[Antuninus Piyus|Anṭunin Piyus]], Mark Urel yuɣal d amnekad. Ur yebɣi ara ad yeḥkem i yiman-is kan, yessbedd Lusius Virus d amnekad akked-s. Sin-nni ḥekmen ɣef Tamenkda Taṛumant, maca Mark Urel yella d win yesɛan ṛṛay ameqqran akked tmussni n tsertit.

Tallit n tnbaḍt n umenkad Mark Urel (161–180 S.Ɛ.) tella d tin yeddren amedya ameqqran n wussisan deg tudsa d usnerni n tedamsa d teɣdemt deg agensu n Umenkud Aṛumani. Ɣas akken ccwal n beṛṛa am umgaru mgal Yiparṭiyen d Yiǧermaniyen wwin adras ameqqran deg umezruy-is, amenkad yessefti aṭas n tzemmar deg uḥraz n wurkad n daxel, aselḥi n isaḍufen, d ufus n tallalt i yiɣermanen deg lawan n twaɣiyin.

Deg tazwara n tnbaḍt-is deg useggas n 161 S.Ɛ., Mark Urel yexdem takti tamaynut deg umezruy aṛumani: yefren gma-s s usmemmi, Lusyus Virus (Lucius Verus), akken ad ilin d imenkaden i sin s tzemmar yellan s wudem n tagada. D tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy i deg yebḍa udabu unṣib gar sin n yemdanen iwumi fkan azwel n ''Augustus''. Ɣas akken Mark Urel yella yesɛa adabu amezwaru d usrid deg tlufa timeqqranin, tasertit-a tessaweḍ ad tqeṛṛeɛ tawaɣit n umennuɣ n daxel yerzan lweṛt n udabu. Sin-a n yimenkaden xedmen s umtawa d tdukli alamma d tamettant n Lusyus Virus deg useggas n 169 S.Ɛ., mi d-yufa Mark Urel iman-is d anebbaḍ awḥid n tmenkda.

Mi yemmut Lusyus Virus, Mark Urel yeqqim d amnekad i yiman-is. Yella yettnadi ad yili d amdan n teɣdemt, mačči d amnakad n ṭṭrad. Yefka azal i usenqed n tadbelt, i uqader n iṣuḍaf, akked umesten n tilisa n tmenkda.

=== Tterka Tanṭunint ===
Yiwet gar tedyanin tixatarin i iḥuzen agensu n tmenkda d tterka i d-yewwin iserdasen imedranen iṛumaniyen seg umgaru n Ugmuḍ deg useggas n 165 S.Ɛ. Tterka-a, iwumi qqaren ''Tterka TanṬunint'', tessenggar aṭas n yiɣermanen d iserdasen deg yal tamnaḍt, ayen i d-yeglan s uɣelluy ameqqran deg tedamsa d ufaras (gar 5 ar 10 i yettwanɣan seg waṭṭan-agi).

Iwakken ad yefru tazɣent-a n tadrimt war ma yerna tiwsiwin ɣef uɣref, Mark Urel yexdem tigawt iweɛṛen: yesseqdec agerruj n tmenkda yerna yezzenz-iten deg ulzuzen (leswaq) n Ṛuma akk ayla d tɣawsiwin tunṣiben n tmenkda, tisenslin n wareɣ(dheb), d yisebdaden n wareɣ d lfeṭṭa n tgemmi taṛumanit. S waya, yessaweḍ ad d-yerr tadrimt i tenbaḍt d usiref n yigellilen war ma i nnal tadamsa n uɣerman.

== Imgura d tilisa n tmenkda ==
Tallit n Mark Urel ur telli ara d tallit n talwit kan. Deg usammer, yella umgaru mgal Iparṭiyen. Deg ugafa, llan imenɣiyen mgal Iǧermaniyen, Imarkumanen, akked Ikwaḍiyen, ɣer yiri n wasif n Danub. Mark Urel yedda s timmad-is ɣer yiri n tilisa, yesselḥa iserdasen, u yeḥrez imukan yellan ɣer yiri n tlisa.

Imgura-agi ssaɣlayen aṭas n yemdanen, ssalayen tiwsi, ssnernayen aɣilif n tmetti. Maca Mark Urel yella yettnadi ad yesbedd talwit, ad yeḥrez tilisa, u ad yeḥrez tamenkda seg inṭagen n yimenzaɣen. Deg tmuɣli n tsertit, yella yefhem belli Tamenkda Taṛumant teḥwaǧ aserdas iǧehden, maca daɣen tadbelt ifazen.

Deg useggas n 175 S.Ɛ., tella-d yiwet n tnekra taxatart deg ugmuḍ, mi d-yefleɣ uselway n yiserdasen n dina Avidiyus Kasyus (Avidius Cassius) i yebɣan ad yeṭṭefɣ adabu acku tewweḍ-d talɣut dakken Mark Urel yemmut. Ɣas akken tanbaḍt n Mark Urel tella d tin iǧehden, tanekra-a ur d-tegli ara s umgaru aɣarim n daxel deg uɣlan.

Mi yemmut Kasyus s ɣur iserdasen-is, Mark Urel ur yeddim ara ttar. S tmust-is tastuysit d usuref, yegdel akk aḥbas neɣ anɣa n wid ittekkin deg tnekra-nni, yerna yesserɣ akk tibratin d isemlan n Kasyus war ma yeɣra-ten, akken ur d-yettili ara awehhi neɣ ttar mgal yisennaturen d yinelmaden-is deg Ṛuma.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Septimyus Severus</title>
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'''Lusyus Septimyus Severus''' (145 – 211 S.Ɛ.) d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqranen i ibeddlen

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1442|image=[[File:Septimius Severus Glyptothek Munich 357 cropped.jpg|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Septimyus Severus}}

udem d unagraw n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. D netta i d amenzu i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (s yiziɣer alibi-apunig) i yulin ɣer ukersi n udabu aṛumi. Yerna d netta i d amsebdad n twacult tageldant n Yisiviriyen.

Tanbaḍt-ines, seg useggas n 193 ar 211 S.Ɛ., tewwi-d isniflen d yiseggamen lqayen deg tasredsa (lɛesker), deg uzref (lqanun), d tedbelt. S tnekkra-ines, yessufeɣ tamenkda seg tallit n Principatus (anda asqamu n yimɣaren yella d amteddu) ɣer tallit n udabu amserdas lqayen.

== 1. Aẓar, Talalit d Temẓi-ines ==

=== Talalit deg Leptis Magna ===
Ilul Septimyus Severus ass n 11 deg Yebrir n useggas 145 (neɣ 146) S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Leptis Magna (deg tmurt n Libiya n tura). Tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebna ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal deg temnaḍt n Tripolitania.
[[Tugna:Severus210AD.png|vignette|Tamnekda Taṛumanit deg tallit n Severus.]]

=== Aẓar n twacult ===
'''Baba-s''': Ism-is ''Publius Septimius Geta'', yekka-d seg yiẓuran ilibiyen-ipuniyen (imaziɣen-ifiniqiyen) yesɛan ayla d ccan ameqran deg temnaḍt. Twacult-ines tella teṭṭef tiɣermi taṛumit acḥal d tasuta send talalit-is.

'''Yemma-s''': Ism-is ''Fulvia Pia'', tekka-d seg twacult taṭalyanit-taṛumit n watelsan (gens Fulvia).

=== Asgmi d tutlayin ===
Severus yelmed tutlayt tapunigt, talatinit, d tegrikt. Ɣas akken yelmed tasekla d lqanun deg Ruma d Atina, imuzrayen n tallit-nni (am Cassius Dion) nnan-d d akken yella yessawal talatinit s yiwet n aɣdebbu tafriqit i d-yettbanen ar taggara n tudert-is.

== 2. Abrid Asertan d Umserdas (Cursus Honorum) ==
Send ad yaweḍ ɣer udabu unnig, Septimyus Severus yekfa akk talliyin n usedmer asertan aṛumi s tallelt n umenkad [[Mark Urel]]:

'''Akcam ɣer Usqamu n Yimɣaren (''SINA'')''': Yekcem d aɛeggal deg useggas n 170 S.Ɛ.

'''Isurifen imezwura''': Yeṭṭef tamassit n kwaystur (quaestor) deg Ruma d Baetica (Spanya), sakin d aṭribun n ''ipliben'' deg 176 S.Ɛ.

'''Tanbaḍt n temnaḍin''': Yuɣal d afritran (praetor) deg 178 S.Ɛ., syin d anebbaḍ n Gallia Lugdunensis (Fransa), n Sisilya, d Pannonia Superior (ɣef wasif n Danub) deg useggas n 191 S.Ɛ.[1].

Deg Panunya, Severus yefka tamawt meqqren i tseddarin n yiserdasen, yella yeẓra amek ay tteddun iserdasen n tlisa d wayen ttnadin, d ayen i as-yeldin abrid ɣer tezmert tamuqqrant.

== 3. Aseggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden (193 S.Ɛ.) d Tuzzya ɣer Unbaḍ ==
Deg taggara n useggas 192 S.Ɛ., yemmut umenkad ''Commodus''. Deg useggas 193 S.Ɛ.—i yettwasnen deg umezruy s Useggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden—tallit n tezɣent d ummenuɣ ɣef udabu:

Amenkad Pertinax yeṭṭef leḥkem kra n wagguren kan send ad t-nɣen yimḍebbren n tɛessast.

Iɛessasen-nni zzenzen akersi n udabu deg &quot;ssuq&quot; i win ara d-yefken aṭas n tedrimt; dɣa yuɣ-it umarkanti Didius Julianus.

Iserdasen n Danub ugin aya. Ass n 9 Yebrir 193 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Carnuntum, berrḥen s Septimyus Severus d amenkad.&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
┌──────────────────────────────┐
                │ Aseggas n 193 S.Ɛ.           │
                │ Assider(aɣelluy) n Didius Julianus    │
                └──────────────┬───────────────┘
                               │
            ┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐
            ▼                                     ▼
┌───────────────────────┐             ┌───────────────────────┐
│ Amenɣi n Issus (194)  │             │ Amenɣi n Lugdunum     │
│ Mgal Pescennius Niger │             │ (197) mgal Albinus    │
└───────────────────────┘             └───────────────────────┘
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Severus yuzzel s tazzla tameqqrant ɣer temdint n Ruma. ''Didius Julianus'' yetwanɣa send ad d-yaweḍ Severus. Iwakken ad yeṭṭef anbaḍ akken iwata, yennuɣ mgal sin n yimsizwren:

'''''Pescennius Niger'' (deg Ugmuḍ)''': Yernat deg umenɣi n Cyzicus, Nicaea, d Issus (194 S.Ɛ.).

'''''Clodius Albinus'' (deg Utaram)''': Yernat deg umenɣi aneggaru n Lugdunum (Lyon) deg useggas n 197 S.Ɛ., i yellan d yiwen seg yimenɣan imeqranen akk gar Yiṛumaniyen.

== 4. Iseggamen d Isniflen Imserdasen d Yidblanen ==
Tanbaḍt n Septimyus Severus tbeddel lsas n uwanak aṛumi.

=== Isniflen n Tasredsa (Iserdasen) ===
'''Afsax n Tɛessast Tapriturit''': Yefsax taɛessast taqburt i yellan teččur kan d iṭalyaniyen, yebna-tt-id s yiserdasen iḥiriyen i d-yextar seg tlisa n Danub d Tefriqt.

'''Tirbbaɛ timaynutin''': Yesnulfa-d kraḍt n tseddarin timaynutiw (Legio I, II, d III Parthica). Yiwet deg-sent yessers-itt ɣer tama n Ruma (Castra Albana) i useḥbiber fell-as.

