Tutlayt tarifit

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    <title>Tutlayt tarifit</title>
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        <username>Wikiwerner</username>
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      <comment>Ssefsu tasiwelt [[Special:Diff/117408|117408]] sɣur [[Special:Contributions/ZenathiAhfir|ZenathiAhfir]] ([[User talk:ZenathiAhfir|Meslay]]): revert hoax flag</comment>
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      <text bytes="3270" sha1="s0c3efq9xf4z5cb0ect2zdllhdgaffi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language
|name=Tarifit 
|nativename=
|states=[[Merruk|Ameṛṛuk]]
|region=[[Arif]]
|ethnicity=[[Irifiyen]]
|speakers= 4,240,000
|date=2016
|image=Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg
|ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rif|title=Tarifit|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-06-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[Tutlayin timaziɣin|Tamaziɣt]]
|fam3=[[Tamaziɣt n ugafa]]
|fam4=[[Tutlayin tiznasiyin|Taznast]]
|iso3=rif
|glotto=tari1263
|glottorefname=Tarifiyt-Beni-Iznasen-Eastern Middle Atlas Berber
|map=Riffian Language Map.PNG
|mapcaption=
}}
'''Tarifit''' (s [[Tifinaɣ]]: '''ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ''') (qqaren as '''Tmaziɣt''' deg [[Arif|Warif]]) d yiwet n [[tutlayt]] [[Tamaziɣt]] yeṭṭafaren afurk n [[Tamaziɣt n ugafa|tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa]], Tarifit ttmeslayen s yis azal n 4 n imelyan n [[Irifiyen]] deg ugafa n tmurt n [[Merruk|Umeṛṛuk]]. 
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Anass speaking Tarifit.webm|thumb|Amerruki arisawal Tarifit.]]

== Asesmel ==
Tarifit temrawas (tettemcabi) s waṭas ar [[Tacawit|Tcawit]] yellan deg ugafa asammar n [[Lezzayer]] acku i snat-nsent (Tarifit d Tcawit) d [[Tutlayt n Iznassen|tutlayin tiznassin]] akken daɣen yella kra n umcabi gar-as d [[Taqbaylit|Teqbaylit]].

== Tukza tamaddudt (tunṣibt) s Trifit ==
Tarifit deg [[Ameṛṛuk|Tgelda n Umeṛṛuk]] d [[tutlayt tamaddudt]] seg 2011, Deg [[Spanya]] llant kra n [[Tiddukla|tiddukliwin]] tidelsanin deg temdint n [[Mlilt]] d [[Sebta]] ssuturen-t seg udabu n temdinin-a asmudded (asenṣeb) n Trifit acku azal n 40% n imezdaɣ n [[Mlilt]] d 25% n imezdaɣ n [[Sebta]] ttmeslayen s tutlayt-a, Akken daɣen yeɣɣar usqamu n [[tiddukla n Uruppa]] tukza n Trifit d akken-it d [[tutlayt n tdersant]] acku snat n temdinin-a ṭṭafaren-t tamurt n [[Spanya]] igan d agman deg [[tiddukla n Uruppa]].

== Anagraw n tira ==
Seg useggas n 2003 Tarifit tuɣal tettwaru s isekkilen n [[tifinaɣ|tifinaɣ]].

== Abdar n wawalen ==
imgirrden ger Tarifit d tutlayin timaziɣin nniḍen:

* /l/ yuɣal-d /ř/, Amedya : '''aɣyul''' -&gt; '''aɣyuř'''
* Ur nentiq ara /r/ asmi yellan qbel asekkil: ''tadda'''r'''t'' -&gt; ''tadd'''aa'''t''. 

Lemmer tella tiɣra mbeɛd /r/ a t-nenteq, Amedya : nenṭeq /r/ n ''tamara''.
* /ll/ yuɣal-d /ǧ/, Amedya : '''yelli''' -&gt; '''yeǧi'''.
* /lt/ yuɣal-d /č/, Amedya : '''weltma''' -&gt; '''wečma'''.
* S umata /k/ yuɣal-d /c/. 
* Aṭas n tikwal, ur nenteq ara awṣil ''a-'', Amedya : '''afus''' -&gt; '''fus'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! '''Asekkil di Tmaziɣt n Arrif''' || Awal di Tmaziɣt n Arrif || Awal-nni deg tantalawin tiyaḍ || Anamek s teqbaylit
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;Ř ř&lt;/big&gt; || uř || ul || ul
|-
| aɣyuř || aɣyul || aɣyul
|-
| awař || awal || awal
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;Ǧ ǧ&lt;/big&gt; (dj) || azeǧif || azellif || aqerru/ixf
|-
| yeǧa || yella || yella
|-
| ajeǧid || agellid || agellid
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;Č č&lt;/big&gt; (tc) || wečma || weltma || ultma
|-
| tacemřač || tacemlalt || amellal
|-
| taɣyuč || taɣyult || taɣyult
|}

