Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra

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    <title>Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra</title>
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      <text bytes="7855" sha1="ki48jqhf3d6npcnqcaf6vfjzgleq5ve" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name   = Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra
| native_name              = ⴰⵏⴰⵠⴰⴹ ⴰⵇⵠⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵠⴻⵔⵔⴰ
| common_name              = Anavaḍ
| status                   = Anavaḍ di Verra
| image_flag               = Flag of the Republic of Kabylia.svg
| alt_flag                 = Flag of Kabylia
| flag_border              = 
| flag_width               = 100px
| symbol_type              = Logo
| image_symbol             = Logo Kabyle Provisional Government.svg
| alt_symbol               = Emblem of Kabylia
| symbol_width             = 100px 
| national_motto           = Taqvaylit Tezwar Ayen Yellan&lt;ref name=&quot;constitution&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tamendawt Taqvaylit - Constitution Kabyle|url=https://tamendawt.kabylie-gouv.org/|website=tamendawt.kabylie-gouv.org|access-date=2026-07-01|archive-date=2025-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813183454/https://tamendawt.kabylie-gouv.org/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;ⵝⴰⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵝ ⵝⴻⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ
| national_anthem          = Ass n Tlelli&lt;ref name=&quot;constitution&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵝⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
| image_map                = {{Switcher|[[File:Republic of Kabylia location (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Kabylie (orthographic projection).png|upright=1|frameless]]|Show map|Territory claimed by the Government in Exile.|default=1}}
| alt_map                  =
| map_caption              =  
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| capital                  = [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]], [[Fransa]] 
| capital_type             = Capital-in-exile
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| official_languages       = [[Taqbaylit]] (de jure)
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| demonym                  = [[Iqbayliyen|Aqbayli]]
| government_type          = Anavaḍ di Verra
| leader_title1            = Aselway
| leader_name1             = [[Ferḥat Mhenni]]
| leader_title2            = Aneɣlaf amenzu
| leader_name2             = Hanafi Ferhouh
| leader_title3            = Aselway n Imni
| leader_name3             = Hamid At Ali Ukadi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=L’Imni Aqvayli réaffirme le rôle central du Parlement kabyle dans l’édification de l’État souverain|url=https://siwel.info/limni-aqvayli-reaffirme-le-role-central-du-parlement-kabyle-dans-ledification-de-letat-souverain_72285.html|website=Siwel|date=2026-05-27|access-date=2026-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| legislature              = Imni
| upper_house              = Senate
| lower_house              = 
| sovereignty_type         =   
| sovereignty_note         = 
| established              = 1 Yunyu 2010
| established_event1       = Alɣu n timunent
| established_date1        = December 14, 2025  
| established_event2       = 
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| official_website         = https://kabylie-gouv.org
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'''Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra''' ([[Tifinaɣ]]: ⴰⵏⴰⵠⴰⴹ ⴰⵇⵠⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵠⴻⵔⵔⴰ)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kabylie-gouv.org/|title=Kabyle Government in Exile|access-date=2026-07-01|website=kabylie-gouv.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;, neɣ '''Tagduda tafidiralit taqvaylit'''

==TALALIT N UNABAḌ AQBAYLI UƐḌIL==

'''TANAḌT N° GZM/2010/02/ASAN/05'''
Aselway n Unabaḍ aqbayli uɛḍil
*S usiked ɣer welɣu n Umussu adelsan amaziɣ - Agraw aɣelnaw n 5 yunyu 2001;
* S usiked ɣer tɣettisin n Weswir imseddes n umussu n Timanit i Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (MAK) n 14/08/2007

d yiḍrisen-is imenzayen yellan d Asenfar n Timanit n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (PAK) d Urkawal n Yizerfan n Wegdud Aqbayli d Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (CDK);

* S usiked ɣer usbeddi n Unabaḍ Aqbayli Uɛḍil n [[21/04/2010]];
* S usiked ɣer tuzzeya n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Umussu n Timanit i Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen n 23/05/2010 yessersen M. Ferhat Mehenni, 
s uẓarisem-is Ferḥat At Sɛid, d aselway n Unabaḍ [[Aqbayli]];

* S usiked ɣer tegrayin i n-rrant, deg 29/05/2010, tseqqamutt n uxemmem d tin n uciweṛ d usqerdec, yettwasbedden ass n 21/04/2010

IGZEM ITT

Amagrad I : Yettwasbedd-ed Unabaḍ Aqbayli Uɛḍil deg yinig, di [[paris|Lpari]].

Amagrad II : Win i t-yessulin d Aselway n Unabaḍ.

Amagrad III : Iswi-s d aslali n teɣsar tunṣibin n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen d ugenses-nnsent ɣer udem n tejmaɛt tagraɣlant.

Amagrad IV : Ad idum alamma yeḍṛa-d usteɛṛef unṣib yiss d usteɛṛef s Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen d agdud yakk d aɣlan sɣur n Uwanak azzayri.