'''Tidrimin d Tsulya(Zwaǧ)''': Yerna deg texlaṣṣin n yiserdasen (solde) s wazal n 33% ar 50%, yerna yefka-yasen azref ad zewǧen skud llan deg uheggi n lɛesker (d ayen yellan d amgadal send-is).
[[Tugna:Leptis Magna Arch of Septimius Severus.jpg|vignette|Tagenza n Severus deg Leptis Magna.]]

=== Isniflen n Tedbelt d Uzref ===
'''Asenqes n tezmert n Usqamu''': Yekkes aṭas n tezmert i Usqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina), yerr-a adabu gar yifassen n yimḍebbren imserdasen d yinefrayen neɣ imsaḍufen.

'''Asnerni n tussna n uzref''': Yesseqdec imusnawen imeqranen n lqanun aṛumi, gar-asen ''Papinien'' (Aemilius Papinianus, i d-yekkan ula d netta seg Tefriqt neɣ Surya), Ulpien, d Paulus.

'''Tadamsa d Txezna''': Yebḍa tadamsa gar txezna n uwanak (aerarium/fiscus) d tbaɣurt tusligt n umenkad d twacult-is (res privata).

== 5. Tuffɣiwin n Tredsa d Usehrew n Tlisa ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │             TUFFƔIWIN N TREDSA N SEVERUS                    │
   ├──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────┤
   │ 1. TUFFƔA n Mezubuṭamya      │ Aserɣi n Ctesiphon (197) d   │
   │    (197 - 198 S.Ɛ.)          │ tmerniwt n Mesopotamya.      │
   ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
   │ 2. TUFFƔA n Tefriqt          │ Asebded n Limes Tripolitanus │
   │    (202 - 203 S.Ɛ.)          │ d lebni n Gholaia/Bu Njem.   │
   ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
   │ 3. TUFFƔA n Kaledunya        │ Aɛawed n lebni n Uɣrab n     │
   │    (208 - 211 S.Ɛ.)          │ Hadrian d umenɣi di Scotland │
   └──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''Tuffɣa n Mezubuṭamya (197–198 S.Ɛ.)''': Yennuɣ mgal Tmenkda Tapartit, yesreɣ tamanaɣt-nsen Ctesiphon. Tamnaḍt n Mezubuṭamya tuɣal d tamnaḍt taṛumit tamaynut.

'''Tuffɣa n Tefriqt (202–203 S.Ɛ.)''': Yessuddes talisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa (Limes Tripolitanus) mgal tgeldiwin timaziɣin n unẓul (am Yigaramanten). Yebna igruren n tredsa(lɛesker) deg Gholaia (Bu Njem) d Ghadames. Yerra tamdint-is Leptis Magna d tamnaḍt tamirant s lebni n yisebdaden, tagenzi, d usagen ameqran.

'''Tuffɣa n Briṭanya (208–211 S.Ɛ.)''': Yuli ɣer tgzirt n Briṭanya (Legliz) d warraw-is iwakken ad iḥareb mgal leɛṛac n Kaledunya (Caledonia, deg Skutlanda n tura). Dinna iɛawed asebded d useǧhed n Uɣrab n [[Hadriyan]].

== 6. Tawacult d Temsalt n Wukus ==

=== Julia Domna ===
Severus yuɣ tislit-is tis snat J''ulia Domna'' deg useggas n 187 S.Ɛ., d yelli-s n uqessis ameqran n tecbalt n yiṭij(seg usɣan ''Ilagabal'' n temnaḍt n [[surya]] n wass-a) deg temdint n Emesa (Homs, deg [[Surya]]). Julia Domna tella d tamusnawt yeɣran aṭas, tella tessebded igrawen n ifelsufen, imedyazen d yimussnawen deg Ruma, yerna tesɛa tazrirt meqqren deg tsertit n umenkad.

=== Arraw-is: Karakalla d Geta ===
Tesɛa-d yid-s sin n warrac:

'''[[Karakalla]]''' (Lucius Septimius Bassianus / Antoninus).

'''Publius Septimius Geta'''.

Severus yessuli sin-a n warraw-is ɣer umkan n ''Augustus'' iwakken ad nbeḍen lwaḥid deffir-s. Maca yella gar-asen yiwen n wurfan d cceḥna tameqqrant ur nerkid.

== 7. Tamettant ==

=== Tamettant deg Eboracum (211 S.Ɛ.) ===
Yemmut Septimyus Severus ass n 4 deg Furar n useggas 211 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Briṭanya) deg leɛmer-is 65 n yiseggasen. Send ad yemmet, yefka i sin n warraw-is yiwen n uwellah yeqqimen deg umezruy:

&quot;Ddukklet gar-awen, Ili-ken am iserdasen, Ili-ken d imakkayen, u Ḥeqret wiyaḍ.&quot;

(« Concordes estote, milites locupletate, ceteros contemnite »)

Deffir tmettant-ines, [[Karakalla]] yenɣa gma-s Geta deg 212 S.Ɛ. iwakken ad yeṭṭef adabu i yimani-s, sakin yefka tiɣeṛmi taṛumanit i akk iɣermanen ilelliyen n tmenkda (Anaḍ n Karakalla).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elagabalus</title>
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      <text bytes="12249" sha1="kjnke8hpj2c3m99zcf6n7gnfl6u2sj9" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Elagabalus.]]
'''Elagabalus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''), i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Heliogabalus, yella d 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1762|image=[[File:Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016 (2).jpg|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Elagabalus}}

amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg useggas 218 ar 222 S.Ɛ. Yewweḍ ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen, yerna yemmut mi yella 18 n yiseggasen. Tallit-is, ɣas ma tewezzil aṭas, teqqim d yiwet seg talliyin i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg umezruy arumani, ladɣa imi Elagabalus yebɣa ad ibeddel kra n leɛwayed d wansayenn Ruma, s wayen i d-yegla waya n uqabal meqqren deg temɣiwent tarumanit.

== 1. Talalit-is d twacult-is ==
Elagabalus ilul deg useggas 203 S.Ɛ. deg Emesa, tamdint n [[Surya]] n wass-a, i yettwassnen tura s yisem '''Homs'''. Isem-is amezwaru yella Varius Avitus Bassianus.

Yekka-d seg twacult taɣelnawt yesɛan azal meqqren deg Emesa. Yemma-s, Julia Soaemias, d yell-is n Julia Maesa. Julia Maesa nettat d weltma-s n Julia Domna, tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Ihi Elagabalus yella d yiwen seg yimdanen n twacult n Severus, tawacult i yeṭṭfen tamenḍawt n Ruma deg uḥric meqqren n tasut tis kraḍet n tallit-nneɣ.

Baba-s, Sextus Varius Marcellus, yella d argaz yesɛan azal deg tedbelt tarumanit. Maca d tama n yemma-s, ladɣa Julia Maesa, i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef ubrid i t-yessawḍen ɣer uselway n tmenkda.

== 2. Elagabalus d anedbal n Rebbi n Emesa ==
Uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, '''Avitus Bassianus''' yella d anedbal ameqqran n usɣan n '''Elagabal''' deg Emesa.

Elagabal yella d illu asuryani i yettwabder s talɣa n yiṭij. Deg umezruy, isem &quot;Elagabalus&quot; i yettunefken i umenkad yekka-d seg yisem n unebdad-a; mačči d isem i yesseqdac netta i yiman-is am umenkad.

Deg Emesa, illu-a yella yesɛa adeg agejdan deg tudert tadeyyanit. Agellid-nni ameẓẓyan, uqbel ad yuɣal d amenkad, yella yettwasen s leqdic-is d anedbal.

Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy-is, acku mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma ur yeǧǧi ara tadeyyanit n Emesa deffir-s: yewwi-tt yid-s ɣer wul n tmenkda.

== 3. Amek i yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmnekda? ==
Mi yemmut [[Karakalla]] deg 217, [[Makrinus]] yuɣal d amenkad. Maca Makrinus ur yesɛi ara akk tazmert n twacult n Severus, yerna kra seg yigen n tɛessast tarumanit ur qeblen ara tazerfa-ines.

Julia Maesa, jeddat n Elagabalus, tebda ad txeddem akken ad terr tawacult-is ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmenkda. Tettwaseqdac daɣen tadyant i yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yezmer ad yili d mmi-s n Karakalla. Ur d-yelli ara ubeggen i d-yeskanayen belli aya d tidet, maca ayen-a yella d allal asertan i yesɛan azal meqqren, acku Karakalla yella mazal yesɛa imdanen i t-iḥemmlen gar yigen n tɛessast.

Deg 218, kra seg yigen n Legio III Gallica qqeblen Elagabalus d amenkad. Imir-nni yella kan deg leɛmer n 14 neɣ 15 n yiseggasen.

Yella-d umenɣi aserdas gar wid i yettabaɛen Makrinus d wid n Elagabalus. Deg imenɣi n Antioch, iɛeggalen n Elagabalus rebḥen. Makrinus yerwel, syin yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwanɣa.

S waya, aqcic ameẓẓyan n Emesa yuɣal d amenkad n yiwet seg tmenkadin timeqqranin i yellan deg umaḍal aqbur.

== 4. Anekcum-is ɣer Ruma ==
Elagabalus ur yewwiḍ ara srid ɣer Ruma. Yesseɛda kra n wakud deg tama n usamar n Tmenkda Tarumanit uqbel ad yawi abrid ɣer tɣerma.

Mi yewweḍ ɣer Ruma deg 219, yufa-d tamdint yesɛan leɛwayed-is, tadeyyanit-is d tarrayt-is n tsertit.

Ruma tettuneḥsab d tawennaḍt anda illu '''Jupiter Optimus Maximus''' yesɛa adeg ameqqran deg tsertit d tadeyyanit n tmenkda. Elagabalus, s wudem nniḍen, yella yewwi-d yid-s illu-s Elagabal seg Emesa.

Dayen ara yuɣalen d yiwen seg yisental igejdanen n tallit-is.

== 5. Abeddel n usɣan(tadeyanit) i yebɣa ad yeg ==
Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr illu Elagabal ɣer umkan unnig deg tadeyyanit n tmenkda.

Yebna deg Ruma Elagabalium, '''afakan ameqqran''' i yellan d adeg agejdan n uɛbed n illu Elagabal. Daɣen, aẓru iqeddsen i yettwaseqdacen deg uɛbed n Elagabal yettwawi-d seg Emesa ɣer Ruma.

Ayagi ur yelli ara kan d abeddel asɣanan(adeyani). Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit, tadeyyanit d tsertit mlalent aṭas. Aɛbed n yilluten irumanen, leɛwayed n tɣerma d wazal n umenkad llan akk d yiḥricen n unagraw asertan.

Mi yebɣa Elagabalus ad isbeddel amkan n yilluten n Ruma s illu Elagabal i d-yewwi seg Emesa, aṭas n yimdanen deg tɣerma n Ruma walan aya d aseḥqer n leɛwayed-nsen.

Maca ilaq ad nḥader seg usegzi afessas: Tmenkda Tarumanit tettwassen s waṭas n tedyanin d yilluten yemgaraden, yerna aɛbed n yilluten n usamar yella yakan deg Ruma. Ugur ur yelli ara kan imi Elagabal yella d illu «aberṛani», maca imi amenkad yebɣa ad t-yerr ɣer umkan unnig deg unagraw adeyani-asertan arumani.

== 6. Tisertit-is d Ugraw n Sina ==
Assaɣ n Elagabalus akked Ugraw n Sina arumani ur yelli ara yelha.

Amenkad yella d ameẓẓyan, yerna aṭas n tsertit n tmenkda tettwasefrek s tazrirt n yimawlan-is, ladɣa Julia Maesa d Julia Soaemias. Iɣallen n twacult n tmeṭṭut sɛan tazrirt meqqren deg tallit-a.