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{refs}}

{{Tamaziɣt}}
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Umeṛṛuk]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin timaziɣin]]</text>
      <sha1>s0c3efq9xf4z5cb0ect2zdllhdgaffi</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Niru</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="14714" sha1="nwhymkw4mpa5j048jk3819nqj1y1mzu" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]]{{Infobox biography|item=Q1413|image=[[File:Nero Palatino Inv618.jpg|thumb|Asbedad n uqeṛṛu Niru s arxam, Taẓuri tarumanit, lqern amezwaru S.Ɛ.]]|caption=Amenkad Niru}}
'''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem.

== Temẓi d Walluy-is ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda ==

=== Aẓar d Twacult ===
Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula).

=== Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) ===
Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is.

== Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) ==
Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen:

* '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s.
Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus.

Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin.

Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart.

Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit.

Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina.

S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is.
* '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel.

Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult.

Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt.

Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad).

Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit:

# Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen.
# Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt.
# Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda.
Deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, Sinik yura adlis-is ameqqran '''&quot;De Clementia&quot;''' i yefka d abuddu i Niru. Deg uḍris-a, afiluzuf issegzay-d belli amenkad ameqqran macci d win iyesxeddmen lǧehd d tugdi, maca d win yesɛan tazmert ad isuref yerna ad yeḥkem s tuẓult d tmlilɣi. D iswi ameqqran i wakken ad yeṭṭef Niru deg ubrid n ṣṣwab.

Sinik ur yelli ara weḥd-s deg wannar n udabu; Agrippina tella tebɣa ad teḥkem s ufus n mmi-s. Sinik d Burrus fhmen s zreb belli ma kemmlen s ddaw n uqeddac n tmeṭṭut-a, tamenkda ad tenger.

Dɣa, Sinik yessemres tiḥerci-s d tmusni-s n umezruy asertan iwakken ad ibedd mgal yemma-s n umenkad. S wudem uffir yerna s tazzla, yebda yekkat ad yessebɛed Agrippina seg tsertit:

* Yessexdem tayri n Niru i tqeddact-is Akṭi (''Acte'') iwakken ad yekkes tazrirt n yemma-s fell-as.
* Iḥudd ɣef Niru asmi Agrippina tebda tettgezzi-t s tmenɣiwt n mmi-s n tidet n Kludyus, Britannicus.

Maca, aya yessekcem Sinik deg yiwet n tuccḍa tameqqrant n temlilɣi-ines. Asmi Niru yessečč ssem i Britannicus (55 S.Ɛ), Sinik d Burrus rran iman-nsen ur ulin, ur d-kkin; qeblen lbaṭel-agi iwakken ad ḥerzen talwit n tmenkda d wemkan-nsen deg udabu. D asurif amezwaru n uɣelluy n tuzma n ufiluzuf.

Asurif i d-yewwin lmut ɣef tettwaflest n Sinka d timenɣiwt n Agrippina deg useggas 59. Imi Niru yeɣtes ad yenɣ yemma-s s wudem unṣib, Sinik d Burrus llan deg tegnit tucmit. Xas akken ahat ur llin ara deffir usenfar-a s timmad-nsen, maca ur bdiden ara mgal amenkad-nsen deg twaɣit-a.

Ayen yesserkan ugar isem n Sinik, d akken deffir n tmenɣiwt-a, d netta s timmad-is i yuran tabrat tunṣibt n umenkad i d-yezzuzren i Usqamu Unnig, anda isegzi belli Agrippina tella tettheyyi anguz iwakken ad tenɣ amenkad, yerna lmut-is tella d &quot;asellek&quot; n Ṛuma. Afiluzuf-nni i d-yuran ɣef rreḥma d tezdeg, yufa-d iman-is isneflali timenɣiwt n yemma-s n ugellid. Seg wass-nni, tazmert-is tasertant tebda tettneɣṣi, acku Niru ifaq belli yezmer ad yexdem ayen yebɣa war ma yehweṣ-it wemdan.