Amagrad V : Amḍan n yiɛeggalen-is ur yerkid ara. Taluft-a terza tamuɣli n uselway-is ara yeṭṭfen ṛṛay s uciweṛ n tseqquma tinselkamin n Umussu n Tmanit n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (MAK).
Amagrad VI : Ɣef leḥsab n wakken yella umagrad V n tanaḍt-agi ya, yezmer uselway a d-yesseḍṛu ijeddilen iɣelfanen acemma icaweṛ tiseqquma tinselkamin n MAK.

Amagrad VII : Seg wass-a d tsawent, tanaḍt-a tegga leɛnaya.

Amagrad VIII : Tanaḍt-a a d-teffeɣ deg Weɣmis Unṣib n Unabaḍ.

Imugg ass n 31 Mayu 2010

Aselway n Unabaḍ, [[Ferḥat At Sɛid]]

==Aɣmis Unṣib n Unabaḍ aqbayli uɛḍil &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.anavad.org/-le-journal-officiel-du,025-.html?lang=taq |access-date=2012-03-08 |archive-date=2013-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213091358/http://www.anavad.org/-le-journal-officiel-du,025-.html?lang=taq |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;==

Iswi n weɣmis unṣib n Unabaḍ Aqbayli Uɛḍil d asufeɣ s webrid n tira n tgezmin tunṣibin yettaṭṭaf Unabaḍ.
Tigezmin-a rzant : 

*Aɛeggen n yineɣlafen d yemḍebbren imeqranen n unabaḍ (Imarayen imatuyen, imḍebbren n tedbelt n yeɣlifen, inemhalen iɣelfanen), ass m’ara d-bedden d wass m’ara ifak leqdic-nsen, 
*Asnulfu n tuddsiwin, 
*Isuḍaf n Unabaḍ.

Aɣmis unṣib n Unabaḍ iteffeɣ-d s tutlayt taqbaylit d tutlayt tafṛansist.

== TAKARḌA N TNEKKIT TAQBAYLIT (KNQ) ==

[[Tugna:Cartedidenditkabyle.jpg|thumb| Takarḍa n Tnekkit Taqbaylit]]
Seld timlilit n Wegraw Amatu umussu n timanit di Fransa n wass 18/01/09, i deg d-yella umeslay ɣef wesnulfu n TKARḌA N TNEKKIT TAQBAYLIT. 

Seld asqerdec i d-iḍefren asarg n Mass Ferḥat At Sɛid, Aqerru umussu, ass n 12/09/2009 di Tmeɣra n Talsa di [[Lpari]] ɣef yismawen n [[Leqbayel|Yeqbayliyen]] di tmurt-nsen.

Imi nefren a nerr tajmilt i yimezwura nneɣ u a nefk azal i yesmawen i deg ṭṭfen d igiman n iseggasen s yiwen uzamul yecvan takarda n tnekkit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.journaldekabylie.com/spip.php?article1021 |access-date=2012-03-08 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517004226/http://www.journaldekabylie.com/spip.php?article1021 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timselya==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carl Franswa Billarjun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>117457</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-21T20:53:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SajoR</username>
        <id>17165</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>117457</origin>
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{| class=&quot;infobox infobox_v2&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;entete eveque&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#66CC80;color:#000000;&quot; |Carl Franswa Billarjun 
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[Tugna:Charles-François Baillargeon.png|vignette]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#66CC80; color:#000000&quot; |Tudert
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |talalit
|25 yebrir 1798 [[Kanada]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Lmut
|13 tuber 1870 ( 72 deg yila-s ) 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#66CC80; color:#000000&quot; |Amunak n tmezgida takatulikit 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#transparent; color:#000000&quot; |25 guct 1867-13 tuber 1870 
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
----
|}
'''Carl Franswa Billarjun''' yella d amunak akatuliki seg tmurt n [[Kanada]]
[[Tugna:Coat of arms of Charles-François Baillargeon.svg|150px|vignette|gauche]]</text>
      <sha1>okcbn2ey4gidvca3v89nonhwkix7dns</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>OpenAI</title>
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      <id>117455</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-21T16:49:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="10213" sha1="hc2u87euy8gflt3drbbv19l33taomvw" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:1515 Third Street.jpg|vignette|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]]
'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.

== 1. Talalit n OpenAI ==
OpenAI tettwasnulfa-d sɣur Sam Altman d Elon Musk d wiyaḍ deg 2015 am tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt (nonprofit). Seg tazwara, tuddsa-a tefka iman-is yiwen n yiswi ɣezzifen: asnerni n tigzi taragmawant s wudem ara d-yawin abaɣur i yimdanen merra, ladɣa ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit-a ɣer uswir n '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut'''.

Tamiḍrant-a tettak azal i wugur ameqqran: ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant uɣalen sɛan tazmert meqqren, ilaq tazmert-nsen ur tettwakerrez ara kan deg ufus n kra n yimdanen, n tiṛmisin neɣ n tmura, maca ad tettwaseqdac i lfayda tamatut.