Deg tmuɣli tarumanit taqburt, tazrirt tameqqrant n tlawin deg tsertit tettwaẓra sɣur kra n yimyura s wudem ur nelhi. Maca seg tmuɣli n umezruy atrar, ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yellan s tidet d wayen i d-yettwarun s tmuɣli n yimyura i yellan d ixṣimen n twacult-a.

Elagabalus yella daɣen yettbeddil imḍebbaren d yimawlan n tsertit, yerna yesseqdac imdanen i iqerben ɣur-s. Ayagi yessnerna ccwal gar-s d udmawen iqburen n teɣdemt tarumanit.

== 7. Tisulya-s ==
Elagabalus yuɣ aṭas n tlawin ɣas ma tallit n tmenkda-s tewezzil kan s kraḍ neɣ kuẓ n yiseggasen.

Gar-asent tella ''Julia Cornelia Paula'', syin ''Aquilia Severa'', i yellan d tanedbalt n ufakan n Vesta.

Zwaj-is akked ''Aquilia Severa'' yegla-d s ccwal meqqren. Tinedbalin n Vesta ilaq, s leɛwayed n Ruma, ad qqiment war assaɣ n tuzzuft deg tallit n leqdic-nsent. Aseɣwen n umenkad akked yiwet seg-sent yettwaẓra d aserwet meqqren deg leɛwayed d yizrfan ideyaniyin n Ruma.

Elagabalus yebḍa yid-s, syin yuɣ tameṭṭut nniḍen, ''Annia Faustina'', maca deffir waya yerra-d Aquilia Severa ɣur-s.

Zwaj-a yewwi-d i tmuɣli n yimdanen belli amenkad-a ur yettqadar ara leɛwayed n Ruma.

== 8. Elagabalus, tuzzuft d timanit-is ==
Yiwen seg yisental i ɣef d-ttwarun aṭas ɣef Elagabalus d tudert-is tusligt d wudem i s yettbin deg tmetti.

Imyura iqburen am ''Cassius Dio'' d ''Historia Augusta'' ḥkan-d aṭas n tmucuha ɣef yiman-is, issaɣen-is d tarrayt-is n tudert. Kra seg wayen i d-ḥkan yeffeɣ i wayen i yellan d aleqqaq deg tmetti tarumanit.

Maca ilaq ad neḥrez yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant: ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb akk ayen i d-ḥkan yimyura-a d tidet tameɣtut.

Imyura irumanen zemren ad xedmen aseḥqer asertan n umenkad i kerhen s useqdec n tmucuha ɣef tuzzuft, leɛwayed d tudert tusligt. ''Historia Augusta'', ladɣa, d aɣbalu i ilaq ad yettwaseqdac s leḥder imi yesɛa aṭas n tmucuha d tedyanin ur nettwabeggen ara.

Imedyaten n yiḍrisen iqburen i d-yeqqaren belli Elagabalus yebɣa ad yettwali iman-is am tameṭṭut neɣ yesseqdac tarrayin nniḍen n timanit-is llan, maca ur ilaq ara ad nessekcem srid tiɣawsiwin-a deg tmiḍranin titrarin am &quot;transgender&quot; war asnerni n usatal. Tamiḍrant n timanit n tuzzuft n wass-a mačči d yiwet akked tmiḍranin n tmetti tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍet.

Ihi, ayen i nezmer ad nini s laman d belli imyura iqburen ḥkan-d Elagabalus am win i yessersen leɛwayed n tuzzuft d tmetti tarumanit deg ccwal, maca telqayt n tudert-is tusligt teqqim d tin i ɣef ur nezmir ara ad nefk tiririt iseḥḥan s wudem amagdez.

== 9. Julia Maesa d Alexander Severus ==
S wakud, Julia Maesa tebda tettwali belli tasertit n Elagabalus tezmer ad teglu s uɣelluy n twacult n Severus.

Tella daɣen twacult n Alexander Severus, aqcic nniḍen n twacult. Julia Maesa tessuter seg Elagabalus ad yerr Alexander d mmi-s s uzref(s usmmemi), akken ad yuɣal d amḍebber i t-ittabaɛen.

Deg 221, ''Alexander'' yuɣal d ''Caesar'', anamek-is belli yettwasebgen am win ara yezwir deg uselway deffir n Elagabalus.

Maca Alexander yebda yettaf azal gar yigen n teɛessast, ladɣa Tirniyin n Praetoria, i yellan d iɛeggalen i iḥerzen amenkad.

Aya yegla-d s umihi meqqren i Elagabalus.

== 10. Aɣelluy d tmettant ==
Deg 11 Meɣres 222, Elagabalus d yemma-s Julia Soaemias ruḥen ɣer uḥric n yigen n Praetoria.

Tirniyin ur qeblent ara Elagabalus. Imenɣi adaxlan yeḍra, syin iɛeggalen n tɛessast nɣan amenkad akked yemma-s.

Elagabalus yella kan deg 18 n yiseggasen.

Iɣbula iqburen qqaren belli tafekka-s tettwazuɣer deg yiberdan, syin tettwaḍegger ɣer Tiber, asif n [[Roma|Ruma]].

Deffir tmettant-is, Alexander Severus yuɣal d amenkad.

Tallit n Elagabalus tfukk s wudem azuran: amenkad i yellan yewweḍ ɣer uqeṛṛu n tmendka tarumanit mi yella mazal-it d aqcic, yettwanɣa uqbel ad yawiḍ ula d leɛmer n 20 n yiseggasen.

== 11. D acu i yeḍran i tadeyyanit-is deffir tmettant-is? ==
Mi yemmut Elagabalus, tarrayt tadyanit i yebɣa ad yerr deg Ruma teɣli s lemɣawla.

Illu Elagabal ur yeqqim ara deg umkan unnig i as-yefka umenkad. Aẓru-is iqeddsen yettwales ɣer Emesa, yerna leɛwayed n Ruma uɣalent ɣer umkan-nsent.

Ayagi yeskanay-d yiwen n wugur agejdan n tsertit-is: Elagabalus yebɣa ad ibeddel anagraw asɣanan(adyani) n tmenkda s lemɣawla, war asefhem d uqbal meqqren n tneqqiḍin i yettḥerriken Ruma.

== 12. Tugna-s deg yiɣbula iqburen ==
Ugur ameqqran deg unadi ɣef Elagabalus dakken tuget n wayen i nessen fell-as yekka-d seg yimyura i ur t-iḥemmlen ara.

''Cassius Dio'' yella d amyaru d aɛeggal n ''Sina''. Yura ɣef Elagabalus s tmuɣli n yiwen seg yimdanen n tmetti tarumanit i yellan tḍurr-it tsertit-is.

''Herodian'' yefka-d daɣen tudert n tallit-a, maca netta daɣen ilaq ad yettwaseqdac s leḥder.

''Historia Augusta'' d aɣbalu nniḍen i d-yettawi aṭas n tmucuha ɣef Elagabalus, maca imusnawen n wass-a ḥesben aṭas seg wayen i d-yettwarun deg-s d ayen ur nettwabeggen ara neɣ d timucuha.

Ihi, mi ara d-nini belli Elagabalus yella d amenkad &quot;n ccwal&quot;, ilaq ad nesteqsi: ccwal s tmuɣli n anwa?

I tneqqiḍin n ''Senado'', aɛbed n illu asuryani, tazrirt n tlawin n twacult-is, zwaj-is d leɛwayed-is zemren akk ad ttwaḥesben d aseḥqer n wayen i ttwalin d &quot;arumani&quot;.

== 13. Tamuɣli n umezruy atrar ==
Deg unadi atrar, imusnawen ɛerḍen ad frun gar kraḍ n tɣawsiwin:

Tidyanin i nezmer ad nbeggen,

ayen i d-ḥkan yiɣbula iqburen,

akked wayen i d-yettwasnulfun i useḥqer asertan.

Ur yelli ara ccek belli Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr illu-s Elagabal deg umkan unnig, belli yuɣ Aquilia Severa, belli yella deg ccwal akked tneqqiḍin n Ruma, akked daɣen Taɛssast n Praetoria nɣant-t.

Maca aṭas n tmucuha ɣef tudert-is tusligt, Tdurt-is n tuzzuft, lḥif i ixeddem neɣ leɛwayed-is ilaq ad ttwalsent s leḥder.

Aya ur yesɛi ara anamek belli Elagabalus yella d amenkad yelhan i yettwaseḥqren kan. Tisertit-is tesɛa s tidet aṭas n wuguren. Maca anadi n umezruy ilaq ad ifrez gar asefrek ur yelḥin ara d tugna taberkant i d-yettwasnulfun deffir n tmettant n umenkad.

== 14. Azal n Elagabalus deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit ==
Ɣas ma yella d amenkad kan azal n kuẓ n yiseggasen, Elagabalus yesɛa amkan uzzig deg umezruy arumani.

Tallit-is teskanay-d amek:

iserdasen n tɛessast tezmer ad terr neɣ ad teḍger amenkad;

tadyanit(asɣan) tettili d allal agejdan n tsertit;

''Senado'' mazal yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tugna tasertant n umenkad;

twacult n Severus tesseqdac assaɣen n twacult akken ad teṭṭef tamenkda;

Tmenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍet tettbeddil, imi tiggtiwin d tedyanin n usamar n tmenkda bdant ttnernint deg Ruma.

Elagabalus yeskanay-d daɣen belli Tmenkda Tarumanit ur telli ara d tɣerma n Ruma kan. Deg tasut tis kraḍet, Surya, Lezzayer n wass-a d tefriqt n ugafa, Masr, Anatolia d tmura nniḍen llan d iḥricen igejdanen n tmenkda. Imdanen seg yidgan-a zemren ad awḍen ula ɣer uselway unnig n tmenkda.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tanemla</title>
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      <text bytes="8409" sha1="2vowniguj1uexb4ydcprv6oddh81a6z" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Madrid may day375.jpg|vignette|Anay Azeggaɣ d azamul n tnemla.]]
'''Tanemla''' (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen.

Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw [[Asihri|amsihran]]. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft.

== 1. Tabadut d tmiḍranin tigejdanin ==
Tanemla tebna ɣef kra n yigjda idamsanen d yisertanen:

'''Allalen n ufares''' : D tigawin, tiṛmisin, imekwan n uxeddim, akal d dduzan s wacu i d-yettili ufares. Tanemla tettwali d akken allalen-a ilaq ad ilin gar yifassen n yixeddamen s timmad-nsen neɣ ddaw tecḍaṭ n uwanak, maca daɣen tanemla tatrat ur tekkes ara azref ɣef waylu uslig.

'''Ayla azduklan''' : Mgal wayla uslig n umarkanti deg yal taɣult, tanemla tebɣa ad yili, xarsum deg kra tɣula wayla d azayez, i wakken lfayda ara d-yeffɣen deg ufares ad tebḍu s teɣdemt ɣef wid akk iqeddcen.

'''Amennuɣ n taggayin''' (Amennuɣ n tserkam) : Seg tmuɣli tanemlayt, aladɣa tin n [[Karl Marks]], timetti tebḍa ɣef snat n taggayin tigejdanin: Tamɣda (wid ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i znuzuyen) d Tburjwazit (wid ijemɛen ssɛaya d yidrimen yerna ṭṭfen allalen n ufares). Tanemla tettnadi ad tekkes tamsertit-a akken ad tuɣal tmetti mebla taggayin.