S lmut n umeddakkel-is Burrus deg useggas 62 S.Ɛ, Sinka yufa-d iman-is weḥd-s zdat n umenkad i yettuɣalen d adankal s tidet, yeččuren takriḍt. Niru yebda yessemras &quot;iqezzaben&quot; yerna yessufeɣ isuḍaf imeqqranen.

Sinik yewwi-d rray ad ijbed iman-is seg tsertit. Yessuter deg umenkad ad as-yeǧǧ ad yerr ɣer tama, yerna yessemsed-as akk ttrika-s d wayla-s ameqqran iwakken ad isemneɛ aqerruy-is. Xas akken Niru yugi-yas s wudem unṣib, Sinka yexla axxam n udabu, yeqqim deg wemkan-is, yettarra-d iman-is yuḍen, yerna ikemmel ad yaru idlisen-is n tfelsafit (am tbratin-is i Lucilius).

Tudert-is tfukk s wudem aḥezzan maca d astuyan n tidet. Deg useggas 65 S.Ɛ, yeffeɣ-d unguz n ''Pison'' iwakken ad nɣen Niru. Xas akken ulac anza belli Sinik yettekka deg-s s tidet, isem-is yettwabder-d. Niru yefka-yas lamer i uselmad-is aqbur ad yenɣ iman-is. Sinka yeqbel annect-a s wudem n yigelliden d yifiluzufen: yebra i yiẓuran-is, yeǧǧa idammen-is ad ffɣen s leɛqel, yerna ikemmel yettmeslay ɣef tfelsafit d ṣṣbeṛ i yimeddukal-is armi d asrag-is anggaru.
* '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad.

Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tasertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda.

== Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan ==
[[Tugna:Relief from the Sebasteion depicting Nero and Agrippina, Aphrodisias Museum, Turkey (20481225182).jpg|vignette|tasreɣta i d-yessebganen Niru d yemma-s Agrippina]]
Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit.

* '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan.
* '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s.

== Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) ==
Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan.

* '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal.
* '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri.

== Taẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar &quot;Domus Aurea&quot; ==
Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta.

Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani.

== Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) ==
Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ.

* '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania).
* '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d &quot;Aɛdaw n Uwanek&quot;. Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aliksandr Severus</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="11230" sha1="02n5naucc5ujho8sn450ir6ezpzg7p4" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]]
'''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1769|image=[[File:0 Alexandre Sévère - MR 408 - Louvre (1b).JPG|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Aliksandr Severus}}

Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III.

== 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is ==
Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''.

Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]].

Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda.

== 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda ==
Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma.

Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya.

Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad.

== 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr ==
Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias.

Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad.

Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan.

Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa.

== 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit ==
[[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]]
'''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt.

Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad.

Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma.

Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda.

== 5. Tasertit-is tagensant ==
[[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]]
Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma.

Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit.

Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda.

''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223.

Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin.

== 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa ==
Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda.

Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt.

Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen.

Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen.

== 7. Aliksandr d Senatus ==
Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus.

Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is.

Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit.

Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem.

== 8. Asɣan d tsertit tasɣanant ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yettwasnen s tsertit tasɣanant taɣelnawt am Elagabalus.

Leḥkem-is yebɣa ad d-yerr leɛwayed d wansayen n Roma d yixxamen n yirebbiten n Roma ɣer waddad-nsen.

Imyura iqburen, ladɣa Historia Augusta, ttawin-d belli Aliksandr yella yesɛa azal i waṭas n yimdanen yettwassnen deg umezruy n usɣan d tfelsafit, gar-asen ''Abraham'' d ''Yasuɛ''. Maca Historia Augusta d aɣbalu i deg llan waṭas n yisallen ur nettwaḍmen ara, ihi yessefk ad ten-nwali s leḥḍara.

Ur ilaq ara ad d-nini s teẓẓi belli Aliksandr yella d amasiḥi. Ur nesɛi ara anagi amezwaru i d-yessenkanen aya.

== 9. Tamenkda Tasasanit — abrid amaynut n Persia ==
Yiwen gar yibeddilen imeqqranen n tallit-is yeḍra deg usammar.

Tamenkda n '''''Parthia''''', i yellan d acengu aqdim n Roma, teɣli. Deg wadeg-is, '''''Ardashir''''' yebna Tamenkda Tasasanit azal n 224.

Aya ibeddel akk tagnit tasertasant deg usammar.

Sasanid-nni ur bɣin ara kan ad ḥerzen akal n Parthia. Bɣan ad snernin tazmert-nsen ɣef Mesopotamia d kra n tmura i yellan ddaw n Roma.