Deg 2019, OpenAI tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad d-tawi idrimen, imdanen d tazmert n usiḍen i ilaqen i usnerni n yimudam imeqqranen. Aferdis-a yella ddaw n leḥkem n tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt.

== 2. D acu-tt tigzi taragmawant? ==
Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult n tussna d tetiknulujit i yesnernayen inagrawen n tmacint i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen s umata kra n tzemmar n tigzi: tegzi n tutlayt, tifrat n wuguren, asuddes n yisefka, tira n yiḍrisen, asnulfu n tugniwin, asihel, neɣ tuddma n kra n yimektayen seg yisefka.

Ur ilaq ara, ad nefhem awal tigzi dagi amzun tamacint tesɛa iman, iḥulfan neɣ tamuɣli n umaḍal am umdan. Imudam n tura d inagrawen n uiḍen i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka yerna xeddmen s yimenzayen n tussna n uselmed n tmacint.

OpenAI tettadi ladɣa deg yimudam imuqqranen(frontier), asuddes d tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen i izemren ad gzun ugar n yiwen n wanaw n yisefka (multimodal systems), akked wamek ara yettwaseqdec AI s tɣellist.

== 3. Tigzi taragmawant tamatut — AGI ==
Iswi ɣezzifen n OpenAI yeqqen ɣer wayen i semman ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'', i nezmer ad d-nini s teqbaylit tigzi taragmawant tamatut.

OpenAI tesbadut AGI am inagrawen s timmad-nsen i izemren ad ɣelben imdanen deg tuget n twuriwin yesɛan azal adamsan.

Tamiḍrant n tamatut d tagejdant. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yili igerraz deg yiwet n twuri kan; AGI, ma tewweḍ tetiknulujit ɣer din, ilaq ad tesɛu tazmert wessiɛen: ad tegzu uguren yemgaraden, ad tesdukkel tamusni seg waṭas n taɣulin, ad tesseqdec ayen telmed deg tegnatin timaynutin, yerna ad tefru uguren ur nettwaselmed ara fell-asen s talɣa tusridt.

OpenAI tettwali AGI am iswi n wakud ɣezzifen, maca akud ilaqen akken ad naweḍ ɣer AGI mazal ur yettwassen ara.

== 4. Imudam GPT ==
Gar yisenfaren i d-yerran OpenAI tettwassen deg umaḍal llan imudam GPT — ''Generative Pre-trained Transformer''.

Imudam-a d inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant i yettwaselmaden ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. S uselmed-a, zemren ad gzun asiḍen n tutlayt, ad d-snulfun iḍrisen, ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad frun uguren, ad ɛiwnen deg usihel, yerna imudam imaynuten zemren ad xedmen akked yiḍrisen, tugniwin d wanawen-nniḍen n yisefka. OpenAI teskanay tawacult GPT am inagrawen i izemren ad gzun asiḍen, ad d-snulfun agbur yerna ad xedmen tifrat n wuguren deg waṭas n yimeslayen n yisefka.

Anamek n azarsileɣ(pre-trained) d akken amudam yettwaselmad uqbel ad yettwaseqdec deg udiwenni. Turriwt(Generative), ma d nettat, temmal-d tazmert-is n usnulfu n ugemmuḍ am yiḍrisen neɣ tangalt n useɣẓan.

== 5. ChatGPT ==
[[ChatGPT]] d afaris agejdan n OpenAI i yiseqdacen. D agrudem n udiwenni i yettaǧǧan amdan ad yesseqdec imudam n tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am ufaris-is agejdan i yiseqdacen.

Aseqdac yezmer ad yesteqsi, ad yessuter asegzi, ad yaru neɣ ad iseɣti aḍris, ad yesseqdec tasleḍt, ad yelmed tamiḍrant n tussna, ad yessuter tallelt deg usihel, neɣ ad ixdem ɣef yisefka d yisemliyen.

Azal n ChatGPT deg umezruy n tigzi taragmawant d ameqqran acku yessekcem imudam n tutlayt ɣer useqdec n yal ass. Deg umḍiq anda tigzi taragmawant tella tettwassen ladɣa deg tesdawiyin, tanaremt d tkebbaniyin n tetiknulujit, agrudem n udiwenni yerra-tt d allal i yezmer ad yesseqdec umdan s tutlayt-is.

== 6. Codex d usihel ==
Taɣult-nniḍen i deg tesseqdac OpenAI tigzi taragmawant s waṭas d asihel.

'''Codex''' d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant i yellan i uxeddim ɣef tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan. Yezmer ad yegzu tangalt yellan, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad ibeddel taneɣruft n usenfar, ad yernu timahilin timaynutin, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin n usihel seg tazwara ar taggara.

Anect-a yeskanay abeddel meqqren deg useqdec n tigzi taragmawant: seg unagraw i d-yettarra kan ɣef yisteqsiyen ɣer umeggi n tigzi taragmawant (AI agent) i izemren ad yesseqdec allalen, ad ixdem ddeqs n yimahilen yerna ad ikemmel ɣer yiswi i as-yettunefken.