== 2. Amezruy n tnemla ==

=== 2.1. Tanemla tamlaladt ===
Deg tazwara n lqern wis 19, imusnawen imezwura am ''Claude-Henri'' de ''Saint-Simon'', ''Charles Fourier'' deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], d ''Robert Owen'' deg [[Tagelda Yedduklen|Taglda Yedduklen]], walan lbaṭel ameqqran i d-yewwi unagraw amsihran: arrac meẓẓiyen xeddmen deg lminat, leɛtab mebla leḥsab, d lḥif n twaculin timahalin.

Nutni sumren-d timetti yebnan ɣef tdukli, tiwizi, d tinmirag anda ulac ammud ɣef medden. Maca tiktiwin-nsen qqimen-t d targit (d ayen iwumi isemma [[Karl Marks|Marks]] tanemla tamlaladt neɣ &quot;''utopique''&quot;), acku ur sbinen ara amek ara yettwakkes udabu seg yifassen n wid t-iṭṭfen.

=== 2.2. Tanemla tussnant d tmarksist ===
Deg tallit n 1848, [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]] zmel-d adlis-nsen mucaɛen '''Alɣu n Ukabar Azduklan'''. Marx yesbadu-d ayen iwumi isemma Tanemla tussnant. Deg tezrawt-ines n udlis Ihri(Das Kapital), Marks yessekna-d d akken:

Amzruy ur ibedd ara ɣef tirga, maca ibedd ɣef wayen yellan d tangawant tamezrayt.

[[Asihri]] yesɛa deg daxel-is timentilin n uɣelluy-is: imsihranen tteksen azref n wazal amernay (plus-value) i yimahalen.

I wakken ad tekkes ammud-a ademsan, tamɣda ilaq ad teg tagrawla, ad teṭṭef adabu, sakin ad tebnu tanemla alamma tewweḍ ɣer tmetti mebla taggayin(tiserkam) d mebla awanak: [[Tazdukla]].

== 2.3. Tagrawla n Tuber d tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ ==
Deg useggas n 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] d ukabar abulcuvi gan tagrawla deg [[Rusya|Rrusya]], sbedden-d Awanak amezwaru yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tinemlayin: Tiddukla Tasuvyitit (URSS). Deg tallit n [[Jozef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], anagraw-a yuɣal d anagraw asedyan yerna d asnaraf ('''tadiktaturt'''), anda akk tdamsa tettwaweddeb s ddaw tecḍaḍt talemmast n uwanak, ayen i d-yewwin amgired ameqqran gar tnemla tagdudant d tnemla tastalinit.

Deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ, amaḍal yebḍa ɣef sin: tama tutrimt tamezdayt s ddaw ufus n Marikan d usihri, d tama tasuvyitit yeddan d unagraw n tnemla d tezdukla.

=== 2.4. Tanemla deg Tefriqt d Lezzayer ===
Mi d-tewweḍ tlelli n tmura n Tefriqt deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960, aṭas n yimeɣnasen i ifernen abrid n tnemla akken ad kksen azaglu n temharsa d usihri. Gar-asen: Kwame Nkrumah deg [[Ɣana]], Julius Nyerere deg Tanzapeya (s tikti n Ujamaa).

Deg Lezzayer, seld asaḍuf n timmunent deg 1962, awanak afransi yeǧǧa tamurt deg tegnit taxsart. Ahmed Ben Bella sakin Houari Boumédiène ddukklen d tnemla taɣelnawt. Sbedden-d afrekman (autogestion) deg yigran d teṛmistin i d-ǧǧan yirumyen, sakin rran akk lpitṛul, lgaz, d lebnakat d ayla n uwanak deg 1971. Deg tmetti taqbaylit tansayt, llan yidisan n tdukli d tmetti am twizi, tajmaɛt, d lmecmel (alka n uzayez), i ɣef d-nnan aṭas n yimusnawen d akken d yiwet n talɣa tansayt n tnemla uqbel ad d-yaweḍ usihri amaynut.

== 3. Tiferkitin d yibridan n tnemla ==
Tanemla tebḍa ɣef ddeqs n tsurifin d tsertiyin, yal yiwet amek tettwali abrid ɣer teɣdemt:

=== 3.1. Tazdukla (Tamarksist-Talinit) ===
Tettwali d akken asihri ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel s usuter neɣ s leɛqel; ilaq tagrawla n ufus akken ad yettwahdem unagraw aqbur. Tettas-d sakin tallit n tsnareft n tmɣda anda awanak iḥekkem deg kullec akken ad yegdel aɛiwed n uqewwem n tburjwazit.

=== 3.2. anmetti n tugdudt ===
Tettwassen aṭas deg tmura n Ugafa n Turuft (am Sswid, Norvij, Danmaṛk). Abrid-a ur yebɣi ara ad ihudd asihri s tegrawla, maca yebɣa ad t-yesseddi s yisuḍaf:

Aseḥbiber ɣef uzref n teṛmist tussligt, maca s lexlaṣ unnig n tebzert ɣef wid yesɛan aṭas n tnezzut d yidrimen.

Afran n uwanak amḥadi (''État-providence'') i d-yettaken baṭel aselmed, tadawsa, d tallelt i yixeddamen d yigellilen.

=== 3.3. Tanemla tamegdayt ===
D tasnakta i d-yeqqaren d akken tugdut d tnemla d ta d ta: ur tezmir ara ad tili tugdut n tidet ma yella usihri iḥkem deg yal taɣult n tudert, yerna ur tezmir ara ad tili tnemla n tidet mebla ma llant tilelliyin timagdayin (tilelli n umeslay, afran ilelli, amgared n yikabaren).

=== 3.4. Tawernaḍt tanemlayt ===
Sɣur imusnawen am ''Mikhail Bakunin'' d ''Pierre-Joseph Proudhon'', iberdan-a ugin adabu n uwanak s timmad-is. Ttwalin d akken awanak—ama d amsihran neɣ d anmetti—d allal n lbaṭel. Nutni ssuturen timetti anda allalen n ufares llan deg yifassen n tuddsiwin tilelliyin n yimahalen (inmula d tdukliwin tinaramin) mebla lḥakem.

== 4. Tadamsa tanemlayt ==
Deg wannar n tdamsa, tanemla temxallaf mliḥ ɣef usihri s yimenziwen-a:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Addad
!Asihri
!Tanemla
|-
|Bab n wallalen n ufares
|Ayla uslig (imsihranen)
|Ayla azduklan, anemlay, neɣ azayez (awanak/imahalen)
|-
|Iswi n ufares
|Arbaḥ n yidrimen (Lfayda tudmawant)
|Aqaɛad n yisuturen n tmetti d teɣdemt
|-
|Abrid adamsan
|Alzuz ilelli (ssuq d ufran ilelli)
|Asɣiwes adamsan neɣ afrekman
|-
|Lexlaṣ n uxeddam
|Azal n ulzuz n tezmert n uxeddim
|Azal i d-yefka deg ufares mebla ma yettwakkes-as wazal amernu
|}

=== 4.1. Ayla azduklan mgal ayla uslig ===
Deg tnemla, llan sin n leṣnaf n wayla:

'''Ayla udmawan''' : Tixxamin, iceṭṭiḍen, tikeryas d dduzan n umdan i useqdec n yal ass. Wigi d ayla n bab-nsen, ur ten-tettnal ara tnemla.

'''Ayla n ufares''' : Tiṛmistin, lakuzinen, timacinin tigejdanin. Wigi ur teqbil ara tnemla ad ilin kan d ayla uslig n yiwen umdan i wakken ur itett ara tidi n wayeḍ.

=== 4.2. Asɣiwas alemmas mgal alzuz ilelli ===
Deg tnemla tansayt (aladɣa deg URSS), tadamsa ur tettili ara ddaw tmuɣli n ssuq (tenzzut d wazal n sselɛa). D awanak i d-yessuddusen asihel neɣ asɣiwas alemmas : acḥal ara d-yeffeɣ n lfayda, acḥal ara yili wazal-is, d wanda ara teddu. Maca deg tnemla talemmast tatrart, llan wid yessexdamen tanemla n ulzuz, am deg tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] d [[Vietnam|Vyeṭnam]], anda llan wallalen n uwanak iqeddcen gar teṛmistin n ssuq.

== 5. Kra seg izɣanen mgal tanemla ==
Ddeqs n yimusnawen n tdamsa d tsertit (aladɣa seg Tinmel n Ustriya am Friedrich Hayek d Ludwig von Mises) fkan-d ccekat mgal tnemla:

'''Ugurn n usideg n wazalen''' (''Asiḍen adamsan'') : ''Mises'' yenna-d d akken mebla alzuz ilelli d ssuq n tidet, ulac amek ara yeẓr unabaḍ acḥal teswa taɣawsa, ayen i d-yettawin lexsaṛat d lexṣas n sselɛa deg temdinin.

'''Tabiṛukratit d tnudaf''' : Mi ara yelhu uwanak s kullec, yettas-d lbaṭel n wid yeṭṭfen iduba, yerna yettili-d ussefsed n wallalen n ufares imi ur iban ara bab-nsen n tidet.

'''Afcal n umentel''' : Kra ttwalin d akken lemmer ulac arbaḥ uslig n yidrimen, amdan ur itteg ara afud meqqren akken ad yesnulfu neɣ ad yexdem s tezmert-is meṛṛa.</text>
      <sha1>2vowniguj1uexb4ydcprv6oddh81a6z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117402</id>
      <parentid>117401</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-19T10:48:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8400" sha1="swinoa5xg7rp8p3b03p5v64g2fqaq2a" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Madrid may day375.jpg|vignette|Anay Azeggaɣ d azamul n tnemla.]]
'''Tanemla''' (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen.

Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw [[Asihri|amsihran]]. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft.

== 1. Tabadut d tmiḍranin tigejdanin ==
Tanemla tebna ɣef kra n yigjda idamsanen d yisertanen:

'''Allalen n ufares''' : D tigawin, tiṛmisin, imekwan n uxeddim, akal d dduzan s wacu i d-yettili ufares. Tanemla tettwali d akken allalen-a ilaq ad ilin gar yifassen n yixeddamen s timmad-nsen neɣ ddaw tecḍaṭ n uwanak, maca daɣen tanemla tatrat ur tekkes ara azref ɣef waylu uslig.

'''Ayla azduklan''' : Mgal wayla uslig n umarkanti deg yal taɣult, tanemla tebɣa ad yili, xarsum deg kra tɣula wayla d azayez, i wakken lfayda ara d-yeffɣen deg ufares ad tebḍu s teɣdemt ɣef wid akk iqeddcen.

'''Amennuɣ n taggayin''' (Amennuɣ n tserkam) : Seg tmuɣli tanemlayt, aladɣa tin n [[Karl Marks]], timetti tebḍa ɣef snat n taggayin tigejdanin: Tamɣda (wid ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i znuzuyen) d Tburjwazit (wid ijemɛen ssɛaya d yidrimen yerna ṭṭfen allalen n ufares). Tanemla tettnadi ad tekkes tamsertit-a akken ad tuɣal tmetti mebla taggayin.

== 2. Amezruy n tnemla ==

=== 2.1. Tanemla tamlaladt ===
Deg tazwara n lqern wis 19, imusnawen imezwura am ''Claude-Henri'' de ''Saint-Simon'', ''Charles Fourier'' deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], d ''Robert Owen'' deg [[Tagelda Yedduklen|Taglda Yedduklen]], walan lbaṭel ameqqran i d-yewwi unagraw amsihran: arrac meẓẓiyen xeddmen deg lminat, leɛtab mebla leḥsab, d lḥif n twaculin timahalin.