Roma tesɛa tura acengu amaynut, yesɛan tadbelt yeqwan, aserdasi ameqqran d tikti n tmenkda i yebɣan ad tennerni.

== 10. Amennuɣ mgal Ardashir I ==
Azal n 230, Sasanid-nni bdan ttawin-d aḍar ameqqran ɣef tmura n Roma deg usammar.

Aliksandr yessekcem iman-is deg umennuɣ.

Deg 231–232, yewwi iserdasen ar usammar. Imennuɣ yella d awezɣi i Roma. Iɣallen irumanen ttwabḍan ɣef waṭas n yiberdan.

Kra n yiserdasen uɣen-d lǧehd, wiyaḍ xesren aṭas n yimdanen.

Aɣawas arumani ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ akk Tamenkda Tasasanit, maca Sasanid-nni daɣen ur ssiwḍen ara ad rnun akal ameqqran ɣef Roma deg tagnit-nni.

Aliksandr yuɣal ɣer Roma, anda i d-yessken iman-is am win yerna deg umennuɣ. Maca tilawt tella ugar n waya: ur telli d timernit tameqqrant n Roma, ur yelli daɣen d aɣelluy n Persia.

== 11. Ugur n limes n Rhine d Danube ==
Mi yella Aliksandr deg usammar, kra n yigrawen n yijermanen bdan ttaẓen ɣer tlisa n Tmenkda Tarumanit ɣef ''limes'' deg ''Rhine'' d ''Danube''.

Tamenkda tesra ihi ad d-terr iɣallen-is ɣer umalu.

Deg 234–235, Aliksandr yewwi iserdasen-is ɣer tmurt n Germanya.

Dagi i tebda tagnit ara t-yawin ɣer tmettant.

== 12. Ugur-is akked yiserdasen ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yellan yettkel ɣef yiman-is am kra n yimenkaden i t-id-yeḍfren. Yettwali ameslay, tamsalt d tifrat tasertit am tarrayin i izemren ad ssiwḍent ɣer talwit.

Maca iserdasen n ''limes'' ur bɣin ara aya.

Nutni bɣan amennuɣ mgal igrawen ijermaḍen. Aliksandr, s unamek n kra n yiɣbula, yebɣa ad yeg tamsalt s wawal d tedrimt uqbel ad yebdu amennuɣ ameqqran.

I yiserdasen, aya yella d anamek n teḍɛaf.

Yerna llan wid i yettwalin belli amenkad yettawi awal n yemma-s Julia Mamaea ugar n wayen ilaq.

== 13. Maximinus Thrax ==
Gar yiserdasen yella yiwen n umɣar n yiserdasen i wumi qqaren ''Maximinus Thrax''.

Yella d argaz n usatal aserdasan, yettwassen gar yiserdasen, yerna tugna-s tella mgal tin n Aliksandr: Maximinus yettwali d argaz n umennuɣ, n lǧehd d tsertit taserdasant.

Deg 235, kra n yiserdasen fernen ''Maximinus'' d amenkad.

Aya yella d aɛraḍ n usenser n Aliksandr.

== 14. Tamatut n Aliksandr Severus ==
Deg Meɣres 235, iserdasen nɣan Aliksandr Severus akked yemma-s Julia Mamaea, deg temnaḍt n Mogontiacum — Mainz n wass-a — neɣ deg kra n wadeg iqerben ɣur-s.

Yesɛa azal n 26 neɣ 27 n yiseggasen.

Tamttant-is ur telli ara kan d taggara n yiwen umenkad.

Tettuneḥsab d yiwen n ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n Roma.

== 15. Taggara n twacult n Severus ==
S tmettant n Aliksandr, tettfakka s tidet twacult n Severus, i yebdan s [[Septimyus Severus]] deg 193.

Gar yimenkaden-is llan:

Septimius Severus → Karakalla → Geta → Elagabalus → Aliksandr Severus.

[[Makrinus]], i yeḥkmen gar Karakalla d Elagabalus, ur yettekki ara ɣer twacult-a.

Twacult n Severus teḥkem azal n 42 n yiseggasen, maca tallit-is tettban-d daɣen amek i yettnerni wazal n yiserdasen deg ufran d usenser n yimenkaden.

== 16. Tazɣent n lqern wis III ==
Tamettant n Aliksandr deg 235 tettwaḥsab s umata d tazwara n wayen i wumi semman imezzayen n umezruy Tazɣent n lqern wis III (Crisis of the Third Century).