== 7. Anadi deg OpenAI ==
OpenAI mačči d taṛmist n yifarisen kan. Anadi yezga d yiwen seg yiḥricen-is igejdanen.

Taṛmist txeddem ɣef usnerni n yimudam n tigzi taragmawant, tifrat n wuguren, inagrawen wagutaskaran(multimodal), tɣellist, akked useqdec n yimudam s wudem ara yilin d abaɣur i yimdanen.

Yiwet seg tmuɣliwin timeqqranin d aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant deg unadi ussnan. Deg tiɣula am tusnakt, tussna, asihel d tesleḍt n yisefka, anagraw yezmer ad yuɣal d allal ara iɛiwnen imnadiyen deg usnulfu n turdiwin, tifrat n wuguren d useɣiwel n unadi.

== 8. Taɣellist d umṣada ==
Mi ara tettnerni tazmert n tigzi taragmawant, yettnerni daɣen wazal n tɣellist.

Anagraw yesɛan tazmert meqqren yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur, maca yezmer daɣen ad d-yawi uguren ma yella ixdem tuccḍiwin, ma yettwaseqdec i wayen n diri, neɣ ma yella tikli-s ur temṣada ara akked wayen i yebɣa umdan.

Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tamiḍrant n &quot;''alignment&quot;'', i d-yemmalen s umata amṣada n tikli n unagraw n tigzi taragmawant akked yiswan d tɣellist i d-yefka umdan.

'''''OpenAI Charter''''' yesseḥbibber ɣef sin yimenzayen meqqren: ad yettwabḍu ubaɣur n AGI s wudem wessiɛen, yerna ad yettwaseḥbiber ɣef tɣellist n wakud ɣezzifen.

== 9. Taneɣruft n OpenAI ==
Taneɣruft n OpenAI tbeddel s wakud.

OpenAI tebda deg 2015 d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Deg 2019, tesnulfa-d aferdis n tedrimt iwakken ad tesnerni anadi d usnas-is.

Deg 28 Tubber 2025, tettwasekna-d taneɣruft tamaynut:

tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt tuɣal tettusemma ''OpenAI Foundation'';

aferdis n tedrimt yuɣal d ''OpenAI Group PBC'', anamek-is d ''Public Benefit Corporation'';

''OpenAI Foundation'' teqqim tettḥekkim deg ''OpenAI Group''.

OpenAI Foundation tesɛa 26% n iḥricen deg ''OpenAI Group''. Microsoft, deg tallit n useggem n taneɣruft, tesɛa azal n 27%, ma d 47% i d-yeqqimen sɛan-t ixeddamen n tura d wid yezrin akked yimendaden-nniḍen.

Taneɣruft-a tebɣa ad tesdukkel iswi n OpenAI akked tezmert-is ad d-tawi idrimen imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧ unadi n tigzi taragmawant.

== 10. Tazmert n usiḍen ==
Aselmed n yimudam imeqqranen n tigzi taragmawant yeḥwaǧǧ ddeqs n tezmert n usiḍen.

Anect-a yesɛa azal acku asnerni n yimudam ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer tarrayin n uselmed. Yeḥwaǧǧ daɣen iselkimen s tezmert tameqqrant n usiḍen, tiḥerci n yisefka, tazmert n trisiti, iẓeḍwan, isefka d tedrimt.

Ɣef waya, tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig tuɣal d taɣult anda anadi ussnan, tiḥerci n usiḍen d tdamsa qqnen gar-asen.

== 11. OpenAI d Microsoft ==
Microsoft tesɛa assaɣ adamsan d utiknulujan ameqqran akked OpenAI. Deg taneɣruft i yettwasbedden deg 2025, Microsoft tesɛa azal n 27% n OpenAI Group.

Assaɣ-a yesɛa azal ladɣa deg tezmert n usiḍen d usnerni n yifarisen n tigzi taragmawant. Maca, deg taneɣruft n leḥkem n OpenAI, OpenAI Foundation i yeqqimen tettḥekkim deg OpenAI Group, mačči Microsoft.

== 12. OpenAI deg 2026 ==
Deg 2026, OpenAI ur teqqim ara d tanaremt n unadi kan. Tuɣal d taṛmist tameqqrant i yesɛan inagrawen i yiseqdacen, allalen i yimsihel, API i tkebbaniyin, imudam n tigzi taragmawant n uswir unnig, akked yimeggiyen i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin ɣezzifen.

ChatGPT d Codex mmalen-d sin n wudmawen n ubeddel-a: ChatGPT d agrudem wessiɛen n tigzi taragmawant i yiseqdacen, ma d Codex yettwabna ugar i uxeddim s tengalt d yisenfaren n useɣẓan.

Anadi n OpenAI yettkemmil daɣen deg tifrat n wuguren, imudam ugetaskaran, tɣellist d usnerni n ubrid ɣer AGI.

== 13. Abaɣur i tmetti ==
Tigzi taragmawant tezmer ad tbeddel aṭas n tiɣula: aselmed, tussna, tadamsa, asihel, aẓeṭṭa, axeddim, tasensegmit, asnulfu d unadi ussnan.