Nutni sumren-d timetti yebnan ɣef tdukli, tiwizi, d tinmirag anda ulac ammud ɣef medden. Maca tiktiwin-nsen qqimen-t d targit (d ayen iwumi isemma [[Karl Marks|Marks]] tanemla tamlaladt neɣ &quot;''utopique''&quot;), acku ur sbinen ara amek ara yettwakkes udabu seg yifassen n wid t-iṭṭfen.

=== 2.2. Tanemla tussnant d tmarksist ===
Deg tallit n 1848, [[Karl Marks]] d [[Friedrich Engels]] zmel-d adlis-nsen mucaɛen '''Alɣu n Ukabar Azduklan'''. Marx yesbadu-d ayen iwumi isemma Tanemla tussnant. Deg tezrawt-ines n udlis Ihri(Das Kapital), Marks yessekna-d d akken:

Amzruy ur ibedd ara ɣef tirga, maca ibedd ɣef wayen yellan d tangawant tamezrayt.

[[Asihri]] yesɛa deg daxel-is timentilin n uɣelluy-is: imsihranen tteksen azref n wazal amernay (plus-value) i yimahalen.

I wakken ad tekkes ammud-a ademsan, tamɣda ilaq ad teg tagrawla, ad teṭṭef adabu, sakin ad tebnu tanemla alamma tewweḍ ɣer tmetti mebla taggayin(tiserkam) d mebla awanak: [[Tazdukla]].

== 2.3. Tagrawla n Tuber d tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ ==
Deg useggas n 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] d ukabar abulcuvi gan tagrawla deg [[Rusya|Rrusya]], sbedden-d Awanak amezwaru yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tinemlayin: Tiddukla Tasuvyitit (URSS). Deg tallit n [[Jozef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], anagraw-a yuɣal d anagraw asedyan yerna d asnaraf ('''tadiktaturt'''), anda akk tdamsa tettwaweddeb s ddaw tecḍaḍt talemmast n uwanak, ayen i d-yewwin amgired ameqqran gar tnemla tagdudant d tnemla tastalinit.

Deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ, amaḍal yebḍa ɣef sin: tama tutrimt tamezdayt s ddaw ufus n Marikan d usihri, d tama tasuvyitit yeddan d unagraw n tnemla d tezdukla.

=== 2.4. Tanemla deg Tefriqt d Lezzayer ===
Mi d-tewweḍ tlelli n tmura n Tefriqt deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960, aṭas n yimeɣnasen i ifernen abrid n tnemla akken ad kksen azaglu n temharsa d usihri. Gar-asen: Kwame Nkrumah deg [[Ɣana]], Julius Nyerere deg Tanzapeya (s tikti n Ujamaa).

Deg Lezzayer, seld asaḍuf n timmunent deg 1962, awanak afransi yeǧǧa tamurt deg tegnit taxsart. Ahmed Ben Bella sakin Houari Boumédiène ddukklen d tnemla taɣelnawt. Sbedden-d afrekman (autogestion) deg yigran d teṛmistin i d-ǧǧan yirumyen, sakin rran akk lpitṛul, lgaz, d lebnakat d ayla n uwanak deg 1971. Deg tmetti taqbaylit tansayt, llan yidisan n tdukli d tmetti am twizi, tajmaɛt, d lmecmel (alka n uzayez), i ɣef d-nnan aṭas n yimusnawen d akken d yiwet n talɣa tansayt n tnemla uqbel ad d-yaweḍ usihri amaynut.

== 3. Tiferkitin d yibridan n tnemla ==
Tanemla tebḍa ɣef ddeqs n tsurifin d tsertiyin, yal yiwet amek tettwali abrid ɣer teɣdemt:

=== 3.1. Tazdukla (Tamarksist-Talinit) ===
Tettwali d akken asihri ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel s usuter neɣ s leɛqel; ilaq tagrawla n ufus akken ad yettwahdem unagraw aqbur. Tettas-d sakin tallit n tsnareft n tmɣda anda awanak iḥekkem deg kullec akken ad yegdel aɛiwed n uqewwem n tburjwazit.

=== 3.2. anmetti n tugdudt ===
Tettwassen aṭas deg tmura n Ugafa n Turuft (am Sswid, Norvij, Danmaṛk). Abrid-a ur yebɣi ara ad ihudd asihri s tegrawla, maca yebɣa ad t-yesseddi s yisuḍaf:

Aseḥbiber ɣef uzref n teṛmist tussligt, maca s lexlaṣ unnig n tebzert ɣef wid yesɛan aṭas n tnezzut d yidrimen.

Afran n uwanak amḥadi (''État-providence'') i d-yettaken baṭel aselmed, tadawsa, d tallelt i yixeddamen d yigellilen.

=== 3.3. Tanemla tamegdayt ===
D tasnakta i d-yeqqaren d akken tugdut d tnemla d ta d ta: ur tezmir ara ad tili tugdut n tidet ma yella usihri iḥkem deg yal taɣult n tudert, yerna ur tezmir ara ad tili tnemla n tidet mebla ma llant tilelliyin timagdayin (tilelli n umeslay, afran ilelli, amgared n yikabaren).

=== 3.4. Tawernaḍt tanemlayt ===
Sɣur imusnawen am ''Mikhail Bakunin'' d ''Pierre-Joseph Proudhon'', iberdan-a ugin adabu n uwanak s timmad-is. Ttwalin d akken awanak—ama d amsihran neɣ d anmetti—d allal n lbaṭel. Nutni ssuturen timetti anda allalen n ufares llan deg yifassen n tuddsiwin tilelliyin n yimahalen (inmula d tdukliwin tinaramin) mebla lḥakem.

== 4. Tadamsa tanemlayt ==
Deg wannar n tdamsa, tanemla temxallaf mliḥ ɣef usihri s yimenziwen-a:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Addad
!Asihri
!Tanemla
|-
|Bab n wallalen n ufares
|Ayla uslig (imsihranen)
|Ayla azduklan, anemlay, neɣ azayez (awanak/imahalen)
|-
|Iswi n ufares
|Arbaḥ n yidrimen (Lfayda tudmawant)
|Aqaɛad n yisuturen n tmetti d teɣdemt
|-
|Abrid adamsan
|Alzuz ilelli (ssuq d ufran ilelli)
|Asɣiwes adamsan neɣ afrekman
|-
|Lexlaṣ n uxeddam
|Azal n ulzuz n tezmert n uxeddim
|Azal i d-yefka deg ufares mebla ma yettwakkes-as wazal amernu
|}

=== 4.1. Ayla azduklan mgal ayla uslig ===
Deg tnemla, llan sin n leṣnaf n wayla:

'''Ayla udmawan''' : Tixxamin, iceṭṭiḍen, tikeryas d dduzan n umdan i useqdec n yal ass. Wigi d ayla n bab-nsen, ur ten-tettnal ara tnemla.

'''Ayla n ufares''' : Tiṛmistin, lakuzinen, timacinin tigejdanin. Wigi ur teqbil ara tnemla ad ilin kan d ayla uslig n yiwen umdan i wakken ur itett ara tidi n wayeḍ.

=== 4.2. Asɣiwas alemmas mgal alzuz ilelli ===
Deg tnemla tansayt (aladɣa deg URSS), tadamsa ur tettili ara ddaw tmuɣli n ssuq (tenzzut d wazal n sselɛa). D awanak i d-yessuddusen asihel neɣ asɣiwas alemmas : acḥal ara d-yeffeɣ n lfayda, acḥal ara yili wazal-is, d wanda ara teddu. Maca deg tnemla talemmast tatrart, llan wid yessexdamen tanemla n ulzuz, am deg tmurt n [[Ccinwa]] d [[Vietnam|Vyeṭnam]], anda llan wallalen n uwanak iqeddcen gar teṛmistin n ssuq.

== 5. Kra seg izɣanen mgal tanemla ==
Ddeqs n yimusnawen n tdamsa d tsertit (aladɣa seg Tinmel n Ustriya am Friedrich Hayek d Ludwig von Mises) fkan-d ccekat mgal tnemla:

'''Ugurn n usideg n wazalen''' (''Asiḍen adamsan'') : ''Mises'' yenna-d d akken mebla alzuz ilelli d ssuq n tidet, ulac amek ara yeẓr unabaḍ acḥal teswa taɣawsa, ayen i d-yettawin lexsaṛat d lexṣas n sselɛa deg temdinin.

'''Tabiṛukratit''' : Mi ara yelhu uwanak s kullec, yettas-d lbaṭel n wid yeṭṭfen iduba, yerna yettili-d ussefsed n wallalen n ufares imi ur iban ara bab-nsen n tidet.

'''Afcal n umentel''' : Kra ttwalin d akken lemmer ulac arbaḥ uslig n yidrimen, amdan ur itteg ara afud meqqren akken ad yesnulfu neɣ ad yexdem s tezmert-is meṛṛa.</text>
      <sha1>swinoa5xg7rp8p3b03p5v64g2fqaq2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OpenAI</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117388</id>
      <parentid>117377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-18T14:17:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10170" sha1="jnhsquksjrq94wcyrgiazh5bc3uka2j" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:1515 Third Street.jpg|vignette|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]]
'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.

== 1. Talalit n OpenAI ==
OpenAI tettwasnulfa-d deg 2015 am tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt (nonprofit). Seg tazwara, tuddsa-a tefka iman-is yiwen n yiswi ɣezzifen: asnerni n tigzi taragmawant s wudem ara d-yawin abaɣur i yimdanen merra, ladɣa ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit-a ɣer uswir n '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut'''.

Tamiḍrant-a tettak azal i wugur ameqqran: ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant uɣalen sɛan tazmert meqqren, ilaq tazmert-nsen ur tettwakerrez ara kan deg ufus n kra n yimdanen, n tiṛmisin neɣ n tmura, maca ad tettwaseqdac i lfayda tamatut.

Deg 2019, OpenAI tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad d-tawi idrimen, imdanen d tazmert n usiḍen i ilaqen i usnerni n yimudam imeqqranen. Aferdis-a yella ddaw n leḥkem n tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt.

== 2. D acu-tt tigzi taragmawant? ==
Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult n tussna d tetiknulujit i yesnernayen inagrawen n tmacint i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen s umata kra n tzemmar n tigzi: tegzi n tutlayt, tifrat n wuguren, asuddes n yisefka, tira n yiḍrisen, asnulfu n tugniwin, asihel, neɣ tuddma n kra n yimektayen seg yisefka.

Ur ilaq ara, ad nefhem awal tigzi dagi amzun tamacint tesɛa iman, iḥulfan neɣ tamuɣli n umaḍal am umdan. Imudam n tura d inagrawen n uiḍen i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka yerna xeddmen s yimenzayen n tussna n uselmed n tmacint.

OpenAI tettadi ladɣa deg yimudam imuqqranen(frontier), asuddes d tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen i izemren ad gzun ugar n yiwen n wanaw n yisefka (multimodal systems), akked wamek ara yettwaseqdec AI s tɣellist.

== 3. Tigzi taragmawant tamatut — AGI ==
Iswi ɣezzifen n OpenAI yeqqen ɣer wayen i semman ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'', i nezmer ad d-nini s teqbaylit tigzi taragmawant tamatut.

OpenAI tesbadut AGI am inagrawen s timmad-nsen i izemren ad ɣelben imdanen deg tuget n twuriwin yesɛan azal adamsan.

Tamiḍrant n tamatut d tagejdant. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yili igerraz deg yiwet n twuri kan; AGI, ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit ɣer din, ilaq ad tesɛu tazmert wessiɛen: ad tegzu uguren yemgaraden, ad tesdukkel tamusni seg waṭas n taɣulin, ad tesseqdec ayen telmed deg tegnatin timaynutin, yerna ad tefru uguren ur nettwaselmed ara fell-asen s talɣa tusridt.