Gar 235 d 284/285, Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir tallit n wurfan:

imenɣiyen ɣef tmenkda,

imenkaden yettbeddilen s lemɣawla,

iserdasen i yettferanen imenkaden,

imenɣiyen mgal Sasanid,

anṭag n yigrawen ijermanen ɣef tlisa ''limes'',

uguren n tdamsa,

d unṭaḍ n waṭṭanen deg kra n talliyin.

Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda qarib ad tebḍu ɣef kra n tmura.

Ihi, 235 d aseggas agejdan deg umezruy arumani.

== 17. Ayen i yellan yelhan deg leḥkem-is ==
Aliksandr yettwali s umata am umenkad ur nebɣi ara tirrugza taserdasant neɣ adabu s yiɣil.

Yebɣa:

ad d-yerr azal i Senatus(Sina n Ruma);

ad yesnerni tadbelt;

ad iḥareb ɣef tedrimt n tmenkda;

ad yesnerni tarrayt n leḥkem yebnan ɣef yimḍebbaren d yimussnawen;

ad yeḥrez talwit tasɣanant;

ad yesseḥbiber ɣef tmenkda mgal Sasanid-nni d yicenga n ugafa.

Deg tarrayt-a, nezmer ad t-nwali am umenkad yebɣan talwit d leḥkem s yilugan ugar n leḥkem s tissas n yiserdasen.

== 18. Anda i ixuṣṣ leḥkem-is ==
Maca ayen yellan d lǧehd-is yuɣal, deg kra n tegnatin, d taḍɛaf-is.

Tamenkda n lqern wis III tesra amenkad i izemren ad yesseḥbiber ɣef yiserdasen.

Aliksandr ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerr aserdasi ddaw n leḥkem-is s tarrayt iwatan.

Yerna azal n yemma-s deg tsertit yessexṣer tugna-s gar kra n yiserdasen. Nutni bɣan ad walin amenkad i yettawi leqrar s yiman-is.

Tifrat-is n tamsalt tajermanit s tarrayt n ustag daɣen tettwafhem am taḍɛaf.

Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n tallit-nni, tugna n lǧehd tella tikwal tesɛa azal am lǧehd s timmad-is.</text>
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      <text bytes="5478" sha1="8xxk180orjq4yaq7fledngo350x20zi" xml:space="preserve">== &lt;span lang=&quot;fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Bascule de serveur : votre wiki sera bientôt en lecture seule durant un court instant&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lire ce message dans une autre langue]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

La [[foundation:|Fondation Wikimédia]] va basculer le trafic entre ses centres de données. Cela permettra de s’assurer que Wikipédia et les autres wikis de Wikimédia peuvent rester en ligne même après une catastrophe.

Le trafic sera basculé le '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|fr}}'''. La bascule débutera à '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Malheureusement, en raison de certaines limites de [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], toutes les modifications de pages devront être arrêtées durant le passage d’un centre de données à l’autre. Nous nous excusons pour ce dérangement, que nous nous efforçons de réduire pour le futur. 

Une bannière sera affichée sur tous les wikis 30 minutes avant le début de l’opération. Cette bannière restera visible jusqu’à la fin de l’opération. 
Vous pouvez contribuer à la [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate traduction ou relecture] du texte de cette bannière.

'''Pendant une courte période, vous pourrez lire les wikis mais pas les modifier.'''

* Vous ne pourrez pas effectuer de modification pendant une durée pouvant aller jusqu’à une heure, le {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|fr}}.
* Si vous essayez de faire une modification ou de sauvegarder pendant cette période, vous verrez un message d’erreur. Nous espérons qu’aucune modification ne sera perdue durant ce temps, mais nous ne pouvons le garantir. Si vous voyez un message d’erreur, merci de patienter jusqu’au retour à la normale. Vous pourrez alors enregistrer votre modification. Nous vous conseillons cependant de faire une copie de votre modification avant, au cas où.

''Autres conséquences :''

* Les tâches de fond seront ralenties et certaines pourraient être stoppées. Les liens rouges ne seront pas mis à jour aussi vite que d’habitude. Si vous créez un article qui est déjà lié depuis une autre page, le lien rouge pourrait rester rouge plus longtemps que d’habitude. Certains scripts ayant un long temps d’exécution devront être stoppés.
* Le déploiement de code devrait se dérouler comme chaque semaine. Cependant, certains codes particuliers pourraient être gelés si l’opération le nécessitait.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] sera indisponible durant environ 90 minutes.