Ma yella inagrawen n tigzi taragmawant zemren ad xedmen ugar n twuriwin i ixeddem umdan ass-a, ad d-ffɣen yisteqsiyen imaynuten:

Amek ara tbeddel tarrayt n uxeddim? Anwi ixeddamen ara d-ilalen? Anwi ara ibeddlen neɣ ara iruḥen? Amek ara ttwasqedcen yimudam-a deg uselmed? Anwa ara yesɛun leḥkem ɣef yiḥricen igejdanen n tetiknulujit-a? Amek ara neḍmen belli abaɣur-is ad ibḍu gar yimdanen?

D isteqsiyen-a i yerran asnerni n tigzi taragmawant mačči d tamsalt n tetiknulujit kan, maca d tamsalt tadamsant, tinmettit, tasertant d tasertit n tussna.

== 14. Uguren d umeslay ɣef OpenAI ==
Am yal taṛmist tameqqrant n tetiknulujit, OpenAI tettmagar isteqsiyen d umeslay ɣef tarrayt-is.

Gar temsal tigejdanin llan: aḥraz n yisefka, tanezzut n yimudam, asemres n wayen d-yettwafkan sɣur yimdanen i uselmed n yimudam, tɣellist, leḥkem ɣef tetiknulujit, tasertit n yifarisen, tasertit n uxeddim, akked wamek ara tettbeddil tigzi taragmawant tuddsa n tmetti.

Ɣef waya, OpenAI ur ilaq ara ad tettwafhem kan seg yifarisen-is. Iwakken ad nefhem azal-is, ilaq ad nwali daɣen tamsalt tameqqrant i d-tessufuɣ tetiknulujit i tesnernay: anwa ara yessnernin tigzi taragmawant n uzekka, anwa ara tt-yesqedcen, anwa ara yettḥekkimen deg-s, yerna anwa ara yawin abaɣur seg-s?</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aliksandr Severus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-21T19:59:21Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="12897" sha1="cqir4wlhdi2ki9lt06ox1uy6fdnuvpn" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]]
'''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q1769|image=[[File:0 Alexandre Sévère - MR 408 - Louvre (1b).JPG|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Aliksandr Severus}}

Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III.

== 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is ==
Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''.

Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]].

Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda.

== 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda ==
Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma.

Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya.

Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad.

== 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr ==
Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias.

Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad.

Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan.

Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa.

== 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit ==
[[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]]
'''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt.

Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad.

Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma.

Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda.

== 5. Tasertit-is tagensant ==
[[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]]
Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma.

Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit.

Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda.

''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223.

Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin.

== 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa ==
Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda.

Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt.

Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen.

Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen.

== 7. Aliksandr d Senatus ==
Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus.

Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is.

Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit.

Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem.

== 8. Asɣan d tsertit tasɣanant ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yettwasnen s tsertit tasɣanant taɣelnawt am Elagabalus.

Leḥkem-is yebɣa ad d-yerr leɛwayed d wansayen n Roma d yixxamen n yirebbiten n Roma ɣer waddad-nsen.

Imyura iqburen, ladɣa Historia Augusta, ttawin-d belli Aliksandr yella yesɛa azal i waṭas n yimdanen yettwassnen deg umezruy n usɣan d tfelsafit, gar-asen ''Abraham'' d ''Yasuɛ''. Maca Historia Augusta d aɣbalu i deg llan waṭas n yisallen ur nettwaḍmen ara, ihi yessefk ad ten-nwali s leḥḍara.

Ur ilaq ara ad d-nini s teẓẓi belli Aliksandr yella d amasiḥi. Ur nesɛi ara anagi amezwaru i d-yessenkanen aya.

== 9. Tamenkda Tasasanit — abrid amaynut n Persia ==
Yiwen gar yibeddilen imeqqranen n tallit-is yeḍra deg usammar.

Tamenkda n '''''Parthia''''', i yellan d acengu aqdim n Roma, teɣli. Deg wadeg-is, '''''Ardashir''''' yebna Tamenkda Tasasanit azal n 224.

Aya ibeddel akk tagnit tasertasant deg usammar.

Sasanid-nni ur bɣin ara kan ad ḥerzen akal n Parthia. Bɣan ad snernin tazmert-nsen ɣef Mesopotamia d kra n tmura i yellan ddaw n Roma.

Roma tesɛa tura acengu amaynut, yesɛan tadbelt yeqwan, aserdasi ameqqran d tikti n tmenkda i yebɣan ad tennerni.

== 10. Amennuɣ mgal Ardashir I ==
Azal n 230, Sasanid-nni bdan ttawin-d aḍar ameqqran ɣef tmura n Roma deg usammar.

Aliksandr yessekcem iman-is deg umennuɣ.

Deg 231–232, yewwi iserdasen ar usammar. Imennuɣ yella d awezɣi i Roma. Iɣallen irumanen ttwabḍan ɣef waṭas n yiberdan.