OpenAI tettwali AGI am iswi n wakud ɣezzifen, maca akud ilaqen akken ad naweḍ ɣer AGI mazal ur yettwassen ara.

== 4. Imudam GPT ==
Gar yisenfaren i d-yerran OpenAI tettwassen deg umaḍal llan imudam GPT — ''Generative Pre-trained Transformer''.

Imudam-a d inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. S uselmed-a, zemren ad gzun asiḍen n tutlayt, ad d-snulfun iḍrisen, ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad frun uguren, ad ɛiwnen deg usihel, yerna imudam imaynuten zemren ad xedmen akked yiḍrisen, tugniwin d wanawen-nniḍen n yisefka. OpenAI teskanay tawacult GPT am inagrawen i izemren ad gzun asiḍen, ad d-snulfun agbur yerna ad xedmen tifrat n wuguren deg waṭas n yimeslayen n yisefka.

Anamek n azarsileɣ(pre-trained) d akken amudam yettwaselmad uqbel ad yettwaseqdec deg udiwenni. Turriwt(Generative), ma d nettat, temmal-d tazmert-is n usnulfu n ugemmuḍ am yiḍrisen neɣ tangalt n useɣẓan.

== 5. ChatGPT ==
ChatGPT d afaris agejdan n OpenAI i yiseqdacen. D agrudem n udiwenni i yettaǧǧan amdan ad yesseqdec imudam n tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am ufaris-is agejdan i yiseqdacen.

Aseqdac yezmer ad yesteqsi, ad yessuter asegzi, ad yaru neɣ ad iseɣti aḍris, ad yesseqdec tasleḍt, ad yelmed tamiḍrant n tussna, ad yessuter tallelt deg usihel, neɣ ad ixdem ɣef yisefka d yisemliyen.

Azal n ChatGPT deg umezruy n tigzi taragmawant d ameqqran acku yessekcem imudam n tutlayt ɣer useqdec n yal ass. Deg umḍiq anda tigzi taragmawant tella tettwassen ladɣa deg tesdawiyin, tanaremt d tkebbaniyin n tetiknulujit, agrudem n udiwenni yerra-tt d allal i yezmer ad yesseqdec umdan s tutlayt-is.

== 6. Codex d usihel ==
Taɣult-nniḍen i deg tesseqdac OpenAI tigzi taragmawant s waṭas d asihel.

'''Codex''' d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant i yellan i uxeddim ɣef tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan. Yezmer ad yegzu tangalt yellan, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad ibeddel taneɣruft n usenfar, ad yernu timahilin timaynutin, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin n usihel seg tazwara ar taggara.

Anect-a yeskanay abeddel meqqren deg useqdec n tigzi taragmawant: seg unagraw i d-yettarra kan ɣef yisteqsiyen ɣer umeggi n tigzi taragmawant (AI agent) i izemren ad yesseqdec allalen, ad ixdem ddeqs n yimahilen yerna ad ikemmel ɣer yiswi i as-yettunefken.

== 7. Anadi deg OpenAI ==
OpenAI mačči d taṛmist n yifarisen kan. Anadi yezga d yiwen seg yiḥricen-is igejdanen.

Taṛmist txeddem ɣef usnerni n yimudam n tigzi taragmawant, tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen wagutaskaran(multimodal), tɣellist, akked useqdec n yimudam s wudem ara yilin d abaɣur i yimdanen.

Yiwet seg tmuɣliwin timeqqranin d aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant deg unadi ussnan. Deg tiɣula am tusnakt, tussna, asihel d tesleḍt n yisefka, anagraw yezmer ad yuɣal d allal ara iɛiwnen imnadiyen deg usnulfu n turdiwin, tifrat n wuguren d useɣiwel n unadi.

== 8. Taɣellist d umṣada ==
Mi ara tettnerni tazmert n tigzi taragmawant, yettnerni daɣen wazal n tɣellist.

Anagraw yesɛan tazmert meqqren yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur, maca yezmer daɣen ad d-yawi uguren ma yella ixdem tuccḍiwin, ma yettwaseqdec i wayen n diri, neɣ ma yella tikli-s ur temṣada ara akked wayen i yebɣa umdan.

Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tamiḍrant n &quot;''alignment&quot;'', i d-yemmalen s umata amṣada n tikli n unagraw n tigzi taragmawant akked yiswan d tɣellist i d-yefka umdan.

'''''OpenAI Charter''''' yesseḥbibber ɣef sin yimenzayen meqqren: ad yettwabḍu ubaɣur n AGI s wudem wessiɛen, yerna ad yettwaseḥbiber ɣef tɣellist n wakud ɣezzifen.

== 9. Taneɣruft n OpenAI ==
Taneɣruft n OpenAI tbeddel s wakud.

OpenAI tebda deg 2015 d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Deg 2019, tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tesnerni anadi d usnas-is.

Deg 28 Tubber 2025, tettwasekna-d taneɣruft tamaynut:

tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt tuɣal tettusemma ''OpenAI Foundation'';

aferdis n tedrimt yuɣal d ''OpenAI Group PBC'', anamek-is d ''Public Benefit Corporation'';

''OpenAI Foundation'' teqqim tettḥekkim deg ''OpenAI Group''.

OpenAI Foundation tesɛa 26% n iḥricen deg ''OpenAI Group''. Microsoft, deg tallit n useggem n taneɣruft, tesɛa azal n 27%, ma d 47% i d-yeqqimen sɛan-t ixeddamen n tura d wid yezrin akked yimendaden-nniḍen.

Taneɣruft-a tebɣa ad tesdukkel iswi n OpenAI akked tezmert-is ad d-tawi idrimen imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧ unadi n tigzi taragmawant.

== 10. Tazmert n usiḍen ==
Aselmed n yimudam imeqqranen n tigzi taragmawant yeḥwaǧǧ ddeqs n tezmert n usiḍen.

Anect-a yesɛa azal acku asnerni n yimudam ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer tarrayin n uselmed. Yeḥwaǧǧ daɣen iselkimen s tezmert tameqqrant n usiḍen, tiḥerci n yisefka, tazmert n trisiti, iẓeḍwan, isefka d tedrimt.

Ɣef waya, tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig tuɣal d taɣult anda anadi ussnan, tiḥerci n usiḍen d tdamsa qqnen gar-asen.

== 11. OpenAI d Microsoft ==
Microsoft tesɛa assaɣ adamsan d utiknulujan ameqqran akked OpenAI. Deg taneɣruft i yettwasbedden deg 2025, Microsoft tesɛa azal n 27% n OpenAI Group.

Assaɣ-a yesɛa azal ladɣa deg tezmert n usiḍen d usnerni n yifarisen n tigzi taragmawant. Maca, deg taneɣruft n leḥkem n OpenAI, OpenAI Foundation i yeqqimen tettḥekkim deg OpenAI Group, mačči Microsoft.

== 12. OpenAI deg 2026 ==
Deg 2026, OpenAI ur teqqim ara d tanaremt n unadi kan. Tuɣal d taṛmist tameqqrant i yesɛan inagrawen i yiseqdacen, allalen i yimsihel, API i tkebbaniyin, imudam n tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig, akked yimeggiyen i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin ɣezzifen.

ChatGPT d Codex mmalen-d sin n wudmawen n ubeddel-a: ChatGPT d agrudem wessiɛen n tigzi taragmawant i yiseqdacen, ma d Codex yettwabna ugar i uxeddim s tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan.

Anadi n OpenAI yettkemmil daɣen deg tifrat n wuguren, imudam ugetaskaran, tɣellist d usnerni n ubrid ɣer AGI.

== 13. Abaɣur i tmetti ==
Tigzi taragmawant tezmer ad tbeddel aṭas n tiɣula: aselmed, tussna, tadamsa, asihel, aẓeṭṭa, axeddim, tasensegmit, asnulfu d unadi ussnan.

Ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant zemren ad xedmen ugar n twuriwin i ixeddem umdan ass-a, ad d-ffɣen yisteqsiyen imaynuten:

Amek ara tbeddel tarrayt n uxeddim? Anwi ixeddamen ara d-ilalen? Anwi ara ibeddlen neɣ ara iruḥen? Amek ara ttwasqedcen yimudam-a deg uselmed? Anwa ara yesɛun leḥkem ɣef yiḥricen igejdanen n tetiknulujit-a? Amek ara neḍmen belli abaɣur-is ad ibḍu gar yimdanen?

D isteqsiyen-a i yerran asnerni n tigzi taragmawant mačči d tamsalt n tetiknulujit kan, maca d tamsalt tadamsant, tinmettit, tasertant d tasertit n tussna.

== 14. Uguren d umeslay ɣef OpenAI ==
Am yal taṛmist tameqqrant n tetiknulujit, OpenAI tettmagar isteqsiyen d umeslay ɣef tarrayt-is.

Gar temsal tigejdanin llan: aḥraz n yisefka, tanezzut n yimudam, asemres n wayen d-yettwafkan sɣur yimdanen i uselmed n yimudam, tɣellist, leḥkem ɣef tetiknulujit, tasertit n yifarisen, tasertit n uxeddim, akked wamek ara tettbeddil tigzi taragmawant tuddsa n tmetti.

Ɣef waya, OpenAI ur ilaq ara ad tettwafhem kan seg yifarisen-is. Iwakken ad nefhem azal-is, ilaq ad nwali daɣen tamsalt tameqqrant i d-tessufuɣ tetiknulujit i tesnernay: anwa ara yessnernin tigzi taragmawant n uzekka, anwa ara tt-yesqedcen, anwa ara yettḥekkimen deg-s, yerna anwa ara yawin abaɣur seg-s?</text>
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      <text bytes="10174" sha1="jjynmdisckowbq96k21ec06yslrke2j" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:1515 Third Street.jpg|vignette|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]]
'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.

== 1. Talalit n OpenAI ==
OpenAI tettwasnulfa-d deg 2015 am tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt (nonprofit). Seg tazwara, tuddsa-a tefka iman-is yiwen n yiswi ɣezzifen: asnerni n tigzi taragmawant s wudem ara d-yawin abaɣur i yimdanen merra, ladɣa ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit-a ɣer uswir n '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut'''.

Tamiḍrant-a tettak azal i wugur ameqqran: ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant uɣalen sɛan tazmert meqqren, ilaq tazmert-nsen ur tettwakerrez ara kan deg ufus n kra n yimdanen, n tiṛmisin neɣ n tmura, maca ad tettwaseqdac i lfayda tamatut.

Deg 2019, OpenAI tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad d-tawi idrimen, imdanen d tazmert n usiḍen i ilaqen i usnerni n yimudam imeqqranen. Aferdis-a yella ddaw n leḥkem n tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt.

== 2. D acu-tt tigzi taragmawant? ==
Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult n tussna d tetiknulujit i yesnernayen inagrawen n tmacint i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen s umata kra n tzemmar n tigzi: tegzi n tutlayt, tifrat n wuguren, asuddes n yisefka, tira n yiḍrisen, asnulfu n tugniwin, asihel, neɣ tuddma n kra n yimektayen seg yisefka.

Ur ilaq ara, ad nefhem awal tigzi dagi amzun tamacint tesɛa iman, iḥulfan neɣ tamuɣli n umaḍal am umdan. Imudam n tura d inagrawen n uiḍen i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka yerna xeddmen s yimenzayen n tussna n uselmed n tmacint.

OpenAI tettadi ladɣa deg yimudam imuqqranen(frontier), asuddes d tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen i izemren ad gzun ugar n yiwen n wanaw n yisefka (multimodal systems), akked wamek ara yettwaseqdec AI s tɣellist.