Ce projet pourra être reporté si nécessaire. Vous pouvez [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|consulter le calendrier sur wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Tout changement sera annoncé dans le calendrier. 

'''Merci de partager ces informations avec votre communauté.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15 Ctember 2026 à 12:58 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=30513874 --&gt;

== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and co.'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently planning to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language link changes are also known as sitelink or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, connecting it to the language dropdown tool from other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]
{{clear}} 

The request for your feedback is whether you would support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, --[[Amseqdac:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Amyannan umsqedac:MediaWiki message delivery|asqerdec]]) 21 Ctember 2026 à 08:03 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&amp;oldid=31055245 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ChatGPT</title>
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      <text bytes="4798" sha1="b88wc5rld3r1wp9cbhj0l98yyo8r4k6" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]]
'''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5.

Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay.

Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass.

== 1. Talalit n ChatGPT ==
Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent.

OpenAI tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist.

Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar.

== 2. D acu i d GPT? ==
Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT.

GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''.

Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen.

Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen.

Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen.

ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal.

== 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? ==
Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen.

Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?»

Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni.

Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya.

== 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen ==
Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni.

Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen.

Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asmaḍel</title>
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      <text bytes="2305" sha1="2vaduquyjnqbhfqbcmke8xz3jjvslbo" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Early migrations mercator.svg|vignette|Inigen imezwura n talsa.]]
'''Asmaḍel''' (neɣ '''Tasmaḍelt''', s tefransist: Mondialisation neɣ Globalisation, s teglizit: Globalization) d akala d umussu ameqran n usemres, n tuqqna d usegrew gar tmura, tidamsiwin, tmettiyin d yidelsan n umtiweg n Lqaɛa meṛṛa. Yettgensis-d assaɣen i d-yezzin i umaḍal akk, ideg ay ssenqasen tlisa gar yiwanaken, yerna yettili-d userked n yiwen n wulzuz (ssuq) agraɣlan ideg ttazzalen yilzazen (sselɛat), imeẓla, idrimen (ihriten), tilɣa d yimdanen s tazzla tameqrant yerna war aḥbaṣ.

Xas akken asmaḍel yebda-d seg zik s tnezzut tagraɣlant d unadi ɣef yimuka imaynuten, aswir-is yulin s lǧehd seg tagara n tasut tis 20, ladɣa seld aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989) d unnerni ussnan d utiknuluji, ladɣa s usnulfu n Internet d ttawilat n taywalt tatrart.

== 1. Amezruy n usmaḍel ==

=== 1.1 Talliyin timenza ===
Abrid ɣer usmaḍel ur d-yelli ara d ayen i d-yusan deg yiwen wass. Seg tallit taqburt, llan yimussuyen n wembaddel deg wulzuz gar yegduden:

'''Abrid n Usilki''' (Abrid n leḥrir): Yeqqen Asya d Turuft d Tefriqt Ugafa, yegla-d s wembaddel n sselɛat, d ussegrew n tmusniwin.

'''Isaffen d yillelen''': Ilel Agrakal yella d asayes ameqran ideg mlalen Yimaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Ifniqiyen), Igrigiyen d Yirumanen.

=== 1.2 Tagrawla tamgurant d usehres ===
Deg tasut tis 15 d tis 16, tizmert n tmura n Turuft terna mi d-ufan imuka imaynuten (am Marikan). Deg tasut tis 18 d tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant tessaweḍ ɣer usedmer n tmacint n iraggen, abrid n wuzzal d uselket alemmas n sselɛa. Tallit-a tella daɣen d tallit n usehres (tameharsa) ansa i d-yewwi Umalu tabaɣurt tameqrant seg Tefriqt d Wasya.

=== 1.3 Tallit tamezdayt deffir 1945 ===
Deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, timura timeqranin sbeddent-d anagraw n Bretton Woods (1944)[4]. Dɣa d aya i d-yeslulen:

Asenduq n Tedrimt Agraɣlan (FMI)

Lbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale)

GATT, i yuɣalen d Tuddsa Tanmaḍalt n Tnezzut (OMC) deg useggas n 1995.

Seg useggas n 1990 d asawen, mi yeɣli Uɣrab n Berlin tekfa [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tdukli Tasuvyatit]], anagraw n [[Asihri|usihri]] yessaweḍ ɣer yal tiɣmert deg umaḍal, dɣa yekcem umaḍal deg wayen iwumi neqqar Asmaḍel atrar.</text>
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