Kra n yiserdasen uɣen-d lǧehd, wiyaḍ xesren aṭas n yimdanen.

Aɣawas arumani ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ akk Tamenkda Tasasanit, maca Sasanid-nni daɣen ur ssiwḍen ara ad rnun akal ameqqran ɣef Roma deg tagnit-nni.

Aliksandr yuɣal ɣer Roma, anda i d-yessken iman-is am win yerna deg umennuɣ. Maca tilawt tella ugar n waya: ur telli d timernit tameqqrant n Roma, ur yelli daɣen d aɣelluy n Persia.

== 11. Ugur n limes n Rhine d Danube ==
Mi yella Aliksandr deg usammar, kra n yigrawen n yijermanen bdan ttaẓen ɣer tlisa n Tmenkda Tarumanit ɣef ''limes'' deg ''Rhine'' d ''Danube''.

Tamenkda tesra ihi ad d-terr iɣallen-is ɣer umalu.

Deg 234–235, Aliksandr yewwi iserdasen-is ɣer tmurt n Germanya.

Dagi i tebda tagnit ara t-yawin ɣer tmettant.

== 12. Ugur-is akked yiserdasen ==
Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yellan yettkel ɣef yiman-is am kra n yimenkaden i t-id-yeḍfren. Yettwali ameslay, tamsalt d tifrat tasertit am tarrayin i izemren ad ssiwḍent ɣer talwit.

Maca iserdasen n ''limes'' ur bɣin ara aya.

Nutni bɣan amennuɣ mgal igrawen ijermaḍen. Aliksandr, s unamek n kra n yiɣbula, yebɣa ad yeg tamsalt s wawal d tedrimt uqbel ad yebdu amennuɣ ameqqran.

I yiserdasen, aya yella d anamek n teḍɛaf.

Yerna llan wid i yettwalin belli amenkad yettawi awal n yemma-s Julia Mamaea ugar n wayen ilaq.

== 13. Maximinus Thrax ==
Gar yiserdasen yella yiwen n umɣar n yiserdasen i wumi qqaren ''Maximinus Thrax''.

Yella d argaz n usatal aserdasan, yettwassen gar yiserdasen, yerna tugna-s tella mgal tin n Aliksandr: Maximinus yettwali d argaz n umennuɣ, n lǧehd d tsertit taserdasant.

Deg 235, kra n yiserdasen fernen ''Maximinus'' d amenkad.

Aya yella d aɛraḍ n usenser n Aliksandr.

== 14. Tamatut n Aliksandr Severus ==
Deg Meɣres 235, iserdasen nɣan Aliksandr Severus akked yemma-s Julia Mamaea, deg temnaḍt n Mogontiacum — Mainz n wass-a — neɣ deg kra n wadeg iqerben ɣur-s.

Yesɛa azal n 26 neɣ 27 n yiseggasen.

Tamttant-is ur telli ara kan d taggara n yiwen umenkad.

Tettuneḥsab d yiwen n ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n Roma.

== 15. Taggara n twacult n Severus ==
S tmettant n Aliksandr, tettfakka s tidet twacult n Severus, i yebdan s [[Septimyus Severus]] deg 193.

Gar yimenkaden-is llan:

Septimius Severus → Karakalla → Geta → Elagabalus → Aliksandr Severus.

[[Makrinus]], i yeḥkmen gar Karakalla d Elagabalus, ur yettekki ara ɣer twacult-a.

Twacult n Severus teḥkem azal n 42 n yiseggasen, maca tallit-is tettban-d daɣen amek i yettnerni wazal n yiserdasen deg ufran d usenser n yimenkaden.

== 16. Tazɣent n lqern wis III ==
Tamettant n Aliksandr deg 235 tettwaḥsab s umata d tazwara n wayen i wumi semman imezzayen n umezruy Tazɣent n lqern wis III (Crisis of the Third Century).

Gar 235 d 284/285, Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir tallit n wurfan:

imenɣiyen ɣef tmenkda,

imenkaden yettbeddilen s lemɣawla,

iserdasen i yettferanen imenkaden,

imenɣiyen mgal Sasanid,

anṭag n yigrawen ijermanen ɣef tlisa ''limes'',

uguren n tdamsa,

d unṭaḍ n waṭṭanen deg kra n talliyin.

Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda qarib ad tebḍu ɣef kra n tmura.

Ihi, 235 d aseggas agejdan deg umezruy arumani.

== 17. Ayen i yellan yelhan deg leḥkem-is ==
Aliksandr yettwali s umata am umenkad ur nebɣi ara tirrugza taserdasant neɣ adabu s yiɣil.

Yebɣa:

ad d-yerr azal i Senatus(Sina n Ruma);

ad yesnerni tadbelt;

ad iḥareb ɣef tedrimt n tmenkda;

ad yesnerni tarrayt n leḥkem yebnan ɣef yimḍebbaren d yimussnawen;

ad yeḥrez talwit tasɣanant;

ad yesseḥbiber ɣef tmenkda mgal Sasanid-nni d yicenga n ugafa.