== 3. Tigzi taragmawant tamatut — AGI ==
Iswi ɣezzifen n OpenAI yeqqen ɣer wayen i semman ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'', i nezmer ad d-nini s teqbaylit tigzi taragmawant tamatut.

OpenAI tesbadut AGI am inagrawen s timmad-nsen i izemren ad ɣelben imdanen deg tuget n twuriwin yesɛan azal adamsan.

Tamiḍrant n tamatut d tagejdant. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yili igerraz deg yiwet n twuri kan; AGI, ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit ɣer din, ilaq ad tesɛu tazmert wessiɛen: ad tegzu uguren yemgaraden, ad tesdukkel tamusni seg waṭas n taɣulin, ad tesseqdec ayen telmed deg tegnatin timaynutin, yerna ad tefru uguren ur nettwaselmed ara fell-asen s talɣa tusridt.

OpenAI tettwali AGI am iswi n wakud ɣezzifen, maca akud ilaqen akken ad naweḍ ɣer AGI mazal ur yettwassen ara.

== 4. Imudam GPT ==
Gar yisenfaren i d-yerran OpenAI tettwassen deg umaḍal llan imudam GPT — ''Generative Pre-trained Transformer''.

Imudam-a d inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. S uselmed-a, zemren ad gzun asiḍen n tutlayt, ad d-snulfun iḍrisen, ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad frun uguren, ad ɛiwnen deg usihel, yerna imudam imaynuten zemren ad xedmen akked yiḍrisen, tugniwin d wanawen-nniḍen n yisefka. OpenAI teskanay tawacult GPT am inagrawen i izemren ad gzun asiḍen, ad d-snulfun agbur yerna ad xedmen tifrat n wuguren deg waṭas n yimeslayen n yisefka.

Anamek n azarsileɣ(pre-trained) d akken amudam yettwaselmad uqbel ad yettwaseqdec deg udiwenni. Turriwt(Generative), ma d nettat, temmal-d tazmert-is n usnulfu n ugemmuḍ am yiḍrisen neɣ tangalt n useɣẓan.

== 5. ChatGPT ==
[[ChatGPT]] d afaris agejdan n OpenAI i yiseqdacen. D agrudem n udiwenni i yettaǧǧan amdan ad yesseqdec imudam n tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am ufaris-is agejdan i yiseqdacen.

Aseqdac yezmer ad yesteqsi, ad yessuter asegzi, ad yaru neɣ ad iseɣti aḍris, ad yesseqdec tasleḍt, ad yelmed tamiḍrant n tussna, ad yessuter tallelt deg usihel, neɣ ad ixdem ɣef yisefka d yisemliyen.

Azal n ChatGPT deg umezruy n tigzi taragmawant d ameqqran acku yessekcem imudam n tutlayt ɣer useqdec n yal ass. Deg umḍiq anda tigzi taragmawant tella tettwassen ladɣa deg tesdawiyin, tanaremt d tkebbaniyin n tetiknulujit, agrudem n udiwenni yerra-tt d allal i yezmer ad yesseqdec umdan s tutlayt-is.

== 6. Codex d usihel ==
Taɣult-nniḍen i deg tesseqdac OpenAI tigzi taragmawant s waṭas d asihel.

'''Codex''' d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant i yellan i uxeddim ɣef tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan. Yezmer ad yegzu tangalt yellan, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad ibeddel taneɣruft n usenfar, ad yernu timahilin timaynutin, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin n usihel seg tazwara ar taggara.

Anect-a yeskanay abeddel meqqren deg useqdec n tigzi taragmawant: seg unagraw i d-yettarra kan ɣef yisteqsiyen ɣer umeggi n tigzi taragmawant (AI agent) i izemren ad yesseqdec allalen, ad ixdem ddeqs n yimahilen yerna ad ikemmel ɣer yiswi i as-yettunefken.

== 7. Anadi deg OpenAI ==
OpenAI mačči d taṛmist n yifarisen kan. Anadi yezga d yiwen seg yiḥricen-is igejdanen.

Taṛmist txeddem ɣef usnerni n yimudam n tigzi taragmawant, tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen wagutaskaran(multimodal), tɣellist, akked useqdec n yimudam s wudem ara yilin d abaɣur i yimdanen.

Yiwet seg tmuɣliwin timeqqranin d aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant deg unadi ussnan. Deg tiɣula am tusnakt, tussna, asihel d tesleḍt n yisefka, anagraw yezmer ad yuɣal d allal ara iɛiwnen imnadiyen deg usnulfu n turdiwin, tifrat n wuguren d useɣiwel n unadi.

== 8. Taɣellist d umṣada ==
Mi ara tettnerni tazmert n tigzi taragmawant, yettnerni daɣen wazal n tɣellist.

Anagraw yesɛan tazmert meqqren yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur, maca yezmer daɣen ad d-yawi uguren ma yella ixdem tuccḍiwin, ma yettwaseqdec i wayen n diri, neɣ ma yella tikli-s ur temṣada ara akked wayen i yebɣa umdan.

Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tamiḍrant n &quot;''alignment&quot;'', i d-yemmalen s umata amṣada n tikli n unagraw n tigzi taragmawant akked yiswan d tɣellist i d-yefka umdan.

'''''OpenAI Charter''''' yesseḥbibber ɣef sin yimenzayen meqqren: ad yettwabḍu ubaɣur n AGI s wudem wessiɛen, yerna ad yettwaseḥbiber ɣef tɣellist n wakud ɣezzifen.

== 9. Taneɣruft n OpenAI ==
Taneɣruft n OpenAI tbeddel s wakud.

OpenAI tebda deg 2015 d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Deg 2019, tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tesnerni anadi d usnas-is.

Deg 28 Tubber 2025, tettwasekna-d taneɣruft tamaynut:

tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt tuɣal tettusemma ''OpenAI Foundation'';

aferdis n tedrimt yuɣal d ''OpenAI Group PBC'', anamek-is d ''Public Benefit Corporation'';

''OpenAI Foundation'' teqqim tettḥekkim deg ''OpenAI Group''.

OpenAI Foundation tesɛa 26% n iḥricen deg ''OpenAI Group''. Microsoft, deg tallit n useggem n taneɣruft, tesɛa azal n 27%, ma d 47% i d-yeqqimen sɛan-t ixeddamen n tura d wid yezrin akked yimendaden-nniḍen.

Taneɣruft-a tebɣa ad tesdukkel iswi n OpenAI akked tezmert-is ad d-tawi idrimen imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧ unadi n tigzi taragmawant.

== 10. Tazmert n usiḍen ==
Aselmed n yimudam imeqqranen n tigzi taragmawant yeḥwaǧǧ ddeqs n tezmert n usiḍen.

Anect-a yesɛa azal acku asnerni n yimudam ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer tarrayin n uselmed. Yeḥwaǧǧ daɣen iselkimen s tezmert tameqqrant n usiḍen, tiḥerci n yisefka, tazmert n trisiti, iẓeḍwan, isefka d tedrimt.

Ɣef waya, tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig tuɣal d taɣult anda anadi ussnan, tiḥerci n usiḍen d tdamsa qqnen gar-asen.

== 11. OpenAI d Microsoft ==
Microsoft tesɛa assaɣ adamsan d utiknulujan ameqqran akked OpenAI. Deg taneɣruft i yettwasbedden deg 2025, Microsoft tesɛa azal n 27% n OpenAI Group.

Assaɣ-a yesɛa azal ladɣa deg tezmert n usiḍen d usnerni n yifarisen n tigzi taragmawant. Maca, deg taneɣruft n leḥkem n OpenAI, OpenAI Foundation i yeqqimen tettḥekkim deg OpenAI Group, mačči Microsoft.

== 12. OpenAI deg 2026 ==
Deg 2026, OpenAI ur teqqim ara d tanaremt n unadi kan. Tuɣal d taṛmist tameqqrant i yesɛan inagrawen i yiseqdacen, allalen i yimsihel, API i tkebbaniyin, imudam n tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig, akked yimeggiyen i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin ɣezzifen.

ChatGPT d Codex mmalen-d sin n wudmawen n ubeddel-a: ChatGPT d agrudem wessiɛen n tigzi taragmawant i yiseqdacen, ma d Codex yettwabna ugar i uxeddim s tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan.

Anadi n OpenAI yettkemmil daɣen deg tifrat n wuguren, imudam ugetaskaran, tɣellist d usnerni n ubrid ɣer AGI.

== 13. Abaɣur i tmetti ==
Tigzi taragmawant tezmer ad tbeddel aṭas n tiɣula: aselmed, tussna, tadamsa, asihel, aẓeṭṭa, axeddim, tasensegmit, asnulfu d unadi ussnan.

Ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant zemren ad xedmen ugar n twuriwin i ixeddem umdan ass-a, ad d-ffɣen yisteqsiyen imaynuten:

Amek ara tbeddel tarrayt n uxeddim? Anwi ixeddamen ara d-ilalen? Anwi ara ibeddlen neɣ ara iruḥen? Amek ara ttwasqedcen yimudam-a deg uselmed? Anwa ara yesɛun leḥkem ɣef yiḥricen igejdanen n tetiknulujit-a? Amek ara neḍmen belli abaɣur-is ad ibḍu gar yimdanen?

D isteqsiyen-a i yerran asnerni n tigzi taragmawant mačči d tamsalt n tetiknulujit kan, maca d tamsalt tadamsant, tinmettit, tasertant d tasertit n tussna.

== 14. Uguren d umeslay ɣef OpenAI ==
Am yal taṛmist tameqqrant n tetiknulujit, OpenAI tettmagar isteqsiyen d umeslay ɣef tarrayt-is.

Gar temsal tigejdanin llan: aḥraz n yisefka, tanezzut n yimudam, asemres n wayen d-yettwafkan sɣur yimdanen i uselmed n yimudam, tɣellist, leḥkem ɣef tetiknulujit, tasertit n yifarisen, tasertit n uxeddim, akked wamek ara tettbeddil tigzi taragmawant tuddsa n tmetti.

Ɣef waya, OpenAI ur ilaq ara ad tettwafhem kan seg yifarisen-is. Iwakken ad nefhem azal-is, ilaq ad nwali daɣen tamsalt tameqqrant i d-tessufuɣ tetiknulujit i tesnernay: anwa ara yessnernin tigzi taragmawant n uzekka, anwa ara tt-yesqedcen, anwa ara yettḥekkimen deg-s, yerna anwa ara yawin abaɣur seg-s?</text>
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    <title>Aliksandr Severus</title>
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      <text bytes="9334" sha1="e69w7d9y8ag1io6atr2ibt41m32dnnw" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]]
'''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III.

== 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is ==
Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''.

Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]].

Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda.

== 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda ==
Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma.

Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya.

Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad.

== 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr ==
Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias.

Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad.

Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan.

Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa.

== 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit ==
[[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]]
'''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt.

Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad.

Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma.

Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda.

== 5. Tasertit-is tagensant ==
[[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]]
Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma.

Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit.

Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda.

''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223.

Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin.

== 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa ==
Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda.

Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt.

Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen.

Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen.

== 7. Aliksandr d Senatus ==
Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus.

Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is.

Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit.

Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem.

== 8. Asɣan d tsertit tasɣanant ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yettwasnen s tsertit tasɣanant taɣelnawt am Elagabalus.

Leḥkem-is yebɣa ad d-yerr leɛwayed d wansayen n Roma d yixxamen n yirebbiten n Roma ɣer waddad-nsen.

Imyura iqburen, ladɣa Historia Augusta, ttawin-d belli Aliksandr yella yesɛa azal i waṭas n yimdanen yettwassnen deg umezruy n usɣan d tfelsafit, gar-asen ''Abraham'' d ''Yasuɛ''. Maca Historia Augusta d aɣbalu i deg llan waṭas n yisallen ur nettwaḍmen ara, ihi yessefk ad ten-nwali s leḥḍara.