Deg tarrayt-a, nezmer ad t-nwali am umenkad yebɣan talwit d leḥkem s yilugan ugar n leḥkem s tissas n yiserdasen.

== 18. Anda i ixuṣṣ leḥkem-is ==
Maca ayen yellan d lǧehd-is yuɣal, deg kra n tegnatin, d taḍɛaf-is.

Tamenkda n lqern wis III tesra amenkad i izemren ad yesseḥbiber ɣef yiserdasen.

Aliksandr ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerr aserdasi ddaw n leḥkem-is s tarrayt iwatan.

Yerna azal n yemma-s deg tsertit yessexṣer tugna-s gar kra n yiserdasen. Nutni bɣan ad walin amenkad i yettawi leqrar s yiman-is.

Tifrat-is n tamsalt tajermanit s tarrayt n ustag daɣen tettwafhem am taḍɛaf.

Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n tallit-nni, tugna n lǧehd tella tikwal tesɛa azal am lǧehd s timmad-is.

== 19. Amek i nezmer ad t-nefhem ass-a? ==
Ur ilaq ara ad nefhem Aliksandr kan am «amenkad ur yeǧhid ara».

Ugur yella ugar n yiwen umdan.

Anagraw asertan arumani yella yettbeddil.

Deg lqern wis I d wis II, tawacult n umenkad, Senatus d usardas zemren, s kra n wuguren, ad ṭṭfen tawenza n tmenkda.

Deg lqern wis III, aserdasi yuɣal yesɛa azal ameqqran deg ufran n win ara yeḥkmen.

Ma ur k-qeblen ara yiserdasen-ik, tzemreḍ ad teɣliḍ — ɣas ma yella Senatus, izerfan neɣ tawacult n tmenkda ɣer tama-k.

Tamettant n Aliksandr tettak-d tugna tameqqrant n ubeddel-a.

== 20. Aliksandr d Elagabalus — sin yimenkaden yemgaraden ==
Yelha ad nesmenyif Aliksandr d win i t-id-yezrin, Elagabalus.

Elagabalus yebɣa abeddel ameqqran deg leɛwayed d tedyanit n Roma; Aliksandr yebɣa tuɣalin ɣer leɛwayed.

Elagabalus yessewḥal Senatus d kra n yimdanen n Roma; Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal n Senatus.

Elagabalus yettwali deg umezruy arumani am amenkad n ubeddel d wurfan; Aliksandr yettwali am amenkad n useḥbiber d useggem.

Maca sin fukken s yiwen n wudem: iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian neɣ iserdasen qqimen d aferdis agejdan deg tmettant-nsen.

== 21. Azal-is deg umezruy n Roma ==
Azal ameqqran n Aliksandr Severus deg umezruy ur d-yekki ara kan seg wayen ixdem, maca seg tallit anda yemmut.

Tamettant-is tettmarki taggara n yiwet n tallit.

Deffir-s, ''Maximinus Thrax'' yuli ɣer tmenkda s tallelt n yiserdasen. Ur yelli ara d ameqqran n Senatus neɣ d warraw n twacult n yimenkaden.

Aya yesseknen-d belli tazmert n tmenkda tezmer tura ad d-teffeɣ srid seg usardas.

Deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, aya yuɣal yettɛawad-d tikwal.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ChatGPT</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-21T13:41:27Z</timestamp>
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        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="6862" sha1="c6psw1phl4y3sxwsjqa5y0kvxrh0l9l" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]]
'''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5.

Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay.

Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass.

== 1. Talalit n ChatGPT ==
Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent.

OpenAI tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist.

Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar.

== 2. D acu i d GPT? ==
Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT.

GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''.

Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen.

Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen.

Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen.

ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal.

== 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? ==
Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen.

Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?»

Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni.

Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya.

== 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen ==
Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni.

Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen.

Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac.

== 5. Seg GPT-3.5 ɣer yimudam imaynuten ==
Amezruy n ChatGPT yeqqen ɣer unerni n yimudam n OpenAI.

Deg 2022, ChatGPT amezwaru yebna ɣef GPT-3.5. Deg Meɣres 2023, GPT-4 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT Plus. Deg Mayyu 2024, GPT-4o yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg Sebtember 2024, OpenAI tebda tessemras imudam n uwemmam/reasoning s o1-preview d o1-mini. Deg Ɣuct 2025, GPT-5 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT.

Deg 2026, tawacult GPT-5.6 tettwaseqdec deg ChatGPT. OpenAI tessegza GPT-5.6 Sol am umudam i yesseqdacen Plus d Pro i twuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen tizemmar ugar, ma d GPT-5.6 Luna d amudam agejdan i yiseqdacen Free d Go deg ubeddel i d-tessegza deg Ɣuct 2026.

Anamek-is d akken ChatGPT mačči d yiwen n umudam. D afaris neɣ d agrudem i izemren ad yesseqdec imudam yemgaraden almend n lqem, n twuri d unaw n umiḍan.

== 6. Adiwenni d usatal ==
Tazmert tagejdant n ChatGPT d asatal n udiwenni.

Ma testeqsaḍ, syin terniḍ: «Segzi-d ugar», ChatGPT yezmer ad yegzu belli tmeslayeḍ ɣef tririt yezrin. Ur ilaq ara ad talseḍ asteqsi seg tazwara.

Anect-a yettili acku iznan n udiwenni zemren ad ilin deg usatal i yettwafkan i umudam. S waya, adiwenni yezmer ad yuɣal d axeddim s kra n yimeḍqan: asteqsi → tiririt → aseɣti → tasleḍt → lqem aneggaru.

D ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqqran i ChatGPT am wallal n uselmed, tira, asihel d unadi.

== 7. Tifrat n wuguren d «uxemmam» ==
Imudam imaynuten n ChatGPT ur ttwasqedcen ara kan i tira n tutlayt; zemren daɣen ad xedmen ɣef tifrat n wuguren.

Deg leḥsab, asihel, tussna neɣ tasleḍt, anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec tarrayin i as-yettaken akud ugar i usuddes n tririt uqbel ad tt-id-yefk.

Anect-a ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem amzun ChatGPT yettxemmim s yiḥulfan neɣ s teɣzi n umdan. Awal axemmam neɣ s teglizit ''reasoning'' dagi yettuseqdac i tzemmar n unagraw ad yesseqdec kra n yimenzayen d tarrayin n tifrat n wuguren iwakken ad yawi ɣer ugemmuḍ igerrzen.

Deg 2026, OpenAI tettak deg kra n yimudam-is tarrayin i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yefren acḥal n wakud d tzemmar ara yefk unagraw i tifrat n wugur.</text>
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      <id>117454</id>
      <parentid>117453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T16:49:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="6866" sha1="75y33foikqo6fpywadd9x2zj25tmhxu" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]]
'''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5.

Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay.

Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass.

== 1. Talalit n ChatGPT ==
Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent.

[[OpenAI]] tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist.

Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar.

== 2. D acu i d GPT? ==
Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT.

GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''.

Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen.

Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen.

Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen.

ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal.

== 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? ==
Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen.

Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?»

Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni.

Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya.

== 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen ==
Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni.

Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen.

Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac.

== 5. Seg GPT-3.5 ɣer yimudam imaynuten ==
Amezruy n ChatGPT yeqqen ɣer unerni n yimudam n OpenAI.

Deg 2022, ChatGPT amezwaru yebna ɣef GPT-3.5. Deg Meɣres 2023, GPT-4 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT Plus. Deg Mayyu 2024, GPT-4o yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg Sebtember 2024, OpenAI tebda tessemras imudam n uwemmam/reasoning s o1-preview d o1-mini. Deg Ɣuct 2025, GPT-5 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT.

Deg 2026, tawacult GPT-5.6 tettwaseqdec deg ChatGPT. OpenAI tessegza GPT-5.6 Sol am umudam i yesseqdacen Plus d Pro i twuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen tizemmar ugar, ma d GPT-5.6 Luna d amudam agejdan i yiseqdacen Free d Go deg ubeddel i d-tessegza deg Ɣuct 2026.

Anamek-is d akken ChatGPT mačči d yiwen n umudam. D afaris neɣ d agrudem i izemren ad yesseqdec imudam yemgaraden almend n lqem, n twuri d unaw n umiḍan.

== 6. Adiwenni d usatal ==
Tazmert tagejdant n ChatGPT d asatal n udiwenni.

Ma testeqsaḍ, syin terniḍ: «Segzi-d ugar», ChatGPT yezmer ad yegzu belli tmeslayeḍ ɣef tririt yezrin. Ur ilaq ara ad talseḍ asteqsi seg tazwara.

Anect-a yettili acku iznan n udiwenni zemren ad ilin deg usatal i yettwafkan i umudam. S waya, adiwenni yezmer ad yuɣal d axeddim s kra n yimeḍqan: asteqsi → tiririt → aseɣti → tasleḍt → lqem aneggaru.

D ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqqran i ChatGPT am wallal n uselmed, tira, asihel d unadi.

== 7. Tifrat n wuguren d «uxemmam» ==
Imudam imaynuten n ChatGPT ur ttwasqedcen ara kan i tira n tutlayt; zemren daɣen ad xedmen ɣef tifrat n wuguren.

Deg leḥsab, asihel, tussna neɣ tasleḍt, anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec tarrayin i as-yettaken akud ugar i usuddes n tririt uqbel ad tt-id-yefk.

Anect-a ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem amzun ChatGPT yettxemmim s yiḥulfan neɣ s teɣzi n umdan. Awal axemmam neɣ s teglizit ''reasoning'' dagi yettuseqdac i tzemmar n unagraw ad yesseqdec kra n yimenzayen d tarrayin n tifrat n wuguren iwakken ad yawi ɣer ugemmuḍ igerrzen.

Deg 2026, OpenAI tettak deg kra n yimudam-is tarrayin i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yefren acḥal n wakud d tzemmar ara yefk unagraw i tifrat n wugur.</text>
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