Ur ilaq ara ad d-nini s teẓẓi belli Aliksandr yella d amasiḥi. Ur nesɛi ara anagi amezwaru i d-yessenkanen aya.

== 9. Tamenkda Tasasanit — abrid amaynut n Persia ==
Yiwen gar yibeddilen imeqqranen n tallit-is yeḍra deg usammar.

Tamenkda n '''''Parthia''''', i yellan d acengu aqdim n Roma, teɣli. Deg wadeg-is, '''''Ardashir''''' yebna Tamenkda Tasasanit azal n 224.

Aya ibeddel akk tagnit tasertasant deg usammar.

Sasanid-nni ur bɣin ara kan ad ḥerzen akal n Parthia. Bɣan ad snernin tazmert-nsen ɣef Mesopotamia d kra n tmura i yellan ddaw n Roma.

Roma tesɛa tura acengu amaynut, yesɛan tadbelt yeqwan, aserdasi ameqqran d tikti n tmenkda i yebɣan ad tennerni.

== 10. Amennuɣ mgal Ardashir I ==
Azal n 230, Sasanid-nni bdan ttawin-d aḍar ameqqran ɣef tmura n Roma deg usammar.

Aliksandr yessekcem iman-is deg umennuɣ.

Deg 231–232, yewwi iserdasen ar usammar. Imennuɣ yella d awezɣi i Roma. Iɣallen irumanen ttwabḍan ɣef waṭas n yiberdan.

Kra n yiserdasen uɣen-d lǧehd, wiyaḍ xesren aṭas n yimdanen.

Aɣawas arumani ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ akk Tamenkda Tasasanit, maca Sasanid-nni daɣen ur ssiwḍen ara ad rnun akal ameqqran ɣef Roma deg tagnit-nni.

Aliksandr yuɣal ɣer Roma, anda i d-yessken iman-is am win yerna deg umennuɣ. Maca tilawt tella ugar n waya: ur telli d timernit tameqqrant n Roma, ur yelli daɣen d aɣelluy n Persia.

== 11. Ugur n limes n Rhine d Danube ==
Mi yella Aliksandr deg usammar, kra n yigrawen n yijermanen bdan ttaẓen ɣer tlisa n Tmenkda Tarumanit ɣef ''limes'' deg ''Rhine'' d ''Danube''.

Tamenkda tesra ihi ad d-terr iɣallen-is ɣer umalu.

Deg 234–235, Aliksandr yewwi iserdasen-is ɣer tmurt n Germanya.

Dagi i tebda tagnit ara t-yawin ɣer tmettant.

== 12. Ugur-is akked yiserdasen ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yellan yettkel ɣef yiman-is am kra n yimenkaden i t-id-yeḍfren. Yettwali ameslay, tamsalt d tifrat tasertit am tarrayin i izemren ad ssiwḍent ɣer talwit.

Maca iserdasen n ''limes'' ur bɣin ara aya.

Nutni bɣan amennuɣ mgal igrawen ijermaḍen. Aliksandr, s unamek n kra n yiɣbula, yebɣa ad yeg tamsalt s wawal d tedrimt uqbel ad yebdu amennuɣ ameqqran.

I yiserdasen, aya yella d anamek n teḍɛaf.

Yerna llan wid i yettwalin belli amenkad yettawi awal n yemma-s Julia Mamaea ugar n wayen ilaq.

== 13. Maximinus Thrax ==
Gar yiserdasen yella yiwen n umɣar n yiserdasen i wumi qqaren ''Maximinus Thrax''.

Yella d argaz n usatal aserdasan, yettwassen gar yiserdasen, yerna tugna-s tella mgal tin n Aliksandr: Maximinus yettwali d argaz n umennuɣ, n lǧehd d tsertit taserdasant.

Deg 235, kra n yiserdasen fernen ''Maximinus'' d amenkad.

Aya yella d aɛraḍ n usenser n Aliksandr.

== 14. Tamatut n Aliksandr Severus ==
Deg Meɣres 235, iserdasen nɣan Aliksandr Severus akked yemma-s Julia Mamaea, deg temnaḍt n Mogontiacum — Mainz n wass-a — neɣ deg kra n wadeg iqerben ɣur-s.

Yesɛa azal n 26 neɣ 27 n yiseggasen.

Tamttant-is ur telli ara kan d taggara n yiwen umenkad.

Tettuneḥsab d yiwen n ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n Roma.

== 15. Taggara n twacult n Severus ==
S tmettant n Aliksandr, tettfakka s tidet twacult n Severus, i yebdan s [[Septimyus Severus]] deg 193.

Gar yimenkaden-is llan:

Septimius Severus → Karakalla → Geta → Elagabalus → Aliksandr Severus.

[[Makrinus]], i yeḥkmen gar Karakalla d Elagabalus, ur yettekki ara ɣer twacult-a.

Twacult n Severus teḥkem azal n 42 n yiseggasen, maca tallit-is tettban-d daɣen amek i yettnerni wazal n yiserdasen deg ufran d usenser n yimenkaden.</text>
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      <text bytes="9473" sha1="7dujh6niexsyug2du6hjg1wvo94vmqe" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]]
'''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1769|image=[[File:0 Alexandre Sévère - MR 408 - Louvre (1b).JPG|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Aliksandr Severus}}

Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III.

== 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is ==
Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''.

Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]].

Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda.

== 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda ==
Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma.

Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya.

Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad.

== 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr ==
Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias.

Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad.

Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan.

Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa.

== 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit ==
[[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]]
'''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt.

Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad.

Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma.

Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda.

== 5. Tasertit-is tagensant ==
[[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]]
Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma.

Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit.

Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda.

''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223.

Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin.

== 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa ==
Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda.

Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt.

Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen.

Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen.

== 7. Aliksandr d Senatus ==
Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus.

Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is.

Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit.

Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem.

== 8. Asɣan d tsertit tasɣanant ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yettwasnen s tsertit tasɣanant taɣelnawt am Elagabalus.

Leḥkem-is yebɣa ad d-yerr leɛwayed d wansayen n Roma d yixxamen n yirebbiten n Roma ɣer waddad-nsen.

Imyura iqburen, ladɣa Historia Augusta, ttawin-d belli Aliksandr yella yesɛa azal i waṭas n yimdanen yettwassnen deg umezruy n usɣan d tfelsafit, gar-asen ''Abraham'' d ''Yasuɛ''. Maca Historia Augusta d aɣbalu i deg llan waṭas n yisallen ur nettwaḍmen ara, ihi yessefk ad ten-nwali s leḥḍara.

Ur ilaq ara ad d-nini s teẓẓi belli Aliksandr yella d amasiḥi. Ur nesɛi ara anagi amezwaru i d-yessenkanen aya.

== 9. Tamenkda Tasasanit — abrid amaynut n Persia ==
Yiwen gar yibeddilen imeqqranen n tallit-is yeḍra deg usammar.

Tamenkda n '''''Parthia''''', i yellan d acengu aqdim n Roma, teɣli. Deg wadeg-is, '''''Ardashir''''' yebna Tamenkda Tasasanit azal n 224.

Aya ibeddel akk tagnit tasertasant deg usammar.

Sasanid-nni ur bɣin ara kan ad ḥerzen akal n Parthia. Bɣan ad snernin tazmert-nsen ɣef Mesopotamia d kra n tmura i yellan ddaw n Roma.

Roma tesɛa tura acengu amaynut, yesɛan tadbelt yeqwan, aserdasi ameqqran d tikti n tmenkda i yebɣan ad tennerni.

== 10. Amennuɣ mgal Ardashir I ==
Azal n 230, Sasanid-nni bdan ttawin-d aḍar ameqqran ɣef tmura n Roma deg usammar.

Aliksandr yessekcem iman-is deg umennuɣ.

Deg 231–232, yewwi iserdasen ar usammar. Imennuɣ yella d awezɣi i Roma. Iɣallen irumanen ttwabḍan ɣef waṭas n yiberdan.

Kra n yiserdasen uɣen-d lǧehd, wiyaḍ xesren aṭas n yimdanen.

Aɣawas arumani ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ akk Tamenkda Tasasanit, maca Sasanid-nni daɣen ur ssiwḍen ara ad rnun akal ameqqran ɣef Roma deg tagnit-nni.

Aliksandr yuɣal ɣer Roma, anda i d-yessken iman-is am win yerna deg umennuɣ. Maca tilawt tella ugar n waya: ur telli d timernit tameqqrant n Roma, ur yelli daɣen d aɣelluy n Persia.

== 11. Ugur n limes n Rhine d Danube ==
Mi yella Aliksandr deg usammar, kra n yigrawen n yijermanen bdan ttaẓen ɣer tlisa n Tmenkda Tarumanit ɣef ''limes'' deg ''Rhine'' d ''Danube''.

Tamenkda tesra ihi ad d-terr iɣallen-is ɣer umalu.

Deg 234–235, Aliksandr yewwi iserdasen-is ɣer tmurt n Germanya.

Dagi i tebda tagnit ara t-yawin ɣer tmettant.

== 12. Ugur-is akked yiserdasen ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yellan yettkel ɣef yiman-is am kra n yimenkaden i t-id-yeḍfren. Yettwali ameslay, tamsalt d tifrat tasertit am tarrayin i izemren ad ssiwḍent ɣer talwit.

Maca iserdasen n ''limes'' ur bɣin ara aya.

Nutni bɣan amennuɣ mgal igrawen ijermaḍen. Aliksandr, s unamek n kra n yiɣbula, yebɣa ad yeg tamsalt s wawal d tedrimt uqbel ad yebdu amennuɣ ameqqran.

I yiserdasen, aya yella d anamek n teḍɛaf.

Yerna llan wid i yettwalin belli amenkad yettawi awal n yemma-s Julia Mamaea ugar n wayen ilaq.

== 13. Maximinus Thrax ==
Gar yiserdasen yella yiwen n umɣar n yiserdasen i wumi qqaren ''Maximinus Thrax''.

Yella d argaz n usatal aserdasan, yettwassen gar yiserdasen, yerna tugna-s tella mgal tin n Aliksandr: Maximinus yettwali d argaz n umennuɣ, n lǧehd d tsertit taserdasant.

Deg 235, kra n yiserdasen fernen ''Maximinus'' d amenkad.

Aya yella d aɛraḍ n usenser n Aliksandr.

== 14. Tamatut n Aliksandr Severus ==
Deg Meɣres 235, iserdasen nɣan Aliksandr Severus akked yemma-s Julia Mamaea, deg temnaḍt n Mogontiacum — Mainz n wass-a — neɣ deg kra n wadeg iqerben ɣur-s.

Yesɛa azal n 26 neɣ 27 n yiseggasen.

Tamttant-is ur telli ara kan d taggara n yiwen umenkad.

Tettuneḥsab d yiwen n ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n Roma.

== 15. Taggara n twacult n Severus ==
S tmettant n Aliksandr, tettfakka s tidet twacult n Severus, i yebdan s [[Septimyus Severus]] deg 193.

Gar yimenkaden-is llan:

Septimius Severus → Karakalla → Geta → Elagabalus → Aliksandr Severus.

[[Makrinus]], i yeḥkmen gar Karakalla d Elagabalus, ur yettekki ara ɣer twacult-a.

Twacult n Severus teḥkem azal n 42 n yiseggasen, maca tallit-is tettban-d daɣen amek i yettnerni wazal n yiserdasen deg ufran d usenser n yimenkaden.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ChatGPT</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117389</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-18T15:49:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="1059" sha1="1fo4f6q0n2rv3vlrhzi3m2644ufy9qy" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]]
'''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5.

Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay.

Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass.</text>
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